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Born Eric Arthur Blair in India, on June 25, 1903, what British author penned such books as Burmese Days, Down and Out in Paris and Washington, and Homage to Catalonia?	George Orwell \| British author \| Britannica.com British author Alternative Title: Eric Arthur Blair George Orwell Virginia Woolf George Orwell, pseudonym of Eric Arthur Blair (born June 25, 1903, Motihari , Bengal, India —died January 21, 1950, London , England ), English novelist, essayist, and critic famous for his novels Animal Farm (1945) and Nineteen Eighty-four (1949), the latter a profound anti- utopian novel that examines the dangers of totalitarian rule. George Orwell. BBC Copyright Born Eric Arthur Blair, Orwell never entirely abandoned his original name, but his first book, Down and Out in Paris and London , appeared in 1933 as the work of George Orwell (the surname he derived from the beautiful River Orwell in East Anglia). In time his nom de plume became so closely attached to him that few people but relatives knew his real name was Blair. The change in name corresponded to a profound shift in Orwell’s lifestyle, in which he changed from a pillar of the British imperial establishment into a literary and political rebel. Early life He was born in Bengal, into the class of sahibs. His father was a minor British official in the Indian civil service; his mother, of French extraction, was the daughter of an unsuccessful teak merchant in Burma (Myanmar). Their attitudes were those of the “landless gentry,” as Orwell later called lower-middle-class people whose pretensions to social status had little relation to their income. Orwell was thus brought up in an atmosphere of impoverished snobbery. After returning with his parents to England, he was sent in 1911 to a preparatory boarding school on the Sussex coast, where he was distinguished among the other boys by his poverty and his intellectual brilliance. He grew up a morose, withdrawn, eccentric boy, and he was later to tell of the miseries of those years in his posthumously published autobiographical essay , Such, Such Were the Joys (1953). Orwell won scholarships to two of England’s leading schools, Winchester and Eton, and chose the latter. He stayed from 1917 to 1921. Aldous Huxley was one of his masters, and it was at Eton that he published his first writing in college periodicals. Instead of accepting a scholarship to a university, Orwell decided to follow family tradition and, in 1922, went to Burma as assistant district superintendent in the Indian Imperial Police. He served in a number of country stations and at first appeared to be a model imperial servant. Yet from boyhood he had wanted to become a writer, and when he realized how much against their will the Burmese were ruled by the British, he felt increasingly ashamed of his role as a colonial police officer. Later he was to recount his experiences and his reactions to imperial rule in his novel Burmese Days and in two brilliant autobiographical sketches, “ Shooting an Elephant” and “ A Hanging,” classics of expository prose. Against imperialism Scientists Ponder Menopause in Killer Whales In 1927 Orwell, on leave to England, decided not to return to Burma, and on January 1, 1928, he took the decisive step of resigning from the imperial police. Already in the autumn of 1927 he had started on a course of action that was to shape his character as a writer. Having felt guilty that the barriers of race and caste had prevented his mingling with the Burmese, he thought he could expiate some of his guilt by immersing himself in the life of the poor and outcast people of Europe. Donning ragged clothes, he went into the East End of London to live in cheap lodging houses among labourers and beggars; he spent a period in the slums of Paris and worked as a dishwasher in French hotels and restaurants; he tramped the roads of England with professional vagrants and joined the people of the London slums in their annual exodus to work in the Kentish hopfields. British Culture and Politics Those experiences gave Orwell the material for Down and Out in Paris and London, in which actual incidents are rearranged into something like fiction. The book’s publication in 1933 earned him some initial literary recognition. Orwell’s first novel, Burmese Days (1934), established the pattern of his subsequent fiction in its portrayal of a sensitive, conscientious , and emotionally isolated individual who is at odds with an oppressive or dishonest social environment . The main character of Burmese Days is a minor administrator who seeks to escape from the dreary and narrow-minded chauvinism of his fellow British colonialists in Burma. His sympathies for the Burmese, however, end in an unforeseen personal tragedy. The protagonist of Orwell’s next novel, A Clergyman’s Daughter (1935), is an unhappy spinster who achieves a brief and accidental liberation in her experiences among some agricultural labourers. Keep the Aspidistra Flying (1936) is about a literarily inclined bookseller’s assistant who despises the empty commercialism and materialism of middle-class life but who in the end is reconciled to bourgeois prosperity by his forced marriage to the girl he loves. Britannica Lists & Quizzes Editor Picks: Exploring 10 Types of Basketball Movies Orwell’s revulsion against imperialism led not only to his personal rejection of the bourgeois lifestyle but to a political reorientation as well. Immediately after returning from Burma he called himself an anarchist and continued to do so for several years; during the 1930s, however, he began to consider himself a socialist , though he was too libertarian in his thinking ever to take the further step—so common in the period—of declaring himself a communist . From The Road to Wigan Pier to World War II Orwell’s first socialist book was an original and unorthodox political treatise entitled The Road to Wigan Pier (1937). It begins by describing his experiences when he went to live among the destitute and unemployed miners of northern England, sharing and observing their lives; it ends in a series of sharp criticisms of existing socialist movements. It combines mordant reporting with a tone of generous anger that was to characterize Orwell’s subsequent writing. By the time The Road to Wigan Pier was in print, Orwell was in Spain; he went to report on the Civil War there and stayed to join the Republican militia, serving on the Aragon and Teruel fronts and rising to the rank of second lieutenant. He was seriously wounded at Teruel, with damage to his throat permanently affecting his voice and endowing his speech with a strange, compelling quietness. Later, in May 1937, after having fought in Barcelona against communists who were trying to suppress their political opponents, he was forced to flee Spain in fear of his life. The experience left him with a lifelong dread of communism, first expressed in the vivid account of his Spanish experiences, Homage to Catalonia (1938), which many consider one of his best books. Returning to England, Orwell showed a paradoxically conservative strain in writing Coming Up for Air (1939), in which he uses the nostalgic recollections of a middle-aged man to examine the decency of a past England and express his fears about a future threatened by war and fascism. When World War II did come, Orwell was rejected for military service, and instead he headed the Indian service of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). He left the BBC in 1943 and became literary editor of the Tribune, a left-wing socialist paper associated with the British Labour leader Aneurin Bevan . At this period Orwell was a prolific journalist, writing many newspaper articles and reviews, together with serious criticism , like his classic essays on Charles Dickens and on boys’ weeklies and a number of books about England (notably The Lion and the Unicorn , 1941) that combined patriotic sentiment with the advocacy of a libertarian , decentralist socialism very much unlike that practiced by the British Labour Party . Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-four Connect with Britannica Facebook Twitter YouTube Instagram Pinterest In 1944 Orwell finished Animal Farm , a political fable based on the story of the Russian Revolution and its betrayal by Joseph Stalin . In the book a group of barnyard animals overthrow and chase off their exploitative human masters and set up an egalitarian society of their own. Eventually the animals’ intelligent and power-loving leaders, the pigs, subvert the revolution and form a dictatorship whose bondage is even more oppressive and heartless than that of their former human masters. (“All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others.”) At first Orwell had difficulty finding a publisher for the small masterpiece, but when it appeared in 1945, Animal Farm made him famous and, for the first time, prosperous. Dust jacket for the first American edition (1946) of George Orwell’s Animal … Advertising Archive/Courtesy Everett Collection Animal Farm was one of Orwell’s finest works, full of wit and fantasy and admirably written. It has, however, been overshadowed by his last book, Nineteen Eighty-four (1949), a novel he wrote as a warning after years of brooding on the twin menaces of Nazism and Stalinism . The novel is set in an imaginary future in which the world is dominated by three perpetually warring totalitarian police states. The book’s hero, the Englishman Winston Smith , is a minor party functionary in one of those states. His longing for truth and decency leads him to secretly rebel against the government, which perpetuates its rule by systematically distorting the truth and continuously rewriting history to suit its own purposes. Smith has a love affair with a like-minded woman, but then they are both arrested by the Thought Police. The ensuing imprisonment, torture, and reeducation of Smith are intended not merely to break him physically or make him submit but to root out his independent mental existence and his spiritual dignity until he can love only the figure he previously most hated: the apparent leader of the party, Big Brother . Smith’s surrender to the monstrous brainwashing techniques of his jailers is tragic enough, but the novel gains much of its power from the comprehensive rigour with which it extends the premises of totalitarianism to their logical end: the love of power and domination over others has acquired its perfected expression in the perpetual surveillance and omnipresent dishonesty of an unassailable and irresistible police state under whose rule every human virtue is slowly being suborned and extinguished. Orwell’s warning of the potential dangers of totalitarianism made a deep impression on his contemporaries and upon subsequent readers, and the book’s title and many of its coined words and phrases (“Big Brother is watching you,” “ newspeak ,” “doublethink”) became bywords for modern political abuses. Trending Topics	George Orwell
Featuring distinctive blue handles, what is the brand of tools sold exclusive by Lowes?	George Orwell. Volume 3, As I please, 1943-1946 : the collected essays, journalism & letters George Orwell. Volume 3, As I please, 1943-1946 : the collected essays, journalism & letters Author: Boston : D.R. Godine, 2000, c1968. Physical Description: xv, 435 p. : ill. ; 21 cm. Series: Originally published: New York : Harcourt, Brace, and Jovanovich, 1968. Personal Subject: Summary Summary Considering that much of his life was spent in poverty and ill health, it is something of a miracle that in only forty-six years George Orwell managed to publish ten books and two collections of essays. Here, in four fat volumes, is the best selection of his non-fiction available, a trove of letters, essays, reviews, and journalism that is breathtaking in its scope and eclectic passions. Orwell had something to say about just about everyone and everything. His letters to such luminaries as Julian Symons, Anthony Powell, Arthur Koestler, and Cyril Connolly are poignant and personal. His essays, covering everything from "English Cooking" to "Literature and Totalitarianism," are memorable, and his books reviews (Hitler's Mein Kampf, Mumford's Herman Melville, Miller's Black Spring, Goldsmith's The Vicar of Wakefield to name just a few) are among the most lucid and intelligent ever written. From 1943 to l945, he wrote a regular column for the Tribune, a left wing weekly, entitled "As I Please." His observations about life in Britain during the war embraced everything from anti-American sentiment to the history of domestic appliances. Author Notes George Orwell was born Eric Arthur Blair on June 25, 1903 in Motihari in Bengal, India and later studied at Eton College for four years. He was an assistant superintendent with the Indian Imperial Police in Burma. He left that position after five years and moved to Paris, where he wrote his first two books: Burmese Days and Down and Out in Paris and London. He then moved to Spain to write but decided to join the United Workers Marxist Party Militia. After being decidedly opposed to communism, he served in the British Home Guard and with the Indian Service of the BBC during World War II. After the war, he wrote for the Observer and was literary editor for the Tribune. His best known works are Animal Farm and 1984. His other works include A Clergyman's Daughter, Keep the Aspidistra Flying, The Road to Wigan Pier, Homage to Catalonia, and Coming Up for Air. He died on January 21, 1950 at the age of 46. (Bowker Author Biography) Reviews 1 Library Journal Review This four-volume set, first published in 1968, covers 30 years of Orwell's nonfiction. Each volume is divided by year and intermixes his correspondence with news stories and discussions on numerous subjects. Orwell's nonfiction is well worth reading; these reasonably priced books offer an extensive collection for both academic and public libraries. (LJ 2/1/01) (c) Copyright 2010. Library Journals LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Media Source, Inc. No redistribution permitted.	i don't know
Given the large number of deposits located within, the name of what South American country is based on the Latin for silver?	Middle America Define the differences between the rimland and the mainland. Summarize the impact of European colonialism on Middle America. Distinguish between the Mayan and Aztec Empires and identify which the Spanish defeated. Describe how the Spanish influenced urban development. Physical Geography Middle America has various types of physical landscapes, including volcanic islands and mountain ranges. Tectonic action at the edge of the Caribbean Plate has brought about volcanic activity, creating many of the islands of the region as volcanoes rose above the ocean surface. The island of Montserrat is one such example. The volcano on this island has continued to erupt in recent years, showering the island with dust and ash and making habitation difficult. Many of the other low-lying islands, such as the Bahamas, were formed by coral reefs rising above the ocean surface. Tectonic plate activity not only has created volcanic islands but also is a constant source of earthquakes that continue to be a problem for the Caribbean community. The republics of Central America extend from Mexico to Colombia and form the final connection between North America and South America. The Isthmus of Panama, the narrowest point between the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean, serves as a land bridge between the continents. The backbone of Central America is mountainous, with many volcanoes located within its ranges. Much of the Caribbean and all of Central America are located south of the Tropic of Cancer and are dominated by tropical type A climates. The mountainous areas have varied climates, with cooler climates located at higher elevations. Mexico has extensive mountainous areas with two main ranges in the north and highlands in the south. There are no landlocked countries in this realm, and coastal areas have been exploited for fishing and tourism development. Rimland and Mainland Using a regional approach to the geography of a realm helps us compare and contrast a place’s features and characteristics. Location and the physical differences explain the division of Middle America into two geographic areas according to occupational activities and colonial dynamics: the rimland The Caribbean islands and the Caribbean coastal areas of Central America., which includes the Caribbean islands and the Caribbean coastal areas of Central America, and the mainland The interior portions of Mexico and Central America., which includes the interior of Mexico and Central America. Colonialism thrived in the rimland because it consists mainly of islands and coastal areas that were accessible to European ships. Ships could easily sail into a cove or bay to make port and claim the island for their home country. After an island or coastal area was claimed, there was unimpeded transformation of the area through plantation Agricultural unit focusing on a single cash crop with seasonal high-labor needs and usually operated by individuals not directly working the land. The plantation was common in the rimland of Middle America and more common during the era of slavery. agriculture. On a plantation, local individuals were subjugated as servants or slaves. The land was planted with a single crop—usually sugarcane, tobacco, cotton, or fruit—grown for export profits. Most of these crops were not native to the Americas but were brought in during colonial times. European diseases killed vast numbers of local Amerindian laborers, so slaves were brought from Africa to do the work. Plantation agriculture in the rimland was successful because of the import of technology, slave labor, and raw materials, as well as the export of the harvest to Europe for profit. Plantation agriculture changed the rimland. The local groups were diminished because of disease and colonial subjugation, and by the 1800s most of the population was of African descent. Native food crops for consumption gave way to cash crops for export. Marginal lands were plowed up and placed into the plantation system. The labor was usually seasonal: there was a high demand for labor at peak planting and harvest times. Plantations were generally owned by wealthy Europeans who may or may not have actually lived there. The mainland, consisting of Mexico and the interior of Central America, diverged from the rimland in terms of both colonial dynamics and agricultural production. The interior lacked the easy access to the sea that the rimland enjoyed. As a result, the hacienda Large land holding established by Spanish colonialists for social prestige and a comfortable lifestyle. In Mexico, haciendas allowed local Amerindian residents to live on the premises and work for the Spanish land owner. style of land use developed. This Spanish innovation was aimed at land acquisition for social prestige and a comfortable lifestyle. Export profits were not the driving force behind the operation, though they may have existed. The indigenous workers, who were poorly paid if at all, were allowed to live on the haciendas, working their own plots for subsistence. African slaves were not prominent in the mainland. In the mainland, European colonialists would enter an area and stake claims to large portions of the land, often as much as thousands or even in the millions of acres. Haciendas would eventually become the main landholding structure in the mainland of Mexico and many other regions of Middle America. In the hacienda system, the Amerindian people lost ownership of the land to the European colonial masters. Land ownership or the control of land has been a common point of conflict throughout the Americas where land transferred from a local indigenous ownership to a colonial European ownership. Figure 5.2 Mainland and Rimland Characteristics of Middle America Based on Colonial-Era Economic Activities The rimland was more accessible to European ships, and the mainland was more isolated from European activity. The plantation and hacienda eras are in the past. The abolition of slavery in the later 1800s and the cultural revolutions that occurred on the mainland challenged the plantation and hacienda systems and brought about land reform. Plantations were transformed into either multiple private plots or large corporate farms. The hacienda system was broken up, and most of the hacienda land was given back to the people, often in the form of an ejidos Land system in Mexico in which the community owns the land but individuals can gain profit from it by sharing resources. system, in which the community owns the land but individuals can profit from it by sharing its resources. The ejidos system has created its own set of problems, and many of the communally owned lands are being transferred to private owners. The agricultural systems changed Middle America by altering both the systems of land use and the ethnicity of the population. The Caribbean Basin changed in ethnicity from being entirely Amerindian, to being dominated by European colonizers, to having an African majority population. The mainland experienced the mixing of European culture with the Amerindian culture to form various types of mestizo People of mixed ethnicity, including European and Amerindian ethnicity. groups with Hispanic, Latino, or Chicano identities. The European Invasion Though the southern region of the Americas has commonly been referred to as “Latin America,” this is a misnomer because Latin has never been the lingua franca of any of the countries in the Americas. What, then, is the connection between the southern region of the Americas and Latin? To understand this connection, the reader needs to bring to mind the dominant languages as well as the origin of the colonizers of the region called “Latin America.” Keep in mind that the name of a given country does not always reflect its lingua franca. For example, people in Mexico do not speak a language called “Mexican”; they speak Spanish. Likewise, Brazilians do not speak “Brazilian”; they speak Portuguese. European colonialism had an immense effect on the rest of the world. Among other things, colonialism diffused the European languages and the Christian religion. Latin Mass has been a tradition in the Roman Catholic Church. Consider the Latin-based Romance language group and how European colonialism altered language and religion in the Americas. The Romance languages of Spanish and Portuguese are now the most widely used languages in Middle and South America, respectively. This is precisely why the term Latin America is not technically an appropriate name for this region, even though the name is widely used. Middle America is a more accurate term for the region between the United States and South America, and South America is the appropriate name for the southern continent in spite of the connection to Latin-based languages. European colonialism impacted Middle America in more ways than language and religion. Before Christopher Columbus arrived from Europe, the Americas did not have animals such as horses, donkeys, sheep, chickens, and domesticated cattle. This meant there were no large draft animals for plowing fields or carrying heavy burdens. The concept of the wheel, which was so prominent in Europe, was not found in use in the Americas. Food crops were also different: the potato was an American food crop, as were corn, squash, beans, chili peppers, and tobacco. Europeans brought other food crops—either from Europe itself or from its colonies—such as coffee, wheat, barley, rice, citrus fruits, and sugarcane. Besides food crops, building methods, agricultural practices, and even diseases were exchanged. The Spanish invasion of Middle America following Columbus had devastating consequences for the indigenous populations. It has been estimated that fifteen to twenty million people lived in Middle America when the Europeans arrived, but after a century of European colonialism, only about 2.5 million remained. Few of the indigenous peoples—such as the Arawak and the Carib on the islands of the Caribbean and the Maya and Aztec on the mainland—had immunities to European diseases such as measles, mumps, smallpox, and influenza. Through warfare, disease, and enslavement, the local populations were decimated. Only a small number of people still claim Amerindian heritage in the Caribbean Basin, and some argue that these few are not indigenous to the Caribbean but are descendants of slaves brought from South America by European colonialists. Columbus landed with his three ships on the island of Hispaniola in 1492. Hispaniola is now divided into the countries of Haiti and the Dominican Republic. With the advantage of metal armor, weapons, and other advanced technology, the Spanish invaders quickly dominated the local people. Since Europe was going through a period of competition, warfare, and technological advancements, the same mind-set carried forward to the New World. Indigenous people were most often made servants of the Europeans, and resistance resulted in conflict, war, and often death. The Spanish soldiers, explorers, or adventurers called conquistadors were looking for profits and quick gain and ardently sought gold, silver, and precious gems. This quest for gain pitted the European invaders against the local groups. The Roman Catholic religion was brought over from Europe and at times was zealously pushed on the local “heathens” with a “repent or perish” method of conversion. Many of the Caribbean islands have declared independence, but some remain crown colonies of their European colonizers with varying degrees of autonomy. Mexico achieved independence from Spain by 1821, and most Central American republics also gained independence in the 1820s. In 1823, the United States implemented the Monroe Doctrine, designed to deter the former European colonial powers from engaging in continued political activity in the Americas. US intervention has continued in various places in spite of the reduction in European activity in the region. In 1898, the United States engaged Spain in the Spanish-American War, in which Spain lost its colonies of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and others to the United States. Puerto Rico continues to be under US jurisdiction and is not an independent country. The Maya and the Aztec Though the region of Mexico has been inhabited for thousands of years, one of the earliest cultures to develop into a civilization with large cities was the Olmec, which was believed to be the precursor to the later Mayan Empire. The Olmec flourished in the south-central regions of Mexico from 1200 BCE to about 400 BCE. Anthropologists call this region of Mexico and northern Central America Mesoamerica The term that anthropologists use for the region of southern Mexico and northern Central America where the early Olmec, Mayan, and Aztec civilizations existed.. It is considered to be the region’s cultural hearth Region or area where an early human civilization began. because it was home to early human civilizations. The Maya established a vast civilization after the Olmec, and Mayan stone structures remain as major tourist attractions. The classical era of the Mayan civilization lasted from 300 to 900 CE and was centered in the Yucatán Peninsula region of Mexico, Belize, and Central America. Guatemala was once a large part of this vast empire, and Mayan ruins are found as far south as Honduras. During the classical era, the Maya built some of the most magnificent cities and stone pyramids in the Western Hemisphere. The city-states of the empire functioned through a sophisticated religious hierarchy. The Mayan civilization made advancements in mathematics, astronomy, engineering, and architecture. They developed an accurate calendar based on the seasons and the solar system. The extent of their immense knowledge is still being discovered. The descendants of the Maya people still exist today, but their empire does not. Figure 5.3 Mayan Site of Uxmal in the Yucatán Region of Mexico The classical Mayan era lasted from 300 to 900 CE. Many magnificent cities were built with stone and remain today as major tourist attractions. Source: Photo by R. Berglee. The Toltec, who controlled central Mexico briefly, came to power after the classical Mayan era. They also took control of portions of the old Mayan Empire from the north. The Aztec federation replaced the Toltec and Maya as the dominant civilization in southern Mexico. The Aztec, who expanded outward from their base in central Mexico, built the largest and greatest city in the Americas of the time, Tenochtitlán, with an estimated population of one hundred thousand. Tenochtitlán was located at the present site of Mexico City, and it was from there that the Aztec expanded into the south and east to create an expansive empire. The Aztec federation was a regional power that subjugated other groups and extracted taxes and tributes from them. Though they borrowed ideas and innovations from earlier groups such as the Maya, they made great strides in agriculture and urban development. The Aztec rose to dominance in the fourteenth century and were still in power when the Europeans arrived. Spanish Conquest of 1519–21 After the voyages of Columbus, the Spanish conquistadors came to the New World in search of gold, riches, and profits, bringing their Roman Catholic religion with them. Zealous church members sought to convert the “heathens” to their religion. One such conquistador was Hernán Cortés, who, with his 508 soldiers, landed on the shores of the Yucatán in 1519. They made their way west toward the Aztec Empire. The wealth and power of the Aztecs attracted conquistadors such as Cortés, whose goal was to conquer. Even with metal armor, steel swords, sixteen horses, and a few cannons, Cortés and his men did not challenge the Aztecs directly. The Aztec leader Montezuma II originally thought Cortés and his men were legendary “White Gods” returning to recover the empire. Cortés defeated the Aztecs by uniting the people that the Aztecs had subjugated and joining with them to fight the Aztecs. The Spanish conquest of the Aztec federation was complete by 1521. As mentioned, the Spanish invasion of Middle America had devastating consequences for the indigenous populations. It is estimated that there were between fifteen and twenty-five million Amerindians in Middle America before the Europeans arrived. After a century of European colonialism, there were only about 2.5 million left.“Module 01: Demographic Catastrophe—What Happened to the Native Population after 1492?,” http://www.dhr.history.vt.edu/modules/us/mod01_pop/context.html . Cortés defeated the Amerindian people by killing off the learned classes of the religious clergy, priestly orders, and those in authority. The local peasants and workers survived. The Spanish destroyed the knowledge base of the Maya and Aztec people. Their knowledge of astronomy, their advanced calendar, and their engineering technology were lost. Only through anthropology, archaeology, and the relearning of the culture can we fully understand the expanse of these early empires. The local Amerindian descendants of the Maya and the Aztec still live in the region, and there are dozens of other Amerindian groups in Mexico with their own languages, histories, and cultures. The Spanish Colonial City As the Spanish established urban centers in the New World, they structured each town after the Spanish pattern, with a plaza in the center. Around the plaza on one side was the church (Roman Catholic, of course). On the other sides of the plaza were government offices and stores. Residential homes filled in around them. This pattern can still be seen in almost all the cities built by the Spanish in Middle and South America. The Catholic Church not only was located in the center of town but also was a supreme cultural force shaping and molding the Amerindian societies conquered by the Spanish. In Spain, the cultural norm was to develop urban centers wherever administration or military support was needed. Spanish colonizers followed a similar pattern in laying out the new urban centers in their colonies. Extending out from the city center (where the town plaza, government buildings, and church were located) was a commercial district that was the backbone of this model. Expanding out on each side of the spine was a wealthy residential district for the upper social classes, complete with office complexes, shopping districts, and upper-scale markets. Figure 5.4 Catholic Cathedral across from a Plaza in the Yucatán City of Valladolid (left); Model of a Spanish Colonial Urban Pattern (right) The Spanish colonial urban pattern had a plaza in the center of the city with government buildings around the square and a Catholic church on one side. Source: Photo by R. Berglee. Surrounding the central business district (CBD) and the spine of most cities in Middle and South America are concentric zones of residential districts for the lower, working, and middle classes and the poor. The first zone, the zone of maturity, has well-established middle-class residential neighborhoods with city services. The second concentric zone, the zone of transition (in situ accretion), has poorer working-class districts mixed with areas with makeshift housing and without city services. The outer zone, the zone of periphery, is where the expansion of the city occurs, with makeshift housing and squatter settlements. This zone has little or no city services and functions on an informal economy. This outer zone often branches into the city, with slums known as favelas Term used to describe a slum in parts of South America, particularly Brazil. or barrios Term used to describe a slum in the northern parts of South America and Middle America. that provide the working poor access to the city without its benefits. Impoverished immigrants that arrive in the city from the rural areas often end up in the city’s outer periphery to eke out a living in some of the worst living conditions in the world. Cities in this Spanish model grow by having the outer ring progress to the point where eventually solid construction takes hold and city services are extended to accommodate the residents. When this ring reaches maturity, a new ring of squatter settlements emerges to form a new outer ring of the city. The development dynamic is repeated, and the city continues to expand outward. The urban centers of Middle and South America are expanding at rapid rates. It is difficult to provide public services to the outer limits of many of the cities. The barrios or favelas become isolated communities, often complete with crime bosses and gang activities that replace municipal security. Figure 5.5 Spanish-American City Structure According to the Ford-Griffin Model Key Takeaways Haciendas were located chiefly in the mainland and plantations were located mainly in the rimland. Both the hacienda and the plantation structures of agriculture altered the ethnic makeup of their respective regions. The rimland had an African labor base, and the mainland had an Amerindian labor base. In their quest for wealth, Spanish conquistadors destroyed the Aztec Empire and colonized the Middle American mainland. Much historical knowledge was lost with the demise of the learned class of the Aztec Empire. Europeans introduced many new food crops and domesticated animals to the Americas and in turn brought newly discovered agricultural products from America back to Europe. The Spanish introduced the same style of urban planning to the Americas that was common in Spain. Many cities in Middle and South America were patterned after Spanish models. Discussion and Study Questions Describe the physical geography of Mexico, identifying the core and peripheral areas. Outline the socioeconomic classes in Mexico and explain the ethnic differences of each. Explain how the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and maquiladoras have influenced the economic and employment situations in Mexico. Understand how the drug cartels have become an integrated part of the Mexican economy and political situation. Physical Characteristics Mexico is the eighth-largest country in the world and is about one-fifth the size of the United States. Bordered to the north by the United States, Mexico stretches south to Central America, where it is bordered by Guatemala and Belize. One of Mexico’s prominent geographical features is the world’s longest peninsula, the 775-mile-long Baja California Peninsula, which lies between the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of California (also known as the Sea of Cortez). The Baja California Peninsula includes a series of mountain ranges called the Peninsular Ranges. The Tropic of Cancer cuts across Mexico, dividing it into two different climatic zones: a temperate zone to the north and a tropical zone to the south. In the northern temperate zone, temperatures can be hot in the summer, often rising above 80 °F, but considerably cooler in the winter. By contrast, temperatures vary very little from season to season in the tropical zone, with average temperatures hovering very close to 80 °F year-round. Temperatures in the south tend to vary as a function of elevation. Mexico is characterized by a great variety of climates, including areas with hot humid, temperate humid, and arid climates. There are mountainous regions, foothills, plateaus, deserts, and coastal plains, all with their own climatic conditions. For example, in the northern desert portions of the country, summer and winter temperatures are extreme. Temperatures in the Sonoran and Chihuahuan Deserts exceed 110 °F, while in the mountainous areas snow can be seen at higher elevations throughout the year. Two major mountain ranges extend north and south along Mexico’s coastlines and are actually extensions of southwestern US ranges. The Sierra Madre Occidental and the Sierra Madre Oriental run roughly parallel to each other. The Sierra Madre Occidental, an extension of the Sierra Nevada range, runs about 3,107 miles along the west coast, with peaks higher than 9,843 feet. The Sierra Madre Oriental is an extension of the Rocky Mountains and runs 808 miles along the east coast. Between these two mountain ranges lies a group of broad plateaus, including the Mexican Plateau, or Mexican Altiplano (a wide valley between mountain ranges). The central portions, with their rolling hills and broad valleys, include fertile farms and productive ranch land. The Mexican Altiplano is divided into northern and southern sections, with the northern section dominated by Mexico’s most expansive desert, the Chihuahuan Desert. Another prominent mountain range is the Cordillera Neovolcánica range, which as its name suggests, is a range of volcanoes that runs nearly 620 miles east to west across the central and southern portion of the country. Geologically speaking, this range represents the dividing line between North and Central America. The peaks of the Cordillera Neovolcánica can reach higher than 16,404 feet in height and are snow covered year-round. Copper Canyon, in the northern Mexican state of Chihuahua, is about seven times larger than the Grand Canyon. Copper Canyon was formed by six rivers flowing through a series of twenty different canyons. Besides covering a larger area than the Grand Canyon, at its deepest point, Copper Canyon is 1,462 feet deeper than the Grand Canyon. Though sandy beaches often come to mind when thinking about Mexico, the mountainous regions are home to pine-oak forests. More than a quarter of Mexico’s landmass is covered in forests; as a result, timber is an important natural resource. Mexico ranks fourth in the world for biodiversity; it has the world’s largest number of reptile species, ranks second for mammals, and ranks fourth for the number of amphibian and plant species. It is estimated that more than 10 percent of the world’s species live here. Forest depletion is a key environmental concern, but timber remains an important natural resource. The loss of natural habitat coincides with depletion of natural resources and an increase in population. Mexico is home to a range of volcanoes, some of which are active. Popocatépetl and Ixtaccíhuatl (“Smoking Warrior” and “White Lady,” respectively, in the Náhuatl language—a primary language of the indigenous peoples in central Mexico) occasionally send out puffs of smoke clearly visible in Mexico City, reminding the city’s inhabitants that eruption is a possibility. Popocatépetl is one of the most active volcanoes in Mexico, erupting fifteen times since the arrival of the Spanish in 1519 CE. This volcano is close enough to populations to threaten millions of people. Figure 5.6 Major Volcanoes of Mexico Source: Map courtesy of USGS/Cascades Volcano Observatory, http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Mexico/Maps/map_mexico_volcanoes.html . Three tectonic plates underlie Mexico, making it one of the most seismically active regions on earth. In 1985, an earthquake centered off Mexico’s Pacific coast killed more than ten thousand people in Mexico City and did significant damage to the city’s infrastructure. Many of Mexico’s natural resources lie beneath the surface. Mexico is rich in natural resources and has robust mining industries that tap large deposits of silver, copper, gold, lead, and zinc. Mexico also has a sizable supply of salt, fluorite, iron, manganese, sulfur, phosphate, tungsten, molybdenum, and gypsum. Natural gas and petroleum also make the list of Mexico’s natural resources and are important export products to the United States. There has been some concern about declining petroleum resources; however, new reserves are being found offshore in the Gulf of Mexico. Though only about 13 percent of Mexico’s land area is cultivated, favorable climatic conditions mean that food products are also an important natural resource both for export and for the feeding the country’s sizable population. Tomatoes, maize (corn), vanilla, avocado, beans, cotton, coffee, sugarcane, and fruit are harvested in sizable quantities. Of these, coffee, cotton, sugarcane, tomatoes, and fruit are primarily grown for export, with most products bound for the United States. Mexico has very pronounced wet and dry seasons. Most of the country receives rain between June and mid-October, with July being the wettest month. Much less rain occurs during the other months: February is usually the driest month. More importantly, Mexico lies in the middle of the hurricane belt, and all regions of both coasts are at risk for these storms between June and November. Hurricanes along the Pacific coast are much less frequent and less violent than those along Mexico’s Gulf and Caribbean coasts. Hurricanes can cause extensive damage to infrastructure along the coasts where major tourist resorts are located. Mexico’s extensive and beautiful coastlines provide an important boon to the nation’s tourism industry. The Core versus the Periphery In the past few decades, the Mexican economy has slowly become less centralized and more focused on the private sector. The Mexican economy is a mix of modern industry, agriculture, and tourism. Current estimates indicate that the service sector makes up about 60 percent of the economy, followed by the industrial sector at 33 percent. Agriculture represents just above 4 percent. Per-capita income in Mexico is about one-third of what it is in the United States. The Mexican labor force is estimated at forty-six million individuals; 14 percent of the labor force work in agriculture, 23 percent in the industrial sector, and 62 percent in the service sector. Mexico is an example of a country with a clear core-periphery spatial relationship. Mexico City and its surrounding metropolitan centers represent the county’s core: the center of activity, industry, wealth, and power. Industries and manufacturing have been traditionally located in this region. The core region has most of the country’s 110 million people (as of 2010). Mexico’s population is about 77 percent urban, with the largest urban areas found in the core region. Figure 5.7 Mexican Economic Core Area Centered on Urban Areas around Mexico City The periphery is the northern region, including the border area, and the southern region, including the Yucatán Peninsula. Mexico City is one of the largest cities in the world and anchors the core region of Mexico. In 2010, the official population of Mexico City was about eighteen million, but unofficial population estimates can reach thirty million. The actual population of Mexico City is unknown because of the hundreds of slums that surround the city on the slopes of the central valley. Mexico City is growing at a rate of more than one thousand people per day through a combination of the number of births and the number migrants. The lure of opportunities and advantages still pulls migrants to the city in search of a better life. Higher populations tax the resources in rural areas, where jobs and opportunities are hard to find. This push-pull relationship creates a strong rural-to-urban shift in Mexico. This same trend is found throughout the developing world. Figure 5.8 Mexico City on a Clear Day with the Ridge of the Mountains Visible in the Background A day with extensive air pollution will restrict the view of the horizon. Source: Photo courtesy of Matthew Rutledge, http://www.flickr.com/photos/rutlo/5446309874/in/photostream . Mexico City is a historic and vibrant city, but is not without problems. At higher than seven thousand feet in elevation, it is located between two mountain ranges. Air pollution is severe and is augmented by frequent air inversions that trap pollution over the city. To reduce air pollution, people are only allowed to drive their vehicles on certain days according to odd or even license plate numbers. Older vehicles that do not pass emission standards are banned. Fresh water is in short supply, and wastewater from sewage is discharged into lakes down the valley. Amerindians who live by these lakes or on the islands have to deal with the pollution. Because about four to five million inhabitants of Mexico City have no utilities, human waste buildup has become a challenge. Fresh water is pumped into the city through pipelines from across the mountains. Leakage and inadequate maintenance cause a large percentage of the water to be lost before it can be used in the city. Water is also drawn from underground aquifers beneath the city, which has caused parts of the city to sink as much as two feet, causing serious structural damage to historic buildings. Figure 5.9 Mayan Home in the Rural Village of Yachachen in the Yucatán Peninsula This is located in a peripheral region of Mexico. Source: Photo by R. Berglee. One of Mexico’s largest peripheral regions lies to the south, along the country’s border with Guatemala. It includes the state of Chiapas and most of the Yucatán Peninsula and is primarily inhabited by Amerindians of Mayan ancestry. As is typical of peripheral regions, little political or economic power is held by the residents, who find themselves at the lowest end of the social and economic order. The highland region of Chiapas and the Yucatán Peninsula are primarily agricultural regions with few industries. However, tourism has changed the northern Yucatán: Cancún has developed into a major tourist destination, and Mayan ruins in the region attract thousands of tourists each season. Unless the local population can benefit from tourism, there are few other opportunities for employment in this part of Mexico. Mexican Social Order The early European control of the land, the economy, and the political system created conflict for the people of Mexico. The country has experienced domination followed by revolution at various times, starting with colonial domination, then economic domination, and lastly political domination. In each historic cycle, revolution and conflict were followed by change. The result was a mixing and acculturation of the Europeans and the Amerindians, which created the current mestizo mainstream society. Mestizos make up about 60 percent of the current population, Europeans make up about 9 percent, and Amerindians make up about 30 percent. More than sixty indigenous languages spoken by Amerindian groups are recognized in Mexico. At least seventeen indigenous languages are spoken by more than one hundred thousand people or more in Mexico, most of them living in the southern part of the country. Mexican society is regionally and ethnically diverse, with sharp socioeconomic divisions. Many rural communities have strong ties with their regions and are often referred to as patrias chicas (“small homelands”), which helps to perpetuate the cultural diversity. The large number of indigenous languages and customs, especially in the southern parts of Mexico, further emphasize cultural diversity. Idigenismo (“pride in the indigenous heritage”) has been a unifying theme of Mexico since the 1930s. However, daily life in Mexico can be dramatically different according to socioeconomic class, gender, ethnicity, rural or urban settlements, and other cultural differences. A peasant farmer in the rainforests of the Yucatán will lead a very different life than a museum curator in Mexico City or a lower-middle-class auto factory worker in Monterrey. Figure 5.10 Socioeconomic Classes in Mexico and Most of Latin America The current social status of Mexican society can be illustrated by a pyramid shape (see Figure 5.10 "Socioeconomic Classes in Mexico and Most of Latin America" ). Those of European descent are at the top of the pyramid and control a higher percentage of the wealth and power even though they are a minority of the population. The small middle class is largely mestizo, including managers, business people, and professionals. The working poor make up most of the population at the bottom of the pyramid. The lower class contains the highest percentage of people of Amerindian descent or, in the case of the Caribbean, African descent. The most desirable type of social structure is illustrated by a diamond shape: in the middle is a large, employed middle class that can pay most of the taxes and purchase consumer goods that help bolster the economy. The narrow top is made up of the richest, and the narrow bottom is made up of the poorest (see Figure 5.11 "A More Ideal Socioeconomic Class Structure with a Large Middle-Class Tax Base" ). Unfortunately, this optimal type of social structure does not always materialize in the manner hoped for. As an example, a goal of the economic planners of the United States has been to create a wide social profile. Unfortunately, in recent decades the US middle class has been declining, and the wealthy class and the working-class poor have increased. In Mexico, about 40 percent of the population lives in poverty. Figure 5.11 A More Ideal Socioeconomic Class Structure with a Large Middle-Class Tax Base Over the course of the past century, the people of Mexico have been working through a demographic transition. As the rural regions of Mexico continued to have a high fertility rate, death rates declined, and the country’s population grew exponentially. In 1970, the population of Mexico was about fifty million. By the year 2000, it had doubled to more than one hundred million. However, the population estimate for 2010 was just greater than 110 million. As Mexico urbanizes and industrializes, family size and fertility rates have been in decline, and population growth has slowed. Figure 5.12 Population Pyramids for Mexico in 1980 and 2010 Population pyramids for Mexico in 1980 and again in 2010. The 1980 pyramid indicates rapid population growth. The 2010 pyramid illustrates a slight decline in the past few years. Source: Data courtesy of US Census Bureau International Programs. Rural-to-urban shift has increased the population of Mexico City, which is considered the primate city of the country. Rural Amerindian groups in the isolated and remote mountainous regions of Mexico have historically been self-sufficient for their daily needs and have relied on the land for their livelihoods. In the past few decades, however, large family sizes have forced many young people to look to the cities for employment. On a global scale, people in many countries are migrating from the periphery to the core. NAFTA and Maquiladoras The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), is a 1994 economic agreement between Canada, the United States, and Mexico that eliminated or reduced the tariffs, taxes, and quotas between the countries to create the world’s largest trading bloc to compete with the European Union and the global economy. This theoretically allows more corporate investments across borders and increases foreign ownership of business facilities. It stimulated a shift in the location of industrial activity and in the migration patterns of people in Mexico. Capitalizing on the old industrial locations of northern Mexico, such as Monterrey, corporations started to relocate manufacturing plants from the United States to the Mexican side of the border to take advantage of Mexico’s low-cost labor. The aspect of cheaper labor was a benefit understood to bolster corporate profits and reduce product costs. The United States is one of the world’s largest consumer markets, so these manufacturing plants, called maquiladoras Foreign-owned factories in Mexico that import most of the raw materials or components, assemble or process the product with local cheap labor, and export the finished product for profit. (also known as maquilas), could benefit both countries. Maquiladoras are foreign-owned factories that import most of the raw materials or components needed for the products they manufacture, assemble, or process with local cheap labor, and then they export the finished product for profit. US corporations own more than half the maquiladoras in Mexico, and about 80 percent of the finished goods are exported back to the United States. Although most maquiladoras are located near the US-Mexican border, additional factories are located around Monterrey and other cities with easy access to the United States. A major trade corridor is developing between Monterrey and Dallas/Ft. Worth, which acts as a doorway to the US markets. Figure 5.13 Import/Export System of a Maquiladora Operation Thousands of maquiladoras flourish along the US-Mexican border, although the Mexican government has also promoted maquiladoras in other parts of Mexico. Maquiladoras provide jobs for workers in Mexico and provide cheaper goods for US consumers. However, this system has inherent problems. Labor unions in the United States complain that the high-paying industrial jobs that support the US middle class are being lost to cheap Mexican labor. Labor laws in Mexico are less rigorous than US laws, allowing for longer work hours and fewer benefits for maquiladora employees. In addition, pollution standards in Mexico are not as restrictive as those in the United States, giving rise to environmental concerns. The central US-Mexican border region has dry or arid type B climates with fresh water in short supply, and water is in high demand in industrial processes. With the rapid increase in employment along the border, many of the people who work in the factories do not have adequate housing or utilities. Extensive slum areas have grown around maquiladora zones, which have little law enforcement, high crime, and few services. The US-Mexican border region has become a strong pull factor, enticing poor people who seek greater opportunities and advantages to move from Mexico City and other southern regions of Mexico to the border region to look for work. When they do not find work, they are tempted to cross the US border illegally. The United States is considered a land of opportunity and attracts immigrants—both legal and illegal—from Mexico. For political and economic reasons, the main US political parties have been hesitant to seriously address the problem of the millions of illegal immigrants. Figure 5.14 US-Mexican Border Opportunities and advantages drive the push-pull of migrants searching for improved economic conditions. It is not only US corporations that have taken advantage of the explosion in the number of maquiladoras in Mexico. European and Japanese companies have also muscled in on a share of the market. Capitalism thrives on cheap labor and accessible raw materials. With much of this industrial activity located in the northern sector of Mexico, it becomes easier to understand the difficult issues that confront Mexico’s southernmost state of Chiapas, where there is little benefit from this growth of economic activity. In 1995, Chile was considered a possible addition to the countries participating in NAFTA. US congressional differences, however, have prevented Chile from being accepted as a full member. As a result, Chile remains a “silent partner” and conducts business according to similar rules. Agreements with Chile block Asian goods from making their way into the United States through Chile and Mexico. The United States, Mexico, and Canada all have full-fledged independent free-trade agreements with Chile. The Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) is a plan to integrate the entire Western Hemisphere into one giant trading bloc. The same concerns that the European Union faced regarding currency, language, and law confront this proposal. A new currency called the Eagle was proposed as early as the 1990s to replace the Canadian dollar, the US dollar, and the Mexican peso. In later years, a currency called the Amero was proposed for the same purpose, but its implementation is unlikely. Any change in the US dollar would affect a great number of countries: Puerto Rico (a territory of the United States) and the countries of Ecuador, Panama, and El Salvador already use the US dollar as their standard currency. A one-currency solution might become a more viable option if the US dollar were to crash or significantly lose its value in the world marketplace. A goal of NAFTA is to exploit cheap labor until the Mexican economy rises to a level similar to that of the United States and Canada, equalizing migration patterns and eventually bringing about a situation in which the border checkpoints between the countries could be eliminated, as they have been within the European Union. Through the development of a larger middle class in Mexico, the three main countries of NAFTA would have similar standards of living. Mexico has a long way to go to arrive at this status but is making progress at the expense of the United States and Canada. Corruption, organized crime, and drug wars have made progress in Mexico more difficult. Critics of NAFTA claim that the term free trade really means corporate trade. NAFTA is also viewed as a component of globalization in the form of corporate colonialism, which only benefits those wealthy enough to hold investments at the corporate level. The exploitation of cheap labor has caused undue immigration across the US-Mexican border, bringing millions of illegal workers into the United States. The Mexican government has not adequately addressed Mexico’s economic conditions to provide jobs and opportunities for the people or to use the wealth held or controlled by the elite minority to enhance economic opportunities for the middle- and lower-class majority. Figure 5.15 Labor and Resources in Globalization Slave labor was prominent during European colonial era, whereas cheap labor is the target in neocolonial activity—that is, corporate colonialism. Chiapas and NAFTA The state of Chiapas in Mexico has an unequal distribution of wealth, a situation evident in most core-peripheral spatial relationships. Located in the rural highlands of Mexico and inhabited by a minority group that holds to the Mayan language and traditions, Chiapas has few economic opportunities for its people. Wealthy landowners and the ruling elite who have long held power have routinely taken advantage of peasant farmers. The aristocracy uses the best land and pays low wages to local workers. Medical care, education, and government assistance have been slow in coming to this region and its people. In the past few decades, various Amerindian groups have organized in the rural areas of Mexico in an attempt to counter the power of the political elite. In Chiapas a group calling itself the Zapatista National Liberation Army (ZNLA) organized to coordinate an offensive against the Mexican government in various towns in the region. The ZNLA was organized to coincide with the implementation of NAFTA among the United States, Canada, and Mexico in January of 1994. As each country claimed benefits from this agreement, the peripheral region of Chiapas sought to receive their share of those benefits. The Mexican military was quick to react to the ZNLA offensive and rapidly drove them out of the towns they had occupied. The publicity and the international press coverage assisted the ZNLA in getting their message out to the rest of the world. Since 1994, the ZNLA’s guerilla forces have used their familiarity with the mountains for sanctuary and have faced off against the Mexican military when negotiations with the federal government have broken down. The ZNLA want greater recognition of their rights and their heritage and more autonomy over their region and lands. This devolutionary process resembles that of various European regions desiring similar recognition of rights. Similar conflicts are ongoing in other rural states of Mexico with majority Amerindian populations. There is a direct relationship between social status and wealth and skin color in most regions of Mexico. The skin tone is directly related to a person’s social status. On the one hand, Aztec and Mayan heritage is celebrated; on the other hand, their identity and darker skin relegates them to a lower socioeconomic status. Illegal Drug Trafficking in Mexico The illegal drug trade is a multibillion-dollar industry, and Mexico has traditionally been the transitional area or stop-off point between the South American drug producing areas and entrance into US markets. Cocaine, marijuana, and more recently heroin were produced in the Andes Mountains of South America and shipped north to the United States. Colombian cartels were once the main controllers of illegal drugs in the Western Hemisphere, but in recent decades, organized crime units in Mexico have muscled in on the control of drugs coming through Mexico, making deals with their South American counterparts to become the main traffickers of drugs into the United States, and the influence and power of Mexican drug cartels has increased immensely since the demise of the Colombian cartels in the 1990s. Enormous profits fuel the competition for control. Just as the United States has declared a war on drugs and has used its Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) as a main arm in combating the industry, Mexico has had to address its own issues in the illegal drug trade. Illegal drug income flowing into Mexico has become a major part of the economy in specific areas. Drug kingpins have used their economic power to buy off local police forces and silence opposition. They have also been known to provide poor neighborhoods with funding for services that would normally be designated as government obligations. These actions have often provided a mixed reaction within the population in local areas. The drug cartels have become an integrated part of the fabric of Mexico. In an attempt to combat the situation, the Mexican government has been engaged in its own internal war against the illegal drug trade. The battles between the drug cartels and the Mexican government have created a serious internal conflict in the country, killing thousands of innocent bystanders in the cross fire. Armed conflicts between rival cartels or local gangs have increased the violence that has been intensifying since 2000. Mexican cities near the US border have experienced increased incidences of major drug-related murders and gang violence. Higher volumes of firearms trafficking from the United States and abroad into Mexico have been fueling the armed conflicts. Military and police casualties have increased, and the number of drug-related shootings are on the rise. Figure 5.16 Influence of Major Drug Cartels in Mexico Source: Map courtesy of US Congress, Committee on Foreign Relations, http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=110_cong_senate_committee_prints&docid=f:39644.pdf . Cartels have been known to use jet airliners, semitrucks, and even submarines in their attempts to ship illegal drugs into the United States. Large tunnels have been found beneath the US-Mexican border that were used to smuggle drugs. Intimidation and corruption have been standard practices used by drug traffickers to protect their interests. Bribes, payoffs, and corruption have been difficult to battle in a country with a high percentage of the population living in poor conditions. Key Takeaways Mexico possesses extensive natural resources that provide for a wide range of biodiversity and economic activities. Mexico portrays a clear core-periphery spatial relationship. Mexico City and its urban neighbors anchor the core, while the northern border region and states such as Chiapas represent the rural periphery. People of European heritage continue to hold positions of power and privilege in Mexico’s socioeconomic class structure. Amerindian populations exist at the lowest level with the fewest economic opportunities. Economic reforms that coincide with NAFTA have greatly enhanced the industrial capacity of Mexico and helped integrate the country into the global economy. Mexican drug traffickers have become the major controllers of illegal drugs entering the United States from the south. Drug cartels in Mexico reap enormous profits and have become a major problem for the Mexican government and the country. Discussion and Study Questions Describe how the physical environment has affected human activity in Central America. Outline the various ways in which the United States has affected the region. Explain the similarities and the differences among the Central American republics. Understand how the Panama Canal came to be constructed and what role the United States has played in Panama. Physical Environment Central America is a land bridge connecting the North and South American continents, with the Pacific Ocean to its west and the Caribbean Sea to its east. A central mountain chain dominates the interior from Mexico to Panama. The coastal plains of Central America have tropical and humid type A climates. In the highland interior, the climate changes with elevation. As one travels up the mountainsides, the temperature cools. Only Belize is located away from this interior mountain chain. Its rich soils and cooler climate have attracted more people to live in the mountainous regions than along the coast. Hurricanes, tropical storms, earthquakes, and volcanic activity produce recurring environmental problems for Central America. In 1998, Hurricane Mitch swept through the region, devastating Nicaragua and El Salvador, which had already been devastated by civil wars in previous years. The volcanic activity along the central mountain chain over time has provided rich volcanic soils in the mountain region, which has attracted people to work the land for agriculture. Central America has traditionally been a rural peripheral economic area in which most of the people have worked the land. Family size has been larger than average, and rural-to-urban shift dominates the migration patterns as the region urbanizes and industrializes. Natural disasters, poverty, large families, and a lack of economic opportunities have made life difficult in much of Central America. Altitudinal Zonation High mountains ranges run the length of Central and South America. The Andes Mountains of South America are the longest mountain chain in the world, and a large section of this mountain range is in the tropics. Tropical regions usually have humid type A climates. What is significant in Latin America is that while the climate at the base of the Andes may be type A, the different zones of climate and corresponding human activity vary as one moves up the mountain in elevation. Mountains have different climates at the base than at the summit. Type H highland climates describe mountainous areas that exhibit different climate types at varying degrees of elevation. Human activity varies with elevation, and the activities can be categorized into zones according to altitudinal zonation Vertical environmental zones that change with altitude in mountainous regions.. Each zone has its own type of vegetation and agricultural activity suited to the climate found at that elevation. For every thousand-foot increase in elevation, temperature drops 3.5 ºF. In the tropical areas of Latin America, there are five established temperature-altitude zones. Elevation zones may vary depending on a particular location’s distance from the equator. Tierra caliente (hot land): Sea level to 2,500 feet Tierra templada (temperate land): 2,500 to 6,000 feet Tierra fria (cold land): 6,000 to 12,000 feet Tierra helada (frozen land): 12,000 to 15,000 feet Tierra nevada (snowy land): Above 15,000 feet Figure 5.17 Altitudinal Zonation System in Latin America Tierra Caliente (Hot Land): Sea Level to 2,500 Feet From sea level to 2,500 feet are the humid tropical lowlands found on the coastal plains. The coastal plains on the west coast of Middle America are quite narrow, but they are wider along the Caribbean coast. Vegetation includes tropical rain forests and tropical commercial plantations. Food crops include bananas, manioc, sweet potatoes, yams, corn, beans, and rice. Livestock are raised at this level, and sugarcane is an important cash crop. Tropical diseases are most common, and large human populations are not commonly attracted to this zone. Tierra Templada (Temperate Land): 2,501 to 6,000 Feet From 2,500 to 6,000 feet is a zone with cooler temperatures than at sea level. This is the most populated zone of Latin America. Four of the seven capitals of the Central American republics are found in this zone. Just as temperate climates attract human activity, this zone provides a pleasant environment for habitation. The best coffee is grown at these elevations, and most other food crops can be grown here, including wheat and small grains. Tierra Fria (Cold Land): 6,001 to 12,000 Feet From 6,000 to 12,000 feet is the highest zone found in Middle America. This zone is usually the limit of the tree line; few trees grow north of this zone. The shorter growing season and cooler temperatures found at these elevations are still adequate for growing agricultural crops of wheat, barley, potatoes, or corn. Livestock can graze and be raised on the grasslands. The Inca Empire of the Andes Mountains in South America flourished in this zone. Tierra Helada (Frozen Land): 12,001 to 15,000 Feet Some classify this as the “Puna” zone. At this elevation, there are no trees. The only human activity is the raising of livestock such as sheep or llama on any short grasses available in the highland meadows. Snow and cold dominate the zone. Central America does not have a tierra helada zone, but it is found in the higher Andes Mountain Ranges of South America. Tierra Nevada (Snowy Land): Above 15,000 Feet There is little human activity above 15,000 feet. Permanent snow and ice is found here, and little vegetation is available. Many classification systems combine this zone with the tierra helada zone. European Colonialism Amerindian groups dominated Central America before the European colonial powers arrived. The Maya are still prominent in the north and make up about half the population of Guatemala. Other Amerindian groups are encountered farther south, and many still speak their indigenous languages and hold to traditional cultural customs. People of European stock or upper-class mestizos now control political and economic power in Central America. Indigenous Amerindian groups find themselves on the lower rung of the socioeconomic ladder. Figure 5.18 Central American Republics During colonial times, the Spanish conquistadors dominated Central America with the exception of the area of Belize, which was a British colony called British Honduras until 1981. Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica were Spanish colonies and became independent of Spain in the 1820s. Panama was a part of Colombia and was not independent until the United States prompted an independence movement in 1903 to develop the Panama Canal. As is usually the case with colonialism, the main religion and the lingua franca of the Central American states are those of the European colonizers, in this case Roman Catholicism and Spanish. In some locations, the language and religion take on variant forms that mix the traditional with the European to create a unique local cultural environment. People and Population About 50 percent of the people of Central America live in rural areas, and because the economy is agriculturally based, family size has traditionally been large. Until the 1990s, family size averaged as high as six children. As the pressures of the postindustrial age have influenced Central America, average family size has been decreasing and is now about half that of the pre-1990s and is declining. For example, the World Bank reports that in Nicaragua the average woman has 2.68 children during her lifetime.“Fertility Rate, Total (Births per Woman),” The World Bank, http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN . Rural-to-urban shift is common, and as the region experiences more urbanization and industrialization, family size will decrease even more. During the twentieth century, much of Central America experienced development similar to stage 2 of the index of economic development. An influx of light industry and manufacturing firms seeking cheap labor has pushed many areas into stage 3 development. The primate cities and main urban centers are feeling the impact of this shift. Over the years, larger family sizes have created populations with a higher percentage of young people and a lower percentage of older people. Cities are often overwhelmed with young migrants from the countryside with few or no places to live. Rapid urbanization places a strain on urban areas because services, infrastructure, and housing cannot keep pace with population growth. Slums with self-constructed housing districts emerge around the existing urban infrastructure. The United States has also become a destination for people looking for opportunities or advantages not found in these cities. CAFTA and Neocolonialism Just as Canada, the United States, and Mexico signed the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) into law in 1994, the United States and five Central American states signed the Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) in 2006. The agreement was signed by trade representatives from El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Guatemala, and the United States. The CAFTA-DR agreement, which includes the Dominican Republic, was ratified in 2007. In 2010, Costa Rica’s legislature approved a measure to join the agreement. CAFTA is supported by the same forces that advocated neocolonialism in other regions of the world. CAFTA’s purpose is to reduce trade barriers between the United States and Central America, thus affecting labor, human rights, and the flow of wealth. During negotiations for CAFTA, US political forces cited CAFTA as a top priority and argued that it would help move forward the possibility of the larger Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA), which would create a single market for the Americas. Countries gain national wealth in the three main ways: by growing it, extracting it, or manufacturing it. These methods, however, contribute to a nation’s wealth only if the wealth stays within the country. With free-trade agreements such as NAFTA and CAFTA, the wealth gained from manufacturing, which has the highest value-added profits, does not stay in the country of production. Instead, the profits are carted off to the foreign corporation that controls the industrial factory. Multinational corporations see Central American countries as profitable sites for industrial; they can exploit cheap labor sources and at the same time provide jobs for local people. These advantages should result in lower product costs for consumers. There have been protest marches and anti-CAFTA activities in many Central American countries. Costa Rica, one of the most stable countries in the region, had problems passing the agreement because of voter opposition. One of the primary arguments opponents to CAFTA make is that the wealth generated by the exploitation of the available cheap labor will not stay in Central America; instead, it will be removed by the wealthy core nations, just as European colonialism removed the wealth generated by the conquistadors and shipped it back to Europe. Those who oppose CAFTA and corporate colonialism also cite the following arguments: A popular argument against CAFTA is that “free trade” is the same as corporate trade. Expanding corporate-controlled free trade makes the global south more dependent on the global north, and the corporations reap the profits. CAFTA promotes corporate colonialism or neocolonialism. The “have” countries dominate and take advantage of the “have-not” countries to an ever-greater extent. The small countries of Central America cannot compete with large US corporations, which pressure and influence political systems to provide advantages and opportunities to exploit the smaller, weaker nations of Central America. CAFTA diminishes the power of Central American countries to regulate their own economies and protect their own citizens; that is, concentration of power in the hands of corporations with strong ties to those in political power allows the elite to maintain control over a country’s economy. CAFTA forces small developing countries with no chance of competing successfully against the United States to open their markets to powerful US corporations. CAFTA leads to further privatization of social services, decreases public access to basic services, and gives corporations more money and control. CAFTA forces competition for the lowest wages and lowest production costs, which drives wages down in the United States and keeps them down throughout Central America while at the same time providing huge profits to multinational corporations. Figure 5.19 Protest against CAFTA in Central America The banner reads, “For the sovereignty of the people…we demand the repeal of CAFTA (Central American Free Trade Agreement).” Source: Photo courtesy of laurizza, http://www.flickr.com/photos/ljel/5553854799 . Supporters of CAFTA claim that it provides jobs, infrastructure, and opportunities to the developing countries of Central America. In return, cheap consumer goods are available to the people. The globalized economy is a mixed game: on the one hand, consumer goods are inexpensive to purchase; on the other hand, the world’s wealth flows into the hands of a few people at the top and is not always shared with most of the people who contribute to it. The Republics: Diverse Political Geography Central American countries might share similar climate patterns, but they do not share similar political or economic dynamics. The political geography of the region is diverse and ranges from a history of total civil war to peace and stability. The growing pains of each country as it competes and engages in the global economy often cause turmoil and conflict. Each state has found a different path, but each has dealt with similar issues with varying degrees of success. Barriers to progress range from political corruption to gang violence. Stability has come to the communities that have found new avenues of gaining wealth and creating a higher standard of living. Guatemala Haiti, Guadeloupe, Martinique, St. Martin (north half), St. Barthelemy United States Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Cuba Colonialism drastically altered the ethnic makeup of the Caribbean; Amerindians were virtually eliminated after the arrival of Africans, Europeans, and Asians. The current social hierarchy of the Caribbean can be illustrated by the pyramid-shaped graphic that was used to illustrate social hierarchy in Mexico ( Figure 5.10 "Socioeconomic Classes in Mexico and Most of Latin America" ). Those of European descent are at the top of the pyramid and control a higher percentage of the wealth and power even though they are a minority of the population. In the Caribbean, the middle class includes mulattos A person with both European and African ancestry., or people with both African and European heritage, many of which include managers, businesspeople, and professionals. In some countries, such as Haiti, the minority mulatto segment of the population makes up the power base and holds political and economic advantage over the rest of the country while the working poor at the bottom of the pyramid make up most of the population. In the Caribbean, the lower economic class contains the highest percentage of people of African heritage. Not only was colonialism the vehicle that brought many Africans to the Caribbean through the slave trade, but it brought many people from Asia to the Caribbean as well. Once slavery became illegal, the colonial powers brought indentured laborers to the Caribbean from their Asian colonies. Cuba was the destination for over one hundred thousand Chinese workers, so Havana can claim the first Chinatown in the Western Hemisphere. Laborers from the British colonies of India and other parts of South Asia arrived by ship in various British colonies in the Caribbean. At the present time, about 40 percent of the population of Trinidad can claim South Asian heritage and a large number follow the Hindu faith. The Greater Antilles Cuba: A Rimland Experience The largest island in the Greater Antilles is Cuba, which was transformed by the power of colonialism, the transition to plantation agriculture, and a socialist revolution. The island country of Cuba is slightly larger than the US state of Kentucky, but it has more than eleven million people, while Kentucky has just over 4.2 million. The elongated island has the Sierra Maestra mountains on its eastern end, the Escambray Mountains in the center, and the Western Karst region in the west, near Viñales. Low hills and fertile valleys cover more than half the island. The pristine waters of the Caribbean that surround the island make for some of the most attractive tourism locations in the Caribbean region. It has been estimated that as many as one hundred thousand Amerindians inhabited Cuba when Christopher Columbus first landed on the island in 1492. Except for brief control by the British, the island was a Spanish colony until 1898. Plantation agriculture was established, and slaves provided the labor. History indicates that more than eight hundred thousand African slaves were brought to Cuba between 1800 and 1870. Slave labor was in high demand on the extensive sugar plantations that dominated the island’s economy. The African influence can still be witnessed today in the main religion of the island, Santeria, which is an overlay of African-based spirits on top of Catholic saints. At the present time, an estimated 70 percent of Cubans practice some aspect of Santeria. With the defeat of Spain in the Spanish-American War, the United States gained possession of the Spanish possessions of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, the Philippines, and various other islands and thus became a colonial power. Cuba technically became independent in 1902 but remained under US influence for decades. Sugar plantations and the sugar industry came to be owned and operated by US interests, and wealthy Americans bought up large haciendas (large estates), farmland, and family estates, as well as industrial and business operations. Organized crime syndicates operated many of the nightclubs and casinos in Havana. As long as government leaders supported US interests, things went well with business as usual. Figure 5.27 US “Colonial” Influence in Cuba The old capitol building in Havana, a replica of the US Capitol, was built by the United States during their control of Cuba. The building is a tourist area and no longer used for the government. The old US cars in the photo were made before the Cuban Revolution (1958) but are still used and make up about half the motor vehicles in Havana. Source: Photo by R. Berglee. The Cuban Revolution In January of 1934, with the encouragement of the US government, Fulgencio Batista led a coup that took control of the Cuban government. Fidel Castro, once a prisoner under Batista and having fled to Mexico in exile for a number of years, returned to Cuba to start a revolution. Joining him were his brother Raúl Castro and revolutionaries such as Che Guevara, an Argentinean doctor turned comrade-in-arms. Starting in the remote and rugged Sierra Maestras in the east, Castro rallied the support of the Cuban people. By the end of 1958, the Cuban Revolution brought down the US-backed Batista government. Castro gained power and had the support of most of the Cuban population. Figure 5.28 Fidel Castro (left); Billboard in Havana Promoting the Virtues of Revolutionaries Antonio Maceo and Che Guevara (right) Sources: Photo on the left courtesy of Agência Brasil and Lucas, http://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasciculus:Fidel_Castro.jpg . Photo on the right by R. Berglee. Castro worked to recover Cuba for Cubans. The government cleared rampant gambling from the island, forcing organized crime operations to shut down or move back to the United States. Castro nationalized all foreign landholdings and the sugar plantations, as well as all the utilities, port facilities, and other industries. Foreign ownership of land and businesses in Cuba was forbidden. Large estates, once owned by rich US families, were taken over and recovered for Cuban purposes. The US Embargo Era Castro’s policy of seizing (nationalizing) businesses and property raised concerns in the United States. As a result, US president Dwight D. Eisenhower severed diplomatic relations with Cuba in 1960 and issued an executive order implementing a partial trade embargo Restriction on economic trade with a country. to prohibit the importation of Cuban goods. Later presidents implemented a full-scale embargo, restricting travel and trade with Cuba. In March 1960, the Central Intelligence Agency trained Cuban exiles for an invasion of Cuba at the Bay of Pigs, on the south side of the island. This failed invasion attempt only resulted in consolidating the Cuban people’s support for Castro and his socialist government. To deter any further US plans of invading or destabilizing Cuba, Castro sought economic and military assistance from the Soviet Union. Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev agreed to secretly send missiles armed with nuclear weapons capable of hitting targets within the United States. In September 1962, US spy planes identified the missile sites. On October 22, 1962, President John F. Kennedy announced a naval blockade of the island and informed Khrushchev that any Soviet ship crossing the blockade would be sunk. At the last second, the two leaders resolved this dispute (called the Cuban Missile Crisis) before it erupted into a potential nuclear war. Khrushchev recalled the ships and agreed to dismantle the Cuban missile sites. In return, the United States agreed not to invade Cuba and to remove US missiles from sites in Turkey that were aimed at the Soviet Union. The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 caused a downturn in Cuba’s economy. With the loss of Soviet aid, the 1990s were a harsh time for Cubans, a period of transition. Castro turned to tourism and foreign investment to shore up his failing economy. Tensions between the United States and Cuba did not improve. In 1996, the United States strengthened the trade embargo with the Helms-Burton Act. At the turn of the twenty-first century, Cuba emerged as the lone Communist state in the Americas. Castro was the longest-governing leader of any country in the world. He never kept his promises of holding free elections; instead, he cracked down on dissent and suppressed free speech. He turned over power to his brother Raúl in 2006. A Post-Castro Cuba With Fidel Castro no longer in power, Cuba’s future looks more positive but difficult. The island has natural resources, a great climate, and an excellent location but is also struggling economically. Cuba has a high literacy rate and has standardized health care, though medical supplies are often in short supply. The Cubans who live in dire poverty look to the future for relief. Personal freedoms have been marginal, and reforms are slowly taking place in the post-Fidel era. As the largest island in the Caribbean, Cuba has the potential to become an economic power for the region. There is vast US interest in regaining US dominance of the Cuban economy, and corporate colonialists would like to exploit Cuba’s economic potential. Keeping corporate colonialism out is what Fidel’s socialist experiment worked so hard to achieve, even at the expense of depriving the Cuban people of civil rights and economic reforms. Cuba today is in transition from a socialist to a more capitalist economy and relies on outside sources for energy and food. In 2008, the average wage in Cuba was about twenty dollars per month. There was almost total employment, and everyone was on an equal footing in regard to free health care, education, and housing. At the same time, the underground informal economy was thriving and was pushing the formal economy to make changes. That same year, Raúl Castro declared that workers with different skills and occupations could earn wages at varying levels. Cubans are now allowed to have cell phones and computers, though Internet access has been restricted by the Cuban government. More goods and money are being brought in from Cuban family members who live in the United States. The US government grants general licenses to allow a number of categories of people to travel to Cuba. It is only a matter of time before full travel restrictions are lifted. Figure 5.29 Dump Truck Taxi Cubans use all available resources and opportunities to get by. These people are catching a ride on a dump truck to get where they want to go. Source: Photo by R. Berglee. Cuba is counting on tourism for an added economic boost. With some of the finest beaches and the clearest waters in the Caribbean, Cuba is a magnet for tourists and water sports enthusiasts. Its countryside is full of wonders and scenic areas. The beautiful Viñales Valley in western Cuba has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site for its outstanding karst landscape and traditional agriculture as well as for its architecture, crafts, and music. Karst topography is made up of soluble rock, such as limestone, which in the Viñales Valley results in unusual bread loaf–shaped hills that create a scenic landscape attractive for tourism. This region is also one of Cuba’s best tobacco-growing areas and has great potential for economic development. Cuba is gearing up for an increase in tourism when travel restrictions are lifted by the United States. There is already a focus on improving tourism services to people traveling there from China, Australia, Japan, and other countries. Millions more from the United States are expected to travel to Cuba once the travel restrictions are lifted. The Cuban economy is banking on tourism to forge a path to a more prosperous future. Figure 5.30 Viñales Valley in Western Cuba In 2008, Hurricanes Gustav and Ike devastated the tobacco crops, but the region is recovering and is a major tourist area. Source: Photo by R. Berglee. The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico Populated for centuries by Amerindian peoples, the island of Puerto Rico was claimed by the Spanish Crown in 1493, following Columbus’s second voyage to the Americas. In 1898, after four hundred years of colonial rule, during which the indigenous population was nearly exterminated and African slave labor was introduced, Puerto Rico was ceded to the United States as a result of the Spanish-American War. Puerto Ricans were granted US citizenship in 1917. Popularly elected governors have served since 1948. In 1952, a constitution was enacted providing for internal self-government. In elections held in 1967, 1993, and 1998, Puerto Rican voters chose to retain the commonwealth status, although they were almost evenly split between total independence and becoming a US state. Puerto Rico is the smallest of the four islands of the Greater Antilles and is only slightly larger than the US state of Delaware. Puerto Rico’s population is about four million, similar to the population of Kentucky or Oregon. As US citizens, Puerto Ricans have no travel or employment restrictions anywhere in the United States, and about one million Puerto Ricans live in New York City alone. The commonwealth arrangement allows Puerto Ricans to be US citizens without paying federal income taxes, but they cannot vote in US presidential elections. The Puerto Rican Federal Relations Act governs the island and awards it considerable autonomy. Figure 5.31 US Government Building in San Juan, Puerto Rico, with Both US and Puerto Rican Flags Source: Photo courtesy of Bobby Lemasters. Puerto Rico has one of the most dynamic economies in the Caribbean Basin; still, about 60 percent of its population lives below the poverty line. A diverse industrial sector has far surpassed agriculture as the primary area of economic activity. Encouraged by duty-free access to the United States and by tax incentives, US firms have invested heavily in Puerto Rico since the 1950s, even though US minimum wage laws apply. Sugar production has lost out to dairy production and other livestock products as the main source of income in the agricultural sector. Tourism has traditionally been an important source of income, with estimated arrivals of more than five million tourists a year. San Juan is the number one port for cruise ships in the Caribbean outside Miami. The US government also subsidizes Puerto Rico’s economy with financial aid. The future of Puerto Rico as a political unit remains unclear. Some in Puerto Rico want total independence, and others would like to become the fifty-first US state; the commonwealth status is a compromise. Puerto Rico is not an independent country as a result of colonialism. Many of the islands and colonies in the Caribbean Basin have experienced dynamics similar to Puerto Rico in that they are still under the political jurisdiction of a country that colonized it. Hispaniola: The Dominican Republic and Haiti Sharing the island of Hispaniola are the two countries of Haiti and the Dominican Republic. The island became a possession of Spain under European colonialism after it was visited by Columbus in 1492 and 1493. The Tiano-Arawak people were nonviolent and welcomed the Europeans, who in turn pressed them into servitude and slavery. French buccaneers settled on the western portion of Hispaniola and started growing tobacco and agricultural crops. France and Spain finally agreed to divide the island into two colonies: the western side would be French, and the eastern side would be Spanish. The Dominican Republic holds the largest share of Hispaniola. A former Spanish colony, the Dominican Republic has weathered the storms of history to become a relatively stable democratic country. It is not, of course, without its problems. The Dominican Republic has long been viewed primarily as an exporter of sugar, coffee, and tobacco, but in recent years the service sector has overtaken agriculture as the economy’s largest employer. The mountainous interior and the coastal beaches are attractive to the tourism market, and tourism remains the main source of economic income. The economy is highly dependent on the United States, which is the destination for nearly 60 percent of its exports. Remittances from workers in the United States sent back to their families on the island contribute much to the economy. The country suffers from marked income inequality; the poorest half of the population receives less than one-fifth of the gross domestic product (GDP), while the richest 10 percent enjoys nearly 40 percent of GDP. High unemployment and underemployment remains an important long-term challenge. The Central American-Dominican Republic Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR) came into play in March 2007, boosting investment and exports and reducing losses to the Asian garment industry. In addition, the global economic downturn has not helped the Dominican Republic. Plantation agriculture thrived in Haiti during the colonial era, producing sugar, coffee, and other cash crops. The local labor pool was insufficient to expand plantation operations, so French colonists brought in thousands of African slaves to work the plantations, and people of African descent soon outnumbered Europeans. Haiti became one of the most profitable French colonies in the world with some of the highest sugar production of the time. A slave revolt that began in 1792 finally defeated the French forces, and Haiti became an independent country in 1804. It was the first country ever to be ruled by former slaves. However, the transition to a fully functional free state was difficult. Racked by corruption and political conflicts, few presidents in the first hundred years ever served a full term in office. The United States occupied Haiti from 1915 to 1934 in an attempt to instill a US presence and bring some sense of stability. From 1957 to 1986, Dr. François “Papa Doc” Duvalier and then his son Jean-Claude “Baby Doc” Duvalier controlled the government. They created a private army and terrorist death squads known as Tonton Macoutes. Many Haitians fled to the United States or Canada, especially to French-speaking Quebec. After the Duvalier era, a Catholic priest by the name of Jean-Bertrand Aristide won the presidency through democratic elections only to be deposed of by a military coup a few years later. Haiti has had a difficult time finding political and economic stability. Haiti is the poorest nation in the Western Hemisphere, and many Haitians live in dire poverty with few employment opportunities. An elite upper-class minority controls the bulk of the nation’s wealth. Many people in Haiti have sought comfort in Voodou (Vodoo), a religious practice steeped in African beliefs brought over with the slave trade. Often misunderstood by outsiders, Vodou’s its main objective is to bring good health and well-being. Haiti’s January 12, 2010, earthquake was a major setback for such a poor country that was already in need of aid and support. The 7.0 magnitude earthquake, with many aftershocks, struck Haiti about fifteen miles from Port-Au-Prince, resulting in as many as two hundred thousand deaths. More than two million were immediately homeless, and about a million more were in need of aid. The lack of building standards in Haiti contributed to the collapse of structures and the devastation. Food and other aid were brought in by many international agencies and other countries to address the situation. Efforts continue to address the needs of the Haitian people to stabilize the situation and provide support and future opportunities. Figure 5.32 UN peacekeeping troops patrol the streets of Port au Prince after Haiti’s 2010 earthquake. Source: Photo courtesy of Agência Brasil and Diliff, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:EscombrosBelAir5_Edit1.jpg . Jamaica The tropical island of Jamaica is physically smaller than the US state of Connecticut. In 2010, it had a population of about 2.8 million. Jamaica was settled by the Spanish early in the sixteenth century. The Taino Indians, who had inhabited Jamaica for centuries, were gradually eradicated and replaced by African slaves. When England seized the island from Spain in 1655, it established a plantation economy based on sugar, cocoa, and coffee. Two hundred years later (1834), the abolition of slavery freed a quarter million slaves, many of whom became small farmers. Jamaica gradually obtained independence from Britain, with full independence achieved in 1962. Sugar, cocoa, and coffee production continue on the island, of which more than half is mountainous. The Blue Mountains of eastern Jamaica are known for their Blue Mountain coffee production. Deteriorating economic conditions during the 1970s led to recurrent violence as rival gangs affiliated with the major political parties evolved into powerful organized crime networks involved in international drug smuggling and money laundering. Violent crime, drug trafficking, and poverty pose significant challenges to the country. Nonetheless, many rural and resort compounds remain relatively safe and contribute substantially to the tourism sector. The beautiful beaches and lush interior make for an attractive destination for cruise ships and other tourists. Tourism and Economic Activity in the Rimland The physical geography of the Caribbean region makes it a prime location for tourism. Its beautiful coastal waters and warm tropical climate draw in tourists from all over North America and the world. Tourism is the number one means of economic income for many places in the Caribbean Basin, and the tourist industry has experienced enormous growth in the last few decades. Tourism is a major component of efforts by leaders of the islands of the Lesser Antilles to achieve economic development for their people. In the last decade, there has been strong growth in the number of cruise ships operating in the Caribbean. Cruise ships from the southern coasts of the United States ply their trade around the islands and coastal regions. San Juan receives the largest number of cruise ship travelers, but other areas well known to tourists include the Bahamas, St. Martin, and the Virgin Islands. Even the poorest country in the Caribbean, Haiti, has tried to attract cruise ships to its ports. The western Caribbean itinerary includes the Cayman Islands, Jamaica, and Mexico or Central American ports. The main restriction on cruise ship travel is the hurricane season, from June to November. Figure 5.33 Carnival Victory Cruise Ship in San Juan Harbor Large cruise ships in the Caribbean can hold up to four thousand passengers and crew members. The major cruise lines do not operate in the Caribbean during hurricane season. Source: Photo by R. Berglee. One might reasonably think that the economic benefits of tourism would be entirely positive. However, this is not necessarily the case. Even though tourism has become a vital economic component of the Caribbean Basin, in the long term, tourism creates many problems. Large cruise ships and pleasure crafts can overtax the environment; there have been occasions where there were actually more tourists than citizens on an island. An increase in tourist activity brings with it an increase in environmental pollution. Most people in the Caribbean Basin live below the poverty line, and the investment in tourism infrastructure, such as exclusive hotels and five-star resorts, takes away resources that could be allocated to schools, roads, medical clinics, and housing. However, without the income from tourism, there would be no money for infrastructure. Tourism attracts people who can afford to travel. Most of the jobs in the hotels, ports, and restaurants where wealthy tourists visit employ people from poorer communities at low wages. The disparity between the rich tourist and the poor worker creates strong centrifugal cultural dynamics. The gap between the level of affluence and the level of poverty is wide in the Caribbean. In the model of how countries gain wealth, tourism is a mixed-profit situation. Local businesses in the Caribbean do gain income from tourists who spend their money there; however, the big money is in the cruise ship lines and the resort hotels, which are mainly owned by international corporations or the local wealthy elite. There is little activity in the Caribbean Basin in the manufacturing sector. Although US firms have invested in Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic has experienced growth in light industries and information technologies, the remaining islands have had little industrial growth. Unless an island state has natural resources such as oil or minerals, as is the case with Trinidad and Tobago, there are few opportunities other than tourism to bolster the economy. Agricultural products have been traditionally a large part of the economic activity of the islands of the Lesser Antilles. Grenada, for example, is known for its nutmeg and other spices. Bananas, sugar, and other fruit and food crops have also been export products. The problem has been that the profit margins on the products are low and prices are subject to international markets, which fluctuate widely. With an increasing population and few opportunities or advantages, countries such as Haiti suffer from poverty and unemployment. Being an island, there are few methods of expanding the economy. People often try to migrate to another county in search of employment and a more hopeful future. Offshore Banking Other methods of gaining wealth in the Caribbean include offshore banking and financial services. Various islands have established themselves as banking centers where one can set up financial accounts that are outside the jurisdiction of other countries. These offshore accounts provide tax havens for individuals or corporations that wish to evade taxes in their home countries. Many of these island banking centers do not share account information with tax agencies or government offices of other countries. Places such as the Cayman Islands have a worldwide reputation for professional financial services for offshore banking. As a result, the people of the Cayman Islands have a high standard of living with much national wealth. The Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos have also established offshore financial centers, and other Caribbean Islands are working to increase their visibility with similar services. All are hoping to gain income from this low-impact and high-income enterprise. The United States and other countries have made attempts to pressure these islands to share the financial account information of people evading taxes. If successful, there may be less of an incentive for individuals and businesses to use offshore accounts to shelter income from taxes or for those involved in illegal money-laundering schemes to hide money in the Caribbean. The wide level of diversity in the Caribbean has not made it easy for outside entities to provide support and assistance for common economic goals. The Caribbean Community (CARICOM) is an organization with fifteen Caribbean members established to promote economic integration and cooperation in the region. It hopes to coordinate foreign policy for the region and ensure that the benefits of integration are equitably shared. CARICOM is an attempt to compete with other trade organizations such as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and CAFTA-DR. Caribbean Music The Caribbean culture includes many varieties of music that have developed on several islands. The region is a breeding ground for innovative music and rhythms that emulate the cultural traditions and attitudes of the people. Every island has its own traditional festivals that include parades, music, and dance. The music scene reveals the uniqueness of the Caribbean. Listening to the myriad of sounds generated from the different islands opens a window to the assortment of cultural backgrounds found in the Caribbean. The Caribbean is full of local musical variations, and many types of music are found only on a single island or two. For example, the Dominican Republic has meringue music, Dominica has bouyon, and Haiti has its festive rara music. The Cuban influence on music is vividly evident in the spicy salsa tunes that have emanated from the Caribbean over the years. African and Spanish cultural influences have helped shape the salsa music that has evolved from Cuba and neighboring islands of Puerto Rico and the Greater Antilles. With a strong percussion component, snappy brass additions, and rhythmic guitar sections, salsa has become popular throughout many parts of Latin America. Other genres of music coming out of Cuba include rumba, habanera, son, and timba, to name a few. Calypso music comes from a mix of African influences on the island of Trinidad. Calypso began taking shape at the beginning of the twentieth century and gained popularity through Carnival and other Caribbean festivals. It has evolved to incorporate the steel pan and other musical instruments. A commercial version of calypso became popular with Harry Belafonte’s version of the Jamaican folk tune of “Day-O,” known as the “Banana Boat Song”; however, Belafonte’s 1956 album Calypso had more of a Jamaican mento musical style and he was not from Trinidad. Mento is a more folksy rural style of acoustical music that influenced other forms of music such as reggae in Jamaica. The pan (steel pan) is the national instrument of Trinidad and Tobago, where it was created. The pan was originally made from fifty-five-gallon oil drums. The bottom is cut off at various levels to provide different sounds. The top is then shaped into a chromatically pitched percussion instrument. It is struck with a pair of straight sticks. An entire family of pans has been developed and can be assembled into a steel pan orchestra. The instrument has become popular outside the Caribbean as well. Figure 5.34 Steel Pans from Trinidad © Thinkstock Reggae music started coming out of Jamaica in the 1960s with the music of such artists as Bob Marley and the Wailers, which featured Peter Tosh and Bunny Wailer. The rhythmic style with offbeat accents evolved from earlier genres to become a standard of Jamaican music. Musicians from the Beatles to Eric Clapton have used reggae rhythms. Outside Jamaica, reggae has hit the charts thanks to groups such as UB40. Reggae music has often been associated with the Rastafarian movement or Rasta, which is based on a religious ideology including the beliefs that former Ethiopian emperor Haile Selassie was God incarnate and the biblical Zion was in Africa. Key Takeaways Colonialism created a high level of ethnic, linguistic, and economic diversity in the Caribbean. The main shifts were the demise of indigenous groups and the introduction of African slaves. The African influence can be witnessed in the religions of Santeria in Cuba, Vodoo (Voodou) in Haiti, and Rasta in Jamaica. The Caribbean Basin faces many challenges, including natural elements such as hurricanes, earthquakes, and volcanic activity. Economic conditions are often hampered by environmental degradation, corruption, organized crime, or the lack of employment opportunities. The Cuban Revolution led by Fidel Castro created a socialist state that nationalized foreign-owned assets and brought about a trade embargo by the United States. Cuba lost its aid from the Soviet Union after the USSR’s collapse in 1991 and has been increasing its focus on tourism and capitalistic reforms. Tourism can bring added economic income for an island country, but it also shifts to the service sector resources that are needed for infrastructure and services. A high percentage of tourism income goes to external corporations. The diversity of the Caribbean is evident in the wide range of musical types generated from the islands. Individual islands are known for certain types of music; salsa, reggae, and calypso are examples. Discussion and Study Questions Which islands make up the Greater Antilles? Where are the Lesser Antilles? Which European countries were the main colonizers of the Caribbean? How is Cuba a good example of a rimland country? Why does the United States still have an economic embargo against Cuba? How is the political system in Cuba different from that of the United States? Why is Puerto Rico a commonwealth of the United States? How is Haiti different from its neighbor, the Dominican Republic? What are the positive and negative perspectives on the Caribbean tourism industry? Besides tourism, what other methods do people in the Caribbean islands use to generate wealth? How do differences in musical styles tell a story of Caribbean culture? Geography Exercise Identify the following key places on a map: The Bahamas	Argentina
If verso is the left side page of a book, what name is given to the right?	South America facts, information, pictures \| Encyclopedia.com articles about South America South America The South American continent stretches from about 10° above the equator to almost 60° below it, encompassing an area of 6,880,706 sq mi (17,821,028 sq km). This is almost 12% of the surface area of the earth . It is about 3,180 mi (5,100 km) wide at its widest point, and is divided into 10 countries. The continent can be divided into three main regions with distinct environmental and geological qualities: the highlands and plateaus of the east, which are the oldest geological feature in the continent; the Andes Mountains, which line the west coast and were created by the subduction of the Nazca plate beneath the continent; and the riverplain, between the highlands, which contains the Amazon River. The South American climate varies greatly based on the distance from the equator and the altitude of the area, but the range of temperatures seldom reaches 36°F (20°C), except in small areas. The Eastern highlands and plateaus are the oldest geological region of South America, and are thought to have bordered on the African continent at one time, before the motion of the earth's crust and continental drift separated the continents. The Eastern highlands can be divided into three main sections, the Guiana Highlands, the Brazilian Highlands, and the Patagonian Highlands. The Guiana Highlands are found in the Guianan states, south Venezuela , and northeastern Brazil . Their highest peak, Roraima, reaches a height of 9,220 ft (2,810 m). This is a moist region with many waterfalls; it is in this range, in Venezuela, that the highest waterfall in the world, Angel Falls, is found. Angel Falls plummets freely for 2,630 ft (802 m). The Brazilian Highlands make up more than one half of the area of Brazil, and range in altitude between 1,000 and 5,000 ft (305–1524 m). The highest mountain range of this region is called Serra da Mantiqueira, and its highest peak, Pico da Bandeira, is 9,396 ft (2,864 m) above sea level. The Patagonian Highlands are in the south, in Argentina . The highest peak reaches an altitude of 9,462 ft (2,884 m), and is called Sierra de Cordoba. The great mountain range of South America is the Andes Mountains, which extends more than 5,500 mi (8,900 km) all the way down the western coast of the continent. The highest peak of the Andes, called Mount Aconcagua, is on the western side of central Argentina, and is 22,828 ft (6,958 m) high. The Andes were formed by the motion of the earth's crust and its different tectonic plates. Some of them are continental plates, which are at a greater altitude than the other type of plate, the oceanic plates. All of these plates are in motion relative to each other, and the places where they border each other are regions of instability where various geological structures are formed, and where earthquakes and volcanic activity is frequent. The western coast of South America is a subduction zone , which means that the oceanic plate, called the Nazca plate, is being forced beneath the adjacent continental plate. The Andes Mountains were thrust upwards by this motion, and can still be considered "under construction" by the earth's crust. In addition to the Nazca plate, the South American and Antarctic plates converge on the west coast in an area called the Chile Triple Junction, at about 46° south latitude . The complexity of plate tectonics in this region sparks interest for geologists. The geological instability of the region makes earthquakes common all along the western region of the continent, particularly along the southern half of Peru . The Andes are dotted with volcanoes; some of the highest peaks in the mountain range are volcanic in origin, many of which rise above 20,000 ft (6,100 m). There are three major areas in which volcanoes are concentrated. The first of these appears between latitude 6° north and 2° south, straddles Colombia and Ecuador , and contains active volcanoes. The second, and largest region, lies between latitudes 15° and 27° south; it is about 1,240 mi (2,000 km) long and 62–124 mi (100–200 km) wide, and borders Peru, Bolivia , Chile, and Argentina. This is the largest concentration of volcanoes in the world, and the highest volcanoes in the world are found here. The volcanic activity, however, is low and it is generally geysers that erupt here. The third region of volcanic concentration is also the most active. It lies in the central valley of Chile, mostly between 33° and 44° south. The climate in the Andes varies greatly, depending on both altitude and latitude, from hot regions, to Alpine meadow regions, to the glaciers of the South. The snowline is highest in southern Peru and northern Chile, at latitude 15–20° south, where it seldom descends below 19,000 ft (5,800 m). This is much higher than at the equator, where the snowline descends to 15,000 ft (4,600 m). This vagary is attributed to the extremely dry climate of the lower latitude. In the far south of the continent, in the region known as Tierra del Fuego, the snowline reaches as low as 2,000 ft (600 m) above sea level. The Andes are a rich source of mineral deposits, particularly copper, silver, and gold. In Venezuela, they are mined for copper, lead, petroleum , phosphates, and salt; diamonds are found along the Rio Caroni. Columbia has the richest deposits of coal , and is the largest producer of gold and platinum in South America. Columbia is also wealthy in emeralds, containing the largest deposits in the world with the exception of Russia . In Chile, the Andes are mined largely for their great copper stores in addition to lead, zinc, and silver. Bolivia has enormous tin mines. The Andes are also a source of tungsten, antimony, nickel, chromium, cobalt, and sulfur. The Amazon basin is the largest river basin found in the world, covering an area of about 2.73 million sq mi (7 million sq km). The second largest river basin, which is the basin of the River Zaire in the African Congo, is less than half as large. The water resources of the area are spectacular; the volume of water that flows from the basin into the sea is about 11% of all the water drained from the continents of the earth. The greatest flow occurs in July, and the least is in November. While there are many rivers flowing through the basin, the most important and well known of these is the Amazon. The width of the Amazon ranges from about 1 mi (1.6 km) to as wide as 5–6 mi (5–6 km), and although it is usually only about 20–40 ft (6–12 m) deep, there are narrow channels where it can reach a depth of 300 ft (100 m). The Amazon basin was once an enormous bay, before the Andes were pushed up along the coasts. As the mountain range grew, they held back the ocean and eventually the bay became an inland sea. This sea was finally filled by the erosion of the higher land surrounding it, and finally a huge plain, crisscrossed by countless waterways, was created. Most of this region is still at sea level, and is covered by lush jungle and extensive wetlands. This jungle region contains the largest extant rain forest in the world. Despite the profusion of life that abounds here, the soil is not very rich; the fertile regions are those which receive a fresh layer of river silt when the Amazon floods , which occurs almost every year. The climate of South America varies widely over a large range of altitudes and latitudes, but only in isolated regions is the temperature range greater than about 36°F (20°C). The coldest part of the continent is in the extreme southern tip, in the area called Tierra del Fuego; in the coldest month of the year, which is July, it is as cold as 32°F (0°C) there. The highest temperature of the continent is reached in a small area of northern Argentina, and is about 108°F (42°C). However, less than 15 days a year are this warm, and the average temperature in the same area for the hottest month of the year, which is January, is about 84°F (29°C). Colombia borders Venezuela, Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru, and encompasses an area of 440,831 sq mi (1,141,748 sq km). It is found where Panama of Central America meets the South American continent, and its location gives it the interesting feature of having coastal regions bordering on both the Atlantic and the Pacific oceans . It is a country of diverse environments, including coastal, mountain, jungle, and island regions, but in general can be considered to consist of two major areas based on altitude: the Andes mountains and the lowlands. The Andes in Colombia can be divided into three distinct ranges, which run approximately from north to south in parallel ridges. The Cordillera Occidental, or westernmost range, attains a maximum altitude of about 10,000 ft (3,000 m). The Cordillera Oriental, which is the eastern range, is much higher, and many of its peaks are covered with snow all year round. Its highest peak is about 18,000 ft (5,490 m) high, and it has many waterfalls, such as the Rio Bogota, which falls 400 ft (120 m). The Cordillera Central, as its name implies, runs between the Occidental and Oriental Cordilleras. It contains many active volcanoes as well as the highest peak in Colombia, Pico Cristobal Colon, which is 19,000 ft (5,775 m) high. The lowlands of the east cover two thirds of Colombia's land area. It is part of the Orinoco and Amazon basins, and thus is well watered and fertile. Part of this region is covered with rich equatorial rain forest. The northern lowlands of the coastal region also contain several rivers, and the main river of Colombia, the Magdalena, begins there. Venezuela covers an area of 352,144 sq mi (912,0250 sq km). It is the most northern country of South America, and can be divided up into four major regions. The Guiana Highlands in the southeast make up almost half of Venezuela's land area, and are bordered by Brazil and Guyana . It is here that the famous Angel Falls, the highest waterfall in the world, is found. The Northern Highlands, which are a part of the Andes Mountains, contain the highest peak in Venezuela—Pico Bolivar, which reaches a height of 16,427 ft (5,007 m). This range borders on much of the coastal region of Venezuela, and despite its proximity to both the Caribbean and the equator, it has many peaks that are snow-covered year-round. The Maracaibo basin, one-third of which is covered by Lake Maracaibo, is found in the northwest. It is connected to the Caribbean Sea , and although it contains fresh water at one end of the lake, as it nears the ocean it becomes more saline. Not surprisingly, most of the basin consists of wetlands. The Llanos de Orinoco, which borders on Colombia in the southwestern part of Venezuela, is watered by the Orinoco River and its tributaries. The Orinoco has a yearly discharge almost twice as large as that of the Mississippi , and from June to October, during the rainy season, many parts of the Llanos are inaccessible due to flooding. Ecuador received its name from the fact that it straddles the equator. Its area is 103,930 sq mi (269,178 sq km), making it the smallest of the Andean countries. Its eastern and western lowlands regions are divided by the Andes Mountains, which run through the center of the country. This part of the Andes contains an active volcano region; the world's highest active volcano, Cotopaxi, which reaches an altitude of 19,347 ft (5,897 m), is found here. The western lowlands on the coast contain a tropical rain forest in the north, but become extremely dry in the south. The eastern lowlands are part of the Amazon basin, and are largely covered by tropical rainforest. The rivers Putumayo, Napo, and Pastaza flow through this area. Ecuador also claims the famous Galapagos Islands, which lie about 650 mi (1,040 km) off the coast. These 12 islands are all volcanic in origin, and several of the volcanoes are still active. The islands are the home of many species unique to the world, including perhaps the most well-known of their numbers, the Galapagos tortoise. Peru covers an area of 496,225 sq. mi (1,285,216 sq. km), making it the largest of the Andean countries. Like Ecuador, it is split by the Andes Mountains into two distinct sections. The eastern coastal region is mostly covered with mountains, and in many places, the ocean borders on steep cliffs. In the northern part, however, there is a relatively flat region that is suitable for agriculture. In the east, the lowlands are mostly covered by the thick tropical rain forest of the Amazon basin. The southern part of the Andes in Peru contain many volcanoes, some of which are still active, and Lake Titicaca, which is shared by Bolivia. Lake Titicaca is remarkable for, among the large lakes with no ocean outlet, Titicaca is the highest in the world. It is 125 mi (200 km) at its largest length and 69 mi (110 km) at its largest breadth, which is not quite half as large as Lake Ontario; but it lies at an altitude of 12,507 ft (3,812 m) above sea level. Bolivia has an area of 424,164 sq mi (1,098,581 sq km), and is the only landlocked country in South America besides Paraguay . The western part of the country, which borders on Ecuador and Chile, is covered by the Andes Mountains, and like most of this part of the Andes, it contains many active volcanoes. In the southern part of the range, the land becomes more arid, and in many places salt marshes are found. Among these is Lake Poopo, which lies 12,120 ft (3,690 m) above sea level. This saline lake is only 10 ft (3 m) deep. In the northern part of the range, the land becomes more habitable, and it is here that Lake Titicaca, which is shared with Peru, is found. The eastern lowlands of Bolivia are divided into two distinct regions. In the north, the fertile Llanos de Mamore is well watered and is thickly covered with vegetation. The southeastern section, called the Gran Chaco, is a semiarid savanna region. Chile is the longest, narrowest country in the world; although it is 2,650 mi (4,270 km) long, it is only about 250 mi (400 km) wide at its greatest width. It encompasses an area of 284,520 sq mi (736,905 sq km). The Andes divides into two branches along the eastern and western edges of the country. The eastern branch contains the highest of the Andean peaks, Aconcagua, which is 20,000 ft (6,960 m), and the highest point on the continent. The Andes in Chile has the greatest concentration of volcanoes on the continent, containing over 2,000 active and dormant volcanoes, and the area is plagued by earthquakes. In the western coastal region of north and central Chile, the land meets the ocean in a long line of cliffs which reach about 8,800 ft (2,700 m) in altitude. The southern section of this coastal mountain range moves offshore, forming a group of about 3,000 islands extending in a line all the way to Cape Horn, which is the southernmost point on the continent. The coast in this area is quite remarkable in appearance, having numerous fjords . There are many volcanic islands off the coast of Chile, including the famous Easter Island, which contains some unusual archeological remains. The southern part of the coastal region of Chile is a temperate area, but in the north it contains the Atacama Desert , which is the longest and driest desert in the world. Iquique, Chile, which lies in this region, is reported to have at one time suffered 14 years without any rain at all. The dryness of the area is thought to be due to a sudden temperature inversion as clouds move from the cold waters off the shore and encounter the warmth of the continent; this prevents water from precipitating from the clouds when they reach the shoreline. It has been suggested also that the sudden rise of the Andes Mountains on the coast contributes to this effect. Argentina, the second largest of the South American countries, covers an area of 1,073,399 sq mi (2,780,092 sq km). The Andes Mountains divide western Argentina from Chile, and in the south, known as Tierra de Fuego, this range is still partly covered with glaciers. A large part of Argentina is a region of lowlands and plains. The northern part of the lowlands, called the Chaco, is the hottest region in Argentina. In the northwestern part of Argentina near the Paraguayan and Brazilian borders, are found the remarkable Iguassa Falls. They are 2.5 mi (4 km) wide and 269 ft (82 m) high. As a comparison, Niagara Falls is only 5,249 ft (1,599 m) wide and 150–164 ft (46–50 m) high. The greatest part of the lowland plains is called the Pampa, which is humid in the east and semiarid in the west. The southern highlands of Patagonia, which begins below the Colorado River, is a dry and mostly uninhabited region of plateaus. In the Tierra del Fuego the southernmost extension of the Andes is found. They are mostly glaciated, and many glacial lakes are found here. Where the mountains descend into the sea, the glaciers have shaped them so that the coast has a fjord-like appearance. The Falkland Islands lie off the eastern coast of Argentina. They are a group of about 200 islands consisting of rolling hills and peat valleys, although there are a few low mountains north of the main islands. The sea around the Falkland Islands is quite shallow, and for this reason they are thought to lie on an extension of the continental shelf . Paraguay, which has an area of 157,048 sq mi (406,752 sq km), is completely landlocked. About half of the country is part of the Gran Chaco, a large plain west of the Paraguay River, which also extends into Bolivia and Argentina. The Gran Chaco is swampy in places, but for the most part consists of scrubland with a few isolated patches of forest. East of the Paraguay River, there is another plain which is covered by forest and seasonal marshes. This region becomes a country of flat plateaus in the easternmost part of Paraguay, most of which are covered with evergreen and deciduous forests . Uruguay , which is 68,037 sq mi (176,215 sq km) in area, is a country bounded by water. To the east it borders the Atlantic Ocean , and there are many lagoons and great expanses of dunes found along the coast. In the west, Uruguay is bordered by the river Uruguay, and in the south by the La Plata estuary . Most of the country consists of low hills with some forested areas. With an area of 3,286,487 sq mi (8,511,965 sq km), Brazil is by far the largest country in South America, taking up almost half of the land area of the continent. It can be divided into two major geographical regions: the highlands, which include the Guiana Highlands in the far north and the Brazilian Highlands in the center and southeast, and the Amazon basin. The highlands mostly have the appearance of flat tablelands, which are cut by deep rifts, and clefts that drain them; these steep river valleys are often inaccessible. In some places, the highlands have been shaped by erosion so that their surfaces are rounded and hill-like, or even give the appearance of mountain peaks. Along the coast, the plateaus plummet steeply to the ocean to form great cliffs, which can be as high as 7,000–8,000 ft (2,100–2,400 m). Except for the far north of Brazil, there are no coastal plains. The lowlands of Brazil are in the vast Amazon basin, which is mostly covered with dense tropical rain forest, the largest tract of unbroken rainforest in the world. The many rivers and tributaries that water the region create large marshes in places. The Amazon is home to many indigenous peoples and as yet uncounted species of animals and plants found nowhere else in the world. French Guiana encompasses an area of 35,900 sq mi (93,000 sq km), and is found north of Brazil. The area furthest inland is a region of flat plateaus that becomes rolling hills in the central region of the country, while the eastern coastal area is a broad plain consisting mostly of poorly drained marshland. Most of the country is covered with dense tropical rain forest, and the coast is lined with mangrove swamps. French Guiana possesses a few island territories as well; the most famous of these, Devil's Island, was the former site of a French penal colony. North of French Guiana lies Suriname, another tiny coastal country that has an area of 63,251 sq mi (163,820 sq km). The southern part of the country is part of the Guiana Highlands, and consists of very flat plateaus cut across by great rifts and steep gullies. These are covered with thick tropical rain forest. North of the highlands is an area of rolling hills and deep valleys formed by rivers and covered with forest. The extreme north of Suriname lies along the coast and is a flat swamp. Several miles of mangrove swamps lie between this region and the coast. East of Suriname is the country of Guyana, with a land area of 83,000 sq mi (215,00 sq km). The Guiana Highlands are in the western and southern parts of Guyana. As with Suriname and French Guiana, these are cut up deeply by steep and sudden river valleys, and covered with dense rain forest. The western part of the Guiana Highlands are called the Pakaraima Mountains, and are much higher than the other plateaus in Guyana, reaching an altitude of as much as 9,220 ft (2,810 m). The highlands become a vast area of rolling hills in the central part of Guyana due to the effects of erosion; this sort of terrain takes up more than two thirds of the country. In the north along the coast is a swampy region as in Suriname and French Guiana, with many lagoons and mangrove swamps. See also Continental drift theory; Delta; Depositional environments; Desert and desertification; Earth (planet); Forests and deforestation; Orogeny; Rapids and waterfalls; Rivers; Seasonal winds; Volcanic eruptions Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. MLA SOUTH AMERICA SOUTH AMERICA. South America is a continent composed of twelve countries and one French colony. The Spanish-speaking countries are: Argentina , Bolivia , Chile , Colombia , Ecuador , Paraguay , Peru , and Venezuela . (Portuguese-speaking Brazil is treated separately in this encyclopedia.) The former colonies of Guyana and Suriname use English and Dutch, respectively, as their official languages, although many in their populations speak indigenous languages. The same can be said for the French colony of Guiana, the home of the cayenne pepper, where French is the official language. The geography of South America is even more varied than that of North America , with long coastlines, lowlands, highlands and mountains, and tropical rain forests. The climate varies from tropical, lying as the continent does across the Equator, to alpine in the high Andes, the backbone of the continent. The cookery of South America reflects this rich diversity of culture and geography. The indigenous cookeries of pre-Columbian South America have gradually merged with imported cuisines from Europe and Asia . While the Spanish and Portuguese conquistadors introduced their own culinary traditions to the native peoples of South America, indigenous ingredients changed the cuisines of the Old World. The South American contributions included chocolate, vanilla, maize (corn), hot peppers (called ají in South America), guavas, sweet potatoes, manioc (cassava), tomatoes, potatoes, avocados, beans, squash (particularly the ancestor of zucchini), peanuts, quinine, and papayas, as well as turkeys. Maize plays a key role in the cuisine of South America, and it is genetically different from the maize now grown in the Old World, manifested most obviously in its characteristically large kernels. The potato is another vegetable indigenous to South America that has played an important role in cooking worldwide. There are also many vegetables in South America largely unknown beyond the continent, including ahipa, arracacha, maca, yacon, olluco, and oca. The demographics of South America are critical for understanding the diversity of its cuisines. In countries like Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru, the indigenous populations predominate, and their foods and foodways are the most important cuisines. In contrast, Argentina's cookery was heavily influenced by a large European immigration dominated by Spaniards and Italians. Throughout South America, there is also an African influence due to the slave trade, which has added to the culinary mix. Venezuela Venezuela was discovered in 1498 by Columbus when he found the mouth of the Orinoco River. In 1499 the Venezuelan coast was explored by Alonzo de Ojeda and Amerigo Vespucci. Vespucci, coming upon an island in the Gulf of Maracaibo , called it Venezuela because, according to legend, the native villages were built above the water on stilts. Venezuela rises from lowlands to highlands with coffee plantations ascending to the white-capped Andean peaks. It has a mild climate due to its proximity to the Caribbean. Caracas , Venezuela's capital, is the cultural, commercial, and industrial hub. Local dishes. Venezuelan cuisine relies heavily on maize. The two most important preparations are hallacas and arepas. Hallacas —traditionally eaten during holidays, especially Christmas—are boiled dumplings wrapped in banana leaves, but there are innumerable variations, depending on region and family tradition. Hallacas are made with a dough made of maize flour mixed with water, which is then filled with meat, vegetables, and spices. Arepas are versatile flatbreads, also made of maize flour, that can be baked, grilled, fried, or steamed and served either sweet or savory. Black beans, called caviar criollo, are a Venezuelan favorite. They are served with arepas and are also part of the national dish, pabellón caraqueño. A hearty dish, it is said to resemble the national flag (pabellón ), because of the colors of the beef, beans, rice, and plantains in it. The most popular fish in Venezuela is pargo, a red snapper found in semitropical waters, which is a member of the family Lutjanidae. Imported salt cod, brought to the region by the conquistadors, is also important in the cuisine. A favorite dish throughout South America is chicken with rice, but in Venezuela cooks add olives, raisins, and capers to the rice. Arequipe, milk pudding (milk cooked with sugar until very thick), is a favorite dessert in Venezuela, as it is throughout South America. It has different names in different places, but is perhaps best known in the United States as dulce de leche. The traditional beverages of Venezuela are chicha, made of fermented maize, and masato. Colombia Colombia has two coastlines, one on the Pacific and the other on the Caribbean, that provide the country with a large choice of seafood. Colombia rises from the Pacific coast through a series of plateaus to the capital, Bogotá. Colombian cooks have a wide range of foods to choose from, including bananas and plantains, papayas, sugarcane, avocados, potatoes (especially in the Andes), and such tropical root vegetables as the sweet potato, taro, cassava (manioc), and arracacha. Apricots, pears, grapes, apples, and peaches all grow in Colombia as well. Local dishes. In Colombia, coconut milk is used with great imagination in cooking fish, for example, herring simmered in coconut milk. One very popular soup is sancocho de pescado, a fish stew consisting of a variety of ingredients such as plantains, manioc (cassava), herbs, and coconut milk. Stews, usually served with rice, are the preferred way to cook meat, usually beef, especially with vegetables and fruits. Another traditional dish is gallineta en barro, an unplucked guinea fowl marinated in spices and lime juice and wrapped in an envelope of clay. It is then buried in hot coals and baked for approximately two hours. When the clay shell is broken, the skin is clean and golden brown and the meat is tender and flavorful. During colonial times, sugarcane was introduced in Cartagena , one of the most important port cities in the Spanish empire. Due to its wealth as a mercantile city, Cartagena became a center of luxury cookery in which sugar figured as the main ingredient. Modern Colombia has inherited this rich confectionery tradition. Ecuador Ecuador, as the name implies, straddles the equator, which can be reached from the capital, Quito , in about half an hour. Home to two ranges of the Andes, Ecuador is quite mountainous, although the hot and humid Pacific coast lies to the west of the Andes and the rain forest falls largely to the east. Quito (elevation ten thousand feet) is known all over the world for its architectural beauty and cultural refinement. Unfortunately, for outsiders the elevation can cause discomfort. The city lies within a short distance of the extinct volcano, Pichincha. On clear days, a ring of eight volcanoes can be seen from Quito, among them the fabled Chimborazo and Cotopaxi. Local dishes. Ecuador has two cuisines: a highland cuisine of the Andes and a lowland cuisine of the coast. Potatoes, indigenous to the Andes, play a central role in Ecuadorian highland cooking, and its magnificent vegetables and fruits are used liberally in recipes. Locro, a thick potato and cheese soup, is sometimes served with avocado slices. Another popular soup, sopa de maní, is made from peanuts. Peanuts also figure in salsa de maní, a dip consisting of unsweetened peanut butter, hot peppers (ají ), achiote (annatto), tomatoes, lime juice, garlic, and onions. The paste is also used to flavor meats and vegetables. Fish is plentiful and most commonly prepared as seviche. One popular seviche from the coastal city of Guayaquil consists of shrimp, ají, and vegetables marinated in lime juice. Once the shrimp are ready to serve, they are garnished with toasted corn kernels (cancha ), which add an interesting texture and flavor. Stews are popular in the highlands. The spicy and flavorful pork stew, seco de chanco, is colored with achiote oil and cooked with beer. Although the people of Ecuador mainly eat fruit as dessert, a richly flavored pumpkin (or winter squash) cake is very popular. Bolivia Bolivia, a high landlocked country in central South America, is bordered by Argentina, Brazil, and Peru. The famous Lake Titicaca, between Bolivia and Peru, lies at 12,500 feet. Legend has it that an island in the lake is the ancestral home of the Incas. Near the lake's southeastern end are the ruins of Tiahuanaco, a pre-Incan city. After the conquest, Bolivia became part of Peru and was known as El Alto Peru, highland Peru. With independence, the name was changed to Bolivia to honor the liberator, Simón Bolívar. Local dishes. Bolivians like their food hot, and ajíes (hot peppers) are widely used. In addition to familiar grains like wheat and corn, quinoa, an indigenous grain that the Incas called "sacred mother grain," is still commonly consumed. The Spanish prohibited the cultivation of quinoa, but it never entirely lost its appeal to the native population. It is hardy and well suited to poor conditions, such as cold weather and high altitudes. Beef and pork, introduced by the Spaniards, are important foods, as are farm-raised guinea pigs (cuys ), a native dish popular in Bolivia and Peru. In the native culture of Bolivia, the potato played such a significant role that it was used for predicting the future, among other things. In fact, Bolivians categorized potatoes as male or female, depending on their shape, and were used accordingly in their cuisine. In Bolivia, many food traditions remain from pre-Columbian times. One of the relics of the Inca empire is chicha, a popular alcoholic drink made from fermented maize. Argentina The second largest nation in South America, Argentina extends from the subtropics to Tierra del Fuego. Although now a separate country, Argentina was once part of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata (River Plate) with Uruguay . The pampas are primarily cattle country and famous for ranching and farming, but this fertile land also produces good crops and fine wine. Local dishes. Finger foods are very popular and are served in cafés, called whiskerias, that evolved from tea shops. Empanadas, stuffed pies, are popular throughout South America, and in Argentina they come in various sizes and are eaten as hors d'oeuvres, for light lunches, or with cocktails. One popular filling combines meat and fruit. Meat is grilled or prepared in stews (carbonadas ). The Argentines are fond of combining meat and fruit in their stews, but the most famous meat dish is churrasco (barbecue), beef, with large salt crystals embedded in it for flavor, is marinated in spices and lime juice and grilled on spits over an open fire. Viscacha, a large wild rabbit or hare, is also appreciated on the pampas. Although the focus is on meat in Argentina, excellent fish are harvested from the waters off the coast and prepared in all the usual ways, including seviche and escabeche (pickled fish). Dulce de leche (milk pudding) is particularly popular in Argentina and throughout neighboring Chile and Uruguay. Maté, also called yerba maté, a popular tea in Argentina, is made from the dried leaves of the evergreen, Ilex paraguariensis, which is indigenous to South America. The name comes from the Inca word for the calabash that was used as a container. Maté can be served either hot or cold. Chile A long, narrow country stretching down between the Andes and the Pacific Ocean , Chile is noted for its copper mines as well as for its wines. The cold Humboldt Current gives Chile the most unusual seafood in the world, including the erizo de mar (sea urchin) and locos (abalone). The middle third of the country, where table and wine grapes and other fruits and vegetables are raised, enjoys a temperate climate and is very fertile. Seafood and vegetables and fruits are more important in the diet than meat because of the relative lack of land for grazing. Because the seasons in the Southern Hemisphere are the reverse of those in the Northern Hemisphere, socalled winter fruits—apples, pears, and grapes—are exported to North America. Local dishes. Empanadas, often served with the local wine, are popular. Chileans like soups, and, since their fruits and vegetables are plentiful and particularly good, and are enjoyed raw or cooked, many are used for soup—cabbage, for example, and tomatoes. Fish and shellfish are plentiful along the coast and are cooked every conceivable way. One of the finest fish is congrio, the conger eel, unique to Chilean waters. Chicken and guinea pig, both raised at home, are family fare. Meat is not so popular, though Chilean meatballs, made with veal rather than beef, are very special. The fertile soil produces beautiful fruits, which make admirable desserts. Pisco, a powerful brandy made from grapes, is served both as an aperitif and as an afterdinner drink. Uruguay A wedge of a nation tucked between Brazil and Argentina on the Atlantic coast, Uruguay is one of the smallest countries in South America and, after Ecuador, the most densely populated. The climate is generally warm, with an even distribution of rainfall throughout the seasons. Rolling grasslands of black, potash-rich soil make raising cattle and sheep the lifeblood of the nation's economy, and roads are edged with fenced driveways for livestock. The capital, Montevideo , is home to a large percentage of Uruguay's population. Much of its industry is centered on processing wool, meat, and hides. Local dishes. Like other South Americans, Uruguayans favor soups and stews. The Atlantic supplies some seafood, and the River Plate (Río de la Plata) is a source of freshwater fish and large frogs, both often used for soup. Meat remains paramount, however. Beef and lamb are grilled as well as braised. Albóndigas, fishballs or meatballs, are very popular, particularly when served with a barbecue sauce enriched with wine. Humitas, a seasoned corn puree, is sometimes steamed in corn husks, like tamales. Fresh fruit is abundant and popular for dessert, especially feijoa (also called "pineapple guava"), an eggshaped fruit with a wonderful perfume. Gin Fizz (pronounced "jeen feez"), as made in Montevideo, has been described as the great glory of Uruguayan drinks. The secret probably lies in the delicate flavor of the local lemons and limes. Paraguay A small landlocked country, bordered by Bolivia, Brazil, and Argentina, Paraguay is known as much for its arts and culture as for its food. Asunción, the capital and by far the largest city in Paraguay, is also the cultural center of the country. The landscape is quite diverse, with lush grasslands, rolling hills, and dense forests, as well as the Chaco prairie in the west. Cattle raising and the industries associated with it are economically significant. Guaraní, the local Indian language, and Spanish are the primary languages of the country, although most Paraguayans learn Guaraní before Spanish. Local dishes. In Paraguay, manioc (cassava), the staple food, is consumed at least twice a day, but maize is also important in the diet. Soups and stews, whether vegetable-, beef-, or fish-based, are quite popular. So'oyosopy (sopa de carne or beef soup) is more of a stew than a soup; it is so robust that little more is needed than a light dessert to make a complete meal. It is usually accompanied with sopa paraguaya, which is not a soup at all but a cheese cornbread that is also served with grilled meats. Very good fish are harvested from the Paraguay River, particularly dorado, a firm-fleshed white fish. Bananas are widely used in Paraguay, fresh and cooked in desserts. Tereré is a refreshing tea mixed with cold water and aromatic herbs such as mint, traditionally drunk during the midmorning or early afternoon break for relief from the heat. Maté (also yerba maté ), which has a great deal of caffeine, is pleasantly stimulating and traditionally drunk in the morning. Peru The Andes, which rise from sea level on the Pacific coast to 22,500 feet, dominate this country. Peru was once the center of the Inca Empire, which extended more than 2,500 miles along the Pacific coast of South America. The capital, Lima, is on the coast. Most of the people of the empire were Quechuas. Although the term "Inca" is commonly used to describe the people of the empire, "Inca" originally referred only to the emperor. The Incas terraced and irrigated a difficult terrain, and built roads to link the parts of the empire, enabling farmers to come to town with their produce. The architecture of the Incas is known for its great size and skillful construction. Machu Picchu, one of their most famous cities, stands on a heavily forested mountaintop in the Andes. The Incas were also well known for their administrative skills. The Incas cultivated thousands of varieties of potatoes many thousands of years ago, and figured out ways to preserve them at high altitudes, either by drying or freeze-drying. The Quechuas also raised quinoa, a hardy plant that thrives where corn cannot grow. The Quechuas had few animals except for the cameloids (the llama and the alpaca) and the cuy (guinea pig). The cuy is an excellent food animal, and the llama provides wool, leather, fat, and dung for fertilizer, fuel, and building material, as well as meat. Llama meat is made into ham, and charqui, or dried llama meat, has remained popular among the native population. Local dishes. Peru has a real food culture. Peruvians like to eat at home and on the street. For example, in Lima the best place to buy anticuchos (skewered beef heart) is from stalls outside the plaza de toros, built in the 1700s. At home, they make an excellent hors d'oeuvre. Fish and shellfish are enormously popular on the coast and are prepared in myriad ways, including seviche. Along the shore, cebicherias serve fresh seviche night and day. Fowl have been known since pre-Columbian days, and the Quechuas knew how to freeze-dry duck. Turkey is very popular, especially for special occasions. The Europeans brought their domestic animals with them, and these have had enormous impact in Peru and elsewhere in South America. Besides grilled meats, Peruvian city folk are fond of chicharrones, pork rinds fried in lard, sold by street vendors. In addition to potatoes and the local large-kernel maize, Peruvians cultivate many other vegetables, including a number of special hot peppers (ajíes ), which they use in soups and stews, often serving them alone as well. Although Peruvians like sweets—homemade puddings and cakes, store-bought pastries, and convent sweets (although that tradition is dying out in Peru)—they are generally prepared and eaten outside the home, as they are in Europe. Dessert at the end of a meal is more likely to be fresh fruit. Pisco, the potent Peruvian brandy, is enjoyed straight or in a pisco sour. See also American Indians: Prehistoric Indians and Historical Overview ; Brazil ; Caribbean ; Central America ; Coffee ; Columbian Exchange ; Fruit ; Iberian Peninsula ; Inca Empire ; Maize ; Mexico ; Mexico and Central America, Pre-Columbian ; Vegetables . BIBLIOGRAPHY Aguilar de la Cruz, Isolina. Comidas Típicas del Cusco. Lima: Papeles y Anexos, 1994. Arnold, Denise Y., and Juan de Dios Yapita, eds. Madre Melliza y Sus Crías = Ispall Mama Wawampi: Antología de la Papa. La Paz, Bolivia: Hisbol/Ediciónes, 1996. Consultor Culinario, por Pascal. Montevideo, Uruguay: A. Barreiro y Ramos, 1917. Cox, Beverly, and Martin Jacobs. Spirit of the Earth : Native Cooking from Latin America . New York : Stewart, Tabori and Chang, 2001. Hermann, Michael, and Joachim Heller. Andean Roots and Tubers. Rome : International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, 1997. Fonde Vallecaucana. Cocina Vallecaucana. Cali, Colombia: Imprenta Deptal, 1960. Foppiani, Luis. Moderno Manual de Cocina Criolla. Lima: Editorial "Fenix," 1950. Llano Restrepo, María Clara, and Marcela Campuzano Cifuentes. Chicha: Una Bebida Fermentada Atraves de la Historia. Bogotá, Colombia: Instituto Colombiano de Antropología, 1994. Muchnik, Jacobo. Especialidades de la Cocina Criolla. Buenos Aires : Bibliotheca de Mucho Gusto, 1958. Páez de Salamé, Beatriz. Hallacas: Aromas de una Tradición. Caracas, Venezuela: Derrelieve, 1995. Paz Lagarrigue A., María. Recetas de las Rengifo. Santiago , Chile: Editorial del Pacífico, 1961. Pazos Barrera, Julio. Cocinemos lo Nuestro. Quito, Ecuador: Corporación Editora Nacional, 1991. Rosay, E. Nuevo Manual de la Cocina Peruana. Lima: Librería Francesa Cientifíca, 1926. Un Libro de Cocina. Montevideo, Uruguay: E. Miguez, 1933. Vélez de Sánchez, Maraya. Postres y Pastelería de la Cocina Europea y Americana. Paris : Cabaut, 1928. Villegas, Benjamin. The Taste of Colombia. Bogotá, Colombia: Villegas Editores, 1997. Wilson del Solar, Luisa. Mi Cocina. Valparaiso, Chile: Imprente Victoria, 1959. Elisabeth Lambert Ortiz With contributions by Enrique Balladares-Castellón Cite this article [Note: See the related article on Native North Americans in the entry America. ] South American Indians Throughout South America , the magician caste analogous to the medicine men or shamans of North America were known as piaies or piaes. Of those of British Guiana (now Guyana ), W.H. Brett gives the following account in The Indian Tribes of Guiana (1868): "They are each furnished with a large gourd or calabash, which has been emptied of its seeds and spongy contents, and has a round stick run through the middle of it by means of two holes. The ends of this stick project—one forms the handle of the instrument, and the other has a long string to which beautiful feathers are attached, wound round it in spiral circles. Within the calabash are a few small white stones, which rattle when it is shaken or turned round. The calabash itself is usually painted red. It is regarded with great awe by the heathen Indians, who fear to touch it, or even to approach the place where it is kept. "When attacked by sickness, the Indians cause themselves to be conveyed to some friendly sorcerer, to whom a present of more or less value must be made. Death is sometimes occasioned by those removals, cold being taken from wet or the damp of the river. If the patient cannot be removed, the sorcerer is sent for to visit him. The females are all sent away from the place and the men must keep at a respectful distance, as he does not like his proceedings to be closely inspected. He then commences his exorcisms, turning, and shaking his marakka, or rattle, and chanting an address to the yauhahu. This is continued for hours, about midnight the spirit is supposed to be present, and a conversation to take place, which is unintelligible to the Indians, who may overhear it. These ceremonies are kept up for successive nights. "If the patient be strong enough to endure the disease, the excitement, the noise, and the fumes of tobacco in which he is at times enveloped, and the sorcerer observes signs of recovery he will pretend to extract the cause of the complaint by sucking the part affected. After many ceremonies he will produce from his mouth some strange substance, such as a thorn or gravel-stone, a fish-bone or bird's claw, a snake's tooth, or a piece of wire, which some malicious yauhahu is supposed to have inserted in the affected part. As soon as the patient fancies himself rid of this cause of his illness his recovery is generally rapid, and the fame of the sorcerer greatly increased. Should death, however, ensue, the blame is laid upon the evil spirit, whose power and malignity have prevailed over the counteracting charms. Some rival sorcerer will at times come in for a share of the blame, whom the sufferer has unhappily made his enemy, and who is supposed to have employed the yauhahu in destroying him. The sorcerers being supposed to have the power of causing, as well as of curing diseases, are much dreaded by the common people, who never willfully offend them. So deeply rooted in the Indian's bosom is this belief concerning the origin of diseases, that they have little idea of sickness arising from other causes. Death may arise from a wound or a contusion, or be brought on by want of food, but in other cases it is the work of the yauhahu. "I once came upon a Warau practising his art upon a woman inflicted with a severe internal complaint. He was, when I first saw him, blowing violently into his hands and rubbing them upon the affected part. He very candidly acknowledged his im-posture when I taxed him with it, put up his implements, and went away. The fate of the poor woman, as it was related to me some time afterwards, was very sad. Though a Venezuelan half-breed, and of the Church of Rome , she was wedded to the Indian superstitions, and after trying the most noted sorcerers without relief, she inflicted on herself a mortal wound with a razor in the vain attempt to cut out the imaginary cause of her internal pain. "Some have imagined that those men have faith in the power of their own incantations from their performing them over their own children, and even causing them to be acted over themselves when sick. This practice it is indeed difficult to account for. The juggling part of their business is such a gross imposture as could only succeed with a very ignorant and credulous people; but it is perhaps in their case, as in some others, difficult to tell the precise point where credulity ends and im-posture begins. It is certain that they are excited during their incantations in a most extraordinary way, and positively affirm that they hold intercourse with spirits; nor will they allow themselves to be laughed out of the assertion however ridiculous it may appear to us. "The Waraus, in many points the most degraded of the tribes, are the most renowned as sorcerers. The huts which they set apart for the performance of their superstitious rites are regarded with great veneration. "Mr. Nowers, on visiting a Warau settlement, entered one of those huts, not being aware of the offense he was committing and found it perfectly empty, with the exception of the gourd, or mataro, as it is called by the tribe. There was, in the centre of the hut, a small raised place about eighteen inches high, on which the fire had been made for burning tobacco. The sorcerer being asked to give up the gourd, peremptorily refused, saying that if he did so his two children would die the same night." Franz Keller, in Amazon and Madeira Rivers (1874), observes of the Brazilian tribes as follows: "As with the shamans of the North Asiatic nations, the influence a Pajé may secure over his tribe depends entirely on the success of his cures and his more or less imposing personal qualities. Woe to him if by some unlucky ministration or fatal advice he forfeits his prestige. The hate of the whole tribe turns against him, as if to indemnify them for the fear and awe felt by them until then; and often he pays for his envied position with his life. "And an influential and powerful position it is. His advice is first heard in war and peace. He has to mark the boundaries of the hunting-grounds; and, when quarrels arise, he has to decide in concert with the chieftain, sometimes even against the latter's wishes. By a majestically distant demeanour, and by the affectation of severe fasting and of nightly meetings with the spirits of another world, these augurs have succeeded in giving such an appearance of holiness to the whole caste, that their influence is a mighty one to the present day, even with the Indians of the Aldeamentos, where contact with the white race is sure by-and-by to produce a certain degree of scepticism. "When I was at the Aldeamento of San Ignacio, on the Paranapanema, Cuyaba, chieftain and Pajé of an independent horde of Cayowa Indians made his appearance, and I had the honour of being introduced to this magnificent sample of a conjurer. He was a man of about fifty, with large well-cut features, framed within a dense, streaming mane of long black hair. The long xerimbita on his under lip (a long, thin, cylinder of a resin resembling amber), a great number of black and white beads covering his chest in regular rows like a cuirass, and a broad girdle holding his cherapi (sort of apron), which was fringed all round with rich, woven ornaments, gave him quite a stately, majestic appearance." The Chileans called their magicians gligua or dugol, and they were subdivided into guenguenu, genpugnu, and genpiru, meaning respectively "masters of the heavens," "of epidemics," and "of insects or worms." There was also a sect called calcu, or "sorcerers," who lived in caves, and who were served by ivunches, or "man-animals," to whom they taught their terrible arts. The Araucanians believed that these wizards had the power to transform themselves at night into nocturnal birds, to fly through the air, and to shoot invisible arrows at their enemies, besides indulging in the malicious mischief with which folklore credits the wizards of all countries. They believed their priests possessed numerous familiars who were attached to them after death—similar to the beliefs of the magicians of the Middle Ages . These priests or diviners were celibate, and led an existence apart from the tribe, in some communities being dressed as women. Many tales are told of their prowess in magic, that indicate that they were either natural epileptics or ecstatics, or that disturbing mental influences were brought about by the use of drugs. The Araucanians also held that to mention their real personal names gave magic power over them that might be turned to evil ends. Regarding the wizards of the inhabitants of the territory around the River Chaco in Paraguay , Barbrook Grubb records as follows in An Unknown People in an Unknown Land : "The training necessary to qualify an Indian to become a witch-doctor consists, in the first place, in severe fastings, and especially in abstention from fluid. They carry this fasting to such an excess as to affect the nervous system and brain. Certain herbs are eaten to hasten this stage. They pass days in solitude, and, when thoroughly worked up to an hysterical condition, they see spirits and ghosts, and have strange visions. It is necessary, furthermore, that they should eat live toads and some kinds of snakes. Certain little birds are plucked alive and then devoured, their power of whistling being supposed to be thus communicated to the witch-doctor. There are other features in the preliminary training which need not be mentioned, and when the initiatory stage has been satisfactorily passed, they are instructed in the mysteries under pledge of secrecy. After that their future depends upon themselves. "It is unquestionable that a few of these wizards understand to a slight degree the power of hypnotism. They appear at times to throw themselves into a hypnotic state by sitting in a strained position for hours, fixing their gaze upon some distant object. In this condition they are believed to be able to throw their souls out—that is, in order to make them wander. It seems that occasionally, when in this state, they see visions which are quite the opposite of those they had desired. At other times they content themselves with concentrating their attention for a while upon one of their charms, and I have no doubt that occasionally they are sincere in desiring to solve some perplexing problems. "One of the chief duties of the wizard is to arrange the weather to suit his clansmen. If they want rain it is to him they apply. His sorceries are of such a kind that they may be extended over a long period. He is never lacking in excuses, and so, while apparently busy in combating the opposing forces which are hindering the rain, he gains time to study weather signs. He will never or rarely venture an opinion as to the expected change until he is nearly certain of a satisfactory result. Any other Indian could foretell rain were he to observe signs as closely as does the wizard. The killing of a certain kind of duck, and the sprinkling of its blood upwards, is his chief charm. When he is able to procure this bird he is sure that rain cannot be far off, because these ducks do not migrate southwards until they know that there is going to be water in the swamps. These swamps are filled by the overflowing of the rivers as much as by the local rainfalls, and the presence of water in the rivers and swamps soon attracts rain-clouds. "The wizards also observe plants and animals, study the sky and take note of other phenomena, and by these means can arrive at fairly safe conclusions. They are supposed to be able to foretell events, and to a certain extent they succeed so far as these events concern local interest. By judicious questioning and observation, the astute wizard is able to judge with some amount of exactitude how certain matters are likely to turn out. "After we had introduced bullock-carts into their country, the people were naturally interested in the return of the carts from their periodical journeys to the river. When the wizards had calculated carefully the watering-places, and had taken into consideration the state of the roads, the character of the drivers, and the condition and number of the bullocks, all that they then required to know was the weight of the loads and the day on which it was expected that the carts would leave the river on their return journey. The last two items they had to obtain from us. When they had these data, by a simple calculation they could make a very shrewd guess, not only at the time when they might be expected to arrive at the village, but also at what particular part of the road they might happen to be on any given day. A great impression was made upon the simple people by this exhibition of power, but when we discovered what they were doing, we withheld the information, or only gave them part, with the result that their prophecies either failed ignominiously or proved very erroneous. Their reputation accordingly began to wane. "The wizards appear to be authorities on agricultural matters, and when application to the garden spirit has failed, the witch-doctor is called in. He examines the crop, and if he thinks it is likely to be a poor one, he says it is being blighted by an evil spirit, but that he will use what sorceries he can to preserve it. If, on the other hand, he has reason to believe that the crop will be a good one, he spits upon it here and there, and then assures the people that now they may expect a good harvest. "Some of the chief duties of the witch-doctor consist in laying ghosts, driving off spirits, exorcising kilyikhama in cases of possession, assisting wandering souls back to their bodies, and generally in the recognising of spirits. When a ghost is supposed to haunt a village, the wizard and his assistants have sometimes an hour's arduous chanting in order to induce the restless one to leave. When he considers that he has accomplished this, he assures the people that it is done, and this quiets their fears. Evil spirits frequenting a neighbourhood have also to be driven off by somewhat similar chanting." Through the twentieth century, practices first described in the nineteenth century by anthropologists have been integrated into the Spiritualist groups of the countries of South America, especially Brazil . Sources: Brett, William H. The Indian Tribes of Guiana. London, 1868. Grubb, W. Barbrook. An Unknown People in an Unknown Land. London, 1911. Keller, Franz. Amazon and Madeira Rivers. London, 1874. McGregor, Pedro. Jesus of the Spirits. New York : Stein & Day, 1966. Playfair, Guy Lyon. The Flying Cow. London, 1975. Reprinted as The Unknown Power. New York: Pocket Books, 1975. Cite this article South America South America, the fourth largest continent on Earth , encompasses an area of 6,880,706 square miles (17,821,028 square kilometers). This is almost 12 percent of the surface area of Earth. At its widest point, the continent extends about 3,200 miles (5,150 kilometers). South America is divided into 12 independent countries: Argentina , Bolivia , Brazil , Chile , Colombia , Ecuador , Guyana , Paraguay , Peru , Suriname, Uruguay , and Venezuela . French Guiana, an overseas department (territory) of France , also occupies the continent. The continent of South America can be divided into three main regions with distinct environmental and geological qualities. These are the eastern highlands and plateaus, the large Amazon River and its basin in the central part of the continent, and the great Andes mountain range of the western coast. The highlands and plateaus The eastern highlands and plateaus are the oldest geological region of South America. They are believed to have bordered on the African continent at one time, before the motion of the plates that make up Earth's crust began separating the continents about 140 million years ago. The eastern highlands and plateaus can be divided into three main sections. The Guiana Highlands are in the northeast, in south Venezuela and northeastern Brazil. They are about 1,200 miles (1,930 kilometers) long and from 200 to 600 miles (320 to 965 kilometers) wide. Their highest peak, Mount Roraima, reaches a height of 9,220 feet (2,810 meters). This is a moist region with many rivers and waterfalls. It is in this range, in Venezuela, that the highest waterfall in the world is found. Called Angel Falls, it cascades freely for 3,212 feet (980 meters). The great Plateau of Brazil covers more than one-half of the area of Brazil, and ranges in altitude between 1,000 and 5,000 feet (305 and 1524 meters). The highest mountain range of this highland region is called Serra da Mantiqueira, and its highest peak, Pico das Agulhas Negreas, is 9,141 feet (2,786 meters) above sea level. The Plateau of Patagonia is in the south, in Argentina. The dominant mountain range of this highland area is Sierras de Cordoba. Its highest peak, Champaqui, reaches an altitude of 9,459 feet (2,883 meters). The Amazon basin The Amazon basin (the area drained by the Amazon River) is the largest river basin in the world. It covers an area of about 2,500,000 square miles (6,475,000 square kilometers), or almost 35 percent of the land area of South America. The volume of water that flows from the basin into the Atlantic is about 11 percent of all the water drained from the continents of Earth. The greatest flow occurs in July, and the lowest in November. The Amazon basin was once an enormous bay, before the Andes Mountains were pushed up along the coast by the movement of the crust-forming plates. As the mountain range grew, it held back the ocean and eventually the bay became an inland sea. This sea was finally filled by the erosion of the higher land surrounding it, and finally a huge plain, crisscrossed by countless waterways, was created. Most of this region is still at sea level and is covered by lush jungle and extensive wetlands. This jungle region contains the largest rain forest in the world, which is home to an uncounted number of plant and animal species found nowhere else in the world. While there are many rivers flowing through the basin, the most important and well-known of these is the Amazon River. It runs for about 3,900 miles (6,275 kilometers), from the Andes Mountains in northern Peru to the Atlantic Ocean near Belem, Brazil. When it enters the ocean, the Amazon discharges about 7,000,000 cubic feet (198,240 cubic meters) of water per second. The width of the Amazon ranges from about 1 to 8 miles (1.6 to 13 kilometers). Although the Amazon is usually only about 20 to 40 feet (6 to 12 meters) deep, there are narrow channels where it can reach a depth of 300 feet (91 meters). Almost every year, the Amazon floods, filling a flood plain up to 30 miles (48 kilometers) wide. The fresh layer of river silt deposited by the flood makes the surrounding region extremely fertile. The Andes The Andes Mountains constitute South America's great mountain range. They extend more than 5,000 miles (8,045 kilometers) up the western coast of the continent, passing through seven countries—Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela. The highest peak of the Andes, called Mount Aconcagua, is on the western side of central Argentina, and is 22,835 feet (6,960 meters) high. Lake Titicaca, the world's highest large freshwater lake, is located in the Andes on the border between Peru and Bolivia at a height of 12,500 feet (3,800 meters) above sea level. The Andes were formed by the motion of crustal plates. Millions of years ago, the South American plate (on which the continent sits) broke away from the African plate. When the western edge of the South American plate met the eastern edge of the Nazca plate under the Pacific Ocean , the Nazca plate subducted or slid under the South American plate. (Since continental plates are less dense than oceanic plates, they ride over them.) This motion caused the western edge of the South American plate to buckle, fold, and be thrust upwards, forming the Andes Mountains. As the Nazca plate continues to sink under the surface, its leading edge is melted by the extreme temperatures and pressures inside Earth. Molten rock then rises to the surface, lifting and deforming it. To this day, the Andes are still rising. This geological instability makes earthquakes common all along the western region of the continent. The Andes are dotted with volcanoes. Some of the highest peaks in the mountain range, which rise above 20,000 feet (6,100 meters), are volcanic in origin. The Andes in Chile contain the greatest concentration of volcanoes on the continent: over 2,000 active and dormant volcanoes. The area is plagued by earthquakes. The climate in the Andes varies greatly, depending on both altitude and latitude, from hot regions to Alpine meadow regions to glacier regions. The snowline is highest in southern Peru and northern Chili, where it seldom descends below 19,000 feet (5,800 meters). In the far south of the continent, in the region known as Tierra del Fuego, the snowline reaches as low as 2,000 feet (600 meters) above sea level. The Andes are a rich source of mineral deposits, particularly copper, silver, tin, iron, and gold. The Andes in Colombia yield rich deposits of coal, while in Venezuela they contain petroleum. The largest deposits of emeralds in the world, outside of Russia , are found in the Colombian Andes. The Andes are also a source of tungsten, antimony, nickel, chromium, cobalt, and sulfur. [See also Plate tectonics ]	i don't know
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Grover Cleveland was the only US president to serve non-consecutive terms. Which president, the 23rd, served in between his two terms?	Sonic The Hedgehog it gr sp fr uk aus us TM IOC/USOC 36USC220506. Copyright © 2011 International Olympic Committee ("IOC"). All rights reserved. SONIC THE HEDGEHOG characters © SEGA, SEGA, the SEGA logo and Sonic The Hedgehog are either registered trademarks or trademarks of SEGA Corporation. All rights reserved. SEGA is registered in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. SEGA and the SEGA logo are either registered trademarks or trademarks of SEGA Corporation. © SEGA. All rights reserved. "PlayStation" and the "PS" Family logo are registered trademarks and "PS3" and the PlayStation Network logo are trademarks of Sony Computer Entertainment Inc. Nintendo properties are trademarks of Nintendo. © 2013 Nintendo. Apple and the Apple logo, iPhone, and iPad, are trademarks of Apple Inc. registered in the U.S. and other countries. App Store is a service mark of Apple Inc. Android is a trade mark of Google. This software uses fonts produced by FONTWORKS Inc. FONTWORKS, and font names are trademarks or registered trademarks of Fontworks Inc.	i don't know
First founded 182 years ago today, which organization requires a belief in the Great (or Grand) Architect of the Universe?	Freemasonry Explained - Part 1/3 Freemasonry Explained Freemasonry "The governments of the present day," spoke Benjamin Disraeli, former Prime Minister of England, "have to deal not merely with other governments, with emperors, kings and ministers, but also with the secret societies which have everywhere their unscrupulous agents, and can at the last moment upset all the governments' plans." "It is not emperors or kings, nor princes," said Cardinal Manning a year later, "that direct the course of affairs in the East (i.e. the Balkans). There is something else over them and behind them; and that thing is more powerful than they." "Including almost every nation," wrote Leo XIII a quarter of a century still later, "in its immense grasp it unites itself with other sects of which it is the real inspiration and the hidden motive power. It first attracts and then retains its associates by the bait of worldly advantage which it secures for them. It bends governments to its will sometimes by promises, sometimes by threats. It has found its way into every class of society, and forms an invisible and irresponsible power, an independent government, as it were, within the body corporate of the lawful state." All these words apply with even greater force today. Within the bosom of almost every State in Europe and America there exist at the present time secret societies firmly established and actively functioning. Like a parasite embedded within the human body, which needs must be a constant source of pain, disease and unrest, these underground associations are something apart from the natural life and activities of the State. They are linked up directly, or indirectly by a community of principles, aims and methods, with the great International Masonic Order, controled and financed from behind the scenes by the "Learned Elders of Zion". Aided by international finance, the press, and other more unscrupulous means, Freemasonry and allied forces can paralyze legitimate government activities and thwart its endeavors for the protection and prosperity of the people. During the past two centuries Freemasonry has been an ever-growing power in European and American politics, taking an increasing role in directing the course of events, until today it is almost a super-government "bestriding our narrow world like a colossus." Freemasonry is the central enemy of the Christian Church. The partial dechristianization of France, the unification of the German States under an anti-Christian hegemony (1871), the temporary destruction of the Papal monarchy, the Portuguese revolution, the constant upheavals and revolutions in South America, and the ruse of Bolshevism have all worked under the guidance and with the aid of secret societies among which Freemasonry is the paramount. Today we see an apparent paradox wherein the government of the capitalistic United States aids and abets the disruptive and tyrannical measures of anti-Christian government of Mexico, which (unknown to the average American citizen), is avowedly Bolshevist in principle and aim, and openly professes a close alliance with Russia. We also see the capitalistic press in a conspiracy of silence or misrepresentation regarding Mexico. The phenomena ceases to be strange when we recollect that the capitalistic press, the governments of America, Mexico and Russia, apparently antagonistic to one another in many ways, are all equally Masonic and more or less under Jewish control or influence. Hence, in past years, when Italy and Spain attempted to revert from Liberalism to restore something of a Christian rï¿½gime, the leaders of the movement in each case made it one of their first cares to suppress or expel the Masonic secret societies. The results are familiar to every student of contemporary history. The forces of international Freemasonry (Judaism), through the press and the news agencies, have carried on a persistent campaign of misrepresentation against the newly established governments. Obstinate efforts were made in both countries to overthrow them by assassinations or uprisings; although in the meantime the restored Christian organizations, incomplete and confronted with difficulties as they were, had inaugurated a new era of security, prosperity and social peace. Freemasonry exerts its influence beyond political and military spheres as its more subtle and permeating activities are in the social and intellectual life of the people. During the past two hundred years Western society has become permeated by Masonic and Liberal principles which operate as a dissolvent on the whole Christian system. The striking contrast between the tenor of the repeated Papal pronouncements on Freemasonry (the strength and uncompromising character of which have never weakened or wavered during the past two thousand years), and the attitude of so many well-meaning Christians towards it, seems to be an indication of the extent to which the Masonic and Liberal mentality has interpenetrated our public life. This attitude and the prevailing ignorance among the Christians' teaching as to the real character of Freemasonry, and Judaism, are an effect of the Masonic characteristic of Jewish methods; and which has led a great Christian publicist to say that modern so-called history is largely a conspiracy against the truth. Mr. Belloc has called attention to the conspiracy of silence in regard to the "Jews" which is (or was until recent times) so noticeable in English society and English literature. Up to the post-war period, or at least up to the Russian revolution, there existed an unwritten rule prohibiting all special reference to the "Jews" as such; while all the time the leading members of the Jewish nation were silently interpenetrating the higher ranks of English, French and American society and gradually winning control of nearly the entire economic and political life of the three nations. Nearly sixty years before, the penetrating mind of Bishop Ketteler had observed a similar phenomenon in regard to Freemasonry. German and French publicists, historians and university professors, themselves predominantly Masonic, scarcely ever referred to Freemasonry in their ordinary writings or public lectures; although some of these same men knew well, and actually described in works destined only for Masonic readers the dominating influence of the Masonic movement upon public life. "By a general consent or conspiracy," wrote Ketteler, "among European writers Freemasonry alone is regarded as a sacrosanct subject, which no one must touch upon. Everybody fears to speak of it as if it were a kind of evil spirit. This strange position of affairs is of itself a proof of the immense power which Freemasonry exercises in the world." Although there is a considerable mass of continental literature, especially in French, German and Italian, dealing with Freemasonry from the Christian standpoint, there is very little of the kind in English. Indeed, the seventeen-page article in the "Catholic Encyclopedia" by Herman Gruber, a German Jesuit, is (until this book), we believe, the only comprehensive study of Freemasonry in the English language. How small has been the interest taken in the subject among English speaking Christians is further illustrated by the fact that there is no English version of the Papal condemnations of Freemasonry. All this would at first sight seem strange in view of the fact that the English speaking countries are the real stronghold of Freemasonry, while they contain at the same time countless Christians. The explanation is that the large Christian population, the greater part of which is of the Anglo-Saxon and Germanic people, nowhere forms a homogeneous Christian body maintaining its own Christian social system and traditions. They are scattered over immense areas, intermingled with non-Christian or anti-Christian populations like the Christian communities of the early centuries within the Roman Empire: or if homogeneous, or mostly so as in America, they have had a Liberal social system forced upon them. They are thus largely out of touch with True Christian culture and tradition; and have to maintain a constant struggle in defense of the bare essentials of their Christian life. It is clear that in such circumstances a Christian social literature must be slow growing. Apropos of all this the words of Ed Eckert, are worthy of consideration: "No statesman can understand the present epoch, nor the motives underlying international events, nor the developments in the political and social life of the nations, nor even the very meaning of certain current phrases and terms, in a word, he sees only the facts but cannot fathom their import, and knows not what attitude to adopt in their regard, unless he has made a profound study of Freemasonry and has made himself master of all that appertains to its character and activities." It is peculiarly difficult to treat the subject of Freemasonry with justice and accuracy, and to avoid saying too little or too much. The veil of secrecy under which Freemasons usually strive to hide, not only their activities and aims, but even their moral and philosophic teaching; the ambiguous character of the formulas they employ; the apparent inconsistency of the policies they adopt of support at different times or in different places. All conspire to make the subject obscure and elusive. Again, the ingrained belief of many Irish and English Christians, well informed in may other subjects, that Anglo-American and Irish Freemasonry is something different from Continental Freemasonry, and is comparatively harmless if not praiseworthy; and the fact that this belief is sincerely shared by many Freemasons themselves, make it harder to convince the average inquirer of the pernicious character of all Freemasonry, and the perils to religion and society, and above all to our own country, which it contains. Martin L. Wagner in his book "Freemasonry" relates that: "The essence of Freemasonry, that in its peculiar religious ideas, and doctrines, has survived from the periods of remotest antiquity until the present time, and continues with a persistence that is marvelous." "It is diffused over the whole habitable portion of the globe. Like the mysterious force or energy in nature upon which it is based, the essence or data has been constant, but the forms in which it has found expression, have varied in the different ages and among different people. The marvel lies in this persistence." "Crushed in one form it arises in another. Outlawed or exposed in one institution it evades detection by taking refuge under a different name, ritual and symbolism. Though the old "temples" in which it thrived in the past ages have either been destroyed, or fallen into decay, it erects for itself a new one, in which it propagates its doctrines." "Like that mysterious life energy in nature, which perpetually dying renews itself in like, similar, yet different forms, so its peculiar religious ideas and doctrines dying with the decadence of the old satellites reappear in like, similar yet different institutions and cults." "In its modern form, and organization, Freemasonry has had a checkered career, although it seems to defy all forces that tend to disintegrate institutions. Nor do we expect that this Interpretation will materially diminish its strength, curb its power, or check its progress." "So long as there is unregenerate human nature, so long will the root of Freemasonry find a congenial soil, and keep alive the organization in some form. Exposure may check it and induce many of its followers, who have been lured by its pretenses, to repudiate it, but the thing itself doubtless will continue to live in some form." In 1826 when Wm. Morgan published his "Exposure" there were 50,000 Freemasons in the United States. On the strength of that exposure, 45,000 left the order, because they thought what Morgan made public was the essence of Freemasonry, whereas it was merely the form, the clothing, the cloak in which the real doctrine, was concealed and veiled. Continental Masonry was little if any affected by Morgan's exposure because the craft there discerned the deeper meaning of the ritual and monitorial Lectures, while the comparatively few American Masons at that time, apprehended its true recondite teachings. These latter knew the Narrative, but not the Doctrine. Since then the order has grown rapidly in numbers, popularity, and in influence, so that at present (1921) there are about 1,500,000 Masons in the United States and a great number in foreign countries. It has become a world wide organization, so that it is literally true that "in its language men of every land converse." There is a reason for this persistence of Freemasonry, for this rapid recovery from what was then thought to be its death blow, and for this rapid growth. Masons contend, and we believe the contention is well founded, that Morgan's Exposure does not expose the essence, the doctrines of Freemasonry. Unless there be given the key to Freemasonry, these exposures are of no material value. They present only the exoteric side of Freemasonry. To perceive the esoteric side, or the real teachings, the key for the interpretation of its ceremonies, allegories, and symbols is essential. These exposures by seceding Masons, exhibit only the trappings, in and under which the essence of Freemasonry, is concealed. This essence of the institution, the real Freemasonry, does not consist of the forms, grips, ceremonies, symbols, nor of the ritualistic ceremonial, nor of the monitorial instruction. The real Freemasonry lies concealed beneath these, and is as densely veiled to the Mason as to the profane, and the key to it, "not one Mason in ten thousand possesses, not even suspects that it exists." The Secrets of Freemasonry Are Not Taught In The Lodge The facts upon which the ritual is based are old and have become obscure, or forgotten, or lost in the ritualistic accretions so that it is necessary for the Mason if he would understand Freemasonry, to recover that meaning. The large majority of the craft do not comprehend these facts because of the dense veils thrown around them. They see and learn only the outward forms, and the less the ignorant Mason knows, the more will he admire and believe. What then is this thing which constitutes the mystic tie that holds its adherents in such a compact brotherhood? What is it that defeats all efforts to weaken it or to destroy it? It is the peculiar religion, which constitutes the essence, the life, the heart, the soul of this institution. The organization, despotic in its government, its oaths, horrible in their penalties, its ceremonies, impressively solemn, its secrets, mysteries in their nature, are all designed to conceal and to protect from profane eyes, this Religion. Religion is its mystic tie. Religion has ever been and is even now the most powerful factor in human activities. In some form it has been the motor back of the commanders of the armies, and of statesmen that founded the great world empires of the past, that animated and upheld the most despotic governments, that fomented the bloodiest revolutions, that precipitated nations into sanguinary conflicts and that united alien peoples into almost indissoluble unions; that established the most arbitrary and despotic priest craft, enforced intellectual thralldom, and the tyranny of rulers. It has instigated, sustained and justified the most dastardly, atrocious, barbarous, and licentious acts in human annals, as well as the most liberal, just and pure. It has inspired the erection of the most stupendous, most elaborate, and the most costly structures as monuments to its power, and as shrines for its gods. It has produced the finest specimens of art, voiced the sweetest and holiest of song and inspired the loftiest flights of the intellect in all the realms of human knowledge. It has transformed human perverts into saints, and changed moral creatures into demons of lust, fury, and crime. It has enabled timid women and children to defy the threats of tyrants, and smile upon the terrors of the dungeon, flames, and death. It has cemented brotherhoods and cults into unions which defeat the sagacity of statesmen, the erudition of jurists, the skill of marshals, the power of kings and the anathemas of popes, to destroy. Religion is without doubt the most powerful motor in man, and religion is the motor in Freemasonry. Freemasonry in its chief and essential features, IS a Religion, and as such it has marks and elements which are peculiar to itself but which also differentiate it from Christianity. These vital and essential elements in this religion are not spiritual facts and spiritual mysteries, but Carnal and Psychical, the facts of life and the mysteries involved in the generation and reproduction of life, and from their nature appeal most powerfully to man. They relate to the living principle in man and to his dominant passion namely the desire to procreate. They therefore excite the passions, awaken the emotions, impress profoundly his mind, and engage most deeply his thought. That there should exist a certain amount of misunderstanding both within and without the Order as to the real aims and nature of Freemasonry is inevitable, even independently of any fraudulent desire of secrecy or misrepresentation on the part of the Order itself. Thus, to take one notable example, what ignorance do we not sometimes find even among Christians, not to speak evil of Masonry, of the real spirit and teachings of the Order. Even of those that are imbued with the True Christian spirit how small a percentage are capable of analyzing it or explaining it to others or pointing out its essential opposition to the spirit of Christianity, because almost everyone has a family member who is either a Mason or an Eastern Star; and not wishing to believe that their loved ones could possibly belong to such a Satanic organization. If this is true of the Christian Church, notwithstanding its open declaration of its doctrines, practices and aims, and its continuous efforts to make them understood by all, is it such a matter of wonder that there are multitudes of Freemasons, at least in the outer circles of the Order (and high officials are often only in the outer circles) who, although staunch supporters of Freemasonry, know in reality little or nothing of the real aims and character of the Order to which they belong and which they support? It is true that the oaths of absolute secrecy which all take, and which are manifestly unlawful, seem to preclude the possibility of entire good faith (at least in the case of members that are thoughtful or intelligent), but they are consistent with ignorance of the real nature of Freemasonry. But in addition to all this, Freemasonry is far from being an open and honest association like the Christian Church. The latter, even from the beginning, "lays all its cards on the table." It will not receive a neophyte till he is made fully aware of the teachings he has to accept and the manifold obligations he is undertaking. Freemasonry, on the other hand, is a secret society. We believe that we have shown in this book the real character and aims of the Order is to deceive, at least in part, not only the outside public, but even the vast majority of their own members. Hence these latter are utilized as instruments for purposes which they do not understand, while they are solemnly sworn to secrecy even as regard to the very little which they may actually know. Masonic Benevolence: First as to Masonic benevolence. We do not deny that many individual Freemasons, at least of the outer circles of the Order, are men of natural goodness and kindliness. It is also true that Masons assist each other a good deal, and that in America, as in all countries in which Masons have secured influence and power, non-Masons, and especially Christians, have to suffer from the systematic and oftentimes unscrupulous partiality which Freemasons show, even in the exercise of public functions, toward members of the Craft. It is true, moreover, that Masons, even in their corporate capacity, do sometimes take part in works of benevolence or philanthropy. But Masonic benevolence as such is of a type quite different from that upheld and enforced by Christian teaching. it has no reference to the love of Our Divine Lord, whose divinity Freemasonry does not recognize, nor to the spiritual welfare of either giver or recipient; and is practically confined to the members and dependents of the Craft. It is in fact purely or mainly utilitarian, and is one of the means utilized to win credit for Freemasonry with its own lower grades and with outsiders. Freemasons' Belief in God: Secondly, as regard to the belief in God, which the Anglo-American have to profess. It is well known that the symbolic and somewhat cryptic term, "The Grand Architect of the Universe," by which they designate their God, does not necessarily mean a personal God in the Christian sense, and that the profession of faith in the Grand Architect, which the English-speaking Masons still retain as one of the "landmarks" of their sect, is so vague that practically any kind of Atheism, Materialism, Pantheism, or Polytheism may be covered by it. It can be shown conclusively from authentic Masonic documents that the Masons' "Grand Architect" is very far indeed from being identical with the God of the Christians, and that the phrase is in reality of a formula, which may be used to indicate the object of worship chosen by the particular individual that uses it, whatever that object may be; besides in real esoteric Masonry, which is the center on which the whole order pivots, the object of worship, is a material and not a spiritual being, or if a spiritual being, that being seems to be none other than Satan, the spirit of evil, and is proven by Albert Pike in his book "Morals and Dogma." The formula of the Grand Architect . . . is the most large-minded and righteous affirmation of the immense principle of existence, and may represent as well the (revolutionary) God of Mazzini as the Satan of Carducci (in his celebrated Hymn to Satan); God as the fountain of love, not of hatred; Satan as the Genius of the good, not of the bad. Freemasonry and Christianity: It is untrue that Masonry inculcates or Implies any kind of belief in Christianity! Even the English Masonic manuals distinctly repudiate any such claim. We read: "It does not even require of the members of the Masonic order a profession of Christianity; but freely admits Jews, Mohammedans, and others who reject Christian doctrine." Again, Albert Pike, admittedly among the best and most authentic exponents of Masonic teaching, wrote: "Masonry propagates no creed except its own simple and sublime one taught by nature and reason. There never has been a false religion in the world. The permanent, one, universal revelation is written in visible nature . . . There is but one religion, one dogma, one legitimate belief." In other words the religion of Masonry is Naturalism, the very antithesis of Christianity. Again, not only I sit untrue that Freemasonry requires or imposes a belief in Christianity, but the very contrary is the case. For the one and only thing in which Freemasonry is everywhere and always consistent with itself is antagonism to Christianity. Its Anti-Social Principles: The natural organization of the family is also undermined. Governments often refuse to see in it the indivisible and fundamental unit in the social organism. It is deprived of its religious consecration which even the pagan nations of previous ages usually retained; and the principle of allowing the individual to dispose freely of the hereditary family homestead or estate had undermined its stability by removing its economic foundation. The right of private property, which from time immemorial has been at the basis of society, is now attacked; and new combinations and arrangements are conceived for employing and feeding the masses of humanity. Again, the natural organization of labor (founded upon reciprocal duties and rights as between master and man) which is traditional everywhere and in all periods of recorded history has been upset. The man is proclaimed the equal in all respects with the master: while the latter is exempted in the exercise of his property rights from all natural duties and responsibilities towards the man. The result is the unnatural and destructive class war now raging or being stirred up in most countries of the civilized world. Masonic Moral and Social System: In the Christian concept of society, morals as well as social rights and duties are founded upon man's relation to God and the example and teaching of Our Divine Lord. The whole Christian organization of society has been erected upon this basis. In the Masonic idea human virtue and morality are independent of the Deity, and the Law of Christ whose Divinity is ignored or denied. Hence, Freemasonry is essentially opposed to Christianity and destructive of the Christian organization of society. it is Naturalism, which may be described as a scientifically elaborated system of paganism. The following extracts from a very able and remarkable address delivered by the Belgian Liberal and Masonic leader, Goblet d'Aviella, at a select Masonic gathering in Brussels (1877), will serve to illustrate more fully the essential opposition of Freemasonry to Christianity: "Experience proves that this program (of negation and destruction) is not sufficient if we are to battle with devotedness and enthusiasm . . . against a Church which is doubly powerful owing alike to its rï¿½le in the past and its lofty aspiration for the future, which excels in the skill, the numbers and the discipline of its adherents, which addresses itself to every age and sex and rank in life, which binds its members to itself by so many and such powerful bonds in every sphere of human activity. To meet such an adversary with weapons equal to his own, the Liberals have to complete their program by a consistent system of positive teaching, envisaging men in every relation and aspect of human nature, and enabling them to solve the great problems of modern society. Such a system will supplement the political associations by giving them a rallying-point on a moral, philosophical, religious and social plane . . . The Masonic lodges are the only places in which one can study and formulate with fullness and scientific objectivity the whole series of problems which affect men's rights, duties, mutual relations, and final destiny . . . Freemasonry being at the same time traditional and progressive, local and cosmopolitan . . . transcends time and space. It rests on traditions whose origin is lost in the twilight of history: it possesses a symbolism whose mystic beauty does not exclude an actual beauty of its own. It has in fine an imposing ceremonial to lend sanction to all the solemn facts and realities of life. It is by means of this fullness of organization that Freemasonry is in a position to rival its great enemy, the Christian religion. It is thus that it becomes the natural, I will even add the necessary, complement of Liberalism . . . Impress therefore on your neophytes that Freemasonry is not, as some superficial observers suppose, a child's play, a convivial society . . . much less a purely benevolent institution, or even a replica of our political associations . . . Tell them that Freemasonry is above and beyond all a school of perfection and scientific formation and propaganda, a sort of laboratory where the great ideas of modern social life are combined and fashioned into a consistent whole with a view to their propagation in the world outside in a tangible and practical shape. Tell them in one word that we are the philosophers of Liberalism. Tell them all this, but with the reserve which Masonic secrecy requires." From its own description of itself, Masonry is to be regarded as a Religion, that is if one can conceive religion without a god. It has to do with "divine truth," and has its special system of morals and worship and its own peculiar liturgy, ritual and symbolism. It aims, like the Christian Church, at training the mind and molding the character of its members in accordance with its own peculiar ideals, and strives to propagate its tenets and morals among all mankind. The works of Ragon, Pike, Mackey, and other Masonic authors are largely occupied in unfolding the Masonic doctrines concerning the ruling powers of the universe, and describing the rites and observances by which man is to render due homage to them. A.G. Mackey writes, and all Masonic authors corroborate his words: "Masonry is undoubtedly a religious institution . . . its religion being of the universal kind, in which all men agree." Hence, Masonry as a religion is the very antithesis of dogmatic Christianity, which is Catholicism. It is at best some kind of common denominator which belongs equally to all religions (except the true one) and none, a religion in which Protestants, pagans, idolaters, Mohammedans, Hindus, Parsees, Buddhists, Theosophists, Mormons, etc., may all meet on common religious ground. Christians, however, are excluded, for the true religion cannot vary or contradict itself. Hence, both Christian and Masonic authorities agree that the two systems are mutually exclusive. In order to appreciate fully the implications contained in the universality of the Masonic creed, which is a fundamental principle in Freemasonry, we must remember that the Freemasons put forward their system as supplying a perfect and all-sufficing religion, "making a man complete in morality and intelligence, with a state or religion added to ensure him the protection of the deity, and to guard him from going astray, so that 'nothing more can be suggested which the soul of man requires.'" Hence, Masonry is meant to be a complete religious system, whose fundamental principle is a recognition and worship of "The Grand Architect of the Universe." Those who are only in the outer circles of the fraternity may not at first understand who or what that Grand Architect is. Little by little, however, the system and all that underlies it become more apparent; and, as the initiated studies the symbolism and ritual more deeply, he comes to realize the full worth of that moral, intellectual, and religious formation which Masonry imparts, and which "contains all that the soul of man requires." Owing to the policy of deception which Masonic leaders avowedly adopt, it is difficult to analyse with accuracy and certitude the essence of the underlying religion of Masonry, and we shall not attempt the analysis here. Suffice it to say that the real inner Masonic religion upon which the whole system hinges is founded upon some type of Cabalistic or Jewish Pantheism, and implies, or is, a deification and worship of unregenerate humanity. Its degrading character is indicated sufficiently for our present purpose by the nature of the symbolism and cult with which esoteric Masonry is associated. According to the vast majority of the great Masonic authors, the Masonic secret cult is derived from the ancient "mysteries" of India, Egypt, Persia, Greece, and Rome. These mysteries are nothing more or less than those obscene and undescribable forms of worship, in which the generative processes of nature, symbolized by the human organs of reproduction, were the object of licentious homage. That this worship is the real pivot of the Masonic religion, and the center of Masonic ritual and symbolism, incredible as it may seem, does not admit of reasonable doubt. For although it is denied by some Anglo-American writers, such as the English Oliver, their denials and their attitude show inconsistency and, in face of the overwhelming evidence to the contrary, cannot be seriously maintained. Hence, whatever one may hold as to the identity of the Masonic deity, called the Great Architect, namely, whether or not it be Satan himself, this much at least is certain, that the religion of Masonry is closely connected with the most hideous and degraded of the pre-Christian cults, one which is commonly believed to betray the direct and immediate influence of the Evil One. Most of the Masonic symbolism, in its original and proper meaning, refers primarily to the Solar and Phallic worship, associated with the mysteries above referred to. This fact is testified by the great authorities of Anglo-American Freemasonry: Pike, Mackey, Thomas Webb Smith, William Preston, and Hutcheson. Ragon, the "Sacred Author," adds his testimony to that of the Anglo-American writers. Ragon expressly says that the Masonic God is the God of the Pyramids, thus identifying the Masonic cult with the religion of the ancient Egyptians; and this epitome of the Masonic creed is fully justified by the interpretation of the Masonic rites and symbols furnished by Ragon himself, and the recognized Anglo-American Masonic authorities. In order to convey a succinct but intelligible account of this difficult portion of our subject which, to be frank, we fear to handle, we believe we cannot do better than transcribe a passage from the "Lyceum," pp. 224-225 written several years ago, in which the distinguished writer already referred to, with a pen more skilled than ours, strives to convey, "within the limits which respect for his readers imposes . . . what, according to the authorized interpretation . . . of the Craft, is the symbolical purport of the rites admitting to one or other of the Masonic degrees. The three first degrees of the Order -- those of the Apprentice, of Fellow Craft or Companion Mason, and of Master Mason, common to all the rites of Masonry are known as symbolic degrees. The candidate is admitted to them by a series of fantastic ceremonies, which we need not describe in detail . . . the full significance of which . . . is not yet revealed to him. He learns nothing but the symbols and the sacred words themselves. He is besides copiously edified by allusions to God and the Bible, the deeper meaning of which is withheld till he reaches the higher degrees of the Order. Indeed, it is not till he arrives at the thirty-third degree (in the Ancient Scottish rite) that of Sovereign Grand Inspector-General, that the genuine 'mysteries' which underlie these outward forms are laid bare to him. When the final stage of the illumination is reached he learns such truths as the following: 'The rite of initiation for Apprentice Masons represents in dramatic fashion the origin or birth of the Nature of God, of the Great All. It imports the non-existence of a supernatural personal God . . . It signifies that no being is wholly material, that the two principles, matter and form, male and female, are always two in one and one in two, eternally generating. It signifies that God is a bi-sexual being, a hermaphrodite, and that creation is the beginning of the process of generation. The initiation rite of the Second Degree represents the normal condition of the Nature of God, always in labor, always generating. It imports that God is a hermaphrodite, that His name has always signified the God of Generation . . . Jehovah . . . signifies He-She, that is, the two sexes in one. . . . The dual principle, male and female, is represented by the square and the compass: by the compass, symbol of Osiris, the male; and by the square, symbol of the earth, Isis, the female. The initiating rite of the Master's Degree introduces us to the story of Hiram, one of the architects of Solomon's Temple, as related in the Targum. But Hiram must be regarded here as an allegorical being, symbolizing the 'Grand Architect of the Universe.' In this rite the process of generation is represented as complete; God and the name of God, which the candidate is supposed to have been seeking, are discovered. The name of the deity thus revealed is Moabon -- the name given to the child of Lot and his daughter, the earth. This deity is also called Mac-Benac, 'Offspring of Putrefaction,' inasmuch as death and decomposition must precede the beginning of life; and the seed must die before the plant lives. This (says Ragon) is the important phenomenon, the ineffable mystery, the key of nature which the ancient sages succeeded in discovering, and which they adopted as the basis of their doctrines, and the subject of their legends . . . the Legend of the Ages. Understood according to this interpretation, the revolting atrocities of Saturn, and of the incestuous Phaedra, etc., are nothing else than interesting enigmas, which involve facts well worthy of being handed down to us.' It is not necessary to pursue the explanation further, or to introduce you into the still deeper "mysteries" of Masonry. We spare you any description of the ritual of the higher degrees, such as the blasphemous profanations of the history of the Last Supper and death of Our Divine Lord Jesus Christ, which occur in the ritual of initiation into the eighteenth or Rose-Croix degree. What has been said so far, and will be said later, will suffice to illustrate the character of the "divine truth," the discovery and propagation of which are represented as the essential scope of Freemasonry; and to indicate that nature of the peculiar system of morality which Masonic allegory veils, and its symbols illustrate. It is easily understood how inveterate the antagonism between Freemasonry and Christianity; they are opposed to each other as uncompromisingly as light is to darkness, goodness to evil, or as Satan is to God. The Masonic Secret: From the authentic definitions of Freemasonry which we have already quoted, as well as from other authoritative Masonic writings, we gather that the descriptions given by Freemasons themselves of the character and aims of the Masonic association are not to be interpreted in the obvious sense of the words used, but have allegorical and symbolic significations. "Almost every one of the ancient Masonic symbols," writes Albert Pike, "has four distinct meanings, one, as it were, within the other, the moral, the political, the philosophical, and the spiritual meaning." Thus, according to the same authoritative witness, Hiram, Christ, Molay are regarded as symbols representing "Humanity," seeing that they were each and all the apostles of "Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity;" the cross is by no means a specifically Christian symbol but, as it is hinted, is closely connected with a certain peculiar cult, does not at all refer to the sacred Passion of the Lord Jesus Christ, but is Masonically read "Igne Natura Renovatur Integra" (all nature is renewed by {Masonic} fire); for the regeneration of nature by the influence of the sun symbolizes the spiritual regeneration of mankind by the sacred fire of Masonry as a purely naturalistic institution. Christ dying on the cross is for Masonry "the greatest among the apostles of Humanity, braving Roman despotism and the fanaticism and bigotry of the priesthood." From Masonic official documents we also know that the vast majority, even of the Masonic brotherhood, do not understand the full trend or purpose of Masonic teaching and activities. They are instructed only by slow degrees, and are admitted more and more into the secrets of the Craft in proportion as they become morally attuned to the Masonic ideals, and thus capable of understanding the higher degrees of the Order. "Part of the symbols," again writes Pike, "are displayed . . . to the initiated, but he is intentionally led astray by false interpretations." And again, "Masonry conceals its secrets from all except the Adepts, the Sages, and the Elect; and uses false explanations of its symbols to mislead those deserving to be misled." The character of the inner Masonic religion, as above described, supplies one obvious explanation of the veil of mystery under which Masonry thus hides its real self; of the horrible oaths by which it binds its votaries, especially those of the higher degrees, not to reveal its secrets; and of the essential element of occultism which is so prominent a feature in every aspect of Freemasonry. These efforts towards profound secrecy are in no wise relaxed, even where the power of Freemasonry is predominant, and the Masons have nothing to fear from the interference of the civil authorities. Why (writes Pï¿½re Deschamps), now especially, when Masonry is everywhere protected and everywhere triumphant, why does it still continue to have its secret lodges, its initiations, its dreadful oaths? Manifestly . . . it is obliged to do so, for it has many things to hide, many secrets which public opinion would revolt from, and upon which it cannot afford to let in the light of day. In reality, however, as another writer truly says, Freemasonry has only one central secret, which is the pivot of the whole Masonic system, and which cannot be openly proclaimed to its dupes whether within the sect or without. "Freemasonry is Satan's army on earth; it is in a certain sense Satan himself, the Adversary of God and of the children of God (True Israelites -- not "Jews"). It is revolt personified, the irreverent impious revolt that blasphemes against God . . . That is its secret, which is the foundation of all its symbolism in the high grades as well as in the low." Freemasonry and Satanism: In all that we have so far said, the religion and morals of Freemasonry are only partially revealed, in as far, namely, as direct and conclusive proof may be drawn from their own official publications to which Cowans may access. Limits of space and other reasons preclude us from discussing the deeper and more intimate nature of the Masonic secret: how far, namely, the Masonic cult is to be identified with the "formal" worship of Satan, the arch-enemy of mankind, and how far Satan physically co-operates in Masonic activity. That this is the case is hinted at in some of the Papal condemnations. If one takes into consideration (writes the Editor of the Acta Sanctae Sedis) the immense development which these secret societies have attained; the length of time they are persevering in their vigor; their furious aggressiveness; the tenacity with which their members cling to the association and to the false principles it professes. The persevering mutual co-operation of so many different types of men in the promotion of evil; one can hardly deny that the "Supreme Architect" of these associations (seeing that the cause must be proportioned to the effect) can be none other than he who in the sacred writings is styled the "Prince of the World." And that Satan himself, even by his physical co-operation, directs and inspires at least the leaders of these bodies, physically co-operating with them. Concerning the question here raised, this may be said with certainty: Freemasons formally and expressly associate their sect and religion with the Phallic worship and the ancient pagan mysteries, and with the Bacchic rites practiced in ancient Egypt and Greece, and thence introduced into Rome, where the cult was made criminal and banned, even by the pagan Roman government. A similar cult was practiced at least to some extent, even in the ages of Christianity, by not a few of the more degraded of the heretical sects that have sprung up from time to time. Among these were the early Gnostics, the Manichaeans, the Albigenses, and several other sectaries of the fourteenth and later centuries. All these sectaries, although differing widely in many details of their doctrine and practices, show a certain family likeness; and all are claimed by the modern Freemasons as their exemplars, their predecessors, and their forebears. Like the modern Freemasons, they had their secret signs, their initiations, their cryptic symbols, their uncanny ceremonials, and their horrible oaths. All, like the Freemasons, sought darkness, secrecy, falsehood, and evasion, and shunned the light of day. It is certain that all these sectaries, notwithstanding their many-sided divergences, had in common some doctrinal elements and mystical cult which Freemasonry inherits, and which, whatever it be in itself, is not only opposed to Christianity, but is bitterly aggressively antagonistic . . . and shows an avowed and undying hostility to the True God! An interesting side-light on this part of our subject is had from the opinions and discussions of Catholic theologians who treat the question of magic and diabolical interference in human affairs. It is the ordinary view that one of the demon's apparent objects in offering assistance to men is to gain worship for himself, and to wreak his spite on God by mimicry of the sacred rites of the Church, and by outrages on the Holy Eucharist. It is also an interesting phenomenon that a certain well-defined consistency seems to run through almost all the teaching which professes to come from spirits in spiritualistic seances and such like. The demon strives to throw ridicule upon the dogma of Hell, and returns constantly to the suggestion that one religion is as good as another, profited that it is not the Christian religion. How closely all this is connected with the spirit and teaching of Freemasonry it is not necessary to elaborate. The spirit of evil, although crafty and eminently protean, cannot alter his essential character, so that his different activities will always betray a certain fundamental similarity. It is beyond doubt (writes Belliot) that there exists in the world today an organized religion, which is a veritable "religion of evil"; and that that religion is Freemasonry. Its god is identical with the deity worshiped by the Ophites (the extreme section of the Manichaeans) of old, in the shape of a serpent, and which, (as some authorities assert, the heretical section of) the Templars adored under the name of Baphomet. In brief, it is Satan himself, with or without disguise. In fact, it has actually occurred on several occasions that Freemasons have openly celebrated the praises of the satanic god: In 1882, at Turin, where Carducci's "Hymn to Satan" was chanted in the crowded theater; at Palermo, where Ripsardi, another panegyrist of Satan, was received in triumph in a public school; at Geneva, where the standard of Satan was set up and honored during a public celebration (September 20, 1884); at Rome, where Professor Maranelli delivered in the course of the same year a public eulogium of Satan; at Brussels, where the Society of Free Thought gave a public conference on the Rehabilitation of Satan. Again, it is undeniable that demon-worship is suggested by several of the Masonic rites and ceremonies; and that an atmosphere pervades them all, which, to put the matter mildly, is uncanny and repulsive to the Christian mind. If this interpretation of Freemasonry be adopted, a full light is thrown on all its history, activities, and achievements; and it would seem that no other explanation can furnish an adequate key to its seeming contradictions, its lying spirit, its many-sided and apparently mutually-destructive tendencies. Freemasonry and Anti-Christ: It is outside our scope to discuss the difficult and complicated question touched upon by Pius X, and which, since his day, has received further light, as to whether, or how far Freemasonry is to be identified with Anti-Christ. "So extreme," writes that holy Pontiff in his first Encyclical, "is the general perversion that there is room to fear that we are experiencing the foretaste and beginnings of the evils which are to come at the end of time, and that the Son of Perdition, of whom the Apostle speaks, has already arrived upon the earth." Many years have passed since these words were addressed to the Catholic Church; and few will deny that today the reason for fearing what the (so-called) Holy Father suggests are much graver than ever before. Without committing ourselves to any opinion on so uncertain a subject, we will close this portion of our sketch by a striking passage, in which Rev. T.A. Burbage, writing in the "Catholic Bulletin" some twelve years ago, summarizes an interesting discussion of the subject: "It (Freemasonry) bears, unmistakably, the brand of Anti-Christ. To an extraordinary extent it fulfills the substance of that tradition which has been handed down from generation to generation. 'It is opposed to every existing worship true and false.' It is opposed to Christianity, Muhammadanism, Judaism, to the religions of Buddha and Confucius, and to every other perversion of religious thought that has hitherto exited. It insists on building temples and raising altars of its own. It has its own special ritual and ceremonies, its priesthood, and its secret worship. It has set up its new-fangled paganism as a substitute for the religion (Christianity) of the True God. It wallows in blasphemy and in crimes of bloodshed and injustice." It has despoiled and profaned churches. It has robbed and cast out the ministers of Almighty God. It has torn the children from the fold of Christ. It has delivered individuals to torture and death, and plunged nations into sanguinary wars. It has done these things, and many things more with a hypocritical pretense to virtue and love of humanity that could scarcely be surpassed by the father of lies, from which it springs. No such embodiment of evil has ever existed in this world, or is every likely to exist. Heresies have existed that have imperilled human souls and damaged the cause of God. Men have bound themselves together for the promotion of unjust and evil ends. But we search in vain for anything that strikes so deliberately and persistently at everything that the uncontaminated human soul holds sacred. Unless Anti-Christ be Satan incarnate as some indeed have held, then Freemasonry is Anti-Christ. The institution fascinates the imagination and charms the disciple with these mysteries of life with which it deals and professes to unfold. It is hard to conceive of anything more exquisitely fitted to appeal to the natural man and incite him to fidelity than is this institution, because it deals not with the spiritual side of his nature, but with the carnal and psychical, and makes the gratification of those carnal desires a sacred privilege and a solemn duty. It is a religion which makes the mystery of procreation the objective fact upon which it rests; the mysterious life generating principle in man the object of adoration and worship; the generative acts the pattern for its rites and ceremonies; the generative organs the basis of its symbolism, and the passions the inspiring spirit. The peculiar charm and fascination which Freemasonry has for its disciples is to be accounted for on this intimate connection between the religious ideas which it holds and inculcates, and the functions of sex in the reproductive processes. It conceives of the divine nature as residing in man, and that it is especially active and expressive in the sexual passion; and that the gratification of this passion is pleasing to the deity and is the duty of the Mason. It aims to make passion, therefore, sacred by making its gratification a moral and religious duty. On its theological side, Freemasonry is a sort of Pantheism, the deity being the generative principle, the reproductive power which pervades all animated nature. And as this power inheres in man, it is viewed as "incarnate in humanity in toto," thus establishing man's union and unity with the divine nature. In the deification and worship of this generative principle, Freemasonry makes the dominant carnal passion the subjective fact upon which this Religion is based. The two constituent elements of this Masonic religion are the idea of the divine nature in man, and man's cooperation with the divine nature in the reproduction of life. This generation of human beings through sex agencies, is the "great work" of Freemasons, which it characterizes as "building a temple for the indwelling of the Great Architect of the Universe." Upon this "temple every Freemason is enjoined to labor." With desire as its deity, the procreative instinct for its animating spirit, humanity for the temple of its god, and the origin and destiny of the human soul for its mystery, Freemasonry appeals most powerfully to the natural man. "But the natural man receiveth not the things of the Spirit of God: for they are foolishness unto him: neither can he know them, because they are spiritually discerned." It is contended by some that Freemasonry is unworthy of serious notice and investigation, and that it will eventually decay, and lose its charm and influence. In this opinion we do not concur. It is a sex cult, and like its prototypes and predecessors, will always have a large and influential following. Sex cults always have had a strange fascination for mankind. The ancient ethnic religions were sex cults, and more less secret. So long as public sentiment frowns upon indecencies, excesses, and sexual uncleanness, such cults can not exist except under esoteric forms. Their existence depends upon secrecy. If then these secrets of Freemasonry become known to the general public surely all decent and self respecting men who have been lured into the lodge under its veiled pleas of morality will leave it because of shame. They will confess their deeds, and burn their books. But so long as carnal minded men deify passion and worship it in secret, so long will there be men who will defend this religion and who will worship at its shrines. Over against this ancient religion modernized and veiled under a new name, and taught in the language and imagery of a builder's craft; Masons are thus taught that we as followers of Jesus Christ, must oppose the Mysteries of the Kingdom of God, the facts, the claims, the doctrines of His Gospel. We hold that Christianity is the pillar of society, the only safeguard of the nations, the parent of social order, the ground of that Truth, which alone is able to curb the passions, to teach men to love Truth, to practice charity, and to guarantee to each individual his inalienable rights. Christianity must not ignore its rivals and enemies, who hold down the Truth in unrighteousness. Christianity must enter their dark chambers and bring to light the "hidden things of darkness." It must not only point out the "cunningly devised fables whereby men lie in wait to deceive," but also set forth its testimonies over against all other claimants for man's service, devotion, and worship. In the facts, acts and teachings of Jesus Christ, and the Truth involved in them, the religious sentiment in man finds its steadfast anchor, its fullest, purest, highest and most symmetrical development and expression. Freemasonry with its boastful claims to antiquity, universality and sublime morality, can not offer any valid reason why it should not be investigated, compared with Christianity, and tested in the light of history and of the Word of God. We must oppose the Mystery of the Incarnation of the Son of God over against the mystery of procreation; of spiritual entities and facts over against the psychical mysteries of these cults; spiritual regeneration over against carnal generation. The most dangerous antagonists of Christianity in its earliest days were the worship of Isis, under various modifications as Demeter, Cybele, Diana, or as the power of fertility; and Mithraism, the worship of the generative power under the aspect of light. "And no marvel; for Satan himself is transformed into an angel of light." The most deadly enemy of Christianity for all time is Judaism and its Jewish adherents. Therefore, we must present the: Jewish Element In Freemasonry On March 23, 1928, the Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office (the Roman Catholic Church) issued an important decree containing the decision of the Holy See on "the nature and purpose of the Association called the 'Friends of Israel,' and on the pamphlet entitled 'Pax super Israel,' edited by the directors of the Association." Although "many priests, bishops and even cardinals gave their adhesion to this association," the Sacred Congregation condemns and completely suppress it, by reason of "its mode of acting and speaking which is out of harmony with the traditional sense of the Church, the mind of the Fathers, and even the Sacred liturgy itself." Implications of the Church's Condemnation of "The Friends of Israel.": The secularist Press, which is mostly controlled by the great Jewish financiers, immediately showed its appreciation of the importance of the decree by striving to misrepresent it as a gesture of disapproval on the part of the Holy See of certain Catholic anti-Masonic writers, whereas the contrary is the case. The decree is an authoritative reassertion of the traditional attitude of the Church towards the Jewish people. The Church desires sincerely the conversion of the Jews to the Faith. But she cannot compromise with them any more than she can with the Modernists or even with the so-called Anglo-Catholics. Hence, in the present decree, the Holy See takes prudent measures against the Jewish infiltrations into the Church, which were being attempted through the medium of the condemned association and pamphlet. On the other hand, she also reprobates as contrary to the Christian spirit and teaching, Anti-Semitism, properly so-called, just as she reprobates anti-Germanism or any other similar anti-ism that would imply "racial or national hatred." But to follow the direction of Leo XIII and "tear away the mask from Freemasonry and let it be seen as it really is," is not anti-Semitism even when the Freemasons in question are "Jews"; and needless to say, the Holy See does not follow the example of the Masonic sectaries in so misapplying the term. How Far Modern Judaism is Identified with Freemasonry: Although the Jewish role in Freemasonry is for many reasons difficult to deal with, some acquaintance with that aspect of the subject is essential for an intelligent grasp of the whole. It is a common belief among Catholics and other Christians that Freemasonry is somehow or other closely associated with modern Judaism. Our present purpose is to discuss how far such a belief is well-founded, and what is the nature of the relations between the two. We may say at once that the available evidence points at least to the following general conclusions: That much of the external trappings of Freemasonry, such as its ritual, its terminology, its legends, etc., are of Jewish origin; That the philosophy or religion of esoteric Freemasonry (that is of the inner circles and controlling power) is practically identical with the doctrines of the Jewish Cabala (Kabbalah), which is the religion or philosophy of a certain section of the Jews; That a certain group of Jews, probably very few in number, but of immense influence and power, are leading Freemasons; and That a somewhat larger group of very influential Jews pursue the same ends as Freemasons, and use similar means, and are at least in close alliance with them. Hence, although the Jewish element in Freemasonry is of predominant importance, and although it may be true that the Masonic Jewish leaders do often exploit for their evil purposes Jewish solidarity and internationalism, and the age-long antipathy between Judaism and Christianity, one cannot on that account justly accuse or condemn the Jewish people as a whole. Indeed, the facts of the case point to the conclusion that the rank and file of the Jews suffer no less, possibly even more, than the Christians from the unscrupulous and altogether wicked activities of the ruling Masonic junta. Modern Judaism -- The Talmud: A few words on modern Judaism by way of preliminary explanation will be acceptable to those of our readers who are not familiar with the subject. The two main sources of the religious system of modern Judaism are the Talmud and the Cabala (Kabbalah). The former, which is founded upon the religious and moral teachings of the Pharisees of Our Lord's time, is made up principally of the rabbinical interpretations of the Law of Moses, cleverly distorted, and the traditions that have gathered around it. With the vast majority of modern orthodox Jews the Talmud has almost entirely supplanted the Old Testament. Bernard Lazare, the Jewish apologist, refers to the Talmud as "the creator of the Jewish nation, and the mold of the Jewish soul." The Talmud has, in fact, been the principal factor in forming the national character of the modern Jewish nation, and of holding the Jews together as one people. The Talmudic compilation is deeply impregnated with opposition to Christianity. In medieval times not only was the Talmud strictly forbidden to all Catholics, but the possession of the Talmudic books was regarded, before the Protestant revolt, as a criminal offense in most of the States of Europe. The most offending and anti-Christian passages of the Talmud are, however, apparently omitted in the ordinary English translations and hand-books; and, probably, are unknown to most Jews brought up and educated in these countries, just as the esoteric teachings and real objects of Freemasonry are unknown to the vast majority of those that adhere to the Masonic sect or lend it their support. The Cabala: The second main source of the religion of modern Judaism, or at least of a certain section of modern "Jews", is the Cabala. The term Cabala (Kabbalah) was originally used to indicate that portion of the Mosaic Law which was handed down by tradition, and consigned to writing by the Jewish prophets and others. Since the thirteenth century, however, this ancient use of the term has fallen into desuetude, so that in modern times the Cabala means the collection of the esoteric or occult doctrines of Judaism. These latter are mainly founded on the Neo-Platonic philosophy and the doctrines of the early Gnostics, and are closely connected with the occult worship of the Eastern sectaries of both ancient and modern times, which have continued since the early ages of the Christian era and even before that period, to infiltrate through the medium of the rabbinical writings into the Jewish religious system. The philosophic and religious teachings of the Cabala illustrate and explain the strong tendency to occultism and false mysticism, which a section of the Jews have always manifested, and which they and the Freemasons have helped so much to propagate in the modern world. Judaism and the Origin of Freemasonry: The evidence of a connection between Freemasonry and certain aspects of Judaism, refer principally to the Cabala and the Cabalistic section of the Jews. That there exists a close affinity between the Cabala and the doctrine and practices of esoteric Freemasonry is clear from what we have written in this book. One school of writers indeed maintain that Freemasonry is an instrument invented and utilized by the Jewish leaders for the destruction of Christianity. This view of the case, however, which is at present widely accepted by anti-Jewish writers, and many Catholic apologists, hardly accords, at least as regards the origin of Freemasonry, with many well-established facts. For a long time the Jews were excluded from most of the German, English, and French lodges; and up to the end of the eighteenth century the total number of Jewish Freemasons was inconsiderable. Again, the assertion that the real founders of German Illuminism and French Martinism, which are the sources of the worst and most destructive elements in Freemasonry, were Jews, has been proven over the years. Elias Ashmole (1617-1646), the celebrated English antiquarian, and the founder of the Oxford Museum, to whom is probably due the first introduction of Hermeticism into the English Masonic lodges in the seventeenth century, long before the formal inauguration of speculative Freemasonry, was not a Jew. Again, it can be proven that Weishaupt, Martinez Pasqualis, or Joseph Balsamo, commonly known were Jews, and these were largely due the Illuminist and Martinist influences in the Freemasonry of the eighteenth century. Even at the present day it is well-known (although the fact does not prove anything) that many Masonic lodges refuse to admit Jews, as they fear their dominating influence, and find by experience that Jews, once admitted, soon acquire the mastery of the lodge. On the other hand, it is certain that the Jewish Cabalistic tradition was one of the principal mediums through which Eastern occultism (which has so many times come to the surface in European history) has been transmitted to modern Europe; and that many, if not all, of the recognized founders of the eighteenth-century Illuminism (which included Weishaupt, Pasqualis, and Cagliostro) were initiated into its secrets by Jewish Cabalists or drew their inspiration and their methods from the Jewish esoteric writings. The Jewish apologist, Bernard Lazare, states that "there were Cabalistic Jews around the cradle of Freemasonry, as certain rites still in existence conclusively show." Identity of Masonic and Cabalistic Theology: From Albert Pike's "Morals and Dogma of Freemasonry," which we have already referred to as one of the most authoritative works on Masonic teaching, it is clear that the doctrines of esoteric Freemasonry, on such subjects as the nature of God, and His supposed identity with the universe, the nature of the human soul, the true interpretation of the Bible, etc., are identical with the expositions of these subjects contained in the Jewish Cabala. The authoritative works of Ragon, "the sacred author" of Masonry, who was himself a Jew, illustrate the same theme. So do many other Jewish writings. "Are we to wonder (writes the pious Jewish rabbi, Benamozegh) that Judaism has been accused of forming a branch of Freemasonry? It is quite certain that Masonic theology is at root nothing else than Theosophy, and that it corresponds to the theology of the Cabala. Besides, a deep study of the rabbinical monuments of the early ages of the Christian era supply numerous proofs that the aggada was popular form of an esoteric science, which presents, in its methods of initiation, the most striking resemblance to the Masonic system." Besides the existence of the Cabalistic element in Masonic morals and dogma there are numerous other indications which point to the important influence of Judaism on the early formation and development of Freemasonry. The Masonic coat-of-arms still used by the Grand Lodge of England is of Jewish design. Some of the more important legends of Freemasonry, especially the Legend of Hiram, on which much of Masonic rite is founded, are Jewish. "The technical language, symbolism, and rites of Masonry are full of Jewish ideas and terms . . . In the Scottish rite, the dates of all the official documents are given according to the Hebrew month and the Jewish era; and use is made of the older forms of the Jewish alphabet." Hence, approved Jewish writers generally recognize that practically the whole Masonic ritual is of Jewish origin. Although during the eighteenth century the number of Jews in the Masonic lodges, was purported to have been few, the prejudice against them was lessened or eliminated as a result of the movement towards Jewish emancipation, which was itself largely due to Liberal and Masonic influences; and since the middle of the nineteenth century the Cabalistic Jewish element became predominant at least in Continental Freemasonry. Thus, while Jews are said to be excluded from the so-called "Christian" lodges of Germany, the influence of the latter is now over-shadowed by those lodges which admit Jews, and in which the Jewish element more or less prevails. Even in 1900 there were at least 800 such lodges in the German Empire exclusive of the B'nai B'rith lodges, which are entirely Jewish. So marked, indeed, is the dominance of the Jewish element in Freemasonry that the Masonic Journal Latomia (February, 1928) quotes a saying of Ludendorf: "The Freemasons are the henchmen of the Jews." Again it was the Jews which introduced Freemasonry into the United States; and Jews have always been a powerful influence in the American Masonic organizations. Special Jewish Rites in Freemasonry: The Masonic rite of Mizraim , which includes no less than ninety degrees, and is, perhaps, the most esoteric and highly elaborated of all the Masonic rites, has been founded by Jews. So also has been the order of B'nai B'rith ("Sons of the Alliance" sometimes called the "Sons of the Covenant"), and several other organizations of a similar type. The Masonic rite of Mizraim belongs mainly to Europe, and some of its lodges are exclusively Jewish. The order of B'nai B'rith, which is altogether Jewish, is (or rather was up to a few years ago) mainly American, and if not formally and professedly Masonic, bears a striking resemblance to Freemasonry, in its organization and avowed objects, and is in intimate alliance with Masonry. Identity of Jewish and Masonic Anti-Christian Policy: The indications of a close connection or working alliance between Freemasonry and important sections of the Jews are innumerable. Masonry tolerates everything except a narrow clericalism (Catholicism) and it possesses a special attraction for the Jews. Clericalism has always persecuted Masonry everywhere it can . . . and the spirit of persecution has attracted the Jews towards Masonry by an invisible but potent bond of sympathy. In London there are no less than five Jewish lodges. There are some also at Birmingham, Liverpool and Manchester. Jews and Freemasons in Finance and in the Revolutionary Movement: A well-known British review called attention to the dominant influence of the Jews, not only in politics, the press, and international finance, but also in the revolutionary outbreaks of the century. "The influence of the Jews at the present time is more noticeable than ever. That they are at the head of European capitalism, we are all aware . . . In politics many of the Jews are in the front rank . . . That their excessive wealth, used as it has been, acts as a solvent influence in modern society cannot be questioned . . . But while on the one hand the Jews are thus beyond dispute the leaders of the plutocracy of Europe . . . another section of the same race (people) from the leaders of that revolutionary propaganda which is making way against that very capitalist class, representing their own fellow Jews. Jews, more than any other men . . . are acting as the leaders in the revolutionary movement which I have endeavored to trace." It is generally admitted, that the revolutionary outbreaks of the nineteenth century, were the result of Jewish influence, and the work of Freemasonry. That international finance is also largely dominated by Freemasonry is also generally admitted. Disraeli, himself Jewish, and an enthusiastic admirer of the "Jews", called attention in an oft-quoted passage to the dominant but hidden influence of the Jews in the political and economic life of Europe: "That mysterious Russian diplomacy which so alarms Western Europe was organized and principally carried on by Jews; that mighty revolution which is at this moment preparing in Germany, which will be in fact a second and greater Reformation, and of which so little is yet known in England, is entirely developing under the auspices of the Jews, who almost monopolize the professorial chairs in Germany . . . I hear of peace and war in the newspapers, but I am never alarmed, except when I am informed that the sovereigns want treasure; then I know that monarchs are serious. A few years ago we (a Jewish family of financiers, in whose name he speaks) were applied to by Russia . . . I resolved to go myself to St. Petersburg. I had an interview with the Russian Minister of Finance, Count Cancrin. I behold the son of a Lithuanian Jew . . . I resolved on repairing to Spain from Russia. I had an audience with the Spanish Minister, Senor Mendezabel: I behold one like myself, the son of a Nuovo-Christiano, a Jew of Aragon . . . I went straight to Paris to consult the President of the French Council: I beheld the son of a French Jew. 'And is Soult a Jew?' 'Yes! and several of the French Marshals, Massena, for example.' The President of the French Council made an application to the Prussian Minister . . . Count Arnim entered the Cabinet, and I beheld a Prussian Jew. So you see, my dear Coningsby, that the world is governed by very different personages to what is imagined by those who are not behind the scenes." That the hidden influences (which Disraeli here connects with Jews) dominating the Liberal governments of Europe during the last century were also closely allied with Freemasonry we have already shown, and it is now commonly admitted. Jews in the Inner Circles of Freemasonry: Gougenot de Mousseaux, in a remarkable study upon this question, collects a large number of facts pointing to the close connection of the inner and controlling elements of Freemasonry with certain sections of Judaism. He thus summarizes his conclusions: "The real chiefs of this immense association of Freemasonry (the few within the innermost circles of initiation), who must not be confounded with the nominal leaders or figure-heads, are mostly Jews, and live in close and intimate alliance with the militant members of Judaism, those, namely, who are the leaders of the Cabalistic section. This ï¿½lite of the Masonic association, these real chiefs, who are known to so few even of the initiated, and whom even these few know only under assumed names (noms de guerre) carry on their activities in secret dependence (which they find very lucrative for themselves) upon the Cabalistic Jews." This same writer brings forward evidence of the existence in Germany, Italy, and London, of supreme lodges of this type, controlled by a Jewish majority, and quite unknown to the general body of Freemasons. He mentions two supreme lodges in London which none but Jews are allowed to enter, and in which the different threads of the contemporary revolutionary conspiracies, which were elaborated in the outer lodges, were brought together and co-ordinated; and another lodge, at Rome, also exclusively Jewish, which, he says, was the supreme tribunal of the revolution against Christianity. On the same subject M. Doinel, at one time member of the Council of the Grand Orient, who became a Christian, wrote: "How often have I heard the Freemasons lament the dominance of the Jews . . . Ever since the Revolution the Jews have taken possession of the Masonic lodges more and more completely: and their dominance is now unquestioned. The Cabala rules as mistress in the inner lodges; and the Jewish spirit dominates the lower grades . . . In the mind of Satan the synagogue has an all important part to play . . . The great enemy counts on the Jews to govern Masonry as he counts on Masonry to destroy the Church of Jesus Christ (Christianity)." Leroy-Beaulieu, a French Jewish apologist, describes the social ideals of modern Judaism: "Progress is the true Messiah, whose near advent she (Judaism) proclaims with all her hosannahs . . . The (French) Revolution was its introduction, our doctrine of human rights, its manifesto, and its signal was given to the world, when, at the approach of our Tricolor, the barriers of caste and the walls of the Ghetto fell to the ground . . . The emancipated Jew takes pride in working for its realization . . . assailing superannuated hierarchies, battling with prejudices . . . struggling to pave the way for future revolution." The national aims and ideals here attributed to although they belong, probably, only to a comparatively small section of the Jewish nation, are practically identical with those of Freemasonry. Hence, an International Jewish synod held at Leipsic, 1869, passed the following resolution: "This Synod recognizes that the development and realization of modern ideas are the surest guarantee in favor of the Jewish race for the present and future." It seems clear that the "modern ideas" here referred to are those of un-Christian Liberalism, of which Freemasonry has been the protagonist for the past two centuries, and more. The professed objects of the "Universal Israelite Alliance," founded in 1860 (whose headquarters are in Paris, and which is probably the most influential and most representative body of the Jewish nation), are similar to the professed aims of Freemasonry. These objects are thus summarized by its founder, the Jew, Adolphe Cremieux, who for many years held the position of Grand Master of the Supreme Council of the Ancient Scottish Rite of Freemasonry: "The Universal Israelite Alliance . . . addresses itself to every type of worship. It wishes to penetrate all religions, as it has found access to all countries . . . Let all men of enlightenment, without distinction of sect, find a means of union in the Universal Israelite Association, whose aims are so noble, so broad, and so highly civilizing . . . To reach out a friendly hand to all who, although born in a different worship from ours, offer us the hand of fellowship, acknowledging that all religions which are based on morality and acknowledge God ought to be friendly towards one another: thus to destroy the barriers separating what is destined one day to be united, that is the grand supreme object of our Alliance . . . I summon to our Association our brethren of every form of worship. Let them come to us . . . Our grand mission is to put the Jewish population in touch with the authorities in every country . . . to make our voices heard in the cabinets of ministers and in the ears of princes, whatever be the religion that is despised, persecuted, or attacked." The striking similarity between this program and the religious ideals of Freemasonry (humanism, cosmopolitanism, and non-sectarianism, or religious indifference) needs no elaboration. Again, practically all writers on the subject, including the Jews themselves, recognize the leading part which the Jews have played in the activities of the French Grand Orient. Thus we read in the Jewish Encyclopedia: "Jews have been most conspicuous in connection with Freemasonry in France since the Revolution." Hence Pï¿½re Deschamps writes, of the present question: "Judaism itself is a kind of Freemasonry, owing to the national solidarity of the Jews, their cosmopolitanism, which set the Jews free from all local and patriotic ties, and finally, the opposition of the Jews to Christianity." It is, in fact, the Cabalistic elements in Freemasonry that act as the main driving force in the envenomed and aggressive opposition of the latter to Christianity, and its never-flagging efforts for the undermining and destruction of the Christian organization of society. "This intimate connection between the two powers (Freemasonry and Cabalistic Judaism, writes R. Lambelin) is becoming so evident that there is no longer any attempt made to deny it. The Jewish lodges of B'nai B'rith, which originated in the English-speaking countries, have swarmed all over Europe, and even into Asia; and they assume the leadership of control in the whole Masonic organization. Under cover of Theosophy a new religion, which is specifically Jewish, though enveloped in a nebulous mist that obscures its character, is bidding fair to take the place of the traditional Christian belief which it flatters, and insensibly destroys." Growing Power of the Jews coequal with Growth of Freemasonry: Finally, the history of the Jews of Europe during the past three or four centuries is suggestive in this connection. The emancipation of the Jews and the unprecedented growth of the influence and power of the great Jewish financiers have synchronized with the rise and growth of the Masonic movement of the past. Up to the sixteenth century the Jews were excluded from practically all the Christian States of Europe. With the rise of Humanism, however, in the fifteenth century, and the accentuation of the other causes that finally led to the break up of Christendom, the Jews managed to improve their position. They gradually gained readmittance, sometimes covert, sometimes openly avowed, into most of the countries from which they had been excluded. But although they were allowed to live under the protection of the laws, they were not accorded full civic rights in any of the Christian States. They engaged in trade and carried on usury, by means of which they frequently acquired immense wealth. But they were not permitted to hold public offices, and were treated as aliens. They lived usually in ghettos (which is what the rabbis desired, so they could retain control over the Jews as a whole), apart form the Christian community. After the Protestant revolt, and especially under the influence of Calvin, who was a Cabalistic Jew, sections of the Protestantism, such as the Huguenots in France, the Puritans in Britain, and the Dutch and Swiss Calvinists, the position of the Jews gradually improved more and more. Finally, with the rise of the Liberalism of the eighteenth century, which was fostered and promoted by Masonic influence, the Jews were accorded full rights of citizenship, first in France and then, owing to the expansion of the French Napoleonic Empire, in nearly every country of Europe and America. It is since that time that Freemasonry has risen to its present dominating influence in European life. Modern Examples of Judeo-Masonic Activities: In France the Jews were enfranchised in 1791 at the instance of the Jacobins, the most aggressive and militant of the then existing anti-Christian Masonic organizations. Ever since then, with the exception, perhaps, of the early Napoleonic period, the Masonic Jews and the Masonic societies have dominated the public life of France, whose anti-clericalism, secularism, educational and divorce laws have mostly been inspired from that source. Numberless other examples could be quoted of the sinister and permeating influence of the Jewish leaders on modern political and social developments; all of which are also attributable to or closely associated with Freemasonry. Thus, Romania, where the Jews did not possess the full rights of citizenship, and were precluded from acquiring property in land was forced by Bismarck at the Congress of Berlin (1878) to grant them full civic rights. In the year 1928 a memorandum was published on the Jewish question in Romania signed by several university professors and leaders of the Romanian nationalist party. It contained striking statistics, showing how the land, the industries, even the professorial chairs in the universities, were then owned or occupied by Jews. The tale told is in fact the story of the expropriation of a people by the peaceful penetration of an alien element. At the Peace of Paris (1918-1919), dominated as is generally recognized, by Jewish Masonic influence, Poland was forced, in the same way, to grant such privileges to the Jews living within her borders as almost to constitute the Jewish colony a kind of State within the State. At the same Congress the Jewish leaders were accorded practical control of Palestine as a quasi-independent or incipient Jewish State under the protection of Britain. Today Jewish financial and political power is especially felt in the countries which have fallen most completely under the influence of Freemasonry and un-Christian Liberalism, such as America, England, France, Germany, Russia, Romania and etc. Hence it is, that many Christian writers on present-day Freemasonry and its anti-Christian activities frequently apply the epithet "Judeo-Masonic" to these latter in order to indicate the dominant influence of the Cabalistic section of the Jews in the world-wide movement against Christianity. We have already referred to Rationalism and Hermeticism (including Theosophy, Christian Scientism, Spiritism, etc.) as characteristic of the Masonic religion and philosophy. These, which are put forward as a substitute for Christianity, are fast becoming more and more widespread in England and throughout the English-speaking world. They are the most powerful dissolvents of whatever elements of True Christianity still survive among the Protestant populations. Infiltrations into the Judeo-Christian churches has been successful. This element is the most deadly and dangerous aspect of the whole Jewish Masonic movement; for it cuts deeper than anything else into Christian life, whose very foundation it attacks. Objectives of Jewish Masonic Policy: The immediate aim of the practical policy of Freemasonry is to make its naturalistic principles effective in the lives of the people; and first of all to enforce them in every detail of public life. Hence its political and social program includes: The banishment of religion from all departments of government, and from all public institutions; and as a mark of the triumph of this policy, the removal of the Crucifix and all religious emblems from the legislative assemblies, the courts of justice, the public hospitals, the schools and university colleges, etc. The secularization of marriage. The establishment of a State system of so-called education which, at least in its primary stages, will be obligatory, gratuitous and conducted by the laity. Complete freedom of worship (at least for all religions except Christianity). Unrestrained liberty of the Press even in the propagation of irreligious doctrines and of principles subversive of morality; similar freedom for the stage, the movies and television, and for all manner of public activities, even when injurious to the public interest, such as the operation of the betting and gambling agencies, the trade in alcohol, drugs and etc. The elimination of all distinction between the sexes in education and in all departments of public life, and the promotion or encouragement of radical feminism. The enemies of Christianity clothed these ideas in the language of the New Testament and of the Church. This was/is the secret of their power and influence. By skillfully veiling their pagan ideas under the terminology of Christian Doctrine many who thought themselves serving the Lord Jesus Christ were led unconsciously into the pagan cults. And this is the method of Freemasonry. It clothes its pagan ideas in the garb of Christian truth, and in architectural imagery, and by means of these "cunningly devised fables," fascinating allegories, and pretended deference to the Word of God, it leads thousands of Christians into this organization under the impression that they are worshiping and serving the Almighty Jehovah, and makes it so difficult to expose its erroneous doctrines. It is hard to reach error when it hides under the garb of the Truth. Can the Church of Christ then ignore with safety these antagonists, who profess such reverence for Truth, but set aside as the errors of a deluded people, and substitute for it the lie that has debauched its millions. Research, exposure and testimony are essential to unmask this form of error, for hiding under the garb of Truth it can not be reached as candid error can. The writer offers this Interpretation as his testimony against this modern effort to hold down the Truth in unrighteousness. The importance of the study of this subject can scarcely be overemphasized. The whole system is a giant evil. We firmly believe that it is the greatest foe that the Church has to contend against. It insidiously undermines and overthrows the very foundations of evangelical Christianity. Its tendency is to make men indifferent to doctrine and hostile to the positive teachings of revelation as embodied in the churchs creeds and catechisms. In proportion as men understand, accept and assimilate the teachings of the lodge, in that proportion do they become indifferent if not hostile to an earnest evangelical Church. Masonry practically puts all the so-called sacred books of the east on an equality with the Bible. This cannot help but lower the estimate of the Bible. It necessarily robs it of its unique, divine, inspired character. It encourages the dangerous and damaging idea that the Bible is to be regarded and treated like any other human production. We have long since felt that the secret society system, with Masonry at its head is responsible in a large measure for the rationalistic negative criticism of the Bible that is threatening to destroy Christianity. It is high time that earnest believers in Christ and His Word should seriously study and understand the fundamental principles of Masonry and kindred man made organizations. It is too late in the day to say that no one can know these fundamental principles unless he is a member. The literature on the subject is voluminous. The Rituals can all be brought at a nominal price. Any one who will, can inform himself on the subject. It is criminal for a minister of the gospel to be ignorant on the subject. No earnest and consecrated minister who will read the Rev. Mr. Wagner's book and the books to which he refers can be a Mason or a friend of Masonry. Mr Wagner knows what he says. He has studied the subject for years. He knows more about it than thousands of Masons do. Many of these are good men, personally, and are Masons because they have never understood the underlying religious principles of the lodge. Such men leave the lodge when they learn what its real and fundamental religious teachings are. And they ought to be willing to be shown. We believe that the Rev. Mr. Wagner has written a powerful book. His basic contention is that Masonry is a Religion. He shows that its religion is based on heathen cults and mythologies. It has borrowed much from the Greeks, more from the Hindus, considerable from Egyptians, Persians, Arabians and others. It [Masonry] is a religion of nature. It is largely pantheistic. It [Masonry] deifies man. Like the ancient nature cults it puts a high estimate on the procreative powers of man. It deifies them. It builds a mystic symbolic cult around the procreative powers and their physical organs. The author claims and argues that the Masonic religion is permeated with Phallicism. This shows up the ethics of Masonry. Here is proof, demonstrated proof, that the ethics of Masonry is abominable, vile and unworthy of a decent and an honest man. Again we can only charitably hope that Masons, as a class, have not seriously examined the true inwardness of the ethical system of their order. But there is no excuse for such ignorance. Serious and manly men ought to know what their order teaches. They ought to know that by belonging to the order they sanction its teachings. They ought to know that their example invites others to accept these teachings. Surely it is high time for true believers in Christ and His Church to earnestly examine this world power and to ask themselves what it has to do with the startling apostasy of the masses from the Church, with the impurity and selfishness of the spirit of the age and with so much coldness, unbelief and laxness in the Church itself. Freemasonry is essentially a Religious Institution, and it is in this aspect that we shall interpret it. Nowhere is definition more difficult than in the sphere of religion, but for our purpose it is not necessary that we give a definition that is in every particular comprehensive and exact. In the wider sense the term refers to all the aspirations of man after God, but in its narrower sense it refers to the realization of these ideas or conceptions, after which man has struggled. In the wider sense it is applied to all foreshadows of the communion of man with God; as where the existence of a Supreme Being and man's obligation to serve Him, are acknowledged. In the absolute sense, it is man's cheerful recognition and joyful service of a Supreme Personality, based upon the consciousness of reconciliation and a community of interests with Him. The term is popularly used to designate the various modes or systems which profess to lead man to communion with God. The communion of man with God is religion subjectively so called. The statement of the principles underlying this communion is religion objectively so called. Religion, though a communion with God and of a decidedly subjective character, is also a life, and as much a social as an individual affair. Reciprocal contract between individual and individual is the general condition of its development, and thus originate common forms of the religious consciousness, and the common forms of its expressions in the outward religious life. Religious ceremonies, places for religious services, articles with which to perform the rites, and symbols for the expression of religious ideas, are the natural growths out of the religious consciousness and life. Freemasonry, according to all accepted definitions, both of itself and of religion, is a religious institution, and viewed as to its essence and inner principles, is a religion. We cannot conceive of it as anything else, although there are many both Masons and non-Masons, who deny this religious character. As a religion it has its subjective and objective sides. It has its peculiar religious experiences, beliefs, practices, and above all its peculiar conceptions and doctrines concerning the nature of the divine. Like all recognized religions it has all the paraphernalia of religion, images, symbols, ceremonies, prayers, temples, altars, priests and worship. It has its own peculiar divine objects to which it pays divine honors and as we can not conceive of a religion without its rites and ceremonies, so we can not look upon these temples, altars, priests and rites of Freemasonry without the conviction that they are the outward expressions of a religious idea and system. Let us briefly notice this Masonic paraphernalia in detail. 1. Freemasonry has its own revelation. Religion and revelation are correlative terms; that is the relation in which man places himself to deity in religion, presupposes the relation in which deity has placed himself to man in revelation, so there can be no religion without a revelation, either genuine or spurious, upon which it is based. This revelation, in the opinion of its adherents, is the deity's message to them, and the source of their faith and the warrant for their practices. It is preserved either in the traditions of its priests, in the ceremonials, or recorded in permanent form which record becomes the Sacred Book of that particular religion. The writers are regarded as the spokesmen of deity, and their statements as his oracles. These sacred books become the rule of faith, of worship, and of life to the disciples. Each of the so-called great religions has its sacred books or peculiar revelation upon which it is based, and which are important factors in their respective religious systems. Pre-eminent among these is Christianity, which has the canonical scriptures of the Old and New Testament, which it holds as the sole revelation of God's will, and of human redemption and salvation, and the only rule of faith and sole authority in religious questions. To these Christianity appeals for an explanation of its existence, and as a warrant for its authority, faith and work. It accepts these writings not because they have been placed in the canon, but because Christ is set forth in them, as the way, the truth and the life. It rejects all other so-called revelations as spurious because they have not Christ in them. Christianity as a religion rests upon the revelation or manifestation of a Person, who is human and divine, who is the Savior of man and of whose nature, history, work and office the Bible is the authoritative, genuine and inerrant record. Freemasonry is no exception to this principle, that is, that a religion presupposes a revelation. In one sense Freemasonry has more sacred books than any other religion for it tacitly accepts, receives and incorporates into its system all the sacred books of all religions. But it accepts them only as symbols of the will of God. The revelation upon which Freemasonry as a religion is based is not a book written on parchment, but is the universe itself, in which it claims deity has revealed himself in a sufficiently perspicuous manner so as to be known and served acceptably by his intelligent creatures. Nature, the material universe, is the revelation which is the correlative to the religion of Freemasonry. It regards all revelations which may be found in the sacred books of any religion, as republications of this primal, adequate and unerring revelation in Nature. The sole revelation which Masonry recognizes as absolute and from which it derives its peculiar religious ideas, rites and warrant, is Nature or the Universe. Pike says that "the Universe is the uttered word of God," the "thought of God pronounced." "The permanent one universal religion is written in visible nature and explained by the reason and is completed in the analogies of faith." Buck says, "God never manifested himself to be seen of men. Creation is his manifestation." In the Masonic religion God is conceived of as an omnipotent, eternal, boundless and immutable principle, coeval and coextensive with space, in all, through all and above all, divinity immanent in Nature, alike the external cause and result, each without beginning or end, and each alternating forever. According to Masonry the deity is clothed in the universe. Garrison says, "God created and must continually support the temple of the universe, which he not only forms but in which he also dwells as its eternal, all pervading, ever-present spirit." All the more recent Masonic writers whom we have consulted agree that the universe is the sole revelation God ever made of Himself. Nature then is the book in which Freemasonry finds the divine will expressed. Its sentiments are well expressed by Philo, namely, that Nature is the language in which God speaks. The human voice is made to be heard, but the voice of God to be seen, that what God says consists in acts, not in words. Thus it is clear for all to see, Masonry is the product of the Jewish Kabbalah (Cabala). 2. Masonry has its own temples. A temple is an edifice erected and set apart in honor of some deity and used for his service and worship. In every prominent city of our land there is found a building which is called the Masonic Temple, erected and dedicated to the service and worship of the Great Architect of the Universe, the Masonic deity. These buildings in their arrangements and design are peculiar to Masonry. They are the outward and unmistakable mark of an inner religious life and service. In their religious use these temples are distinctively Masonic, and as emphatically set forth a distinct religious system as the temple at Jerusalem set forth Judaism or those of the ancients set forth the worship of the deities to whom they were dedicated. The construction of these Masonic temples is begun with services in honor of the Great Architect of the Universe, and when completed are dedicated to his worship with elaborate religious ceremonies. They are sacred edifices, devoted to the service and promulgation of a specific religion, whose name and designation is Freemasonry. 3. Freemasonry has its altars. An altar is a table or pedestal upon which gifts and sacrifices are offered to some deity, and at which supplication and solemn covenants are made. It is especially a mark of religion, an evidence of religious service and worship. In sacred edifices it marks the "holy place" and is generally so situated that it is visible from all points in the sanctuary. The Masonic altar stands in the center of the lodge indicating that the religious acts there performed are the central things in the Masonic religious system. The Masonic altar is specifically marked as such. Generally we find the distinctive symbols of Masonry engraved upon its sides, and always do the square and compass and the "book of the law" rest upon its top. It stands within the "triangle of lights," another specific Masonic mark. It is therefore an altar that is distinctively Masonic, and a mark of religion which is Masonic. At this altar the candidate for Masonry kneels, and at it he solemnly swears allegiance to the institution, promising "ever to conceal and never to reveal any of the secret arts, parts, or points of the hidden mysteries of Masonry, which may have been heretofore, shall be at this time, or any future period communicated to him." He then calls upon the Masonic deity to witness his oath and covenant, and binds himself by horrible penalties to be faithful to this Masonic covenant. This covenant from the Masonic viewpoint is paramount to all others which a Mason may enter. It can never be repudiated nor laid aside. Says the Ritual, p. 30, "We obligate them by solemn and irrevocable ties to perform the requirements of, and avoid the things prohibited by Masonry." "No law of the land can affect it, no anathema of the church can weaken it." 4. Masonry has its religious symbols and emblems. "An emblem comprises a larger series of thought than a symbol which may be said rather to illustrate some single special idea. All esoteric societies have made use of emblems and symbols, such as the Pythagorean Society, the Eleusinians, the Hermetic Brethren of Egypt, the Rosicrucians and the Freemasons. Many of these emblems it is not proper to divulge to the general eye, and a very minute difference may make an emblem or symbol differ widely in its meaning." A symbol is a complex thought clothed in a sensuous form. In religion, symbols are sensuous emblems of spiritual acts and objects. The cross as a Christian symbol signifies, to many, that Jesus Christ bore in His own body on the tree, our sins, and that He has made everlasting atonement for them. It signifies that on it, the Lord of Glory died for man, the creature's sin. It is a reminder of the purchase price of our redemption and a banner proclaiming the victory of Christ over sin, death and the grave. While it was for ages before our era a symbol of immortality, or of "life to come," among the pagan nations, it has become emphatically a Christian symbol from the stress the Christian writers laid upon the vicarious sufferings of Christ. Islam has its symbol, the Crescent. It signifies the Turkish power and the religion permeating and upholding it. And so almost every religion has its symbols, which set forth some prominent phase or conception thereof, or some doctrine thereto peculiar. Masonry, too, has its unique religious symbols, which are held sacred by Masons, and who make them prominent factors in their worship and covenants. The chief symbols are the holy book, the square, the compass, the all seeing eye, the letter G, etc. The commonly used tools of the stone masons, have also become emblems, jewels and symbols in the craft. The square and compass were employed by operative masons, but Freemasonry incorporated them into its speculative system, and makes them the symbols of moral and religious principles and sacred objects. They occupy a very high place, as is evident from their presence everywhere in the system. They are inscribed upon its altars and engraved upon its jewelry. They are as prominent among Masons as the scarab beetle was upon the amulets and religious symbols of the ancient Egyptians. Besides these symbols, Masonry also has a number of emblems and jewels, which have a moral and religious signification in the order, all of which show that Masonry is a religion. These symbols are reverenced and adored by Masons, especially in their religious services in the lodge. They are used in the Masonic devotions as devoutly as the Romanist counts his beads and adores the crucifix. They are employed to impress the candidate in his initiation, to enforce the obligation and Masonic fidelity to brethren, and to secure favors, positions, and honors in social, political and commercial spheres. Their use is as prominent in the moral and religious life of the Mason as are the rosaries, images and crosses in that of the Romanist. He appeals to these symbols to prove his sincerity and honesty in his business transactions, employing them as sacred representations of things which his religious scruples regard as inviolable. And these symbols are peculiarly and exclusively Masonic. In some states they have legal protection making it a misdemeanor for a person not a Mason to use them or wear them even as an ornament. 5. It has its confession of faith. In the Christian system there is an objective faith, unique and peculiar, which is the pure Christian religion. The rule of that faith is the Bible, the Word of God. That faith received, accepted and believed, makes an individual a Christian. The confession of that faith marks the individual as a Christian. So also there is an objective and unique faith in the Masonic system. The reception, acceptance and belief of that faith makes men Masons. The confession thereof marks them as Masons. The rule of that faith is the universe. The moral and religious truths which Masons profess to discern in, and derive from the book of nature, constitute the objective faith of Masonry. That objective faith it sets forth in allegory and symbol, but keeping it deeply veiled. Its symbols, rightly understood and Masonically interpreted, set forth that faith, and that faith accepted by an individual makes him a Mason. To this creed or faith Masonry requires assent from every one who would pass the threshold of its lodge. In this it is inexorable. This confession of faith in the Masonic deity is its religious test, the test which determines whether the candidate is willing and qualified to receive, accept and live the Masonic religion. With the change of his faith, there is also a change of his religion, if words mean anything and there is any consistency in language. What Masons believe is indicated in the following: "The creed of a Mason is the belief in God, the Supreme Architect of the heaven and earth, the dispenser of all good gifts and the judge of the quick and the dead." "Masonry does not attempt to interfere with the peculiar religious faith of its disciples, except so far as it relates to the belief in the existence of God, and what necessarily results from that belief." "The person who desires to be made a Mason must be a man believing in the existence of a Supreme Being, and of a future existence." "The foundation upon which Masonry rests is the belief and acknowledgment of a Supreme Being." "The creed of a Mason is brief. It is a creed which demands and receives the universal consent of all men. It is a belief in God, the Supreme Architect of heaven and earth." Pike says "Masonry propagates no creed except its own most simple and sublime one taught by nature and reason. The permanent and universal revelation is written in visible nature and explained by the reason, and is completed by the wise analogies of faith. There is but one true religion, one dogma, one legitimate belief." This creed differentiates the Masonic god from the Christian's God. This confession of faith in this Masonic Deity carries with it the repudiation of all former faith and religious belief not in harmony with it. "There is not only to be a change for the future, but also an extinction of the past, for the initiation is as it were a death to the world and a resurrection to a new life." This means the extinction of the religious life, faith and hopes of the past profane life. From the Masonic statements, there is no evasion of this conclusion. The ceremony of initiation is Religious. There is a demand for faith in a specific deity, who is not Jehovah, but the Masonic deity, and that fact requires a change in religious views before the ceremony can proceed. It is a demand that his former faith, if not in harmony with the Masonic faith, be renounced, and repudiated, and extinguished, not openly but tacitly, and supplanted by a faith in "that God whom Masons worship and reverence." It is a distinctively Masonic confession of the Masonic faith in the Masonic god. And this initiation is also to be a resurrection to a new life, that is a new religious and moral life, and to become alive unto the Masonic Religious Life, requires death unto the former religious life. 6. Masonry has its own priests. A priest is a religious official, whose duty is to perform specific religious acts. Masonry has its priests of various degrees. "The master of the lodge is its priest." If a chaplain is appointed he simply represents the master in the devotions of the lodge. These officials offer the prayers to the Masonic god, the Great Architect of the Universe, and also have part in the public religious exercises in which the lodge may engage. The chaplain, an appointive office, is generally a minister of the gospel who has been hoodwinked into the lodge, but the services he conducts in that capacity, are Masonic and not Christian. He wears the insignia of his office, addresses the prayers to the Masonic deity, and invokes special favors upon the lodge. The religion expressed or the service conducted is emphatically Masonic, and he who conducts it, is for the time being a Masonic priest. 7. The religion administered by these religious officials is Masonry. It can not be anything else. The prayers are those provided by Masonic authorities; they are couched in unmistakable Masonic language and they express decidedly Masonic sentiment. The hymns are Masonic, and the scripture passages read are expurgated of all Christian sentiment, so as to make them Masonic. Such passages are taken with slight but necessary modification, says Mackey. The modification is necessary in order to make them agree in sentiment with the Masonic religion. 8. Masonry has its own peculiar religious forms. Religious Ceremonies Are Proofs of Religion. They are the outward forms in which the inner life or the religious sentiment finds expression. As such they signify and mean something. In some cases impressive and elaborate ceremonies are employed to inspire the devotee with awe, to impress him with the solemnity of the transaction, and to intensify his sense of obligation and duty to deity, and to his fellowmen. Without some form of ceremony, religion would be useless. Rites and ceremonies from the very nature of the religious notions are essential to its power and influence over man. A purely abstract religion can not exist. To be effectual religion must be presented in a concrete form, in befitting and expressive ceremony. It must be evident to the most indifferent observer that Freemasonry has its own and peculiar religious rites, services and ceremonies. These are the "forms of words" and "the forms of needs" in the institution. They are designed and used on the one hand, to impress profoundly the candidate for initiation, and on the other to strengthen the Mason in his peculiar faith. These ceremonies are the outward signs of a distinct inward religious life, which is Masonry. They are designed to beget within the Mason the belief that Freemasonry deals with the most sacred things with befitting solemnity; that the lodge is a most holy place, and "that its floor is holy ground." The candidate is made to feel that the "all seeing eye" is looking down upon him, and that he is about to be ushered into the very presence of deity. The whole procedure in the lodge whether opening, working, "refreshment" or "closing" is a religious ceremony, intensely and exclusively religious, more so than many services conducted in a Christian church. It is worship, ceremony, service, religion throughout, and therefore the conclusion is irresistible that Freemasonry is a religion. The Masonic initiation is purely a religious ceremony. It is as much so as is a confirmation or baptism in the churches, or the solemnization of marriage, or the ordination of a minister of the gospel. It is a ceremony in which a solemn agreement is made in which the Masonic deity is recognized as a party to the covenant, and whose help is implored. In this act certain duties are set forth and recognized, obligations are assumed, solemn promises are made, and the god of Masonry is called upon to witness and confirm the same. The only difference between the purpose of the ceremonies of the church and of Masonry, is in the kind of religion practiced and set forth. If the church is a Religious Institution, Masonry is also. The initiation proper is preceded by the instruction of the candidate as follows: "Mr. J.H., the institution of which you are about to become a member is by no means of a little and trifling nature, but of high importance and deep solemnity. Masonry consists of a course of ancient hieroglyphical and moral instruction, taught according to ancient usages by types, emblems and allegorical figures. Even the ceremony of your gaining admission within these walls is emblematic of an event, which all must sooner or later experience. It is emblematic of your final exit from this world to the world to come. You are doubtless aware that whatever a man possesses here on earth, whether it be titles, honors, or even his own reputation will not gain him admission into the celestial lodge above, but previous to his gaining admission there, he must become poor and penniless, blind and naked, dependent on the sovereign will of our Supreme Grand Master; and in order to impress these truths more forcibly upon your mind, it is necessary that you be divested of your outward apparel and clad in a garment furnished you by the lodge." This explanation has an intensely religious flavor. Everything is symbolic. The entrance into the lodge, even to its minor details, is emblematic of his entrance into heaven. The lodge here is a type of the lodge above. The Grand Master here represents the Grand Master in heaven. The titles and honors here, earthly titles, count for nothing, but the honors, titles and secrets bestowed by the lodge count for everything in the lodge above. The garment furnished by the lodge symbolizes the Masonic righteousness which will admit him into the lodge above. All this is religious ceremony. After further preparation and questioning, the initiation proper begins. To the question, "Who comes here?" the senior deacon replies for the candidate, "A poor blind candidate, who is desirous of being brought from darkness to light, and receiving a part of the rights, lights and benefits of this worshipful lodge erected to God and dedicated to the holy Saint John, as many a brother and fellow has done before him." The candidate, after further instruction is ordered to kneel at the altar and attend prayer, when the lodge is called up and the following prayer is offered: "Vouchsafe thine aid Almighty Father of the Universe to this our present convention; and grant that this candidate for Masonry may dedicate and devote his life to thy service, and become a true and faithful brother among us. Endue him with a competence of thy divine wisdom, that by the secrets of our art, he may be better enabled to displace the blots of birth, love relief and truth, to the honor of thy holy name. Amen. So mote it be." Then a confession of faith is demanded of the candidate, and the ceremony goes on, every step being a religious act, culminating at the altar where the oath is taken and the covenant entered into, which, according to Masonic teachers, is the highest obligation a man can assume here on earth. The initiation is positively religious, a religious allegory. In a general way, the stripping of the candidate and putting on the garments of the lodge, is emblematic of his conversion to Masonry, that is putting off the vices of the profane life and putting on the virtues of Masonry, the exchange of the polluted and profane worldly honors for the sacred honors of Masonry. It is with this ceremony that the Mason, unknowingly, renounces Almighty God and the Lord Jesus Christ, and puts on the mantle of a false god! This initiation is his regeneration fitting him for the celestial lodge above. He is ushered either barefooted or slipshod into the lodge, to symbolize that he is on holy ground. He is hoodwinked to symbolize that he is in spiritual darkness, and needs the glorious light of Masonry in order to be able to gain relief, seek truth and subdue his passions. He receives solemn instructions at the south, the west, and the east as to his duties. This is the symbolic pilgrimage and symbolizes life and soul's travails. He is solemnly obligated to keep secret and sacred that which is committed to him in the lodge then and thereafter, and as an evidence of his sincerity of intention kisses the holy book, and is then freed from his cabletow, and by the removal of the hoodwink, is brought to Masonic light, amidst clapping of hands and stamping of feet. This is the shock of entrance and symbolizes the throes of the new birth, the birth into Masonry. At the door of the lodge the candidate confesses his ignorance, blindness and servitude to his passions. At the threshold of his induction he confesses his faith in the Masonic deity. Within the lodge all is religious ceremony. The "divestment" and "reinvestment," the "declination" and "perambulation," "salutation" and "obligation," the "induction," "pilgrimage" and "ceremony," "prayers" and "lectures" are all religious and have a religious signification. After his covenant "he is received as a brother among them." He is received and fellowshiped by the fraternity, is regarded no longer polluted and profane, and is then symbolically "placed" as a stone in the temple. He has been regenerated, purified and placed. All these are religious acts and ceremonies. It is too apparent to be denied. Thus far we have had in mind the first degree only. The ceremonies in the higher degrees are more intensely religious than in the first degree. They advance until they become "sublime and ineffable." These ceremonies are all designed to set forth a peculiar religion and that religion is Masonry. In the third degree, the climax of the ceremony is the mock murder and resurrection of Hiram Abiff, the "Christ" of Masonry. This is made as solemn as the factual nature of the thing will permit. But it is a religious ceremony, a resurrection service, by which the candidate becomes entitled to eternal life. In a sense it is in Masonry what the resurrection of Christ is in Christianity. "Few candidates may be aware that Hiram whom they have represented and personified is ideally and precisely the same as Christ. Yet such is undoubtedly the case. This old philoposphy shows what Christ as a glyph menas, and how the Christ state results from real initiation, or from the evolution of the human into the divine." 9. Masonry has its authorized rituals or book of forms. A ritual is a book containing a prescribed order or form for religious services. Rituals are external marks and evidences of the exercise of religion. Masonry has its authorized rituals and forms of service. They are in evidence in the lodge room, and in their public services, such as dedications, installations, and burials. In the rituals these services are prescribed and the details indicated by appropriate rules. This stamps Masonry as religion, as much as the die stamps the precious metal as coin. Masonry is the most ritualistic of all secret religions. It has its forms for everything, initiations in the various degrees, dedications of public buildings, either civil or Masonic, laying of corner stones, installations, burials, baptisms for infants and youths, and what not. And these prescribed forms are faithfully adhered to. No departure from them is permissible. These rituals are necessary in order to prevent this Masonic religion from becoming corrupted by omissions or additions, for every ceremony must be "in due form." 10. It has its own peculiar worship. The members of the Masonic fraternity exercise themselves in their Masonic religion according to the forms of service prescribed by the order. They take part in these services, and do it heartily. They are as devout and reverent in the lodge, as is the Christian in his worship in the sanctuary. There are set prayers, distinctively Masonic, which are solemnly and reverently said. There are responses in the religious services in the lodge, which they ardently repeat. There are genuflexions, postures, and attitudes, all emphatically religious and distinctively Masonic, which they cheerfully assume, and there are hymns and odes, also Masonic, which are joyously sung. These exercises would be very incongruous in a church because the religion they express is foreign to that which a Christian church teaches. It also has a distinctive burial service for its dead. It is for those only who die in the Masonic faith. Only third degree Masons are entitled to Masonic burial. To hold this service for one who is not a Mason, would be from the Masonic viewpoint, sacrilege of the highest kind. And only Masons take part in the burial service. It is not for the lips of the "profane." It is the exercise of a purely Masonic religion by men who have been made Masons in due form. It has a Baptismal service for infants and for youths. It has in some countries a marriage and communion service. It has all the external and essential marks of Religion. Whatever else may be found in Masonry, science, philosophy, history or ethics, the dominant factor in the institution is religion. Freemasonry is a Religion! 11. Freemasonry has its own distinctive deity whom it worships and adores. Freemasonry professes to have in its possession a correct knowledge of the Great Architect of the Universe who in its view is the true God. This knowledge it professes to teach inerrantly to its disciples by means of its symbolism and ceremonies. "I publish without reserve what has been involved in secrecy, not ashamed to tell you what you are not ashamed to worship." Correctly stated it constitutes its body of divinity, its "divine truth which is the center of its system, the point from which all its radii diverge." Upon this correct knowledge of its deity and the doctrines concerning his attributes, nature and work, the institution is founded, and in this god idea is the key that unlocks its secrets, interprets its symbols and emblems, and explains its allegories and ceremonies. Given this god idea and the chaotic mass of objects, symbols, and philosophical remnants resolve themselves into system and order. This peculiar god idea, in order to conceal its true nature, the institution deeply veils and conceals beneath the garments of Christianity, "So as to lead conceited interpreters astray." Freemasonry then, has a system of divinity, a body of doctrine concerning this Great Architect. This doctrine it holds as absolutely correct both in content and in statement. In its opinion it is the Truth of the Divine. This Masonic doctrine concerning the divine is as may be expected, peculiar to this institution. It (Masonry) has nothing in common with Christian Theology, except certain theological terms, which it employs not in the Christian but in the Masonic sense. masonic1.htm	Freemasonry
True or False: Chewing gum can take up to seven years to pass through the human digestive system?	Library : The Pastoral Problem of Masonic Membership \| Catholic Culture The Pastoral Problem of Masonic Membership Report For The Bishops' Committee For Pastoral Research And Practices Larger Work Publisher & Date CNS Documentary Service, June 27, 1985 Modern speculative Freemasonry began in 1717 with the establishment in London of the Grand Lodge of England. A little more than two decades later. Clement XII forbade Catholic membership in these lodges, and the opposition of the Catholic Church has been restated by seven other popes. The most recent statement was given by the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, November 26, 1983. In part it declared, "The Church's negative position on Masonic associations, therefore, remains unaltered, since their principles have always been regarded as irreconcilable with the Church's doctrine." The document added that "Catholics enrolled in Masonic associations are involved in serious sin and may not approach Holy Communion." This paper will examine the reasons for the historical and present position of the Church vis-a-vis Freemasonry and will do so in the American context. We should understand that, worldwide, Freemasonry shares many beliefs and customs, but is not a unified organization; it includes the United Grand Lodge of England; the fifty independent grand lodges in the United States; lodges in Canada, Australia and New Zealand; Prince Hall Masonry; the so-called Christian Masonry of Germany and the three Scandinavian countries; the various Grand Orients of Europe and Latin America; co-Masonic bodies; irregular lodges, such as the Italian P2 Lodge; and others. Pastoral Problem Due to Misunderstandings That the Church has for centuries condemned Freemasonry and excommunicated Catholics who joined the Lodge, or refused baptism to those who declined to sever their Lodge affiliations, is clear. That the Church today considers Masonic membership serious enough to deny the Eucharist to "Catholic Masons" is also clear. What has created a pastoral problem in some dioceses is that for a period of some years membership by the laity in Masonic Lodges seemed to be an option. From 1974 to 1981, and even beyond, an undetermined number of Catholic men joined the Lodge, and many of them retain their membership. Articles in the Catholic press ' told readers that under certain circumstances such membership was now allowed. The general public. Catholic and non-Catholic, got the impression that the Church had softened its stand against membership in Freemasonry. We will examine the major reasons why the Church has taken the attitude it has since the mid-eighteenth century and why these reasons justify the present position. But first, we should take a brief look at the documents which created the recent confusion. Cardinal Franjo Seper, then prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, sent a letter dated July 19, 1974, to Cardinal John Krol, which concluded that "Canon 2335 regards only those Catholics who join associations which plot against the Church." Even if it were determined that a particular Masonic association did not plot against the Church, membership was still forbidden to clerics, religious and members of secular institutes. Presumably the local ordinary was expected to conduct an investigation to see whether a particular secret society in his diocese was engaged in a plot against the Church. Cardinal Seper's letter made no reference to the traditional objections to Freemasonry, namely, its religious naturalism and its oaths. Nor did the letter suggest a methodology by which a bishop might conduct his investigation, in view of the fact that the members of the Lodge, like members of the Irish Republican Army, the Mafia and other secret organizations, were sworn to secrecy. As late as October 1984, a nationally syndicated columnist for the Catholic press was assuring his readers that Catholics "may indeed hold membership in organizations. Masonic and otherwise, which are not basically anti-Catholic and do not plot against the Church." The columnist told his readers that "direction and guidance concerning the various organizations in your own locality can easily be obtained from the chancery office of your diocese." Would that it were so. At the very least one would suppose that anyone professing minimum expertise in the area of Freemasonry would have studied the ritual of the Lodge, as well as basic Masonic sources, such as Pike's Morals and Dogma, [and also] Humanum Genus by Leo XIII and such criticisms as Father Walton Hannah's Darkness Visible and Christian by Degrees and Whalen's Christianity and American Freemasonry. One wonders how many people in the typical chancery have spent even this amount of time on the question so that they could answer inquirers' questions with confidence. Some bishops evidently conducted such investigations, or perhaps decided they had no way of determining the character of a particular secret society, and allowed Catholic men in their dioceses to join the Lodges. Other bishops denied requests to join. A clarification from the Congregation was published March 2, 1981. It referred to "erroneous and tendentious interpretations" of the "confidential letter" of July 19, 1974. The clarification affirmed that the present canonical discipline had not been modified in any way, that neither the excommunication nor other penalties had been abrogated and that it was not the intention of the Congregation "to remand to the bishops' conferences the making of public pronouncements with a judgment of a general nature on the nature of the Masonic associations, such as would imply the derogation of the aforesaid norms." Canon 2335 of the 1917 Code of Canon Law had stated, "Those who join a Masonic sect or other societies of the same sort, which plot against the Church or against legitimate civil authority, incur excommunication." When the new Code of Canon Law was published, no mention was made of the traditional penalty of excommunication of Catholics who joined the Masonic Lodge. Again the possibility of misunderstanding arose because the general public was not aware that the number of offenses for which excommunication was applied had been reduced from thirty-seven to seven. The 1981 clarification had received little publicity. Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger then issued the November 26, 1983 document, which reaffirmed the historic position against Freemasonry. This statement had also been specifically approved by John Paul II. Reasons for Condemnation The March II, 1985 issue of L'Osservatore Romano carried an article titled "Irreconcilability Between Christian Faith and Freemasonry" as a comment on the November 26, 1983 declaration. In part, the Vatican newspaper said a Christian "cannot cultivate relations of two types with God nor express his relation with the Creator through symbolic forms of two types. That would be something completely different from that collaboration, which to him is obvious, with all those who are committed to doing good, even if beginning from different principles. On the one hand, a Catholic Christian cannot at the same time share in the full communion of Christian brotherhood and, on the other, look upon his Christian brother, from the Masonic perspective, as an 'outsider.'" Some have suggested that the reaffirmation of the historic condemnation by the Church was prompted by the P2 scandal. Grand Master Licio Gelli directed this secret Masonic Lodge known as Propaganda Two or P2, whose aim seems to have been to restore fascism in Italy and to bolster right-wing governments in Latin America. When Italian police raided his villa in 1981, they discovered the Lodge's membership roster, which listed 953 people, including the heads of Italy's intelligence agencies, generals, cabinet ministers, judges, bankers, industrialists and the like. Gelli had persuaded a number of individuals, such as financier Roberto Calvi, that membership in the Masonic Lodge was now allowed by the Church. Actually, it appears that the P2 Lodge plotted more against the Italian state than [against] the Church, although the Masonic financiers who were called in to handle the Vatican's investments (such as Sindona) cost the Church many millions of dollars. The P2 case did demonstrate that Masonic secrecy could camouflage and facilitate conspiracies of the political right, even in the shadows of St. Peter's. On the other hand, a recent book by Stephen Knight alleges that the KGB used the secrecy and networking of English Freemasonry to place spies in top intelligence jobs. It encouraged its operatives to try to join Masonic Lodges to gain preferential treatment in their careers. In particular, the author charges that Freemasons propelled Sir Roger Hollis into a series of rapid promotions, which led to his being named head of M15 counterintelligence in 1956. A book by Chapman Pincher, published in 1981, attempted to prove that Hollis was a Soviet agent. Knight's book was published in the United States in November, 1984 by Stein and Day of New York under the title The Brotherhood: The Secret World of Freemasons. Both the right and the left have seen the advantages of using the Masonic organizations to further their causes. At one time. Masonry was known as a chief bulwark of republican forms of governments. Actually, in the United States today most observers would probably label the Lodges as both politically reactionary and racist. Although the 1981 clarification by the Sacred Congregation came shortly after the exposure of the P2 conspiracy, nothing in the statement indicated that its intent was limited to Italian or continental Masonry. An estimated 30,000 Masons belong to five hundred lodges within three jurisdictions in Italy. Everyone knows that the Grand Orient Lodges of Europe and Latin America have been anti-clerical from the start. For the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith to advise Catholics against joining these Grand Orient Lodges would be like the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People advising blacks against applying for membership in the Ku Klux Klan. Those who say that the Church really directs her condemnation against the Grand Orient Lodges must assume that the Vatican does not know that Freemasonry is English in origin and overwhelmingly English-speaking in membership. Of the estimated six million members in all the various types of Masonic Lodges worldwide, about four million live in the United States, 750,000 in the United Kingdom, 250,000 in Canada, and 400,000 in Australia and New Zealand. Perhaps nine out of ten Masons live in an English-speaking country. For U.S. bishops and priests, the pastoral problem not only involves those Catholic laymen who joined Masonic lodges during the period of confusion in the late 1970s and early 1980s. It extends to the general public. Catholic and non-Catholic, which does not understand why the Catholic Church, in an era of ecumenism, persists in condemning an organization often known for its charities and good works. We have no reason to doubt the testimony of so many American Masons that they have never heard a word of criticism of the Roman Church in lodge meetings or functions. In fact, Masonry rules out discussions of religion and politics in the Lodge. Masonic Stands, Ritual and Principles We should understand that Masonry basically consists of the three degrees of the Blue Lodge: entered apprentice, fellow craft and master Mason. The Lodges are grouped in independent grand lodges in the fifty states. If he wishes, a master Mason may elect to continue his Masonic career by entering the so-called higher degrees: The Scottish or the York (or American) rite. (Jews are, however, barred from the York rite.) Membership in the Scottish rite leads to the 32nd degree and the honorary 33rd degree. The fourth to the 32nd degrees are ordinarily conferred on a class over a weekend in a Scottish-rite cathedral; in Europe the candidate must spend many years to reach the 32nd degree, which is another contrast between the mass Masonry in the United States and the elite Masonry of the Continent. The goal of all those who choose to go up the York-rite ladder is membership in the Knights Templar. Both 32nd degree Scottish-rite Masons and Knights Templar are eligible to join the Shrine, which serves as the playground of American Masonry and supports notable charitable institutions, such as its hospitals for crippled children. Father Hannah called its pseudo-Islamic ritual the "adolescent and occasionally Rabelaisian nadir of drivelling tomfoolery and burlesque blasphemies." English Freemasonry would never tolerate an organization such as the Shrine, but obviously hundreds of thousands of U.S. Masons find in the Shrine the fun they do not find in the teetotalling, sober Blue Lodges. Many other organizations require Masonic membership, but they do not form an integral part of Freemasonry. These include the Grotto, Square and Compass Clubs, National Sojourners, High Twelve clubs, Tall Cedars of Lebanon, etc. A Mason who quits or is expelled from his Blue Lodge forfeits membership in any other Masonic organizations. Attendance requirements are unknown in the Blue Lodge, so that simple payment of dues keeps members in good standing. If the American Blue Lodges are not especially anti-Catholic, the religious neutrality of an organization such as the Southern jurisdiction of the Scottish rite, which enrolls 600,000 Masons in thirty-three Southern and Western states, is another matter. The hostility of this group to parochial schools remains unabated and readers of the New Age [magazine] are well aware of the attitude of the Southern jurisdiction to Roman Catholicism. In a 1978 article in the Review of Religious Research, two (non-Catholic) scholars examined "Fraternal Associations and Civil Religion: Scottish-rite Freemasonry." Among many observations the authors noted: In their support of civil religion, the Masons are militantly "anti-particularistic," to use Sidney Mead's term. They vigorously denounce parochial schools for challenging the public school system and, implicitly, the unifying civil religion. Sectarian religion has positive values, but it is relegated to the sphere of private morality and private faith. (Pamela M. Jolicoeur and Louis L. Knowles, Vol. 20, No. 1, Fall 1978, pp. 13-14). Those who direct the Scottish rite. Southern jurisdiction, would be delighted if every parochial school closed tomorrow. This may not technically involve a plot against the Church, but it raises the question of allowing, much less encouraging. Catholics in these Southern and Western states to participate in the Scottish rite. If anti-Catholicism and racism in U.S. Masonry were the major reasons for the Church's condemnation, we might envision some sort of rapprochement in the foreseeable future. [However,] The irreconcilable principles to which the 1983 letter refers remain the basic reason for the condemnation by the Catholic Church and other Christian bodies. We agree with the assessment of the German hierarchy, which studied the Masonic question between 1974 and 1980, and observed in part: Although it may be important to distinguish between favorable, neutral or hostile Masonry, with regard to the Church, the same distinction, in this context, leads to error because it insinuates that for Catholics, only membership in a hostile branch would be inadmissable. If we try to make "plotting against the Church" the sole criterion for allowing or disallowing membership, we in effect are saying that we do not concern ourselves with the nature of an organization or what it teaches. By the same token, we should allow membership by Catholics in organizations of spiritualists, theosophists and occultists, so long as these groups do not plot against the Church. But the Church's historic stand has not been based primarily on whether the Masonic Lodges are hostile or neutral toward the Church, but on the principles for which the Lodge stands. To grasp the fundamental objections to Freemasonry, we have to review briefly the history of the craft. Unlike other craftsmen in the Middle Ages, the stonemasons who built the great cathedrals of Europe were forced to move from place to place to follow their occupation. To protect their skills and to recognize fellow masons, they devised a system of signs and passwords. These served the purpose of a union card. Their worksheds were called lodges. With the decline of cathedral building, some of the lodges of stonemasons began to admit nonworking or honorary masons. In time the number of honorary free and accepted Masons outnumbered the working masons. They used the tools, symbols, signs, grips and passwords of the masons' trade union to create what we know as speculative Freemasonry. This new craft Masonry usually defines itself as "a peculiar system of morality, veiled in allegory and illustrated by symbols." The Masons of early medieval times were Catholics, like almost everyone else in Europe. But under the influence of deism, all traces of Christianity were excised from speculative Freemasonry. In the 1723 Book of Constitutions, the new attitude toward religious belief was spelled out: "A Mason is obliged by his tenure to obey the moral law; and if he rightly understands the art, he will never be a stupid atheist nor an irreligious libertine. But though in ancient times Masons were charged in every country to be of the religion of that country or nation, whatever it was, yet 'tis now thought more expedient only to oblige them to that religion in which all men agree, leaving their particular opinions to themselves." Freemasonry as Universal Religion Clearly, whatever constitutes "that religion in which all men agree," it is not Christianity or revealed religion. Masons, as Masons, believe in the fatherhood of God, the brotherhood of mankind and the immortality of the soul. These are beliefs which they maintain can be discovered by human reason. The inspiration of the Bible, the unique claims of Jesus Christ, the authority and teaching role of the Church, and the Sacraments as means of grace are "particular opinions" which Freemasons are asked to keep to themselves, rather than disturb the brothers in the Lodge. A century ago, in his encyclical on Freemasonry, Humanum Genus, Leo XIII defined naturalism, which he saw as the primary objection to the Masonic system: Now the fundamental doctrine of the naturalists, which they sufficiently make known by their very name, is that human nature and human reason ought in all things be mistress and guide.. For they deny that anything has been taught by God; they allow no dogma of religion or truth which cannot be understood by human intelligence nor any teacher who ought to be believed by reason of his authority. In keeping with the naturalism of the Lodge, no prayers in the Blue lodges are ever offered in the name of Jesus Christ. God, whom Christians have been told to address as our Father, is worshipped as the deistic Great Architect of the Universe. As the authors of the recent article in the Review of Religious Research put it: The nature of the Masonic God is best seen in their favorite title for him: the Supreme Architect. The Masonic God is first of all a deistic God, who is found at the top of the ladder of Masonic wisdom. (Jolicoeur and Knowles, pp. 14-15). In U.S. Freemasonry, all women, men under 21, and blacks are barred from Masonic initiation in regular lodges. Otherwise, only the atheist—technically the "stupid atheist"—and the "irreligious libertine" are unwelcome. By jettisoning the vestiges of Christianity, modern Freemasonry opened its doors to deists, Jews, Moslems, Hindus, Buddhists and any who acknowledge the existence of the Grand Architect of the Universe and who believe in the immortality of the soul. Perhaps a religious naturalism is better than no religious belief at all, but for the professing Christian it represents a retreat from the Gospel. We can agree with Albert Pike when he wrote, "Every Masonic lodge is a temple of religion, and its teachings are instruction in religion." (Morals and. Dogma, p. 213). Pike served as sovereign grand inspector of the Southern jurisdiction of the Scottish rite for many years and is sometimes considered American Freemasonry's most eminent philosopher. His book Morals and Dogma is traditionally presented to those who attain the 32nd degree of the Scottish rite. Not only does Freemasonry see itself as a religion, but it sees itself as the universal religion, while Christianity is seen as simply another of the dozens of sects whose particular opinions have divided mankind over the ages. Again we may refer to Brother Pike: But Masonry teaches, and has preserved in their purity, the cardinal tenets of the old primitive faith, which underlie and are the foundation of all religions. All that ever existed have had a basis of truth; all have overlaid that truth with error, (p. 161). Religion, to obtain currency and influence with the great mass of mankind, must needs be alloyed with such an amount of error as to place it far below the standard attainable by the higher human capacities, (p. 224). Catholicism was a vital truth in its earliest ages, but it became obsolete, and Protestantism arose, flourished, and deteriorated, (p. 38). In his Encyclopedia of Freemasonry, Albert G. Mackey writes: I contend without any sort of hesitation, that Masonry is, in every sense of the word, except one, and that its least philosophical, an eminently religious institution. . . that without this religious element, it would scarcely be worthy of cultivation by the wise and good. . .Who can deny that it is eminently a religious institution?. . .But the religion of Masonry is not sectarian. . . It is not Judaism, though there is nothing in it to offend a Jew; it is not Christianity, but there is nothing in it repugnant to the faith of a Christian. Its religion is that general one of nature and primitive revelation—handed down to us from some ancient and patriarchal priesthood—in which all men may agree and in which no men can differ. It inculcates the practice of virtue, but supplies no scheme of redemption for sin. . . Masonry, then, is indeed a religious institution; and on this ground mainly, if not alone, should the religious Mason defend it. (pp. 617-619). Hannah comments: "On reading the ritual carefully, Masonry will be found to present itself as a complete and self-sufficient system of moral and spiritual guidance through this world and the next. It teaches one's whole duty to God and to man, and a way of justification by works which, if followed, will lead to salvation. Nowhere does it give the slightest hint that anything further is necessary to the religious life." (Darkness Visible, p. 40). While religious, Freemasonry clearly rejects dogma and the possibility of absolute truth. After six years, the German [Catholic] episcopal conference reported its conclusion in the June 1980 issue of Amtsblatt des Erbistums Koln, pp. 102-111. On this particular point, the German hierarchy observed: The religious conception of the Mason is relativistic: All religions are competitive attempts to explain the truth about God which, in the last analysis, is unattainable. Therefore, only the language of Masonic symbols, which is ambiguous and left to the subjective interpretation of the individual Mason, is adapted to this truth about God. Attitude Toward Christ, The Bible Some Protestant defenders of the Lodge try to deny its religious character. Other Protestants and Catholics ask, "What element is missing in Freemasonry which we find in a religion?" Freemasonry has a creed and ritual, prayers to the Great Architect of the Universe, an altar and temples, feast days, chaplains, an initiation ceremony, and a system of morality. As its funeral service makes plain, the Lodge promises its members salvation and entry into the Grand Lodge Above, if they follow the precepts of the craft. The Lodge honors Jesus Christ as it honors Socrates, Buddha and Mohammed. It cannot acknowledge any special spiritual claims by Jesus, since this would violate the basis of Freemasonry. True, other fraternal and service organizations appoint chaplains and include prayers in their meetings, but the claims to a superior path to spiritual advancement and a superior morality are peculiar to Freemasonry. Every Lodge works with an open Bible on its altar, and to some Masons this seems to affirm its Christian orientation. The preferred term and the one used in English Freemasonry is the Volume of the Sacred Law. That no special authority is attached to the Old and New Testaments is clear since a lodge of Moslems may substitute the Koran, a predominantly Hindu lodge, the Vedas, etc. As the Digest of Masonic Law makes clear, To say that a candidate professes a belief in the divine authority of the Bible is a serious innovation in the very body of Masonry. The Jews, the Chinese, the Turks, each reject either the Old or the New Testament, or both, and yet we see no good reason why they should not be made Masons. In fact. Blue Lodge Masonry has nothing whatever to do with the Bible. It is not founded on the Bible. If it were, it would not be Masonry, (p. 206). Again we turn to Brother Pike: The Bible is an indispensable part of the furniture of a Christian lodge, only because it is the sacred book of the Christian religion. The Hebrew Pentateuch in a Hebrew lodge and the Koran in a Mohammedan one belong on the altar; and one of these, and the square and the compass, properly understood are the Great Lights by which a Mason must walk and work. The obligation of the candidate is always to be taken on the sacred book or books of his religion, that he may deem it more solemn and binding; and therefore it was that you were asked of what religion you were. We have no other concern with your religious creed, (p. 11). Use of Oaths The second major reason for the Church's hostility [to Masonry] is the Masonic oath, or rather, the series of oaths required of initiates. Unlike some of the Protestant sects, such as the Mennonites or Quakers, the Roman Catholic Church has interpreted the biblical injunction against swearing to allow for exceptions in serious cases, e.g., in a court of law. The use of solemn oaths taken on the Bible in order to join a fraternal society or advance to its higher degrees has never been countenanced [by the Catholic Church]. Objectively speaking, those who swear such oaths are guilty of either vain or rash swearing. For most American Masons, the oaths are given for what turns out to be the supposed secrecy of a few passwords and handshakes. Anyone who has investigated Masonry knows what these "secrets" are anyway. In fact, someone has said that the greatest secret about Freemasonry is that there are no secrets. If there are not, then Christians have no justification for making such solemn oaths. Hannah posed the basic dilemma of the Masonic oaths when he wrote: Either the oaths mean what they say or they do not. If they do mean what they say, then the candidate is entering into a pact consenting to his own murder by barbarous torture and mutilation should he break it. If they do not mean what they say, then he is swearing high-sounding schoolboy nonsense on the Bible, which verges on blasphemy. (Darkness Visible, p. 21). For example, this is the oath of the master Mason's degree (each grand lodge controls its own ritual, so there may be minor variations in wording from state to state): I, (name), of my own free will and accord, in the presence of Almighty God, and his worshipful lodge, erected to him and dedicated to the holy Sts. John, do hereby and hereon most solemnly and sincerely promise and swear that I will always hail, ever conceal and never reveal any of the secrets, arts, parts, point or points of the master Masons' degree to any person or persons whomsoever, except that it be to a true and lawful brother of this degree, or in a regularly constituted lodge of master Masons, nor unto him or them, until by strict trial, due examination or lawful information, I shall have found him or them as lawfully entitled to the same as I am myself. I furthermore promise and swear that I will stand to and abide by all laws, rules and regulations of the master Mason's degree and of the lodge of which I may hereafter become a member, as far as the same shall come to my knowledge; and that I will ever maintain and support the constitution, laws and edicts of the grand lodge under which the same shall be holden. Further, that I will acknowledge and obey all due signs and summonses sent to me from a master Masons' lodge or given me by a brother of that degree, if within the length of my cable tow, Further, that I will always aid and assist all poor, distressed, worthy master Masons, their widows and orphans, knowing them to be such, as far as their necessities may require and my ability permit, without material injury to myself and family. Further, that I will keep a worthy brother master Mason's secrets inviolable when communicated to and received by me as such, murder and treason excepted. Further, that I will not aid nor be present at the initiation, passing or raising of a woman, an old man in his dotage, a young man in his nonage, an atheist, a madman or a fool, knowing them to be such. Further, that I will not sit in a lodge of clandestine-made Masons nor converse on the subject of Masonry with a clandestine-made Mason nor one who has been expelled or suspended from a lodge, while under that sentence, knowing him or them to be such. Further, I will not cheat, wrong nor defraud a master Mason's lodge nor a brother of this degree knowingly, nor supplant him in any of his laudable undertakings, but will give him due and timely notice, that he may ward off all danger. Further, that I will not knowingly strike a brother master Mason or otherwise do him personal violence in anger, except in the necessary defense of my family or property. Further, that I will not have illegal carnal intercourse with a master Mason's wife, his mother, sister or daughter, knowing them to be such, nor suffer the same to be done by others, if in my power to prevent. Further, that I will not give the grand Masonic word, in any other manner or form than that in which I shall receive it and then in a low breath. Further, that I will not give the grand hailing sign of distress except in case of the most imminent danger, in a just and lawful lodge, or for the benefit of instruction; and if ever I should see it given or hear the words accompanying it by a worthy brother in distress, I will fly to his relief, if there is a greater probability of saving his life than losing my own. All this I most solemnly, sincerely promise and swear, with a firm and steady resolution to perform the same, without any hesitation, mental reservation or secret evasion of mind whatever, binding myself under no less penalty than that of having my body severed in two, my bowels taken from thence and burned to ashes, the ashes scattered before the four winds of heaven, that no more remembrance might be had of so vile and wicked a wretch as I would be, should I ever knowingly violate this my master Mason's obligation. So help me God, and keep me steadfast in the due performance of the same. Opposition of Christian Churches Other than Catholic Like opposition to abortion, opposition to Freemasonry is often seen as solely a Roman Catholic position. But the Catholic Church is hardly the only Christian body to recognize the essential difference between the Masonic and Christian religions. In fact, most Christians around the world belong to churches which forbid or discourage Masonic affiliation. The Inter-Orthodox commission which met on Mount Athos (1933) and represented all the autocephalous Eastern Orthodox churches characterized Freemasonry as a "false and anti-Christian system." This remains the position of Orthodoxy. Other groups hostile to Lodge membership include many branches of Lutheranism, the Christian Reformed Church, most Pentecostals, the Church of the Nazarene, the Seventh-day Adventists, the Holiness churches, the Quakers, the United Brethren in Christ, the Mennonites, the Free Methodists, the Church of the Brethren, the Assemblies of God, the Wesleyans, the Regular Baptists, the Salvation Army and significant minorities in such mainline churches as the Episcopal. Jehovah's Witnesses and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints also oppose Masonry. Joseph Smith, Jr. joined the Masonic Lodge in Nauvoo, Illinois, and turned to the Lodge ritual to find elements for his secret temple rites. Masons in the mob which stormed the Carthage jail and murdered the prophet ignored his grand hailing sign of distress. The Grand Lodge of Utah refuses to initiate a Mormon, and any Mormon who joins the Lodge outside of Utah finds his advancement in the hierarchy severely curtailed. Obviously the problem all these religious groups have with Freemasonry is not its anti-Catholic character. The Lutheran Cyclopedia explains: "While frankly anti-Christian in its French, German and Italian branches, Freemasonry in England and the United States has always called itself a supporter of the morality and doctrine of the Protestant church. Very few candidates realize that they are joining an organization which is essentially antagonistic to the Christian belief in the inspiration of the Bible and the divinity of Jesus Christ." (p. 392). For millions of other American Protestants, such as Baptists, Methodists, Presbyterians and Episcopalians, dual membership in the Church and the Lodge is acceptable. Individual members, however, may have reservations about the compatibility of the Grand Architect of the Universe and the triune God. British Methodism has been less favorably inclined toward Freemasonry, perhaps reflecting John Wesley's observation about the Lodge: "What an amazing banter on all mankind is Freemasonry." Currently a commission of English Methodists is studying the Lodge question. Within the past year a general synod of the Church of England also voted to investigate Freemasonry to determine if Masonic beliefs and practices are compatible with Christianity. Since neither the religious naturalism nor the required oaths of Freemasonry are ever likely to change, the hope that these irreconcilable principles can ever be reconciled is dim. Another objection to U.S. Masonry which should give pause to any Christian is the blatant racism of the Lodges. This may someday change, but the Lodges have lagged far behind the rest of American society in this matter. Simply stated, the predominant Blue Lodges refuse to initiate anyone known to be black. There is a single exception: Alpha Lodge No. 116 of Newark, New Jersey, which is recognized by the Grand Lodge of New Jersey. Stories have circulated in recent years about a black candidate in Wisconsin or some other state being initiated, but these are unverified. Blacks long ago established their own parallel organization of Masonry known as Prince Hall, along with Black counterparts of the Scottish rite, Shrine, etc. These are viewed as clandestine and irregular by white Masonry. A Prince Hall Mason cannot be admitted to a meeting of the Blue Lodges, and a Black man who evidences an interest in Masonry will be politely directed to a Prince Hall lodge. This situation is an embarrassment to many American Masons, as well as to the Grand Lodge of England, the mother Lodge, which does not practice such racial discrimination. Sooner or later, we believe, the American Lodges will have to re-examine their racist standards and bring them into alignment with the rest of society. Ecumenical Attitudes No doubt the ecumenical spirit has contributed to the desire on the part of many that the Church relax its ban on Masonic membership. Maintenance of the ban may indeed hamper some ecumenical efforts, but a few things should be kept in mind. As we saw, most of the world's Christians now belong to churches which forbid or discourage Masonic membership. This may be a situation in which those who belong to denominations which allow membership should ask themselves why Roman Catholics, Eastern Orthodox, many Lutherans and fellow Protestants take the stand they do against the Lodge. Fr. Walton Hannah observed, "No church that has seriously investigated the religious teachings and implications of Freemasonry has ever yet failed to condemn it." (Darkness Visible, p. 78). In his critique of Freemasonry, the distinguished Anglican theologian, Dr. Hubert S. Box, examined the claim of the Lodge that its chief purpose is to teach men about the nature of God and observed: But to teach men about the nature of God is properly the responsibility of the church, by virtue of its divine commission, so that the church, being aware that some of its members are receiving instructions on the nature of God within the barricaded secrecy of a rival teaching body having no divine commission to exercise such a function, has the right to make inquiries as to the sort of instruction they are receiving. (The Nature of Freemasonry, p. 5). The Catholic Church and other churches need not apologize for their stand on Lodge membership. One of the boasts of Freemasonry has been that it fosters brotherhood; the Church's refusal to allow dual membership in the Church and the Lodge may seem mean-spirited to some. We can, however, ask our non-Catholic friends which institution best exemplifies brotherhood: American Freemasonry or the Church, which is open to men and women, blacks and whites, young and old, rich and poor? Does this mean that antagonism between Freemasonry and the Christian churches which forbid membership should be fostered? In no way. Dialogue between Christians and Masons can lessen hostility between these groups. Cooperation in civic and charitable works can be encouraged. Some Catholics believe the most fantastic things about Masonry and should be helped to form a rational judgment on the Lodge. Some Masons see the Church of Rome as the Church of the Inquisition, the Crusaders, the prop for discredited monarchies. No one benefits from such caricatures. The Catholic Church now engages in dialogue with many Protestant, Eastern Orthodox and even non-Christian bodies. The fact that a Roman Catholic may not at the same time profess Islam does not mean that fruitful Catholic-Moslem dialogue is impossible or useless. Problem of Catholics as Recent Members The serious problem of Catholic men who joined a Masonic Lodge during those recent years in which such membership was apparently tolerated remains, and the approach to this problem requires great tact. There are 32nd-degree Masons who are daily communicants and active members of Catholic parishes. In good faith many of these men had asked their pastors and/or bishops for permission to join the Lodge. Some converts were received into the Church during these years and were not asked to relinquish their Masonic affiliation. (In Freemasonry, no one is supposed to be solicited to join the Lodge, and no one is supposed to become a Mason by the consent of another. Some Masons viewed the 1974 statement by Cardinal Seper as requiring Catholics to obtain the consent of the bishop in order to petition for membership, and as such this constituted unMasonic conduct.) One possible solution for these men would be to allow them to retain passive membership in their Masonic Lodges. The apostolic delegation was empowered to approve such passive membership in a decree of the Holy Office of May 31, 1911, in Una Scrantonen, if the following conditions were verified: 1. If petitioners gave their names to the sect in good faith before they knew it was condemned. 2. If there is no scandal or if it can be removed with an appropriate declaration, they can remain in the sect passively and for a time, so they do not lose the right to benefits, abstaining from communion with the group and from any participation, even material. 3. If serious harm would result for them or their family from their renunciation. 4. If there is no danger of perversion for them or their family, especially in the case of sickness or death. This possible solution is far from perfect. In effect the Church is saying that, if an individual meets these conditions, he may pay his dues but not attend meetings, read Masonic literature, consent to a Masonic funeral, etc. In other words, "You may remain a Mason, but don't take Masonry seriously." (Many bishops and priests seem to think that the Masonic Lodge is a fraternal benefit society similar to the Knights of Columbus. Masons may expect some measure of financial assistance from fellow Masons, as may their widows and orphans, but Freemasonry is not an insurance company. Masons do not buy insurance from their grand lodges, and resignation from the Lodge does not mean forfeiture of insurance benefits.) In some respects, most Masons are passive members. The week-to-week business of a Masonic Lodge is simply dull and consists mainly in putting candidates through the three degrees. A Lodge with hundreds of members may have difficulty rounding up enough members to conduct the ritual. American Masons who read much more than an occasional Masonic newsletter are rare, and most are unaware of the standard Masonic books by Pike, Mackey, et al. They may absorb the naturalism of Freemasonry unconsciously but seldom make a serious study of its Weltanschauung [philosophy of life]. Not to be smug about it, we should acknowledge that millions of Catholics are also passive or nominal members of the Church. Except in certain communities, often in the South or rural areas, the Masonic Lodge has lost most of its erstwhile attraction. The term often applied to English Freemasonry, the "Mafia of the Mediocre," seems evermore applicable to the American Lodges. A recent article in the Texas Monthly (December 1983) points up the problems for the Lodge in a state which has traditionally had a strong grand lodge. Unless enrollment trends change soon, by the turn of the century, few Masons will be left in Texas. The number of people who ask to join has been declining in both orders (white and black lodges) since the years immediately following World War II.... Other fraternal orders that have fared better, such as the Lions and Rotary clubs, are wired to commerce; they are practical clubs for modern men, and joining the Masons (by application), with all their traditions and odd rituals of brotherhood, is akin to joining a college fraternity, but today's men of the world no longer seem interested in whiling away their hours by fraternizing in the lodge or memorizing ritual codes. The Lodges have conspicuously failed to attract the diploma elite. Even politicians no longer see the need to wear the Masonic apron. Eisenhower, Kennedy, Nixon, Carter and Reagan managed to win the White House without Masonic affiliation. Johnson received the first or entered-apprentice degree, but never advanced to master Mason. This suggests that the requests from Catholic men to join the Lodge are not likely to increase. The opportunities for making business contacts and enjoying fellowship in other organizations are so plentiful that no Catholic need feel he is sacrificing much by following the precepts of his Church in shunning the Lodge. He can join the Kiwanis, Lions, Elks, Eagles, Chamber of Commerce, Jaycees, Moose, Knights of Columbus, American Legion, VFW, Serra Club, Optimists, Exchange, Rotary and dozens of other civic and service organizations. A separate pastoral problem arises when we turn to the affiliated Masonic organizations, which enroll both Masons and non-Masons. An example would be the Order of the Eastern Star, whose membership is open to master Masons and their wives, widows, mothers, sisters, and daughters. Thousands of Catholic women fall into this category. Other Masonic-related groups include the DeMolay order for young men. Job's Daughters and Rainbow Girls for young women, and the Acacia college fraternity. Although the possibility of scandal may exist, the fact remains that these women and young people do not swear Masonic oaths and are not considered Masons. We can apply the general canonical principle that "favorable laws are to be interpreted broadly and odious laws are to be interpreted strictly" (Odios a restringenda, favorabilia extendenda). This would not mean that pastors would encourage such affiliation. The Catholic Church should not launch any kind of new vendetta against Freemasonry and should welcome the lessening of anti-Catholicism, whether in the Lodge, the Southern Baptist Convention, the Lutheran Church (Missouri Synod) or any other group. At the same time, it must affirm that membership by Catholics in the Lodge is inappropriate. Conclusion My conclusion is the same as that of the German episcopal conference: "In-depth research on the ritual and on the Masonic mentality makes it clear that it is impossible to belong to the Catholic Church and to Freemasonry at the same time." The false ecumenism which seeks to ignore basic differences between Masonic naturalism and Christianity, and the desire of a few Catholic men to find in the Lodge a fellowship, a better chance for promotion or a wider base of customers than they can find through other organizations are no reason to ignore the serious objections to Freemasonry raised by the Church. Perhaps some accommodations may be made for pastoral reasons in exceptional cases. Converts might be permitted to retain passive membership. Those Catholic men who joined the Lodge in good faith during the recent years of confusion might be offered the same option. Membership in Masonic-related organizations such as the Eastern Star should be discouraged, but does not carry the same penalty of exclusion from the Eucharist. Otherwise, the position of the Church remains what it has been for many years: Catholics in the United States and elsewhere may not be Freemasons. This item 1368 digitally provided courtesy of CatholicCulture.org Stay in Touch!	i don't know
Nero Wolfe, that famous detective created by Rex Stout, rarely leaves his house. What is the name of his able bodied assistant, who does all of Nero's legwork?	Full text of "Starlog Magazine Issue 213" See other formats wm Gillian Anderson ratesTHE X-FILES THE SCIENCE FICTION UNIVERSE j? M McNeills" APRIL #213 AR Greg Evigan, future detective The Man Who Killed Kirk: Malcolm McDowell TANK GIRL Lori Petty, road §" ^^N LEONARD NIMOY'S 'k The genius and daring that marked each STAR TREK 1 episode was never more apparent than when creator Gene Roddenberry chose to continue the voyages - passing on the Starfleet directive to "explore new worlds" and "to boldly go where no one has gone before™" to STAR TREK 5 : THE NEXT GENERATION™. Now, The Hamilton Collection and Paramount Pictures proudly join together to salute the Captain of the U.S.S. Enterprise™ with the Captain Jean-Luc Picard Autographed Wall Plaque. 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Ail reservations must be signed and are subject to acceptance. The Hamilton Collection 4810 Executive Park Ct., P.O.Box 44031, Jacksonville, FL 32231-4051 NUMBER 213 APRIL 1995 THE SCIENCE FICTION UNIVERSE® UNDER PRESSURE Bruce Boxleitner has taken command of "Babylon 5" X-HEROINE investigating as usual, Gillian Anderson now believes COMPONENTS 6 MEDIALOC 8 VIDEOLOC 10 CAMELOC 12 AUDIOLOG 14 BOOKLOC 16 BRIDGE 18 FANLOG 21 COMMUNICATIONS 82 LINER NOTES 64 75 COLORS OF LOYALTY The voyage home will test Robert Duncan McNeill CALL HER TANK GIRL Lori Petty is kicking butt & taking names in the desert TEKHERO Once again, Greg Evigan walks the future beat in "TekWar" DR. HELLER, MEDICINE WOMAN On "Earth 2," Jessica Steen isn't all that she seems STARMANS SON Christopher Daniel Barnes is the animated Spider-Man HUMAN AMONG THE APES Years ago, Linda Harrison roamed "Planet of the Apes" LOOKING HOMEWARD This fraternal idea ignited a writing career for one fan THE MAN WHO KILLED KIRK Malcolm McDowell wouldn't mind offing more "Trek" folks STARLOC: The Science Fiction universe is published monthly by STARLOC CROUP, INC., 475 Park Avenue South, New York NY -::'= S --.:: and The Science Fiction universe are registered trademarks of Starlog Croup, Inc. (ISSN 0191-46261 (Canadian CST number: R-124704826 1 This is issue Number 213, April 1995. Content is © Copyright 1995 by STARLOC CROUP, INC. All rights reserved. Reprint or reproduction in part or in whole without the publishers' written permission Is strictly forbidden. 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Box 132, Mt. Morris, IL 61054-0132. Printed in U.S.A. EVIL COMES WHEN YOU CALL HIS NAME • J -sa Ew in FAREWELL TO THE FLESH ffiiliiwHHi «iitafiift«ri?ii if life siiiiiii in ^liyiwsBfi jiiiiiii • air THE CANDYMAN RETURNS ON MARCH 17TH B NOTABLE WANDERINGS ryan Brown, noted for the FIX films, will wander into fantasy playing not only himself but an evil twin in The Wanderer. The series, shot in Europe and intended for American syndication, begins in the Middle Ages, focusing on twin brothers with special powers: Adam (Brown) and the evil Zachary (strangely enough, also Brown). The duo are reincarnated in modern times with Zachary chasing Adam around the world, intent on murdering him so that there will be only one. This fantasy adventure seems to be a mixture of The Fugitive. Highlander and, of course, The Patty Duke Show. Genre TV: The Outer Limits revival pre- mieres on Showtime this month, bowing with a two-hour adaptation of George R.R. Mar- tin's The Sand Kings. Beau Bridges stars. USA has renewed both Duckman and Weird Science for 22 more episodes each. Terry & the Pirates, the classic comic strip created by Milton Caniff, returns to newspaper pages this month in a new updated version. Writer/producer Michael {Swamp Thing) Uslan is scripting with artwork by (surprise!) the Brothers Hildebrandt. The revived strip is the precursor to a new syndi- cated, live-action Terry & the Pirates TV series in the works for a splashy debut this fall. The Ma.x.x. Sam Kieth's Image comic book, gets animated for a mini-series appear- ance on MTV's cartoon anthology series, M7V Oddities. The Maxx begins therein this month. It's finally official. RoboCop has been put out to the RoboPasture. The syndicated SF series, despite popularity among fans who appreciated its tongue-in-cheek action and its marked superiority to the second and third RoboCop films, had been suffering from indifferent ratings. Fox has passed on the Amblin Doctor Who. It may show up elsewhere instead. Updates: Not content with having changed the title of the second Highlander sequel three times, its makers did it yet again shortly before release (which was itself delayed more than once). So, the flick didn't Commander Cash and Major Market are out of work. RoboCop: The Series has struck out. end up being called any of the titles which STARLOG referred to it as: Highlander III: The Magician or The Sorcerer or The Final Conflict, but The Final Dimension, without the ///. Confused readers are invited to sign a beheading petition. FILM FANTASY CALENDAR All dates are extremely subject to change. Movies deemed especially tentative are denoted by asterisks. Changes are reported in "Updates." Spring: Oliver & Company (re-release). March: Tank Girl, The Pebble & the Penguin, Tall Tale, Fluke, Hideaway, Can- dyman: Farewell to the Flesh. Hellraiser IV: Bloodline. Dolores Claiborne, The Mangier. Outbreak. April: The Goofy Movie. Dr. Jekyll & Ms. Hyde. May: Congo, Casper, Mortal Kombat, Tales from the Hood. June: Batman Forever, Pocahontas, Species, Judge Dredd, Apollo 13. August: Waterworld. Summer: Mary Reilly, Dragonheart, First Knight, Virtuosity, Johnny Mnemonic. October: Halloween 6. Fall: Loch Ness, Village of the Damned. X-Mas: Goldeneye, Toy Story, All Dogs Go to Heaven II, Mission: Impossible, The Nutty Professor. 1996: The Hunchback of Notre Dame. 1997: Star Wars: Special Edition. Universal's The Mummy is getting a new director who's an old hand at horror: Mick {The Stand) Garris. This updating of the stu- dio's classic Egyptian movie monster — in development since 1990 — was originally going to be directed by Clive Barker (with a script by Garris and Barker), then by Joe Dante (script by Alan Ormsby and John Sayles), then by George Romero. The Garris version may go before the cameras this spring. New Line Cinema is targeting release of their Lost in Space film for 1996. The Village of the Damned remake now debuts this fall. Thanks to budget squabbles, Jan {Speed) de Bont won't be directing TriStar's Godzilla after all. At presstime, the studio was con- templating replacements, with a new director likely to be signed by the time you read this. There's one intriguing name that did surface as a candidate: James Cameron. Genre People: Alec Baldwin is gritty New Orleans detective Dave Rochibeaux in the film version of James Lee Burke's novel Heaven's Prisoners. His alluring co-stars include Kelly Lynch, Mary Stuart Masterson and Teri Hatcher. Genre Films: Add to the list of unneces- sary remakes a truly astounding project: a redo of The Manchurian Candidate. The original 1962 film, directed by John Franken- heimer from the Richard Condon novel, is a real classic. Gale Anne Hurd will produce the movie version of Lucius Shepard's 1987 SF novel Life During Wartime for 20th Century Fox. Phillip {Clear and Present Danger) Noyce is on board to direct this cyberpunk tale of a sol- dier trained in psychic warfare. Movie rights to Ben Bova's recent Death Dream have gone to Delphinus Films. It's a virtual-reality thriller reviewed quite favor- ably in issue #210's Booklog. Stuart Gordon is still developing his SF/comedy/adventure Space Truckers. Den- nis Hopper may star, actually playing a hero. Gordon is not directing Fortress II. Peter Weller hasn't given up on SF. He's starring in Screamers, scripted by Dan O'Bannon from Philip K. Dick's Second Variety. Christian Duguay directs. Looks like Paul Anderson, fresh from turning the phenomenal video game Mortal Kombat into a movie (now due out in May), will next turn his attention to a classic SF novel by Alfred Bester as adapted by screen- writers David {ALIEN) Giler and William {Terminator 2) Wisher. Anderson will direct The Stars My Destination. — David McDonnell Don Bluth Ltd. MGM Inc. PENGUIN ROMANCE Tim Curry voices the bad guy, Drake, in The Pebble and the Penguin, Don Bluth's animated fable due in theaters this month. Here, he's icing up to the lovely Marina (voiced by Annie Golden). APRIL 1995 #213 Business & Editorial Offices: 475 Park Avenue South New York, NY 10016 President/Publisher NORMAN JACOBS Executive vice President RITA EISENSTEIN Associate Publisher MILBURN SMITH V.P./Circulation Director ART SCHULKIN Executive Art Director W.R. MOHALLEY Editor DAVID MCDONNELL Managing Editors MARC BERNARDIN MICHAEL STEWART Special Effects Editor DAVID HUTCHISON Contributing Editors ANTHONY TIMPONE MICHAEL CINCOLD SICRUN WOLFF SAPHIRE Consultants TOM WEAVER KERRY O'QUINN Senior Art Director JIM MCLERNON Art Staff YVONNE JANC EVAN METCALF LUIS RAMOS FREDDY COLLADO West Coast Correspondent MARC SHAPIRO Production Chief PAUL HALLASY Financial Director: Joan Baetz Marketing Director: Frank M. Rosner Circulation Manager: Maria Damiani Assistants: Kim Watson, Debbie Irwin, Dee Erwine, Katharine Repole, Jean E. Krevor, Jose Soto. Correspondents: (LA) Lee Goldberg, Pat Jankiewicz, Jean-Marc & Randy Lofficier, Bill Warren; (NY) David Hirsch, Michael McAvennie, Maureen McTigue, Joe Nazzaro, lan Spelling, Steve Swires, Dan Yakir: (Chicago) Jean Airey, Bill Florence, Kim Howard Johnson; (Boston) Will Murray; (VA) Lynne Stephens; (WA) Kyle Counts, (NM) Craig Chrissinger; (TX) T.w. Knowles ii; (FL) Bill Wilson; (WV) John Sayers; (Canada) =e:er Bioch-Hansen, Mark Phillips; (England) Stan Nicholls; (Inter) George Kochell, Michael Wolff; Cartoon) Kevin Brockschmidt; (Booklog) Scott W. Schumack; (CCorner) Mike Wright. Contributors: Mary Anne Allen, Gillian Anderson, .z ,-rn Baca, CD. Barnes, Bruce Boxleitner, Terry Eromann. Mike Fisher, Howard Green, Linda Harrison, Patd Hawn, Vic Heutschy, Tom Holtkamp, Penny Kenny James D. Kester, Julianne Lee, Paul McGuire, .Lame Michaud, Bob Muleady, Mack Newberry, Tom Ptiiliips W.C. Pope, William Stape, Guy vardaman, Jeff .\3'S- .ason Yungbluth. Cover Photos: Voyager: copyright 1994 Paramount - rc-es- Babylon 5: Copyright 1994 Warner Bros. TV. For Advertising Information: (212) 6S9-2830. FAX (212) 889-7933 Advertising Director: Rita Eisenstein Classified Ads Manager: Tim Clark For Advertising Sales: The Faust Company, l-zsz '.'ac = :- St. suite 101, Torrance ca 90505 ;': ":■;;:- 310)373-8760, Attn: Dick Faust OWN THE EXCLUSIVE SOUVENIR BOOK FROM PATRICK'S TRIUMPHANT 1995 BROADWAY APPEARANCE OF A CHRISTMAS CAROLl . EXTENSIVE BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION • EXCLUSIVE PERSONAL COMMENTARY by Patrick himself • DOZENS OF PHOTOGRAPHS from Patrick's 25-year career • Full-color art, coated paper stock Until now, this 24-page book was available only on Broadway. Now, while supplies last, fans the world over can own this limited edition. 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SL-213 (ea. additional book add $2.00 per) TOTAL AMOUNT NAME ADDRESS CITY . = $. = $. = $ 5.00 STATE ZIP 'J3£ijJJJ£uJ JiJU?jJ2l]3 WPIUURfllE 3: Rebel Farces A-wing Fighter, Y-wing Fighter, B-wing Fighter, Snowspeeder, Rebel Base Hangar, Droids, and Weapons WOILQJIME S: Imperial Farce Inside the Death Star, Weapons, Walkers, Droids, TIE Fighters, Imperial Shuttle, Stormtroopers, Imperial Destroyers — and more! $6.95 VOLUME H: Planet Tatooiae Cantina Creatures, Droids, Jawas, sandcrawlers, Tusken Raiders, Jabba's Palace, Landspeeder, Lightsaber, /lillennium Falcon — and more! Volume )ne is available in two editions: Regular sb. 35 Deluxe ( featuring (aSQjEXEra&KKnX cover) 59.95 STAR WARS The Official Technical Journals Indicate quantity of each being ordered. To cover postage and handling, please add S2.00 (Foreign: S4.00). Canadian residents add 10% sales tax. Vol. 3: The Rebel Forces S6.95 Vol. 2: The Imperial Forces S6.95 Vol. 1 : The Planet Tatooine S6.96 Regular Edition S9.95 Deluxe Edition ^ Method of Payment: 3Cash JCheck DMoney Order ^Discover ^MasterCard HVisa ® Account No. Card Expiration Date: /_ Your Daytime Phone #: (_ _(Mo./Yr.; Print Name As It Appears On Your Card \| Street City State Zip Your Signature Total enclosed: $ Send cash, check or money order to: STARLOG PRESS 475 PARK AVENUE SOUTH NEW YORK, NY 10016 IF YOU DO NOT WANT TO CUT OUT COUPON. WE WILL ACCEPT WRITTEN ORDERS. Please allow 4 to 6 weeks for delivery. FUTURE COPS On the beat in the year 2044, Greg Evigan stars in TekWar, the original TV movie derived from the William Shatner-bylined novels. Evigan (who discusses the subse- quent TekWar TV series on page 44) is ex- cop Jake Cardigan, who has been wrongly accused of murdering his ex-partners and dealing Tek — an electronic mind stimulant so powerful that it renders fantasy and reality indistinguishable. This videocassette edition is priced for rental, but the laserdisc is only S34.98 in CLV. Episodes 49 through 52 of Star Trek: The "Specimen Unknown." a space station is infected with mushrooms that give off a lethal gas. Invading aliens, disintegrator weapons, emotions vs. logic — it's all in "Keeper of the Purple Twilight." Byron Haskin directed "The Hundred Days of the Dragon." with Sidney Blackmer impersonat- ing a dead Presidential candidate. In "Con- trolled Experiment." directed by Leslie Stevens, Barry Morse and Carroll O'Connor are Martians who are puzzled by the popular- ity of homicide on Earth: Grace Lee Whitney co-stars. The senatorial investigation of "O.B.I.T" uncovers an electronic surveil- lance device invented by beings from another world. Ralph Meeker captures an enormous, supposedly extinct lizard-fish in "Tourist Attraction." Outer Limits Collection 4 (S99.95) has a running time of 335 minutes. Next Generation have just beamed in from- Paramount Home Video. In "The Ensigns of Command," Data tries to save a doomed human colony. The crew fights for survival in "Evolution" when a mysterious force over- takes the life support system. Picard discov- ers two lone inhabitants on a war-torn planet in "The Survivors" and must determine if this is a miracle or a mirage. "Who Watches the Watchers" is the story of a primitive culture which mistakes Picard for a god. All episodes are S14.95 each in VHS and Beta. Laserdisc editions contain two episodes and are priced at $34.95 in CLV. Jean-Claude Van Damme polices the past in Peter Hyams' TimeCop, now out on MCA/Universal Home Video in VHS (priced for rental) and laserdisc ($39.98) in both widescreen and pan-and-scan versions. Television: Six additional Outer Limits episodes have entered our dimension as a boxed set from MGM/UA Home Video. In Laserdisc: Tim Burton s The Nightmare Before Christmas has been released in a super deluxe edition packed with a treasure trove of extra goodies. The 76-minute movie is presented in its full theatrical 1 .66 aspect ratio. The CAV version allows leisurely, frame-by-frame examination of the complex stop-motion process by which this film was created; in addition to freeze-frame. watchers can also make use of slow-motion viewing, random frame access, variable speed and scan options. The digital soundtrack shows off composer/performer Danny Elfman's sometimes thundering score to its best, but a separate mono track features continous com- mentary by director Henry Selick and Pete Kozachick. the director of photography, who reveal many of the dazzling production's secrets. And there's still more! You also get the two little-seen theatrical shorts made by Tim (continued on page 69) PARAMOUNT PICTURES PRESENTS THE OFFICIAL THE iSJEXT GEn£nkM+0iil W COLLECTOR'S CHESS SET /j Playing board shown much smaller than actual siz (45.09 cm) Lxi: (45.09 cm) W. x 2 (7.30 cm) H. m mes£ Medals of solid sterling silver accent the handsome chessboard. It's the game of the future. The definitive intergalactic chess set. First of its kind ever to officially honor STAR TREK" THE NEXT GENERATION.™ Authorized and au- thenticated by Paramount Pictures. The ultimate confrontation in space. Pit- ting Picard, Riker and the U.S.S ENTER- PRISE" against their greatest foes. "Q." Ardra the She-Devil. Romulan Commander Sella. The Borg. Even Data's "twin brother," The Franklin Mint Franklin Center, PA 19091-0001 Please enter my order for The Official STAR TREK: THE NEXT GFMFRATION Collector's Chess Set , aphorized and authenticated by Paramount Pictures. I need SEND NO MONEY NOW. I will receive 2 imported playing pieces every other month but will be billed for only one at a time— $37.50 per month — prior tO Shipment. -Plus my state sales tax and St .95 per piece tor shipping and handling. SIGNATURE -_. ; = ; = = = ARE SUBJECT TO ACCEPTANCE COUNSELOR DEANNA TR0I QUEEN CAPTAIN JEAN-LUC PICARD KING the evil android Lore. Thirty-two hand-painted pewter figures, each on its own crystal-clear base. Just $37.50 each. The golden-toned playing board, set with two solid sterling silver metals, at no additional charge. SATISFACTION GUARANTEED If you wish to return any Franklin Mint purchase, you may do so within 30 days of your receipt of that purchase for replacement, credit or refund. Please mail by April 30, 1995. MR/MRS/MISS PLEASE PRINT CLEARLY APT = CITY STATE 7IP TELEPHONE #( I 15671-17-001 TM ® & © 1995 Paramount Pictures. All Rights Reserved. STAR TREK: THE NEXT GENERATION and Related Marks are trademarks of Paramount Pictures. Crystal. Sterling Silver. 24 Karat Gold. CUTTING-EDGE ADVENTURE Sega CD and Genesis players everywhere better look sharp, "cause The Lawnmower Man (S49.99 on the Genesis: STBA on the Sega CD), new from Sales Curve Interactive and dis- tributed exclusively by Time-Warner Interactive, has arrived. For those of you who missed the movie based very loose- ly on Stephen King's short story, the tit- ular Lawnmower Man is Jobe, a simple-minded handyman who sudden- ly attains vast intelligence and powers undreamed of when he is subjected to Dr. Lawrence Angelo's experiments in Virtual Reality. When the government agency "The Shop" intercedes in the experiments, Jobe becomes the psychot- ic Cyberjobe, bent on taking over the world from within its computer networks. In the Sega CD version (which, by the way, carries a Mature Audiences label, un- like the Genesis cart), the vengeful Cyberjobe (with the help of some warped images of the people and friends he remem- bers) has drawn Dr. Angelo, Carla and Peter into the Virtual Reality domain. As Dr. Angelo, it's up to you to rescue your friends and shut down your own creation gone mad. Of course, it's a tough virtual world out there, especially for you. First, in "Cyber Boogie," you must fly through tunnels with- out touching any walls, plus shoot out any snapping jaw doors. Next you'll be "Crackin' the Code," in which you must solve four "odd one out" puzzles in order to continue. From there, choose a "Path to Freedom" with the one circuit board track that won't result in a shocking death, then jump safely from pillar to pillar in "Ledge of Darkness." Provided you pass through the hidden room in "Access Denied," you must then reach the other side of the Vortex Bridge before one of Cyberjobe 's invisible creations pushes you "Into the Void." Upon "Breaking Through" an invisible wall during a cannon battle against a Cyberjobed Father McKeen, sliding through a jaw-snapping entrance will require a "Leap of Faith" from you. Then, "Tune In" to a Virtual Keyboard and repeat what it plays in order to move on. When Cyberbees are added to the mix, you must send them to their doom or be their unfortunate victim in "The Sting." If you're smart enough to "Spin Out" and rotate a cube puzzle properly, you're on your way to "Glory Road," in which you must rescue Peter by reversing the direction in which the conveyor belts are traveling. Just tread carefully: this game can be very unforgiving. Needless to say, the Sega CD version of The Lawnmower Man is far, far better than the half-hearted Genesis cart, which is just plain weak from start to finish. In addition to a better storyline and concept, the disc offers 360-degree cinematic panning, color footage from the film and widescreen interactive video gameplay. It does have its share of dull moments, as you don't interact with the game quite as much as you would think; you sometimes have to just wait for things to The Lawnmower Man revs upon Sega CD, Genesis and Super Nintendo. happen. Regardless, The Lawnmower Man makes the cut, but only on the Sega CD. Lost Crusades: Believe it or not, adven- ture has come up with yet another new name. Actually. West End Games came up with the name, and it's called The World of Indiana Jones (S30). The boxed set is part of MasterBook, West End's master game sys- tem, which allows you to role-play in virtu- ally any game universe with virtually any Live dangerously and tour The World of Indiana Jones. options. Though each WorldBook provides additional information on each of the new fictional settings, every MasterBook world follows the core set of rules set down in this volume. To help facilitate West End's latest con- cept, The World of Indiana Jones offers a 174-page introductory MasterBook. The book breaks down the basic rules and princi- ples of role-playing, and provides detailed chapters on "Character Creation," "Background Generation." "The Rules," "Skills" and Skill Use." "The Card Deck," "Special Effects," "Equipment" and "Gamemastering MasterBook'' The set also includes a 144-page book (called the same name as the boxed set), which intro- duces you to the concept of the game and how it applies to MasterBook. Diehard gamers may want to venture forth and give it a try. Pitfall Perils: If you're seeking adventurers known best during their days with the Atari 2600. you'll be happy to know that Pitfall Harry has returned with a brand new look and a fresh new attitude. Harry Jr. takes up where his father left off in Activision's Pitfall — The Mayan Adventure, for the Sega CD ($59.99), Genesis (S59.99) and the Super Nintendo (S59.99). When the original Pitfall Harry is abducted by the warrior spirit Zakelua. Lord of Evil, Harry Jr. — armed only with Dad's journal and a sling — must journey through numer- ous worlds (each filled with skeletons, spir- its, jaguars, hawks, gargoyles, snakes, a vapor ghost and the like) to rescue him — and to collect some gold coins and Mayan arti- facts along the way. Harry Jr. must first survive the Jungle of Ceiba. an ancient land uninhabited since the 15th century. Use the various surroundings to navigate your way safely through. From there, you're off to the Xibalba Falls, which was named after the demons believed to exist throughout the Mayan civilization. Watch your step: it's a long way down. Your next stop is the Tazamul Mines, a centuries-lost series of caverns filled with an abandoned mine car and tons of barriers to crash into. Provided you make it through, you'll next find yourself in the Lost City of Copan, a 2,000-year-old. decaying exterior filled with traps and enemies galore, before reaching the Copan Temple, a labyrinth that remains a total mystery, since no one has ever made it out successfully. More adventure awaits you — // you and Pitfall Harry survive — including visiting some special bonus worlds. Best of all, though, is Zakelua's time warp, which sends Harry Jr. into a simpler time — namely, that of the original Atari Pitfall'. Collect all valu- ables from the entire original version of this game within 20 minutes, or else. Strangely enough, despite the infinitely limited graph- ics, the original is almost as interesting to play as the updated version. Oh sure. Pitfall — The Mayan Adventure is much slicker-looking (with 2,000 frames of anima- tion, and it does show in many cases), but it's really pretty easy as far as most video games go now. and that's something its pre- decessor wasn't in its heyday. In other words. The Mayan Adventure, despite look- ing great, has its share of Pitfalls. — Michael McAvennie 10 STARLOGMpnY 1995 interstellar Adventure at its grittiest and most realistic! £5 MRP" Four issues, chronicling the third season of DEEP SPACE NINE, the on-going STAR TREK saga! Action-packed with interviews, both with stars and the behind-the-scenes creators, writers, designers and directors. Complete episode synopses, plus giant- size foldout pinups. Dozens of color photos, 68 pages! Relive the Adventures of the First and Second Seasons in These Back Issues! ISSUE #1 Premiere issue — Gold cover! Interviews: Co-creator Rick Berman, makeup wizard Michael Westmore, director David Carson. "Emissary" synopsis. Posters: Colm Meaney, Avery Brooks, Siddig El Fadil, the cast. S10. ISSUE #2 Interviews: Brooks, Nana Visitor, Terry Farrell, Armin Shimerman, El Fadil. Posters: Farrell, Rene Auberjonois, Visitor, Armin Shimerman. $7 ISSUE #3 Interviews: Co-creator Michael Piller, designer Herman Zimmerman, director Paul Lynch. Synopses from "Past Prologue" to "Q-Less." $7 ISSUE #4 All-synopsis issue, completing first season, from "Dax" to "In the Hands of the Prophets." $7 ISSUE #5 Interviews: Meaney, Auberjonois, Cirroc Lofton. Four Synopses. Posters: Visitor, Farrell, Marc Alaimo, El Fadil. $7 ISSUE #6 Ferengi Special! Interviews: Max Grodenchik, Aron Eisenberg, Alaimo. Synopses. Posters: Auberjonois, Shimerman, Wallace Shawn, Daphne Ashbrook. $7 ISSUE #7 All synopsis issue, "Rules of Acquisition" to "Paradise." Posters: Visitor, Auberjonois, El Fadil and the cast. $7 ISSUE #8 Interviews: Writer Fred Rappaport. Synopses. Posters: Meaney, Brooks, Farrell, Shimerman. Available: July. $7 ) & © 1994 Paramount Pictures. All rights reserved. STAR TREK and related marks are trademarks of Paramount Pictures. Starlog authorized user. STAR TREK: DEEP SPACE NINE Please indicate quantity being ordered. 3rd Season Subscription $25 (4 Issues. Note: Issue #9, your first third-season issue, will be sent to you in October 1994) Back issues: Issue #1 $10 Issue #2 $7 Issue #3 $7 Issue #4 $7 Issue #5 $7 Issue #6 $7 Issue #7 $7 Issue #8 $7 POSTAGE & HANDLING for BACK ISSUES 1st magazine: S2. Up to 5: $3. 6 or more: $5. FOREIGN: $4. per magazine. CANADA Canadian residents add 10% tax. ,,_», . . □„„__„.. Send cash, check or money order to: ^thod of Payment. STARLOG PRESS FS£no Tvnfr 475 PARK AVENUE SOUTH JMoney Order nfw YORK NY 10016 ^Discover ^Master Card Ntw YUH ' NY luul ° JVisa Your Daytime Phone #: ( )_ Print Name As It Appears On Your Card Street City State Zip Signature Total enclosed: $_ Account No. Card Expiration Date:, IF YOU DO NOT WANT TO CUT OUT COUPON, WE WILL ACCEPT WRITTEN ORDERS. Please allow 4 to 6 weeks for delivery. . (Mo./Yr.) DISNEY FANTASIES If you can't get enough of the music from Disney's hit animated movies, then Music Behind the Magic: The Musical Artistry of Alan Menken. Howard Ashman & Tim Rice (DSN 60014) is for you. This stunning boxed set contains four CDs (or three cas- Winter Wonders: Although a box-office disappointment. Robert A. Heinlein's The Puppet Masters still produced an intriguing album for Citadel Records (STC 77104). Composer Colin Towns devised a score that mixes contemporary orchestral music with eerie synthesizer motifs to give the parasitic aliens their own musical identity. Meanwhile, over at Full Moon Entertainment. Danny Elfman and Richard Band (profiled in FANGORIA #141 ) joined settes) with several unreleased tracks of songs and underscore from The Little Mermaid. Beauty and the Beast and Aladdin. Many of the songs are early demo versions. A deluxe 60-page book is also included, loaded with information and pro- fusely illustrated. If you can't remember the words to sing along. Disney has also released two book- and-cassette sets in their sing-along series. Beauty and the Beast (60872-4) and The Lion King (6085-4). Each set contains a tape with the original songs from each film and a 28-page illustrated lyric book. Battling it out during the holidays with The Lion King at the box office were two new animated tales. James Horner, once the SF king after Star Trek II and ALIENS, has become Menken's rival as an animated com- poser. His score for The Pagemaster is now out on Arista Records (11019). New Line Cinema's The Swan Princess. with three songs and a score by Lex de Azevedo, is available from Sony's Columbia Records label (66762). Undersea Melodies: The expensive costs involved in producing a single album from an orchestral score recorded in Hollywood had made the prospects of a seaQuest soundtrack doubtful, but Varese Sarabande Records took up the challenge and promises an album out by the time this issue hits the stands. At presstime, the con- tents were not confirmed, though it's likely to contain John Debney's music from the pilot episode and the popular first-season alien encounter adventure. forces to create the quirky score to the even quirkier Shrunken Heads, a superhero adventure about three crime-fighting body- less heads. Elfman 's brother Richard direct- ed the film and plays percussion in the score orchestra. Both Haitian voodoo rhythms and Leonard Bernstein's West Side Story music are shown no mercy by the music men in order to give this film a neat twist. Moonstone Records has released the sound- track (3130) with a cool picture disc of the heads. As video games battle their way to the big screen. Jay Ferguson provided an excit- ing synthesizer rock score to Double Dragon (Milan 73138-35700-2). The sound- track album contains 18 minutes of score and nine songs (of which six were actually used in the film). Meanwhile. Graeme (The Crow) Revell scored Street Fighter, though there's no word yet if any of his material is on the soundtrack album or if there will be a score-only disc. Arnold Schwarzenegger gets pregnant. Now that's a science fiction concept! James Newton Howard delivers the pleasant and gentle orchestral score for Junior (Varese Sarabande VSD-5558). For those interested in hearing the music from Schwarzenegger's hit True Lies, without the heavy synthesiz- ers, check out Hollywood '94 (VSD-5531), also from the same label. Joel McNeely, fresh off The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, conducts the Seattle Symphony Orchestra in a big-sounding version of Brad Fiedefs theme. Also featured on the disc are Jurassic Park. The Shadow and Forrest Gump. This is one of the best-performed compilations of the year, each arrangement ever so faithful to — or even better than — the originals. Horrors. Horrors: Accompanying the lavish visuals created for Man- Shelley's Frankenstein is Patrick Doyle's score (Epic Soundtrax EK 66631 ). Over 65 minutes of his stunningly powerful orchestral work, much of its impact lost in the film's complex sound design, has been powerfully captured on compact disc. On a smaller scale is the composer's music for Exit to Eden (Varese Sarabande VSD-5553). Anne Rice's other film adaptation. Philips Records has a compilation of tunes from Hollywood Nightmares (24252). which includes King Kong and Dr. Jeky/I and Mr. Hyde. John Mauceri conducts the Hollywood Bowl Orchestra. Jungle Rhythms: Closing out 1994 as perhaps his most prolific year, perennial favorite Basil Poledouris (STARLOG #196) adds to his resume his most dynamic work yet for the new live-action remake of Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book (Milan 73138-35711-2). Avoiding the cliches that have haunted other genre scores, the com- poser delivers that romantic, expansive sound not heard since Hollywood's Golden Age. Most of his scores of late have been for more personal film stories, celebrating a sin- ale character instead of an event. Looking carefully at other animated com- petition, The Swan Princess (as well as frog and turtle) emerges as a Columbia Records soundtrack. Imports: Play It Again, a British label, has released the second volume in their series The A to Z of British TV Themes (PLAY 006). The material here is collected mostly from the single recordings released when the programs first aired. Among the rarities found on this album are the stereo version of Barry Gray's theme for Four Feather Falls, a late- 1950s Gerry Anderson Western series, and the theme from the half- hour season of Patrick (The Prisoner) 12 STARLOGMpri/ 1995 toohan's Danger Man. The one-hour n, of course, came to the U.S. as et Agent. A respectable four-minute re-recorded suite of the opening theme and closing song from Red Dwaif appears on Between the L i - : Music from UK Primetime Television ■ PRIMEtime TVPMCD 805). This disc also features several Gray themes culled from the previously released album FAB: Music from the TV Shows by Barry Gray (Silva Screen F1LMCD 124).' Silva Treasury and Silva America, both subsidiaries of Silva Screen Records, have released two new compilations containing Randy Miller, who is currently scoring M.A.N.T./.S.. has an album called Music for Films which contains tracks from And You Thought Your Parents Were Weird!. The Willies and the Mark Hamill thriller Black Magic Woman. His score for Parents was released on the Bay Cities label, but has become rare since the company folded two years ago. Bruce Babcock has a demo called Orchestral Music for Film which contains suites from the TV murder mysteries Father Dowling. Murder. She Wrote and Matlock. There's a private pressing of music from Excalihur (Old World Music 9402). which Magnum Opus Con, Inc. presents Robert A. Heinlein's The Puppet Masters are taking over Citadel Records, all the better to issue Col'm Townes' intriguing score. the best material from their other albums. the Best of Doctor Who Volume 2 (Silva America SIL 1042) features highlights from all of Mark Ayres' soundtrack albums to the serials "Greatest Show in the Galaxy." •'Ghost Light" and "Curse of Fenric." Blade Runner: Synthesizer Soundtracks (Silva Treasury SILVAD 3008) has original tracks from Near Dark (Tangerine Dream) and Deadlock (Richard Gibbs), along with Ayres' re-creation of Vangelis' original seven-and-a-half- minute end title to Blade Runner. This version was only featured on the privately released soundtrack (OWM- 9301) that surfaced early last year, sold out quickly and prompted Atlantic Records to finally release their less-than-satisfying offi- cial soundtrack (82623-2). Silva is planning to release music from Jerome Moross' score to Ray Harryhausen's The Valley of Gwangi on a compilation album of the composer's work. There will also be a second volume of their well- received Classic John Barry series, which will probably follow Epic's release of Barry's own Moviola 2 this spring. Action themes may feature heavily on the compos- er's followup to his hot-selling CD. Fans of Alex North's original score for 2001 (Varese SarabandeVSD-5400) may be tempted to snap up the allegedly "complete" original soundtrack of his legendary score for Cleopatra (Tsunami TSU 1 1 1 1 ), but be warned: The quality of the recording is chaotic. The caliber of the sound jumps from adequate to exceptionally poor. It's an expensive investment at S40. Limited Editions: More composers are mailing out promotional compact discs which contain unreleased material. These albums often show up in used stores. includes Trevor Jones' score and several classical tracks, limited to 2,000 numbered copies. They Keep Coming and Coming: The Energizer Bunny Award goes to Naxos for their seemingly never-ending series of clas- sical music used in films. Cinema Classics 10 (8.551160) features 11 more tracks including Sir Edward Elgar's "Andanta Nobilmente e Semplice from Symphony No. 1" which was used in Greystoke: The Legend ofTarzan. Lord of the Apes, Modest Mussorgsky's "A Night on Bald Mountain" from Fantasia and Sergei Prokofiev's "Troika from Lieutenant Kije," which was heard in Woody Allen's epic comedy Love and Death. Their Marco Polo label is planning to issue a longer version of The House of Frankenstein, based in part on the success of Hans Salter: Music for Frankenstein (8.223477), a fine re-recording of suites from the composer's work on House and Ghost of Frankenstein. Also planned are suites from Son of Frankenstein, The Wolf Man and The Invisible Man Returns. Catalogs Available: Many of the com- panies that specialize in soundtracks now have mail-order catalogs. You can request them from Footlight Records, 113 East 12th Street, New York, NY 10003. (212) 533- 1572; Intrada Records, 1488 Vallejo Street, San Francisco, CA 94109, (415) 776-1333; Screen Archives Entertainment, P.O. Box 34792, Washington, D.C. 20043. (202) 328- 0745: or Super Collector, 16547 Brookhurst Street, Fountain Valley, CA 92708. 1-800- 99-SCI-FI. Tell them STARLOG sent you. And get more shelf space! — David Hirsch Guests AUTHORS Roger Zelazneg Chelsa Quinn Yarbro David Weber Steve White Adrian Paul Bruce McCandless Highlander Astronaut Bruce Boxleitner Bob Springer Babylon 5 Astronaut Dale Midkiff Brand Griffin TimeTrax Engineer/Scientist/Artist Jag Dubin Earendil Spindelilus Beakman's World Scientist - VR Patricia TaUman »• Randg Fennel Star Trek Scientist - AI Spice Williams Ste ^S"vR Star Trek scientist vi< Yvonne Craig Ken Herren Batgirl Ph y sicist Gunnar Hansen Al inderbrink Leatherface ^ e ^ Sherry Messemer Engineer/Scientist And many more of your favorites to be added later Activities Include Banquet Golf Tcxjrnament Casino Might Live Role Playing Computer ©aiming Masquerade Ball Con Suite Picnics Dances Professional Gaming Dealers Room Scholarships Gaming Tournament Softball and much much more ProFe$$ionol Tournament fe^&wUXlX^ Gaming's First Professional Tournament Featuring WOC's "Magic: The Gathering" Killer Deck & Revised Only Deck July 13-16, 1995 Callaway Gardens Resort 1 or More Information Contact: Magnum Opus Con-10 P.O. Box 6585, Athens, OA 30604 fax 706-549-8819 STARLOGMpnY 1995 13 Earthfall by Orson Scott Card (Tor, hard- cover, 352 pp, $22.95) The fourth book of the ■"Homecoming" saga is bleak and troubling. After 40 million years, the human expatriates let by the com- puterized Oversoul return to Earth to pass their feuds to another generation. Hatred still seethes between Nafai, the Oversoul's chief servant, and his brother Elemak. Elemak gets more attention in this volume, and his rage becomes understandable — even pitiable — if no less vile. Nafai's restraint when faced by his brother's evil, including the brutalization of Nafai's son. makes him as infuriating as Elemak. The return to Earth is anti-climactic. The landing happens offstage and the settlers adapt to their new world with ease, though the two new, fascinating intelligences the humans meet are the book's best elements. The mystery of the Keeper of Earth and the idea that humans have been brought back to redress the sins of the past are intriguing, and Orson Scott Card could continue the series into another book, but the ending of this one. implying that hatred and slaughter are inevitable, casts a grim, downbeat pall over the whole enterprise. — Scott W. Schumack Wrath of God by Robert Gleason (HarperPrism, trade paperback, 385 pages, $14.99) Just how much can an author cram into a single book? If you're Robert Gleason, the answer seems to be "How high is up?" Wrath of God is post-holocaust science fiction, alternative history, war story, horror tale, biographical sketches, paleo-biographical realism, Western romance, native American mysticism and apocalyptic adventure all rolled into one mighty page-turner. If Gleason's ambitious new novel had failed in any one of those areas, that ambition would have seemed like hubris, but he makes it all work and brings this salad bar of genres together seamlessly. The action takes place a generation or two after a nuclear war reduces America to widely separate enclaves struggling to pre- serve civilization. The story deals with a great confrontation between good and evil. in the forms of the Citadel, an enclave of Americans in the Arizona desert, and a mod- ern-day Tamerlane, his bloody army and his devilish consort. Legion. All the measures the Americans take against this horde from hell are so improba- ble, it would serve no purpose to mention them here. But as Johnny Carson loved to say, "You buy the premise, you buy the bit." and that's Gleason's narrative gift. He makes you buy the premise, and the bit — dinosaurs. Amelia Earhart, George S. Patton. Stonewall Jackson, an old woman and an eagle and all. In no time, you're whisked away on Gleason's unstoppable freight train of action and excitement. While the book seems choppy in places, with too many short Parts and Chapters, and a little padded with its many front papers, it's a fast, enjoyable read. Gleason was editor on several Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle books (which he insists on telling the reader in a chatty preface better left till the end. or left out altogether), but he really seems to have learned a lot from them (or did they learn a lot from him?). Wrath of God has plenty to entertain readers of almost any taste, and enough raw- material and strong characters for sequels aplenty. It's not for the faint of heart, though. so use judgment. — John Vester Northlight by Deborah Wheeler (DAW. paperback, 352 pp, $4.99) Northlight is a solid adventure tale set in a vaguely medieval world that falters when dealing with the mysteries behind that world. The story starts well with Kardith, a veteran soldier, and her efforts to rescue a comrade lost in the north country where the land of Laurea borders the territories of hostile tribes. Her allies are Terricel, a city-bred scholar and the missing woman's brother, and Etch, an earthy horse-doc- tor. The book is at its best trailing this odd trio through a not-quite- Earthly wilderness, with the political conflicts of Laurea. where Terricel's mother is a leader, and the hints of mysticism an intriguing backdrop to the main story. The further north the searchers ao. the stranger things get. with mixed results. The Norther tribes are interesting, but the fantasy ele- ments — visions, space tunnels and di- mensional doors — seem intrusive. Deborah Wheeler never really explains things like the relationship between Harth and Earth, and the book has an unfinished feel, as if too much has been left to implication. — Scott W. Schumack Primary Inversion by Catherine Asaro (Tor, hardcover, 320 pp, $21.95) The warrior princess of an interstellar empire discovers that the one man she can love, whom she meets by accident, is the crown prince of her enemies and the key to their plot to conquer the galaxy. Contrivances aside. Primary Inversion tran- scends these space opera and romance novel cliches, for Catherine Asaro, a physicist, had done a fine job of rationalizing her scenario through genetics and psionics. and her hard SF speculations are a neat contrast to the plot's-fairy tale aspects. Where the book shines, though, is in its heroine. Sascony Valdoria, cyborg, soldier, telepath and member of a bizarre royal family, is also a sensitive, caring human being, and the first-person narrative excels in depicting her fight with madness and alien- ation while reconciling her tangled roles. Not all of the book works so well. In par- ticular, the Trader heir. Jaibriol, an innocent raised in a sadistic, slavery-based society, is never wholly convincing, but the book is still a good read and a promising debut for Asaro. — Scott W. Schumack A Wizard in Mind by Christopher Stasheff (Tor, hardcover, 224 pp, $19.95) The first book in the "Rogue Wizard" series, a spinoff of the "Warlock" books, is a dull adventure that will only interest Christopher Stasheff's staunchest fans. Magnus Gallowglass, psionic hunk and son of the original warlock, descends on another lost Earth colony to fight tyranny. This time it's the planet Petrarch, in an area roughly equivalent to Renaissance Italy, and the action is more like historical fiction than SF. His partner, a novice mer- chant named Gianni, is slightly more interesting than Magnus, but their adventures are repetitious — in the book's first third, they are beaten and left for dead three times — and flat. The one interesting inci- dent, in which Magnus has amnesia but retains his psi- powers. passes quickly. The presence of other secret agents opposed to Magnus, one of whom Gianni loves, offers possibilities for romance, comedy and excitement, which Stasheff avoids. — Scott W. Schumack 14 ST ARLOG/ April 1995 Northlight Art: Romas/DAW warn we uonacit! EXPERIENCE WE EXCITEMENT! SUBSCRIBE MOW* &&± %<£BS2mg puflff v% .*% • Each exciting issue of STARLOG carries you into' the challenging • science fiction universe. Subscribe today and share the voyage. Enjoy the ' incredible convenience of having STARLOG delivered to your home — -and SAVE MONEY!! -■^si ^\^t I Jonal %nsider new directions New and improved coverage explores the latest news, covers movie and TV previews, . reveals special FX secrets and presents colorful photographs and exciting interviews with actors, writers & directors. * * - 'taker m ONE YEAR SUBSCRIPTION •' ^ -; .. '• -. 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Welcome) R N I M R T I N COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN ■ ANIMATION TECHNOLOGY ■ELECTRONIC IMAGING H R T CARTOONING ■ STORY BOARDING ■ ILLUSTRATION ■ Two-year programs ■ Housing ■ Employment assistance ■ Financial aid to those who qualify CALL TODAY! CLASSES START APRIL 3. (SOO) 275-2470 THE ART INSTITUTE OF PITTSBURGH® S2G PENN AVENUE. PITTSBURGH. Pfl 1S222-3269 The Next "Star Wars" Adventure In that galaxy far, far away — somewhere in time between The Empire Strikes Back and Return oftheJedi — intrigues abound. Soon, the people of Earth will know what really- happened during that period of plotting and pursuit. Soon, we will have the next Star Wars adventure: Shadows of the Empire. As you remember, things were not very happy at the end of The Empire Strikes Back. Han Solo was frozen into a block of carbonite. His semi-trustworthy comrade Lando Calrissian set forth in the Millennium Falcon to find Boba Fett and rescue Han from the clutches of Jabba the Hutt. Princess Leia was suffering — with Luke wounded. Han lost in space and the galactic battle for freedom demanding her greatest efforts. C-3PO and R2- D2 were bickering away as they gave noble aid. And Luke Skywalker. not yet finished with Jedi training, stood before a window of the Rebel Cruiser at the movie's end — struggling with the unbelievable truth hurled by Darth Vader. It was not a time of celebra- tion for any in the Rebel forces, for the Empire was at maximum power. This is how The Empire Strikes Back ends, and this is where the next adventure begins. Shadows of the Empire will not be a theatrical feature, but it will be a multi- media adventure — the first released as a novel, a comics series and various video games at the same time. That time will be early 1996. two years before the release of the next movie — now scheduled for May 1998. Serious vid-jocks will love seeing Shadows on their CRT. It will be cutting-edge tech- nology, built for new video platforms that will be available in 1996. the closest thing to a movie that LucasArts, Lucasfilm's game company, has produced. Very cinematic! The next three Star Wars movies have no titles — yet — but George Lucas is writing the stories. From what I hear, he is bubbling with ideas, while designers on his team are poised to turn those ideas into richly detailed visions. His new movie trilogy will begin years before the time of the original 1977 Star Wars — sub-titled A New Hope. Possibly, near the third movie's end, well see the birth of Luke and Leia Skywalker. but you can be certain that the roles won't be played by Mark Hamill and Carrie Fisher. Shadows will also include all our favorite bad guys — with special emphasis on Jabba the Hutt and Vader the Malevolent. You see, in Shadows. Darth Vader is obsessed with capturing Luke while the young Jedi apprentice is vulnerable, confused and weak. If Luke can ever be turned to the dark side of the Force, now is the time. Vader must find his son quickly in order to eliminate the Emperor's greatest potential enemy. Vader is also involved in another power struggle — a struggle with the interplanetary- crime syndicate, a mob of scum and villainy that the Emperor depends on to do his most nefarious bidding. Like Earth's organized crime families, these galactic thugs are ruthless and powerful. From the Emperor's perspective, they are essential for maintaining his stranglehold. When these bad guys start fighting among themselves, duck! Innocent bystanders get hurt. New characters will be introduced in Shadows of the Empire, along with new planets and new vehicles. It is, in a way, a story that leads up to the next movie. Percolation before the water boils. A drumroll before the full orchestra plays. And Star Wars fever, which has simmered without much heat for several years, is rising. Last fall, about 250 executives from around the world were invited to Skywalker Ranch for a Star Wars Summit — two days of presentations, plans and previews of upcoming things in the Star Wars Universe. These executives are current license-holders, all producing Star Wars products, and they were given insider information about the future. STARLOG publisher Norman Jacobs was there, and he came away very impressed. "It was extremely informative," he told me, "and also extremely entertaining." Think back 20 years (provided that you are old enough to remember), to that time when Star Trek was already gone from NBC. It's hard to believe, but there was a time during which everyone — other than die-hard fans — said Star Trek is dead, Jim. It was during that "low simmer" that Norman and I started STARLOG. struggling to convince people in the business that there were many science fiction fans out there waiting for their own magazine. Star Wars is about to emerge from its "low simmer," and in the next few years, we will see a high-rolling boil as that universe continues to expand. I find myself jealous of all the young boys and girls of our planet who will experience, for the first time, the thrills and the richness of creative detailing in that imaginary galaxy far, far away. — Kerry O'Quinn Ride your computer into orbit with these... -STAR TREK U s e oFTroiiie* Jh e office STAR TREK® and STAR WARS® MOUSE PADS Please indicate quantity of each being ordered. NEXT GENERATION S16.95 Yoda S9.95 STAR TREK Movie S16.95 Millennium Falcon S9.95 Enterprise S16.95 Luke & Leia S9.95 Klingon Bird of Prey S9.95 Death Star Assault S9.95 Darth Vader S9.95 ": cover oostage and handling, add S4.50 ( Foreign: S9 ) per pad. Canadian ;s 3en:s aaa TU% sales tax. Method of Payment: Se-d cash, check or TJCash IXheck QTA'mnr dpp<s«s ^Money Order ^Discover lli PARK AVENUE SOUTH ^MasterCard ^Visa NEW YORK, NY 10016 Account No. Card Expiration Date: / (Mo./Yr.) Your Daytime Phone #: ( )_ Print Name As It Appears In Your Card Street City State Zip Your Signature Total enclosed: $_ IF YOU DO NOT WANT TO CUT OUT COUPON. WE WILL ACCEPT WRITTEN ORDERS. Please allow 4 to 6 weeks for delivery. SF DIRECTORY Assembled by MICHAEL STEWART Please note: Inclusion here does not indicate endorsement of any club or publication by STARLOG. And STARLOG is not respon- sible for information or spelling errors or changes in fees. Always writt first to any organization, including a self-addressed, stamped envelope (SASE) to confirm its continued existence. Attention: Not listed here? It is not our oversight. You haven't sent information to us. Note: This is now a one-time-only (per year) listing. Please write to SF Directory, STARLOG. 475 Park Avenue South. NY. 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New York, NY 10016 STARFLEET EULOGIES ...As a rather jaded Star Trek fan. it should come as no surprise to me when I read letters in STAR- LOG from fans who complain how Rick Berman ind Paramount "have no right" to kill Captain Kirk... and some refuse to see the film because hose "who have no right" have killed their beloved Captain. As fixated as contemporary Star Trek is with the scientific method, it's amazing how easily that type of analysis eludes some fans. As Editor David McDonnell said in issue #211. Captain Kirk is a "fictional character. . .who doesn't live or I e." And yet. many fans insist on applying real- fe characteristics to the Captain. Consider that, ind they forget: Real-life people die. Heroes die. As a devoted fan. I will miss Captain Kirk's enterprises. If he were a real-life friend. I would not "support" his death. But if he did live and ?reathe. I know he would not be the kind of man to grow old in "the old Captain's home." He would deserve to die as he lived. That's what is disappointing about this criti- . i :: As Spock would no doubt suggest, be logi- cal. Star Trek Generations is far from a great film, b could and should have been better. But it does - ■ ide real exploration of Kirk's character, and gives William Shatner the chance to deliver his best performance. And yet some say they "refuse to see the film." That's the type of narrow-mindedness Gene Soddenberry fought against. It's also part of the mentality that makes many fans embarrassed irout being categorized with those who have that inindset. In short, giving all fans a bad name. How tragic that the fictional character of mes T. Kirk has more intelligence, tolerance ±r>d depth of character than some of those who bsv-e followed his adventures so intently. Why is it Star Trek fans so often demonstrate -~r.:n Absurdity in Infinite Combinations? Quinten Eyman Fort Myers. FL - my first letter to your magazine. I have <rer S:jr Trek Generations and my verdict is in: is the third best Star Trek motion picture. . ■ : - .-.a // and VI. In brief, darn good eye and hOBfood. ations is not without shortcomings, "_-:-_gh. Most prevalent is that Dr. Soran is more .- ■" - --_- genuinely evil. There is a. lack of - -; - ; -g doom. The lives of our heroes on the eatened. but face it, they are expend- ! comes down to saving the universe. I ■ove the characters, but as we were reminded in ". "The needs of the many outweigh..." — E . you know the rest. An entire pre-industrial society will be elimi- nated by Soran if our heroes don't do their job. However, we don't even see these people. It would have made the threat more real to have known who they were, to make it feel like a gen- uine, personal loss. It cheapens the plot some, but not to excess. Dr. Crusher has no part in the film, period. She was wasted. Troi and Worf weren't exactly utilized well, either. Maybe we'll see more of them in the future. The film occasionally comes to a screeching halt (what's with that long shot of the Ten-Forward section of the saucer after the thing crash-lands? I mean, it just sits there.) My only other problem is: Why did they destroy the Enterprise-D in the first film? I love the Galaxy-class design and I hope this isn't just a marketing scheme to get us to buy models of the all new Enterprise-E from — hopefully — the next film. Hello! Designers and planners of all future Treks] Are you reading this?! Don't change the ship! Revise it slightly if you must, but if it ain't broke, save us all some money. Negatives aside, I must praise the film where necessary. The Generations title itself, if you notice, goes much farther than the simple NG ref- erence or the appearance of the old series' charac- ters. I don't like the fact that Picard's brother and nephew were killed, but that's real life. Unwelcome surprises always come our way. Picard's dilemma, and his visions of a preferred life while in the Nexus, are very powerful, emo- tion-generating plot devices. Brent Spiner is wonderful. All of his acting abilities are displayed in the film. Data's initial inability to handle the emotion chip, and his grad- ual control and acceptance of emotion, are well done. The Klingons are used sparingly and prop- erly as an aide to Soran rather than being dragged into the story as a pseudo-threat, as in Treks /// and IV. Other pluses involve things which really annoyed me in Next Generation episodes: Riker is kept busy enough to keep him from finding time to strike poses. There is a minimum of technoba- bble in the film. Action replaces talk — amazing concept considering the usual NG "babble-adven- tures." And — hallelujah! — not a single scene takes place in that damn conference room. I know that many who whined and com- plained about Trek VI in previous letters to STAR- ALREADY CONFIRMED: Rene Auberjonois, Armin Shimerman, Marina Sirtis, Majel Barrett Roddenberry, Walter Koenig, Robin Curtis and more to be announced! Cruise the warm, sparkling blue waters of the Caribbean in the company of a dozen actors and behind the scenes personnel from Star Trek, Star Trek: The Next Generation, Deep Space Nine and Voyager. Seatrek is the per- fect combination of sea-going holiday and Trek convention, with a built-in vacation to boot. There's always plenty to do ot our ports- of-call, including beach party with the stars. Seatrek 95 is the sixth voyage organized by Seatrek Enterprises, creators of the original Star Trek cruises. We have payment plans, Trek Partner sharing plan for those travelling alone, charge card approval, discount airfares, Disney packages, and other travel services. For FREE brochure and more information, send an S.A.S.E. business size envelope to: Seotrek 95, 8306 Mills Drive, Box 198, Miami, FL 331 83 or phone 800-326-8735 or (305)388-2890 CRUISE AGAIN WHERE NO FANS HAVE CRUISED BEFORE! JUNE 10-17, 1995 FROM MIAMI TO SAN JUAN, ST. THOMAS & ST. MAARTEN. LOG will not like the violence or the battle scenes in Generations, but you can't please everybody. Heck, whenever I leave a theater I feel that a film somehow could have been better. With this fine Trek though, those feelings were kept to a mini- mum, and there was a goofy grin plastered on my face. Randy Stack 2524 Owen Drive Winston-Salem. NC 27106-4506 O.K., I'LL NEED A BLOOD SAMPLE, A URINE. SAMPLE, AHO FILL OUT THIS INSURANCE FORM 4 LIABILITY WAIVE/?. I'LL SENP THIS STUFF OFF TO THE LAB, RUN A CREPir CHECK, AND WE'LL MEET BACK HERE, OH, SOMETIME NEXT WEEK AFTER I (SET THE TEST RESULTS... fRACULA COPES WITH BLOOD- SUCKING IN THE 90' S ... I just saw Star Trek Generations and I must tell you that it is the worst movie I ever saw. It's bor- ing and lengthy and looks as if they went back for the past seven years and pieced together frag- ments from the series to make this! When I went to see this movie, I was very hopeful it would live From idea to production, it's all yours to create in Industrial Design Technology. Make your ideas a 3-D reality tor movies, museums and manufacturers. CHOOSE ONE LOCATION Z Denver Ft Lauderdale Z Philadelphia G Pittsburgh Seattle City_ State_ . Zip_ THE ART INSTITUTES INTERNATIONAL 300 SIXTH AVE, DPT. 35, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 1-800-525-1000 up to the standards of its predecessors. But it is now proving to be a total flop. And to top it all off. they killed my hero. Captain Kirk! How dare they?! Paramount must do another movie with the originals and bring Jim back to life! His death really hurts the Star Trek mythos and dampens the spirit of Trekkers every- where. He and the gallant original crew are living legends and should be treated with respect. They should sail off into cosmic history as they should have done after Trek VI instead of having such an ignoble death on the silver screen in the hopes of boosting a failing film! John Nicklas Jr. 2318 N. 2nd Street Philadelphia. PA 19133 ...I must comment on Star Trek Generations. On the whole, I enjoyed it tremendously. The balance was excellent, with all the characters having some good moments. James Doohan and Walter Koenig are probably unhappy that their opening scene (meeting Kirk after his orbital skydiving) was cut, but I think it was a good decision. That shot of the champagne bottle hurtling through space was ter- rific! The film couldn't have had a better opening. And it wasn't hurt by the absence of Spock. McCoy. Sulu and Uhura. It would have been awk- ward if they had been absent from the memorial service for Kirk, or if he had spent much time in the 24th century without asking whether Spock was still alive. But as the film was structured, it worked fine without them. I was prepared for the death of Kirk, and as the writers were determined to go that route, they handled it well. I thought the symbolism of hav- ing Picard bury him was beautiful. But I was shocked by the destruction of the Enterprise, and especially by the way it was han- dled. The destruction of the original Enterprise in Star Trek III was profoundly moving and awe- inspiring. This... when the battle section blew up. so much was happening that the audience didn't have time to absorb it. It was great, from an FX point of view, to see the saucer crash-land on a planet. But I'm sure everyone in the theater was assuming it could be repaired, and replacing the battle section would be no big deal. Then we were told, in an almost casual voiceover, that the ship couldn't be salvaged! And the Bridge crew seemed way too philosophical about it. The loss of the Enterprise really dampened the mood of the audience. (I also think it was a mistake to kill off those great villains; Lursa and B'Etor.) I was delighted the film didn't have one of those deafening soundtracks that are currently popular. (The new "digital sound" ruined TimeCop and StarGate for me.) But on the minus side. I'm sorry it didn't have a more memorable score. The first three Trek films had great scores, but since then they've been mediocre. Bring back James Horner! Having made clear I do like Generations. I must voice some serious criticisms, all relating to the script. First: The subplot about Data's emotion chip worked fine. But the motivation for his deci- sion to use it stemmed from his friends' insistence that his dunking Dr. Crusher "wasn't funny." And it was! Everyone in the theater found it hilarious. More seriously, the writers created a continu- ity problem by establishing that Starfleet. in the 23rd century, was aware of the existence of "El Aurian refugees" (who turned out to be Guinan's people). Some of them were even being resettled on Earth. That being the case, it's inconceivable Starfleet would never have asked them who or what had destroyed their home planet. And the El Aurians would have had no reason to be secretive about it. So how come, in Picard s day. Starfleet O THE ART INSTITUTES «TERNATION»l«. had never heard of the Borg? It's hard to understand a person of Guinan's intelligence being so impressed by that "temporal nexus." Its capabilities seemed no better than those of a good Holodeck program (with the admittedly important difference that a person could stay there forever). The explanation of why Soran couldn't take a ship into the Nexus ithat a ship would "break up") doesn't bear close examination. Perhaps a ship small enough to be crewed — under normal cir- cumstances — by one person would break up before it got close enough for the Nexus to pick him up. And admittedly, no sentient crew could be forced to fly into what they would perceive as their deaths. But we saw in Star Trek III that in a pinch, even a ship as large as the original Enterprise could be operated by only four people! In classic Trek, Matt Decker took a comparably sized ship into the maw of the Planet-Eater alone. And Soran wouldn't have needed anything that big. Also, we know "sleeper ships" had existed even centuries earlier: ships large enough to hold sizable crews, all of whom could be in suspended animation while the ships operated on "autopilot" for years! My strongest objection to the plot is the way that temporal nexus worked with Picard and Kirk. To begin with, neither man's fantasy seemed believable. I would expect Picard to fantasize about a reality in which he, not his friend Jack Crusher, had been the first to fall in love with Beverly Howard. And his children by her would have borne a suspicious resemblance to the chil- dren he believed he had fathered in "The Inner Light." As for Kirk, where did this unknown "Antonia" come from? After Paramount had EdwqodScotmds U v, I approved J.M. Dillard's novelization of Star Trek VI, in which Kirk was planning to spend his retirement years with Carol Marcus. Trek writers oould have stuck with that. (I felt sorry for Di ard, having to weasel out of it as best she Mid in the Generations novelization). Moreover, the Nexus seemed to have no con- sistent rules. Guinan's being there to counsel p-.card didn't make sense: nor did her explanation I ■ .-> he and Kirk could leave, but she couldn't. \-.i why did Picard so conveniently find a Kirk relieved he had just arrived? The only "rule" ■cmed to be that the Nexus operated in whatever ■ as handiest for the writers! In closing. I must say that the current season of Deep Space Nine is terrific. My favorite episodes so far have been "The House of Quark" ind "Second Skin." but they've all been superb. \-.i 1 hope the show is in no danger of losing the .-comparable Colm Meaney. His performance in : tl was the best thing in it. Kay Kelly 290 Western Avenue Albany. NY 12203 As one who has seen all six of the Star Trek T.ovies more times than I can count. I feel com- pelled to offer my take on Star Trek Generations. Though it is a fine movie as far as entertainment _ ;-. it misses the element of crew-as-family except in the Kirk/Scotty/Chekov scenes) that — =kes the other movies special. Those films used rhe thread of connection between the main Bridge . IE .. as a resonating point, offering opportunity for reminiscence by long-standing fans, without hHting out the casual viewer. I. felt as 1 watched Generations that the effort . : rade to steer clear of "making just a longer ■ Generation episode" to the point that the B rl itself was practicably audible to those who ould have enjoyed such moments. In addition, ■aa) plot points seemed engineered solely to fill «pace in a less than full-bodied story or simply to rrovide screen time to cast members peripheral to :he main story. Instead of the usual "B" story, we kerned to have a veritable alphabet of story frag- ments. Much of the super-hyped Kirk story was a dis- iroointment to me. When the orbital parachuting . . : railed to appear at the movie's beginning as '- had been led to expect. I continued to wait for it throughout, only to be disappointed. One can only "cpe the footage will be restored to the video release. The empty spaces to either side of the Ci?-.ain were palpable with the absence of Spock and Bones. Most damnably, the James T Kirk of se Nexus was not the man I last saw at the end of Tr.e Undiscovered Country. That Captain Kirk zi clearly learned from his experiences and hegun to work through his bitterness and disillu- :~. The Kirk of the Nexus was a selfish old man -ho had to be cajoled into meeting a challenge i=c "making a difference." On the plus side were the cast and special FX. ays. Patrick Stewart and his castmates -~zi - excellent performances, while Malcolm VcDowell brought a manic intensity to Dr. Soran. The image of the scientist worshipping the afproaching energy ribbon and the spectacular crash oi the Enterprise-D are unforgettable. Eager for any incarnation of Star Trek. I look r-iira to other Next Generation movies. ever, it is my hope that future features will rlish what I most want to experience — to ----- _:-.; life with old friends. Maq Lee Boyance - fest Main Street ----- re. TN 38369 1 a writing in hope that my letter — along 1 _~ ..re. all the other negative mail you regarding Star Trek Generations — will make a difference in the way the producers, direc- tors and writers put together the next movie. I was extremely disappointed in Generations as a whole. It did have some good segments that were enjoyable, but overall I consider this to be the worst of all the movies. I. like many others, have been a fan from the beginning, and I have never considered myself a critical person, especially of Star Trek. I even enjoyed the fifth movie, which got bad reviews. I believe I understood what William Shatner was trying to do with the movie and therefore I really enjoyed it. There were so many downs with the new movie. It was like they just threw something out there for us to watch without any consideration of the storyline. If it hadn't been for some major blunders. I could have overlooked or reasoned through some of the other problems I had with the movie. I think the major one was when Picard agreed to trade places with Geordi if he could beam down to the planet first. Maybe I could see Picard doing this even though, throughout the series, hostage situations were dealt with without giving in to demands. But for Riker to just stand by and let it happen was what got me. From the very start of the series. Riker considered the Captain's safety high on the list of priorities. I consider that moment to be the straw, so to speak. After watching the whole movie and then looking back, I find I had reservations from the very onset of the movie. In "Relics," when Scotty is rescued by the Enterprise, he thinks that Kirk was the one that came to rescue him. But if Scotty was there when Kirk vanished, how could he later think Kirk had come to rescue him? Now, maybe in a future movie Kirk returns to his time... maybe. And on a base that had apparently been under attack, where was security when Data and Geordi were on the station? When Geordi was returned and his VISOR was transmitting images, why wasn't it detected by the Enterprise! Did McDowell's character know of a way to make the signal undetectable? Even if so, why. after the shields were compromised, did they not vary its frequency, like they tried with the Borg? If Picard could pick any time to return from the Nexus, why did he pick such a critical moment? Some of those situations are explainable, but not without reaching. I consider the movie as a whole very poorly put together, with too many discrepancies; no wonder Leonard Nimoy refused to be in it. On a lighter note, I did like the part where they were saving a pre-industrialized world instead of the galaxy or even Earth. I think director David Carson did a great job with what he had to work ANOTHER EXCITING TREKVACATION ADVENTURE PRESENTED BY "The Bermuda Discovery" August 27 - September 3, 1995 • Sailing from Boston to Bermuda S5°5S5 Picture yourself on powdery pink sand beaches; swimming and snorkeling in warm clear tur- quoise waters; discovering the mysteries of a land whose beauty defies description. 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Paramount Pictures is in no way associated with Cruise Trek 95 which is produced by CRUISE TREK and CRUISES CRUISES CRUISES, Inc. Star Trek®, Star Trek: The Next Generation®, Star Trek: Deep Space Nine®, and Star Trek: Voyager® ore registered trademarks owned by Paramount Pictures. No infringement is intended. r^.-S\VWj-UP. ■ f,'£J> :•: -/' &■>.> ^^ '- - s . O W ',* .--^ THE GREATEST STAR TREK® CONVENTION EVER! WILLIAM SHATNER KATE .MULGREW AVERY BROOKS WITH JDNAIHAIU FRAKES • BRBVTSPINER MICHAEL DORN • JOHN de LAIMCIE MARINA SIRTIS'MAJELBARliETT GRACE LEE WHHNEY • NANA VISITOR ROVE AUBERJONQIS • CIRROC LOFTON ARMim SHIMERMAN • GE0R6E TAKEI /.. ANDREW ROBINSON 4 AND MANY, MANY MORE! MARCH 17-18-19, 1995 FRI., SAT., SUN., 1 1am ■ 7 pm DAILY THE PASADENA CKTER 3QD E. GREEN ST., PASADENA, CA. TICKET Si HOTEL INFO OVER 30 GREAT GUESTS ARE EXPECTED--THE NAMES ABOVE ARE JUST GETTING US STARTED! Join 1 5,000 fans at our annual convention that is simply like no other. Advance general admission tickets are S30 Friday, S35 Saturday, S35 Sunday. Full weekend preferred seating (offering a reserved seat in our auditorium come and go) are S185 per, preferred seating per day is S65 each. Both general admission and pre- ferred seats allow you to see all the convention has to offer, preferred seating gives you a reserved seat. Send ticket fees to: CREATION 411 N. CENTRAL AVE. SUITE #300. GLEN- DALE, CA 91203 (please make checks payable to CREATION. Stay overnight at the Holiday Inn Pasadena: call Fran in our offices: (818) 409-0960 to reserve your rooms now (S89 per night). You can also charge tickets by phone through this num- ber . Tickets are also available in advance at local TICKETMASTER OUTLETS'". For airline reservations call Lyndsi at Omega Travel at (800) 969-1020. General admis- sion tickets will be sold at the door for $35 Friday, S40 Satur- day. S40 Sunday. CREATION ENTERTAINMENT with. The problem was the script. Most of us fans have at least one good Star Trek story in us. and I think practically any one of us could have written a much better story. A.J. Edwards P.O. Box 302 Lone Grove. OK 73443 . . .1 am writing to share my personal views on Star Trek Generations. The emotion chip itself both- ered me and several of my friends. I even rewatched "Descent" to understand their point. The chip is not the same in the movie as the one in the show. In "Descent," the chip that Data removed from Lore was tiny, looking like a "C" clip. The chip in the film was much larger with a different shape. In "Descent," Data told Geordi that the chip was damaged and unusable from when he shot Lore with a phaser. So how could it be used in the movie? In "Descent." Data doesn't show much emo- tion. His own brother tells him that he needs to work on his sense of humor. Yet in the film. Data's character is almost ridiculous due to emotions. Granted, some of his lines were funny, but I was nevertheless disappointed in the change in his character. Another thing that bothered me was the con- versation between Data and Dr. Crusher in the Holodeck concerning humor. After seven years of Data interacting with these people, this conversa- tion seemed redundant. The scene of the Klingon ship being destroyed seemed borrowed from Star Trek VI. The slow- motion, the torpedo heading for the ship and the crew staring at the screen as death confronts them, even the actual footage of the ship exploding, all looked the same, except for the actual crew itself. I was bothered by the fact that so many char- acters were killed off in this film, such as the Duras sisters and Picard's relatives. The Duras sisters were viable characters who could have showed up again and again in DS9. Why didn't Picard go back to save his brother and nephew while in the Nexus? After all, Guinan said you can have whatever you desire in the Nexus. Since he grieved for his family since the beginning of the film, I would assume this to be his priority, not Veridian III. What about Veridian III? Wouldn't he be guilty of violating the Prime Directive by time-traveling to save the planet? I know some people who have asked why didn't he go back to save his ship. Obviously, it was because he didn't yet know it was destroyed. Of course, Picard would realize it was destroyed with the planet, but not before. If Guinan has an echo in the Nexus, wouldn't the rest of her people, including Soran? Wouldn't Soran's echo try and stop Picard? For that matter, wouldn't Soran himself, since they entered at the same time? I know Guinan told Picard he could leave, but she never said how. How did he leave? Why would Picard need Guinan's or Kirk's help to stop Soran? He could just keep going back until he got it right. I thought the fight with Soran was ridiculous. Picard kept falling down the hill while Kirk duked it out with Soran. Picard looked ridiculous. Is Kirk dead? I'm not convinced. First. I don't believe he could be killed that easily after all he had been through. Also. I believe if he truly died like that, then it was as senseless as Yar's death. I would expect something more challenging. If Kirk did exist in the Nexus, then wouldn't he and Picard leave an echo behind when they left? These are all future plot ideas to bring Kirk back! I thought the destruction of the Enterprise was lame. The effects were good until they entered the atmosphere. Then, they looked as fake as a Godzilla movie. After seven years of defeating all types of odds and enemies, it was a cheap way for the I70I-D to go out. I thought the slow-motion shots of people flying across the Bridge (on both the 1701-D and the Klingon ship) were pretty stu- pid and unnecessary as well. I am also disappointed in the character of Captain Haniman of the J70I-B. What a moron. How did an officer like that ever convince anyone in Starfleet that he could captain a starship. let alone a flagship? The "Tuesday" bit got old quick. Overall I would rate this film a B-, and I still believe in the rule of evens for Trek films. Craig Mason 41 McCrea Street Fort Edward. NY 12828 ...I saw Star Trek Generations with an audience predominantly of Star Trek fans. At the film's con- clusion, there was a slight smattering of applause while the mostly silent audience made their way hastily to the exits, not bothering with the end credits. The people I was with openly despised this film. My reaction to this film was that, since this was a Star Trek: The Next Generation film, why should anyone be surprised that there was more talk than action? Why should anyone be shocked that this film totally ground to a halt once William Shatner disappeared after the first 10 minutes? This film was completely put together by indi- viduals from the TV series. One of the writers, Brannon Braga. is responsible for some of the worst, most confusing and boring episodes of the last season. Should we be surprised as a result of this that this film reused the tired "spatial anom- aly" plot for the umpteenth time? The death of Captain Kirk. Star Trek's most beloved character, was totally and completely unnecessary. This was obviously executive producer Rick Berman's attempt to kill classic Trek, the only series he had nothing to do with, once and for all. (Writer Braga has boasted that he has never watched an episode of classic Trek.) As a result of the above, we are left with a film that might be better than Star Trek V, but isn't in the same universe as any of the other Trek films. Just a few short words to express my disap- pointment with the replacement of Michael O'Hare by Bruce Boxleitner on Babylon 5. With O'Hare. one not only got the impression of great compassion, but much going on below the surface of his calm exterior. Boxleitner 's Captain Sheridan is nothing more than a pale imitation of Jim Kirk. I sincerely hope that the producers real- ize that this series has taken 10 steps backward and bring Michael O'Hare back to command Babylon 5. Gary Cohen Brooklyn. 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Send cash, check or money order to: STARLOG PRESS 475 PARK AVENUE SOUTH NEW YORK, NY 10016 Method of Payment: 3Cash 3Check aMoneyOrder ^Discover jMaster Card jVisa Account No. Card Expiration Date: / (Mo./Yr.) Your Daytime Phone #: ( ) AT-AT SW520 ! Print Name As It Appears On Your Card Street if City State Zip Your Signature IF YOU DO NOT WANT TO CUT OUT COUPON, WE WILL ACCEPT WRITTEN ORDERS. Please allow 4 to 6 weeks for delivery. J CV^ 1 3 Boxleitner has no difficulty tiering that day in August 1994 le first stepped onto the set of 5 as Captain John Sheridan. "I was up and ready." the veteran actor . ~and all the "suits' came out to watch rst scene. I had lunch with the rr Bros, guys the next day. and they sat nt of me and watched my first es! I was under, the gun. believe that first day. I probably had eight or Bes f dialogue, all very technical, but > jump in and swim. I had 'volun- sr this duty, and there was no back- pite the emotional weight on his ^ during those early shooting days, _.er still felt somewhat like a big kid. ! into an intergalactic candy store with jtful of change. "I walked around grin- e whole day! After the first week. I i ; If, i hope this goes on for a long i haven't had such a challenge in a tou can do anything in this show. It's __s storyline in terms of its situations." eitner was cast as the lead in Babylon ing the departure of its previous ffin g officer, Michael O'Hare. whose n, Jeffrey Sinclair, was transferred off ion. After an- extensive search for a ent, the producers chose Boxleitner in John Sheridan, barely three weeks as were set to roll on the second _ As the former star of such series as k- and Mrs. King and Bring 'Em Boxleitner seemed the perfect play Captain Sheridan, a hero of the rari War now turned reluctant Lie his small-screen alter-ego, the actor i little time to settle into his new role. -.he language was daunting at »e admits. "I had a lot of trouble with the terms, and whipping through > like 'the Earth-Minbari War,' and com- ~s them to memory. I feel very comfort- ish them now. fast, Sheridan was totally bewildered station. This was nor the Starship non—l could hardly say that when I Med! — it was a daunting experience for him to take over this command, and as you'll see, it just gets more and more compli- cated as he tries to deal with it. It's the war- rior vs. the diplomat. "I think Joe [Straczynski, series creator] has figured me out now, and I've figured him out. He has listened to the way I talk, and he's adapting the character more to me. In the beginning, they had this guy Sheridan, but they really didn't have anybody flesh and blood yet. It took a few episodes for them to start adapting him to my personality. That's a very important part of television, no matter what genre you're in. You have to really use the personality of the actor who's playing the piece, and I think Joe's doing that very well." Duty Tours For viewers who haven't yet caught up with the latest season of Babylon 5, Boxleit- ner gives a quick precis of his character: "Basically, Sheridan was born in the mid- western United States, and very much raised in an international setting. His father was a diplomatic envoy, and therefore he got JOE NAZZARO, veteran STARLOG corre- spondent, profiled David Carson in issue #211. around the world and became familiar with the various countries of the Earth Alliance. "He's a guy who has the pioneer spirit, who wanted to go into space. He was a pilot, then a starship crew member, and went up through the ranks. I put together that he was a lower classman to Sinclair. I have a feeling that they knew each other, and I sat down with Joe one day and we talked about it. I said, 'You know, we could have a little back- story in that he sort of admired Sinclair, that he was a younger classmate at the Air Force or Space Academy: whatever, so it's not as if Sheridan is in Sinclair's shadow, but maybe he's coming up after him.' Perhaps Sinclair was a year ahead of him, and then during the Earth-Minbari War, everyone was called into action, and that's when Sheridan showed his stuff. He was a young man and a fighter, an idealistic young officer. "Sheridan has certainly made some ene- mies. That's something I tried to bring in, that there's a slight animosity towards the Min- bari on Sheridan's part, because of losing friends in the war to them. The war doesn't just go away. Certainly, Sheridan's relation- ship with Ambassador Delenn is still chang- ing. She's helping him open up his mind to new possibilities. He has never dealt with the Minbari in that way. That's an interesting relationship which is still developing." According to Boxleitner, those scenes are made believable by Mira Furlan, the award- winning European actress who plays Delenn. the Minbari ambassador. "We had a great scene in one episode where she talks about 'star stuff.' and that we were all from the same atoms, from the same place. You're going to be seeing much more of a relation- ship there. "I think Mira is a wonderful actress. I love to sit and talk with her. Delenn, as everyone can see. is going towards a more human appearance, and now she's going to be for- saken by her own people. Most of the Grey Council think she's a traitor, living out some kind of fantasy. They have their own agenda, and she's still struggling to keep the peace. "Mira is very aware that she's an inspira- tion to many of her countrymen. It's funny how the fictional events here on Babylon 5 have echoes of the contemporary problems that are actually going on with the Bosnians, the Serbs and the Croats. She still grieves for her homeland, and I think some of that comes through in this show. There are many paral- lels to those civil wars underway, and those 28 STARLOGMpr/7 1995 jat will go on in the future. I know we're ng to be seeing much more of Delenn." Boxleitner says viewers will also be see- ■B Sheridan's relationships with Security Taef Garibaldi (Jerry Doyle), Commander • anova (Claudia Christian) and Dr. Franklin : .-.ard Biggs) continue to develop. "Claudia and I already show a certain d of that. Because they've served together re. I think you see a friendship there "cm the get-go. "With Franklin, yes, they occasionally erne into conflict, and Sheridan is very hard r. him sometimes, but that's because he likes im. In 'GROPOS,' Franklin's father. Gen- ri. Franklin, comes on board with 25.000 jround pounders.' That one is pretty incred- :.e. Sheridan sees a lot of himself in Tanklin." Diplomatic immunities As for Andreas Katsulas, who plays Kir the Nam ambassador, and Peter srasik, as Londo the Centauri ambassador, r.tner says both actors can easily steal a :ene from their human co-stars. "When vse two guys get on there, it's a fight for the Hnera: a fight to stay within the scene and cetribute to it. They're both exceptional. "I just did a scene yesterday with L-cireas. and at first, staring into those beady . - ;;-es was a bit strange, but I don't see "e~. anymore. I deal with him as a person, a: Sheridan does, too. They're both terrific, re > ou do have to fight for every frame in a sene with those guys! That makes it fun. "Like Andreas, Peter is one of the most ."•:r.g people on the show. He has such a ■cc.cierful. flamboyant character to play, and teal's marvelous about him is he doesn't try -•.: :rom you. He's so big that you have to ok around him, but he doesn't do it in any Vicious way. as many actors often do. They e-lie\e the whole object is to steal the scene. le plays the scene and it ends up being mien. He's a very talented man; very giving. kH stand there, and when they tell him to home because they need him the next Kjrnins. he'll stand there and do his off- ■nera lines for you anyhow on his own As big game trapper and collector Frank Buck, Boxleitner teamed up with Cindy Morgan and Clyde Kusatsu to Bring 'Em Back Alive on TV. time. He's just one of those types of guys. Almost everybody on the show is." Boxleitner concedes that a great deal of time has passed since he and Jurasik ap- peared together in Disney's ground-breaking SF film TRON. "One day, as we were waiting for an elaborate lighting set-up to be done, we just reminisced about our first days com- ing to Hollywood, what circumstances got us here, and so on. We both came out here around the same time, in the early '70s, and we've seen many things go by. "Look where Londo is going this season; look at this dark side that's emerging, with Morden, who I always call 'the Mob Dude.' He looks like a young Mafia guy — 'You do a favor for us, we'll do a favor for you.' Peter is wonderful. He shows so many colors, so many sides to Londo. I know he's an audi- ence favorite, and when he and G'Kar get going with each other, I just sit back and watch and laugh. Once in a while, I'm actu- ally in the scene with them; remember that!" Boxleitner's career has seen almost as many twists and turns as that of his Babylon 5 counterpart. A native Midwesterner, the would-be actor received his early training on stage. In 1971. he won an understudy role in Status Quo Vadis at Chicago's Goodman Theater, but a week later, the leading man walked out, and Boxleitner took over the role. A year later, he went to Los Angeles, where five lines in an episode of The Mary- Tyler Moore Show earned him his SAG card. He has worked steadily ever since. Besides How the West Was Won, Bring 'Em Back Alive and the long-running Scare- crow and Mrs. King, Boxleitner has appeared in countless TV movies, including Down the STARLOGMnnV 1995 29 Long Hills, East of Eden, Fly Away, Red River, The Town Bully, Gunsmoke V: One Man's Justice, From the Dead of Night and four of the five Gambler telefilms. The actor also has several feature films to his credit, among them The Babe, Kuffs, The Baltimore Bullet and TRON, which revolu- tionized the world of computer-generated FX. Battle Plans Now midway through his first season as Captain Sheridan, Boxleitner is settled com- fortably into his role. "Gosh, there's so much to talk about!" he enthuses, his excitement obvious from the steady torrent of words that continue almost without interruption. "This is probably one of the most pleasurable expe- riences I've had in my entire career. The peo- ple I'm working with make a lot of the difference. This is an excellent production team, and I'm not just saying that for publi- cation; I would say that to anyone. "[Producers] Doug Netter and Joe Straczynski have assembled a good bunch of people here, and I've never seen such enthu- siasm for a project. For most crews, it's just another TV show, but here, everyone has an active enthusiasm. Maybe that's because they're a young group for the most part, and they really like SF. I'm much more used to the old jaded crew hands, where it's just another show, and then they're on to the next one. This bunch generally has an interest. Rarely do you have a crew standing around in the corridor, reading the next couple of scripts just out of enthusiasm, not for 'What do I have to do in the script?' It's a great bunch of people. Jerry, Claudia; I couldn't ask for a better group to work with acting- wise. They welcomed me right in, and helped me out a great deal." ! i. 2flBI iZM ft ^m\-~ i '-- \V __ " y ' fc -- (M 1 Kate Jackson's friendship with agent Lee Stetson (Boxleitner) got them involved in international intrigue weekly as Scare- crow and Mrs. King. Boxleitner has happily shared that same hospitality with the series' guest stars. "It was so great to work with Michael Ansara." he relates of the veteran actor who played a Techno Mage in "The Geometry of Shad- ows." "He was very gracious, and, in fact, we sat down and ran the lines as many times as "Sheridan has certainly made some enemies." he wanted to. We had to use a few cue cards, because he had such long speeches, and I had great empathy for him. "I enjoyed working with Walter Koenig, because he tells the greatest Sfar Trek and William Shatner stories," notes Boxleitner. "It's wonderful to be working with some of these people. We had Jessica Walter, play- ing the Senator on a video screen I was talk- ing to. and Robert Foxworth, who's playing a recurring role as General Hague. I don't think this fazes any of the younger audience. They might not know who some of these people are. but it's great to be working with them. Russ Tamblyn talked about acting in West Side Story, which is what most of the crew knew him from. He sat there and told stories about working on it. I enjoyed working with Walter Koenig, because he tells the greatest Star Trek and William Shatner stories. It's a wonderful bonus for me." Some of the actor's favorite scenes were with Turhan (The Mummy's Tomb) Bey, who appears as the aging Centauri emperor in "The Coming of Shadows." "He sees some- thing in me, and I see a father figure in him, and we have some real heart-to-heart talks about life. He's not like Londo at all. The emperor is a man coming to the end of his life, and reflecting on the past, on his glories and his failures. I become an ear to talk to and help him with that." Of course, Sheridan also has personal problems of his own to deal with. In "Reve- lations." Boxleitner's second episode of the » . . the arrival of Sheridan's sister (Bev- erl\ Leech i forces himself to embrace his . • ieath. It's an episode the actor feels he could do much better now, as opposed to that early in the season. "The episode was almost 15 minutes too long, if you can believe that, so a lot of the story had to be chopped." Boxleitner reveals. "I was very disappointed, because we had many more scenes, and they really flew through it. I wasn't crazy about it, but what can vou do? The underlying thing with the wife. I wasn't happy about doing any of that stuff. I thought it was too soon for that. They were trying to show everything immediately. but I think they needed some more time with that, and I really wasn't given that time. This all happened before they had me, and the script was already in the works." Just in case B5 boosters are worried that Captain Sheridan may be all talk and no action. Boxleitner points to a few recent epi- sodes that handily refute that claim, particu- larly "All Alone in the Night." "It's quite a strange adventure. I'm captured by aliens, and have to fight my way out of their ship. Maybe this was a lesson that the captain shouldn't leave the station! " 'All Alone' was quite an exhausting one for me. I have scars all over my hands right now. because we had a big fight scene with a sword and a lead pipe. My very good friend Marshall Teague. who you'll remember from the very first episode of Babylon 5 ["Infec- tion." the first one shot], comes back as a Nam in this one. and he and Sheridan are thrown together in a Spartacus situation. It was a good one for me. because I really got to do some different things. I get tortured, and the two of us form this bond as prisoners of war. and we eventually do escape. It was shot in this very tight room; very veiny, as if we; were inside the stomach of something. Our 30 STARLOG/ApnV 1995 an director really went out there with this set. Me ■'• ere in it for two or three days, and I just about passed out once from lack of oxygen. "That was an ass-kicking episode, and so - GROPOS," where 20,000 Marines de- Mend on the station, and Garibaldi has got - s hands full, keeping order in the bars and saloons. We had a gigantic brawl, with 150 extras, and for seven days, we were in a mas- sive crowd of olive-drab Marine uniforms. "I think SF is a big place. We can certainly hold our own there." We had troops assembling in the parking lot behind the soundstage. going through drills with our military advisor. It was a fun . jisode." Casualty Reports Until recently, the actor wasn't much of an SF fan. but working in the genre has com- pelled him to check out some of his competi- tion. "This has caused me to watch all of the Star Trek programs," he cites as an example. "I'm not being critical, but 1 think we're up there with them: I don't care what anybody _.j- s. In the heyday of the Western on televi- sion, there were many Westerns, and I think SF is a big place. We can certainly hold our own there. "1 like the characters more on our show. "It's a fight for the camera; a fight tpfjjfl within the scene and contribute to it," says Boxleitner of working with Peter Jurasik (left) and Andreas Katsulas. \ because they're more flawed, more human. I've been watching more of Star Trek off and on. At first. I wasn't a great fan of it; that doesn't mean I hated it. I started watching it. and seeing the whole genre and what was being done on television." Although Boxleitner doesn't pay much attention to critics, there are two opinions he holds in high regard: "I go by what my sons think, and they both love this show. One is 14. and the other one is nine, so they're right at that age that Warner Bros, wants. My old- est was just a baby when I was doing most of my series television, and the youngest one hadn't even come into this world, so they really didn't get to see Dad on a weekly basis on television. "Now, they talk about it in school, and the kids really like it. In fact, my sons came down when we were shooting the second episode. Jim Johnston allowed them to 'direct' a (continued on page 69) "It's a great of people ," raves Boxleitner; who says he was greeted with open arms by the B5 cast. .wf i£^™2 ^ HEROINE Actress, wife, mother & sex symbol, Gillian Anderson is doing it all. ByJULIANNELEE ^ Gillian Anderson. Special Agen Dana Scully of The X-Files, is not your ordinary sex symbo Neither leggy nor busty, she's referred to by some of her fans as , IDDG. which stands for ""Intellectually Drop-Dead Gorgeous." They love her for her mind. These days, the addition of her new daughter. Piper, has put even more layers on Anderson's persona, while adding some fascinating plot twists to The X-Files and decreasing the free hours in her days. "I probably get about five hours' sleep a night, but with the schedule it ends up being pretty crazy," says Anderson. She sounds tired, yet she has a positive attitude. Carrying half of an hour-long weekly series involves 14- to 16-hour days, which leaves little time for her new hus- band and baby. But she's coping. Anderson was married on New Year's Day 1994 to art director Clyde Klotz, whom she met on the set of The X-Files. A month later, she discovered she was preg- nant, much to the surprise of everyone, especially the series' creator and execu- tive producer. Chris Carter. ""Well, he was shocked," Anderson recalls. ""Understandably. I mean, every- body was." Since the show's ratings at the time weren't spectacular, there were many questions about what would be done. '"It was a huge risk. I think, for all of us to just go ahead with it. I don't think Chris was too happy about it." Carter nevertheless stood behind Anderson in her decision to proceed and says. "It was her choice, not mine." Rumors printed in another publication that the Fox Network wanted him to recast the role of Scully took Carter by surprise. He responds, "I can tell you emphatically that that was never something they tried to make me do." Hidden Natures The ways the X-Files creative team worked with the situation ranged from the simple to the inspired. Camera angles were 32 STARLOG/Apn/ 1995 used to hide Anderson's condi- tion and scripts that called for less footage of Agent Scully were written. When her condi- tion became too obvious, the writers reated a plotline in which the X-Files section as closed down and Mulder (David Duchovny) and Scully were separated. When Anderson's due date approached, they filmed an episode in which Scully was kid- napped. "It was pretty rough, but pretty easy at the same time." says Anderson. "There were so many things I couldn't do and the cam- era couldn't do because there were only certain ways they could shoot me. But on the other hand. I think they did a fabulous job with what they had." Quizzed about rewrites, she says. "They don't write scripts until we're just about to shoot them anyway. So they didn't have to do any rew riting. They just basi- cally went ahead as scheduled and wrote the scripts. There were some in which I was kind of in the back- ground and they shot me out for three days." One of the most creative ideas involved a scene shortly after Scully's abduction in which Mulder's imagina- tion got the better of him. He imagined aliens experimenting on Scully and inflating her belly like a balloon. The scene incorporated Anderson's eight- month bulge, her skin stretched tight and looking very much as if it were inflated. I'm not sure whose idea that was." Anderson admits. "'I liked the idea." Carter's reaction is also positive. ""I'm very pleased with the way [the pregnancy] added to the show rather than took away from it." he says. Anderson was two days overdue when daughter Piper Anderson was born by C- section on September 25. 1994. Though Photo: Deborah Feingold Behind every good man is an even better woman. That credo has never been more evident than in Gillian Anderson's case on The X-Files. "[Scully] is more likely to listen to what Mulder [David Duchovny] has to say," Anderson says. But, "Scully's as open as she's going to get." she went into regular labor, the surgery was necessary because the baby wouldn't come out. Despite her extended hospitalization, there was only one episode where Scully was written out. In "3." Mulder was on his own with Scully missing, and became s presence has helped X-FSes emerge from the bottom of barrel to become one of the most crit v acclaimed shows of 1994. involved with a woman who was into vam- pirism. Anderson returned to work 10 days after the surgery, lying in a hospital bed as Scully in a coma. "It was rough." Anderson's voice con- firms her exhaustion. "I was on Tylenol and codeine, but that stopped before I got back to work." There was much concern about how viewers would react to the Scully abduction plot .arc. which is the sort of device rarely used so early in a new series. But fan reac- tion has been positive and ratings have climbed steadily. Relative to the first season, the Nielsen ratings for the second season's first eight episodes were up 53 percent over- all, according to a Fox spokesperson. In some demographic groups. The X-Files ranks #1 in its time slot. Secret Messages The online fans who post on the Internet (examined in STARLOG PLATINUM EDI- TION #4) have been enthusiastic about the birth, sending gifts and making charitable donations in Anderson's name. She appreci- ates the gifts, and has telephoned some thank-yous via an assistant. According to the notes posted on the various computer bulletin boards, even the men say she's just as gorgeous as ever. The sigh of relief at Scully's return in the episode "One Breath" was almost audible across North America. There was even rejoicing among online Australian fans, though the second season episodes won't be aired Down Under until much later. "I think it's wonderful." Anderson notes of the online adoration. "I mean, it has been helping the show and it's wonderful that we have a constant following. I haven't actually logged on myself, but I'm aware of their presence." She doesn't see much of what's posted on the bulletin boards. "Just recently I saw some stuff for the first time. It's pretty amaz- ing how involved it gets." Anderson doesn't JULIANNE LEE, Tennessee-based writer, previewed the X-Files novels in STARLOG PLATINUM EDITION #5. 1993. 1994 Fox Broadcasting Company Photo: Deborah Feingold STARLOG/Apri/ 1995 33 ■ Anderson's perfect attendance record was ruined when her pregnancy became too hard to hide. Now, one little girl named Piper later, Anderson is back on the set. / log onto the Internet because she doesn't want what's said to influence her portrayal of Scully. Lurking on the boards is also time-consuming. "I see myself, if I really got involved, spending hours reading stuff." Anderson says. "But my energy needs to be in other areas right now." She also admits her frus- tration at being unable to read much fan mail any more. "I just haven't had time to read it lately. And I feel guilty about that." Motherhood in itself is tiring, and has taken its toll on Anderson. "Mostly it's the exhaustion and the stress, but 1 wouldn't wish it to be any other way in terms of Piper." Reaction to the baby on the set seems positive. Anderson says. "They were all very happy. There are many family people working on the show and they're all incred- ibly supportive anyway. They felt that I was making the right decision." Piper doesn't seem to be a disturbance on the set. either. "They don't actually get to see her that much. She's in my trailer a lot of the time." A nanny tends to the baby while Anderson is before the camera. The hardest thing for her, she says, is being away from the baby so soon. "That's the time you just want to be with her all the time." Her husband is learning to cope • as well. "He's doing OK. It's a much greater shock for any hus- band. It's easier for the mother because you have all that time to prepare: your body prepares, your mind, your hormones. Men don't really have the preparation for sleep distraction that women do. But he's handling it very well. He loves her to death." Anderson I who previously discussed The X-Files in STARLOG PLATINUM EDITION =2 i is also coping with work- ing and living in Vancouver as opposed to Los Angeles. "I've grown to like it. It was difficult at first because it wasn't home and because I didn't really know Vancouver at all." Her husband is Canadian and Piper will have dual citizenship, so Anderson doesn't see herself leaving Vancouver for good. "We'll be going back and forth after the show ends, whatever year that is." Photo: Deborah Feingold All indications are that The X-Files won't :nd for a long time. The growing momentum r the ratings suggests that people are seeing •omething worth watching Friday nights. Anderson says. "I think it's very timely right now. People are ready for this sort of >how. There are many elements about The X- Files that are appealing. The scripts are really good and they lead people down an interesting path. We have a lot of money to -pend. so the episodes look great, and we tave an incredible crew. They just make it look fantastic and I think people really love the mood that comes across on screen." Unseen Relations Scully's relationship with Mulder is mother big attraction, according to Ander- son. "I think people are intrigued by the rela- tionship between Mulder and Scully and intrigued by the platonic professionalism and the sexual tension at the same time." Confronted with the idea that some view- ers don't actually see the sexual tension between Mulder and Scully. Anderson ^eems puzzled. "I've heard reports from people who have thought that way. too. 1 don't know, maybe it's decreased over time. It used to be there. I think it still is." The relationship has developed over the rust year. "It has changed." Anderson admits, "because of everything that they've been through together. The mutual respect has continued and I think that as Scully sees more, she has developed more of an open mind. As with Mulder, they're both in search of the truth in terms of the cases they're working on at the time." How did Scully learn to open her mind to extreme possibility? "She has seen so much and she's not so quick to tell him he's wrong or that something can't happen. She's more likely to listen to what he has to say and together they find the truth rather than both coming from completely opposite direc- tions." Though surely Scully will never be the believer Mulder is. "Scully's as open as she's going to get. She has a need to go back to finding the scientific and plausible solution behind stuff. And there are always going to be some things she must rely on in terms of her scien- tific background. So that's how she's going to perceive stuff first and foremost." On the subject of the dry humor found in most of the scripts, she says. "It does fluctu- ate. I like it when there's humor, but it's hard to write it in all the time. And sometimes, depending on the subject matter that we're dealing with, it's inappropriate. But I enjoy it when it's there." As an actress. Anderson has no freedom to improvise within the script. "There's a specific formula that seems to work and that they've been writing by for some time. It's basically a given when we get scripts that that's what we do. There isn't really any time to do improvisation or anything." Anderson's appreciation of the quality of writing in The X-Files is clear when she mentions the departure of Glen Morgan and James Wong, the show's most popular writ- ing team (STARLOG #210). "I hate it. I think they're fabulous writers. I'm sure there are many talented writers out there, it's just that they know the show and they're good at what they do." The team has left to produce their own pilot for Fox called Space. Meanwhile. The X-Files is going strong, aainina a followina and aeneratina mer- The reasons why The X-Files has become such a cult hit have not escaped Anderson. "I think people really love the mood that comes across on-screen." chandise sales. Anderson doesn't know how she feels about such things, and chuckles over the idea of a Scully action figure. She doesn't even own an X-Files mug. "I've never actually seen one. What color are they?" Though it's really no surprise she doesn't have one: merchandisers are having trouble filling orders and stores that carry X- products report the stuff sells as quickly as it arrives. With ratings on the rise, enraptured view- ers are no doubt curious what will occur next now that Scully is back in action and the X- Files section has been reinstated. As Chris Carter likes to say. though. "Anything can happen." Excited by the adventure, Robert Duncan McNeill pilots the "Star Trek: Voyager" home. By IAN SPELLING Robert Duncan McNeill never consid- ered himself much of a Trekker. He liked the original shows, which he saw in repeats, but he didn't watch them reli- giously. By the time he guest-starred on The Next Generation, in the fifth season episode "The First Duty." the actor still wasn't much of Trek fan. though he appreciated what the original show and its successor meant to its devotees. Now. as Lieutenant Torn Paris on Star Trek: Voyager, McNeill has become a major part of the Star Trek Universe. Paris is the son of a high-ranking Starfleet officer, who grew up struggling with the pressures of having to live up to the expectations — and the reputations — of his father. As a result. Paris became an excellent pilot, but also de\ eloped a rebellious streak that frequent- ly landed him in trouble. Finally, there was a terrible accident, the details of which have yet to be revealed. Paris lied about it at a Starfleet hearing and was kicked out of Starfleet. not for the accident, but for lying. "He felt that if he told the truth about it. his career would be ruined, his family would hate him and he would be a total failure." says McNeill, sporting his \byager uniform as he sits in a director's chair off to the side of the Voyager Bridge set on the Paramount studio lot. "In reality, if he had told the truth. he probably would have gotten off. but since he made the wrong choice and lied, he got the boot. He flew some transport ships and tankers for a few years and just got really bored. The Maquis offered to let him fly one of their warships and he jumped at it because it was in exciting ship to fly. not because he was politically devoted to any cause. "So. he went to fly this Maquis ship. As you know from the pilot ["Caretaker"'], on his first mission he was captured and jailed. Now. not only did he screw up with Starfleet, but he screwed up with the Maquis, too. Captain Janeway [Kate Mulgrew] gets him out of prison to help the oyager find the Maquis ship, since he has ilown in Maquis space before. When they end up getting lost. Paris becomes the obvi- :■_> choice to fly the ship and try to get them all back home." If much of the plight of Tom Paris sounds familiar, there's a good reason. The charac- ter McNeill played in "The First Duty." Cadet First Class Nicholas Locarno, has a . narkably similar history. Locarno led a t-man Starfleet Academy flying team in a _.d-be spectacular stunt that caused one cadet's death. Rather than take the blame for -J-.e incident. Locarno lied, insisting, despite nounting evidence to the contrary, that the ;ead cadet was at fault. After dealing with a crisis of conscience. Cadet Wesley Crusher (Wil Wheaton), who was on the mission. . revealed the truth and Locarno was jelled from the Academy in disgrace. Apparently, much thought had been I . 1 by Voyager creators/executive produc- ers Rick Berman. Michael Piller and Jeri Taslor to the notion of having McNeill Eprise the Locarno character on Voyager. didn't that happen? "The reason was that they wanted a character with a little -ore colorful background, and they wanted io have it be more open, rather than having him be locked into that accident. Actually. there are several reasons." he notes. "They wanted him to come from a family of high- ranking Starfleet officers and have him screw up left and right. So. there's that pres- sure of living up to his family's history. "They also felt that the way that Locarno came off in that episode didn't really open the door for the character on Voyager. He came off as a bad guy, not a nice guy, and they didn't want this character to be a bad guy. They wanted him to be a basically decent guy who got into a lot of trouble." The Rebel Red Paris' relationships with his fellow crew members are still in their formative stages. The other characters aboard the Voyager include Chakotay (Robert Beltran). Paris' former Maquis commander and now Janeway 's First Officer; the Vulcan Tuvok (Tim Russ). who was a Starfleet spy aboard the Maquis ship: Harry Kim (Garrett Wang), the Ops/Communications Officer: B'Elanna Torres (Roxann Biggs-Dawson). the half- human/half-Klingon Chief Engineer: Neelix (Ethan Phillips), the Talaxian handyman: Kes (Jennifer Lien). Neelix's Ocampa girl friend and assistant; and Doc Zimmerman (Robert Picardo). the ship's holographic doctor. "Paris ends up learning a lesson and making a new friend." McNeill believes that Paris will develop a close friendship with Kim. the recent Starfleet Academy graduate on his very first mission. Paris has begun to take the young, innocent and idealistic Kim under his wing. "Of course," notes McNeill with a laugh. "Tom gets him into a little trouble, but nothing too serious. He treats Harry like a little brother. There was a bit of flirtation between Janeway and Paris in the pilot, but I'm not sure what they're going to do with that idea. There are obvious differences in their characters. Paris is a lady's man and next to flying he probably likes flirting with women more than anything. Sometimes he might treat Janeway like some of the other beginning of the Voyager saga, Paris is an all-around persona non grata. "Not i ne screw up with Starfleet, but he screwed up with the Maquis, too." Despite a career laden with disloyalty and disgrace, Tom Paris steers a strand- ed starship home and Robert Duncan McNeill looks forward to Star Trek: Voyager. women he knows, like an object or a chal- lenge, rather than with the respect that she deserves as captain. That will cause some problems between them. "Chakotay was very committed to the Maquis cause, very committed to doing the right thing for very noble and idealistic rea- sons. That was his mission. With Paris, the important thing was to fly a really cool ship. If the Maquis paid or Starfleet paid. Paris really didn't care. He didn't play political games. So. I don't think that Paris showed Chakotay much respect when he was flying for the Maquis. He didn't take his job seri- ously or the Maquis' commitment to their cause very seriously. He was very selfish. "So. there are those relationships that we have explored a little so far. I'm sure we'll get into the other relationships as we do more shows, and, obviously, we have time for all of that. As far as the cast goes, though, it's a great group. There's not a bad apple in the bunch. I'm having a great time IAN SPELLING, veteran STARLOG corre- spondent, writes the weekly "Inside Trek" column for the New York Times Syndicate. He profiled Kate Mulgrew in issue #212. STARLOG I April 1995 37 "Paris is a ladies' man and next to flying he probably likes flirting with women more than anything else," McNeill says. with everybody and we're all learning about each other, our characters and this show as we go." Thus far into McNeill's Voyager trek, the pilot and five episodes have been filmed. "Tom gets him into a little trouble, but nothing too serious." reveals McNeill of Harry Kim (Garrett Wang). "He treats Harry like a little brother." Although many adventures lie in the future, McNeill agrees to point out memorable moments and detail Paris 's involvement in the early missions. "The first episode after the pilot was 'Parallax.' We run into a strange phenomenon which is like a mirror. It's a reflection of our ship and ourselves. It was a very abstract concept. The Voyager gets stuck in this mirror universe and we have to find our way out of it. Paris just tries to steer the ship out of this mouse trap we've gotten into. So, he gets to call on his flying skills a bit. " 'Time and Again' is a very interesting show. We go to a planet right after some sort of a nuclear-type disaster. We beam down and the planet has been annihilated. On the planet, there are these time fractures that Paris and the Captain step into, taking them back to before the disaster. So, we get an opportunity to prevent it. Of course, pan of the Prime Directive says that we aren't allowed to interfere in events. But here we are, given the opportunity to prevent this whole world from destroying itself. So, we have to choose what to do and figure out how to get back to the ship, too. Along the way, we meet some good guys and some bad guys, and we end up making a difference. Paris starts out as a bit of a grump with a lit- tle boy, but ends up learning a lesson and making a new friend. " 'Phage' is about some aliens we meet who are also terrorists. They steal body parts. They have the technology to beam out of a body whatever organs they might want. Their race has encountered a disease that eats away at their own organs," he continues. "It's a very timely episode, for many rea- sons. They steal Neelix's lungs, and we have to figure out how to get them back and save his life." Veteran Next Generation and Deep Space Nine director David I ivingston was behind the camera for "The Cloud." which features the crew's first experiences with the Voyager's Holodeck. Paris creates a Holodeck sequence that combines memories of his favorite bar back home and his fan- tasies of what he would like it to really be like. "There's also a woman from my past that I wish was around." adds McNeill, laughing. "That's a character who may come back. Actually, that's not the main story of the episode. The main story is that the Captain is trying to be a little more person- able with the crew. She feels that no one considers her to be a friend, that no one wants to talk about anything personal with her because she's the Captain. We also, of course, encounter some horrible force that we've never seen before and we have to fig- ure out how to deal with it. "We're shooting 'Eye of the Needle' right now. That's a story about trying to find our way home. We find a wormhole that might take us there, but it may not be big enough to fit our ship through or even to beam through. So. it's about locating a pos- sible way home and dealing with it probably not being a viable way back. The episode we're shooting next has one of the best scripts I've ever seen. It was so good I had to call Michael Piller and thank him for it. LeVar Burton will be directing it. I can't wait to shoot it." McNeill was bom in Raleigh. North Carolina and lived in and around Washington. D.C. while he was of elemen- tary school age. He and his family relocated to Atlanta. Georgia, when he was 12. He still considers Atlanta his home. Acting entered his life in 1976. when his sixth grade class performed an American history pageant timed to the Bicentennial. "I was a pioneer or something like that, in the background. It was my first time ever on a stage," he remembers. "It was fun and I got to know some people and make a few friends. My mother had been taking my sister to dance classes at a dance studio in our neighbor- hood and there was a little children's theater that ran out of the dance studio. They were having auditions for Munchkins for The Wizard of Oz. My mother asked me if I wanted to do it. I said sure, but I wasn't real- ly that interested. She called and made an appointment for me. "The day of the audition. I said, 'No, no. forget it. I don't want to do it.' She said. 'I made this appointment. They're expecting you and you have to meet your commit- ments. If you don't want to do it after you've 38 ST ARLOG/ April 1995 done the audition, that's OK, but you've made a commitment to do the audition." She made me go and I got the part. I ended up doing it, playing a Munchkin. And that was the beginning." McNeill performed throughout high -chool and was involved in community the- _:er. Upon graduation from high school, he nought fame and glory in New York, where he attended Juilliard for two years. "I moved there never intending to do TV or film, but o do a Broadway show. That was my dream," he recalls. Yet, TV and film roles Reckoned along with stage parts. McNeill >pent two years, from 1984 to 1986, por- traying Charlie Brent on the soap opera All My Children, earning a Daytime Emmy Award nomination in the process. Various "Going to Extremes was one of the first TV series to shoot in a Third World country." ige roles followed, as did a part in the SF film Masters of the Universe. "Masters was i great experience," he enthuses. "It was the novie that would never die. We ended up taking a 10-week shoot and turning it into about six months. Michael Westmore did all the creatures, as he does for us here on %er" he notes. "I actually worked with . lot of the Voyager crew, makeup people, «ardrobe people, some of our grips, on that 6hn. It was a very big science-fiction pro- duction, with lots of creatures and special FX. We had a great company: Frank gella, Courteney Cox, Billy Barty, Jon Cypher and Chelsea Field. We ended up n g very close after that. The film itself could have been better, could have been a lot retter. But we had a great time doing it." Other jobs included the touring version In the episode "Time and Again," Paris and Captain Kathryn Janeway (Kate Mulgrew) are stranded on a time-fractured planet. of the Stephen Sondheim musical Into the Woods, the ABC After-School Special Flower Babies, the off-Broadway show Lucy's Lapses, and several stage shows put on in New York City by Real Play Productions, a recently disbanded theatrical group founded by McNeill and his wife Carol. He also got his wish and ended up on Broadway. "I did the original Broadway production of Six Degrees of Separation, which was great. The show got a lot of acclaim and it was a great experience for me," he says. "I also did Going to Extremes, which was one of the first TV series to shoot Tiovie that would never die," states McNeill (center) of Masters of the "he film could have been better, but we had a great time doing it." in a Third World country. We shot it in Jamaica and it was all about the clash of cul- tures at a foreign medical school. In good ways and bad ways, it was an adventure." Additional credits include a recurring part on the dramatic World War II series Homefront and a role opposite Connie Sellecca on the sitcom Second Chances. The True Blue Two outings of interest to genre fans are, of course, his roles in the "A Message from Charity" episode of The New Twilight Zone and "The First Duty" hour of Next Generation. In "Message," McNeill played a young man from the future who was astrally connected with a woman (Kerry Noonan) who lived during the witch trials in Salem. "That episode was a big hit. Paul Lynch, who directed it, also directed a lot of Star Trek, including 'The First Duty.' That Twilight Zone was my first TV show," notes McNeill. "I had only done theater until then. I was in school at Juilliard at the time and was on my summer break when I did that. I was so happy to do it. It was a really good show. "I remember what was going on in my life when 'The First Duty' came up. I had just come from some meetings with a net- work for a pilot that I really wanted to do. The network had been resistant about giving me the go-ahead. Then, I got this opportuni- ty to do Next Generation. I came into Star Trek very frustrated, very down on the busi- ness and on acting. And it was great. I had a great time. The people — the crew, the actors — were wonderful. The story was (continued on page 72) STAKLOG/April 1995 39 Xtf THIS POST APOCALYPTIC FUTURE, LORX PETTY S THE IRREVERENT HEROINE KITH THE DISTINCTIVE HAIRSTYLE s far as Lori Petty is con- deemed, she is Tank Girl — and she has the bumps and bruises to prove it! The young actress is playing the lead role in a new film based on the British comic book series created by Jamie Hewlett and Alan Martin. Set in a bleak, post-apocalyptic world, the irreverent heroine known as Tank Girl bat- tles the forces of the Department of Water and Power led by Malcolm (Star Trek Generations) McDowell. Although Petty wasn't previously familiar with the comic book, she imme- diately embraced the char- acter. "They sent me the script before I auditioned, and there was a copy of the comic on the first page." says Petty. "As soon as I saw the picture. I knew I was Tank Girl! As soon as I saw it and read it. I had an affini- ty for this wisecracking, sexy, crazy, don't-give-a-shit character's attitude." On location at a huge open pit mine near Tucson, Arizona. Petty is relaxing in her trailer before the night's lensing. Her head is shaved, except for a few braided spikes of hair, and she notes that while she isn't a real-life version of KIM HOWARD JOHNSON, veteran STAR- LOG correspondent, authored Life Before (& After) Monty Python (St. Martin's, $15.95). He profiled Majel Barrett in issue #210. Tank Girl, they have similar attitudes which make her a joy to play. "Every character that I play. I find that person in me." Petty declares. "I never play myself. 1 play an aspect of myself. And everyone has that devil-may-care attitude in By KIM HOWARD JOHNSON them somewhere. So. this part of her. that wisecracking, comedic, don't-care-what-I- say aspect is in me, and I just tap into that. "What's funny is that in real life, I've started talking more like it because of my character! But that can't be helped when you work six days a week, 12 or 14 hours a day as a character. I worked for two weeks straight, and when I woke up one day. I was lying in bed when I realized, 'This is the first day I'm not Tank Girl!' It was weird!" STUNTWOMAN The athletic actress, who also starred in A League of Their Own and Free Willy, has been performing many of her own stunts during filming, including a chase sequence in which her tank goes after a semi-trailer filled with weapons. Tonight. Petty will be climbing onto a semi- trailer as it skids toward the edge of a cliff overlooking a huge pit. "I'm going after the bad guys, and I swing my tank turret around even with their faces." explains Petty. "I say. 'Feeling a little inadequate?' They jump out the other side of the semi, which is filled with the weapons that I'm try- ing to get from them. I jump onto the semi, and I Jet Girl — who is like the Robin to my Batman — says. 'Hit the brakes! There's a big cliff com- ing!' Fine, except there are no brakes! I look and see the cliff's edge, so I jump out of the I cab and unhitch the cab of the semi from this big trailer. The cab goes flying off the cliff, and what we're shooting tonight is me climbing up the trailer before I go over the edge. Every little piece takes a day to shoot!" The entire night's work will only show up on the screen for a few seconds, but it 40 ST ARLOG/ April 1995 quires massive amounts of preparation. Petty says she enjoys doing action sequences herself as long as the unit takes proper safety precautions. "I have a great stunt lady who does the flying-through-the air stuff.'" Petty notes. "I do as much as I feel comfortable with — which is a lot! I've always been athletic, and if I can do it. I will. If I felt really scared. I wouldn't do it. but I have yet to say no!" Petty is particularly proud of the work she did the previous night, in which she hung from the tank cannon's barrel and climbed over to the semi. Stunt coordinator Walter Scott had both the tank and the semi pulled at the same speed to remove some of the risk, but Petty still had to cling to the cannon 12 feet off the ground as it moved alongside the semi. ""That was insane!" she laughs. "But when you see the film, you'll know that there's no way I cheated it. Everyone wi know that / was doing it. and there's no net underneath me or anything. I wasn't afraid of falling, but I was afraid that one of the -amis could cross, or a cable could break, a lire could pop — anything could happen." Fortunately, all the safety preparations paid off. and the footage is dramatic. The actress fears that one reason she's asked to do so many stunts may be that people con- fuse Tank Girl with Lori Petty herself. "The problem is that Tank Girl is a char- acter — people think that's Lori. but that's I Tank Girl. Tank Girl can fly through the air." she laughs. "I can't!" Among the FX Petty has to deal with in Tank Girl are the Rippers, the half-human. lalf-kanaaroo creatures designed by Stan she exclaims. "I'm working with them for the first time tonight. We're together in a lot of the movie, but we haven't gotten to any of it yet." Tank Girl is Petty 's biggest role by far, and the first time she has actually had to carry a film. "In A League of Their Own, I had a leading role, but I co-starred with Geena Davis and Tom Hanks." says Petty. "Tank Girl is just me! It's hard work, and I mean that. I'm in almost every scene, and it's really hard! You get really tired. I've lost about seven pounds, and I didn't need to lose any weight. It's just physically and mentally exhausting! It's like. "Be careful what you wish for. you might get it." " Despite the work and the responsibility, the actress says she isn't intimidated by playing the title character. "That"s what I wanted, what I wished for and that's what got!" Petty laughs. "'I don't think of it in terms of intimidation. I just think of one scene at a time, and I have fun. At the day's end. no matter how grueling it has been, I'm always really happy and pleased. I get to see some dailies, and that really empowers me and makes me feel good, like all the hard work is really going toward something great. Everybody is into it. and we all do our best." Malcolm McDowell portrays Kesslee, Tank Girl's nemesis, but their off-screen relationship is radically different from their STARLOGM/;n7 1995 mon with somebody." she says. "There's no weirdness or alienation. It's like. 'Ya got cramps? Here's a Motrin.' " Although the lead character of this action flick is a woman, as are the director and sev- eral crew members. Petty doesn't want Tank Girl labeled as a feminist picture. "It's a loaded word. It's so stupid, because I would hope everybody's a femi- nist," Petty says. "A feminist is someone who thinks men and women ousht to be because 80 percent of the crew is male! Whatever! We're all just people!" Petty agrees that there aren't enough role models for young girls, and female action heroes are scarce in films today, but notes that Tank Girl is not a typical action movie with a female lead substituting for a male. "We're not taking a macho approach to it at all." says Petty. "It's a real comedic, joy- ful, fun film. It's not so serious. It's a car- toon, with good guys and bad guys. Tank Girl and her humor appealed the most to me about this film. She's just out there, she's free and she does whatever she wants! She can say anything she wants, she can wear anything she wants, her hair can be any color she wants — there "Every woman on the crew has a crush on Malcolm," notes Petty of her co-star, Malcolm McDowell. film roles. "I love him says Petty. "We have m. so much!" all of these scenes together, just me and him. He's the evil, dastardly, horrible villain, and I'm the young wise-cracking heroine. We have this wonderful little dance together. It's very sensual — not sexy, but it's like you can smell him and taste him. Every woman on the crew has a crush on Malcolm!" ACTION HEROINE Another of her strongest supporters is director Rachel (Ghost in the Machine) Talalay. Petty has worked with talents like Penny (A League of Their Own) Marshall and Kathryn (Point Break) Bigelow. and says Talalay can hold her own with the best. "Rachel has real young energy." says Petty. "She's enthusiastic and excited, and knows exactly what she wants. She's immersed in it. she's a Tank Girl encyclope- dia. If you ask her a Tank Girl question, she can give you a million responses. Her enthu- siasm and newness kind of parallels mine, whereas Penny is kind of an established top director and laidback — there are just differ- ent energies there. Rachel's an upstart, and Penny has been there for a while. I've been really lucky to work for both of those ladies. And Kathryn Bigelow was great — she's a painter, and sees things more visually. I've been fortunate to work with real artists, not just guns for hire." Coincidentally. all three directors are female, which Petty says is wonderful. "It's just one more thing that you have in corn- treated equally. That's all feminism is! But. people have these weird connotations. Considering the world's made up of 52 per- cent women, why is it that when there's one rrs a CARTOON WXTH GOOD GUYS AND BAD GUYS "ft woman director and one woman production designer and a woman lead actor, it's a big deal? That doesn't make much sense. are no rules! I love comedy and I haven't really gotten to play it before." Although A League of Their Own is a comedy. Petty points out she didn't have much of a chance to be funny. "If you noticed. I was the butt of the jokes." she says. "I was the straight guy. I saw the movie and I said. 'Excuse me\ I'm the only unfun- ny person in this movie!' But somebody had to be." The actress says she finds Tank Girl's freedom liberating. "It sounds really corny, but in a way, everybody wants to be Tank Girl," says Petty. "Just to be able to say what you want, do what you want, run your own life, have your own tank, go cruising around. She's filled with a lot of joy and humor." Filming on location in the Southwest has been hot and aruelina. and the unit has been m Says Petty, "I had an affinity for this wise-cracking, sexy, crazy, don't-give-a- shit character's attitude." plagued by dust and dirt while shooting at the mine pit near Tucson. "It's just horrible." says Petty. "You're just filthy all day, every day. It's very dry and very hot. I live at the beach when I'm in LA. so I'm not used to all this dryness. We were in White Sands, and it was a record 1 28 degrees one day. One hun- dred and twenty-eight! I mean, it's insane! It's just hot and dry in the summer in the desert. "The night shooting helps with the weather, but when you shoot nights, you don't do anything but work and sleep. If you shoot days, you can always take an hour and go out and do whatever, but when you shoot nights, you can't really go out and do anything. You get home. The stark desert locations of Tank Girl were a challenge for the cast. "It was a record 128 degrees one day. I mean it's insane!" declares Petty. take a bath, go to sleep, get up and go to work. You're just really consumed with one thing. The night shooting helps with the heat, but physiologically, you're meant to sleep at night, and it's hard fighting that. We've been going to work at 4 p.m. and get- ting home at 6 a.m.!" Even though the locations and schedules are rough, it's easy to see that Petty is hav- ing the time of her life, thanks to her Tank Girl alter-ego. "I'm just having so much fun." she says. "When I'm on the tank and squirting people with water guns, and blud- geoning people with apples and oranges and riddling them with machine guns — that's a blast! And then, all of these sick scenes with Malcolm are fun. Everyday it's something different. I'll read about {the scenes] in the script and go. 'OK. that's a stunt girl, stunt m girl, stunt girl,' and then when it comes to the day. they'll say 'OK Lori. now if you did it. we could really see that it's Tank Girl, and it would be really great, and it's always on film, and you'll be so proud of it!' They all make it sound so easy and logical, and then I look back and go. i was hanging off a tank turret, riding next to a semi trailer that was on fire. and you were shooting at me!' " Petty's film career to date has been a joy ride, though she didn't expect to make part of the journey on a tank. "It's all play," says Lori Petty. "What other business could you be in where one year you're surfing in Hawaii, the next year you're pitching in Wrigley Field, and the next you're riding on the top of a tank with a squirt gun. or down in a meat locker frozen in a straitjacket with Malcolm McDowell? I mean, there's nothing bad here — this is all fun!" Yes, ladies and gentlemen, that is not your average action hero under that tres colorful umbrella hat. > 4 i 4 - v ^^B^HSi privat Jake Cardigan. Evigan is stHI * to actio weekly basis. U T £Jat^3MlII8jniiFil££13i s* m After four syndicated outings in TV movies last year, Jake Cardigan, the private eye hero of William Shatner's TekWar novels, has a more regular beat — with a weekly series on the USA Network. Has the character changed over the course of time? "Well, he's getting more pay checks," quips Greg Evigan, the New Jersey- born actor who has recently moved his family to Toronto. Canada to reprise the role. "He's much more relaxed now that he has a steady job," Evigan adds with a grin, then turns serious. "Jake has resolved many things that were haunting him. whether it was elec- tronic chips in his brain, or his son not being with him." Ten weeks into the series' rigorous shoot- ing schedule. Evigan pauses to reflect on the changes that time and television have wrought on both his character and on him- self. "Not knowing what's going on can burn you inside," he observes. "His new problems are weekly problems, created from someone else's problem, not so much from his own. I haven't read all the scripts yet, but I would play it that Jake's former tek addiction is always a threat. He can never touch that stuff again. But he may. You never know. "He's bogged down by this job. because it's a security company. His hands are tied. He does miss the police work. There was going to be a bit in a story that his father was also a cop. I think way back when, he saw a great deal of injustice and things he would like to change. That's probably what drove him to become a cop. Those rewards aren't as huge and as wide as you would like; they're just personal. The audience sees his rewards come on a per-episode basis and they relate to that because it's personal. Of course, now Jake has a job where everything that takes place is a very important issue, but he does have an opportunity in that Jake wants to do things his way. He doesn't want to be answer- ing to. as he puts it. 'the suits." He's definitely a maverick. He wouldn't be a good character if he wasn't. We want to keep seeing what makes Jake Cardigan tick, down inside, so we can't get rid of all his problems." Tek writers The interview moves to the crowded, noisy set of the Cosmos Detective Agency. Despite prodding. Evigan has little to say about what he wants in Jake Cardigan's TV future. "I always like to see the dark side of the character in anything I play." he confides. "Everybody has a dark side. It's how the character overcomes those parts of his per- sonality that I think would be interesting to 44 STARLOGMpnV 1995 see. like the tek problem, or how Jake treats women. What's his problem with women? Why doesn't he have a relationship that lasts longer? Is it his fault, her fault, both their faults, or does he just pick the wrong women? How does he feel about having to kill somebody on the job? What does it really do to him? There's a place for a little humor too. We don't want it to be just straight-out, angry Jake." He leans forward in his chair and, with uncharacteristic seriousness, insists that his reticence stems not from lack of ideas about his character, but from his broad-reaching philosophy of acting. "I'm not the writer," he points out. "Hans [Star Trek: The Next Generation] Beimler is. There's a lot of opportunity to go in many directions with Jake. We're still building him. I'm a team player, but I can't do all the jobs. I don't go and think of things I want. If I want to be the writer too, I'll never get anything done. I can make up anything I want to in my mind. It doesn't mean a damn unless it's on film. Hans and I talk every week. When he shows up with a script, then we have something to talk about. I go to him with what I think could be better in the story, what could enhance it, and not just my character, but whatever I see. I draw on what I have in my own experience to work with it as the scripts go on and then go deeper into what I need to make that work. "I put a lot of time in. I break it down: Why is this person doing this? Why isn't this person doing that? They should be doing this, to lift up the stakes in a scene or a story. And sometimes the writers will say. "He's right," and they'll go back and do it again. For exam- ple, a couple of weeks ago. I told Hans that in a certain scene, we should have a storm knock out the power over the whole city so we're on reserve power. Then, the audience will sense that this destruction is really taking place, instead of us just standing around on screen saying, 'Oh, we have a major prob- lem." There are certain things I don't let Jake do. like something that's against his beliefs. I want to make sure that the scripts don't sacri- fice the character's integrity for the sake of a story. "You can't have the best script every week. There are going to be some weak ones, but / don't want to be weak in those weak scripts. I want exciting stories, things that make actors go. T can't wait to do this!' I can't tell you what they are. though, because I'm not writing it. I've written two screen- plays, but I'm not writing for this job. I'm an actor. If there's something that I feel I need and I can't get it in the script, then I go in and start fleshina the character out." In the future, danger lurks around every corner, and it's up to cyber-sleuths like Jake Cardigan to face it head-on. Greg Evigan reprises his role for TekWar the series. The actor has, in fact, been fleshing out the character for more than a year, since pro- duction began on the first TekWar movie (which he discussed in STARLOG PLAT- INUM EDITION #2). He claims a certain real-life kinship with his ex-cop alter-ego. "I've been around." he maintains. "I grew up in a town that had a lot of trouble. I knew guys who became cops, so I know their men- tality. Growing up, I had some pretty intense experiences that I can draw on. You don't have to have the exact same emotion for it to look like the same emotion. My wife was friends with Dustin Hoffman. She remem- bers a scene when he was sitting there, and he was supposed to be thinking about some- thing. He was supposed to look really stressed out. And he was only thinking that he had to do his laundry that afternoon." Tek Actors Evigan isn't reticent about the strains of working on a weekly series. "We worked 16- hours the other day," he reveals. "I've been in almost every scene. You have to be ready all the time, thinking about where you are in the script. I like to get the lines down two days ahead of time. That way I can be thinking about attitudes and playing the scene. Mean- while, I'm working on the next script too, try- ing to get an idea of what's going to be "I've always been into hi-tech stuff," Evi- gan explains. And a good thing too, since Cardigan interfaces weekly with cyber- jocks like Spaz (Ernie Grunwald). PETER BLOCH-HANSEN, STARLOG's Canadian correspondent, profiled William Shatner in issue #212. ST ARLOG I April 1995 45 "Bill is a happy guy," states Evigan of his boss in both worlds, William Shatner. "He's on a roll, directing, writing, producing." happening, and what I think about that, so I can get my suggestions together about what might be an improvement for the character. So, I'm always working. "I don't really get too tense about it, though. At the right times, I have to work up the tension I need for the scene. I don't like to be thinking about time problems, or about whether we got it on the first take. I get it when I get it. I push all that out of me so I can focus on what I have to do. I've been on sets "Not knowing what's going on can burn 'ou inside." where I've been forced into doing things because of time constraints and had to settle for less. Many times that happens because of the tension. My approach now is that we're going to get it done, so there's no use in get- ting yourself all crazy about something that's going to get done anyway. "If I'm doing a movie, I know the one thing I've got to do: the movie. I know exactly what qualities I want and I have a really good line on how I want to do it most of the time. I work out my thing. I learn everything I have to learn. Then, I go and blow it out. One time. If you act in enough movies, eventually you'll cover the realms of he discloses, "because it was like getting up in front of an audience and performing a lit- tle mini-play every week. And the comedy brings a certain confidence to your work because when you're doing a show and peo- ple actually laugh, you know that it's work- ing. It gives you the confidence now to do a line that might have a little comedy in it." Tek Roles Looking from the future back to the past, Evigan reviews the four TekWar TV movies "The first one," he muses, "stuck with me because it was the first one. The whole thing was brand new, working with Bill, and it had a certain pretty raw texture to it, and an inno- cence almost, that I liked. The second one was great because Jake found his life and family and had an opportunity to deal with those emotions, so there were more 'scenes' in that. Then, there was one which was com- pletely out of the story we had going. We went to England and did a virtual reality thing with swords. It had a lot of action. My favorite one was the last one. though. I really liked it because it was in the jail cell. There were some surrealistic things happening, some interesting things to play, a chance to do a little more acting. I liked the way it felt. That one seemed like it had a lot of fire." Reflecting further on the time he has devoted to bringing Jake Cardigan to life, Evigan addresses the interface between his emotion you would go through in a life. But in a series, it's endless. It's almost like it sucks you dry. We're doing 18 shows from September to April. If we're picked up, we'll do 22 more, so where do you go? How many emotions are there? There are a lot, but many of them are similar, so you just keep trying to make things interesting. You keep trying to bring new things to what you're doing so you don't get stale. Recharging is tough. Mainly I try to stay in shape." Like the first TV movie (previewed in STARLOG #199), the series' premiere i episode was directed by TekWar creator William Shatner. "Nothing had changed." says Evigan of the experience. "We just got right back into it. Bill is a happy guy. He's on a roll, directing, writing, producing. He has a hit movie out. The only change I noticed was that Bill was feeling the time stress. When you're doing a two-hour movie, you're not under the time constraints of a series. He doesn't like you to add a lot. like extra ad- libs, that kind of thing. I'm the Tek Genera- tion. I put in my two cents, always, but Bill has a reason for what he's saying, and he's directing so I try to go with him. I think he wanted to set an example, right off the bat. that we can do this thing quick." Relaxing after the umpteenth take, Evigan reflects on the switch this series represents from his former work in the shows BJ. and the Bear and My Two Dads. "I liked comedy." 46 STARLOGMpnV 1995 own life and Cardigan's future. "Tek," he >ays, "is a technology that has no base in real- ity right now, besides the fact that now we're rooling around with the brain, sending in messages with electrodes and so on. trying to set into the parts of the brain that people don't use. The average person only uses around seven percent of his brain. I think that's where tek wants to go. We've explained :ek as almost a living thing in a capsule that takes this message, whatever it is, into your brain and then comes back out. It's almost like a flipping worm in the tek chip. It's not irtual reality. "The role hasn't really changed me. I haven't been into drugs, but I've always been into hi-tech stuff. I feel sorry for Natalie [Radford], who's playing our new character, Nika, because Natalie has no idea [about computers]. She's supposed to be a cyber- iock, pulling in signals and pictures from the Net and so on and she doesn't even under- hand the lingo. I told her she had better go out and buy a computer, so she'll know what the hell she's talking about behind that com- puter screen at Cosmos. It's easier for me to do this role because I understand all that ituff. It gives me an appreciation for what the future could be. how interesting it could be in 40 years or so. I wish the world was booming like technology and science are. I wish they could just take this technology and feed peo- ple and save animals. You need technologv According to Evigan, Jake Cardigan is "definitely a maverick. He wouldn't be a good character if he wasn't." just to communicate your problems, but it's the individuals who are going to make it hap- pen." Evigan returns to his character, Jake Cardigan. "I can't tell you about a character who's growing every minute and every day." he says. "I can tell you what I would like to see. I want exciting, mind-boggling, chal- lenging, frustrating experiences for Jake to go through. Things that get him pissed off. things that make him cry. Whatever happens on the outside, when it comes to success and what's going to happen to the show, that's all going to happen on its own. I can't do any- thing about that part of it. We'll see how it turns out. I'm not the kind of guy who likes to think about the future. I just go to work and do my thing the best I can." Can Greg Evigan reveal any special secrets about Jake? He grins as a wicked gleam comes into his eye. "There's this new underwear that comes out." he says conspira- torially. "virtual underwear. You know, when you see Jake smile and you have no idea why? Well, it's his new underwear, baby." is "I want exciting, mind-boggling, challeng- ing, frustrating experiences for Jake to go through," offers Evigan. STARLOG/Apn'/ 1995 As the pioneering medicine woman of "Earth 2," Jessica Steen keeps secrets while saving lives. By CRAIG W. CHRISSINCER Look beneath the skin of Dr. Julia Heller of Earth 2 and you'll find a complex human being. She's someone strug- gling to juggle her duties as a medical pro- fessional on a frontier world with her forced obligations as an uneasy government liai- son — i.e. spy — for the Council, the ruling body of the TV show's space stations orbit- ing the original, nearly dead Earth. For Canadian-born actress Jessica Steen, it's a meaty but unexpected duality for her charac- ter after a foggy beginning. CRAIG W. CHRISS/NGER, veteran STAR- LOG correspondent, profiled John Gegen- huher in issue #212. "Initially, I approached Julia with great confidence about who she was," says Steen. "She was involved with Dr. Vasquez. who developed the theory for the Syndrome, which affects children on the space stations. "But then it got foggy because they took the whole Vasquez issue out. I wondered if Vasquez was still part of it. Why wasn't he on the advance ship with me? In an early script, we got a recorded message from Vasquez aboard the colony ship and his wife was standing beside him. Without him. it got murky as to why I had given up my life on a space station, and said goodbye to everyone and all the professional perks of being a doc- tor to go on this massive, endless journey. I wasn't really sure what my responses were to everything that we dealt with in the first few episodes, because we didn't have a his- tory. It felt like it was just skating, because I really didn't have the grounding that I prefer when I'm working." The revelation that Dr. Heller was an unwilling agent for the government is a wel- come aspect of the character, helping flesh her out for Steen. "It became a much fuller picture. The fact that I was a liaison for the Council is a bigger job than just being a doc- tor. Once I got something to sink my teeth into and my characterization became fuller, I felt more confident. It certainly made me worry about the first bunch of episodes. 48 SJAKLOG/April 1995 because I wondered whether things I had done during them reflected this coming rev- elation. Maybe it shouldn't, but having it come out of nowhere kind of made me frightened. How prepared was I to be a spy before I left? I wondered if I was a bad guy or just a good guy caught in a bad situation. Are my intentions honorable or am I truly nasty?" Government Agent In Earth 2, the original Earth can barely sustain human life, and most people live instead on crowded space stations. When Devon Adair's (Debrah Farentino) son Ulysses becomes afflicted with the Syndrome — believed to be caused by the stations' sterile environment — Devon orga- nizes a group of colonists to settle on a planet 22 light years away. Opposed to the mission, the Council plants a bomb aboard the advance ship when red tape can no longer delay it. The ship crash-lands on G- 889. where Julia reports back to the Council on the group's activities and contacts with the native life forms, especially the mysteri- ous Terrians. Despite being a government agent, the doctor isn't privy to all of the Council's deci- sions, actions and knowledge. "If I'm a bad guy, then I should be savvy to many of the things the Council has been doing, but the way it has been described to me is that I was not supposed to be on the advance ship, but on the colony ship. All of these things are coming as new information to me, like the penal colonists, their knowledge of the Terrians and the bomb. Of course. I'm resentful toward the Council. They casually sent me off with no regard for my life. The fact that I'm not privy to all this information means Julia comes from a more innocent place and her intentions can be honorable. Suddenly. Julia is being asked to do these things on the planet by Citizen Reilly that go way beyond her duties. "Obviously, if I had known about the bomb. I would have to be some kind of kamikaze idiot not to have wormed my way off of the advance ship. And then I should have known more about the Terrians. because as Reilly said, 'We've known for years that the Terrians possess a quality that keeps the planet alive." There are definitely details that they've known that they haven't told us. If I had been a very valuable spy. I'm sure they would have valued my life more and kept me informed." In a unique twist, it is through Julia that most of the Council's knowledge and motives concerning Earth 2 are revealed. "A lot of the notion of the state of the Council comes from my conversations with Reilly," she states. "In 'Redemption,' we find out the Council is testing five planets for resettle- ment and this planet is the most promising candidate. They've given Devon years of red tape to deter her. but primarily they didn't want the general population to know this planet existed, and was so promising and so similar to Earth, because then there would be a mass exodus. That's why they tried to bury it in red tape and put Commissioner Blalock in charge of it. As Reilly tells me, Blalock went too far. He was a loose cannon and was put out to pasture. I guess Blalock planted the bomb because he didn't want to report back to the Council that he hadn't done his job. They don't want anyone on G-889. They have their whole plan set up and running, and they don't want interference from the Eden Project. "It turns out that their way of testing is to jettison prisoners — criminals like Gaal [Tim Curry] — from the space stations onto the planet. These people are doing the legwork for the Council. The Zeds, which came into play in 'Redemption,' are sent out to collect "They've developed this relationship, and it's not an easy or a comfortable one," says Steen of the bond between Julia and Alonzo Solace (Antonio Sabato Jr.). information from the penal colonists and 'thin' out their numbers. The Zeds have been jettisoned here as well because they're super android soldiers who have gotten out of hand. So, they've sent a bunch of slightly over-the-edge folks to do the legwork on the planet, play guinea pig. and see how it is for all of us." Despite her obligations to the Council. Julia considers her Hippocratic Oath her pri- mary concern in all actions. When Reilly asks her to harvest a gland from Ulysses Adair's brain because he's beginning to exhibit Terrian traits in "Church of Morgan," she protects Devon's son by telling a lie. "My job is doctor first and liaison second. I've told Reilly that and I've put myself in front of danger rather than put Uly at risk. This whole expedition is because of this tiny, sick boy. He gets healed by the Terrians, and I'm suddenly supposed to sacrifice him to find out how he's connected to our survival on the planet. It's a really tough decision. "In 'The Enemy Within." she tries to make Morgan Martin [John Gegenhuber] privy to the whole thing. She thinks she can convince him to be on her side and to explain to the government that we cannot just take the planet and control it. The Terrians are very important — it's beyond government. It's not ethereal or the second coming, but it is so out of our hands. It just seemed to Julia to be such a monumental discovery and an Photo: Peter lovino/Copyright 1994 Amblin Universal Television ST ARLOG/ April 1995 49 environmental miracle. If she can just con- vince Morgan and they go together to the Council, this company man should be able to explain what I alone could not. But he won't go for it, so I deal with him." Crash Survivor Her actions have repercussions on rela- tionships with other survivors. In fact. Dr. Heller is expelled from the group, and the only one who will go after her is pilot Alonzo Solace (Antonio Sabato Jr.) — a rela- tionship begun in "Water" as he begins to recover use of his broken leg. "He has picked up enough of her intentions from their interactions that it's worth it for him to get her," she reveals. "We've definitely developed a rapport, and it's also a lot of Trust is a dangerous thing on Earth 2. Dr. Julia Heller has earned the trust of Devon Adair (Debrah Farentino). Only Jessica Steen knows if her character will betray it. instinct on his part. The doctor part of me has shown through the most to him, so to him, I'm a doctor first and a spy second. Warrior Pilot Pondering her first venture into science fiction, the 1986-7 syndicated attempt at interactive TV, Captain Power and the Soldiers of the Future, Jessica Steen remembers being upset by the show's built- in merchandising aspects. "It seemed that there was so much negativity and anger, and the future was post-apocalyptic. My involvement was political and an agent/casting director thing. I wasn't happy about it, but I learned a lot, made some good friends, and had a good time with that group. "I'm almost tempted to go back and look at all the tapes of the episodes. We went through all these stories, and I often was sitting in the cockpit as Pilot. There were all these buttons and levers. I was thinking, 'What does this stuff do?' And they would put all these words together that looked like they had gone through a big, fat dictionary of long words. I wasn't fully savvy to the work or the concept. I would go, 'Beep, beep. Oh, beep.' and then take out my proton spanner, which was a Black & Decker screwdriver. I just shook it over here and it would do all sorts of stuff. I was "They've developed this relationship, and it's not an easy or a comfortable one. She's very uneasy about the way it comes about, and it's very unnatural to her. Because he's the injured party in the crash landing, she has to deal with him a lot. His leg has become a nightmare. I came up with leg braces, then physical therapy and trying dif- ferent pills like plasma DNA to build up his strength. He isn't the kind of guy that Julia would be drawn to on the space stations. They just wouldn't have hooked up because they're not of the same clique. She tries to keep everything under control and has a very good understanding of who she is; he's much more raw. He's just going by the seat of his pants, and is very confident and macho. When he speaks to her or calls her on things, that catches her off-guard. She's drawn to him because he's sq much easier with himself than she is. That's very intriguing." On the other hand. Julia has no natural rapport with Devon at the mission's beginning, having to earn her respect as a medical profes- sional. "In the pilot, there's resent- ment on Devon's part simply because I'm the one who's there, I have little experience and I'm not the person she wanted. And Julia doesn't like the disrespect. She says, T am capable of doing this job and you are immediately assuming I'm unquali- fied.' There's a level of respect where we are now and it's a healthy relationship, which is why this whole government spy bit blows Devon away. After all the time she has spent building up her confidence in Julia, this comes out of left field. It's important to Debrah and me that it's established that we have this respect now and we're a team in the care of Uly. "This whole spy thing has made it very difficult for Julia to keep her loyalties clear and execute the job that she must do because of an ultimatum. Julia's redemption is important. By the end of 'Redemption.' Devon says. 'And we're glad to have her,' and I'm back in good graces." Julia Heller may have little practical experience as a doctor, but she does have one advantage over others training in the field — thinking. 'Oh, come on.' You have to suspend your disbelief when you do science fiction. You really have to believe what you're doing." The series had its many fans. "In the let- ters we got. people remarked that we had put a lot of thought into how this all came about, what our roles were and how the "I knew from the beginning that I was going to die," says Jessica Steen of Captain Power. she has been genetically engineered to be predisposed toward the medical sciences. "Much of her genetic enhancement at this point is instinct," Steen remarks. "I have the information, but I don't have the tools or the knowledge of the local flora and fauna. It's helpful, but now I have to take whatever I know and try to make it practical. "I can see that the genetic enhancement would have been a way to determine success — you would have a focus, a profession and an income determined. It set her at an advan- tage over others, and it became something she got a lot of flak about and people even resented. She's driven to prove herself to be a good doctor despite this unfair advantage." Pioneer Medico Julia soon proves herself to be skilled as a physician on a brave new frontier. "Her confidence is based on the Vasquez issue, because she initially would have worked hand-in-hand with him. The fact that the real doctor Devon has been working with all along isn't there does put pressure on Julia. It's almost like being the understudy. Although you may know the lines, be well prepared and have gone through rehearsals, you're still on shaky ground. "When I see the Terrians. I'm at square one with them. Reilly says we've known about them for years, but nobody told me. When the Koba zaps Morgan and he has lost his heartbeat. I'm just stupefied. I don't know that the Grendlers' saliva will become the answer to the plague that we encounter from other landing survivors, or that the Terrians can walk into a tent with a handful of soil, drop it on Uly and he gets better. It's (continued on page 70) Soldiers of the Future operated. And I've had people come up to me out of the blue and say, 'Wow. we were the biggest fans." I was surprised because to me. it was all rub- ber rocks and stuff. "The mail taught me that people see things that I might not. There would be whole frat houses that wrote in. 1 thought. "Get a life. guys. Aren't you supposed to be playing football or something?" I didn't realize what they were seeing because I never really watched the shows with any focus. It was only from my bad-sport position that I saw it. I'm not belittling the people who watched because they saw things in it that I didn't see. It's my job to find those things because you have to value everything in which you involve yourself." Looking for the good in Captain Power. the Toronto native remembers the actors with whom she worked. "Tim Dunigan. who was Captain Power, was a great guy." she remarks. "We had so much fun because there we would be. sitting in these ridiculous suits. We were all in spandex and high leather boots and gloves, and we were very sort of Power Rangerish. We would spend hours and hours on set just boiling hot or freezing cold in our suits, and we had a howl lauahina at all the situations we Dr. Julia Heller was genetically engineered to be medically proficient. "She's driven to prove herself to be a good doctor despite tl unfair advantage." found ourselves in. We had a great time. When we would power on. I would go from my fatigues, which were pretty cool, and suddenly I would have these huge conical gold boobs that came out of nowhere. I was asking. 'What happens when I power on? I seem to have become this robust gal.' "We did a fair amount of stuntwork with a lot of squibs and explosions. The computer-generated images were very diffi- cult. We had to do a lot of blue screen stuff. Peter McNeill was Hawk and he would have to spend days strapped up and flying around in his suit. He was dangling from the ceiling for hours in front of this blue screen. It was painful to watch. And Sven Ole-Thorsen [as Tank] was dressed in this huge costume just like a tank. He was hilar- ious, but he could barely move. And we always had to react to these nasty metallic birds of Lord Dread's. They would fly around, wreaking havoc on us while we stood there, fearful of a little tape "x" on a grip's stand. We would cringe and have to freeze. It was hilarious." At the series' end. Jennifer "Pilot" Chase was killed off. While fans were upset. Steen was steeled for the event during her whole Captain Power tenure. "I knew from the beginning that I was going to die. and I was ready," she says. "When I signed on, I said that if I was going to do this series. I wanted to be killed off at the first season's end. and they agreed. I didn't want a commitment for five years, so it was according to plan. It's just that the toys didn't sell at Christmas and that was the show's end, too. I was prepared for the death, and I liked the way it happened. It was very touching and heroic how Pilot runs back in and saves the whole base camp. People were upset by it because I was the only regular actor on the show who was female." After leaving Captain Power, Steen had a co-starring role as Linda in Homefront. Most people know her from that critically acclaimed drama series, but she occasionally still runs into a Captain Power fan. "I gave all my toys away just this past year. I had a whole pile of stuff and I was moving. I saved a couple of my action figures. That was always a hoot to me because, of course, they went with the silver and big gold boobs version of Pilot. The show comes up at the weirdest times. You just never knew what people thought since Captain Power was syndicated and it wasn't a huge hit." — Craig W. Chrissinger / As Christopher Daniel Barnes rushes into Hugo's, a trendy West Los Angeles eatery, one can't help but notice his resemblance to Peter Parker, the college student who secretly fights crime as Spider-Man. For one thing, he's late! But maybe that's a trait he picked up while voic- ing the Marvel hero in 65 episodes of Spider-Man, Fox TV's new animated series. The actor, best known for his role as the son of TV's Starman, enjoys playing the hero created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. "I'm keeping Peter Parker a nice, sweet guy. PAT JANKIEWICZ. veteran STARLOG cor- respondent, profiled Patricia Tollman in issue #209. He would be really cool, except he has all this pressure and responsibility. He's not a geek, he's just so burdened by saving the world that people don't understand him. "I make my voice a little higher and more innocent for Peter. When he's got the cos- tume on, my voice comes down. I don't focus on Peter's guilt, but he occasionally thinks. T can't take it anymore, my whole life is falling apart because of Spider-Man," and wants to throw in the costume. "We did an episode called 'Spider-Man No More." and every time he gets in that mode and sees a crime taking place, he feels. T can't throw in the towel.' Peter Parker isn't perfect. He makes mistakes. Hell, he began his career feeling responsible for his uncle's death. He realizes he must recover from these mistakes and persevere." "In 'Spider-Man No More.' I actually get to say, 'With great power comes great re- sponsibility!' " he smiles. "It isn't preten- tious like Superman's "Truth. Justice and the American Way' speech: it's very Spide: Man. I think the single greatest element of any mythical hero is the responsibility of power and that's Spidey's most important aspect. "I play it very straight and very real. That's the quality of Spidey — he wrestles with himself over his demons and respons.- bility. The fact that he always ends up say- ing. 'I have to do this — with great powd must also come great responsibility!" 52 STARLOG /April 1995 what's so noble about him. I like that he acknowledges his problems and admits his fears, but still overcomes them. "There's also lots of comedy," Barnes notes. "Spidey is always making quips and joking. I also do internal monologues — you know, those inner thoughts that Spidey has in the comic books? There's a great one in 'Night of the Lizard.' I'm underwater having a vicious fight with the Lizard, but at the same time I'm having this surreal thought — 'It's so strange. . .this man was a scientist just days ago.' " Barnes was "a huge Spidey fan as a kid. The time period we're concentrating on in the show is the one I'm most familiar with in Spidey 's life. I know Peter Parker — it's a deep character study. I read all the early '80s stuff like Secret Wars. We're doing some Spidey stories from a little before and after Secret Wars." Barnes already has a favorite supervil- lain. "It's the Hobgoblin, because Mark Hamill [who voices him] blew me away," he admits. "I was standing next to him — I usu- ally stand next to the villains when we're taping — and Mark was so great, I found myself having to rise to the occasion! It was like, 'This guy's really intense, so I've really got to be a heroV "Mark is a nice guy and a great Hobgoblin. He scared me," the actor con- fides. "His Hobgoblin is very different from his Joker [whom Hamill also voices on the animated Batman]. They were careful to make sure it sounded different, with a differ- Barnes still has fond memories of his time as the son of Starman. "It got me into the mind frame of exploring myth, aliens and magic." ent texture. My favorite villains so far are Hobgoblin and Kraven the Hunter." Amazing Hero The animated Spider-Man explores vari- ous SF/fantasy concepts. For example, there's the black, alien costume which briefly possesses Peter Parker and then merges with Eddie Brock to become Venom. "That was the most challenging story because it was so far out — I'm literally bat- tling my costume," Barnes explains. "It had intense battle sequences. It's really spiritual in a weird way. Venom is like a biblical avenger, spouting poetry and all. I love the Venom shows — like 'The Alien Costume' — because Venom is very bizarre and interesting. "What was so challenging is that Hank Azaria, who plays Eddie Brock, did this really extreme transformation from Brock into Venom. I had to come in and do Spidey's transformation when the suit tries to possess him after Hank did his. I had to listen to what he did and how extreme he took it. "When Peter has the costume on, it starts taking him over, so he has to get rid of it. I wanted to mimic a little of what Hank did to match it and to foreshadow what would hap- pen if he kept the costume on. When Hank did his thing, it sounded horrifying, but Spidey didn't have to be that intense because he got rid of the costume before it took con- trol. His voice did get deeper and grittier" Barnes notes in a guttural tone. "It will be really intense and vivid," he promises of the multi-part story. "Eddie Brock knows my secret identity after he becomes Venom. That's what's so freaky to Peter, as well as the fact that my spider-sense can't pick him up. The Venom shows are my favorites because of the emotional arcs. They were the most challenging in terms of acting. We had to do these intense scenes in bell towers because it's more than just fight- STARLOGMpnV 1995 53 ing. — it's a spiritual epiphany for Venom to beat Spider-Man! "The show keeps true to the comic." the actor declares. "It's like radio drama; we're not gonna get hokey. When we do Venom. it's not [strikes a fey voice]. 'Oh no. it's Venom! I'm spooked!" The scenes we're doing are like [lapses into anguished Peter Parker voice]. 'I'll never be free! My soul is in torment — Venom has taken over my life!' It's really heavy stuff, not casual and light like Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends or the cartoon from the "60s." Barnes got the spider-gig "because I fought for the part — I went in biting and clawing the other guys." he laughs. "Basically. I went in and knew I was gonna get it. That sounds vain, but as soon as I read. I told Saratoga Ballantine [who plays Mary Jane]. 'I'll see you on the first show.' "I knew I was gonna get it. I don't know if it was because I couldn't bear not to get it because I love Spider-Man so much, or if I just felt I was right." says Barnes, who won the role over such competition as Bill (The Rocketeer) Campbell. "I grew up on Spider-Man comics. I knew exactly who he was, his quips, his humor and his burden, so I had a strong feel- ing I would get the part. I was ecstatic when I did. I'm honored to play him and hope I live up to everyone's expectations of what Spider-Man should be. "Spider-Man's a true hero to me. I like him not just because I'm playing him, but because he worries about doing the right thing. He never kills anybody or is just vio- lent for the sake of being violent, like some superheroes. Unlike the Punisher, he's not a vindictive avenger." Starman's Son Barnes "was born in Maine, moved to New York when I was 8 — which is also when I got into acting — and moved to LA at 13 and been here ever since. I came out because I got Starman and then I did Day by- Day with Julia Louis Dreyfus, prc-Seinfeld. I also did loads of stuff in New York: a lot of movies-of-the-week after Day by Day. I even did Frankenstein: The College Years'." Besides roles in American Dreamer and The Brady Bunch Movie, Barnes took part in another blockbuster film. "I was the Prince in The Little Mermaid," he says proudly. "If I never do anything else. Disney on laserdisc is eternal! I'll be able to show it to my great- grandkids! "It's my favorite of all the Disney films." he confides. "I'm not just saying that because I'm biased. In every animated film that came after, all the women look like Ariel." He didn't reprise the role on the Little Mermaid TV series, which, since it takes place before the film, infrequently uses the character. Barnes' most famous fantasy role was the half-human/half-alien teenager on Starman (which he discussed in STARLOG #147). "I have a lot of great memories from doing the show." he notes. "Starman meant a lot; it was my first big series and it got me into the mind frame of exploring myth, aliens and magic. Remember those weird, mystical spheres we had on the show? I'm really from the comic-book world, but that got me inter- ested in making a show about it. "We traveled everywhere: we went all over California on Starman. Every episode was literally on location. We went to Sedona. Arizona to film the episode where we find Jenny Hayden briefly. Sedona was beautiful. This is a great memory — midnight during a full moon on Halloween. "I went into the state park with Adam Taylor, a good friend of mine who was a pro- duction assistant on the show, to see these caves. The guy in the guard booth knew we were filming the series so he let us in. We spent three hours in the middle of nowhere. All Starman Photos: Copyright 1986 Columbia Pictures Television 54 STARLOGMpnV 1995 We were out there looking at the stars and thinking about the show. Sedona, Arizona is very magical. "Robert Hays [who played his alien dad] is a really great guy and a good mentor. I enjoyed working with him on Starman. It was eight years ago and Ive seen Bob maybe twice since the show was cancelled. I saw Patrick Culliton after the show and I get information from Spotlight Starman [the series" fan organization] all the time. The guy I went on the hike with, Adam Taylor [husband of Battiestar Galactica actress Anne Lockhart]. recently died in a motorcy- cle accident and Spotlight Starman had a piece on him." Barnes has fond memories of his Star- Mom. "Erin Gray [Wilma Deering on Buck Rogers] played my mother, and I had a big crush on her." the actor sheepishly con- fesses. "I thought she was hot! I was like, "C'mere. Mom! Lemme give you a. big hug'.' Hey, I was 14 and that's what happens." He's happy that Hays is portraying another Marvel hero. Iron Man. on the syn- dicated Marvel Action Hour. "I'm really looking forward to doing a crossover where Spidey and Iron Man get together. I found out that he was doing Iron Man right before we did our first show. I went over to see Bob a couple of months ago and we talked and joked about it. If Iron Man gets picked up for more episodes, we might do a crossover. "We're taping Spicier-Man's second sea- son now and it's even more intense than the first — we're about to do the story where I get six arms. Spidey goes through this mutation process and gets extra arms. "On the show. I live with Aunt May, but later I get my own pad with Harry Osborne. He's played by Gary Imhoff. the prince in Thumbelina. We're the two princes! The Aunt May scenes are very tender and humorous because Aunt May is always say- ing. "Oh. that horrible Spider-Man. What a menace to society!' "Aunt May hasn't had a heart attack yet, but I'm sure she will." he says, referring to one of Aunt May's defining comic-book characteristics. "When the Hobgoblin kicks the door in and knocks her down, she goes into a coma. I decide not to move out because of what happens." Altered Ego The actor is happy with his co-stars. "Saratoga is great as Mary Jane. In the comics. Mary Jane has known Peter Parker is Spider-Man for a long time. She finally tells him [she knows] after Peter pushes her out because he's fighting Puma. I don't think the Mary Jane on our show knows yet. "Ed Asner is a great J. Jonah Jameson. Ed is also fearless; he'll say anything any "I was the Prince in The Little Mermaid" Barnes boasts. "If I never do anything else, Disney on laserdisc is eternal!" "You won't believe the clothes," Barnes exclaims of The Brady Bunch Movie, in which he plays Greg. "It's gonna be out of control." "I really like [story editor] John Semper. And Stan Lee is probably the coolest guy time to anyone anywhere! He's so bold and forthright — I like that, as long as you're on his good side! "It's funny; Ed takes these little catnaps between takes where he'll shut his eyes and he's snoring. You look over and see that his part is only five lines away. Suddenly, he awakens, stands up and delivers a perfect reading in one take! It's a skill I wish I could learn! And a lean, silent figure sum/ly fades into twe gathering darkness, aware AT LAST TMAT IN THIS WORLD, WITH GREAT POWER THERE MUST ALSO COME "GREAT RESPONSIBILITY/ AND SO A LEGEND IS BORN AND A NEW NAME IS ADOED TO THE ROSTER OF THOSE WHO MAKE TWE WORLD OF FANTASY THE MOST EXCTTING REALM OF AU..' Bits of the animated Spider-Man come directly from the comics. "I actually get to say 'With great power comes great responsibility!' " raves Barnes. ever. Stan is like my two favorite Marvel heroes — Spider-Man and Dr. Strange — wrapped up in one guy." Barnes' next on-screen role brings to life another popular icon. "I'm Greg Brady in The Brady Bunch Movie . What can we say about Greg? He's a Brady! I'm true to the spirit of Greg; happy-go-lucky with lots of smiling. You won't believe the clothes — the gag is that it's 1995, but they still act and dress like it's 1970! It's gonna be out of control. "You will see Johnny Bravo [Greg's rock- and-roll alias]. Greg will be singing and dancing and I think that's enough! We shot it on the Paramount lot and they were doing Star Trek: Deep Space Nine and Star Trek: Voyager across from us on Brady, so I thought I would casually walk over and take a look." he shrugs. "Security was intense: 'Freeze! Freeze! Down on the ground!" It was like going to the White House!" As for the future, "Brady Bunch is now out and I'm in negotiations for some other things, but nothing's definite." One thing he would die to do is audition for James Cameron's live-action Spider-Man film. "I would love to do the movie," Christopher Daniel Barnes proclaims. "I've fought Venom so many times, I would hate to see somebody else get the chance!" ■$% ST ARLOG/ April 1995 55 THe SOUND OF STAR TRtSK®!! OuSSchtda , Two-time Emmy winner Dennis McCarthy's riveting score from the exciting new STAR TREK* fe'ature! STAR TI\eK® BOX- SETS ORIGINAL MOTJON PICTURE SOUNDTRACK ' M '; / .• 5WRJREK GNPBX 3006 STAR TREK, CLASSIC BOX SET Volumes 1,2, 3 VOL. 1: 0NPD800B GNPBX 3007 STAR TREK": THE NEXT GENERATION™ BOX SET Volumes 12 3 VOL 1: OHtO 8012 VOL. 2: ONPD 8026 AWARD WINNER! cCARTH VOL. 3: GNPD' 8031 EMMY WINNER craoroci/ 31 tin itXtn QNPD 8006 ORIGINAL TV SOUNDTRACK STAR TREK VOLUME ONE "The Cage" "Wlwa No Man Haa Gone Baton Music by Alexander Courage SIMMK GNPD 8025 \| ORIGINAL TV SOUNDTRACK - STAR TREK VOLUME TWO \| "The Doomtday Machine" ' "Amok Tim'" jsIc by Sol Kaplan and Gerald Fried smwK GNPD 3030 ORIGINAL TV SOUNDTRACK STAR TREK VOLUME THREE "Shore LeaveVThe Naked Time" Mualcby Gerald Fried and Alexanda ^Courage GNPD 8010 STAR TREK SOUND EFFECTS 69 original aarlet sound aftecta Deep space nine \ I GNPD 8034 ORIGINAL TV SOUNDTRACK STAR TREK: DEEP SPACE NINE "The El ' Music By Dennis McCarthy - inci\ GNPD 8012 ORIGINAL TV SOUNDTRACK STAR TREK: THE NEXT GENERATION "Encounter At Farpolnt" Muelc By Dannie McCarthy CASSETTES AWARD WINNER! -E2r?_,-_ EMMY WINNER. GNPD 8026 ORIGINAL TV SOUNDTRACK STAR TREK: THE NEXT GENERATION "The Beat Of Both Worlde I 4 II" Muelc By Ron Jones COMPACT DISCS. $9.98es. $16.95es. GNPD 8031 ORIGINAL TV SOUNDTRACK » ■ STAR TREK: THE NEXT GENERATION "Yesterday's Enterprise" "UnlfleatlonV'Hollow Pureulte" Muelcby Dannie McCarthy .SIARTIVEKX GNPD 8022 . ORIGINAL FILM SOUNDTRACK STAR TREK II: THE WRATH OF KHAN Muelc By Jemee Homer GNPD 8023 ORIGINAUEILM SOUNDTRACK STAR TREK III: THE SEARCH FOR SPOCK Muelc By Jamee Horner BOX SETS . $49.95es. , All albums Executive Produced by NEIL NORMAN CAttETTi CO. QUANTITY •faCE TOTAL POSTAGE: U.S.- 2.00 Per Unit Postage « Shepng Foreign -S5.00 Per Unit Pay rv» amount Foreign orders send US funds only. Send Cash, Check or Money Order lo: Don't want to out magazine? Write order on any plain piece of paper. STAR LOG 475 Park Ave. South New York, NY 11016 • FAX# (21 2) 889-7933 TM, ®&©1994 Paramount Pictures All Rights Reserved. STAR TREK. STAR TREK: THE NEXT GENERATION STAR TREK: GENERATIONS and STAR TREK: DEEP SPACE NINE are Trademarks of Paramount Pictures GNP/ Crescendo authorized user. VISA/MASTERCARD# _Exp. Date_ GNP Crescendo: The source for all STAR TREK* Original TV soundtrachsi All-too-human on a monkey planet, Linda Harrison went on the run & married a studio head. No doubt most of the reason that Planet of the Apes became a top- grossing science fiction movies was its array of special FX. its amazing "Ape City" and the superb, groundbreaking makeups which transformed some of Hollywood's great character actors into simian scene-stealers. And yet all it required to take main male eves away from the hard first runner-up in the Miss United States part of the competition and. perhaps more importantly, was "spotted" by then-talent scout Mike Medavoy and presented to 20th Century Fox. Throughout her acting years at Fox. and amidst movie roles in Planet and its sequel Beneath the Planet of the Apes, she dated studio boss Richard Zanuck and mar- By TOM WEAVER ried him in 1969. (Divorced in 1978. she has more recently been seen in Zanuck' s Cocoon movies.) Once again a Marylander. and "probably the happiest [she has] ever been" Linda Harrison looks back with con- tagious cheerfulness on her show biz years — and the adventure of being the sole beauty on a planet of beasts. Charlton Heston was Linda Harrison's idol as a little girl— "You know, Ben- Hur"— but he also co-starred with her in two Planet of the Apes films. Work of all of these talented FX and makeup artisans was a sun-tanned, skimpily-clad homo sapien beauty with a long mane of brunette hair and big brown eyes. The char- acter for whom red-blooded audiences went ape was. of course. "Nova" and the "spe- cially-introduced" actress, former beauty queen Linda Harrison. A native of Berlin. Maryland. Harrison was Miss Berlin at 16. then a New York gar- ment center model. Homesickness brought her back to Maryland, where she entered and won the state beauty pageant. During the finals in the Miss International contest (held in Long Beach. California), she was STARLOGMpn'/ 1995 57 STARLOG: While competing in these beauty pageants, did you have designs ori becoming an actress? LINDA HARRISON: Yes, very definitely. In fact, it was all "pre-planned" in my mind to enter the beauty contest and get to Cali- fornia and be seen. And it really turned out exactly the way I wanted it to. STARLOG: Did you have to do a scree test at Fox? HARRISON: They gave me a "person- ality test," which was very interesting They set the camera in front of me an I would talk to the camera — they asked questions — and then I turned to each^/r side. They asked me what kind of man I would be attracted to, and why, and I just remember so clearly what I said: I wanted a man that had a lot of interests in common with me, that we had to have a wonderful chemistry. I just I went on talkin' like I had done it all my life! They then signed me up A for what's called a "60-day option" and I went and studied with Pamela Danova, the stu- dio coach. At the time, Richard Zanuck was head of the studio and his father, Darryl Zanuck, was chairman of the % board. Richard's assistant Harry Sokolov, a lawyer, was looking for a date for the premiere of The Agony and the Ecstasy [1965] star- 1 ring Charlton Heston. Well, I was thrilled: I had never been to a pre- ^ miere. I was all of 20 years old, and Heston was my idol as a little girl — you know. Ben-Hur! So. they picked me because Harry was from Baltimore. That's when I first met Richard Zanuck. that evening. He became quite smitten, and that started a romance. That was during the 60-day period that I started dating Richard, and then I was signed to a seven-year contract. STARLOG: What was the first thing you were ever in? HARRISON: It was a pilot called Men Against Evil, which turned into a TV series called The Felony Squad with Dennis Cole. Then, I did a Batman. Oh. God, Batmanl You gotta remember, I'm now with Richard Zanuck, who was a big man on campus, and he was then in the process of getting sepa- rated. (He was married to a Lili back then and then he married me, and now he's back to another girl named Lili. He likes the "L," I guess [laughs]'.) Dick had become my mentor and teacher, and he said, "Just do what they tell you." So. I started out early in the morning on Batman — it was a cheerlead- ing scene. I was 20 and 1 had been a cheer- leader in high school. And the dance teacher at Fox worked us so hard, by the time the shot came at 5 p.m.. the scene that they kept was me falling over, because I literally gave out! And the dance teacher came back and said, "Linda Harrison gave me a hard time," complained about my "attitude." I just kept telling her, "You're going to use up all my energy, so when the shot comes, I won't have any." f STARLOG: What was it like, dating "the boss"? HARRISON: Dick just fell madly in love, and so did I with him. And he did not like me going to the acting school I was attend- ing, working with other actors like Ron Ely. So, he built a talent school. It was famous, 'cause out of it came Tom Selleck. Sam El- liott, Cristina Ferrare, Jackie Bisset, Jim Brolin, myself — all these actors were just thrilled to be getting into this school. Well. one reason Dick had the school was so he would know where I was [laughs]. It was a wonderful experience, wonderful develop- ment for the actors. We had coaching, fenc- ing, dancing — we went for hours and we really formed a bond. Of course, I wasn't there as much as the rest because I was flyin' off with Dick Zanuck. all over the world. It was kind of neat, being his girl. Everybody else was shaking, would they get their contract, would they get in a film? You know what that business is all about — especially back then, when the studio heads had a lot of power. STARLOG: What was your first movie? HARRISON: The first movie I did was Way. ..Way Out [1966] with Jerry Lewis: it was a nice cameo part, a wonderful scene between Jim Brolin and I. After that, I did A Guide for the Married Man [1967]. And all during this period. Dick was telling me about this fabu- lous book called Planet of the Apes and that it was going to make a great movie. He said, "I want you to play the ape. Dr. Zira" — in fact, during the makeup ■ I "Looking the way I looked, I got the more sexy roles," laughs Harrison. testing. I had to go through the whole busi- ness with the mask and everything for Zira. the part that eventually went to Kim Hunter [STARLOG#160]. STARLOG: That was the part he wanted you to play in the movie? HARRISON: No. I think they always had me in mind for Nova. But they needed someone to do the screen test, and you keep trying to employ your actors. So. I did the screen test. The part that was hard for me was actually doing the mask, where they put all that plaster on your face and you have to lie there still for a long time. Fortunately, I was an acrobat growing up. and a very good one — I won a lot of contests — so I knew how to control my body and be "quiet." You had to do that, you had to be very still and lay there and be a "good patient." (A young actor will do anything to get their mug on the screen!) [Director] Franklin Schaffner got involved on the movie and liked it. and [producer] Arthur Jacobs, a great showman. Dick and Arthur got together and there was a tremendous amount of enthusiasm. It took a lotta, lotta work, especially in the makeup department. It takes a certain kind of pro- ducer to do a film like that, with apes run- ning around! STARLOG: Did you ever read the book? HARRISON: Yes. Well. ..I might have read a few pages [laughs]. I really wasn't into reading those kinds of books! STARLOG: Kim Hunter said that there was a bit of trepidation — that people thought Planet of the Apes would either be a giant hit or a terrible embarrassment. HARRISON: You know, from my experi- ence working on films that have kind of "stayed" and become classics, you almost sense it when you"re doing it. There is a cur- Harrison concedes that Nova is her best-known role, bar none. rent, an energy going on. I sensed that. If you're going to analyze it from the brain. you'll say. "It could go one way or the other." but the intuitive feeling was that we had something unique. I'm an intuitive per- son, and I would say that that's what I was reading. STARLOG: Did you enjoy all the location shooting? HARRISON: It was wonderful. We went to Page, Arizona, beautiful country, and I just marvelled at how they move an entire production, like a little mini- town, and set up. It was beautiful working out there in the desert. That was where we shot the beginning, the spaceship crashing and the astro- nauts walking around. Schaffner was just fabulous. He was a very laconic man. he didn't say much, but he was very aware of everything he was doing. The complaints were that he "kept everything in his back pocket." what he was going to do during the day. But when you think about it from an artistic point-of- view, he was very smart because he didn't let anything else interfere with his focus. The elements were all there — the [behind-the-scenes] people: Leon Shamroy. an Academy Award-winning cinematographer: the cast: everything. It was fabulous! Dick and I were joined-at-the-hip but he didn't come out to Page — I had my sister Kay there. So. at one point. I told him. "You come out here!" He said. "OK, how do I get there?" I said, "Get your Lear jet and get out here." [Laughs] And he did! It was very, very exciting, it was moviemaking. STARLOG: Your Nova outfit was reminis- cent of what Raquel Welch wore in One Million Years B.C. HARRISON: That's true. That has been the traditional costume for "cave girls." STARLOG: Where did you shoot the apes' first scene, where they beat the bushes and hunt the humans? HARRISON: That was done at the Malibu Ranch. We had built Ape City there. And it was stinking hot! Whew! The scenes of us in cages were also shot at Ape City. STARLOG: It must have been worse for the ape actors than for you. HARRISON: Oh. God! And they reported to the set at 3 a.m.! But they were fabulous troupers, Roddy McDowall and Kim. and those were difficult, difficult roles. Maurice Evans was older and I don't know if his health was that good, and he had an even harder time. But actors have to endure all that sort of stuff, just like everybody else. We had good morale, good people. STARLOG: What about the "ape" bit play- ers and extras? Did they seem to be having any problems? HARRISON: Well, the extras just had a mask that they would pull on over their heads. The primary actors had the tough part. But, you know, I was so delighted and grateful to be in this picture that I probably never saw the negative side as much. I just didn't. I remember one piece of advice Dick gave me: "You go to work on time and listen to your director and do your job. And I don't want to hear any complaints about you!" I TOM WEAVER, veteran STARLOG corre- spondent, authored Creature from the Black Lagoon (Magiclmage, $19.95). He profiled Peter Mark Richman in STARLOG PLATINUM EDITION #5. STARLOG I April 1995 59 - ,-"'■ ^:---~ - /£ /jjj had to be ere/; wore careful, and m'ce, be- cause I vr«.v his girl friend. STARLOG: The movie's end was shot at Point Dume. on the California coast. HARRISON: Right. That's where we shot the part where Heston and I ride off and find the Statue of Liberty. Actually, that was a matte shot. And that [special effect] took a lot of innovation and talent. You've got to remember that this film was made in '67, and a lot of new things were tried that were never done before. There were many break- throughs, in the makeup, shooting and everything. So. it really contributed a lot to the industry. By the way, it was wonderful there at Point Dume. We shot there at the very end of this long [production] and we were probably there a full month. We did a lot of beach stuff — Dr. Zira talking about what Man had done, that long speech. STARLOG: Any "lighter" moments during the movie's making, that you can recall? HARRISON: I turned 22 during produc- tion, and at lunchtime one day at Point Dume a big cake was brought out. 1 was sit- ting with Heston. who was kidding me about being "all of 22." (He must have been in his 40s.) And then I came back, with all my makeup on. to the studio, and Dick had a big party there, in the commissary. He made a wonderful speech about this girl who had come into his life, and how grateful he was. It was verv excitina. a sood time. STARLOG: How did you like working with Heston? HARRISON: Loved it— he was a wonder- ful actor to work with. He knew Dick very well, he knew it was my first [big] picture, he taught me how to "favor" the camera (I was kind of camera-shy). We spent a lot of time together, waiting for shots and every- thing, and he was just very, very pleasant, a very good person. STARLOG: Did you watch rushes? HARRISON: Sometimes. And it was a fab- ulous experience, to be able to sit in on those. It was so beautifully shot and so dif- ferent and so professional with Schaffner running the show]. STARLOG: What more can you remember about Arthur Jacobs? HARRISON: Arthur was a fabulous pro- moter, and his wife was a very good friend of mine. What I remember most was every- one's enthusiasm. The way Dick did things, he really inspired his people — he was al- ways "up." (At the time. I think we had the logo "Think 20th.") Arthur was a great party-giver and promoter — everything "apes." you know! — and he was a perfect guy for this picture. STARLOG: Did you ever meet author Pierre Boulle or screenwriter Rod Serling? HARRISON: Not Boulle. I don't think: they bought the book from him and then Serling came on and did the screenplay. I met Rod. he came on the set. I had watched Twilight Zone a lit- tle bit. but I was never i. into television or film too much as a young per- son. You've got to remember. I was 21. 21 years old and there were all these "new per- sonalities" coming into my life. STARLOG: If. as a kid. you were "never into TV or film too much." how did you manage to decide to become an actress? HARRISON: Well, it's funny— the people who are "movie buffs" aren't necessarily artistic people or people inclined to be ac- tors. / was more interested in concentratinf and focusing on my goal, rather than utiliz- ing my time watching film. I was 18. going to high school in Maryland, working in the summertime at a famous restaurant called Phillips Crab House. I was a normal kiu. dating and falling in love, and there wasn't much time, really, to watch movies. I don't even watch a lot of films today. STARLOG: When Planet of the Apes came out. some Fox publicity materials called it _ satire. Was that their way of hedging the - bets, in case no one would take it serioush ! HARRISON: I'm not sure what was in the - minds. / thought it was serious science fic- tion — that's what it was. They knew whal they had and they knew it was "different,"] and they must have felt it could go one way or the other. But you'll find a lot of the gres pictures can go one way or the other. STARLOG:" What kind of roles did youj want to play? Or would you play whate\ e "It was kind of neat, being [the boss] girl," Harrison recalls of her stint at Richard Zanuck's 20th Century Fox. 60 STARLOGMpnV 1995 they told you to play? HARRISON: Nova was a very good part for me. I had the quality for it. But my career was never top priority. I was very interested in my relationship with Dick and eventually becoming his wife and having a family. I enjoyed working in front of the camera but not full-time. I didn't have the personality or the desire to be a "star." I didn't really think about it too much. But as an actress, when they offered you something, you were sup- posed to take it and do the best you could. You know it's a touah business, and vou're STARLOG: Surrounded by gorillas and mutants in these Apes movies, did you fear that your character might get lost in the shuffle? HARRISON: No. The fact that I was the human. I stood out. STARLOG: You were on horseback in both movies. Were you an equestrienne? HARRISON:' No. not particularly. And I had to look like I had never been on a horse. so try to do that and get the horse where he's supposed to go! But I do remember having a lot of fun in the second one: with Ted Post. * !■ ■ ■■■ I ■■—^^»^^^^^^^^ Harrison sensed as she was doing Planet of the Apes that the film was destined to be a classic. just grateful for any piece of film work that you may be able to get. Looking the way I looked. I got the more sexy roles [laughs]. STARLOG: How long did it take for some- one to figure out that a sequel to Planet of the Apes would be a good idea? HARRISON: Oh. well, that was immedi- ate — those were the years of the sequels! STARLOG: Beneath the Planet of the Apes reportedly had half the first film's budget. Did you feel the pinch at all? HARRISON: No. 1 didn't. Of course, they "cashed in" on the first one [reused cos- tumes, sets, etc.] and that, in a way. takes away from some of the artistic challenge that the first had. But that's how the produc- er saw fit to do it. and Ted Post was a wonderful television director. And / was really featured a lot. so as an actress, that sat well. It wasn't as good as the first, 'cause of course we had Franklin Schaffner on that first one and he was one of the top. top directors. STARLOG: Burt Reynolds was supposedly up for the James Franciscus role, and he didn't want it. HARRISON: 1 don't recall that. I remem- ber they thought that Jim would be good be- cause he looked a lot like Heston. Jim was the kind of actor who did a lot of homework behind the camera, a Method actor. He took it very seriously, he was vers dedicated. it was more relaxed. I remember running down this hill and getting up so much speed that one of these fabulous makeup men — big guy. burly chest — had to step in and stop me. Otherwise. I would have tumbled. God knows where! It was a very arduous picture. physically, with those horses and everything, but we just got in there and did our jobs! After Beneath. I was cast as one of the starlets in a new TV series called Bracken's World, which was a series Dick for a long time had .wanted to do. about a Hollywood studio. So. I got that part and I had to finish Beneath and go right into the pilot — I didn't even get a day's rest. And I had to start remembering lines [laughs]'. STARLOG^ Now. apart from Bracken's World, did you do much acting while you were mar- ried to Zanuck? HARRISON: No. I gave birth to two sons. Harrison Richard Zanuck on February 23. 1971. and Dean Francis Zanuck August 1 1 . 1972. 1 think I did a couple of The "ape actors," like Kim Hunter (left), were "fabulous troupers," Harrison says. guest spots on TV. and then Airport 1975. STARLOG: When big decisions needed to be made at Fox. did he ever ask your opin- ion? Did you offer opinions? HARRISON: He got my opinions. His partner was David Brown (a wonderful man), and David's wife was Helen Gurley Brown, editor of Cosmopolitan. And we went all around the world together. So at all those dinners you would throw out ideas — we were constantly trying to figure out what kinds of films worked and what didn't and what to go with. You just kind of go by your gut. So I was always "into" those conversa- tions. Dick is a listener, so you would throw out different things and he would just sit and take it all in. But his decision to actually go with a certain picture or a certain actor or di- rector was something he did himself. After hearing and gathering all of the information. he went by his own instinct. STARLOG: That was around the time of X- rated Fox movies like Myra Breckinridge and Beyond the Valley of the Dolls. HARRISON: It's such a hard business, run- ning a studio and trying to figure out the hits. For some reason. Dick and David de- cided to go with films that were quite be- neath them, that they hadn't done. But sometimes you've got to do something to get back on track. It was a series of things: The relationship with his father [Fox chairman of the board Darryl F. Zanuck] was strained, because "the son was rising" — and Dick needed to spread his wings. And the father wasn't ready to let go. Pretty soon there was a wedge between father and son. and there was a terrible change in their relationship. It was like a divorce, like any situation where two people come to a crossroad and things splinter. Darryl fired Dick, and David, and me [laughs] — / was under contract. I was eight months pregnant. But something good STARLOG/ApnV 1995 61 Franciscus and Harrison are corralled by their Ape City captors. comes out of bad; I had always said to Dick. "You go on your own." He was, what. 34, 35. He needed to show that he was also his own man, apart from his father. So. Dick and David went to Warner Bros., and then from there formed Zanuck-Brown. That's history, what happened when they formed their own company! I always told him. "Something good is gonna come out of this. You and David are the best team in Hollywood!" It's very interesting to "get in the heads" of these two men. Here are two men who ran a major corporation. Dick and David, and then they formed little Zanuck-Brown. They wanted to start humbly [laughs], and they got a screenplay called SSSSSSS by a make- up man [Dan Striepeke] they thought a lot of. You know, much of this business has to do with developing friendships: [a big fac- tor] is the personality of the person you're working with, what they're like as a human being. Many times you'll take a script because you like the guy and it looks good and it fits well into your agenda at that par- ticular time, so you'll give him a chance. That's actually how SSSSSSS came along. It was something they could shoot for under SI million, very inexpensive, so they did it. But then they got ahold of The Sting [1973], and you know the rest. I was with a famous team of producers. Dick and David, and they had such an extraordinary life, so colorful and so dramatic. Most people [in her home town] think of me as, "She led this glam- ourous life, they were out there doin' drugs." It wasn't that at all, I had a very stable hus- band. He had a job. he had to go to work ev- ery day. He was a fundamental family man. But we had so many great experiences. They should do a book just on him. STARLOG: Why are you billed as "Augusta Summerland" in Airport 19751 HARRISON: [Laughs] Well-1-1, you know- life can make its turns! I was married to Dick, and for one reason or the other, I got involved with a guru — which was the "in" thing at the time. The guru claimed in his cult that you change from who you were born, and so as you make that change, you need a new name [Augusta Summerland]. Unfortunately, this guru wanted to make movies from his screenplays. And for what- ever reason, he put a terrible wedge through my relationship with Dick. It ended that I left Dick. I was analyzed during that time: I think so much, at 20 years old, was thrown at me. I came from a small town of 2.000 and much of what was given to me there, the values, have put me in good stead. But I think that I got "lost" somewhere, my "iden- tity." Or women's lib made us think that we were supposed to be unfulfilled. Or whatev- er got into my "being" at the time — it was rough. I left Dick, and it was very hard. STARLOG: How did you become involved on Cocoon? HARRISON: I was going to an acting class, studying, and we did a showcase and I 62 STARLOGMpnV 1995 Spitting distance from the Statue of Liberty, the New York City subway system survived Beneath the Planet of the Apes. invited Dick and Lili, his present wife. About this time, Cocoon was in develop- ment stages. Dick said, "I think there's a part for you. In about six months. Ron Howard will be auditioning." So, I just got myself psyched up for it, went in, read and got it. Ron was a fabulous guy to work with, be- cause he really works from your naturalness, who you are. He gives you a lot of range, a lot of space, to bring out that naturalness, not the usual schtick of an actor. And I loved doing that. And there was another picture where you sensed, intuitively, that it was special. The elements were right, the people were right, and each day it was just a "high" to work on the film. STARLOG: You have a much smaller part in Cocoon: The Return. HARRISON: They had to cut everybody's part down — lots got cut. We overshot. They didn't cut us because we weren't acting right or anything: [it was a case of] the movie not being the way they wanted it, so they started cutting to try to salvage it. to pull it togeth- er. Sometimes in the editing, they can pull off miracles. STARLOG: You'll always be remembered as Nova. Is that OK? HARRISON: Yes. And, you know, they're doing a remake. Oliver Stone! STARLOG: Would you be tempted by the offer of a part in that! HARRISON: Surel STARLOG: What else do you want your fans to know about Linda Harrison? HARRISON: For me, for Linda Harrison, I feel extraordinarily lucky. I started here in Ocean City, working at Phillips Crab House, and I dated their son Stephen Phillips, and he was the last man I dated before I went to California and met Dick. I came back here four years ago, now I'm back with him. So, I feel very privileged, it's neat being with somebody you've known a long time and were with when you were very young. I ex- perienced 25 years in California where I married a wonderful man, had two wonder- ful children, and met so many wonderful people — a full life there. And now I have another full life! So, it's almost two lives, two lifetimes already in this one. I still look great and I feel good, but I really think the acting phase of my life is over. I don't like to say that, because then you're closing that door, but there's another door opening which is probably going to bring me more happiness. And so, to me, that's very, very exciting. I like the name recognition that I got from my work, and I have two sons that will be in the work, and I love filmmaking — I think what they can do and who it reaches makes it a very exciting medium. I like to get a part, but I'm not the kind that'll give up everything, move and go to classes. It's going to have to be handed to me — which basically it was before. There might be a part in my future — and there might not. But right now I'm probably the happiest I've ever been, and that's important to me. ^ "OP Yellow Eyes Is Bath" Brent "Data" Spiner brings his unique style and a heartfelt love of music to this collection of a dozen standards by the Gershwins, Jule Styne, and others. Included is "It's A Sin To Tell A Lie," on which Brent is backed by co-stars and friends Patrick Stewart, Jonathan Frakes, LeVar Burton and Michael Dorn. BRENT SPINER "OP Yellow Eyes Is Back" Please indicate quantity being ordered. CD $19.95 Cassette $14.95 POSTAGE & HANDLING: USA $2.50 each CANADA $4 each. Canadian residents add 10% sales tax. OVERSEAS $6 each. Method of Payment: 3Cash JCheck ^Money Order ^Discover "JMasterCard ^Visa Account No. Card Expiration Date:_ Your Daytime Phone #: (Mo./Yr.; Print Name As It Appears On Your Card Street City State Zip Your Signature Total enclosed: $ Send cash, check or money order to: STARLOG GROUP, Inc. 475 PARK AVENUE SOUTH NEW YORK, NY 10016 IF YOU DO NOT WANT TO CUT OUT COUPON. WE WILL ACCEPT WRITTEN ORDERS. Please allow 4 to 6 weeks for delivery. is credit may only read "Based upon material by" and lie buried at the end _ of the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "Homeward," but William Stape isn't complaining: It marks his entrance into the world of professional sereenwriting. Stape, then a freshman at New Jersey's Ramapo College, sold a story premise to ; The Next Generation and knew his screen credit wouldn't be a major one. Still* he was unsure of the precise form it would take; and watched the beginning and end credits care- fully— not to mention the episode itself— when "Homeward" first aired. Watching with the literature major was a news ere' from local TV station WPDC, which ha been tipped off to the event by the college's public relations office. It takes a special kind of idea to : jilt get Michael Dorn to take off his makeup and go "Homeward," j and William Stape can lay claim to that Afexf Generation notion. "After Spike Steingasser and Naren must be somewhere at the end,' "recalls Shankar were Credited at the beginning [for Stape with a laugh. "And sure enough! there story and teleplay, respectivel y],^, ; I was, right above the Panavision lenses and I thousht, 'OK. I'm ttl d& " * s ttk. cameras. It was quite a moment." not there, but L ■?Uiy m. : - k\| Sibling Rivalries Stape had been submitting work ; to Amazing Stories and other science ; fiction/fantasy publications for three years, to no avail. "I got good feedback and evaluations but noth- g ever clicked well enough to 11," he explains. cA ttfelong Star Trek fan, Stape, 26, got fired up to write a spec script after he read Larry Nemecek's Star Trek: The Next Generation Companion. :?1 read tbout the success of a new writer in the show, so I thought I would ;ive it a shot. I looked over my did science fiction stories that had r never been published, thinking I could get a skeleton story from one of those, but nothing fit. So, I went back through the Companion to see if I could find something the series had touched t upon but left undeveloped." In the "Heart of Glory" JJ episode entry, he learned that ^Worf's foster brother had \|\|- never been seen. Stape con- ered the possibilities and iw potential in /bringing e brother to the screien. "I lought it would make a good story," he comments. "I thought about what the character would be like and I how the interplay between him and Worf would work. From there it grew, and I con- structed a teleplay." It helped that Worf was one of Stape s favorite characters. "One of the reasons I like him is that he's one of the few links to the original show," the writer offers. "I don't like to \| play the game of 'which show itter,' and I won't. It's irrel- t. Star Trek and The Next w sjghg into brotherly lovMwilllam Stape begins his career as a ^rfleet screenwriter. By BILL FLORENCE Generation both have strengths and weak- nesses, and they're both great on their own. But when you grow up with a series, it becomes the favorite. And more than anyone else in the crew, except perhaps Data. Worf has gone through so many changes: reunion with his love, the pain of losing her. the responsibility of bringing up a child and the Klingon civil war. So. for me to further develop Worf 's backstory was a real thrill." Stape called his teleplay "Shadowdance" and wrote some 50 pages before seeing the PH "[Paul Sorvino] was an excellent choice," Stape says of the acclaimed actor. "He brought so much warmth and compas- sion to the character." Next Generation writers' guidelines he had requested. When the guidelines did arrive. he went back through the script to see what needed to be changed. "Basically, what I had written was all OK," Stape remembers. "I hadn't made any fatal flaws. So, I wrote another 20 pages or so, finished it up and mailed it off. In my wildest dreams, I never thought they would buy it!" Reality proved greater than his wildest dreams. Two months after submitting the script, Stape received a phone call from Dirk Vandebunt, head of Business Affairs at Paramount Pictures. The Next Generation wanted to buy his script, which they would rename "Homeward." "I told Dirk I was eager to help with the final draft, and he said the in-house staff was going to handle that; they just wanted the core story with Worf and his brother," Stape relates. "I was comfortable with that. It was my first sale, after all. He said it was ex- tremely rare for a spec script to be bought and then produced; they buy a couple of specs a season, but they don't usually get produced. I wasn't going to complain. And a week or so later. I got the contract, signed and returned it. and got my check." According to Stape. the core story and conflict from "Shadowdance" remain in "Homeward." "Worf is the loyal, dutiful brother, and Nikolai is the nonconformist. That setup and the sibling rivalry is the same as I had in my version, although they changed the brother's name — in mine, he was named Joseph." Joseph Rozhenko, as penned by Stape. was "very anti-Federation when it came to policies and politics. In fact, he was much more political in 'Shadowdance' than the Nikolai we see in the finished episode. In my script. Joseph asked Worf, 'Why are you with the Federation? It's so inflexible. ..you should be in a different capacity.' But the essence of the conflict between them is there in the aired version. "I also came up with the idea of Worf and his brother working together." Stape adds. "But the circumstances were different. Joe Rozhenko was a defensive weapons spe- cialist, and he was assigned to the "I don't play the game of 'which show is better,' and I won't" Enterprise to upgrade the weapons systems. They were going to have battle games. Since Worf is the tactical officer, he and Joe worked closely together. At one point, the war games went wrong and a little freighter in the area was damaged by a photon that Joe had programmed. In 'Homeward.' on the other hand, it was the Boraalans and their plight which forced Nikolai and Worf to work together." A small but significant difference in Stape's script was the presence of Worf's son Alexander. "The scenes with Alexander added the element of childhood to the story," Stape reflects. "The boy reminded the broth- ers of their conflict. But they [the producers] saved him for another episode." Scripting Revisions Alexander Singer's direction of the episode wins honors from Stape. "There's one very touching scene with Yobara and Worf, when she's telling him she's pregnant with Nikolai's child. In the script, it just says she tells him. but in the filmed episode, she takes Worf's hand and places it on her stom- ach. It's a nice touch by the director." Likewise. Stape applauds the perfor- mance of Paul Sorvino as Nikolai Rozhenko. "He was an excellent choice. I had seen him play a deaf attorney in a TV movie called Dummy, defending a character played by LeVar Burton. He brought so much warmth and compassion to the charac- ter, as he did with Nikolai." Stape says he loved the episode in its fin- ished form, although he admits. "It's im- possible to be objective. But I thought it was effective without being overly sentimental. The idea of transporting a race to another world is intimidating, and it weighed heavi- ly on everyone involved, especially Nikolai, because he had gotten intimate with the Bo- raalans. I think his actions really embody humanity's constant struggle to change our environment through technology. "I caught more details in this episode." Stape adds. "I don't ordinarily notice cos- tumes, for instance, and this time I thought the costumes were really cool! And I like the "Homeward" was just the beginning of Stape's Star Trek career, as he has recently sold a story to Star Trek: Deep Space Nine as well. idea of Worf 's hood, because with his Kling- on cranial structure, this is easier than for Dr. Crusher to put a new, smooth forehead on him. All of these touches helped make it a great episode." Still in school, Stape recently completed two more scripts, called "Charity" and "Scent of Justice," and sent them in on speculation to Deep Space Nine. "I like to think that The Next Generation was about a family unit getting along in a strange envi- ronment," he reflects. "And Deep Space Nine is about a dysfunctional family." While awaiting the fate of his scripts. Stape considers other outlets for his writing passion. One project underway is a motion picture screenplay which he calls "a slice of modern urban life. It's very down to Earth, and I hope with this I can prove my diversi- ty and range." Whatever the outcome, Stape intends to keep on writing. "I want to write a movie, a novel, a play — I want to write it all!" he ex- claims. And with his first professional sale behind him. William Stape will let nothing hold him back. •&• ST ARLOC/ April 1995 65 Star Trek® u'-sraasifs $21 .95 each tgXt 6 wm 1CIF7 r\ Star Trek: The Next Generation T-Shirt Star Trek T-Shirt Logo and Enterprise in holographic foil on a midnight-black T-shirt. This holographic foil, from Ultragrafix, is the most durable and reflective foil ever produced ! Hanes Beefy T's, 100% cotton, pre- shrunk, come in sizes Medium, Large and Extra-large, and will last a long time when properly cared for. Washing and drying instructions included with each shirt. _«-b«1bbB ™, ® & © 1 994 Paramount Pictures. Ail Rights Reserved. Star Trek® HOLOGRAPHIC T-SHIRTS $21 .95 each Please indicate quantity being ordered. 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RIDGEWOOD AVE. RIDGEWOOD, NEW JERSEY 1-800-STARLOG 68 STARLOGMpnV 1995 Vfdeoiog (continued from page 8) Burton while he was still at Disney: Franken- weenie and Vincent. A detailed documentary explains the complex process by which Nightmare came to life, while a series of deleted storyboard sequences and deleted scenes shows some alternate directions the film might have taken. The still-frame ar- chive displays animators at work as well as some of the brilliant artwork that was created in the early stages of production. Balancing out the early Burton shorts are some short films and MTV bumpers created by director Selick. Feature-length stop-motion puppet films are very rare in the annals of cinema history, and this delightfully extravagant production may prove to be among the last as heads turn to the new era of 3-D computer animation, which is soon to dawn. This S99.95 deluxe set also includes a hardcover book on the film's making which needlessly doubles the weight and size of the package. Terry Gilliam's Time Bandits has been re- mastered in widescreen and cropped laserdisc editions on the Paramount label. S39.98 each. The 1978 remake of Invasion of the Body Snatchers (S34.95), which features a W.D. Richter screenplay and Don Siegel and Kevin McCarthy cameos, has also received a new remastering and widescreen treatment from MGM/UA Home Video. MOVIE POSTERS. ..PHOTOS. Current releases. Thousands more! Compare — Best prices — Fastest service. Huge illustrated catalog $3.00. Visa/MC orders (904) 373-7202. Rick's, Box 23709/SL. Gainesville, FL 32602-3709. PLASTIC MODEL KITS: From and of science fiction, space, movies, figures, TV, etc. Old & new. Ask for our free catalog. John F. Green Inc., 1821 W. Jacaranda, Fullerton, CA 92633 (714) 526- 5467/(800) 807-4759 LOST IN SPACE LIVES: Thanks to our new members we are on the road to becoming the definitive LIS organization. Yes we own the original props used on the J2 and its cockpit is 75% complete. Yes we are planning for Oct. 16, 1997. Many of our members come from all over the world and we invite you to join us. Newsletters, photos and a communications forum are only a part of what we're about. Original LIS props available too. Dues: S15 (US Funds). Please send cash or check payable to Alpha Control. P.O. Box 311. Malverne, NY 11565. Discover & Enjoy more Sci-Fi! LIGHTSPEED! The Computer (MAC) Sci-Fi Database. Hundreds of Sci-Fi Features plus The Outer Limits & Classic Trek's . Linked Best Bets, Reviews, Quick Scans, Star Profiles, etc. Over 1600 pages of text! Just $24.95 (2 week del.): STV Inc., 21150 Hawthorne Blvd. #106-123 Torrance, CA 90503. OR: Write for Free Catalogue. Additionally, look for Mike Nichols' Wolf (S39.95. Columbia) and Alec Baldwin as The Shadow (S34.98. MCA), both in widescreen. Animation: Gargoyles, the Movie: The Heroes Awaken is an edited compilation of episodes from the syndicated TV series, and as such it plays well, moves quickly and is blessed by freedom from commercial inter- ruption. Sell-through priced at S19.99 in VHS. the story begins in medieval Scotland where the Gargoyles are stone statues by day but become fearsome defenders of their lord's castle by night. Betrayed through treachery, they remain captured in stone until the castle is dismantled and shipped to New- York City, where it is reassembled by a wealthy businessman atop his corporate headquarters. Freed from the spell, they learn to take on 20th-century crime. Providing voices are Jonathan Frakes. Marina Sirtis. Keith David and Edward Asner. Voyager's two-disc CAV special edition of The World's Greatest Animation (S99.95) should probably be more accurately titled Academy Award Winners and Nominees from the Years 1978-90. Nevertheless, the 17 ani- mated shorts are a choice lot, representing a reasonably broad spectrum of techniques and styles. Uniquely, each short is presented with a choice of either the original soundtrack or a running commentary. On one channel is Charles Solomon, the animation critic for the Los Angeles Times, and on the other is Dr. William Moritz. professor of animation at the California Institute of the Arts. Besides these scholarly critiques, there are sup- plemental chapters for each film supplying background and biographical information about the animators, and their own comments about the art of animation. A closing chapter lists all of the Oscar nominees and winners from 1931-1993 for animated short films. Don Bluth's most recent feature, A Troll in Central Park, was released briefly to a few theaters last October before making the rapid transition to home video. Dom DeLuise voices Stanley, a lovable troll who can make things grow, while Cloris Leachman plays the wicked Queen Gnorga, who spreads eco- logical death at the merest touch. The troll is banished to New York City, a place "where absolutely nothing grows," but soon finds sanctuary in the green haven of Central Park. A Troll in Central Park is sell-through priced at SI 9.99 in VHS or S34.98 on laserdisc from Warner Home Video. CD-ROM: The Mighty Morphin Power Rangers has shipped more than 110.000 shiny CD-ROM discs since it debuted last summer. Excitement over the medium has spawned an additional volume of Superman adventures from the Fleischer Studios. Superman Cartoons Volume 3 (S14.99) contains the last five of the 17 original Tech- nicolor Superman theatrical cartoon adven- tures released between 1941 and 1943. This newest disk includes: "Destruction, Inc.." "The Mummy Strikes." "Jungle Drums," "Underground World" and "Secret Agent." Also included as a special bonus is Warners' 1944 wartime parody of the Fleischer series, "Snafuperman." — David Hutchison Boxleitner (continued from page 31 ) couple of scenes, and say 'Action' and 'Cut.' Both of them had been on sets before, and the older one has had bit parts in things like The Gambler HI,. They both want to be actors, so who knows?" Playing the lead in an SF-TV series may be earning Boxleitner a group of dedicated fans within his own family, but it has yet to duplicate the credibility previous network series earned him. "I've been scoffed at already by people in the business." he admits. "Syndicated television still has that stigma. To some people, I'm not doing good stuff here, but I think they're wrong. They have to broaden their horizons a little bit, because network television isn't what it used to be, either. These programs are starting to whittle them down. You see a lot of their program- ming, and much of it is low-budget stuff. These shows are also offering something that's not on the networks, and that's adven- ture. Programs like Kung Fit: The Legend Continues and Baywatch all have their own place in television." Looking to the future, Bruce Boxleitner hopes his assignment to Babylon 5 will con- tinue for some time. While the actor isn't sure about the direction in which Captain Sheri- dan is eventually headed, he doesn't mind sharing a few items from his own mental "wish list." "Don't shoot me," he laughs, "but I defi- nitely think we should have a romantic inter- est at some point. That's important in all drama: you have to have a little of that in there, to show the full man. That will happen. "I also want to see more of the conflict of Sheridan's rawer nature and the man who is trying to fulfill his mission as peace keeper. I would like to see more refining of that role. He can't be swinging and hitting people too much. I hope John Sheridan will become more seasoned as we ao along." « For more Babylon 5, see these issues of STARLOG & associated publications: Michael O'Hare (#208, STARLOG PLATINUM #2) Claudia Christian (#204) Jerry Doyle (#203) Andreas Katsulas (#188) Peter Jurasik (STARLOG PLATINUM #5) Mira Furlan (#202) Andrea Thompson (#209) Patricia Tallman (#209) Richard Biggs (STARLOG PLATINUM #4) Johnny Sekka (STARLOG PLATINUM #4) Bill Mumy (forthcoming) Caitlin Brown (forthcoming! Director Richard Compton (STARLOG PLATINUM #3) Creating the series (#181) Special FX (STARLOG SPECTACU- LAR #10) STARLOGMpnY 1995 69 LURID & ALLURING Signed Pulp Art Poster $32 each (4 for $100) Steen The Robert Lesser Collection, valued at $2 million, is the world's most prestigious assemblage of original, oil-on-canvas pulp art. Now you can own a unique full-color poster created to celebrate this truly American art form. The poster is personally signed by Lesser. Poster measures 24" x 36" and is printed on heavy studio-qual- ity stock. LURID & ALLURING Signed Pulp Art Poster $32 each (4 for $100) Please indicate quantity being ordered. POSTAGE & HANDLING: USA $8.95 each. New York State residents add 8.25% sales tax. CANADA $13.95 each. Canadian residents add 10% sales tax. OVERSEAS $14.95 each. Method of Payment: 3Cash 3Check 3Money Order ^Discover ^MasterCard 3Visa Account No. Card Expiration Date: / (Mo./Yr. Your Daytime Phone #: ( ) Print Name As It Appears On Your Card Street City State Zip Your Signature Total enclosed: $_ Send cash, check or money order to: STARLOG GROUP, Inc. 475 PARK AVENUE SOUTH NEW YORK, NY 10016 IF YOU DO NOT WANT TO CUT OUT COUPON WE WILL ACCEPT WRITTEN ORDERS. Please allow 4 to 6 weeks for delivery. (continued from page 51) a new world and I don't know everything, but I'm certainly trying to keep up." Not everyone in the group reacts well to the native creatures, while Julia naturally is curious about them and respects their exis- tence. "She has an absolute fascination about them, especially in the pilot when we see them and Morgan begins shooting. Julia says, 'You idiot. We're the aliens here.' We have to have respect for them. We come to know through Alonzo's dreams that the Terrians fear us because we've been there before and they feel threatened. I see them as being shamans and very much a part of the Earth. They are very, very curious about us initially, but the penal colonists being there blew all our chances for an amiable first con- tact. The Terrians are healers and are at one with the Earth. They're in the food chain, the web, and that's something that we aren't." Although not all of Julia's equipment made it safely to the planet, she does have a few tools to help her treat the ill and injured. Her chief tool is a diagnostic glove, which gives vital signs and much more. "Gosh, the glove does everything from dishes to win- dows," Steen jokes. "It's the 'handy glove!' What I know of the glove is that it can take a heart rate, pulse, EKG, temperature and test for things. I do so much with it and yet often times I find it doesn't speak to me. I know that the fingers can scan, detect, find, locate and probe. It is just a fabulous, must-have, don't-leave-home-without-it kind of thing, and it does so much. Primarily, the glove is a scanner of body functions and vital signs. It also gave Morgan a jolt of electricity when his heart was in arrest. "I have a lot of other little gizmos that I use to take skin samples and spinal fluids and things. If someone has a virus, I have to take samples for my fabulous microscope that does all sorts of fun things. And the sedater comes in awful handy, too. We zap all sorts of things with it." Future Soldier Serving as a doctor is important to Steen. but episodes dealing with Julia's undercover government work have provided the actress with a chance for the action and personal drama she enjoys. "I'm into stunts and, ot course, the drama too," she comments. "That's why I've liked these couple of shows. The decisions have been rough for Julia and it has been intense. Although the virtual reality stuff is very draining to do because your eyeballs burn, it's hot and very claustrophobic, it is the most focused work that we've done. I like it. Terry O'Quinn [who plays Reilly] and I have had lots of dia- logue and interaction. That's what I really like. I find it very difficult to do snippets of things, because you have to keep the pace up and it's all out of order. So, I've enjoyed the stunts. V.R. and the location shoots." While she was a cast regular on the syn- dicated SF series Captain Power and the Soldiers of the Future and now works on Earth 2, the actress, who enjoys kayaking and rock climbing, has never been a big fan of the genre. "I'm not an SF person by nature," she admits. "The future is always portrayed so negatively and bleak. It's all angular, burnt-out, grey and metal. It almost always looks like we blew it. That's the sci- ence fiction part to me about Earth 2 — that we would get a second chance." Thinking back to her days as Jennifer "Pilot" Chase, one of the Soldiers of the Future on Captain Power, Steen has mixed feelings. "Captain Power was a weird job for me. I was young and I got bamboozled into doing it. It was frustrating on an acting level because we sometimes had the corniest stuff to say. In many ways, I was angry because I knew Captain Power was geared toward children and it was going to make piles of money at Christmas selling all these interactive toys to all those kids. I felt there was this huge moral obligation as TV pro- gram makers, and as babysitters and teach- ers. I felt guilty about shooting everybody all the time and all that firepower. That made me very uncomfortable. The Soldiers of the Future were the faction out there trying to get Lord Dread and all his nasties, and curb all their actions. So, yes, we were the good guys, but overall, it was a show about selling toys, shooting and running around. "I was amazed, once we were well into production, the mail that I got from all over the world, saying how my character was so influential, so important and how she had a good impact on their daughters. It was such a learning experience for me. because I'm not a good sport about Captain Power. And yet the mail showed people were seeing a great deal of good in it, and they valued my character because she tried to prevail in this situation. I was young, and it taught me to see how valuable your work can be." Thinking of the happier aspects of Captain Power reminds her of Earth 2. "It's a monumental undertaking to fathom what an entirely different world would be like. First, there are the space stations, which are our history and where we came from. That's enough of a task in itself, but to go to a whole new planet and try to see it for the first time is a major task. What do you focus on? The fatigue? We must be exhausted from wagon-training along, walking and carrying stuff, and packing and unpacking. And then there's this constant awe of every- thing we're seeing. It's so beautiful, so dif- ferent." For Jessica Steen. the biggest challenge of Earth 2 is making a statement about the condition of the original Earth and trying to get people to change their habits before it's too late. "I'm in awe of the beauty in which we work. This is Earth 1 and we still have a chance to watch our step and clean up our act. If we show enough beauty, maybe it'll become more important to the people who count." -^ m MOVIE POl ATTENTION AH COUECTORSfc STAR WARS 1 5th Anniversary Artwork by the Hildebrandt brothers. Style B one-sheet, 21 x 41", printed on 1001b. paper. $14.95 m m \\ <& a? fi ■W Nfi sssntt' STAR WARS "A New Hope" Same Hildebrandt artwork as the 15th Anniversary, but with the alter- native title, "A New Hope." Style B one-sheet, 21 x 41". printed on 100 lb. paper.$14.95 STAR WARS 1 993 Reissue Artwork by Drew Struzan & Charlie White III. Style D one-sheet, reissues in 1993, 27x41". $14.95 RETURN OF TUB JEDI 1 Oth Anniversary Gold Foil Artwork by Drew Struzan. Gold foil logo is 7 x 22". 27 x 41 ". : Limited run of 2,500. Perfect ; for collectors! $80 ■£! ■"-^: also available: RETURN OF THE JEDI 1 0th Anniversary Artwork by Drew Struzan. . 27 x 41". Limited run of I 2,500. $14.95 STAR WARS 1 0th Anniversary Artist's proofs signed by Drew Struzan, the artist. 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STARLOG presents Editions It's a new experience from STARLOG PRESS: A deluxe, all color magazine, published quarterly, each issue devoted solely to one topic, exploring it in depth from every angle possible! McNeill PLATINUM #1 Writers of SF-TV PLATINUM #2 SF Actors and Actresses PLATINUM #3 Makers of Science-Fiction Send cash, check or money order to. STARLOG PRESS 475 Park Ave So, 8th Fir. NY, NY 10016 PLATINUM Back Issues! Please indicate quantity being ordered. Send me #1 #2 #3 $9 each ($6.95 * $2.05 postage & handling) FOREIGN: $11 ($6.95+ $4.05 postage & handling) Canadian residents must add 1 0% sal es ta x. Total Enclosed: $ Method ot Payment: □ Cash 3 Check 3 Money Order "S _! V.sa J Maste'Ca'd J Discover i^gj^ Account No Card Expiration Date Your Daytime Phone #: (_ (Mo ' Yr.) Print name as it appears on your card Street City State Zip Your signature U you don't want to cut out coupon, we accept written orders Please allow 4 to 6 weeks lor delivery McDowell (continued from page 39) much more fun and dramatic than I expect- ed. I was surprised. I went into that episode thinking I just needed to do something because I was frustrated with everything else that was happening. 'The First Duty' ended up being one of my favorite things I've ever done. "Sometimes I think, especially on televi- sion, things are so watered down." explains McNeill. "Maybe it's the networks or the shows' premises, but most television is bland. The thing that's so great about Star Trek is there's a theatricality to it. It stays very rooted and tries to be realistic in its sci- ence, even though they're guessing at the future. All of that, the science fact and fic- tion elements, the technical dialogue and the theatricality, makes it a great deal of fun to act." McNeill fully expects that Voyager will also end up being one of his favorite experi- ences. Fan mail started piling up even before the pilot was finished filming. He has tapped into computer bulletin boards to learn of the fans' reaction to the show and has already signed to appear at several conventions. Thinking long-term, McNeill has been shad- owing Voyager director of photography Marvin Rush, peppering him with questions about the technical aspects of bringing the show to life, and he's also closely watching the show's directors, among them Rick Kolbe. Kim Friedman and Les Landau. For McNeill, who has directed several plays and short films, it's all in hopes of one day join- ing the ranks of Jonathan Frakes, Patrick Stewart, Burton, Gates McFadden, Avery Brooks and Rene Auberjonois — Trek actors who helmed various Trek episodes. Another part of Voyager that McNeill figures will keep him sharp and interested is the opportunity to develop his character over an extended period of time. "The bible says that Paris is a rebel who has gotten into a great deal of trouble before and now has a chance, in this extreme situation, to redeem himself. That background is very impor- tant," says Robert Duncan McNeill. "When he has been in trouble, it was because he wasn't loyal. He wasn't loyal to Starfleet. He wasn't loyal to the Maquis. He wasn't loyal to his family. He's always sort of been out for himself. "Where his loyalty is, whose side he is on, who he'll stand behind and what he'll stand for are really the lessons that Paris will have to learn, and I think it'll take a long time for him to leam them. He also has a sense of fun and adventure, which most of the other characters don't really have because they're sad and disheartened to be lost in space. Paris is excited by that. He likes having the adventure and the fun and the fresh start. So, there are many colors to play and we've really just begun. Hopefully, if the series goes for years and years, we can play all of that out slowly, over time, which would be great. It's very exciting." ff^ (continued from page 79) aged to do great work." he observes. "I haven't seen the finished film, so it's very hard to talk about, but I think it will be a major stepping stone for her." The actor also appreciated what director Talalay brought to the table. "Rachel is a very interesting director and a very interesting person, too — very, very bright. She knew exactly what she wanted. The only thing that must have gotten frustrating for her was that it took a lot longer to do the film than expected. We had these extreme conditions, such heat and dust. It was torture. It ruined shots and affected the cameras. For me, those conditions don't have much of an effect. I try to be professional and just do what I have to do when the camera is rolling. But I think if you're under really adverse conditions, it can give you a certain edge or spontaneity. "I'm always suspicious when I do a film that's all lovely and everyone's lovely and loves each other. You see the movie later and think, 'My God, what happened? It's horren- dous.' Then, you do a physically nightmarish film, like Tank Girl, or one with money prob- lems, or this or that, and the film turns out great and has real energy. Again, I haven't seen Tank Girl yet, but I have a good feeling about the work we did." Always busy, McDowell has several pro- jects on his plate. He has signed to work in England for three weeks on a BBC mini- series called Boys from the North, written by Peter Flannery, who has written a play, Singer, in which McDowell might also appear. Beyond that, he plans to spend some time at his California home with his wife Kelley, all the while trying to find funding to make his film directing debut with Monster Butler. The project had been created, with McDowell in mind to star, by the late Lind- say Anderson, his close friend and the direc- tor who gave McDowell his first major role in if. . . and later cast him in O Lucky Man! and Brittania Hospital. McDowell is hopeful that both Genera- tions and Tank Girl will both be seen by the film industry's power brokers. If that turns out to be the case, look for Monster Butler to become a reality and for McDowell, courtesy of his career resurgence, to turn up in more juicy roles in more A-pictures. "I guess it is something of a renaissance for me and I am. to say the least, quite pleased by it. Many people will see Generations and Tank Girl. These big films are very hard to get into. It has nothing to do with talent anymore. It's power plays with agencies and all this weird stuff going on. I could always go back to the stage and I'm kind of the king of independent films. I can do them here and in Europe. But I've got a new agent who said, 'That's it. Now, you're going to do mainstream, major studio pictures.' And so far. so good," con- cludes Malcolm McDowell. "I'm going after good roles in good films. Soran in Genera- tions and Kesslee in Tank Girl are just that. So, I couldn't be happier." f» 72 STARLOG/ApnV 1995 Sizes:. Large or Extra- Large ^mstsmm wm Deep Space Nine :Crew /SP&iRTF SK D€€PSPAC€ nine: •;■ ^t^S* \,. •" A ^^"""1^"^ rfi '' Ail ~jfc ^^^%^5T' tL - ^^V "■ ?\f '^B OS -4fP?w -" i. ' • ^^ ■» Space Station oeep sf^ce mner Schematic r ^a II r= Enterprise :"T0BOtQi3MH6iE I I M mm Kirk, Spock, McCoy '•' 100% Heavy; Cation Jersey. fre-Shrunk, Machine Washable. "To boldly go..." EflftGIZEl m&m BIHRim Energize! 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Your Collector's Portfolio will be sent Parcel Post, securely wrapped to insure its arrival in mint condition. '". ® and © 1994 Paramount Pictures. All Rights Reserved. STAR TREK and related marks are registered trademarks of Paramount Pictures. STARLOG authorized user. / i L me $&%t G£ne0mam Collector's Portfolio— $i4.95each STAR TREK: THE NEXT GENERATION, the television series, has conclud- ed, but the memories will last a lifetime — and now so too will the Official Magazines exclusively devoted to this phenomenally popular program. Protect Your Magazines in These Official Binders! STARLOG, publishers of the Official '- Magazines, has licensed from Paramount Pictures the right to market a binder for your issues — the Official " STAR TREK: THE NEXT GENERATION. Collector's Portfolio. The STAR TREK: THE NEXT GENERATION logo is printed in gold foil on the cover of this high-quality, 3-ring, black vinyl binder. To hold and pro- tect your collection, the binder comes with 25 clear vinyl inserts. Additional inserts may be added. STAR TREK- THE NEXT GENERATION Collector's Portfolio $14.95 each Please indicate quantity being ordered. Total enclosed: $ POSTAGE & HANDLING: USA $3.75 per \| binder, FOREIGN $8. CANADA Canadian residents add 10% sales tax. Send cash, check or money order to: STARLOG PRESS 475 PARK AVENUE SOUTH NEW YORK, NY 10016 Method of Payment: 3Cash -ICheck 3Money Order I ^Discover ^Master Card 3Visa Account No. Card Expiration Date: / (Mo./Yr.) Your Daytime Phone #: ( ) Print Name As It Appears On Your Card Street CitT State Zip Your Signature IF YOU DO NOT WANT TO CUT OUT COUPON, WE WILL ACCEPT WRITTEN ORDERS. Please allow 4 to 6 weeks for delivery. Ialcolm McDowell has been a very, very good bad boy, and for a very long time, too. Need proof? Just look at his resume, a few of the highlights of which include A Clockwork Orange, Cat People, Star Trek Generations and the upcoming Tank Girl. Though the actor likes to stretch by portraying the occasional good guy or sym- pathetic character, as he did in Time After Time, he's quite comfortable joining fellow Brits David Warner. Steven Berkoff and Alan Rickman on the short list of filmdom's most dependable villains. "Villains are just great. You don't have to be there every damned day. When you're on, it's you and you can take it wherever you want. I don't think you should ever go, what we call in England, OTT (over the top)-," observes McDowell. "You have to be very careful not to do that. Villains have to be real people. The audience has to feel, somehow, that they have a real life." Most recently, of course, McDowell gave reel life to Dr. Tolian Soran in Star Trek Generations and. at the same time, gave Captain Picard (Patrick Stewart) a hard time and Captain Kirk (William Shatner) his death sentence. In the film, Soran, though not necessarily insane, was willing to let 230 million people die in his efforts to get back into the powerfully attractive, Utopian Nexus. Ultimately. Picard and Kirk joined forces to stop Soran. and they managed to do so. though Kirk perished after making a difference one last time. As Trek fans know by now. Kirk's demise was never exactly a secret. News crews were even allowed on the Valley of Fire location in Nevada to watch as Soran fired a fatal phaser blast into Kirk's back, leaving the legendary captain to die in a helpless Picard's arms. However, just weeks STARLOG/ApnV 1995 75 ^WiP "Villains are just great," declares McDowell, who killed time as Soran in Star Trek Generations. "You don't have to be there every damned day." before the film's unveiling, director David Carson returned to Nevada with Stewart, Shatner and McDowell, along with much of the production team, to reshoot Kirk's swan song. When the film hit theaters, Kirk still kicked the intergalactic bucket, but in an entirely different manner. In the new version, Soran shoots a phas- er blast at the bridge on which Kirk is des- perately trying to reach a device that will enable him to decloak the rocket launcher Soran intends to use to alter the course of the energy ribbon/Nexus. Ultimately, Soran dies when the launcher explodes, but, while the ced with Patrick ^Stewart], oh, 29 years ago at the Royal Shakespeare Company," McDowell offers. "He has certainly made his rhark as Picard." deaths of the endangered millions are avert- ed, the bridge crashes to the ground, crush- ing Kirk. "I think I would have preferred to have been the man that did the deed, but I shoot the bridge down and that is what kills him," says McDowell. "They wanted to reshoot the ending, because it didn't have enough bang to it. It had too many fisty- fights and all of that. "They wanted to get on with it, to have the bridge go, the chase up the rocks, and for the rocket to explode. I also think they want- ed the two captains to be working together more, which was a smart move. It's a better ending, anyway, the way it turned out. Whether it was worth another S6 million, who am I to say?" Mad scientist Quite early in Generations' production, McDowell was happily and loudly touting the fact that it was he who got to snuff out Captain Kirk. He also noted that Trekkers would probably be split 50-50 in their reac- tion to Kirk's passing, figuring that as many would be thrilled to be rid of Kirk as would be saddened by his departure. "I think that's the truth. Some people think. "Thank God you've done him in at last.' Bill did actually say to me, 'Who are the 50 percent?' I said. 76 ST ARLOG/ April 1995 'They're people who are sick of you after 30 years, Bill.' You know what? Killing Kirk didn't make any difference to me one way or the other. I'm not a Trekkie. It's just a part in a movie. I'm not a regular. It's one more heavy, one more role, and onto the next. That's the way I feel about it. Listen, I'll kill 'em all. Just give me a chance!" That's not to say McDowell didn't have a good time making Generations — he had a terrific time. First, he enjoyed playing the rather obsessive doctor. "Soran is a wonder- ful villain. He's quite a character. They had some terrific dialogue for him. I particularly liked that line, 'Time is the fire in which we burn,' though I understand they got it from a "Lori was great," the actor relates of his Tank Girl leading lady. "She took a tremendous beating." book of quotations and had to pay for it, which I find quite amusing," says McDowell with a bemused chuckle. "I don't really think Soran's an evil character. I suppose I am the heavy in the piece, but he's really like a drug addict. Once you've tasted Shangri-la, or the Nexus, it's like a drug addict on his drug of choice. Are these peo- ple really evil? No, they just have to get the drug. Soran doesn't want power. He's not a manipulator in that sense." As for sharing the screen with Shatner and Stewart, as well as Barbara March and Gwynyth Walsh as the lovely sisters Duras, that too was apparently a satisfying experi- ence. "I worked with Patrick, oh, 29 years ago at the Royal Shakespeare Company. He went on to stay there for 12 years, while I was out very quickly. I just had one brief taste of being in a company of 100 actors at Stratford, going crazy," he remembers. "I couldn't take it, but Patrick went on to do very well there. He's a very good actor and has certainly made his mark as Picard. It was great to work with him again after all these years. "I also enjoyed working with Bill quite a lot. He has a twinkle in his eye and I think he's awfully good in the film. You don't do something for 30 years and not come up with the goods. He's the real thing. The scenes with the Klingon sisters are just great, aren't they? I loved working with Gwynyth and Barbara. I'm-just glad to have met them before we started filming or I never would have known what they looked like. That makeup was tremendous. Soran's scenes with the Klingons are classic. To come on and crack her a good one like that was so much fun. Then to have B'Etor say that line about it having better been a mating ritual was just great stuff. They're like the witches from Macbeth." As always happens with films, moments were edited out to quicken the pace or to STARLOG/AonV 1995 11 SSJ u c -i- J O 5 \ - : 3 5= o **L ii\|j "I don't really think Soran's an evil char- acter. I suppose I am the heavy in the piece," McDowell says. change the viewers' overall perspective on a character. The latter was the case with Soran. A sequence was shot in which Soran tortured Geordi LaForge (LeVar Burton) in an effort to learn what he knows about trilithium and Guinan's (Whoopi Goldberg) presence aboard the Enterprise. The scene was dropped, and McDowell believes he knows why. "I think that's better for the character. Soran wouldn't waste time tortur- ing somebody," he argues. "He's not into that. It's more to do with his obsession with the Nexus than the cruelty of manipulating a human being. I think that [the torture scene] was always a little bit weird, but I enjoyed doing it." Although it was clear that Soran would do absolutely whatever it took, short, per- According to McDowell, "Villains have to be real people. The audience has to feel, somehow, that they have a real life." haps, of torture,, to get back into the Nexus, what he intended to do once he got there was never revealed. One might assume, however, that he hoped to be reunited with his family. who, it was explained, had been wiped out by the Borg. Yet, as Picard noted to no avail. Soran was planning to do to 230 million people what the Borg had done to his fami- ly. "What would Soran do in the Nexus? It's a good question. I don't know," says McDowell. "I honestly didn't think about it. What's enjoyable about shooting a film like Generations is that you read the script, can hardly make any sense of it, and then you see it up on the screen. "Let me tell you a story. I'm not one for reading stage directions very' closely. So, when it says in one sentence, 'the Enterprise crashes,' and then you see what they did, it's extraordinary- That model sequence is bril- liant. What they can do at George Lucas' place [Industrial Light and Magic] I'm in awe of, it's so great. When I saw the film for the first time, I was absolutely amazed, at how extraordinary the FX have become in these films today." Time Traveler That comment leads to an overview of McDowell's many genre credits, be they futuristic dramas, horror movies, full-blown SF epics or adventures. Interestingly, the actor describes himself as being "far from a huge fan" of science fiction, and one who finds the works of H.G. Wells, whom he por- trayed in Time After Time, "rather hard to read." The place to begin, of "That's a real science fiction film, very interesting and probably a failure," McDowell notes of his mem- ories of director Roland Emmerich's Moon 44. Yes, the mouse talks. As H.G.Wells, McDowell got the hero's role and a wife out of Time After Time. course, is A Clockwork Orange, the 1971 Stanley Kubrick classic in which he por- trayed the brutal punk Alex, who thrived on teaching society a lesson until it turned the tables on him. "That's the watershed film in my career," notes McDowell. "It's extraordi- nary, and I could spend hours talking about Kubrick. He's worthy of a whole book and so is the film. I really became aware of sci- ence fiction when I saw 200/: A Space Odyssey. That was the first time I really saw science fiction and believed it, didn't think it was all styrofoam, and was moved by it." McDowell played H.G. Wells, the some- what wimpy good guy who gets the girl in the Nicholas \star Trek II) Meyer-directed feature Time After Time. "I got to be the hero in that one. It's a very whimsical part, a wonderful part, H.G. running after Jack the Ripper [David Warner] and meeting this modern woman [Mary Steenburgen]. Of course," he notes, "it is very special to me because I met Mary, we got married, and we had two children. Even though we're not together now, she is the mother of my chil- dren and that film is where we met. It's also a damned good film." In the Paul Schrader remake of Cat People, McDowell starred as the rather nasty feline brother of Nastassia Kinski in what some people felt was a terrific fright flick and others deemed stylish trash. "I think it's a good movie," says McDowell, casting his own vote. "It was brilliantly designed and has a great look to it. Some people argue over whether it's better than the original. I don't know about that, because the original was something special. But I enjoyed the experience. It was also my introduction to New Orleans, which I loved." McDowell was the villainous pilot in the 1983 film Blue Thunder (which he discussed in STARLOG #74). "Hate flying. Hated the whole damned thing. But I must say I loved working with John Alonzo and [director] John Badham. Alonzo did the cinematogra- phy on Generations, too, and it was wonder- ful to work with him again," the actor enthuses. "He's one of the best. His work transforms films into something else." Following Blue Thunder, McDowell's career seemed to lose, well, its thunder. He had gone from leading man of the stage and screen in England to character actor and vil- lain for hire after his move to America to marry Steenburgen in 1980. The result was a long period in which McDowell found him- self receiving scripts of a lesser quality and, because he had to make a living, accepting roles in those films. Rather than go into much detail about them, each genre-oriented film is mentioned to McDowell, who pro- ceeds to give a synopsized recollection of the project. Moon 44: "That's the name of that one! Thank you. I couldn't remember its name. That's a real science fiction film, very inter- esting and probably a failure," he admits. "It was Roland Emmerich's big break. He's an extraordinary director, no question about it. He just did StarCate and I'm rather shocked, actually, that he didn't ask me to play a part in that. I always thought he was going places. The only thing I didn't like about Moon 44 was that it didn't have a great script. But all the model shots Roland did were extraordinary. He did that film for just S3 million, which was amazing tome." "Killing Kirk didn't make any difference to me one way or the other." Cyborg III: "I did one day on that one. It was all they could afford," he recalls. "It was a great scene and the director was very good." Class of 1999, Mark L. Lester's sequel to his own Class of 1984: "Yes, I did that one too. Where are you coming up with these? They're not in my bio, are they?" he won- ders. "They offered me the heavy, which I turned down. So, I played the school's prin- cipal. Stacy Keach played the heavy. It was not a very good film at all, but it was fun." Wing Commander 111, a CD-ROM game: "That was very interesting. People were always talking about these CD-ROMs and I honestly don't understand it. When I was offered this part, with Mark Hamill and John Rhys-Davies, I thought, 'I'll do it. Let's go try it and see what it's all about.' I'm very glad I did," he decides. "It's really where film is going to be in the future. In other words, by computer they'll put in incredible backdrops. Want a starfield? Boom, there's a starfield. The technology changes every week. The only thing they couldn't do then, which they can now, is that we couldn't real- ly move and talk. You had to sort of be in one spot and they couldn't move the camera very much. Now, of course, they can do that, too." One of McDowell's more intriguing credits in the years prior to Generations was the laugh-inducing, yet somehow moving Tales from the Crypt episode "The Reluctant Vampire," in which he played the title char- acter, who worked at a blood bank and did all he could to avoid killing people. The seg- ment and McDowell's strong performance are both well-regarded by O'vprophiles. "It was charming in its own little way and I'm pleased to hear that it's so popular with peo- ple. But I'll tell you my memories of it," he warns. "I was in Italy, and they called me to do it. I said I didn't really want to leave Italy, where I was living at the time. My agent said, 'It's a real hip thing to do.' So. I flew back, went from the airport right into it. so they could do the makeup special FX. and I got the flu. I had a temperature of 104 for practically the whole time, and I barely remember shooting it. I would walk to the set shivering, get it together for each take, then trudge back to my trailer, just dying." Futuristic Villain Most recently, McDowell has appeared in such films as Milk Money with Melanie Griffith, the little-seen and vastly underrated apartheid drama Bopha! and several other foreign or independent films few American moviegoers have caught (like The Caller and Disturbed). Star Trek Generations should reintroduce McDowell to the mass audience, as might the big-budget, futuristic epic Tank Girl, in which he co-stars with Lori (Free Willy) Petty under the direction of Rachel (Ghost in the Machine) Talalay. "Tank Girl takes place in the year 2033, after Earth has been hit by an asteroid and virtually wiped out. Desert conditions pre- vail," he explains. "The gold standard is water and I am Kesslee, the head of the Department of Water, and, as such, a very powerful man. There are these [half-human, half-kangaroo] mutants running around, sort of under the ground, called the Rippers, and this Tank Girl is raising her middle finger to the world. She's this anarchist, almost, who's a thorn in my side. It's a cartoon, basi- cally, a wonderful sort of irreverent comic book that comes from Europe [and was scripted by Tedi Sarafian based on the comic by Jamie Hewlett and Alan Martin]. We shot [parts of it] in the most awful place, a dis- used copper mine outside of Tucson, Arizona, in the summer. Not to be recom- McDowell terrorized the skies as the evil Cochrane in Blue Thunder, which drew rave reviews from the actor: "Hate flying. Hated the whole damn thing." mended. Just opening that hotel room door in the morning was like going into the fur- nace." As much as Tank Girl (or Rebecca Buck, which is the character's real name) may be a thorn in Kesslee's side, Kesslee, as the — what else — villain, makes her life a living hell. Fortunately, reveals McDowell. Petty was up to the many challenges of the role and the demanding physicality of the film's lengthy shoot. "Lori was great. I have tremendous admiration, for her. She took a tremendous beating. It was a very active role she had to play in extreme conditions and she was in every frame of the film. Still, she man- (continued on page 72) STARLOGMpnV 1995 79 Seven Stellar Years Item # 102 5 "7th Anniversary Commemorative' by Sonia Hillios The Poster Edition Size of Edition: Open Size: 20 x 30" Price: S 19-95 Item # 1026 "Space: The Final Frontier" by Sonia Hillios The Poster Edition Size of Edition: Open Size: 20 x 30" Price: S 19-95 Seventh Anniversary Commemorative Collection as soma hillios Seven years ago, sparked by the unequaled devotion of Star Trek fans everywhere. Paramount Pictures and Gene Roddenberry launched Star Trek: The Next Generation — thus continuing the voyages of the Starship Enterprise. This bold adventure has proven to be more than a worthy suc- cessor to the original series. In recognition of seven stellar years, StarStruck Corporation — an official Paramount licensee — proudly presents two Star Trek: The Next Generation posters. Created by renowned Star Trek artist Sonia Hillios, the "Commemorative Collection" is a stunningly beautiful tribute to The Next Generation's seventh and final season. Join us in celebrating this milestone by proudly displaying your Seventh Anniversary Commemorative posters. Don't wait! These posters are certain to become collector's items. These fine art posters are produced on acid-free cover stock of museum archival quality and reproduced to the highest standards. Each print is a 20 x 30" size, suitable for standard size framing. Send~check or money order payable to Starlog i Please send me: Item # 1026 @ $19.95(US) ea r STARLOG Press 475 P~?s, Avfnuf South. NY. NY 10016 Item 1025 @ $1 9.95(US) ea Please send me: Postage & Handling: add S5.00 for each poster ordered. Please allow 3-4 weeks for delivery Total Enclosed: S (Canadian Residents please add 10% Sales Tax) Method of Payment: □ Check J Money Order 3 Visa Q'Mastercard □ Amex Please charge my credit card as follows: Account Number: - " " Expiration Date: _ Name: Daytime Phone: Street Address: City: State: Zip: Signature: Zi Discover 3.© 1994 Paramount Pictures. All Rights Reserved. Star Trek and related marks are Trademarks of Paramount Pictures. StarStruck Authorized User. Subscribe For The Premiere Season!. ¥FK1A- ®wmm BHPTION lifiV^ Vh'y iicl eeiving one issue free- .ded convenience of* receiving your copies in advance of pp'»'««* delivery. AND your magazines are m protective envelopes .direejtly t FOR SUBSCRIBERS ONLY! Don't miss out on this surefire'colleTJtibIg,! The new STAR TREK television series chronicles the adventures of the U.S.S. Voyager which finds itself in a distant part of the galaxy along with a former enemy, the Maquis. Together, they must find the way back to Federation space. Starring Kate Mulgrew as Janeway of the U.S'.S. voyager. NEW SHIPS, NEW CHARACTERS, NEW DESIGNS, NEW DISCOVERIES! STAR TREK: VOYAGER Premiere Season Subscription 6 Issues — S30 (Foreign: S40) __Please indicate number of subscriptions being ordered. List additional addresses on separate sheet. (Note: Your first issue will be mailed following series premiere, scheduled for January 1995.) '.'ethod of Payment: □Cash DCheck JMoney Order iscover ^MasterCard 3Visa Account No. Card Expiration Date:_ Your Daytime Phone #: (Mo./Yr.; Print Name As It Appears On Your Card Street City State Zip Your Signature Total enclosed: $_ Send cash, check or money order to: STARLOG GROUP, Inc. 475 PARK AVENUE SOUTH NEW YORK, NY 10016 IF YOU DO NOT WANT TO CUT OUT COUPON. WE WILL ACCEPT WRITTEN ORDERS. Please allow 4 to 6 weeks for delivery. BROCCOL/- /W-VoyR-THHTTH .'. There's a catch when your life runs like mine has. You see. slowly, invariably, my hobby, science fiction/fantasy/ comics/horror, became my job, then my career and now. my life. / can't get away from it!!! So that I don't go entirely crazy (too late), so that all work and no play does not make Dave a dull boy (too late there, too). I find myself devouring fewer SF/fantasies these days. Murder, as they say, is a great way to relax. And incessantly. I find myself sending the latest books to my Dad (who reads them all), suggesting various yarns to friends (who sometimes put up with me) and now, recommending various series to you. Nero Wolfe by Rex Stout and (later) Robert Goldsborough (Bantam). This series, begun in 1934 by Stout and continued by Goldsborough after Stout's death, is simply astounding. Nero Wolfe, the world's greatest detective, expert orchid grower and champion gourmet, solves almost all of his cases while never stir- ring from the comfort of his own home (a beautiful brownstone on 35th Street, not far from the STARLOG offices). An armchair Sherlock Holmes, he's aided, of course, by a hardboiled-style detective colleague, Archie Goodwin (who narrates the adven- tures and moonlights as a comic editor). The mysteries are usu- ally pretty good — but it's the vivid characterization (notably of the not-so-lovable Wolfe and heroic everyman Goodwin) which makes this series so delicious. There was a short-lived 1981 TV show (with William Conrad as Wolfe). Bantam is currently repackaging all the Wolfe classics with savvy new introductions by genre authors like Dean R. Koontz and John Jakes. These new editions ensure that Wolfe and Goodwin will be on hand to enter- tain a new generation. 87th Precinct by Ed McBain (NAL, Avon). McBain has been writing these brilliant police procedurals for almost 40 years. They began in the late '50s as paperback originals focusing on Lt. Steve Carella and his fellow detectives at the 87th Precinct — an offbeat ensemble whose exploits seem to have had a crucial influence on two later TV series {Barney Miller, Hill Street Blues). Some of you may have seen Burt Reynolds as Carella (in 1972's Fuzz). The late Robert Lansing (in a 1961 TV series) and Donald Sutherland (Blood Relatives) also played the role. Evan Hunter — the man behind the McBain pseudonym — also scripted Alfred Hitchcock's classic exercise in fowl paranoia. The Birds. I can't recommend the 87th Precinct books highly enough! Travis McGee by John D. MacDonald (Fawcett). Also begun as paperback originals (albeit in the mid-60s), Travis McGee has aged quite well. Using TV crime shorthand, he's less lovable and amiable than Jim Rockford and twice as deadly. McGee takes his retirement in installments on a Florida house- boat, working as a sort of "salvage expert." He protects the unpro- tected, steals from thieves, rubs out Mob menaces and untangles real estate swindles all while operating under his own peculiar shade of honor. The late MacDonald, a superb storyteller, also wrote science fiction (The Girl, The Gold Watch & Everything), My college professor Larry Grimes introduced me to the colorful McGee — all the books have prismatic titles (The Long Lavender Look, The Lonely Silver Rain)— and I've enjoyed them for years. IT'S EMBARRASSING HEAP-POOR EXPOSURE.' Rod (The Birds) Taylor (STARLOG #108) was McGee in the 1970 movie Darker Than Amber, while Sam Elliott took over for a TV movie/unsold pilot (broadcast in '83). Writing for another magazine. I arranged to interview Elliott about the whole experi- ence. That's how much of a McGee fan I am. Lew Archer by Ross Macdonald (Warner). Written under a pseudonym by Kenneth Millar beginning in the '50s, the Archer novels really do belong to a specific time. Rereading some of them today (in splendidly designed new Warner editions), I'm struck by Macdonald 's treatment of the "beat" generation and hippies — which I can only describe as "quaint." Nevertheless, Macdonald is a stylish writer and these are great books. And Archer? He's a divorced LA private eye whose cases invariably uncover byzantine plots, provocative wealthy family/financial/ sexual secrets and sordid murders. Almost everyone in an Archer novel — except maybe Archer — is guilty of something, and every- thing is shrouded in disillusion, old money and new sin. The char- acter enjoyed true big-screen success in the 1966 Harper and 1976's The Drowning Pool. In both films, Paul Newman played the slightly renamed, still world-weary Lew Harper. A TV movie pilot (with Peter Graves) spawned a network series (with Brian Keith) which didn't work. Brother Cadfael by Ellis Peters (Fawcett, Mysterious Press). Recently adapted as a British-made TV series starring Derek Jacobi (as Cadfael) and Sean Pertwee (as Hugh Brinegar), these wonderful, impeccably researched medieval mysteries may gain an even wider American audience now (thanks to the TV versions that are airing as part of PBS' Mystery). Cadfael is a gen- tle, religious ex-Crusader — Columbo in a robe — who solves crimes set against the backdrop of an intricately detailed 12th- century monastery and the surrounding lands. Peters truly takes her readers to another world in a series which mixes murder, faith and history, teaching while entertaining. Wait a minute. Gotta go. A Columbo rerun just came on. Gee, I wonder who did it. — David McDonnelllEditor (January 1995) The STARLOG Line-Up on sale now: GOREZONE SPECIAL: TALES FROM THE CRYPT chronicles the horror legend from EC Comics to TV series, cartoons & movies. . .COMICS SCENE #49 offers Neil Gaiman discussing the end of Sandman and Michael Keaton explaining why he won't be Batman Forever. . STAR TREK: VOYAGER #1 premieres as an all-new official magazine with a special behind-the-scenes view of the "Caretaker" pilot... STARLOG PLATINUM EDITION #6 features interviews with Brent Spiner and StarGate director Roland Emmerich. . .STAR TREK: DEEP SPACE NINE #11 (on sale March 14) lets Morn, the most popular alien barfly in the Trek universe, speak... FANGORIA #141 (also on sale March 14) travels to the set of that newest genre sequel Hellraiser N: Bloodline... and look for STARLOG #214 at newsstands and magazine outlets April 4. 82 STARLOG/Apri/7995 P<7£ The First and Only Licensed Collector's Model of This 25th Century Masterpiece • An adjustable flint inside the translucent red compression chamber sparks when fired, just like tbe original 60th Anniversary Collector's Edition 6 ~ ■ Investment cast of lustrous bronze. N fc^ • Tbe nostalgic "pop" echoes an earlier dream z PR 1 1 J 1 \ of tbe world to come. ^J -^- ^ i Jfe f • Shown smaller L»J ■^ 1 than its actual size ^^^1 r of 10" in length. &-: =fer I Before today's space heroes climbed aboard their first rocket, Buck Rogers was winning the battle against evil in outer space. And this was his powerful and personal weapon. Originally issued in 1935, the futuristic look of the XZ-38 Disintegrator not only captured { our imagination, its classic art deco design represented the spirit of American optimism. Now, for the very first time, this weapon has been painstakingly recreated right down to its translucent red "compression chamber." Exclusively authorized by The Dwe Family Trust, inheritors of the Buck Rogers legacy, this special collector's edition is investment cast in rich bronze. It is an actual working model with sparking flint and the distinctive "pop" which echoes its past. Bonus premium ! m . ,. „ ., , , „ ,. ,. . Order now and immediately ; i This museum quality collectible — the first of its kind — is sure to join receive our exclusively licensed, ">> , the original as a cultural artifact treasured by lovers of science fiction full-color reissue of a rare ■ and classic American design. The price of $695 includes a custom- 32 page Buck Rogers in the 25th designed displav plaque with bronze collector's medallion. A true Centm y book - Originally j? work of art, crafted entirely in the United States. Full 60 day money p™* '? ™l? d available back guarantee of satisfaction. wrthth,sXZ-38re-cre i Please enter my order for the legendary Buck Rogers in the 25th Century XZ-38 Disintegrator Pistol. A $200 deposit confirms my reservation. Then you will bill my credit card $99 per month for five monthly installments, plus $995 shipping and handling for each pistol ordered. The display frame and full color collector's reissue of Buck Rogers in the 25tb Century are included at no additional cost. Due to the complex nature of the investment casting process, please allow 4 to 6 months for delivery. Subject to availability. Offer expires Dec. 31, 1995. Missouri residents will have state sales tax added. To order by phone call (1-800) 4 RAY GUN (1-800-472-9486) Call 7 am - 8 pm CST, Mon.-Fri. Or use this coupon. □Visa □ Mastercard Card number - -Expires- Signature - All orders are subject to acceptance . Date . Ship to: Mr./Mrs./Miss. Address _ City . State _ Zip_ .Night ( Your XZ-38 Disintegrator Pistol comes with this custom designed display frame inset with Buck Rogers collector's medallion. )- Phone: Day ( ) Mail to: EKTEK, Inc., PO Box 771609, St. Louis, MO 63177-1609 buck Rogers a a trademark o/nenue Family t™l $l BATTLE RAS MORPHING HENCHMEN! DESERT DOGFIGHT IN A STOLEN GLIDER! ONEIL HEATS UP THE PALACE GUARDS! FIREFIGHT IN THE STREETS OF NAGADA! Tnii Most Ama/jm; Kilmi#tiiiVwr! LOOK FOR STARGATE' ON HOME VIDEO FROM LWE» ENTERTAINMENT simmam GENESIS" GAME GEAR™ GAMEBOf Xlaim STARGATE 1 " TM & © 1994 Le Studio Canal* (U.S.) All rights reserved. TM designates a trademark of Le Studio Canal* i Inc. © 1991 Nintendo of America Inc. Sega, Genesis & Game Gear are trademarks of Sega Enterprii iment Syslem, Game Boy and the official seals arc registered trademarks of Nintendo of it, Inc. ® & © 1995 Acclaim Entertainment. Inc. All rights reserved.	Archie Goodwin
The 11th amendment to the US constitution addresses the ability of citizens and foreigners to sue whom?	Full text of "Starlog Magazine Issue 213" See other formats wm Gillian Anderson ratesTHE X-FILES THE SCIENCE FICTION UNIVERSE j? M McNeills" APRIL #213 AR Greg Evigan, future detective The Man Who Killed Kirk: Malcolm McDowell TANK GIRL Lori Petty, road §" ^^N LEONARD NIMOY'S 'k The genius and daring that marked each STAR TREK 1 episode was never more apparent than when creator Gene Roddenberry chose to continue the voyages - passing on the Starfleet directive to "explore new worlds" and "to boldly go where no one has gone before™" to STAR TREK 5 : THE NEXT GENERATION™. Now, The Hamilton Collection and Paramount Pictures proudly join together to salute the Captain of the U.S.S. Enterprise™ with the Captain Jean-Luc Picard Autographed Wall Plaque. With the gripping reality and remarkable detail that only fine portrait photography can achieve, the Captain Jean-Luc Picard Autographed Wall Plaque presents the character who has redefined the qualities of STAR TREK leadership, and is also a brilliant testament to one of the most accomplished actors of our time, Patrick Stewart. This handsome portrait, an actual publicity "still" taken on the Paramount Pictures set of STAR TREK: THE NEXT GENERATION, proudly bears the personally hand- written signature of Patrick Stewart. Mounted on polished hardwood and permanently protected, the Captain Jean-Luc Picard Autographed Wall Plaque is available exclusively from The Hamilton Collection for only $195. Your plaque will arrive ready for immediate display, will be numbered and accompanied by an official Certificate of Authenticity. As always, our 30 Day 100% Satisfaction Guarantee assures you order at no risk. Each day, interest in STAR TREK: THE NEXT GENERATION and demand for ever more fascinating collectibles based on its daring voyages is growing. To become one of only 5000 original owners of this piece of STAR TREK history, submit your reservation today! TM, ® & © 1994 Paramount Pictures. All Rights Reserved. STAR TREK and related marks are trademarks of Paramount Pictures. The Hamilton Collection Authorized User. I 1 Respond by: March 31, 1995 Please accept my reservation for [Qty.] Captain Jean-Luc Picard Autographed Wall Plaque(s). The issue price is payable in five convenient monthly installments of $39.* each, per plaque. I need send no money now. On acceptance, I will be billed for only the first installment when my plaque(s] is ready for shipment. 57M2QE ga Ms./Mrs./Mr. Address City State -Zip Telephone [ ) Signature Plus S.95 shipping and handling per plaque installment. Orders shipping to FL will be billed 6% state sales tax. Ail reservations must be signed and are subject to acceptance. The Hamilton Collection 4810 Executive Park Ct., P.O.Box 44031, Jacksonville, FL 32231-4051 NUMBER 213 APRIL 1995 THE SCIENCE FICTION UNIVERSE® UNDER PRESSURE Bruce Boxleitner has taken command of "Babylon 5" X-HEROINE investigating as usual, Gillian Anderson now believes COMPONENTS 6 MEDIALOC 8 VIDEOLOC 10 CAMELOC 12 AUDIOLOG 14 BOOKLOC 16 BRIDGE 18 FANLOG 21 COMMUNICATIONS 82 LINER NOTES 64 75 COLORS OF LOYALTY The voyage home will test Robert Duncan McNeill CALL HER TANK GIRL Lori Petty is kicking butt & taking names in the desert TEKHERO Once again, Greg Evigan walks the future beat in "TekWar" DR. HELLER, MEDICINE WOMAN On "Earth 2," Jessica Steen isn't all that she seems STARMANS SON Christopher Daniel Barnes is the animated Spider-Man HUMAN AMONG THE APES Years ago, Linda Harrison roamed "Planet of the Apes" LOOKING HOMEWARD This fraternal idea ignited a writing career for one fan THE MAN WHO KILLED KIRK Malcolm McDowell wouldn't mind offing more "Trek" folks STARLOC: The Science Fiction universe is published monthly by STARLOC CROUP, INC., 475 Park Avenue South, New York NY -::'= S --.:: and The Science Fiction universe are registered trademarks of Starlog Croup, Inc. (ISSN 0191-46261 (Canadian CST number: R-124704826 1 This is issue Number 213, April 1995. Content is © Copyright 1995 by STARLOC CROUP, INC. All rights reserved. Reprint or reproduction in part or in whole without the publishers' written permission Is strictly forbidden. STARLOC accepts no responsibility for unsolicited manuscripts, photos or ether materials, but if submittals are accompanied by a self-addressed, stamped envelope, they'll be considered and, if necessary, returned STARLOC "es not publish fiction. Fiction submissions are not accepted and will be discarded without reply. Products advertised are not necessarily endorsed by STARLOC and views expressed in editorial copy are not necessarily those of STARLOG. Second class postage paid at New York, NY and adoMonal mailing offices. Subscription rates: $39.97 one year (12 issues) delivered in U.S. only. Canadian and foreign subscriptions $48.97 in U.S. 4 _-: = ;- sew subscriptions send directly to STARLOC, 475 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10016. Notification of change of address or renewals se-; :: S --.:: i-cscription Dept, P.O. Box 132, Mt. Morris, IL 61054-0132 or for Customer Service, call toll-free 1-800-877-5549. POSTMASTER: Senc cha-ge :- =;;-ess to STARLOC Subscription Dept, P.O. Box 132, Mt. Morris, IL 61054-0132. Printed in U.S.A. EVIL COMES WHEN YOU CALL HIS NAME • J -sa Ew in FAREWELL TO THE FLESH ffiiliiwHHi «iitafiift«ri?ii if life siiiiiii in ^liyiwsBfi jiiiiiii • air THE CANDYMAN RETURNS ON MARCH 17TH B NOTABLE WANDERINGS ryan Brown, noted for the FIX films, will wander into fantasy playing not only himself but an evil twin in The Wanderer. The series, shot in Europe and intended for American syndication, begins in the Middle Ages, focusing on twin brothers with special powers: Adam (Brown) and the evil Zachary (strangely enough, also Brown). The duo are reincarnated in modern times with Zachary chasing Adam around the world, intent on murdering him so that there will be only one. This fantasy adventure seems to be a mixture of The Fugitive. Highlander and, of course, The Patty Duke Show. Genre TV: The Outer Limits revival pre- mieres on Showtime this month, bowing with a two-hour adaptation of George R.R. Mar- tin's The Sand Kings. Beau Bridges stars. USA has renewed both Duckman and Weird Science for 22 more episodes each. Terry & the Pirates, the classic comic strip created by Milton Caniff, returns to newspaper pages this month in a new updated version. Writer/producer Michael {Swamp Thing) Uslan is scripting with artwork by (surprise!) the Brothers Hildebrandt. The revived strip is the precursor to a new syndi- cated, live-action Terry & the Pirates TV series in the works for a splashy debut this fall. The Ma.x.x. Sam Kieth's Image comic book, gets animated for a mini-series appear- ance on MTV's cartoon anthology series, M7V Oddities. The Maxx begins therein this month. It's finally official. RoboCop has been put out to the RoboPasture. The syndicated SF series, despite popularity among fans who appreciated its tongue-in-cheek action and its marked superiority to the second and third RoboCop films, had been suffering from indifferent ratings. Fox has passed on the Amblin Doctor Who. It may show up elsewhere instead. Updates: Not content with having changed the title of the second Highlander sequel three times, its makers did it yet again shortly before release (which was itself delayed more than once). So, the flick didn't Commander Cash and Major Market are out of work. RoboCop: The Series has struck out. end up being called any of the titles which STARLOG referred to it as: Highlander III: The Magician or The Sorcerer or The Final Conflict, but The Final Dimension, without the ///. Confused readers are invited to sign a beheading petition. FILM FANTASY CALENDAR All dates are extremely subject to change. Movies deemed especially tentative are denoted by asterisks. Changes are reported in "Updates." Spring: Oliver & Company (re-release). March: Tank Girl, The Pebble & the Penguin, Tall Tale, Fluke, Hideaway, Can- dyman: Farewell to the Flesh. Hellraiser IV: Bloodline. Dolores Claiborne, The Mangier. Outbreak. April: The Goofy Movie. Dr. Jekyll & Ms. Hyde. May: Congo, Casper, Mortal Kombat, Tales from the Hood. June: Batman Forever, Pocahontas, Species, Judge Dredd, Apollo 13. August: Waterworld. Summer: Mary Reilly, Dragonheart, First Knight, Virtuosity, Johnny Mnemonic. October: Halloween 6. Fall: Loch Ness, Village of the Damned. X-Mas: Goldeneye, Toy Story, All Dogs Go to Heaven II, Mission: Impossible, The Nutty Professor. 1996: The Hunchback of Notre Dame. 1997: Star Wars: Special Edition. Universal's The Mummy is getting a new director who's an old hand at horror: Mick {The Stand) Garris. This updating of the stu- dio's classic Egyptian movie monster — in development since 1990 — was originally going to be directed by Clive Barker (with a script by Garris and Barker), then by Joe Dante (script by Alan Ormsby and John Sayles), then by George Romero. The Garris version may go before the cameras this spring. New Line Cinema is targeting release of their Lost in Space film for 1996. The Village of the Damned remake now debuts this fall. Thanks to budget squabbles, Jan {Speed) de Bont won't be directing TriStar's Godzilla after all. At presstime, the studio was con- templating replacements, with a new director likely to be signed by the time you read this. There's one intriguing name that did surface as a candidate: James Cameron. Genre People: Alec Baldwin is gritty New Orleans detective Dave Rochibeaux in the film version of James Lee Burke's novel Heaven's Prisoners. His alluring co-stars include Kelly Lynch, Mary Stuart Masterson and Teri Hatcher. Genre Films: Add to the list of unneces- sary remakes a truly astounding project: a redo of The Manchurian Candidate. The original 1962 film, directed by John Franken- heimer from the Richard Condon novel, is a real classic. Gale Anne Hurd will produce the movie version of Lucius Shepard's 1987 SF novel Life During Wartime for 20th Century Fox. Phillip {Clear and Present Danger) Noyce is on board to direct this cyberpunk tale of a sol- dier trained in psychic warfare. Movie rights to Ben Bova's recent Death Dream have gone to Delphinus Films. It's a virtual-reality thriller reviewed quite favor- ably in issue #210's Booklog. Stuart Gordon is still developing his SF/comedy/adventure Space Truckers. Den- nis Hopper may star, actually playing a hero. Gordon is not directing Fortress II. Peter Weller hasn't given up on SF. He's starring in Screamers, scripted by Dan O'Bannon from Philip K. Dick's Second Variety. Christian Duguay directs. Looks like Paul Anderson, fresh from turning the phenomenal video game Mortal Kombat into a movie (now due out in May), will next turn his attention to a classic SF novel by Alfred Bester as adapted by screen- writers David {ALIEN) Giler and William {Terminator 2) Wisher. Anderson will direct The Stars My Destination. — David McDonnell Don Bluth Ltd. MGM Inc. PENGUIN ROMANCE Tim Curry voices the bad guy, Drake, in The Pebble and the Penguin, Don Bluth's animated fable due in theaters this month. Here, he's icing up to the lovely Marina (voiced by Annie Golden). APRIL 1995 #213 Business & Editorial Offices: 475 Park Avenue South New York, NY 10016 President/Publisher NORMAN JACOBS Executive vice President RITA EISENSTEIN Associate Publisher MILBURN SMITH V.P./Circulation Director ART SCHULKIN Executive Art Director W.R. MOHALLEY Editor DAVID MCDONNELL Managing Editors MARC BERNARDIN MICHAEL STEWART Special Effects Editor DAVID HUTCHISON Contributing Editors ANTHONY TIMPONE MICHAEL CINCOLD SICRUN WOLFF SAPHIRE Consultants TOM WEAVER KERRY O'QUINN Senior Art Director JIM MCLERNON Art Staff YVONNE JANC EVAN METCALF LUIS RAMOS FREDDY COLLADO West Coast Correspondent MARC SHAPIRO Production Chief PAUL HALLASY Financial Director: Joan Baetz Marketing Director: Frank M. Rosner Circulation Manager: Maria Damiani Assistants: Kim Watson, Debbie Irwin, Dee Erwine, Katharine Repole, Jean E. Krevor, Jose Soto. Correspondents: (LA) Lee Goldberg, Pat Jankiewicz, Jean-Marc & Randy Lofficier, Bill Warren; (NY) David Hirsch, Michael McAvennie, Maureen McTigue, Joe Nazzaro, lan Spelling, Steve Swires, Dan Yakir: (Chicago) Jean Airey, Bill Florence, Kim Howard Johnson; (Boston) Will Murray; (VA) Lynne Stephens; (WA) Kyle Counts, (NM) Craig Chrissinger; (TX) T.w. Knowles ii; (FL) Bill Wilson; (WV) John Sayers; (Canada) =e:er Bioch-Hansen, Mark Phillips; (England) Stan Nicholls; (Inter) George Kochell, Michael Wolff; Cartoon) Kevin Brockschmidt; (Booklog) Scott W. Schumack; (CCorner) Mike Wright. Contributors: Mary Anne Allen, Gillian Anderson, .z ,-rn Baca, CD. Barnes, Bruce Boxleitner, Terry Eromann. Mike Fisher, Howard Green, Linda Harrison, Patd Hawn, Vic Heutschy, Tom Holtkamp, Penny Kenny James D. Kester, Julianne Lee, Paul McGuire, .Lame Michaud, Bob Muleady, Mack Newberry, Tom Ptiiliips W.C. Pope, William Stape, Guy vardaman, Jeff .\3'S- .ason Yungbluth. Cover Photos: Voyager: copyright 1994 Paramount - rc-es- Babylon 5: Copyright 1994 Warner Bros. TV. For Advertising Information: (212) 6S9-2830. FAX (212) 889-7933 Advertising Director: Rita Eisenstein Classified Ads Manager: Tim Clark For Advertising Sales: The Faust Company, l-zsz '.'ac = :- St. suite 101, Torrance ca 90505 ;': ":■;;:- 310)373-8760, Attn: Dick Faust OWN THE EXCLUSIVE SOUVENIR BOOK FROM PATRICK'S TRIUMPHANT 1995 BROADWAY APPEARANCE OF A CHRISTMAS CAROLl . EXTENSIVE BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION • EXCLUSIVE PERSONAL COMMENTARY by Patrick himself • DOZENS OF PHOTOGRAPHS from Patrick's 25-year career • Full-color art, coated paper stock Until now, this 24-page book was available only on Broadway. Now, while supplies last, fans the world over can own this limited edition. 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SL-213 (ea. additional book add $2.00 per) TOTAL AMOUNT NAME ADDRESS CITY . = $. = $. = $ 5.00 STATE ZIP 'J3£ijJJJ£uJ JiJU?jJ2l]3 WPIUURfllE 3: Rebel Farces A-wing Fighter, Y-wing Fighter, B-wing Fighter, Snowspeeder, Rebel Base Hangar, Droids, and Weapons WOILQJIME S: Imperial Farce Inside the Death Star, Weapons, Walkers, Droids, TIE Fighters, Imperial Shuttle, Stormtroopers, Imperial Destroyers — and more! $6.95 VOLUME H: Planet Tatooiae Cantina Creatures, Droids, Jawas, sandcrawlers, Tusken Raiders, Jabba's Palace, Landspeeder, Lightsaber, /lillennium Falcon — and more! Volume )ne is available in two editions: Regular sb. 35 Deluxe ( featuring (aSQjEXEra&KKnX cover) 59.95 STAR WARS The Official Technical Journals Indicate quantity of each being ordered. To cover postage and handling, please add S2.00 (Foreign: S4.00). Canadian residents add 10% sales tax. Vol. 3: The Rebel Forces S6.95 Vol. 2: The Imperial Forces S6.95 Vol. 1 : The Planet Tatooine S6.96 Regular Edition S9.95 Deluxe Edition ^ Method of Payment: 3Cash JCheck DMoney Order ^Discover ^MasterCard HVisa ® Account No. Card Expiration Date: /_ Your Daytime Phone #: (_ _(Mo./Yr.; Print Name As It Appears On Your Card \| Street City State Zip Your Signature Total enclosed: $ Send cash, check or money order to: STARLOG PRESS 475 PARK AVENUE SOUTH NEW YORK, NY 10016 IF YOU DO NOT WANT TO CUT OUT COUPON. WE WILL ACCEPT WRITTEN ORDERS. Please allow 4 to 6 weeks for delivery. FUTURE COPS On the beat in the year 2044, Greg Evigan stars in TekWar, the original TV movie derived from the William Shatner-bylined novels. Evigan (who discusses the subse- quent TekWar TV series on page 44) is ex- cop Jake Cardigan, who has been wrongly accused of murdering his ex-partners and dealing Tek — an electronic mind stimulant so powerful that it renders fantasy and reality indistinguishable. This videocassette edition is priced for rental, but the laserdisc is only S34.98 in CLV. Episodes 49 through 52 of Star Trek: The "Specimen Unknown." a space station is infected with mushrooms that give off a lethal gas. Invading aliens, disintegrator weapons, emotions vs. logic — it's all in "Keeper of the Purple Twilight." Byron Haskin directed "The Hundred Days of the Dragon." with Sidney Blackmer impersonat- ing a dead Presidential candidate. In "Con- trolled Experiment." directed by Leslie Stevens, Barry Morse and Carroll O'Connor are Martians who are puzzled by the popular- ity of homicide on Earth: Grace Lee Whitney co-stars. The senatorial investigation of "O.B.I.T" uncovers an electronic surveil- lance device invented by beings from another world. Ralph Meeker captures an enormous, supposedly extinct lizard-fish in "Tourist Attraction." Outer Limits Collection 4 (S99.95) has a running time of 335 minutes. Next Generation have just beamed in from- Paramount Home Video. In "The Ensigns of Command," Data tries to save a doomed human colony. The crew fights for survival in "Evolution" when a mysterious force over- takes the life support system. Picard discov- ers two lone inhabitants on a war-torn planet in "The Survivors" and must determine if this is a miracle or a mirage. "Who Watches the Watchers" is the story of a primitive culture which mistakes Picard for a god. All episodes are S14.95 each in VHS and Beta. Laserdisc editions contain two episodes and are priced at $34.95 in CLV. Jean-Claude Van Damme polices the past in Peter Hyams' TimeCop, now out on MCA/Universal Home Video in VHS (priced for rental) and laserdisc ($39.98) in both widescreen and pan-and-scan versions. Television: Six additional Outer Limits episodes have entered our dimension as a boxed set from MGM/UA Home Video. In Laserdisc: Tim Burton s The Nightmare Before Christmas has been released in a super deluxe edition packed with a treasure trove of extra goodies. The 76-minute movie is presented in its full theatrical 1 .66 aspect ratio. The CAV version allows leisurely, frame-by-frame examination of the complex stop-motion process by which this film was created; in addition to freeze-frame. watchers can also make use of slow-motion viewing, random frame access, variable speed and scan options. The digital soundtrack shows off composer/performer Danny Elfman's sometimes thundering score to its best, but a separate mono track features continous com- mentary by director Henry Selick and Pete Kozachick. the director of photography, who reveal many of the dazzling production's secrets. And there's still more! You also get the two little-seen theatrical shorts made by Tim (continued on page 69) PARAMOUNT PICTURES PRESENTS THE OFFICIAL THE iSJEXT GEn£nkM+0iil W COLLECTOR'S CHESS SET /j Playing board shown much smaller than actual siz (45.09 cm) Lxi: (45.09 cm) W. x 2 (7.30 cm) H. m mes£ Medals of solid sterling silver accent the handsome chessboard. It's the game of the future. The definitive intergalactic chess set. First of its kind ever to officially honor STAR TREK" THE NEXT GENERATION.™ Authorized and au- thenticated by Paramount Pictures. The ultimate confrontation in space. Pit- ting Picard, Riker and the U.S.S ENTER- PRISE" against their greatest foes. "Q." Ardra the She-Devil. Romulan Commander Sella. The Borg. Even Data's "twin brother," The Franklin Mint Franklin Center, PA 19091-0001 Please enter my order for The Official STAR TREK: THE NEXT GFMFRATION Collector's Chess Set , aphorized and authenticated by Paramount Pictures. I need SEND NO MONEY NOW. I will receive 2 imported playing pieces every other month but will be billed for only one at a time— $37.50 per month — prior tO Shipment. -Plus my state sales tax and St .95 per piece tor shipping and handling. SIGNATURE -_. ; = ; = = = ARE SUBJECT TO ACCEPTANCE COUNSELOR DEANNA TR0I QUEEN CAPTAIN JEAN-LUC PICARD KING the evil android Lore. Thirty-two hand-painted pewter figures, each on its own crystal-clear base. Just $37.50 each. The golden-toned playing board, set with two solid sterling silver metals, at no additional charge. SATISFACTION GUARANTEED If you wish to return any Franklin Mint purchase, you may do so within 30 days of your receipt of that purchase for replacement, credit or refund. Please mail by April 30, 1995. MR/MRS/MISS PLEASE PRINT CLEARLY APT = CITY STATE 7IP TELEPHONE #( I 15671-17-001 TM ® & © 1995 Paramount Pictures. All Rights Reserved. STAR TREK: THE NEXT GENERATION and Related Marks are trademarks of Paramount Pictures. Crystal. Sterling Silver. 24 Karat Gold. CUTTING-EDGE ADVENTURE Sega CD and Genesis players everywhere better look sharp, "cause The Lawnmower Man (S49.99 on the Genesis: STBA on the Sega CD), new from Sales Curve Interactive and dis- tributed exclusively by Time-Warner Interactive, has arrived. For those of you who missed the movie based very loose- ly on Stephen King's short story, the tit- ular Lawnmower Man is Jobe, a simple-minded handyman who sudden- ly attains vast intelligence and powers undreamed of when he is subjected to Dr. Lawrence Angelo's experiments in Virtual Reality. When the government agency "The Shop" intercedes in the experiments, Jobe becomes the psychot- ic Cyberjobe, bent on taking over the world from within its computer networks. In the Sega CD version (which, by the way, carries a Mature Audiences label, un- like the Genesis cart), the vengeful Cyberjobe (with the help of some warped images of the people and friends he remem- bers) has drawn Dr. Angelo, Carla and Peter into the Virtual Reality domain. As Dr. Angelo, it's up to you to rescue your friends and shut down your own creation gone mad. Of course, it's a tough virtual world out there, especially for you. First, in "Cyber Boogie," you must fly through tunnels with- out touching any walls, plus shoot out any snapping jaw doors. Next you'll be "Crackin' the Code," in which you must solve four "odd one out" puzzles in order to continue. From there, choose a "Path to Freedom" with the one circuit board track that won't result in a shocking death, then jump safely from pillar to pillar in "Ledge of Darkness." Provided you pass through the hidden room in "Access Denied," you must then reach the other side of the Vortex Bridge before one of Cyberjobe 's invisible creations pushes you "Into the Void." Upon "Breaking Through" an invisible wall during a cannon battle against a Cyberjobed Father McKeen, sliding through a jaw-snapping entrance will require a "Leap of Faith" from you. Then, "Tune In" to a Virtual Keyboard and repeat what it plays in order to move on. When Cyberbees are added to the mix, you must send them to their doom or be their unfortunate victim in "The Sting." If you're smart enough to "Spin Out" and rotate a cube puzzle properly, you're on your way to "Glory Road," in which you must rescue Peter by reversing the direction in which the conveyor belts are traveling. Just tread carefully: this game can be very unforgiving. Needless to say, the Sega CD version of The Lawnmower Man is far, far better than the half-hearted Genesis cart, which is just plain weak from start to finish. In addition to a better storyline and concept, the disc offers 360-degree cinematic panning, color footage from the film and widescreen interactive video gameplay. It does have its share of dull moments, as you don't interact with the game quite as much as you would think; you sometimes have to just wait for things to The Lawnmower Man revs upon Sega CD, Genesis and Super Nintendo. happen. Regardless, The Lawnmower Man makes the cut, but only on the Sega CD. Lost Crusades: Believe it or not, adven- ture has come up with yet another new name. Actually. West End Games came up with the name, and it's called The World of Indiana Jones (S30). The boxed set is part of MasterBook, West End's master game sys- tem, which allows you to role-play in virtu- ally any game universe with virtually any Live dangerously and tour The World of Indiana Jones. options. Though each WorldBook provides additional information on each of the new fictional settings, every MasterBook world follows the core set of rules set down in this volume. To help facilitate West End's latest con- cept, The World of Indiana Jones offers a 174-page introductory MasterBook. The book breaks down the basic rules and princi- ples of role-playing, and provides detailed chapters on "Character Creation," "Background Generation." "The Rules," "Skills" and Skill Use." "The Card Deck," "Special Effects," "Equipment" and "Gamemastering MasterBook'' The set also includes a 144-page book (called the same name as the boxed set), which intro- duces you to the concept of the game and how it applies to MasterBook. Diehard gamers may want to venture forth and give it a try. Pitfall Perils: If you're seeking adventurers known best during their days with the Atari 2600. you'll be happy to know that Pitfall Harry has returned with a brand new look and a fresh new attitude. Harry Jr. takes up where his father left off in Activision's Pitfall — The Mayan Adventure, for the Sega CD ($59.99), Genesis (S59.99) and the Super Nintendo (S59.99). When the original Pitfall Harry is abducted by the warrior spirit Zakelua. Lord of Evil, Harry Jr. — armed only with Dad's journal and a sling — must journey through numer- ous worlds (each filled with skeletons, spir- its, jaguars, hawks, gargoyles, snakes, a vapor ghost and the like) to rescue him — and to collect some gold coins and Mayan arti- facts along the way. Harry Jr. must first survive the Jungle of Ceiba. an ancient land uninhabited since the 15th century. Use the various surroundings to navigate your way safely through. From there, you're off to the Xibalba Falls, which was named after the demons believed to exist throughout the Mayan civilization. Watch your step: it's a long way down. Your next stop is the Tazamul Mines, a centuries-lost series of caverns filled with an abandoned mine car and tons of barriers to crash into. Provided you make it through, you'll next find yourself in the Lost City of Copan, a 2,000-year-old. decaying exterior filled with traps and enemies galore, before reaching the Copan Temple, a labyrinth that remains a total mystery, since no one has ever made it out successfully. More adventure awaits you — // you and Pitfall Harry survive — including visiting some special bonus worlds. Best of all, though, is Zakelua's time warp, which sends Harry Jr. into a simpler time — namely, that of the original Atari Pitfall'. Collect all valu- ables from the entire original version of this game within 20 minutes, or else. Strangely enough, despite the infinitely limited graph- ics, the original is almost as interesting to play as the updated version. Oh sure. Pitfall — The Mayan Adventure is much slicker-looking (with 2,000 frames of anima- tion, and it does show in many cases), but it's really pretty easy as far as most video games go now. and that's something its pre- decessor wasn't in its heyday. In other words. The Mayan Adventure, despite look- ing great, has its share of Pitfalls. — Michael McAvennie 10 STARLOGMpnY 1995 interstellar Adventure at its grittiest and most realistic! £5 MRP" Four issues, chronicling the third season of DEEP SPACE NINE, the on-going STAR TREK saga! Action-packed with interviews, both with stars and the behind-the-scenes creators, writers, designers and directors. Complete episode synopses, plus giant- size foldout pinups. Dozens of color photos, 68 pages! Relive the Adventures of the First and Second Seasons in These Back Issues! ISSUE #1 Premiere issue — Gold cover! Interviews: Co-creator Rick Berman, makeup wizard Michael Westmore, director David Carson. "Emissary" synopsis. Posters: Colm Meaney, Avery Brooks, Siddig El Fadil, the cast. S10. ISSUE #2 Interviews: Brooks, Nana Visitor, Terry Farrell, Armin Shimerman, El Fadil. Posters: Farrell, Rene Auberjonois, Visitor, Armin Shimerman. $7 ISSUE #3 Interviews: Co-creator Michael Piller, designer Herman Zimmerman, director Paul Lynch. Synopses from "Past Prologue" to "Q-Less." $7 ISSUE #4 All-synopsis issue, completing first season, from "Dax" to "In the Hands of the Prophets." $7 ISSUE #5 Interviews: Meaney, Auberjonois, Cirroc Lofton. Four Synopses. Posters: Visitor, Farrell, Marc Alaimo, El Fadil. $7 ISSUE #6 Ferengi Special! Interviews: Max Grodenchik, Aron Eisenberg, Alaimo. Synopses. Posters: Auberjonois, Shimerman, Wallace Shawn, Daphne Ashbrook. $7 ISSUE #7 All synopsis issue, "Rules of Acquisition" to "Paradise." Posters: Visitor, Auberjonois, El Fadil and the cast. $7 ISSUE #8 Interviews: Writer Fred Rappaport. Synopses. Posters: Meaney, Brooks, Farrell, Shimerman. Available: July. $7 ) & © 1994 Paramount Pictures. All rights reserved. STAR TREK and related marks are trademarks of Paramount Pictures. Starlog authorized user. STAR TREK: DEEP SPACE NINE Please indicate quantity being ordered. 3rd Season Subscription $25 (4 Issues. Note: Issue #9, your first third-season issue, will be sent to you in October 1994) Back issues: Issue #1 $10 Issue #2 $7 Issue #3 $7 Issue #4 $7 Issue #5 $7 Issue #6 $7 Issue #7 $7 Issue #8 $7 POSTAGE & HANDLING for BACK ISSUES 1st magazine: S2. Up to 5: $3. 6 or more: $5. FOREIGN: $4. per magazine. CANADA Canadian residents add 10% tax. ,,_», . . □„„__„.. Send cash, check or money order to: ^thod of Payment. STARLOG PRESS FS£no Tvnfr 475 PARK AVENUE SOUTH JMoney Order nfw YORK NY 10016 ^Discover ^Master Card Ntw YUH ' NY luul ° JVisa Your Daytime Phone #: ( )_ Print Name As It Appears On Your Card Street City State Zip Signature Total enclosed: $_ Account No. Card Expiration Date:, IF YOU DO NOT WANT TO CUT OUT COUPON, WE WILL ACCEPT WRITTEN ORDERS. Please allow 4 to 6 weeks for delivery. . (Mo./Yr.) DISNEY FANTASIES If you can't get enough of the music from Disney's hit animated movies, then Music Behind the Magic: The Musical Artistry of Alan Menken. Howard Ashman & Tim Rice (DSN 60014) is for you. This stunning boxed set contains four CDs (or three cas- Winter Wonders: Although a box-office disappointment. Robert A. Heinlein's The Puppet Masters still produced an intriguing album for Citadel Records (STC 77104). Composer Colin Towns devised a score that mixes contemporary orchestral music with eerie synthesizer motifs to give the parasitic aliens their own musical identity. Meanwhile, over at Full Moon Entertainment. Danny Elfman and Richard Band (profiled in FANGORIA #141 ) joined settes) with several unreleased tracks of songs and underscore from The Little Mermaid. Beauty and the Beast and Aladdin. Many of the songs are early demo versions. A deluxe 60-page book is also included, loaded with information and pro- fusely illustrated. If you can't remember the words to sing along. Disney has also released two book- and-cassette sets in their sing-along series. Beauty and the Beast (60872-4) and The Lion King (6085-4). Each set contains a tape with the original songs from each film and a 28-page illustrated lyric book. Battling it out during the holidays with The Lion King at the box office were two new animated tales. James Horner, once the SF king after Star Trek II and ALIENS, has become Menken's rival as an animated com- poser. His score for The Pagemaster is now out on Arista Records (11019). New Line Cinema's The Swan Princess. with three songs and a score by Lex de Azevedo, is available from Sony's Columbia Records label (66762). Undersea Melodies: The expensive costs involved in producing a single album from an orchestral score recorded in Hollywood had made the prospects of a seaQuest soundtrack doubtful, but Varese Sarabande Records took up the challenge and promises an album out by the time this issue hits the stands. At presstime, the con- tents were not confirmed, though it's likely to contain John Debney's music from the pilot episode and the popular first-season alien encounter adventure. forces to create the quirky score to the even quirkier Shrunken Heads, a superhero adventure about three crime-fighting body- less heads. Elfman 's brother Richard direct- ed the film and plays percussion in the score orchestra. Both Haitian voodoo rhythms and Leonard Bernstein's West Side Story music are shown no mercy by the music men in order to give this film a neat twist. Moonstone Records has released the sound- track (3130) with a cool picture disc of the heads. As video games battle their way to the big screen. Jay Ferguson provided an excit- ing synthesizer rock score to Double Dragon (Milan 73138-35700-2). The sound- track album contains 18 minutes of score and nine songs (of which six were actually used in the film). Meanwhile. Graeme (The Crow) Revell scored Street Fighter, though there's no word yet if any of his material is on the soundtrack album or if there will be a score-only disc. Arnold Schwarzenegger gets pregnant. Now that's a science fiction concept! James Newton Howard delivers the pleasant and gentle orchestral score for Junior (Varese Sarabande VSD-5558). For those interested in hearing the music from Schwarzenegger's hit True Lies, without the heavy synthesiz- ers, check out Hollywood '94 (VSD-5531), also from the same label. Joel McNeely, fresh off The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, conducts the Seattle Symphony Orchestra in a big-sounding version of Brad Fiedefs theme. Also featured on the disc are Jurassic Park. The Shadow and Forrest Gump. This is one of the best-performed compilations of the year, each arrangement ever so faithful to — or even better than — the originals. Horrors. Horrors: Accompanying the lavish visuals created for Man- Shelley's Frankenstein is Patrick Doyle's score (Epic Soundtrax EK 66631 ). Over 65 minutes of his stunningly powerful orchestral work, much of its impact lost in the film's complex sound design, has been powerfully captured on compact disc. On a smaller scale is the composer's music for Exit to Eden (Varese Sarabande VSD-5553). Anne Rice's other film adaptation. Philips Records has a compilation of tunes from Hollywood Nightmares (24252). which includes King Kong and Dr. Jeky/I and Mr. Hyde. John Mauceri conducts the Hollywood Bowl Orchestra. Jungle Rhythms: Closing out 1994 as perhaps his most prolific year, perennial favorite Basil Poledouris (STARLOG #196) adds to his resume his most dynamic work yet for the new live-action remake of Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book (Milan 73138-35711-2). Avoiding the cliches that have haunted other genre scores, the com- poser delivers that romantic, expansive sound not heard since Hollywood's Golden Age. Most of his scores of late have been for more personal film stories, celebrating a sin- ale character instead of an event. Looking carefully at other animated com- petition, The Swan Princess (as well as frog and turtle) emerges as a Columbia Records soundtrack. Imports: Play It Again, a British label, has released the second volume in their series The A to Z of British TV Themes (PLAY 006). The material here is collected mostly from the single recordings released when the programs first aired. Among the rarities found on this album are the stereo version of Barry Gray's theme for Four Feather Falls, a late- 1950s Gerry Anderson Western series, and the theme from the half- hour season of Patrick (The Prisoner) 12 STARLOGMpri/ 1995 toohan's Danger Man. The one-hour n, of course, came to the U.S. as et Agent. A respectable four-minute re-recorded suite of the opening theme and closing song from Red Dwaif appears on Between the L i - : Music from UK Primetime Television ■ PRIMEtime TVPMCD 805). This disc also features several Gray themes culled from the previously released album FAB: Music from the TV Shows by Barry Gray (Silva Screen F1LMCD 124).' Silva Treasury and Silva America, both subsidiaries of Silva Screen Records, have released two new compilations containing Randy Miller, who is currently scoring M.A.N.T./.S.. has an album called Music for Films which contains tracks from And You Thought Your Parents Were Weird!. The Willies and the Mark Hamill thriller Black Magic Woman. His score for Parents was released on the Bay Cities label, but has become rare since the company folded two years ago. Bruce Babcock has a demo called Orchestral Music for Film which contains suites from the TV murder mysteries Father Dowling. Murder. She Wrote and Matlock. There's a private pressing of music from Excalihur (Old World Music 9402). which Magnum Opus Con, Inc. presents Robert A. Heinlein's The Puppet Masters are taking over Citadel Records, all the better to issue Col'm Townes' intriguing score. the best material from their other albums. the Best of Doctor Who Volume 2 (Silva America SIL 1042) features highlights from all of Mark Ayres' soundtrack albums to the serials "Greatest Show in the Galaxy." •'Ghost Light" and "Curse of Fenric." Blade Runner: Synthesizer Soundtracks (Silva Treasury SILVAD 3008) has original tracks from Near Dark (Tangerine Dream) and Deadlock (Richard Gibbs), along with Ayres' re-creation of Vangelis' original seven-and-a-half- minute end title to Blade Runner. This version was only featured on the privately released soundtrack (OWM- 9301) that surfaced early last year, sold out quickly and prompted Atlantic Records to finally release their less-than-satisfying offi- cial soundtrack (82623-2). Silva is planning to release music from Jerome Moross' score to Ray Harryhausen's The Valley of Gwangi on a compilation album of the composer's work. There will also be a second volume of their well- received Classic John Barry series, which will probably follow Epic's release of Barry's own Moviola 2 this spring. Action themes may feature heavily on the compos- er's followup to his hot-selling CD. Fans of Alex North's original score for 2001 (Varese SarabandeVSD-5400) may be tempted to snap up the allegedly "complete" original soundtrack of his legendary score for Cleopatra (Tsunami TSU 1 1 1 1 ), but be warned: The quality of the recording is chaotic. The caliber of the sound jumps from adequate to exceptionally poor. It's an expensive investment at S40. Limited Editions: More composers are mailing out promotional compact discs which contain unreleased material. These albums often show up in used stores. includes Trevor Jones' score and several classical tracks, limited to 2,000 numbered copies. They Keep Coming and Coming: The Energizer Bunny Award goes to Naxos for their seemingly never-ending series of clas- sical music used in films. Cinema Classics 10 (8.551160) features 11 more tracks including Sir Edward Elgar's "Andanta Nobilmente e Semplice from Symphony No. 1" which was used in Greystoke: The Legend ofTarzan. Lord of the Apes, Modest Mussorgsky's "A Night on Bald Mountain" from Fantasia and Sergei Prokofiev's "Troika from Lieutenant Kije," which was heard in Woody Allen's epic comedy Love and Death. Their Marco Polo label is planning to issue a longer version of The House of Frankenstein, based in part on the success of Hans Salter: Music for Frankenstein (8.223477), a fine re-recording of suites from the composer's work on House and Ghost of Frankenstein. Also planned are suites from Son of Frankenstein, The Wolf Man and The Invisible Man Returns. Catalogs Available: Many of the com- panies that specialize in soundtracks now have mail-order catalogs. You can request them from Footlight Records, 113 East 12th Street, New York, NY 10003. (212) 533- 1572; Intrada Records, 1488 Vallejo Street, San Francisco, CA 94109, (415) 776-1333; Screen Archives Entertainment, P.O. Box 34792, Washington, D.C. 20043. (202) 328- 0745: or Super Collector, 16547 Brookhurst Street, Fountain Valley, CA 92708. 1-800- 99-SCI-FI. Tell them STARLOG sent you. And get more shelf space! — David Hirsch Guests AUTHORS Roger Zelazneg Chelsa Quinn Yarbro David Weber Steve White Adrian Paul Bruce McCandless Highlander Astronaut Bruce Boxleitner Bob Springer Babylon 5 Astronaut Dale Midkiff Brand Griffin TimeTrax Engineer/Scientist/Artist Jag Dubin Earendil Spindelilus Beakman's World Scientist - VR Patricia TaUman »• Randg Fennel Star Trek Scientist - AI Spice Williams Ste ^S"vR Star Trek scientist vi< Yvonne Craig Ken Herren Batgirl Ph y sicist Gunnar Hansen Al inderbrink Leatherface ^ e ^ Sherry Messemer Engineer/Scientist And many more of your favorites to be added later Activities Include Banquet Golf Tcxjrnament Casino Might Live Role Playing Computer ©aiming Masquerade Ball Con Suite Picnics Dances Professional Gaming Dealers Room Scholarships Gaming Tournament Softball and much much more ProFe$$ionol Tournament fe^&wUXlX^ Gaming's First Professional Tournament Featuring WOC's "Magic: The Gathering" Killer Deck & Revised Only Deck July 13-16, 1995 Callaway Gardens Resort 1 or More Information Contact: Magnum Opus Con-10 P.O. Box 6585, Athens, OA 30604 fax 706-549-8819 STARLOGMpnY 1995 13 Earthfall by Orson Scott Card (Tor, hard- cover, 352 pp, $22.95) The fourth book of the ■"Homecoming" saga is bleak and troubling. After 40 million years, the human expatriates let by the com- puterized Oversoul return to Earth to pass their feuds to another generation. Hatred still seethes between Nafai, the Oversoul's chief servant, and his brother Elemak. Elemak gets more attention in this volume, and his rage becomes understandable — even pitiable — if no less vile. Nafai's restraint when faced by his brother's evil, including the brutalization of Nafai's son. makes him as infuriating as Elemak. The return to Earth is anti-climactic. The landing happens offstage and the settlers adapt to their new world with ease, though the two new, fascinating intelligences the humans meet are the book's best elements. The mystery of the Keeper of Earth and the idea that humans have been brought back to redress the sins of the past are intriguing, and Orson Scott Card could continue the series into another book, but the ending of this one. implying that hatred and slaughter are inevitable, casts a grim, downbeat pall over the whole enterprise. — Scott W. Schumack Wrath of God by Robert Gleason (HarperPrism, trade paperback, 385 pages, $14.99) Just how much can an author cram into a single book? If you're Robert Gleason, the answer seems to be "How high is up?" Wrath of God is post-holocaust science fiction, alternative history, war story, horror tale, biographical sketches, paleo-biographical realism, Western romance, native American mysticism and apocalyptic adventure all rolled into one mighty page-turner. If Gleason's ambitious new novel had failed in any one of those areas, that ambition would have seemed like hubris, but he makes it all work and brings this salad bar of genres together seamlessly. The action takes place a generation or two after a nuclear war reduces America to widely separate enclaves struggling to pre- serve civilization. The story deals with a great confrontation between good and evil. in the forms of the Citadel, an enclave of Americans in the Arizona desert, and a mod- ern-day Tamerlane, his bloody army and his devilish consort. Legion. All the measures the Americans take against this horde from hell are so improba- ble, it would serve no purpose to mention them here. But as Johnny Carson loved to say, "You buy the premise, you buy the bit." and that's Gleason's narrative gift. He makes you buy the premise, and the bit — dinosaurs. Amelia Earhart, George S. Patton. Stonewall Jackson, an old woman and an eagle and all. In no time, you're whisked away on Gleason's unstoppable freight train of action and excitement. While the book seems choppy in places, with too many short Parts and Chapters, and a little padded with its many front papers, it's a fast, enjoyable read. Gleason was editor on several Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle books (which he insists on telling the reader in a chatty preface better left till the end. or left out altogether), but he really seems to have learned a lot from them (or did they learn a lot from him?). Wrath of God has plenty to entertain readers of almost any taste, and enough raw- material and strong characters for sequels aplenty. It's not for the faint of heart, though. so use judgment. — John Vester Northlight by Deborah Wheeler (DAW. paperback, 352 pp, $4.99) Northlight is a solid adventure tale set in a vaguely medieval world that falters when dealing with the mysteries behind that world. The story starts well with Kardith, a veteran soldier, and her efforts to rescue a comrade lost in the north country where the land of Laurea borders the territories of hostile tribes. Her allies are Terricel, a city-bred scholar and the missing woman's brother, and Etch, an earthy horse-doc- tor. The book is at its best trailing this odd trio through a not-quite- Earthly wilderness, with the political conflicts of Laurea. where Terricel's mother is a leader, and the hints of mysticism an intriguing backdrop to the main story. The further north the searchers ao. the stranger things get. with mixed results. The Norther tribes are interesting, but the fantasy ele- ments — visions, space tunnels and di- mensional doors — seem intrusive. Deborah Wheeler never really explains things like the relationship between Harth and Earth, and the book has an unfinished feel, as if too much has been left to implication. — Scott W. Schumack Primary Inversion by Catherine Asaro (Tor, hardcover, 320 pp, $21.95) The warrior princess of an interstellar empire discovers that the one man she can love, whom she meets by accident, is the crown prince of her enemies and the key to their plot to conquer the galaxy. Contrivances aside. Primary Inversion tran- scends these space opera and romance novel cliches, for Catherine Asaro, a physicist, had done a fine job of rationalizing her scenario through genetics and psionics. and her hard SF speculations are a neat contrast to the plot's-fairy tale aspects. Where the book shines, though, is in its heroine. Sascony Valdoria, cyborg, soldier, telepath and member of a bizarre royal family, is also a sensitive, caring human being, and the first-person narrative excels in depicting her fight with madness and alien- ation while reconciling her tangled roles. Not all of the book works so well. In par- ticular, the Trader heir. Jaibriol, an innocent raised in a sadistic, slavery-based society, is never wholly convincing, but the book is still a good read and a promising debut for Asaro. — Scott W. Schumack A Wizard in Mind by Christopher Stasheff (Tor, hardcover, 224 pp, $19.95) The first book in the "Rogue Wizard" series, a spinoff of the "Warlock" books, is a dull adventure that will only interest Christopher Stasheff's staunchest fans. Magnus Gallowglass, psionic hunk and son of the original warlock, descends on another lost Earth colony to fight tyranny. This time it's the planet Petrarch, in an area roughly equivalent to Renaissance Italy, and the action is more like historical fiction than SF. His partner, a novice mer- chant named Gianni, is slightly more interesting than Magnus, but their adventures are repetitious — in the book's first third, they are beaten and left for dead three times — and flat. The one interesting inci- dent, in which Magnus has amnesia but retains his psi- powers. passes quickly. The presence of other secret agents opposed to Magnus, one of whom Gianni loves, offers possibilities for romance, comedy and excitement, which Stasheff avoids. — Scott W. Schumack 14 ST ARLOG/ April 1995 Northlight Art: Romas/DAW warn we uonacit! EXPERIENCE WE EXCITEMENT! SUBSCRIBE MOW* &&± %<£BS2mg puflff v% .*% • Each exciting issue of STARLOG carries you into' the challenging • science fiction universe. Subscribe today and share the voyage. Enjoy the ' incredible convenience of having STARLOG delivered to your home — -and SAVE MONEY!! -■^si ^\^t I Jonal %nsider new directions New and improved coverage explores the latest news, covers movie and TV previews, . reveals special FX secrets and presents colorful photographs and exciting interviews with actors, writers & directors. * * - 'taker m ONE YEAR SUBSCRIPTION •' ^ -; .. '• -. 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Welcome) R N I M R T I N COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN ■ ANIMATION TECHNOLOGY ■ELECTRONIC IMAGING H R T CARTOONING ■ STORY BOARDING ■ ILLUSTRATION ■ Two-year programs ■ Housing ■ Employment assistance ■ Financial aid to those who qualify CALL TODAY! CLASSES START APRIL 3. (SOO) 275-2470 THE ART INSTITUTE OF PITTSBURGH® S2G PENN AVENUE. PITTSBURGH. Pfl 1S222-3269 The Next "Star Wars" Adventure In that galaxy far, far away — somewhere in time between The Empire Strikes Back and Return oftheJedi — intrigues abound. Soon, the people of Earth will know what really- happened during that period of plotting and pursuit. Soon, we will have the next Star Wars adventure: Shadows of the Empire. As you remember, things were not very happy at the end of The Empire Strikes Back. Han Solo was frozen into a block of carbonite. His semi-trustworthy comrade Lando Calrissian set forth in the Millennium Falcon to find Boba Fett and rescue Han from the clutches of Jabba the Hutt. Princess Leia was suffering — with Luke wounded. Han lost in space and the galactic battle for freedom demanding her greatest efforts. C-3PO and R2- D2 were bickering away as they gave noble aid. And Luke Skywalker. not yet finished with Jedi training, stood before a window of the Rebel Cruiser at the movie's end — struggling with the unbelievable truth hurled by Darth Vader. It was not a time of celebra- tion for any in the Rebel forces, for the Empire was at maximum power. This is how The Empire Strikes Back ends, and this is where the next adventure begins. Shadows of the Empire will not be a theatrical feature, but it will be a multi- media adventure — the first released as a novel, a comics series and various video games at the same time. That time will be early 1996. two years before the release of the next movie — now scheduled for May 1998. Serious vid-jocks will love seeing Shadows on their CRT. It will be cutting-edge tech- nology, built for new video platforms that will be available in 1996. the closest thing to a movie that LucasArts, Lucasfilm's game company, has produced. Very cinematic! The next three Star Wars movies have no titles — yet — but George Lucas is writing the stories. From what I hear, he is bubbling with ideas, while designers on his team are poised to turn those ideas into richly detailed visions. His new movie trilogy will begin years before the time of the original 1977 Star Wars — sub-titled A New Hope. Possibly, near the third movie's end, well see the birth of Luke and Leia Skywalker. but you can be certain that the roles won't be played by Mark Hamill and Carrie Fisher. Shadows will also include all our favorite bad guys — with special emphasis on Jabba the Hutt and Vader the Malevolent. You see, in Shadows. Darth Vader is obsessed with capturing Luke while the young Jedi apprentice is vulnerable, confused and weak. If Luke can ever be turned to the dark side of the Force, now is the time. Vader must find his son quickly in order to eliminate the Emperor's greatest potential enemy. Vader is also involved in another power struggle — a struggle with the interplanetary- crime syndicate, a mob of scum and villainy that the Emperor depends on to do his most nefarious bidding. Like Earth's organized crime families, these galactic thugs are ruthless and powerful. From the Emperor's perspective, they are essential for maintaining his stranglehold. When these bad guys start fighting among themselves, duck! Innocent bystanders get hurt. New characters will be introduced in Shadows of the Empire, along with new planets and new vehicles. It is, in a way, a story that leads up to the next movie. Percolation before the water boils. A drumroll before the full orchestra plays. And Star Wars fever, which has simmered without much heat for several years, is rising. Last fall, about 250 executives from around the world were invited to Skywalker Ranch for a Star Wars Summit — two days of presentations, plans and previews of upcoming things in the Star Wars Universe. These executives are current license-holders, all producing Star Wars products, and they were given insider information about the future. STARLOG publisher Norman Jacobs was there, and he came away very impressed. "It was extremely informative," he told me, "and also extremely entertaining." Think back 20 years (provided that you are old enough to remember), to that time when Star Trek was already gone from NBC. It's hard to believe, but there was a time during which everyone — other than die-hard fans — said Star Trek is dead, Jim. It was during that "low simmer" that Norman and I started STARLOG. struggling to convince people in the business that there were many science fiction fans out there waiting for their own magazine. Star Wars is about to emerge from its "low simmer," and in the next few years, we will see a high-rolling boil as that universe continues to expand. I find myself jealous of all the young boys and girls of our planet who will experience, for the first time, the thrills and the richness of creative detailing in that imaginary galaxy far, far away. — Kerry O'Quinn Ride your computer into orbit with these... -STAR TREK U s e oFTroiiie* Jh e office STAR TREK® and STAR WARS® MOUSE PADS Please indicate quantity of each being ordered. NEXT GENERATION S16.95 Yoda S9.95 STAR TREK Movie S16.95 Millennium Falcon S9.95 Enterprise S16.95 Luke & Leia S9.95 Klingon Bird of Prey S9.95 Death Star Assault S9.95 Darth Vader S9.95 ": cover oostage and handling, add S4.50 ( Foreign: S9 ) per pad. Canadian ;s 3en:s aaa TU% sales tax. Method of Payment: Se-d cash, check or TJCash IXheck QTA'mnr dpp<s«s ^Money Order ^Discover lli PARK AVENUE SOUTH ^MasterCard ^Visa NEW YORK, NY 10016 Account No. Card Expiration Date: / (Mo./Yr.) Your Daytime Phone #: ( )_ Print Name As It Appears In Your Card Street City State Zip Your Signature Total enclosed: $_ IF YOU DO NOT WANT TO CUT OUT COUPON. WE WILL ACCEPT WRITTEN ORDERS. Please allow 4 to 6 weeks for delivery. SF DIRECTORY Assembled by MICHAEL STEWART Please note: Inclusion here does not indicate endorsement of any club or publication by STARLOG. And STARLOG is not respon- sible for information or spelling errors or changes in fees. Always writt first to any organization, including a self-addressed, stamped envelope (SASE) to confirm its continued existence. Attention: Not listed here? It is not our oversight. You haven't sent information to us. Note: This is now a one-time-only (per year) listing. Please write to SF Directory, STARLOG. 475 Park Avenue South. NY. NY 10016. Provide all pertinent info on club/publication type, sanctioning (complete with a photocopy of the letter sanctioning the club's existence from the sanctioning party), mailing address, phone number {mandatory), yearly dues or subscription rates and membership kit. To facilitate inclusion. please provide info in the style that follows, carefully typed dou- ble-space. These will be listed free at STARLOG's discretion. Please note: STARLOG accepts absolutely NO phone calls re: fan clubs for anv reason. FAN CLUBS & PUBLICATIONS THE SPACE: 1999 FANDOM RESOURCE CENTER A reference center bringing together infor- mation about clubs, publications and other activities devoted to Space: 1999. Sanctioning: None. Address: George Eichler 2 W. Read Street. Box 113 Baltimore, MD 21201 Subscription Rates: The Fandom Resource Guide is published annually. Send SASE for info. THE GAYLACTIC NETWORK INC. A club promoting SF, fantasy and horror among gays, lesbians, bisexuals and their friends. Sanctioning: None. Address: The Gaylactic Network, Inc. P.O.Box 127 Brookline, MA 02146-0001 Dues: Send SASE for info. Membership Includes: Varies among the 12 local chapters. Write for info about local chapters. THE CENTAURIAN SENTINEL A monthly newsletter for fans of Babylon 5. Sanctioning: J. Michael Straczynski. Address: The Centaurian Sentinel c/o Michael Zmuda 17 Orchard Road Putnam Valley, NY 10579-3040 Subscription Rates: S12 per year in U.S. (MAHbTTM© GOO? N£W5 ANP SAPKEWo, CflPTflH THE GOOP N=WJ5 15 THAT yJc'Vc /VffilV£7 AT THE SIXTH /MOON OF PLOOVAK^j r WELL CiWW. ■ ■ 0U£ PIPW'T BBIN&THS MAGIC tfEH Or Zofl&ON. IF: PAWYUT, OJILi NO0J 1MB HAVE TO &0 3AC6 TO and Canada. S24 overseas for monthly newsletter and membership card. MICHAEL O'HARE FAN CLUB A club for fans of Michael O'Hare. Sanctioning: Michael OHare. Address: Michael O'Hare Fan Club P.O. Box 6541 Edgemere. MD 21219 Dues: S 1 5 per year. Membership Includes: Autographed photo, ID card, quarterly newsletter. THE TIME TRAX NEWSLETTER A bi-monthly newsletter dedicated to Time Trax, Sanctioning: None. Address: TTN Ordering Info 3328 Ford Drive Medford. OR 97504 Subscription Rates: Send SASE for info. ALIEN TRILOGY FAN CLUB A club for fans of the ALIEN movies and all James Cameron films. Sanctioning: None. CONVENTIONS Questions about cons listed? Please send a self -addressed. stamped envelope to the address list- ed for the con. Do NOT call STAR- LOG. Note: Due to various circumstances, con guests listed may not always be able to appear. Comvntioneers: Send all pertinent info no later than four months prior to the event to STARLOG Con Calendar. 475 Park Ave. South. NY. NY 100 16. You must provide a phone number and (if one's available) an on-line computer address. STAR- LOG makes no guarantees, due to space limitations, that your con will be listed here. This is a free service: to ensure a listing in STARLOG — not here, but elsewhere — contact Tim Clark (212-689-2830) for classified ad rates & advertise there. MARCH WORLD HORROR CONVENTION March 2-5 Sheraton Colony Square Hotel Atlanta. GA Ed Kramer WHC '95 P.O. Box 148 Clarkeston. GA 30021-0148 (404)921-7148 [email protected] Guests: Alice Cooper. Neil Gaiman. John Farris. R.L. Stine VULKON March 10-12 Sheraton Baltimore North Tom son, MD vulkon Conventions 12237 SW 50th Street Cooper City. FL 33330-5406 (305) 434-6060 Guests: Armin Shimerman. Mira Furlan, John Colicos. David McDonnell VULKON March 10-12 Holiday Inn Independence Cleveland, OH Vulkon Sec earlier address Guests: Armin Shimerman. Mira Furlan. John Coticos BASH '95 March 10-12 Holiday Inn Taunton, MA Boston Star Trek Association P.O. Box 1 108 Boston. MA 02103-1 108 Guests: Max Grodenchik. Robin Curtis ODYSSEY TREK '95 March 17-19 Skyline Brock Hotel Niagara Falls. Ontario Odyssey Conventions 10 Higligate Drive. Unit #13 Stony Creek. Ontario L8J 3P7 Canada (905)573-2187 BHAGEY@HOOK UP.NET Guests: Barbara Marsh. Gwynyth Walsh. Jonathan Del Arco. Larry Stewart CREATION March 17-19 Pasadena Center Pasadena. CA Creation Entertainment 411 N. Central Ave. Suite 300 Glendale. CA9I203 (818)409-0960 Guests: William Shatner. Kate Mulgrew, Brent Spiner. Michael Dorn. Jonathan Frakes. John de Lancie. Terry Farrelt. Andrew. Robinson. Maje! Barren MILLENICON 6 March 24-26 Stouffer Center Plaza Hotel Dayton. OH MilleniCon 6 P.O. Bos 636 Dayton. OH 45405 (513)277-9229 Guest: David Brin CONTINUITY 8 March 24-26 Birmingham-Jefferson Civic Center Birmingham. AL Continuity 95 P.O. Box 19713 Birmingham, AL 352 19 Guests: Diane Carey. Greg Brodcur VULKON March 24-26 Orlando Hilton North Orlando. FL Vulkon See earlier address Guesis: Bruce Boxleitner. Rr.Kc.-t O'Reilly TOY CON March 26 John A. Orentus Community Center Bridgeview, II. Tern Mannix 10220 S. Ridgeland Avenue Chicago Ridge. IL 6045 1 (708)425-7851 TECHNICON 12 March 31-April 1 Best Western Lion Inn Blacksburg. VA Technicon 12 c/oVTSFFC P.O. Box 256 Blacksburg. VA 24063 (703) 382-088 [email protected] FILKONTARIO 5 March 31-April 2 Holidav Inn Vorkdale Toronto. ON FilKONlario 98-145 Rice Avenue Hamilton. ON L9C6R3 Canada GEnicxSD.HAYMAN CON«CEPT'95 March 31 -April 2 Holidav Inn Cnmne Plaza Metro Centre Montreal. Quebec Con-Cepl P.O. Box 405 Station H Montreal. Quebec H3G 21.1 Canada Guests: Spider & Jeanne Robinson. Vincent DiFate ST. CON '95 March 31 -April 2 Marlborough inn & Convention Center Calgary. Alberta S.T. Con Sociciv P.O. Box 22188 Bankers Hall Calgary. Alberta T2P 4J5 Canada Giresi: Mark Lcnard I-C0N XIV March 31-April 2 University at Stony brook Stonv brook. NY l-CON XIV Iron-ena!) at Stonv brook 18 STARLOGMpnY 1995 \ddress: ALIEN Trilogy Fan Club 8 Victoria Close Thornbury, Bristol Avon BS 12 1J3 England Dues: S21.95 via International Bankers or £8.95 via post money order. Membership Includes: Quarterly newslet- . photographic membership card and face exclusive photos. LUNA BASE ONE club devoted to all SF/fantasy fans for pen pals and correspondence exchange. sanctioning: None. Address: Luna Base One P.O. Box 635146 Margate, FL 33063 Dues: S 15 per year or S10 with six SASE _ gal envelopes. Money orders only, made payable to Bianca Gonzalez. Membership Includes: Bi-monthly LBO new sletter. BEAUTY & THE BEAST TUCSON TUNNEL FRIENDS A group for B & B enthusiasts. Sanctioning: None. Address: J.F. Kleinkamp 3861 S.Thornton Tucson. AZ 85746 Dues: Eight fanzines at S20 each, no mem- bership dues. Membership Includes: Letter updates, club events, zine library. CAPEQUEST A club for fans of seaQitest. Sanctioning: None. Address: capeQuest c/o Jennifer Grushka 1125 Cardinal Creek Place Oveido, FL 32765-8468 Dues: Send SASE for info. Membership Includes: Monthly meetings, computer BB discussions, newsletter. THE PARALLAX SOCIETY A national network for SF, fantasy and horror enthusiasts. Sanctioning: None. Address: The Parallax Society 1403 Shuffield Drive Tallahassee, Fl 32308-5154 Dues: S 15 per year for individuals. S20 per year for families. Membership Includes: Monthly Convergence zine. membership card. certificate and free gift. STAR TREK CLUBS & PUBLICATIONS MULTI-SPECIES MEDICINE A monthly newsletter for the discussion of Deep Space Nine, focusing particularly on Dr. Julian Bashir. Sanctioning: None. Address: FTL Publications P.O.Box 1363 Minnetonka. MN 55345 Subscription Rates: S2 per issue or SI 2 for six issues (North America). S3 per issue or S18 for six issues (elsewhere). Brook. .NY 11790-0550 5 !6i M2-6045 APRIL L.A A S.FS. VIRTUAL REALITY SHOWCASE \pril 1 L.\.S.KS. Clubhouse Wife Hollywood. CA . VSFS Virtual Reality Showcase SlarCntesI Maga/ine » Wlor> Blwl #X7 V<nh Hollywood. CA 91606 rM> 764-8494 NORWESCON 18 \pril 6-9 RsXac Red I. ion Seattle Tacoma. \VA ■ SFS P.O. Box 24207 . :. WA 9XM2 c2»n24S-20in Vr* ocon@ u t /ards-coni Gusts: Robert Silvcrtxsg. " . - Gumey STARFEST April 7-9 Holida) Inn-Demer Int Airport Demer. CO S^jjianti C East Pacific Place : .--..f. CO 80231 Jonathan Frake^, NAME THAT CON 8: FRANKCONSTEIN April 21-23 Radisson Hotel Clayton Clayton. MO Randy Da\is Name That Con P.O. Bon 575 St. Charles. MO 6.1302 \|314)773-664S Guests: Glen Cook. Bob "Wilson" Tucker NJ SF, COMICS & CARDS April 23 Holiday Inn Tinton Falls, NJ L.S.CC. 1 1 Etsele Avenue Wamtmassa. NJ 07712 (0081531-9281 MAY MARC0N 30 May 5-7 H\att Regency Columbus. OH Marcon 30 P.O. Box 141414 Columbus. OH 43214 (614>451-3454 [email protected] Guests: [Catherine Kurtz. Ray Harnhausen. Forrest J Ackenrtan. Spider & Jeanne Robinson FANGORIA'S WEEKEND OF HORRORS May 6-7 LAX Sheraton Los Angeles. CA Creation Entertainment 41 1 N. Central Avenue Suite 300 Glendale.CA 91203 Guest: Tony Timpone MOSI STAR TREK CON Ma\ 13-14 Museum of Science and Industry Tampa, FL Museum of Science and Industry 4801 East Fowler Avenue Tampa. FI 33617-2099 Guest: James Doohan CAYLAXIC0N VI May 19-21 Radisson Hotel Niagara Falls, NY The Gaylaclic Network P.O. Box 127 Brookline. MA 02146 (301)604-1763 R0CC0N 19 May 19-21 Excelsior Hotel and Statehouse Convention Center Little Rock. AR RocCon P.O. Box 24285 Little Rock. AR 72221 (500 776-1146 SCIENCE FICnON CONTINUUM Catalogue of SF, Fantasy, & Horror JapanimatiorU m MACROSS PLUS 1 It's2040A.D. -a reckless but skilled pilot is sent to Edwards test flight center to be the test pilot for a new super-stealth Valkyrie, a transforming airplane. $14.99 each VHS dubbed! ORGUSS02#1 It has been 200 years since the time/space collapse. An excava- tion by a civilization similar to 20th cen- tury Earth, rediscov- ers the advanced tech- nology of the Orguss. 60 min available 3/95 NEW LOW PRICES! ALL ARE 19.99 EA Available now all are dubbed AKIRA dubbed, full screen CASTLEOF CAGLIOSTRO DIRTY PALR: AFFAIR AT NOLANDIA FIST OF THE NORTH STAR LENSMAN MD GEIST PROJECT AKO 1 PROJECT AKO 2 PROJECT AKO 3 PROJECT AKO 4 RIDING BEAN d ROBOTECH II: THE SENTINALS' THE PROFESSIONAL VAMPIRE HUNTER D WLNDARIA Available by 3/95 dubbed APPLESEED BLACK MAGIC DIRTY PAIR: PROJECT EDEN DIRTY PAIR: FLIGHT 005 CONSPIRACY GREAT CONQUEST: Legend of three Kingdoms 3X3 EYES PERFECT COLLECTION - This program contains all four 3X3 Eyes volumes LUPIN HI'S GREATEST HITS - Includes Albatross Wings of Death / Aloha Lupin. PROJECT AKO VS BATTLE ONE: GREY SIDE Available by 3/95 all are subtitled DOMINION 1 DOMINION 2 DOMINION 3 DOMINION 4 THEY WERE 11 HUMANOID Call toll-free to order - (800) 232-6002 VHS only. We accept Mastercard, Visa, & American Express. NoCOD's.WeacceptU.S. currency only! Shipping for Continental USA 1 tape-S4, 2 tapes-$6, SI .50 each add'l tape. AK, HI.PR, and Canada call forship charge. 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New York, NY 10016 STARFLEET EULOGIES ...As a rather jaded Star Trek fan. it should come as no surprise to me when I read letters in STAR- LOG from fans who complain how Rick Berman ind Paramount "have no right" to kill Captain Kirk... and some refuse to see the film because hose "who have no right" have killed their beloved Captain. As fixated as contemporary Star Trek is with the scientific method, it's amazing how easily that type of analysis eludes some fans. As Editor David McDonnell said in issue #211. Captain Kirk is a "fictional character. . .who doesn't live or I e." And yet. many fans insist on applying real- fe characteristics to the Captain. Consider that, ind they forget: Real-life people die. Heroes die. As a devoted fan. I will miss Captain Kirk's enterprises. If he were a real-life friend. I would not "support" his death. But if he did live and ?reathe. I know he would not be the kind of man to grow old in "the old Captain's home." He would deserve to die as he lived. That's what is disappointing about this criti- . i :: As Spock would no doubt suggest, be logi- cal. Star Trek Generations is far from a great film, b could and should have been better. But it does - ■ ide real exploration of Kirk's character, and gives William Shatner the chance to deliver his best performance. And yet some say they "refuse to see the film." That's the type of narrow-mindedness Gene Soddenberry fought against. It's also part of the mentality that makes many fans embarrassed irout being categorized with those who have that inindset. In short, giving all fans a bad name. How tragic that the fictional character of mes T. Kirk has more intelligence, tolerance ±r>d depth of character than some of those who bsv-e followed his adventures so intently. Why is it Star Trek fans so often demonstrate -~r.:n Absurdity in Infinite Combinations? Quinten Eyman Fort Myers. FL - my first letter to your magazine. I have <rer S:jr Trek Generations and my verdict is in: is the third best Star Trek motion picture. . ■ : - .-.a // and VI. In brief, darn good eye and hOBfood. ations is not without shortcomings, "_-:-_gh. Most prevalent is that Dr. Soran is more .- ■" - --_- genuinely evil. There is a. lack of - -; - ; -g doom. The lives of our heroes on the eatened. but face it, they are expend- ! comes down to saving the universe. I ■ove the characters, but as we were reminded in ". "The needs of the many outweigh..." — E . you know the rest. An entire pre-industrial society will be elimi- nated by Soran if our heroes don't do their job. However, we don't even see these people. It would have made the threat more real to have known who they were, to make it feel like a gen- uine, personal loss. It cheapens the plot some, but not to excess. Dr. Crusher has no part in the film, period. She was wasted. Troi and Worf weren't exactly utilized well, either. Maybe we'll see more of them in the future. The film occasionally comes to a screeching halt (what's with that long shot of the Ten-Forward section of the saucer after the thing crash-lands? I mean, it just sits there.) My only other problem is: Why did they destroy the Enterprise-D in the first film? I love the Galaxy-class design and I hope this isn't just a marketing scheme to get us to buy models of the all new Enterprise-E from — hopefully — the next film. Hello! Designers and planners of all future Treks] Are you reading this?! Don't change the ship! Revise it slightly if you must, but if it ain't broke, save us all some money. Negatives aside, I must praise the film where necessary. The Generations title itself, if you notice, goes much farther than the simple NG ref- erence or the appearance of the old series' charac- ters. I don't like the fact that Picard's brother and nephew were killed, but that's real life. Unwelcome surprises always come our way. Picard's dilemma, and his visions of a preferred life while in the Nexus, are very powerful, emo- tion-generating plot devices. Brent Spiner is wonderful. All of his acting abilities are displayed in the film. Data's initial inability to handle the emotion chip, and his grad- ual control and acceptance of emotion, are well done. The Klingons are used sparingly and prop- erly as an aide to Soran rather than being dragged into the story as a pseudo-threat, as in Treks /// and IV. Other pluses involve things which really annoyed me in Next Generation episodes: Riker is kept busy enough to keep him from finding time to strike poses. There is a minimum of technoba- bble in the film. Action replaces talk — amazing concept considering the usual NG "babble-adven- tures." And — hallelujah! — not a single scene takes place in that damn conference room. I know that many who whined and com- plained about Trek VI in previous letters to STAR- ALREADY CONFIRMED: Rene Auberjonois, Armin Shimerman, Marina Sirtis, Majel Barrett Roddenberry, Walter Koenig, Robin Curtis and more to be announced! Cruise the warm, sparkling blue waters of the Caribbean in the company of a dozen actors and behind the scenes personnel from Star Trek, Star Trek: The Next Generation, Deep Space Nine and Voyager. Seatrek is the per- fect combination of sea-going holiday and Trek convention, with a built-in vacation to boot. There's always plenty to do ot our ports- of-call, including beach party with the stars. Seatrek 95 is the sixth voyage organized by Seatrek Enterprises, creators of the original Star Trek cruises. We have payment plans, Trek Partner sharing plan for those travelling alone, charge card approval, discount airfares, Disney packages, and other travel services. For FREE brochure and more information, send an S.A.S.E. business size envelope to: Seotrek 95, 8306 Mills Drive, Box 198, Miami, FL 331 83 or phone 800-326-8735 or (305)388-2890 CRUISE AGAIN WHERE NO FANS HAVE CRUISED BEFORE! JUNE 10-17, 1995 FROM MIAMI TO SAN JUAN, ST. THOMAS & ST. MAARTEN. LOG will not like the violence or the battle scenes in Generations, but you can't please everybody. Heck, whenever I leave a theater I feel that a film somehow could have been better. With this fine Trek though, those feelings were kept to a mini- mum, and there was a goofy grin plastered on my face. Randy Stack 2524 Owen Drive Winston-Salem. NC 27106-4506 O.K., I'LL NEED A BLOOD SAMPLE, A URINE. SAMPLE, AHO FILL OUT THIS INSURANCE FORM 4 LIABILITY WAIVE/?. I'LL SENP THIS STUFF OFF TO THE LAB, RUN A CREPir CHECK, AND WE'LL MEET BACK HERE, OH, SOMETIME NEXT WEEK AFTER I (SET THE TEST RESULTS... fRACULA COPES WITH BLOOD- SUCKING IN THE 90' S ... I just saw Star Trek Generations and I must tell you that it is the worst movie I ever saw. It's bor- ing and lengthy and looks as if they went back for the past seven years and pieced together frag- ments from the series to make this! When I went to see this movie, I was very hopeful it would live From idea to production, it's all yours to create in Industrial Design Technology. Make your ideas a 3-D reality tor movies, museums and manufacturers. CHOOSE ONE LOCATION Z Denver Ft Lauderdale Z Philadelphia G Pittsburgh Seattle City_ State_ . Zip_ THE ART INSTITUTES INTERNATIONAL 300 SIXTH AVE, DPT. 35, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 1-800-525-1000 up to the standards of its predecessors. But it is now proving to be a total flop. And to top it all off. they killed my hero. Captain Kirk! How dare they?! Paramount must do another movie with the originals and bring Jim back to life! His death really hurts the Star Trek mythos and dampens the spirit of Trekkers every- where. He and the gallant original crew are living legends and should be treated with respect. They should sail off into cosmic history as they should have done after Trek VI instead of having such an ignoble death on the silver screen in the hopes of boosting a failing film! John Nicklas Jr. 2318 N. 2nd Street Philadelphia. PA 19133 ...I must comment on Star Trek Generations. On the whole, I enjoyed it tremendously. The balance was excellent, with all the characters having some good moments. James Doohan and Walter Koenig are probably unhappy that their opening scene (meeting Kirk after his orbital skydiving) was cut, but I think it was a good decision. That shot of the champagne bottle hurtling through space was ter- rific! The film couldn't have had a better opening. And it wasn't hurt by the absence of Spock. McCoy. Sulu and Uhura. It would have been awk- ward if they had been absent from the memorial service for Kirk, or if he had spent much time in the 24th century without asking whether Spock was still alive. But as the film was structured, it worked fine without them. I was prepared for the death of Kirk, and as the writers were determined to go that route, they handled it well. I thought the symbolism of hav- ing Picard bury him was beautiful. But I was shocked by the destruction of the Enterprise, and especially by the way it was han- dled. The destruction of the original Enterprise in Star Trek III was profoundly moving and awe- inspiring. This... when the battle section blew up. so much was happening that the audience didn't have time to absorb it. It was great, from an FX point of view, to see the saucer crash-land on a planet. But I'm sure everyone in the theater was assuming it could be repaired, and replacing the battle section would be no big deal. Then we were told, in an almost casual voiceover, that the ship couldn't be salvaged! And the Bridge crew seemed way too philosophical about it. The loss of the Enterprise really dampened the mood of the audience. (I also think it was a mistake to kill off those great villains; Lursa and B'Etor.) I was delighted the film didn't have one of those deafening soundtracks that are currently popular. (The new "digital sound" ruined TimeCop and StarGate for me.) But on the minus side. I'm sorry it didn't have a more memorable score. The first three Trek films had great scores, but since then they've been mediocre. Bring back James Horner! Having made clear I do like Generations. I must voice some serious criticisms, all relating to the script. First: The subplot about Data's emotion chip worked fine. But the motivation for his deci- sion to use it stemmed from his friends' insistence that his dunking Dr. Crusher "wasn't funny." And it was! Everyone in the theater found it hilarious. More seriously, the writers created a continu- ity problem by establishing that Starfleet. in the 23rd century, was aware of the existence of "El Aurian refugees" (who turned out to be Guinan's people). Some of them were even being resettled on Earth. That being the case, it's inconceivable Starfleet would never have asked them who or what had destroyed their home planet. And the El Aurians would have had no reason to be secretive about it. So how come, in Picard s day. Starfleet O THE ART INSTITUTES «TERNATION»l«. had never heard of the Borg? It's hard to understand a person of Guinan's intelligence being so impressed by that "temporal nexus." Its capabilities seemed no better than those of a good Holodeck program (with the admittedly important difference that a person could stay there forever). The explanation of why Soran couldn't take a ship into the Nexus ithat a ship would "break up") doesn't bear close examination. Perhaps a ship small enough to be crewed — under normal cir- cumstances — by one person would break up before it got close enough for the Nexus to pick him up. And admittedly, no sentient crew could be forced to fly into what they would perceive as their deaths. But we saw in Star Trek III that in a pinch, even a ship as large as the original Enterprise could be operated by only four people! In classic Trek, Matt Decker took a comparably sized ship into the maw of the Planet-Eater alone. And Soran wouldn't have needed anything that big. Also, we know "sleeper ships" had existed even centuries earlier: ships large enough to hold sizable crews, all of whom could be in suspended animation while the ships operated on "autopilot" for years! My strongest objection to the plot is the way that temporal nexus worked with Picard and Kirk. To begin with, neither man's fantasy seemed believable. I would expect Picard to fantasize about a reality in which he, not his friend Jack Crusher, had been the first to fall in love with Beverly Howard. And his children by her would have borne a suspicious resemblance to the chil- dren he believed he had fathered in "The Inner Light." As for Kirk, where did this unknown "Antonia" come from? After Paramount had EdwqodScotmds U v, I approved J.M. Dillard's novelization of Star Trek VI, in which Kirk was planning to spend his retirement years with Carol Marcus. Trek writers oould have stuck with that. (I felt sorry for Di ard, having to weasel out of it as best she Mid in the Generations novelization). Moreover, the Nexus seemed to have no con- sistent rules. Guinan's being there to counsel p-.card didn't make sense: nor did her explanation I ■ .-> he and Kirk could leave, but she couldn't. \-.i why did Picard so conveniently find a Kirk relieved he had just arrived? The only "rule" ■cmed to be that the Nexus operated in whatever ■ as handiest for the writers! In closing. I must say that the current season of Deep Space Nine is terrific. My favorite episodes so far have been "The House of Quark" ind "Second Skin." but they've all been superb. \-.i 1 hope the show is in no danger of losing the .-comparable Colm Meaney. His performance in : tl was the best thing in it. Kay Kelly 290 Western Avenue Albany. NY 12203 As one who has seen all six of the Star Trek T.ovies more times than I can count. I feel com- pelled to offer my take on Star Trek Generations. Though it is a fine movie as far as entertainment _ ;-. it misses the element of crew-as-family except in the Kirk/Scotty/Chekov scenes) that — =kes the other movies special. Those films used rhe thread of connection between the main Bridge . IE .. as a resonating point, offering opportunity for reminiscence by long-standing fans, without hHting out the casual viewer. I. felt as 1 watched Generations that the effort . : rade to steer clear of "making just a longer ■ Generation episode" to the point that the B rl itself was practicably audible to those who ould have enjoyed such moments. In addition, ■aa) plot points seemed engineered solely to fill «pace in a less than full-bodied story or simply to rrovide screen time to cast members peripheral to :he main story. Instead of the usual "B" story, we kerned to have a veritable alphabet of story frag- ments. Much of the super-hyped Kirk story was a dis- iroointment to me. When the orbital parachuting . . : railed to appear at the movie's beginning as '- had been led to expect. I continued to wait for it throughout, only to be disappointed. One can only "cpe the footage will be restored to the video release. The empty spaces to either side of the Ci?-.ain were palpable with the absence of Spock and Bones. Most damnably, the James T Kirk of se Nexus was not the man I last saw at the end of Tr.e Undiscovered Country. That Captain Kirk zi clearly learned from his experiences and hegun to work through his bitterness and disillu- :~. The Kirk of the Nexus was a selfish old man -ho had to be cajoled into meeting a challenge i=c "making a difference." On the plus side were the cast and special FX. ays. Patrick Stewart and his castmates -~zi - excellent performances, while Malcolm VcDowell brought a manic intensity to Dr. Soran. The image of the scientist worshipping the afproaching energy ribbon and the spectacular crash oi the Enterprise-D are unforgettable. Eager for any incarnation of Star Trek. I look r-iira to other Next Generation movies. ever, it is my hope that future features will rlish what I most want to experience — to ----- _:-.; life with old friends. Maq Lee Boyance - fest Main Street ----- re. TN 38369 1 a writing in hope that my letter — along 1 _~ ..re. all the other negative mail you regarding Star Trek Generations — will make a difference in the way the producers, direc- tors and writers put together the next movie. I was extremely disappointed in Generations as a whole. It did have some good segments that were enjoyable, but overall I consider this to be the worst of all the movies. I. like many others, have been a fan from the beginning, and I have never considered myself a critical person, especially of Star Trek. I even enjoyed the fifth movie, which got bad reviews. I believe I understood what William Shatner was trying to do with the movie and therefore I really enjoyed it. There were so many downs with the new movie. It was like they just threw something out there for us to watch without any consideration of the storyline. If it hadn't been for some major blunders. I could have overlooked or reasoned through some of the other problems I had with the movie. I think the major one was when Picard agreed to trade places with Geordi if he could beam down to the planet first. Maybe I could see Picard doing this even though, throughout the series, hostage situations were dealt with without giving in to demands. But for Riker to just stand by and let it happen was what got me. From the very start of the series. Riker considered the Captain's safety high on the list of priorities. I consider that moment to be the straw, so to speak. After watching the whole movie and then looking back, I find I had reservations from the very onset of the movie. In "Relics," when Scotty is rescued by the Enterprise, he thinks that Kirk was the one that came to rescue him. But if Scotty was there when Kirk vanished, how could he later think Kirk had come to rescue him? Now, maybe in a future movie Kirk returns to his time... maybe. And on a base that had apparently been under attack, where was security when Data and Geordi were on the station? When Geordi was returned and his VISOR was transmitting images, why wasn't it detected by the Enterprise! Did McDowell's character know of a way to make the signal undetectable? Even if so, why. after the shields were compromised, did they not vary its frequency, like they tried with the Borg? If Picard could pick any time to return from the Nexus, why did he pick such a critical moment? Some of those situations are explainable, but not without reaching. I consider the movie as a whole very poorly put together, with too many discrepancies; no wonder Leonard Nimoy refused to be in it. On a lighter note, I did like the part where they were saving a pre-industrialized world instead of the galaxy or even Earth. I think director David Carson did a great job with what he had to work ANOTHER EXCITING TREKVACATION ADVENTURE PRESENTED BY "The Bermuda Discovery" August 27 - September 3, 1995 • Sailing from Boston to Bermuda S5°5S5 Picture yourself on powdery pink sand beaches; swimming and snorkeling in warm clear tur- quoise waters; discovering the mysteries of a land whose beauty defies description. Now imagine doing all this right along with several of your favorite actors who have appeared in Star Trek®, join us for CRUISE TREK 95: The Bermuda Discovery, The adventure continues . . . • Meet cast members & behind-the-scenes personnel from the movies and series • Enjoy 7 days and nights of exciting Trek activities on land & at sea • Your fare includes state-of-the-art stateroom accommodations; all meals & entertainment; Star Trek® activities, autographed photos & T-shirts & more! • Trek shares, payment plan, other travel sevices available To receive more information on this cruise and to get on our mailing list for future Cruise Treks, \| send an S.A.S.E to: CRUISE TREK, P.O. Box 2038, Agoura Hills, CA 91 376-2038 or call (818] 597-2940. May only be booked through Cruise Trek. Only Cruise Trek passengers will attend the Trek events . Be sure to mention in which magazine you saw our ad. Paramount Pictures is in no way associated with Cruise Trek 95 which is produced by CRUISE TREK and CRUISES CRUISES CRUISES, Inc. Star Trek®, Star Trek: The Next Generation®, Star Trek: Deep Space Nine®, and Star Trek: Voyager® ore registered trademarks owned by Paramount Pictures. No infringement is intended. r^.-S\VWj-UP. ■ f,'£J> :•: -/' &■>.> ^^ '- - s . O W ',* .--^ THE GREATEST STAR TREK® CONVENTION EVER! WILLIAM SHATNER KATE .MULGREW AVERY BROOKS WITH JDNAIHAIU FRAKES • BRBVTSPINER MICHAEL DORN • JOHN de LAIMCIE MARINA SIRTIS'MAJELBARliETT GRACE LEE WHHNEY • NANA VISITOR ROVE AUBERJONQIS • CIRROC LOFTON ARMim SHIMERMAN • GE0R6E TAKEI /.. ANDREW ROBINSON 4 AND MANY, MANY MORE! MARCH 17-18-19, 1995 FRI., SAT., SUN., 1 1am ■ 7 pm DAILY THE PASADENA CKTER 3QD E. GREEN ST., PASADENA, CA. TICKET Si HOTEL INFO OVER 30 GREAT GUESTS ARE EXPECTED--THE NAMES ABOVE ARE JUST GETTING US STARTED! Join 1 5,000 fans at our annual convention that is simply like no other. Advance general admission tickets are S30 Friday, S35 Saturday, S35 Sunday. Full weekend preferred seating (offering a reserved seat in our auditorium come and go) are S185 per, preferred seating per day is S65 each. Both general admission and pre- ferred seats allow you to see all the convention has to offer, preferred seating gives you a reserved seat. Send ticket fees to: CREATION 411 N. CENTRAL AVE. SUITE #300. GLEN- DALE, CA 91203 (please make checks payable to CREATION. Stay overnight at the Holiday Inn Pasadena: call Fran in our offices: (818) 409-0960 to reserve your rooms now (S89 per night). You can also charge tickets by phone through this num- ber . Tickets are also available in advance at local TICKETMASTER OUTLETS'". For airline reservations call Lyndsi at Omega Travel at (800) 969-1020. General admis- sion tickets will be sold at the door for $35 Friday, S40 Satur- day. S40 Sunday. CREATION ENTERTAINMENT with. The problem was the script. Most of us fans have at least one good Star Trek story in us. and I think practically any one of us could have written a much better story. A.J. Edwards P.O. Box 302 Lone Grove. OK 73443 . . .1 am writing to share my personal views on Star Trek Generations. The emotion chip itself both- ered me and several of my friends. I even rewatched "Descent" to understand their point. The chip is not the same in the movie as the one in the show. In "Descent," the chip that Data removed from Lore was tiny, looking like a "C" clip. The chip in the film was much larger with a different shape. In "Descent," Data told Geordi that the chip was damaged and unusable from when he shot Lore with a phaser. So how could it be used in the movie? In "Descent." Data doesn't show much emo- tion. His own brother tells him that he needs to work on his sense of humor. Yet in the film. Data's character is almost ridiculous due to emotions. Granted, some of his lines were funny, but I was nevertheless disappointed in the change in his character. Another thing that bothered me was the con- versation between Data and Dr. Crusher in the Holodeck concerning humor. After seven years of Data interacting with these people, this conversa- tion seemed redundant. The scene of the Klingon ship being destroyed seemed borrowed from Star Trek VI. The slow- motion, the torpedo heading for the ship and the crew staring at the screen as death confronts them, even the actual footage of the ship exploding, all looked the same, except for the actual crew itself. I was bothered by the fact that so many char- acters were killed off in this film, such as the Duras sisters and Picard's relatives. The Duras sisters were viable characters who could have showed up again and again in DS9. Why didn't Picard go back to save his brother and nephew while in the Nexus? After all, Guinan said you can have whatever you desire in the Nexus. Since he grieved for his family since the beginning of the film, I would assume this to be his priority, not Veridian III. What about Veridian III? Wouldn't he be guilty of violating the Prime Directive by time-traveling to save the planet? I know some people who have asked why didn't he go back to save his ship. Obviously, it was because he didn't yet know it was destroyed. Of course, Picard would realize it was destroyed with the planet, but not before. If Guinan has an echo in the Nexus, wouldn't the rest of her people, including Soran? Wouldn't Soran's echo try and stop Picard? For that matter, wouldn't Soran himself, since they entered at the same time? I know Guinan told Picard he could leave, but she never said how. How did he leave? Why would Picard need Guinan's or Kirk's help to stop Soran? He could just keep going back until he got it right. I thought the fight with Soran was ridiculous. Picard kept falling down the hill while Kirk duked it out with Soran. Picard looked ridiculous. Is Kirk dead? I'm not convinced. First. I don't believe he could be killed that easily after all he had been through. Also. I believe if he truly died like that, then it was as senseless as Yar's death. I would expect something more challenging. If Kirk did exist in the Nexus, then wouldn't he and Picard leave an echo behind when they left? These are all future plot ideas to bring Kirk back! I thought the destruction of the Enterprise was lame. The effects were good until they entered the atmosphere. Then, they looked as fake as a Godzilla movie. After seven years of defeating all types of odds and enemies, it was a cheap way for the I70I-D to go out. I thought the slow-motion shots of people flying across the Bridge (on both the 1701-D and the Klingon ship) were pretty stu- pid and unnecessary as well. I am also disappointed in the character of Captain Haniman of the J70I-B. What a moron. How did an officer like that ever convince anyone in Starfleet that he could captain a starship. let alone a flagship? The "Tuesday" bit got old quick. Overall I would rate this film a B-, and I still believe in the rule of evens for Trek films. Craig Mason 41 McCrea Street Fort Edward. NY 12828 ...I saw Star Trek Generations with an audience predominantly of Star Trek fans. At the film's con- clusion, there was a slight smattering of applause while the mostly silent audience made their way hastily to the exits, not bothering with the end credits. The people I was with openly despised this film. My reaction to this film was that, since this was a Star Trek: The Next Generation film, why should anyone be surprised that there was more talk than action? Why should anyone be shocked that this film totally ground to a halt once William Shatner disappeared after the first 10 minutes? This film was completely put together by indi- viduals from the TV series. One of the writers, Brannon Braga. is responsible for some of the worst, most confusing and boring episodes of the last season. Should we be surprised as a result of this that this film reused the tired "spatial anom- aly" plot for the umpteenth time? The death of Captain Kirk. Star Trek's most beloved character, was totally and completely unnecessary. This was obviously executive producer Rick Berman's attempt to kill classic Trek, the only series he had nothing to do with, once and for all. (Writer Braga has boasted that he has never watched an episode of classic Trek.) As a result of the above, we are left with a film that might be better than Star Trek V, but isn't in the same universe as any of the other Trek films. Just a few short words to express my disap- pointment with the replacement of Michael O'Hare by Bruce Boxleitner on Babylon 5. With O'Hare. one not only got the impression of great compassion, but much going on below the surface of his calm exterior. Boxleitner 's Captain Sheridan is nothing more than a pale imitation of Jim Kirk. I sincerely hope that the producers real- ize that this series has taken 10 steps backward and bring Michael O'Hare back to command Babylon 5. Gary Cohen Brooklyn. NY L ETRR TREK ^j^fs irlK^K THE 11EXT GEnERBTIOn \D^0f pine pina pine pins pins pine pine pine pine pins pine pma pins pine pinspme pine Pine pins pins pins pine pins pins 4k > 16 f. 61 104 257 258 1090 41% EL-. 70 _3 S8.00 J 2 $8.00 J5S6.00 J6S8.00 _31 S6.00 _36 S6.00 _37 S8.00 _40 S8.00 _45 S6.00 _61 S8.00 _62 S8.00 _63 S8.00 _64 S8.00 _65 S8.00 _66 $8.00 _67 S8.00 68 S8.00 _69 S8.00 _70 S8.00 _71 S8.00 _72 S8.00 _101 $8.00 _102$6.00 _103$8.00 _104$8.00 _105$29.50 _150$6.00 151 $8.00 _153$8 J 55 $6 _156$6 J 78 $6 _180$6 255 $6 _257 S6 _258 S6 J 020 $10 J 022 $15 _1024$15 _1080$6 J 090 $8 J 120 $4 J 125 $6 J 150 $12 _1701 $8 _DSN10$10 DSN20$6 NOT SHOWN: Cardassian Symbol: 1172 $8 Premiere Season: DSN1 $8 STAR TREK PinB Send cash, check or money order to: STARLOG PRESS 475 Park Avenue South New York, NY 10016 Postage: Please add $2 for each item to cover postage & handling. Overseas: $5 per item in US funds only. 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Send cash, check or money order to: STARLOG PRESS 475 PARK AVENUE SOUTH NEW YORK, NY 10016 Method of Payment: 3Cash 3Check aMoneyOrder ^Discover jMaster Card jVisa Account No. Card Expiration Date: / (Mo./Yr.) Your Daytime Phone #: ( ) AT-AT SW520 ! Print Name As It Appears On Your Card Street if City State Zip Your Signature IF YOU DO NOT WANT TO CUT OUT COUPON, WE WILL ACCEPT WRITTEN ORDERS. Please allow 4 to 6 weeks for delivery. J CV^ 1 3 Boxleitner has no difficulty tiering that day in August 1994 le first stepped onto the set of 5 as Captain John Sheridan. "I was up and ready." the veteran actor . ~and all the "suits' came out to watch rst scene. I had lunch with the rr Bros, guys the next day. and they sat nt of me and watched my first es! I was under, the gun. believe that first day. I probably had eight or Bes f dialogue, all very technical, but > jump in and swim. I had 'volun- sr this duty, and there was no back- pite the emotional weight on his ^ during those early shooting days, _.er still felt somewhat like a big kid. ! into an intergalactic candy store with jtful of change. "I walked around grin- e whole day! After the first week. I i ; If, i hope this goes on for a long i haven't had such a challenge in a tou can do anything in this show. It's __s storyline in terms of its situations." eitner was cast as the lead in Babylon ing the departure of its previous ffin g officer, Michael O'Hare. whose n, Jeffrey Sinclair, was transferred off ion. After an- extensive search for a ent, the producers chose Boxleitner in John Sheridan, barely three weeks as were set to roll on the second _ As the former star of such series as k- and Mrs. King and Bring 'Em Boxleitner seemed the perfect play Captain Sheridan, a hero of the rari War now turned reluctant Lie his small-screen alter-ego, the actor i little time to settle into his new role. -.he language was daunting at »e admits. "I had a lot of trouble with the terms, and whipping through > like 'the Earth-Minbari War,' and com- ~s them to memory. I feel very comfort- ish them now. fast, Sheridan was totally bewildered station. This was nor the Starship non—l could hardly say that when I Med! — it was a daunting experience for him to take over this command, and as you'll see, it just gets more and more compli- cated as he tries to deal with it. It's the war- rior vs. the diplomat. "I think Joe [Straczynski, series creator] has figured me out now, and I've figured him out. He has listened to the way I talk, and he's adapting the character more to me. In the beginning, they had this guy Sheridan, but they really didn't have anybody flesh and blood yet. It took a few episodes for them to start adapting him to my personality. That's a very important part of television, no matter what genre you're in. You have to really use the personality of the actor who's playing the piece, and I think Joe's doing that very well." Duty Tours For viewers who haven't yet caught up with the latest season of Babylon 5, Boxleit- ner gives a quick precis of his character: "Basically, Sheridan was born in the mid- western United States, and very much raised in an international setting. His father was a diplomatic envoy, and therefore he got JOE NAZZARO, veteran STARLOG corre- spondent, profiled David Carson in issue #211. around the world and became familiar with the various countries of the Earth Alliance. "He's a guy who has the pioneer spirit, who wanted to go into space. He was a pilot, then a starship crew member, and went up through the ranks. I put together that he was a lower classman to Sinclair. I have a feeling that they knew each other, and I sat down with Joe one day and we talked about it. I said, 'You know, we could have a little back- story in that he sort of admired Sinclair, that he was a younger classmate at the Air Force or Space Academy: whatever, so it's not as if Sheridan is in Sinclair's shadow, but maybe he's coming up after him.' Perhaps Sinclair was a year ahead of him, and then during the Earth-Minbari War, everyone was called into action, and that's when Sheridan showed his stuff. He was a young man and a fighter, an idealistic young officer. "Sheridan has certainly made some ene- mies. That's something I tried to bring in, that there's a slight animosity towards the Min- bari on Sheridan's part, because of losing friends in the war to them. The war doesn't just go away. Certainly, Sheridan's relation- ship with Ambassador Delenn is still chang- ing. She's helping him open up his mind to new possibilities. He has never dealt with the Minbari in that way. That's an interesting relationship which is still developing." According to Boxleitner, those scenes are made believable by Mira Furlan, the award- winning European actress who plays Delenn. the Minbari ambassador. "We had a great scene in one episode where she talks about 'star stuff.' and that we were all from the same atoms, from the same place. You're going to be seeing much more of a relation- ship there. "I think Mira is a wonderful actress. I love to sit and talk with her. Delenn, as everyone can see. is going towards a more human appearance, and now she's going to be for- saken by her own people. Most of the Grey Council think she's a traitor, living out some kind of fantasy. They have their own agenda, and she's still struggling to keep the peace. "Mira is very aware that she's an inspira- tion to many of her countrymen. It's funny how the fictional events here on Babylon 5 have echoes of the contemporary problems that are actually going on with the Bosnians, the Serbs and the Croats. She still grieves for her homeland, and I think some of that comes through in this show. There are many paral- lels to those civil wars underway, and those 28 STARLOGMpr/7 1995 jat will go on in the future. I know we're ng to be seeing much more of Delenn." Boxleitner says viewers will also be see- ■B Sheridan's relationships with Security Taef Garibaldi (Jerry Doyle), Commander • anova (Claudia Christian) and Dr. Franklin : .-.ard Biggs) continue to develop. "Claudia and I already show a certain d of that. Because they've served together re. I think you see a friendship there "cm the get-go. "With Franklin, yes, they occasionally erne into conflict, and Sheridan is very hard r. him sometimes, but that's because he likes im. In 'GROPOS,' Franklin's father. Gen- ri. Franklin, comes on board with 25.000 jround pounders.' That one is pretty incred- :.e. Sheridan sees a lot of himself in Tanklin." Diplomatic immunities As for Andreas Katsulas, who plays Kir the Nam ambassador, and Peter srasik, as Londo the Centauri ambassador, r.tner says both actors can easily steal a :ene from their human co-stars. "When vse two guys get on there, it's a fight for the Hnera: a fight to stay within the scene and cetribute to it. They're both exceptional. "I just did a scene yesterday with L-cireas. and at first, staring into those beady . - ;;-es was a bit strange, but I don't see "e~. anymore. I deal with him as a person, a: Sheridan does, too. They're both terrific, re > ou do have to fight for every frame in a sene with those guys! That makes it fun. "Like Andreas, Peter is one of the most ."•:r.g people on the show. He has such a ■cc.cierful. flamboyant character to play, and teal's marvelous about him is he doesn't try -•.: :rom you. He's so big that you have to ok around him, but he doesn't do it in any Vicious way. as many actors often do. They e-lie\e the whole object is to steal the scene. le plays the scene and it ends up being mien. He's a very talented man; very giving. kH stand there, and when they tell him to home because they need him the next Kjrnins. he'll stand there and do his off- ■nera lines for you anyhow on his own As big game trapper and collector Frank Buck, Boxleitner teamed up with Cindy Morgan and Clyde Kusatsu to Bring 'Em Back Alive on TV. time. He's just one of those types of guys. Almost everybody on the show is." Boxleitner concedes that a great deal of time has passed since he and Jurasik ap- peared together in Disney's ground-breaking SF film TRON. "One day, as we were waiting for an elaborate lighting set-up to be done, we just reminisced about our first days com- ing to Hollywood, what circumstances got us here, and so on. We both came out here around the same time, in the early '70s, and we've seen many things go by. "Look where Londo is going this season; look at this dark side that's emerging, with Morden, who I always call 'the Mob Dude.' He looks like a young Mafia guy — 'You do a favor for us, we'll do a favor for you.' Peter is wonderful. He shows so many colors, so many sides to Londo. I know he's an audi- ence favorite, and when he and G'Kar get going with each other, I just sit back and watch and laugh. Once in a while, I'm actu- ally in the scene with them; remember that!" Boxleitner's career has seen almost as many twists and turns as that of his Babylon 5 counterpart. A native Midwesterner, the would-be actor received his early training on stage. In 1971. he won an understudy role in Status Quo Vadis at Chicago's Goodman Theater, but a week later, the leading man walked out, and Boxleitner took over the role. A year later, he went to Los Angeles, where five lines in an episode of The Mary- Tyler Moore Show earned him his SAG card. He has worked steadily ever since. Besides How the West Was Won, Bring 'Em Back Alive and the long-running Scare- crow and Mrs. King, Boxleitner has appeared in countless TV movies, including Down the STARLOGMnnV 1995 29 Long Hills, East of Eden, Fly Away, Red River, The Town Bully, Gunsmoke V: One Man's Justice, From the Dead of Night and four of the five Gambler telefilms. The actor also has several feature films to his credit, among them The Babe, Kuffs, The Baltimore Bullet and TRON, which revolu- tionized the world of computer-generated FX. Battle Plans Now midway through his first season as Captain Sheridan, Boxleitner is settled com- fortably into his role. "Gosh, there's so much to talk about!" he enthuses, his excitement obvious from the steady torrent of words that continue almost without interruption. "This is probably one of the most pleasurable expe- riences I've had in my entire career. The peo- ple I'm working with make a lot of the difference. This is an excellent production team, and I'm not just saying that for publi- cation; I would say that to anyone. "[Producers] Doug Netter and Joe Straczynski have assembled a good bunch of people here, and I've never seen such enthu- siasm for a project. For most crews, it's just another TV show, but here, everyone has an active enthusiasm. Maybe that's because they're a young group for the most part, and they really like SF. I'm much more used to the old jaded crew hands, where it's just another show, and then they're on to the next one. This bunch generally has an interest. Rarely do you have a crew standing around in the corridor, reading the next couple of scripts just out of enthusiasm, not for 'What do I have to do in the script?' It's a great bunch of people. Jerry, Claudia; I couldn't ask for a better group to work with acting- wise. They welcomed me right in, and helped me out a great deal." ! i. 2flBI iZM ft ^m\-~ i '-- \V __ " y ' fc -- (M 1 Kate Jackson's friendship with agent Lee Stetson (Boxleitner) got them involved in international intrigue weekly as Scare- crow and Mrs. King. Boxleitner has happily shared that same hospitality with the series' guest stars. "It was so great to work with Michael Ansara." he relates of the veteran actor who played a Techno Mage in "The Geometry of Shad- ows." "He was very gracious, and, in fact, we sat down and ran the lines as many times as "Sheridan has certainly made some enemies." he wanted to. We had to use a few cue cards, because he had such long speeches, and I had great empathy for him. "I enjoyed working with Walter Koenig, because he tells the greatest Sfar Trek and William Shatner stories," notes Boxleitner. "It's wonderful to be working with some of these people. We had Jessica Walter, play- ing the Senator on a video screen I was talk- ing to. and Robert Foxworth, who's playing a recurring role as General Hague. I don't think this fazes any of the younger audience. They might not know who some of these people are. but it's great to be working with them. Russ Tamblyn talked about acting in West Side Story, which is what most of the crew knew him from. He sat there and told stories about working on it. I enjoyed working with Walter Koenig, because he tells the greatest Star Trek and William Shatner stories. It's a wonderful bonus for me." Some of the actor's favorite scenes were with Turhan (The Mummy's Tomb) Bey, who appears as the aging Centauri emperor in "The Coming of Shadows." "He sees some- thing in me, and I see a father figure in him, and we have some real heart-to-heart talks about life. He's not like Londo at all. The emperor is a man coming to the end of his life, and reflecting on the past, on his glories and his failures. I become an ear to talk to and help him with that." Of course, Sheridan also has personal problems of his own to deal with. In "Reve- lations." Boxleitner's second episode of the » . . the arrival of Sheridan's sister (Bev- erl\ Leech i forces himself to embrace his . • ieath. It's an episode the actor feels he could do much better now, as opposed to that early in the season. "The episode was almost 15 minutes too long, if you can believe that, so a lot of the story had to be chopped." Boxleitner reveals. "I was very disappointed, because we had many more scenes, and they really flew through it. I wasn't crazy about it, but what can vou do? The underlying thing with the wife. I wasn't happy about doing any of that stuff. I thought it was too soon for that. They were trying to show everything immediately. but I think they needed some more time with that, and I really wasn't given that time. This all happened before they had me, and the script was already in the works." Just in case B5 boosters are worried that Captain Sheridan may be all talk and no action. Boxleitner points to a few recent epi- sodes that handily refute that claim, particu- larly "All Alone in the Night." "It's quite a strange adventure. I'm captured by aliens, and have to fight my way out of their ship. Maybe this was a lesson that the captain shouldn't leave the station! " 'All Alone' was quite an exhausting one for me. I have scars all over my hands right now. because we had a big fight scene with a sword and a lead pipe. My very good friend Marshall Teague. who you'll remember from the very first episode of Babylon 5 ["Infec- tion." the first one shot], comes back as a Nam in this one. and he and Sheridan are thrown together in a Spartacus situation. It was a good one for me. because I really got to do some different things. I get tortured, and the two of us form this bond as prisoners of war. and we eventually do escape. It was shot in this very tight room; very veiny, as if we; were inside the stomach of something. Our 30 STARLOG/ApnV 1995 an director really went out there with this set. Me ■'• ere in it for two or three days, and I just about passed out once from lack of oxygen. "That was an ass-kicking episode, and so - GROPOS," where 20,000 Marines de- Mend on the station, and Garibaldi has got - s hands full, keeping order in the bars and saloons. We had a gigantic brawl, with 150 extras, and for seven days, we were in a mas- sive crowd of olive-drab Marine uniforms. "I think SF is a big place. We can certainly hold our own there." We had troops assembling in the parking lot behind the soundstage. going through drills with our military advisor. It was a fun . jisode." Casualty Reports Until recently, the actor wasn't much of an SF fan. but working in the genre has com- pelled him to check out some of his competi- tion. "This has caused me to watch all of the Star Trek programs," he cites as an example. "I'm not being critical, but 1 think we're up there with them: I don't care what anybody _.j- s. In the heyday of the Western on televi- sion, there were many Westerns, and I think SF is a big place. We can certainly hold our own there. "1 like the characters more on our show. "It's a fight for the camera; a fight tpfjjfl within the scene and contribute to it," says Boxleitner of working with Peter Jurasik (left) and Andreas Katsulas. \ because they're more flawed, more human. I've been watching more of Star Trek off and on. At first. I wasn't a great fan of it; that doesn't mean I hated it. I started watching it. and seeing the whole genre and what was being done on television." Although Boxleitner doesn't pay much attention to critics, there are two opinions he holds in high regard: "I go by what my sons think, and they both love this show. One is 14. and the other one is nine, so they're right at that age that Warner Bros, wants. My old- est was just a baby when I was doing most of my series television, and the youngest one hadn't even come into this world, so they really didn't get to see Dad on a weekly basis on television. "Now, they talk about it in school, and the kids really like it. In fact, my sons came down when we were shooting the second episode. Jim Johnston allowed them to 'direct' a (continued on page 69) "It's a great of people ," raves Boxleitner; who says he was greeted with open arms by the B5 cast. .wf i£^™2 ^ HEROINE Actress, wife, mother & sex symbol, Gillian Anderson is doing it all. ByJULIANNELEE ^ Gillian Anderson. Special Agen Dana Scully of The X-Files, is not your ordinary sex symbo Neither leggy nor busty, she's referred to by some of her fans as , IDDG. which stands for ""Intellectually Drop-Dead Gorgeous." They love her for her mind. These days, the addition of her new daughter. Piper, has put even more layers on Anderson's persona, while adding some fascinating plot twists to The X-Files and decreasing the free hours in her days. "I probably get about five hours' sleep a night, but with the schedule it ends up being pretty crazy," says Anderson. She sounds tired, yet she has a positive attitude. Carrying half of an hour-long weekly series involves 14- to 16-hour days, which leaves little time for her new hus- band and baby. But she's coping. Anderson was married on New Year's Day 1994 to art director Clyde Klotz, whom she met on the set of The X-Files. A month later, she discovered she was preg- nant, much to the surprise of everyone, especially the series' creator and execu- tive producer. Chris Carter. ""Well, he was shocked," Anderson recalls. ""Understandably. I mean, every- body was." Since the show's ratings at the time weren't spectacular, there were many questions about what would be done. '"It was a huge risk. I think, for all of us to just go ahead with it. I don't think Chris was too happy about it." Carter nevertheless stood behind Anderson in her decision to proceed and says. "It was her choice, not mine." Rumors printed in another publication that the Fox Network wanted him to recast the role of Scully took Carter by surprise. He responds, "I can tell you emphatically that that was never something they tried to make me do." Hidden Natures The ways the X-Files creative team worked with the situation ranged from the simple to the inspired. Camera angles were 32 STARLOG/Apn/ 1995 used to hide Anderson's condi- tion and scripts that called for less footage of Agent Scully were written. When her condi- tion became too obvious, the writers reated a plotline in which the X-Files section as closed down and Mulder (David Duchovny) and Scully were separated. When Anderson's due date approached, they filmed an episode in which Scully was kid- napped. "It was pretty rough, but pretty easy at the same time." says Anderson. "There were so many things I couldn't do and the cam- era couldn't do because there were only certain ways they could shoot me. But on the other hand. I think they did a fabulous job with what they had." Quizzed about rewrites, she says. "They don't write scripts until we're just about to shoot them anyway. So they didn't have to do any rew riting. They just basi- cally went ahead as scheduled and wrote the scripts. There were some in which I was kind of in the back- ground and they shot me out for three days." One of the most creative ideas involved a scene shortly after Scully's abduction in which Mulder's imagina- tion got the better of him. He imagined aliens experimenting on Scully and inflating her belly like a balloon. The scene incorporated Anderson's eight- month bulge, her skin stretched tight and looking very much as if it were inflated. I'm not sure whose idea that was." Anderson admits. "'I liked the idea." Carter's reaction is also positive. ""I'm very pleased with the way [the pregnancy] added to the show rather than took away from it." he says. Anderson was two days overdue when daughter Piper Anderson was born by C- section on September 25. 1994. Though Photo: Deborah Feingold Behind every good man is an even better woman. That credo has never been more evident than in Gillian Anderson's case on The X-Files. "[Scully] is more likely to listen to what Mulder [David Duchovny] has to say," Anderson says. But, "Scully's as open as she's going to get." she went into regular labor, the surgery was necessary because the baby wouldn't come out. Despite her extended hospitalization, there was only one episode where Scully was written out. In "3." Mulder was on his own with Scully missing, and became s presence has helped X-FSes emerge from the bottom of barrel to become one of the most crit v acclaimed shows of 1994. involved with a woman who was into vam- pirism. Anderson returned to work 10 days after the surgery, lying in a hospital bed as Scully in a coma. "It was rough." Anderson's voice con- firms her exhaustion. "I was on Tylenol and codeine, but that stopped before I got back to work." There was much concern about how viewers would react to the Scully abduction plot .arc. which is the sort of device rarely used so early in a new series. But fan reac- tion has been positive and ratings have climbed steadily. Relative to the first season, the Nielsen ratings for the second season's first eight episodes were up 53 percent over- all, according to a Fox spokesperson. In some demographic groups. The X-Files ranks #1 in its time slot. Secret Messages The online fans who post on the Internet (examined in STARLOG PLATINUM EDI- TION #4) have been enthusiastic about the birth, sending gifts and making charitable donations in Anderson's name. She appreci- ates the gifts, and has telephoned some thank-yous via an assistant. According to the notes posted on the various computer bulletin boards, even the men say she's just as gorgeous as ever. The sigh of relief at Scully's return in the episode "One Breath" was almost audible across North America. There was even rejoicing among online Australian fans, though the second season episodes won't be aired Down Under until much later. "I think it's wonderful." Anderson notes of the online adoration. "I mean, it has been helping the show and it's wonderful that we have a constant following. I haven't actually logged on myself, but I'm aware of their presence." She doesn't see much of what's posted on the bulletin boards. "Just recently I saw some stuff for the first time. It's pretty amaz- ing how involved it gets." Anderson doesn't JULIANNE LEE, Tennessee-based writer, previewed the X-Files novels in STARLOG PLATINUM EDITION #5. 1993. 1994 Fox Broadcasting Company Photo: Deborah Feingold STARLOG/Apri/ 1995 33 ■ Anderson's perfect attendance record was ruined when her pregnancy became too hard to hide. Now, one little girl named Piper later, Anderson is back on the set. / log onto the Internet because she doesn't want what's said to influence her portrayal of Scully. Lurking on the boards is also time-consuming. "I see myself, if I really got involved, spending hours reading stuff." Anderson says. "But my energy needs to be in other areas right now." She also admits her frus- tration at being unable to read much fan mail any more. "I just haven't had time to read it lately. And I feel guilty about that." Motherhood in itself is tiring, and has taken its toll on Anderson. "Mostly it's the exhaustion and the stress, but 1 wouldn't wish it to be any other way in terms of Piper." Reaction to the baby on the set seems positive. Anderson says. "They were all very happy. There are many family people working on the show and they're all incred- ibly supportive anyway. They felt that I was making the right decision." Piper doesn't seem to be a disturbance on the set. either. "They don't actually get to see her that much. She's in my trailer a lot of the time." A nanny tends to the baby while Anderson is before the camera. The hardest thing for her, she says, is being away from the baby so soon. "That's the time you just want to be with her all the time." Her husband is learning to cope • as well. "He's doing OK. It's a much greater shock for any hus- band. It's easier for the mother because you have all that time to prepare: your body prepares, your mind, your hormones. Men don't really have the preparation for sleep distraction that women do. But he's handling it very well. He loves her to death." Anderson I who previously discussed The X-Files in STARLOG PLATINUM EDITION =2 i is also coping with work- ing and living in Vancouver as opposed to Los Angeles. "I've grown to like it. It was difficult at first because it wasn't home and because I didn't really know Vancouver at all." Her husband is Canadian and Piper will have dual citizenship, so Anderson doesn't see herself leaving Vancouver for good. "We'll be going back and forth after the show ends, whatever year that is." Photo: Deborah Feingold All indications are that The X-Files won't :nd for a long time. The growing momentum r the ratings suggests that people are seeing •omething worth watching Friday nights. Anderson says. "I think it's very timely right now. People are ready for this sort of >how. There are many elements about The X- Files that are appealing. The scripts are really good and they lead people down an interesting path. We have a lot of money to -pend. so the episodes look great, and we tave an incredible crew. They just make it look fantastic and I think people really love the mood that comes across on screen." Unseen Relations Scully's relationship with Mulder is mother big attraction, according to Ander- son. "I think people are intrigued by the rela- tionship between Mulder and Scully and intrigued by the platonic professionalism and the sexual tension at the same time." Confronted with the idea that some view- ers don't actually see the sexual tension between Mulder and Scully. Anderson ^eems puzzled. "I've heard reports from people who have thought that way. too. 1 don't know, maybe it's decreased over time. It used to be there. I think it still is." The relationship has developed over the rust year. "It has changed." Anderson admits, "because of everything that they've been through together. The mutual respect has continued and I think that as Scully sees more, she has developed more of an open mind. As with Mulder, they're both in search of the truth in terms of the cases they're working on at the time." How did Scully learn to open her mind to extreme possibility? "She has seen so much and she's not so quick to tell him he's wrong or that something can't happen. She's more likely to listen to what he has to say and together they find the truth rather than both coming from completely opposite direc- tions." Though surely Scully will never be the believer Mulder is. "Scully's as open as she's going to get. She has a need to go back to finding the scientific and plausible solution behind stuff. And there are always going to be some things she must rely on in terms of her scien- tific background. So that's how she's going to perceive stuff first and foremost." On the subject of the dry humor found in most of the scripts, she says. "It does fluctu- ate. I like it when there's humor, but it's hard to write it in all the time. And sometimes, depending on the subject matter that we're dealing with, it's inappropriate. But I enjoy it when it's there." As an actress. Anderson has no freedom to improvise within the script. "There's a specific formula that seems to work and that they've been writing by for some time. It's basically a given when we get scripts that that's what we do. There isn't really any time to do improvisation or anything." Anderson's appreciation of the quality of writing in The X-Files is clear when she mentions the departure of Glen Morgan and James Wong, the show's most popular writ- ing team (STARLOG #210). "I hate it. I think they're fabulous writers. I'm sure there are many talented writers out there, it's just that they know the show and they're good at what they do." The team has left to produce their own pilot for Fox called Space. Meanwhile. The X-Files is going strong, aainina a followina and aeneratina mer- The reasons why The X-Files has become such a cult hit have not escaped Anderson. "I think people really love the mood that comes across on-screen." chandise sales. Anderson doesn't know how she feels about such things, and chuckles over the idea of a Scully action figure. She doesn't even own an X-Files mug. "I've never actually seen one. What color are they?" Though it's really no surprise she doesn't have one: merchandisers are having trouble filling orders and stores that carry X- products report the stuff sells as quickly as it arrives. With ratings on the rise, enraptured view- ers are no doubt curious what will occur next now that Scully is back in action and the X- Files section has been reinstated. As Chris Carter likes to say. though. "Anything can happen." Excited by the adventure, Robert Duncan McNeill pilots the "Star Trek: Voyager" home. By IAN SPELLING Robert Duncan McNeill never consid- ered himself much of a Trekker. He liked the original shows, which he saw in repeats, but he didn't watch them reli- giously. By the time he guest-starred on The Next Generation, in the fifth season episode "The First Duty." the actor still wasn't much of Trek fan. though he appreciated what the original show and its successor meant to its devotees. Now. as Lieutenant Torn Paris on Star Trek: Voyager, McNeill has become a major part of the Star Trek Universe. Paris is the son of a high-ranking Starfleet officer, who grew up struggling with the pressures of having to live up to the expectations — and the reputations — of his father. As a result. Paris became an excellent pilot, but also de\ eloped a rebellious streak that frequent- ly landed him in trouble. Finally, there was a terrible accident, the details of which have yet to be revealed. Paris lied about it at a Starfleet hearing and was kicked out of Starfleet. not for the accident, but for lying. "He felt that if he told the truth about it. his career would be ruined, his family would hate him and he would be a total failure." says McNeill, sporting his \byager uniform as he sits in a director's chair off to the side of the Voyager Bridge set on the Paramount studio lot. "In reality, if he had told the truth. he probably would have gotten off. but since he made the wrong choice and lied, he got the boot. He flew some transport ships and tankers for a few years and just got really bored. The Maquis offered to let him fly one of their warships and he jumped at it because it was in exciting ship to fly. not because he was politically devoted to any cause. "So. he went to fly this Maquis ship. As you know from the pilot ["Caretaker"'], on his first mission he was captured and jailed. Now. not only did he screw up with Starfleet, but he screwed up with the Maquis, too. Captain Janeway [Kate Mulgrew] gets him out of prison to help the oyager find the Maquis ship, since he has ilown in Maquis space before. When they end up getting lost. Paris becomes the obvi- :■_> choice to fly the ship and try to get them all back home." If much of the plight of Tom Paris sounds familiar, there's a good reason. The charac- ter McNeill played in "The First Duty." Cadet First Class Nicholas Locarno, has a . narkably similar history. Locarno led a t-man Starfleet Academy flying team in a _.d-be spectacular stunt that caused one cadet's death. Rather than take the blame for -J-.e incident. Locarno lied, insisting, despite nounting evidence to the contrary, that the ;ead cadet was at fault. After dealing with a crisis of conscience. Cadet Wesley Crusher (Wil Wheaton), who was on the mission. . revealed the truth and Locarno was jelled from the Academy in disgrace. Apparently, much thought had been I . 1 by Voyager creators/executive produc- ers Rick Berman. Michael Piller and Jeri Taslor to the notion of having McNeill Eprise the Locarno character on Voyager. didn't that happen? "The reason was that they wanted a character with a little -ore colorful background, and they wanted io have it be more open, rather than having him be locked into that accident. Actually. there are several reasons." he notes. "They wanted him to come from a family of high- ranking Starfleet officers and have him screw up left and right. So. there's that pres- sure of living up to his family's history. "They also felt that the way that Locarno came off in that episode didn't really open the door for the character on Voyager. He came off as a bad guy, not a nice guy, and they didn't want this character to be a bad guy. They wanted him to be a basically decent guy who got into a lot of trouble." The Rebel Red Paris' relationships with his fellow crew members are still in their formative stages. The other characters aboard the Voyager include Chakotay (Robert Beltran). Paris' former Maquis commander and now Janeway 's First Officer; the Vulcan Tuvok (Tim Russ). who was a Starfleet spy aboard the Maquis ship: Harry Kim (Garrett Wang), the Ops/Communications Officer: B'Elanna Torres (Roxann Biggs-Dawson). the half- human/half-Klingon Chief Engineer: Neelix (Ethan Phillips), the Talaxian handyman: Kes (Jennifer Lien). Neelix's Ocampa girl friend and assistant; and Doc Zimmerman (Robert Picardo). the ship's holographic doctor. "Paris ends up learning a lesson and making a new friend." McNeill believes that Paris will develop a close friendship with Kim. the recent Starfleet Academy graduate on his very first mission. Paris has begun to take the young, innocent and idealistic Kim under his wing. "Of course," notes McNeill with a laugh. "Tom gets him into a little trouble, but nothing too serious. He treats Harry like a little brother. There was a bit of flirtation between Janeway and Paris in the pilot, but I'm not sure what they're going to do with that idea. There are obvious differences in their characters. Paris is a lady's man and next to flying he probably likes flirting with women more than anything. Sometimes he might treat Janeway like some of the other beginning of the Voyager saga, Paris is an all-around persona non grata. "Not i ne screw up with Starfleet, but he screwed up with the Maquis, too." Despite a career laden with disloyalty and disgrace, Tom Paris steers a strand- ed starship home and Robert Duncan McNeill looks forward to Star Trek: Voyager. women he knows, like an object or a chal- lenge, rather than with the respect that she deserves as captain. That will cause some problems between them. "Chakotay was very committed to the Maquis cause, very committed to doing the right thing for very noble and idealistic rea- sons. That was his mission. With Paris, the important thing was to fly a really cool ship. If the Maquis paid or Starfleet paid. Paris really didn't care. He didn't play political games. So. I don't think that Paris showed Chakotay much respect when he was flying for the Maquis. He didn't take his job seri- ously or the Maquis' commitment to their cause very seriously. He was very selfish. "So. there are those relationships that we have explored a little so far. I'm sure we'll get into the other relationships as we do more shows, and, obviously, we have time for all of that. As far as the cast goes, though, it's a great group. There's not a bad apple in the bunch. I'm having a great time IAN SPELLING, veteran STARLOG corre- spondent, writes the weekly "Inside Trek" column for the New York Times Syndicate. He profiled Kate Mulgrew in issue #212. STARLOG I April 1995 37 "Paris is a ladies' man and next to flying he probably likes flirting with women more than anything else," McNeill says. with everybody and we're all learning about each other, our characters and this show as we go." Thus far into McNeill's Voyager trek, the pilot and five episodes have been filmed. "Tom gets him into a little trouble, but nothing too serious." reveals McNeill of Harry Kim (Garrett Wang). "He treats Harry like a little brother." Although many adventures lie in the future, McNeill agrees to point out memorable moments and detail Paris 's involvement in the early missions. "The first episode after the pilot was 'Parallax.' We run into a strange phenomenon which is like a mirror. It's a reflection of our ship and ourselves. It was a very abstract concept. The Voyager gets stuck in this mirror universe and we have to find our way out of it. Paris just tries to steer the ship out of this mouse trap we've gotten into. So, he gets to call on his flying skills a bit. " 'Time and Again' is a very interesting show. We go to a planet right after some sort of a nuclear-type disaster. We beam down and the planet has been annihilated. On the planet, there are these time fractures that Paris and the Captain step into, taking them back to before the disaster. So, we get an opportunity to prevent it. Of course, pan of the Prime Directive says that we aren't allowed to interfere in events. But here we are, given the opportunity to prevent this whole world from destroying itself. So, we have to choose what to do and figure out how to get back to the ship, too. Along the way, we meet some good guys and some bad guys, and we end up making a difference. Paris starts out as a bit of a grump with a lit- tle boy, but ends up learning a lesson and making a new friend. " 'Phage' is about some aliens we meet who are also terrorists. They steal body parts. They have the technology to beam out of a body whatever organs they might want. Their race has encountered a disease that eats away at their own organs," he continues. "It's a very timely episode, for many rea- sons. They steal Neelix's lungs, and we have to figure out how to get them back and save his life." Veteran Next Generation and Deep Space Nine director David I ivingston was behind the camera for "The Cloud." which features the crew's first experiences with the Voyager's Holodeck. Paris creates a Holodeck sequence that combines memories of his favorite bar back home and his fan- tasies of what he would like it to really be like. "There's also a woman from my past that I wish was around." adds McNeill, laughing. "That's a character who may come back. Actually, that's not the main story of the episode. The main story is that the Captain is trying to be a little more person- able with the crew. She feels that no one considers her to be a friend, that no one wants to talk about anything personal with her because she's the Captain. We also, of course, encounter some horrible force that we've never seen before and we have to fig- ure out how to deal with it. "We're shooting 'Eye of the Needle' right now. That's a story about trying to find our way home. We find a wormhole that might take us there, but it may not be big enough to fit our ship through or even to beam through. So. it's about locating a pos- sible way home and dealing with it probably not being a viable way back. The episode we're shooting next has one of the best scripts I've ever seen. It was so good I had to call Michael Piller and thank him for it. LeVar Burton will be directing it. I can't wait to shoot it." McNeill was bom in Raleigh. North Carolina and lived in and around Washington. D.C. while he was of elemen- tary school age. He and his family relocated to Atlanta. Georgia, when he was 12. He still considers Atlanta his home. Acting entered his life in 1976. when his sixth grade class performed an American history pageant timed to the Bicentennial. "I was a pioneer or something like that, in the background. It was my first time ever on a stage," he remembers. "It was fun and I got to know some people and make a few friends. My mother had been taking my sister to dance classes at a dance studio in our neighbor- hood and there was a little children's theater that ran out of the dance studio. They were having auditions for Munchkins for The Wizard of Oz. My mother asked me if I wanted to do it. I said sure, but I wasn't real- ly that interested. She called and made an appointment for me. "The day of the audition. I said, 'No, no. forget it. I don't want to do it.' She said. 'I made this appointment. They're expecting you and you have to meet your commit- ments. If you don't want to do it after you've 38 ST ARLOG/ April 1995 done the audition, that's OK, but you've made a commitment to do the audition." She made me go and I got the part. I ended up doing it, playing a Munchkin. And that was the beginning." McNeill performed throughout high -chool and was involved in community the- _:er. Upon graduation from high school, he nought fame and glory in New York, where he attended Juilliard for two years. "I moved there never intending to do TV or film, but o do a Broadway show. That was my dream," he recalls. Yet, TV and film roles Reckoned along with stage parts. McNeill >pent two years, from 1984 to 1986, por- traying Charlie Brent on the soap opera All My Children, earning a Daytime Emmy Award nomination in the process. Various "Going to Extremes was one of the first TV series to shoot in a Third World country." ige roles followed, as did a part in the SF film Masters of the Universe. "Masters was i great experience," he enthuses. "It was the novie that would never die. We ended up taking a 10-week shoot and turning it into about six months. Michael Westmore did all the creatures, as he does for us here on %er" he notes. "I actually worked with . lot of the Voyager crew, makeup people, «ardrobe people, some of our grips, on that 6hn. It was a very big science-fiction pro- duction, with lots of creatures and special FX. We had a great company: Frank gella, Courteney Cox, Billy Barty, Jon Cypher and Chelsea Field. We ended up n g very close after that. The film itself could have been better, could have been a lot retter. But we had a great time doing it." Other jobs included the touring version In the episode "Time and Again," Paris and Captain Kathryn Janeway (Kate Mulgrew) are stranded on a time-fractured planet. of the Stephen Sondheim musical Into the Woods, the ABC After-School Special Flower Babies, the off-Broadway show Lucy's Lapses, and several stage shows put on in New York City by Real Play Productions, a recently disbanded theatrical group founded by McNeill and his wife Carol. He also got his wish and ended up on Broadway. "I did the original Broadway production of Six Degrees of Separation, which was great. The show got a lot of acclaim and it was a great experience for me," he says. "I also did Going to Extremes, which was one of the first TV series to shoot Tiovie that would never die," states McNeill (center) of Masters of the "he film could have been better, but we had a great time doing it." in a Third World country. We shot it in Jamaica and it was all about the clash of cul- tures at a foreign medical school. In good ways and bad ways, it was an adventure." Additional credits include a recurring part on the dramatic World War II series Homefront and a role opposite Connie Sellecca on the sitcom Second Chances. The True Blue Two outings of interest to genre fans are, of course, his roles in the "A Message from Charity" episode of The New Twilight Zone and "The First Duty" hour of Next Generation. In "Message," McNeill played a young man from the future who was astrally connected with a woman (Kerry Noonan) who lived during the witch trials in Salem. "That episode was a big hit. Paul Lynch, who directed it, also directed a lot of Star Trek, including 'The First Duty.' That Twilight Zone was my first TV show," notes McNeill. "I had only done theater until then. I was in school at Juilliard at the time and was on my summer break when I did that. I was so happy to do it. It was a really good show. "I remember what was going on in my life when 'The First Duty' came up. I had just come from some meetings with a net- work for a pilot that I really wanted to do. The network had been resistant about giving me the go-ahead. Then, I got this opportuni- ty to do Next Generation. I came into Star Trek very frustrated, very down on the busi- ness and on acting. And it was great. I had a great time. The people — the crew, the actors — were wonderful. The story was (continued on page 72) STAKLOG/April 1995 39 Xtf THIS POST APOCALYPTIC FUTURE, LORX PETTY S THE IRREVERENT HEROINE KITH THE DISTINCTIVE HAIRSTYLE s far as Lori Petty is con- deemed, she is Tank Girl — and she has the bumps and bruises to prove it! The young actress is playing the lead role in a new film based on the British comic book series created by Jamie Hewlett and Alan Martin. Set in a bleak, post-apocalyptic world, the irreverent heroine known as Tank Girl bat- tles the forces of the Department of Water and Power led by Malcolm (Star Trek Generations) McDowell. Although Petty wasn't previously familiar with the comic book, she imme- diately embraced the char- acter. "They sent me the script before I auditioned, and there was a copy of the comic on the first page." says Petty. "As soon as I saw the picture. I knew I was Tank Girl! As soon as I saw it and read it. I had an affini- ty for this wisecracking, sexy, crazy, don't-give-a-shit character's attitude." On location at a huge open pit mine near Tucson, Arizona. Petty is relaxing in her trailer before the night's lensing. Her head is shaved, except for a few braided spikes of hair, and she notes that while she isn't a real-life version of KIM HOWARD JOHNSON, veteran STAR- LOG correspondent, authored Life Before (& After) Monty Python (St. Martin's, $15.95). He profiled Majel Barrett in issue #210. Tank Girl, they have similar attitudes which make her a joy to play. "Every character that I play. I find that person in me." Petty declares. "I never play myself. 1 play an aspect of myself. And everyone has that devil-may-care attitude in By KIM HOWARD JOHNSON them somewhere. So. this part of her. that wisecracking, comedic, don't-care-what-I- say aspect is in me, and I just tap into that. "What's funny is that in real life, I've started talking more like it because of my character! But that can't be helped when you work six days a week, 12 or 14 hours a day as a character. I worked for two weeks straight, and when I woke up one day. I was lying in bed when I realized, 'This is the first day I'm not Tank Girl!' It was weird!" STUNTWOMAN The athletic actress, who also starred in A League of Their Own and Free Willy, has been performing many of her own stunts during filming, including a chase sequence in which her tank goes after a semi-trailer filled with weapons. Tonight. Petty will be climbing onto a semi- trailer as it skids toward the edge of a cliff overlooking a huge pit. "I'm going after the bad guys, and I swing my tank turret around even with their faces." explains Petty. "I say. 'Feeling a little inadequate?' They jump out the other side of the semi, which is filled with the weapons that I'm try- ing to get from them. I jump onto the semi, and I Jet Girl — who is like the Robin to my Batman — says. 'Hit the brakes! There's a big cliff com- ing!' Fine, except there are no brakes! I look and see the cliff's edge, so I jump out of the I cab and unhitch the cab of the semi from this big trailer. The cab goes flying off the cliff, and what we're shooting tonight is me climbing up the trailer before I go over the edge. Every little piece takes a day to shoot!" The entire night's work will only show up on the screen for a few seconds, but it 40 ST ARLOG/ April 1995 quires massive amounts of preparation. Petty says she enjoys doing action sequences herself as long as the unit takes proper safety precautions. "I have a great stunt lady who does the flying-through-the air stuff.'" Petty notes. "I do as much as I feel comfortable with — which is a lot! I've always been athletic, and if I can do it. I will. If I felt really scared. I wouldn't do it. but I have yet to say no!" Petty is particularly proud of the work she did the previous night, in which she hung from the tank cannon's barrel and climbed over to the semi. Stunt coordinator Walter Scott had both the tank and the semi pulled at the same speed to remove some of the risk, but Petty still had to cling to the cannon 12 feet off the ground as it moved alongside the semi. ""That was insane!" she laughs. "But when you see the film, you'll know that there's no way I cheated it. Everyone wi know that / was doing it. and there's no net underneath me or anything. I wasn't afraid of falling, but I was afraid that one of the -amis could cross, or a cable could break, a lire could pop — anything could happen." Fortunately, all the safety preparations paid off. and the footage is dramatic. The actress fears that one reason she's asked to do so many stunts may be that people con- fuse Tank Girl with Lori Petty herself. "The problem is that Tank Girl is a char- acter — people think that's Lori. but that's I Tank Girl. Tank Girl can fly through the air." she laughs. "I can't!" Among the FX Petty has to deal with in Tank Girl are the Rippers, the half-human. lalf-kanaaroo creatures designed by Stan she exclaims. "I'm working with them for the first time tonight. We're together in a lot of the movie, but we haven't gotten to any of it yet." Tank Girl is Petty 's biggest role by far, and the first time she has actually had to carry a film. "In A League of Their Own, I had a leading role, but I co-starred with Geena Davis and Tom Hanks." says Petty. "Tank Girl is just me! It's hard work, and I mean that. I'm in almost every scene, and it's really hard! You get really tired. I've lost about seven pounds, and I didn't need to lose any weight. It's just physically and mentally exhausting! It's like. "Be careful what you wish for. you might get it." " Despite the work and the responsibility, the actress says she isn't intimidated by playing the title character. "That"s what I wanted, what I wished for and that's what got!" Petty laughs. "'I don't think of it in terms of intimidation. I just think of one scene at a time, and I have fun. At the day's end. no matter how grueling it has been, I'm always really happy and pleased. I get to see some dailies, and that really empowers me and makes me feel good, like all the hard work is really going toward something great. Everybody is into it. and we all do our best." Malcolm McDowell portrays Kesslee, Tank Girl's nemesis, but their off-screen relationship is radically different from their STARLOGM/;n7 1995 mon with somebody." she says. "There's no weirdness or alienation. It's like. 'Ya got cramps? Here's a Motrin.' " Although the lead character of this action flick is a woman, as are the director and sev- eral crew members. Petty doesn't want Tank Girl labeled as a feminist picture. "It's a loaded word. It's so stupid, because I would hope everybody's a femi- nist," Petty says. "A feminist is someone who thinks men and women ousht to be because 80 percent of the crew is male! Whatever! We're all just people!" Petty agrees that there aren't enough role models for young girls, and female action heroes are scarce in films today, but notes that Tank Girl is not a typical action movie with a female lead substituting for a male. "We're not taking a macho approach to it at all." says Petty. "It's a real comedic, joy- ful, fun film. It's not so serious. It's a car- toon, with good guys and bad guys. Tank Girl and her humor appealed the most to me about this film. She's just out there, she's free and she does whatever she wants! She can say anything she wants, she can wear anything she wants, her hair can be any color she wants — there "Every woman on the crew has a crush on Malcolm," notes Petty of her co-star, Malcolm McDowell. film roles. "I love him says Petty. "We have m. so much!" all of these scenes together, just me and him. He's the evil, dastardly, horrible villain, and I'm the young wise-cracking heroine. We have this wonderful little dance together. It's very sensual — not sexy, but it's like you can smell him and taste him. Every woman on the crew has a crush on Malcolm!" ACTION HEROINE Another of her strongest supporters is director Rachel (Ghost in the Machine) Talalay. Petty has worked with talents like Penny (A League of Their Own) Marshall and Kathryn (Point Break) Bigelow. and says Talalay can hold her own with the best. "Rachel has real young energy." says Petty. "She's enthusiastic and excited, and knows exactly what she wants. She's immersed in it. she's a Tank Girl encyclope- dia. If you ask her a Tank Girl question, she can give you a million responses. Her enthu- siasm and newness kind of parallels mine, whereas Penny is kind of an established top director and laidback — there are just differ- ent energies there. Rachel's an upstart, and Penny has been there for a while. I've been really lucky to work for both of those ladies. And Kathryn Bigelow was great — she's a painter, and sees things more visually. I've been fortunate to work with real artists, not just guns for hire." Coincidentally. all three directors are female, which Petty says is wonderful. "It's just one more thing that you have in corn- treated equally. That's all feminism is! But. people have these weird connotations. Considering the world's made up of 52 per- cent women, why is it that when there's one rrs a CARTOON WXTH GOOD GUYS AND BAD GUYS "ft woman director and one woman production designer and a woman lead actor, it's a big deal? That doesn't make much sense. are no rules! I love comedy and I haven't really gotten to play it before." Although A League of Their Own is a comedy. Petty points out she didn't have much of a chance to be funny. "If you noticed. I was the butt of the jokes." she says. "I was the straight guy. I saw the movie and I said. 'Excuse me\ I'm the only unfun- ny person in this movie!' But somebody had to be." The actress says she finds Tank Girl's freedom liberating. "It sounds really corny, but in a way, everybody wants to be Tank Girl," says Petty. "Just to be able to say what you want, do what you want, run your own life, have your own tank, go cruising around. She's filled with a lot of joy and humor." Filming on location in the Southwest has been hot and aruelina. and the unit has been m Says Petty, "I had an affinity for this wise-cracking, sexy, crazy, don't-give-a- shit character's attitude." plagued by dust and dirt while shooting at the mine pit near Tucson. "It's just horrible." says Petty. "You're just filthy all day, every day. It's very dry and very hot. I live at the beach when I'm in LA. so I'm not used to all this dryness. We were in White Sands, and it was a record 1 28 degrees one day. One hun- dred and twenty-eight! I mean, it's insane! It's just hot and dry in the summer in the desert. "The night shooting helps with the weather, but when you shoot nights, you don't do anything but work and sleep. If you shoot days, you can always take an hour and go out and do whatever, but when you shoot nights, you can't really go out and do anything. You get home. The stark desert locations of Tank Girl were a challenge for the cast. "It was a record 128 degrees one day. I mean it's insane!" declares Petty. take a bath, go to sleep, get up and go to work. You're just really consumed with one thing. The night shooting helps with the heat, but physiologically, you're meant to sleep at night, and it's hard fighting that. We've been going to work at 4 p.m. and get- ting home at 6 a.m.!" Even though the locations and schedules are rough, it's easy to see that Petty is hav- ing the time of her life, thanks to her Tank Girl alter-ego. "I'm just having so much fun." she says. "When I'm on the tank and squirting people with water guns, and blud- geoning people with apples and oranges and riddling them with machine guns — that's a blast! And then, all of these sick scenes with Malcolm are fun. Everyday it's something different. I'll read about {the scenes] in the script and go. 'OK. that's a stunt girl, stunt m girl, stunt girl,' and then when it comes to the day. they'll say 'OK Lori. now if you did it. we could really see that it's Tank Girl, and it would be really great, and it's always on film, and you'll be so proud of it!' They all make it sound so easy and logical, and then I look back and go. i was hanging off a tank turret, riding next to a semi trailer that was on fire. and you were shooting at me!' " Petty's film career to date has been a joy ride, though she didn't expect to make part of the journey on a tank. "It's all play," says Lori Petty. "What other business could you be in where one year you're surfing in Hawaii, the next year you're pitching in Wrigley Field, and the next you're riding on the top of a tank with a squirt gun. or down in a meat locker frozen in a straitjacket with Malcolm McDowell? I mean, there's nothing bad here — this is all fun!" Yes, ladies and gentlemen, that is not your average action hero under that tres colorful umbrella hat. > 4 i 4 - v ^^B^HSi privat Jake Cardigan. Evigan is stHI * to actio weekly basis. U T £Jat^3MlII8jniiFil££13i s* m After four syndicated outings in TV movies last year, Jake Cardigan, the private eye hero of William Shatner's TekWar novels, has a more regular beat — with a weekly series on the USA Network. Has the character changed over the course of time? "Well, he's getting more pay checks," quips Greg Evigan, the New Jersey- born actor who has recently moved his family to Toronto. Canada to reprise the role. "He's much more relaxed now that he has a steady job," Evigan adds with a grin, then turns serious. "Jake has resolved many things that were haunting him. whether it was elec- tronic chips in his brain, or his son not being with him." Ten weeks into the series' rigorous shoot- ing schedule. Evigan pauses to reflect on the changes that time and television have wrought on both his character and on him- self. "Not knowing what's going on can burn you inside," he observes. "His new problems are weekly problems, created from someone else's problem, not so much from his own. I haven't read all the scripts yet, but I would play it that Jake's former tek addiction is always a threat. He can never touch that stuff again. But he may. You never know. "He's bogged down by this job. because it's a security company. His hands are tied. He does miss the police work. There was going to be a bit in a story that his father was also a cop. I think way back when, he saw a great deal of injustice and things he would like to change. That's probably what drove him to become a cop. Those rewards aren't as huge and as wide as you would like; they're just personal. The audience sees his rewards come on a per-episode basis and they relate to that because it's personal. Of course, now Jake has a job where everything that takes place is a very important issue, but he does have an opportunity in that Jake wants to do things his way. He doesn't want to be answer- ing to. as he puts it. 'the suits." He's definitely a maverick. He wouldn't be a good character if he wasn't. We want to keep seeing what makes Jake Cardigan tick, down inside, so we can't get rid of all his problems." Tek writers The interview moves to the crowded, noisy set of the Cosmos Detective Agency. Despite prodding. Evigan has little to say about what he wants in Jake Cardigan's TV future. "I always like to see the dark side of the character in anything I play." he confides. "Everybody has a dark side. It's how the character overcomes those parts of his per- sonality that I think would be interesting to 44 STARLOGMpnV 1995 see. like the tek problem, or how Jake treats women. What's his problem with women? Why doesn't he have a relationship that lasts longer? Is it his fault, her fault, both their faults, or does he just pick the wrong women? How does he feel about having to kill somebody on the job? What does it really do to him? There's a place for a little humor too. We don't want it to be just straight-out, angry Jake." He leans forward in his chair and, with uncharacteristic seriousness, insists that his reticence stems not from lack of ideas about his character, but from his broad-reaching philosophy of acting. "I'm not the writer," he points out. "Hans [Star Trek: The Next Generation] Beimler is. There's a lot of opportunity to go in many directions with Jake. We're still building him. I'm a team player, but I can't do all the jobs. I don't go and think of things I want. If I want to be the writer too, I'll never get anything done. I can make up anything I want to in my mind. It doesn't mean a damn unless it's on film. Hans and I talk every week. When he shows up with a script, then we have something to talk about. I go to him with what I think could be better in the story, what could enhance it, and not just my character, but whatever I see. I draw on what I have in my own experience to work with it as the scripts go on and then go deeper into what I need to make that work. "I put a lot of time in. I break it down: Why is this person doing this? Why isn't this person doing that? They should be doing this, to lift up the stakes in a scene or a story. And sometimes the writers will say. "He's right," and they'll go back and do it again. For exam- ple, a couple of weeks ago. I told Hans that in a certain scene, we should have a storm knock out the power over the whole city so we're on reserve power. Then, the audience will sense that this destruction is really taking place, instead of us just standing around on screen saying, 'Oh, we have a major prob- lem." There are certain things I don't let Jake do. like something that's against his beliefs. I want to make sure that the scripts don't sacri- fice the character's integrity for the sake of a story. "You can't have the best script every week. There are going to be some weak ones, but / don't want to be weak in those weak scripts. I want exciting stories, things that make actors go. T can't wait to do this!' I can't tell you what they are. though, because I'm not writing it. I've written two screen- plays, but I'm not writing for this job. I'm an actor. If there's something that I feel I need and I can't get it in the script, then I go in and start fleshina the character out." In the future, danger lurks around every corner, and it's up to cyber-sleuths like Jake Cardigan to face it head-on. Greg Evigan reprises his role for TekWar the series. The actor has, in fact, been fleshing out the character for more than a year, since pro- duction began on the first TekWar movie (which he discussed in STARLOG PLAT- INUM EDITION #2). He claims a certain real-life kinship with his ex-cop alter-ego. "I've been around." he maintains. "I grew up in a town that had a lot of trouble. I knew guys who became cops, so I know their men- tality. Growing up, I had some pretty intense experiences that I can draw on. You don't have to have the exact same emotion for it to look like the same emotion. My wife was friends with Dustin Hoffman. She remem- bers a scene when he was sitting there, and he was supposed to be thinking about some- thing. He was supposed to look really stressed out. And he was only thinking that he had to do his laundry that afternoon." Tek Actors Evigan isn't reticent about the strains of working on a weekly series. "We worked 16- hours the other day," he reveals. "I've been in almost every scene. You have to be ready all the time, thinking about where you are in the script. I like to get the lines down two days ahead of time. That way I can be thinking about attitudes and playing the scene. Mean- while, I'm working on the next script too, try- ing to get an idea of what's going to be "I've always been into hi-tech stuff," Evi- gan explains. And a good thing too, since Cardigan interfaces weekly with cyber- jocks like Spaz (Ernie Grunwald). PETER BLOCH-HANSEN, STARLOG's Canadian correspondent, profiled William Shatner in issue #212. ST ARLOG I April 1995 45 "Bill is a happy guy," states Evigan of his boss in both worlds, William Shatner. "He's on a roll, directing, writing, producing." happening, and what I think about that, so I can get my suggestions together about what might be an improvement for the character. So, I'm always working. "I don't really get too tense about it, though. At the right times, I have to work up the tension I need for the scene. I don't like to be thinking about time problems, or about whether we got it on the first take. I get it when I get it. I push all that out of me so I can focus on what I have to do. I've been on sets "Not knowing what's going on can burn 'ou inside." where I've been forced into doing things because of time constraints and had to settle for less. Many times that happens because of the tension. My approach now is that we're going to get it done, so there's no use in get- ting yourself all crazy about something that's going to get done anyway. "If I'm doing a movie, I know the one thing I've got to do: the movie. I know exactly what qualities I want and I have a really good line on how I want to do it most of the time. I work out my thing. I learn everything I have to learn. Then, I go and blow it out. One time. If you act in enough movies, eventually you'll cover the realms of he discloses, "because it was like getting up in front of an audience and performing a lit- tle mini-play every week. And the comedy brings a certain confidence to your work because when you're doing a show and peo- ple actually laugh, you know that it's work- ing. It gives you the confidence now to do a line that might have a little comedy in it." Tek Roles Looking from the future back to the past, Evigan reviews the four TekWar TV movies "The first one," he muses, "stuck with me because it was the first one. The whole thing was brand new, working with Bill, and it had a certain pretty raw texture to it, and an inno- cence almost, that I liked. The second one was great because Jake found his life and family and had an opportunity to deal with those emotions, so there were more 'scenes' in that. Then, there was one which was com- pletely out of the story we had going. We went to England and did a virtual reality thing with swords. It had a lot of action. My favorite one was the last one. though. I really liked it because it was in the jail cell. There were some surrealistic things happening, some interesting things to play, a chance to do a little more acting. I liked the way it felt. That one seemed like it had a lot of fire." Reflecting further on the time he has devoted to bringing Jake Cardigan to life, Evigan addresses the interface between his emotion you would go through in a life. But in a series, it's endless. It's almost like it sucks you dry. We're doing 18 shows from September to April. If we're picked up, we'll do 22 more, so where do you go? How many emotions are there? There are a lot, but many of them are similar, so you just keep trying to make things interesting. You keep trying to bring new things to what you're doing so you don't get stale. Recharging is tough. Mainly I try to stay in shape." Like the first TV movie (previewed in STARLOG #199), the series' premiere i episode was directed by TekWar creator William Shatner. "Nothing had changed." says Evigan of the experience. "We just got right back into it. Bill is a happy guy. He's on a roll, directing, writing, producing. He has a hit movie out. The only change I noticed was that Bill was feeling the time stress. When you're doing a two-hour movie, you're not under the time constraints of a series. He doesn't like you to add a lot. like extra ad- libs, that kind of thing. I'm the Tek Genera- tion. I put in my two cents, always, but Bill has a reason for what he's saying, and he's directing so I try to go with him. I think he wanted to set an example, right off the bat. that we can do this thing quick." Relaxing after the umpteenth take, Evigan reflects on the switch this series represents from his former work in the shows BJ. and the Bear and My Two Dads. "I liked comedy." 46 STARLOGMpnV 1995 own life and Cardigan's future. "Tek," he >ays, "is a technology that has no base in real- ity right now, besides the fact that now we're rooling around with the brain, sending in messages with electrodes and so on. trying to set into the parts of the brain that people don't use. The average person only uses around seven percent of his brain. I think that's where tek wants to go. We've explained :ek as almost a living thing in a capsule that takes this message, whatever it is, into your brain and then comes back out. It's almost like a flipping worm in the tek chip. It's not irtual reality. "The role hasn't really changed me. I haven't been into drugs, but I've always been into hi-tech stuff. I feel sorry for Natalie [Radford], who's playing our new character, Nika, because Natalie has no idea [about computers]. She's supposed to be a cyber- iock, pulling in signals and pictures from the Net and so on and she doesn't even under- hand the lingo. I told her she had better go out and buy a computer, so she'll know what the hell she's talking about behind that com- puter screen at Cosmos. It's easier for me to do this role because I understand all that ituff. It gives me an appreciation for what the future could be. how interesting it could be in 40 years or so. I wish the world was booming like technology and science are. I wish they could just take this technology and feed peo- ple and save animals. You need technologv According to Evigan, Jake Cardigan is "definitely a maverick. He wouldn't be a good character if he wasn't." just to communicate your problems, but it's the individuals who are going to make it hap- pen." Evigan returns to his character, Jake Cardigan. "I can't tell you about a character who's growing every minute and every day." he says. "I can tell you what I would like to see. I want exciting, mind-boggling, chal- lenging, frustrating experiences for Jake to go through. Things that get him pissed off. things that make him cry. Whatever happens on the outside, when it comes to success and what's going to happen to the show, that's all going to happen on its own. I can't do any- thing about that part of it. We'll see how it turns out. I'm not the kind of guy who likes to think about the future. I just go to work and do my thing the best I can." Can Greg Evigan reveal any special secrets about Jake? He grins as a wicked gleam comes into his eye. "There's this new underwear that comes out." he says conspira- torially. "virtual underwear. You know, when you see Jake smile and you have no idea why? Well, it's his new underwear, baby." is "I want exciting, mind-boggling, challeng- ing, frustrating experiences for Jake to go through," offers Evigan. STARLOG/Apn'/ 1995 As the pioneering medicine woman of "Earth 2," Jessica Steen keeps secrets while saving lives. By CRAIG W. CHRISSINCER Look beneath the skin of Dr. Julia Heller of Earth 2 and you'll find a complex human being. She's someone strug- gling to juggle her duties as a medical pro- fessional on a frontier world with her forced obligations as an uneasy government liai- son — i.e. spy — for the Council, the ruling body of the TV show's space stations orbit- ing the original, nearly dead Earth. For Canadian-born actress Jessica Steen, it's a meaty but unexpected duality for her charac- ter after a foggy beginning. CRAIG W. CHRISS/NGER, veteran STAR- LOG correspondent, profiled John Gegen- huher in issue #212. "Initially, I approached Julia with great confidence about who she was," says Steen. "She was involved with Dr. Vasquez. who developed the theory for the Syndrome, which affects children on the space stations. "But then it got foggy because they took the whole Vasquez issue out. I wondered if Vasquez was still part of it. Why wasn't he on the advance ship with me? In an early script, we got a recorded message from Vasquez aboard the colony ship and his wife was standing beside him. Without him. it got murky as to why I had given up my life on a space station, and said goodbye to everyone and all the professional perks of being a doc- tor to go on this massive, endless journey. I wasn't really sure what my responses were to everything that we dealt with in the first few episodes, because we didn't have a his- tory. It felt like it was just skating, because I really didn't have the grounding that I prefer when I'm working." The revelation that Dr. Heller was an unwilling agent for the government is a wel- come aspect of the character, helping flesh her out for Steen. "It became a much fuller picture. The fact that I was a liaison for the Council is a bigger job than just being a doc- tor. Once I got something to sink my teeth into and my characterization became fuller, I felt more confident. It certainly made me worry about the first bunch of episodes. 48 SJAKLOG/April 1995 because I wondered whether things I had done during them reflected this coming rev- elation. Maybe it shouldn't, but having it come out of nowhere kind of made me frightened. How prepared was I to be a spy before I left? I wondered if I was a bad guy or just a good guy caught in a bad situation. Are my intentions honorable or am I truly nasty?" Government Agent In Earth 2, the original Earth can barely sustain human life, and most people live instead on crowded space stations. When Devon Adair's (Debrah Farentino) son Ulysses becomes afflicted with the Syndrome — believed to be caused by the stations' sterile environment — Devon orga- nizes a group of colonists to settle on a planet 22 light years away. Opposed to the mission, the Council plants a bomb aboard the advance ship when red tape can no longer delay it. The ship crash-lands on G- 889. where Julia reports back to the Council on the group's activities and contacts with the native life forms, especially the mysteri- ous Terrians. Despite being a government agent, the doctor isn't privy to all of the Council's deci- sions, actions and knowledge. "If I'm a bad guy, then I should be savvy to many of the things the Council has been doing, but the way it has been described to me is that I was not supposed to be on the advance ship, but on the colony ship. All of these things are coming as new information to me, like the penal colonists, their knowledge of the Terrians and the bomb. Of course. I'm resentful toward the Council. They casually sent me off with no regard for my life. The fact that I'm not privy to all this information means Julia comes from a more innocent place and her intentions can be honorable. Suddenly. Julia is being asked to do these things on the planet by Citizen Reilly that go way beyond her duties. "Obviously, if I had known about the bomb. I would have to be some kind of kamikaze idiot not to have wormed my way off of the advance ship. And then I should have known more about the Terrians. because as Reilly said, 'We've known for years that the Terrians possess a quality that keeps the planet alive." There are definitely details that they've known that they haven't told us. If I had been a very valuable spy. I'm sure they would have valued my life more and kept me informed." In a unique twist, it is through Julia that most of the Council's knowledge and motives concerning Earth 2 are revealed. "A lot of the notion of the state of the Council comes from my conversations with Reilly," she states. "In 'Redemption,' we find out the Council is testing five planets for resettle- ment and this planet is the most promising candidate. They've given Devon years of red tape to deter her. but primarily they didn't want the general population to know this planet existed, and was so promising and so similar to Earth, because then there would be a mass exodus. That's why they tried to bury it in red tape and put Commissioner Blalock in charge of it. As Reilly tells me, Blalock went too far. He was a loose cannon and was put out to pasture. I guess Blalock planted the bomb because he didn't want to report back to the Council that he hadn't done his job. They don't want anyone on G-889. They have their whole plan set up and running, and they don't want interference from the Eden Project. "It turns out that their way of testing is to jettison prisoners — criminals like Gaal [Tim Curry] — from the space stations onto the planet. These people are doing the legwork for the Council. The Zeds, which came into play in 'Redemption,' are sent out to collect "They've developed this relationship, and it's not an easy or a comfortable one," says Steen of the bond between Julia and Alonzo Solace (Antonio Sabato Jr.). information from the penal colonists and 'thin' out their numbers. The Zeds have been jettisoned here as well because they're super android soldiers who have gotten out of hand. So, they've sent a bunch of slightly over-the-edge folks to do the legwork on the planet, play guinea pig. and see how it is for all of us." Despite her obligations to the Council. Julia considers her Hippocratic Oath her pri- mary concern in all actions. When Reilly asks her to harvest a gland from Ulysses Adair's brain because he's beginning to exhibit Terrian traits in "Church of Morgan," she protects Devon's son by telling a lie. "My job is doctor first and liaison second. I've told Reilly that and I've put myself in front of danger rather than put Uly at risk. This whole expedition is because of this tiny, sick boy. He gets healed by the Terrians, and I'm suddenly supposed to sacrifice him to find out how he's connected to our survival on the planet. It's a really tough decision. "In 'The Enemy Within." she tries to make Morgan Martin [John Gegenhuber] privy to the whole thing. She thinks she can convince him to be on her side and to explain to the government that we cannot just take the planet and control it. The Terrians are very important — it's beyond government. It's not ethereal or the second coming, but it is so out of our hands. It just seemed to Julia to be such a monumental discovery and an Photo: Peter lovino/Copyright 1994 Amblin Universal Television ST ARLOG/ April 1995 49 environmental miracle. If she can just con- vince Morgan and they go together to the Council, this company man should be able to explain what I alone could not. But he won't go for it, so I deal with him." Crash Survivor Her actions have repercussions on rela- tionships with other survivors. In fact. Dr. Heller is expelled from the group, and the only one who will go after her is pilot Alonzo Solace (Antonio Sabato Jr.) — a rela- tionship begun in "Water" as he begins to recover use of his broken leg. "He has picked up enough of her intentions from their interactions that it's worth it for him to get her," she reveals. "We've definitely developed a rapport, and it's also a lot of Trust is a dangerous thing on Earth 2. Dr. Julia Heller has earned the trust of Devon Adair (Debrah Farentino). Only Jessica Steen knows if her character will betray it. instinct on his part. The doctor part of me has shown through the most to him, so to him, I'm a doctor first and a spy second. Warrior Pilot Pondering her first venture into science fiction, the 1986-7 syndicated attempt at interactive TV, Captain Power and the Soldiers of the Future, Jessica Steen remembers being upset by the show's built- in merchandising aspects. "It seemed that there was so much negativity and anger, and the future was post-apocalyptic. My involvement was political and an agent/casting director thing. I wasn't happy about it, but I learned a lot, made some good friends, and had a good time with that group. "I'm almost tempted to go back and look at all the tapes of the episodes. We went through all these stories, and I often was sitting in the cockpit as Pilot. There were all these buttons and levers. I was thinking, 'What does this stuff do?' And they would put all these words together that looked like they had gone through a big, fat dictionary of long words. I wasn't fully savvy to the work or the concept. I would go, 'Beep, beep. Oh, beep.' and then take out my proton spanner, which was a Black & Decker screwdriver. I just shook it over here and it would do all sorts of stuff. I was "They've developed this relationship, and it's not an easy or a comfortable one. She's very uneasy about the way it comes about, and it's very unnatural to her. Because he's the injured party in the crash landing, she has to deal with him a lot. His leg has become a nightmare. I came up with leg braces, then physical therapy and trying dif- ferent pills like plasma DNA to build up his strength. He isn't the kind of guy that Julia would be drawn to on the space stations. They just wouldn't have hooked up because they're not of the same clique. She tries to keep everything under control and has a very good understanding of who she is; he's much more raw. He's just going by the seat of his pants, and is very confident and macho. When he speaks to her or calls her on things, that catches her off-guard. She's drawn to him because he's sq much easier with himself than she is. That's very intriguing." On the other hand. Julia has no natural rapport with Devon at the mission's beginning, having to earn her respect as a medical profes- sional. "In the pilot, there's resent- ment on Devon's part simply because I'm the one who's there, I have little experience and I'm not the person she wanted. And Julia doesn't like the disrespect. She says, T am capable of doing this job and you are immediately assuming I'm unquali- fied.' There's a level of respect where we are now and it's a healthy relationship, which is why this whole government spy bit blows Devon away. After all the time she has spent building up her confidence in Julia, this comes out of left field. It's important to Debrah and me that it's established that we have this respect now and we're a team in the care of Uly. "This whole spy thing has made it very difficult for Julia to keep her loyalties clear and execute the job that she must do because of an ultimatum. Julia's redemption is important. By the end of 'Redemption.' Devon says. 'And we're glad to have her,' and I'm back in good graces." Julia Heller may have little practical experience as a doctor, but she does have one advantage over others training in the field — thinking. 'Oh, come on.' You have to suspend your disbelief when you do science fiction. You really have to believe what you're doing." The series had its many fans. "In the let- ters we got. people remarked that we had put a lot of thought into how this all came about, what our roles were and how the "I knew from the beginning that I was going to die," says Jessica Steen of Captain Power. she has been genetically engineered to be predisposed toward the medical sciences. "Much of her genetic enhancement at this point is instinct," Steen remarks. "I have the information, but I don't have the tools or the knowledge of the local flora and fauna. It's helpful, but now I have to take whatever I know and try to make it practical. "I can see that the genetic enhancement would have been a way to determine success — you would have a focus, a profession and an income determined. It set her at an advan- tage over others, and it became something she got a lot of flak about and people even resented. She's driven to prove herself to be a good doctor despite this unfair advantage." Pioneer Medico Julia soon proves herself to be skilled as a physician on a brave new frontier. "Her confidence is based on the Vasquez issue, because she initially would have worked hand-in-hand with him. The fact that the real doctor Devon has been working with all along isn't there does put pressure on Julia. It's almost like being the understudy. Although you may know the lines, be well prepared and have gone through rehearsals, you're still on shaky ground. "When I see the Terrians. I'm at square one with them. Reilly says we've known about them for years, but nobody told me. When the Koba zaps Morgan and he has lost his heartbeat. I'm just stupefied. I don't know that the Grendlers' saliva will become the answer to the plague that we encounter from other landing survivors, or that the Terrians can walk into a tent with a handful of soil, drop it on Uly and he gets better. It's (continued on page 70) Soldiers of the Future operated. And I've had people come up to me out of the blue and say, 'Wow. we were the biggest fans." I was surprised because to me. it was all rub- ber rocks and stuff. "The mail taught me that people see things that I might not. There would be whole frat houses that wrote in. 1 thought. "Get a life. guys. Aren't you supposed to be playing football or something?" I didn't realize what they were seeing because I never really watched the shows with any focus. It was only from my bad-sport position that I saw it. I'm not belittling the people who watched because they saw things in it that I didn't see. It's my job to find those things because you have to value everything in which you involve yourself." Looking for the good in Captain Power. the Toronto native remembers the actors with whom she worked. "Tim Dunigan. who was Captain Power, was a great guy." she remarks. "We had so much fun because there we would be. sitting in these ridiculous suits. We were all in spandex and high leather boots and gloves, and we were very sort of Power Rangerish. We would spend hours and hours on set just boiling hot or freezing cold in our suits, and we had a howl lauahina at all the situations we Dr. Julia Heller was genetically engineered to be medically proficient. "She's driven to prove herself to be a good doctor despite tl unfair advantage." found ourselves in. We had a great time. When we would power on. I would go from my fatigues, which were pretty cool, and suddenly I would have these huge conical gold boobs that came out of nowhere. I was asking. 'What happens when I power on? I seem to have become this robust gal.' "We did a fair amount of stuntwork with a lot of squibs and explosions. The computer-generated images were very diffi- cult. We had to do a lot of blue screen stuff. Peter McNeill was Hawk and he would have to spend days strapped up and flying around in his suit. He was dangling from the ceiling for hours in front of this blue screen. It was painful to watch. And Sven Ole-Thorsen [as Tank] was dressed in this huge costume just like a tank. He was hilar- ious, but he could barely move. And we always had to react to these nasty metallic birds of Lord Dread's. They would fly around, wreaking havoc on us while we stood there, fearful of a little tape "x" on a grip's stand. We would cringe and have to freeze. It was hilarious." At the series' end. Jennifer "Pilot" Chase was killed off. While fans were upset. Steen was steeled for the event during her whole Captain Power tenure. "I knew from the beginning that I was going to die. and I was ready," she says. "When I signed on, I said that if I was going to do this series. I wanted to be killed off at the first season's end. and they agreed. I didn't want a commitment for five years, so it was according to plan. It's just that the toys didn't sell at Christmas and that was the show's end, too. I was prepared for the death, and I liked the way it happened. It was very touching and heroic how Pilot runs back in and saves the whole base camp. People were upset by it because I was the only regular actor on the show who was female." After leaving Captain Power, Steen had a co-starring role as Linda in Homefront. Most people know her from that critically acclaimed drama series, but she occasionally still runs into a Captain Power fan. "I gave all my toys away just this past year. I had a whole pile of stuff and I was moving. I saved a couple of my action figures. That was always a hoot to me because, of course, they went with the silver and big gold boobs version of Pilot. The show comes up at the weirdest times. You just never knew what people thought since Captain Power was syndicated and it wasn't a huge hit." — Craig W. Chrissinger / As Christopher Daniel Barnes rushes into Hugo's, a trendy West Los Angeles eatery, one can't help but notice his resemblance to Peter Parker, the college student who secretly fights crime as Spider-Man. For one thing, he's late! But maybe that's a trait he picked up while voic- ing the Marvel hero in 65 episodes of Spider-Man, Fox TV's new animated series. The actor, best known for his role as the son of TV's Starman, enjoys playing the hero created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. "I'm keeping Peter Parker a nice, sweet guy. PAT JANKIEWICZ. veteran STARLOG cor- respondent, profiled Patricia Tollman in issue #209. He would be really cool, except he has all this pressure and responsibility. He's not a geek, he's just so burdened by saving the world that people don't understand him. "I make my voice a little higher and more innocent for Peter. When he's got the cos- tume on, my voice comes down. I don't focus on Peter's guilt, but he occasionally thinks. T can't take it anymore, my whole life is falling apart because of Spider-Man," and wants to throw in the costume. "We did an episode called 'Spider-Man No More." and every time he gets in that mode and sees a crime taking place, he feels. T can't throw in the towel.' Peter Parker isn't perfect. He makes mistakes. Hell, he began his career feeling responsible for his uncle's death. He realizes he must recover from these mistakes and persevere." "In 'Spider-Man No More.' I actually get to say, 'With great power comes great re- sponsibility!' " he smiles. "It isn't preten- tious like Superman's "Truth. Justice and the American Way' speech: it's very Spide: Man. I think the single greatest element of any mythical hero is the responsibility of power and that's Spidey's most important aspect. "I play it very straight and very real. That's the quality of Spidey — he wrestles with himself over his demons and respons.- bility. The fact that he always ends up say- ing. 'I have to do this — with great powd must also come great responsibility!" 52 STARLOG /April 1995 what's so noble about him. I like that he acknowledges his problems and admits his fears, but still overcomes them. "There's also lots of comedy," Barnes notes. "Spidey is always making quips and joking. I also do internal monologues — you know, those inner thoughts that Spidey has in the comic books? There's a great one in 'Night of the Lizard.' I'm underwater having a vicious fight with the Lizard, but at the same time I'm having this surreal thought — 'It's so strange. . .this man was a scientist just days ago.' " Barnes was "a huge Spidey fan as a kid. The time period we're concentrating on in the show is the one I'm most familiar with in Spidey 's life. I know Peter Parker — it's a deep character study. I read all the early '80s stuff like Secret Wars. We're doing some Spidey stories from a little before and after Secret Wars." Barnes already has a favorite supervil- lain. "It's the Hobgoblin, because Mark Hamill [who voices him] blew me away," he admits. "I was standing next to him — I usu- ally stand next to the villains when we're taping — and Mark was so great, I found myself having to rise to the occasion! It was like, 'This guy's really intense, so I've really got to be a heroV "Mark is a nice guy and a great Hobgoblin. He scared me," the actor con- fides. "His Hobgoblin is very different from his Joker [whom Hamill also voices on the animated Batman]. They were careful to make sure it sounded different, with a differ- Barnes still has fond memories of his time as the son of Starman. "It got me into the mind frame of exploring myth, aliens and magic." ent texture. My favorite villains so far are Hobgoblin and Kraven the Hunter." Amazing Hero The animated Spider-Man explores vari- ous SF/fantasy concepts. For example, there's the black, alien costume which briefly possesses Peter Parker and then merges with Eddie Brock to become Venom. "That was the most challenging story because it was so far out — I'm literally bat- tling my costume," Barnes explains. "It had intense battle sequences. It's really spiritual in a weird way. Venom is like a biblical avenger, spouting poetry and all. I love the Venom shows — like 'The Alien Costume' — because Venom is very bizarre and interesting. "What was so challenging is that Hank Azaria, who plays Eddie Brock, did this really extreme transformation from Brock into Venom. I had to come in and do Spidey's transformation when the suit tries to possess him after Hank did his. I had to listen to what he did and how extreme he took it. "When Peter has the costume on, it starts taking him over, so he has to get rid of it. I wanted to mimic a little of what Hank did to match it and to foreshadow what would hap- pen if he kept the costume on. When Hank did his thing, it sounded horrifying, but Spidey didn't have to be that intense because he got rid of the costume before it took con- trol. His voice did get deeper and grittier" Barnes notes in a guttural tone. "It will be really intense and vivid," he promises of the multi-part story. "Eddie Brock knows my secret identity after he becomes Venom. That's what's so freaky to Peter, as well as the fact that my spider-sense can't pick him up. The Venom shows are my favorites because of the emotional arcs. They were the most challenging in terms of acting. We had to do these intense scenes in bell towers because it's more than just fight- STARLOGMpnV 1995 53 ing. — it's a spiritual epiphany for Venom to beat Spider-Man! "The show keeps true to the comic." the actor declares. "It's like radio drama; we're not gonna get hokey. When we do Venom. it's not [strikes a fey voice]. 'Oh no. it's Venom! I'm spooked!" The scenes we're doing are like [lapses into anguished Peter Parker voice]. 'I'll never be free! My soul is in torment — Venom has taken over my life!' It's really heavy stuff, not casual and light like Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends or the cartoon from the "60s." Barnes got the spider-gig "because I fought for the part — I went in biting and clawing the other guys." he laughs. "Basically. I went in and knew I was gonna get it. That sounds vain, but as soon as I read. I told Saratoga Ballantine [who plays Mary Jane]. 'I'll see you on the first show.' "I knew I was gonna get it. I don't know if it was because I couldn't bear not to get it because I love Spider-Man so much, or if I just felt I was right." says Barnes, who won the role over such competition as Bill (The Rocketeer) Campbell. "I grew up on Spider-Man comics. I knew exactly who he was, his quips, his humor and his burden, so I had a strong feel- ing I would get the part. I was ecstatic when I did. I'm honored to play him and hope I live up to everyone's expectations of what Spider-Man should be. "Spider-Man's a true hero to me. I like him not just because I'm playing him, but because he worries about doing the right thing. He never kills anybody or is just vio- lent for the sake of being violent, like some superheroes. Unlike the Punisher, he's not a vindictive avenger." Starman's Son Barnes "was born in Maine, moved to New York when I was 8 — which is also when I got into acting — and moved to LA at 13 and been here ever since. I came out because I got Starman and then I did Day by- Day with Julia Louis Dreyfus, prc-Seinfeld. I also did loads of stuff in New York: a lot of movies-of-the-week after Day by Day. I even did Frankenstein: The College Years'." Besides roles in American Dreamer and The Brady Bunch Movie, Barnes took part in another blockbuster film. "I was the Prince in The Little Mermaid," he says proudly. "If I never do anything else. Disney on laserdisc is eternal! I'll be able to show it to my great- grandkids! "It's my favorite of all the Disney films." he confides. "I'm not just saying that because I'm biased. In every animated film that came after, all the women look like Ariel." He didn't reprise the role on the Little Mermaid TV series, which, since it takes place before the film, infrequently uses the character. Barnes' most famous fantasy role was the half-human/half-alien teenager on Starman (which he discussed in STARLOG #147). "I have a lot of great memories from doing the show." he notes. "Starman meant a lot; it was my first big series and it got me into the mind frame of exploring myth, aliens and magic. Remember those weird, mystical spheres we had on the show? I'm really from the comic-book world, but that got me inter- ested in making a show about it. "We traveled everywhere: we went all over California on Starman. Every episode was literally on location. We went to Sedona. Arizona to film the episode where we find Jenny Hayden briefly. Sedona was beautiful. This is a great memory — midnight during a full moon on Halloween. "I went into the state park with Adam Taylor, a good friend of mine who was a pro- duction assistant on the show, to see these caves. The guy in the guard booth knew we were filming the series so he let us in. We spent three hours in the middle of nowhere. All Starman Photos: Copyright 1986 Columbia Pictures Television 54 STARLOGMpnV 1995 We were out there looking at the stars and thinking about the show. Sedona, Arizona is very magical. "Robert Hays [who played his alien dad] is a really great guy and a good mentor. I enjoyed working with him on Starman. It was eight years ago and Ive seen Bob maybe twice since the show was cancelled. I saw Patrick Culliton after the show and I get information from Spotlight Starman [the series" fan organization] all the time. The guy I went on the hike with, Adam Taylor [husband of Battiestar Galactica actress Anne Lockhart]. recently died in a motorcy- cle accident and Spotlight Starman had a piece on him." Barnes has fond memories of his Star- Mom. "Erin Gray [Wilma Deering on Buck Rogers] played my mother, and I had a big crush on her." the actor sheepishly con- fesses. "I thought she was hot! I was like, "C'mere. Mom! Lemme give you a. big hug'.' Hey, I was 14 and that's what happens." He's happy that Hays is portraying another Marvel hero. Iron Man. on the syn- dicated Marvel Action Hour. "I'm really looking forward to doing a crossover where Spidey and Iron Man get together. I found out that he was doing Iron Man right before we did our first show. I went over to see Bob a couple of months ago and we talked and joked about it. If Iron Man gets picked up for more episodes, we might do a crossover. "We're taping Spicier-Man's second sea- son now and it's even more intense than the first — we're about to do the story where I get six arms. Spidey goes through this mutation process and gets extra arms. "On the show. I live with Aunt May, but later I get my own pad with Harry Osborne. He's played by Gary Imhoff. the prince in Thumbelina. We're the two princes! The Aunt May scenes are very tender and humorous because Aunt May is always say- ing. "Oh. that horrible Spider-Man. What a menace to society!' "Aunt May hasn't had a heart attack yet, but I'm sure she will." he says, referring to one of Aunt May's defining comic-book characteristics. "When the Hobgoblin kicks the door in and knocks her down, she goes into a coma. I decide not to move out because of what happens." Altered Ego The actor is happy with his co-stars. "Saratoga is great as Mary Jane. In the comics. Mary Jane has known Peter Parker is Spider-Man for a long time. She finally tells him [she knows] after Peter pushes her out because he's fighting Puma. I don't think the Mary Jane on our show knows yet. "Ed Asner is a great J. Jonah Jameson. Ed is also fearless; he'll say anything any "I was the Prince in The Little Mermaid" Barnes boasts. "If I never do anything else, Disney on laserdisc is eternal!" "You won't believe the clothes," Barnes exclaims of The Brady Bunch Movie, in which he plays Greg. "It's gonna be out of control." "I really like [story editor] John Semper. And Stan Lee is probably the coolest guy time to anyone anywhere! He's so bold and forthright — I like that, as long as you're on his good side! "It's funny; Ed takes these little catnaps between takes where he'll shut his eyes and he's snoring. You look over and see that his part is only five lines away. Suddenly, he awakens, stands up and delivers a perfect reading in one take! It's a skill I wish I could learn! And a lean, silent figure sum/ly fades into twe gathering darkness, aware AT LAST TMAT IN THIS WORLD, WITH GREAT POWER THERE MUST ALSO COME "GREAT RESPONSIBILITY/ AND SO A LEGEND IS BORN AND A NEW NAME IS ADOED TO THE ROSTER OF THOSE WHO MAKE TWE WORLD OF FANTASY THE MOST EXCTTING REALM OF AU..' Bits of the animated Spider-Man come directly from the comics. "I actually get to say 'With great power comes great responsibility!' " raves Barnes. ever. Stan is like my two favorite Marvel heroes — Spider-Man and Dr. Strange — wrapped up in one guy." Barnes' next on-screen role brings to life another popular icon. "I'm Greg Brady in The Brady Bunch Movie . What can we say about Greg? He's a Brady! I'm true to the spirit of Greg; happy-go-lucky with lots of smiling. You won't believe the clothes — the gag is that it's 1995, but they still act and dress like it's 1970! It's gonna be out of control. "You will see Johnny Bravo [Greg's rock- and-roll alias]. Greg will be singing and dancing and I think that's enough! We shot it on the Paramount lot and they were doing Star Trek: Deep Space Nine and Star Trek: Voyager across from us on Brady, so I thought I would casually walk over and take a look." he shrugs. "Security was intense: 'Freeze! Freeze! Down on the ground!" It was like going to the White House!" As for the future, "Brady Bunch is now out and I'm in negotiations for some other things, but nothing's definite." One thing he would die to do is audition for James Cameron's live-action Spider-Man film. "I would love to do the movie," Christopher Daniel Barnes proclaims. "I've fought Venom so many times, I would hate to see somebody else get the chance!" ■$% ST ARLOG/ April 1995 55 THe SOUND OF STAR TRtSK®!! OuSSchtda , Two-time Emmy winner Dennis McCarthy's riveting score from the exciting new STAR TREK* fe'ature! STAR TI\eK® BOX- SETS ORIGINAL MOTJON PICTURE SOUNDTRACK ' M '; / .• 5WRJREK GNPBX 3006 STAR TREK, CLASSIC BOX SET Volumes 1,2, 3 VOL. 1: 0NPD800B GNPBX 3007 STAR TREK": THE NEXT GENERATION™ BOX SET Volumes 12 3 VOL 1: OHtO 8012 VOL. 2: ONPD 8026 AWARD WINNER! cCARTH VOL. 3: GNPD' 8031 EMMY WINNER craoroci/ 31 tin itXtn QNPD 8006 ORIGINAL TV SOUNDTRACK STAR TREK VOLUME ONE "The Cage" "Wlwa No Man Haa Gone Baton Music by Alexander Courage SIMMK GNPD 8025 \| ORIGINAL TV SOUNDTRACK - STAR TREK VOLUME TWO \| "The Doomtday Machine" ' "Amok Tim'" jsIc by Sol Kaplan and Gerald Fried smwK GNPD 3030 ORIGINAL TV SOUNDTRACK STAR TREK VOLUME THREE "Shore LeaveVThe Naked Time" Mualcby Gerald Fried and Alexanda ^Courage GNPD 8010 STAR TREK SOUND EFFECTS 69 original aarlet sound aftecta Deep space nine \ I GNPD 8034 ORIGINAL TV SOUNDTRACK STAR TREK: DEEP SPACE NINE "The El ' Music By Dennis McCarthy - inci\ GNPD 8012 ORIGINAL TV SOUNDTRACK STAR TREK: THE NEXT GENERATION "Encounter At Farpolnt" Muelc By Dannie McCarthy CASSETTES AWARD WINNER! -E2r?_,-_ EMMY WINNER. 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STAR TREK: THE NEXT GENERATION STAR TREK: GENERATIONS and STAR TREK: DEEP SPACE NINE are Trademarks of Paramount Pictures GNP/ Crescendo authorized user. VISA/MASTERCARD# _Exp. Date_ GNP Crescendo: The source for all STAR TREK* Original TV soundtrachsi All-too-human on a monkey planet, Linda Harrison went on the run & married a studio head. No doubt most of the reason that Planet of the Apes became a top- grossing science fiction movies was its array of special FX. its amazing "Ape City" and the superb, groundbreaking makeups which transformed some of Hollywood's great character actors into simian scene-stealers. And yet all it required to take main male eves away from the hard first runner-up in the Miss United States part of the competition and. perhaps more importantly, was "spotted" by then-talent scout Mike Medavoy and presented to 20th Century Fox. Throughout her acting years at Fox. and amidst movie roles in Planet and its sequel Beneath the Planet of the Apes, she dated studio boss Richard Zanuck and mar- By TOM WEAVER ried him in 1969. (Divorced in 1978. she has more recently been seen in Zanuck' s Cocoon movies.) Once again a Marylander. and "probably the happiest [she has] ever been" Linda Harrison looks back with con- tagious cheerfulness on her show biz years — and the adventure of being the sole beauty on a planet of beasts. Charlton Heston was Linda Harrison's idol as a little girl— "You know, Ben- Hur"— but he also co-starred with her in two Planet of the Apes films. Work of all of these talented FX and makeup artisans was a sun-tanned, skimpily-clad homo sapien beauty with a long mane of brunette hair and big brown eyes. The char- acter for whom red-blooded audiences went ape was. of course. "Nova" and the "spe- cially-introduced" actress, former beauty queen Linda Harrison. A native of Berlin. Maryland. Harrison was Miss Berlin at 16. then a New York gar- ment center model. Homesickness brought her back to Maryland, where she entered and won the state beauty pageant. During the finals in the Miss International contest (held in Long Beach. California), she was STARLOGMpn'/ 1995 57 STARLOG: While competing in these beauty pageants, did you have designs ori becoming an actress? LINDA HARRISON: Yes, very definitely. In fact, it was all "pre-planned" in my mind to enter the beauty contest and get to Cali- fornia and be seen. And it really turned out exactly the way I wanted it to. STARLOG: Did you have to do a scree test at Fox? HARRISON: They gave me a "person- ality test," which was very interesting They set the camera in front of me an I would talk to the camera — they asked questions — and then I turned to each^/r side. They asked me what kind of man I would be attracted to, and why, and I just remember so clearly what I said: I wanted a man that had a lot of interests in common with me, that we had to have a wonderful chemistry. I just I went on talkin' like I had done it all my life! They then signed me up A for what's called a "60-day option" and I went and studied with Pamela Danova, the stu- dio coach. At the time, Richard Zanuck was head of the studio and his father, Darryl Zanuck, was chairman of the % board. Richard's assistant Harry Sokolov, a lawyer, was looking for a date for the premiere of The Agony and the Ecstasy [1965] star- 1 ring Charlton Heston. Well, I was thrilled: I had never been to a pre- ^ miere. I was all of 20 years old, and Heston was my idol as a little girl — you know. Ben-Hur! So. they picked me because Harry was from Baltimore. That's when I first met Richard Zanuck. that evening. He became quite smitten, and that started a romance. That was during the 60-day period that I started dating Richard, and then I was signed to a seven-year contract. STARLOG: What was the first thing you were ever in? HARRISON: It was a pilot called Men Against Evil, which turned into a TV series called The Felony Squad with Dennis Cole. Then, I did a Batman. Oh. God, Batmanl You gotta remember, I'm now with Richard Zanuck, who was a big man on campus, and he was then in the process of getting sepa- rated. (He was married to a Lili back then and then he married me, and now he's back to another girl named Lili. He likes the "L," I guess [laughs]'.) Dick had become my mentor and teacher, and he said, "Just do what they tell you." So. I started out early in the morning on Batman — it was a cheerlead- ing scene. I was 20 and 1 had been a cheer- leader in high school. And the dance teacher at Fox worked us so hard, by the time the shot came at 5 p.m.. the scene that they kept was me falling over, because I literally gave out! And the dance teacher came back and said, "Linda Harrison gave me a hard time," complained about my "attitude." I just kept telling her, "You're going to use up all my energy, so when the shot comes, I won't have any." f STARLOG: What was it like, dating "the boss"? HARRISON: Dick just fell madly in love, and so did I with him. And he did not like me going to the acting school I was attend- ing, working with other actors like Ron Ely. So, he built a talent school. It was famous, 'cause out of it came Tom Selleck. Sam El- liott, Cristina Ferrare, Jackie Bisset, Jim Brolin, myself — all these actors were just thrilled to be getting into this school. Well. one reason Dick had the school was so he would know where I was [laughs]. It was a wonderful experience, wonderful develop- ment for the actors. We had coaching, fenc- ing, dancing — we went for hours and we really formed a bond. Of course, I wasn't there as much as the rest because I was flyin' off with Dick Zanuck. all over the world. It was kind of neat, being his girl. Everybody else was shaking, would they get their contract, would they get in a film? You know what that business is all about — especially back then, when the studio heads had a lot of power. STARLOG: What was your first movie? HARRISON: The first movie I did was Way. ..Way Out [1966] with Jerry Lewis: it was a nice cameo part, a wonderful scene between Jim Brolin and I. After that, I did A Guide for the Married Man [1967]. And all during this period. Dick was telling me about this fabu- lous book called Planet of the Apes and that it was going to make a great movie. He said, "I want you to play the ape. Dr. Zira" — in fact, during the makeup ■ I "Looking the way I looked, I got the more sexy roles," laughs Harrison. testing. I had to go through the whole busi- ness with the mask and everything for Zira. the part that eventually went to Kim Hunter [STARLOG#160]. STARLOG: That was the part he wanted you to play in the movie? HARRISON: No. I think they always had me in mind for Nova. But they needed someone to do the screen test, and you keep trying to employ your actors. So. I did the screen test. The part that was hard for me was actually doing the mask, where they put all that plaster on your face and you have to lie there still for a long time. Fortunately, I was an acrobat growing up. and a very good one — I won a lot of contests — so I knew how to control my body and be "quiet." You had to do that, you had to be very still and lay there and be a "good patient." (A young actor will do anything to get their mug on the screen!) [Director] Franklin Schaffner got involved on the movie and liked it. and [producer] Arthur Jacobs, a great showman. Dick and Arthur got together and there was a tremendous amount of enthusiasm. It took a lotta, lotta work, especially in the makeup department. It takes a certain kind of pro- ducer to do a film like that, with apes run- ning around! STARLOG: Did you ever read the book? HARRISON: Yes. Well. ..I might have read a few pages [laughs]. I really wasn't into reading those kinds of books! STARLOG: Kim Hunter said that there was a bit of trepidation — that people thought Planet of the Apes would either be a giant hit or a terrible embarrassment. HARRISON: You know, from my experi- ence working on films that have kind of "stayed" and become classics, you almost sense it when you"re doing it. There is a cur- Harrison concedes that Nova is her best-known role, bar none. rent, an energy going on. I sensed that. If you're going to analyze it from the brain. you'll say. "It could go one way or the other." but the intuitive feeling was that we had something unique. I'm an intuitive per- son, and I would say that that's what I was reading. STARLOG: Did you enjoy all the location shooting? HARRISON: It was wonderful. We went to Page, Arizona, beautiful country, and I just marvelled at how they move an entire production, like a little mini- town, and set up. It was beautiful working out there in the desert. That was where we shot the beginning, the spaceship crashing and the astro- nauts walking around. Schaffner was just fabulous. He was a very laconic man. he didn't say much, but he was very aware of everything he was doing. The complaints were that he "kept everything in his back pocket." what he was going to do during the day. But when you think about it from an artistic point-of- view, he was very smart because he didn't let anything else interfere with his focus. The elements were all there — the [behind-the-scenes] people: Leon Shamroy. an Academy Award-winning cinematographer: the cast: everything. It was fabulous! Dick and I were joined-at-the-hip but he didn't come out to Page — I had my sister Kay there. So. at one point. I told him. "You come out here!" He said. "OK, how do I get there?" I said, "Get your Lear jet and get out here." [Laughs] And he did! It was very, very exciting, it was moviemaking. STARLOG: Your Nova outfit was reminis- cent of what Raquel Welch wore in One Million Years B.C. HARRISON: That's true. That has been the traditional costume for "cave girls." STARLOG: Where did you shoot the apes' first scene, where they beat the bushes and hunt the humans? HARRISON: That was done at the Malibu Ranch. We had built Ape City there. And it was stinking hot! Whew! The scenes of us in cages were also shot at Ape City. STARLOG: It must have been worse for the ape actors than for you. HARRISON: Oh. God! And they reported to the set at 3 a.m.! But they were fabulous troupers, Roddy McDowall and Kim. and those were difficult, difficult roles. Maurice Evans was older and I don't know if his health was that good, and he had an even harder time. But actors have to endure all that sort of stuff, just like everybody else. We had good morale, good people. STARLOG: What about the "ape" bit play- ers and extras? Did they seem to be having any problems? HARRISON: Well, the extras just had a mask that they would pull on over their heads. The primary actors had the tough part. But, you know, I was so delighted and grateful to be in this picture that I probably never saw the negative side as much. I just didn't. I remember one piece of advice Dick gave me: "You go to work on time and listen to your director and do your job. And I don't want to hear any complaints about you!" I TOM WEAVER, veteran STARLOG corre- spondent, authored Creature from the Black Lagoon (Magiclmage, $19.95). He profiled Peter Mark Richman in STARLOG PLATINUM EDITION #5. STARLOG I April 1995 59 - ,-"'■ ^:---~ - /£ /jjj had to be ere/; wore careful, and m'ce, be- cause I vr«.v his girl friend. STARLOG: The movie's end was shot at Point Dume. on the California coast. HARRISON: Right. That's where we shot the part where Heston and I ride off and find the Statue of Liberty. Actually, that was a matte shot. And that [special effect] took a lot of innovation and talent. You've got to remember that this film was made in '67, and a lot of new things were tried that were never done before. There were many break- throughs, in the makeup, shooting and everything. So. it really contributed a lot to the industry. By the way, it was wonderful there at Point Dume. We shot there at the very end of this long [production] and we were probably there a full month. We did a lot of beach stuff — Dr. Zira talking about what Man had done, that long speech. STARLOG: Any "lighter" moments during the movie's making, that you can recall? HARRISON: I turned 22 during produc- tion, and at lunchtime one day at Point Dume a big cake was brought out. 1 was sit- ting with Heston. who was kidding me about being "all of 22." (He must have been in his 40s.) And then I came back, with all my makeup on. to the studio, and Dick had a big party there, in the commissary. He made a wonderful speech about this girl who had come into his life, and how grateful he was. It was verv excitina. a sood time. STARLOG: How did you like working with Heston? HARRISON: Loved it— he was a wonder- ful actor to work with. He knew Dick very well, he knew it was my first [big] picture, he taught me how to "favor" the camera (I was kind of camera-shy). We spent a lot of time together, waiting for shots and every- thing, and he was just very, very pleasant, a very good person. STARLOG: Did you watch rushes? HARRISON: Sometimes. And it was a fab- ulous experience, to be able to sit in on those. It was so beautifully shot and so dif- ferent and so professional with Schaffner running the show]. STARLOG: What more can you remember about Arthur Jacobs? HARRISON: Arthur was a fabulous pro- moter, and his wife was a very good friend of mine. What I remember most was every- one's enthusiasm. The way Dick did things, he really inspired his people — he was al- ways "up." (At the time. I think we had the logo "Think 20th.") Arthur was a great party-giver and promoter — everything "apes." you know! — and he was a perfect guy for this picture. STARLOG: Did you ever meet author Pierre Boulle or screenwriter Rod Serling? HARRISON: Not Boulle. I don't think: they bought the book from him and then Serling came on and did the screenplay. I met Rod. he came on the set. I had watched Twilight Zone a lit- tle bit. but I was never i. into television or film too much as a young per- son. You've got to remember. I was 21. 21 years old and there were all these "new per- sonalities" coming into my life. STARLOG: If. as a kid. you were "never into TV or film too much." how did you manage to decide to become an actress? HARRISON: Well, it's funny— the people who are "movie buffs" aren't necessarily artistic people or people inclined to be ac- tors. / was more interested in concentratinf and focusing on my goal, rather than utiliz- ing my time watching film. I was 18. going to high school in Maryland, working in the summertime at a famous restaurant called Phillips Crab House. I was a normal kiu. dating and falling in love, and there wasn't much time, really, to watch movies. I don't even watch a lot of films today. STARLOG: When Planet of the Apes came out. some Fox publicity materials called it _ satire. Was that their way of hedging the - bets, in case no one would take it serioush ! HARRISON: I'm not sure what was in the - minds. / thought it was serious science fic- tion — that's what it was. They knew whal they had and they knew it was "different,"] and they must have felt it could go one way or the other. But you'll find a lot of the gres pictures can go one way or the other. STARLOG:" What kind of roles did youj want to play? Or would you play whate\ e "It was kind of neat, being [the boss] girl," Harrison recalls of her stint at Richard Zanuck's 20th Century Fox. 60 STARLOGMpnV 1995 they told you to play? HARRISON: Nova was a very good part for me. I had the quality for it. But my career was never top priority. I was very interested in my relationship with Dick and eventually becoming his wife and having a family. I enjoyed working in front of the camera but not full-time. I didn't have the personality or the desire to be a "star." I didn't really think about it too much. But as an actress, when they offered you something, you were sup- posed to take it and do the best you could. You know it's a touah business, and vou're STARLOG: Surrounded by gorillas and mutants in these Apes movies, did you fear that your character might get lost in the shuffle? HARRISON: No. The fact that I was the human. I stood out. STARLOG: You were on horseback in both movies. Were you an equestrienne? HARRISON:' No. not particularly. And I had to look like I had never been on a horse. so try to do that and get the horse where he's supposed to go! But I do remember having a lot of fun in the second one: with Ted Post. * !■ ■ ■■■ I ■■—^^»^^^^^^^^ Harrison sensed as she was doing Planet of the Apes that the film was destined to be a classic. just grateful for any piece of film work that you may be able to get. Looking the way I looked. I got the more sexy roles [laughs]. STARLOG: How long did it take for some- one to figure out that a sequel to Planet of the Apes would be a good idea? HARRISON: Oh. well, that was immedi- ate — those were the years of the sequels! STARLOG: Beneath the Planet of the Apes reportedly had half the first film's budget. Did you feel the pinch at all? HARRISON: No. 1 didn't. Of course, they "cashed in" on the first one [reused cos- tumes, sets, etc.] and that, in a way. takes away from some of the artistic challenge that the first had. But that's how the produc- er saw fit to do it. and Ted Post was a wonderful television director. And / was really featured a lot. so as an actress, that sat well. It wasn't as good as the first, 'cause of course we had Franklin Schaffner on that first one and he was one of the top. top directors. STARLOG: Burt Reynolds was supposedly up for the James Franciscus role, and he didn't want it. HARRISON: 1 don't recall that. I remem- ber they thought that Jim would be good be- cause he looked a lot like Heston. Jim was the kind of actor who did a lot of homework behind the camera, a Method actor. He took it very seriously, he was vers dedicated. it was more relaxed. I remember running down this hill and getting up so much speed that one of these fabulous makeup men — big guy. burly chest — had to step in and stop me. Otherwise. I would have tumbled. God knows where! It was a very arduous picture. physically, with those horses and everything, but we just got in there and did our jobs! After Beneath. I was cast as one of the starlets in a new TV series called Bracken's World, which was a series Dick for a long time had .wanted to do. about a Hollywood studio. So. I got that part and I had to finish Beneath and go right into the pilot — I didn't even get a day's rest. And I had to start remembering lines [laughs]'. STARLOG^ Now. apart from Bracken's World, did you do much acting while you were mar- ried to Zanuck? HARRISON: No. I gave birth to two sons. Harrison Richard Zanuck on February 23. 1971. and Dean Francis Zanuck August 1 1 . 1972. 1 think I did a couple of The "ape actors," like Kim Hunter (left), were "fabulous troupers," Harrison says. guest spots on TV. and then Airport 1975. STARLOG: When big decisions needed to be made at Fox. did he ever ask your opin- ion? Did you offer opinions? HARRISON: He got my opinions. His partner was David Brown (a wonderful man), and David's wife was Helen Gurley Brown, editor of Cosmopolitan. And we went all around the world together. So at all those dinners you would throw out ideas — we were constantly trying to figure out what kinds of films worked and what didn't and what to go with. You just kind of go by your gut. So I was always "into" those conversa- tions. Dick is a listener, so you would throw out different things and he would just sit and take it all in. But his decision to actually go with a certain picture or a certain actor or di- rector was something he did himself. After hearing and gathering all of the information. he went by his own instinct. STARLOG: That was around the time of X- rated Fox movies like Myra Breckinridge and Beyond the Valley of the Dolls. HARRISON: It's such a hard business, run- ning a studio and trying to figure out the hits. For some reason. Dick and David de- cided to go with films that were quite be- neath them, that they hadn't done. But sometimes you've got to do something to get back on track. It was a series of things: The relationship with his father [Fox chairman of the board Darryl F. Zanuck] was strained, because "the son was rising" — and Dick needed to spread his wings. And the father wasn't ready to let go. Pretty soon there was a wedge between father and son. and there was a terrible change in their relationship. It was like a divorce, like any situation where two people come to a crossroad and things splinter. Darryl fired Dick, and David, and me [laughs] — / was under contract. I was eight months pregnant. But something good STARLOG/ApnV 1995 61 Franciscus and Harrison are corralled by their Ape City captors. comes out of bad; I had always said to Dick. "You go on your own." He was, what. 34, 35. He needed to show that he was also his own man, apart from his father. So. Dick and David went to Warner Bros., and then from there formed Zanuck-Brown. That's history, what happened when they formed their own company! I always told him. "Something good is gonna come out of this. You and David are the best team in Hollywood!" It's very interesting to "get in the heads" of these two men. Here are two men who ran a major corporation. Dick and David, and then they formed little Zanuck-Brown. They wanted to start humbly [laughs], and they got a screenplay called SSSSSSS by a make- up man [Dan Striepeke] they thought a lot of. You know, much of this business has to do with developing friendships: [a big fac- tor] is the personality of the person you're working with, what they're like as a human being. Many times you'll take a script because you like the guy and it looks good and it fits well into your agenda at that par- ticular time, so you'll give him a chance. That's actually how SSSSSSS came along. It was something they could shoot for under SI million, very inexpensive, so they did it. But then they got ahold of The Sting [1973], and you know the rest. I was with a famous team of producers. Dick and David, and they had such an extraordinary life, so colorful and so dramatic. Most people [in her home town] think of me as, "She led this glam- ourous life, they were out there doin' drugs." It wasn't that at all, I had a very stable hus- band. He had a job. he had to go to work ev- ery day. He was a fundamental family man. But we had so many great experiences. They should do a book just on him. STARLOG: Why are you billed as "Augusta Summerland" in Airport 19751 HARRISON: [Laughs] Well-1-1, you know- life can make its turns! I was married to Dick, and for one reason or the other, I got involved with a guru — which was the "in" thing at the time. The guru claimed in his cult that you change from who you were born, and so as you make that change, you need a new name [Augusta Summerland]. Unfortunately, this guru wanted to make movies from his screenplays. And for what- ever reason, he put a terrible wedge through my relationship with Dick. It ended that I left Dick. I was analyzed during that time: I think so much, at 20 years old, was thrown at me. I came from a small town of 2.000 and much of what was given to me there, the values, have put me in good stead. But I think that I got "lost" somewhere, my "iden- tity." Or women's lib made us think that we were supposed to be unfulfilled. Or whatev- er got into my "being" at the time — it was rough. I left Dick, and it was very hard. STARLOG: How did you become involved on Cocoon? HARRISON: I was going to an acting class, studying, and we did a showcase and I 62 STARLOGMpnV 1995 Spitting distance from the Statue of Liberty, the New York City subway system survived Beneath the Planet of the Apes. invited Dick and Lili, his present wife. About this time, Cocoon was in develop- ment stages. Dick said, "I think there's a part for you. In about six months. Ron Howard will be auditioning." So, I just got myself psyched up for it, went in, read and got it. Ron was a fabulous guy to work with, be- cause he really works from your naturalness, who you are. He gives you a lot of range, a lot of space, to bring out that naturalness, not the usual schtick of an actor. And I loved doing that. And there was another picture where you sensed, intuitively, that it was special. The elements were right, the people were right, and each day it was just a "high" to work on the film. STARLOG: You have a much smaller part in Cocoon: The Return. HARRISON: They had to cut everybody's part down — lots got cut. We overshot. They didn't cut us because we weren't acting right or anything: [it was a case of] the movie not being the way they wanted it, so they started cutting to try to salvage it. to pull it togeth- er. Sometimes in the editing, they can pull off miracles. STARLOG: You'll always be remembered as Nova. Is that OK? HARRISON: Yes. And, you know, they're doing a remake. Oliver Stone! STARLOG: Would you be tempted by the offer of a part in that! HARRISON: Surel STARLOG: What else do you want your fans to know about Linda Harrison? HARRISON: For me, for Linda Harrison, I feel extraordinarily lucky. I started here in Ocean City, working at Phillips Crab House, and I dated their son Stephen Phillips, and he was the last man I dated before I went to California and met Dick. I came back here four years ago, now I'm back with him. So, I feel very privileged, it's neat being with somebody you've known a long time and were with when you were very young. I ex- perienced 25 years in California where I married a wonderful man, had two wonder- ful children, and met so many wonderful people — a full life there. And now I have another full life! So, it's almost two lives, two lifetimes already in this one. I still look great and I feel good, but I really think the acting phase of my life is over. I don't like to say that, because then you're closing that door, but there's another door opening which is probably going to bring me more happiness. And so, to me, that's very, very exciting. I like the name recognition that I got from my work, and I have two sons that will be in the work, and I love filmmaking — I think what they can do and who it reaches makes it a very exciting medium. I like to get a part, but I'm not the kind that'll give up everything, move and go to classes. It's going to have to be handed to me — which basically it was before. There might be a part in my future — and there might not. But right now I'm probably the happiest I've ever been, and that's important to me. ^ "OP Yellow Eyes Is Bath" Brent "Data" Spiner brings his unique style and a heartfelt love of music to this collection of a dozen standards by the Gershwins, Jule Styne, and others. Included is "It's A Sin To Tell A Lie," on which Brent is backed by co-stars and friends Patrick Stewart, Jonathan Frakes, LeVar Burton and Michael Dorn. BRENT SPINER "OP Yellow Eyes Is Back" Please indicate quantity being ordered. CD $19.95 Cassette $14.95 POSTAGE & HANDLING: USA $2.50 each CANADA $4 each. Canadian residents add 10% sales tax. OVERSEAS $6 each. Method of Payment: 3Cash JCheck ^Money Order ^Discover "JMasterCard ^Visa Account No. Card Expiration Date:_ Your Daytime Phone #: (Mo./Yr.; Print Name As It Appears On Your Card Street City State Zip Your Signature Total enclosed: $ Send cash, check or money order to: STARLOG GROUP, Inc. 475 PARK AVENUE SOUTH NEW YORK, NY 10016 IF YOU DO NOT WANT TO CUT OUT COUPON. WE WILL ACCEPT WRITTEN ORDERS. Please allow 4 to 6 weeks for delivery. is credit may only read "Based upon material by" and lie buried at the end _ of the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "Homeward," but William Stape isn't complaining: It marks his entrance into the world of professional sereenwriting. Stape, then a freshman at New Jersey's Ramapo College, sold a story premise to ; The Next Generation and knew his screen credit wouldn't be a major one. Still* he was unsure of the precise form it would take; and watched the beginning and end credits care- fully— not to mention the episode itself— when "Homeward" first aired. Watching with the literature major was a news ere' from local TV station WPDC, which ha been tipped off to the event by the college's public relations office. It takes a special kind of idea to : jilt get Michael Dorn to take off his makeup and go "Homeward," j and William Stape can lay claim to that Afexf Generation notion. "After Spike Steingasser and Naren must be somewhere at the end,' "recalls Shankar were Credited at the beginning [for Stape with a laugh. "And sure enough! there story and teleplay, respectivel y],^, ; I was, right above the Panavision lenses and I thousht, 'OK. I'm ttl d& " * s ttk. cameras. It was quite a moment." not there, but L ■?Uiy m. : - k\| Sibling Rivalries Stape had been submitting work ; to Amazing Stories and other science ; fiction/fantasy publications for three years, to no avail. "I got good feedback and evaluations but noth- g ever clicked well enough to 11," he explains. cA ttfelong Star Trek fan, Stape, 26, got fired up to write a spec script after he read Larry Nemecek's Star Trek: The Next Generation Companion. :?1 read tbout the success of a new writer in the show, so I thought I would ;ive it a shot. I looked over my did science fiction stories that had r never been published, thinking I could get a skeleton story from one of those, but nothing fit. So, I went back through the Companion to see if I could find something the series had touched t upon but left undeveloped." In the "Heart of Glory" JJ episode entry, he learned that ^Worf's foster brother had \|\|- never been seen. Stape con- ered the possibilities and iw potential in /bringing e brother to the screien. "I lought it would make a good story," he comments. "I thought about what the character would be like and I how the interplay between him and Worf would work. From there it grew, and I con- structed a teleplay." It helped that Worf was one of Stape s favorite characters. "One of the reasons I like him is that he's one of the few links to the original show," the writer offers. "I don't like to \| play the game of 'which show itter,' and I won't. It's irrel- t. Star Trek and The Next w sjghg into brotherly lovMwilllam Stape begins his career as a ^rfleet screenwriter. By BILL FLORENCE Generation both have strengths and weak- nesses, and they're both great on their own. But when you grow up with a series, it becomes the favorite. And more than anyone else in the crew, except perhaps Data. Worf has gone through so many changes: reunion with his love, the pain of losing her. the responsibility of bringing up a child and the Klingon civil war. So. for me to further develop Worf 's backstory was a real thrill." Stape called his teleplay "Shadowdance" and wrote some 50 pages before seeing the PH "[Paul Sorvino] was an excellent choice," Stape says of the acclaimed actor. "He brought so much warmth and compas- sion to the character." Next Generation writers' guidelines he had requested. When the guidelines did arrive. he went back through the script to see what needed to be changed. "Basically, what I had written was all OK," Stape remembers. "I hadn't made any fatal flaws. So, I wrote another 20 pages or so, finished it up and mailed it off. In my wildest dreams, I never thought they would buy it!" Reality proved greater than his wildest dreams. Two months after submitting the script, Stape received a phone call from Dirk Vandebunt, head of Business Affairs at Paramount Pictures. The Next Generation wanted to buy his script, which they would rename "Homeward." "I told Dirk I was eager to help with the final draft, and he said the in-house staff was going to handle that; they just wanted the core story with Worf and his brother," Stape relates. "I was comfortable with that. It was my first sale, after all. He said it was ex- tremely rare for a spec script to be bought and then produced; they buy a couple of specs a season, but they don't usually get produced. I wasn't going to complain. And a week or so later. I got the contract, signed and returned it. and got my check." According to Stape. the core story and conflict from "Shadowdance" remain in "Homeward." "Worf is the loyal, dutiful brother, and Nikolai is the nonconformist. That setup and the sibling rivalry is the same as I had in my version, although they changed the brother's name — in mine, he was named Joseph." Joseph Rozhenko, as penned by Stape. was "very anti-Federation when it came to policies and politics. In fact, he was much more political in 'Shadowdance' than the Nikolai we see in the finished episode. In my script. Joseph asked Worf, 'Why are you with the Federation? It's so inflexible. ..you should be in a different capacity.' But the essence of the conflict between them is there in the aired version. "I also came up with the idea of Worf and his brother working together." Stape adds. "But the circumstances were different. Joe Rozhenko was a defensive weapons spe- cialist, and he was assigned to the "I don't play the game of 'which show is better,' and I won't" Enterprise to upgrade the weapons systems. They were going to have battle games. Since Worf is the tactical officer, he and Joe worked closely together. At one point, the war games went wrong and a little freighter in the area was damaged by a photon that Joe had programmed. In 'Homeward.' on the other hand, it was the Boraalans and their plight which forced Nikolai and Worf to work together." A small but significant difference in Stape's script was the presence of Worf's son Alexander. "The scenes with Alexander added the element of childhood to the story," Stape reflects. "The boy reminded the broth- ers of their conflict. But they [the producers] saved him for another episode." Scripting Revisions Alexander Singer's direction of the episode wins honors from Stape. "There's one very touching scene with Yobara and Worf, when she's telling him she's pregnant with Nikolai's child. In the script, it just says she tells him. but in the filmed episode, she takes Worf's hand and places it on her stom- ach. It's a nice touch by the director." Likewise. Stape applauds the perfor- mance of Paul Sorvino as Nikolai Rozhenko. "He was an excellent choice. I had seen him play a deaf attorney in a TV movie called Dummy, defending a character played by LeVar Burton. He brought so much warmth and compassion to the charac- ter, as he did with Nikolai." Stape says he loved the episode in its fin- ished form, although he admits. "It's im- possible to be objective. But I thought it was effective without being overly sentimental. The idea of transporting a race to another world is intimidating, and it weighed heavi- ly on everyone involved, especially Nikolai, because he had gotten intimate with the Bo- raalans. I think his actions really embody humanity's constant struggle to change our environment through technology. "I caught more details in this episode." Stape adds. "I don't ordinarily notice cos- tumes, for instance, and this time I thought the costumes were really cool! And I like the "Homeward" was just the beginning of Stape's Star Trek career, as he has recently sold a story to Star Trek: Deep Space Nine as well. idea of Worf 's hood, because with his Kling- on cranial structure, this is easier than for Dr. Crusher to put a new, smooth forehead on him. All of these touches helped make it a great episode." Still in school, Stape recently completed two more scripts, called "Charity" and "Scent of Justice," and sent them in on speculation to Deep Space Nine. "I like to think that The Next Generation was about a family unit getting along in a strange envi- ronment," he reflects. "And Deep Space Nine is about a dysfunctional family." While awaiting the fate of his scripts. Stape considers other outlets for his writing passion. One project underway is a motion picture screenplay which he calls "a slice of modern urban life. It's very down to Earth, and I hope with this I can prove my diversi- ty and range." Whatever the outcome, Stape intends to keep on writing. "I want to write a movie, a novel, a play — I want to write it all!" he ex- claims. And with his first professional sale behind him. William Stape will let nothing hold him back. •&• ST ARLOC/ April 1995 65 Star Trek® u'-sraasifs $21 .95 each tgXt 6 wm 1CIF7 r\ Star Trek: The Next Generation T-Shirt Star Trek T-Shirt Logo and Enterprise in holographic foil on a midnight-black T-shirt. This holographic foil, from Ultragrafix, is the most durable and reflective foil ever produced ! Hanes Beefy T's, 100% cotton, pre- shrunk, come in sizes Medium, Large and Extra-large, and will last a long time when properly cared for. Washing and drying instructions included with each shirt. _«-b«1bbB ™, ® & © 1 994 Paramount Pictures. Ail Rights Reserved. Star Trek® HOLOGRAPHIC T-SHIRTS $21 .95 each Please indicate quantity being ordered. I Star Trek T-Shirt I Size:M L XL I Next Generation T-Shirt I Size:M L XL I POSTAGE S HANDLING: USA only: $3 tor 1 or 2, , add $2 for each additional. Sorry, we cannot fill for- eign orders. 1 Method of Payment: iQCash 3Check :_)Money Order IZIDiscover ^MasterCard 3Visa I - - I Account No. I Card Expiration Date: / (Mo./Yr.) I Your Daytime Phone #: ( ) Print Name As It Appears On You Card Street City State Zip I Your Signature I Total enclosed: $ I Send cash, check or money order to STARLOG GROUP, Inc. 475 PARK AVENUE SOUTH NEW YORK, NY 10016 ' IF YOU DO NOT WANT TO CUT OUT COUPON, WE WILL" I ACCEPT WRITTEN ORDERS. Please allow 4 to 6 weeks for delivery. WeEl the next EEnEnnrian Complete your collection of . STARLOG'S STAR TREK: THE NEXT GENERATION MAGAZINE! . TM, ® & © Paramount Pictures. All Rights Reserved. STAR TREK and related marks are trademarks- * of Paramount Pictures. Starlog authorized user. Some back issues are in short supply. 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RIDGEWOOD AVE. RIDGEWOOD, NEW JERSEY 1-800-STARLOG 68 STARLOGMpnV 1995 Vfdeoiog (continued from page 8) Burton while he was still at Disney: Franken- weenie and Vincent. A detailed documentary explains the complex process by which Nightmare came to life, while a series of deleted storyboard sequences and deleted scenes shows some alternate directions the film might have taken. The still-frame ar- chive displays animators at work as well as some of the brilliant artwork that was created in the early stages of production. Balancing out the early Burton shorts are some short films and MTV bumpers created by director Selick. Feature-length stop-motion puppet films are very rare in the annals of cinema history, and this delightfully extravagant production may prove to be among the last as heads turn to the new era of 3-D computer animation, which is soon to dawn. This S99.95 deluxe set also includes a hardcover book on the film's making which needlessly doubles the weight and size of the package. Terry Gilliam's Time Bandits has been re- mastered in widescreen and cropped laserdisc editions on the Paramount label. S39.98 each. The 1978 remake of Invasion of the Body Snatchers (S34.95), which features a W.D. Richter screenplay and Don Siegel and Kevin McCarthy cameos, has also received a new remastering and widescreen treatment from MGM/UA Home Video. MOVIE POSTERS. ..PHOTOS. Current releases. Thousands more! Compare — Best prices — Fastest service. Huge illustrated catalog $3.00. Visa/MC orders (904) 373-7202. Rick's, Box 23709/SL. Gainesville, FL 32602-3709. PLASTIC MODEL KITS: From and of science fiction, space, movies, figures, TV, etc. Old & new. Ask for our free catalog. John F. Green Inc., 1821 W. Jacaranda, Fullerton, CA 92633 (714) 526- 5467/(800) 807-4759 LOST IN SPACE LIVES: Thanks to our new members we are on the road to becoming the definitive LIS organization. Yes we own the original props used on the J2 and its cockpit is 75% complete. Yes we are planning for Oct. 16, 1997. Many of our members come from all over the world and we invite you to join us. Newsletters, photos and a communications forum are only a part of what we're about. Original LIS props available too. Dues: S15 (US Funds). Please send cash or check payable to Alpha Control. P.O. Box 311. Malverne, NY 11565. Discover & Enjoy more Sci-Fi! LIGHTSPEED! The Computer (MAC) Sci-Fi Database. Hundreds of Sci-Fi Features plus The Outer Limits & Classic Trek's . Linked Best Bets, Reviews, Quick Scans, Star Profiles, etc. Over 1600 pages of text! Just $24.95 (2 week del.): STV Inc., 21150 Hawthorne Blvd. #106-123 Torrance, CA 90503. OR: Write for Free Catalogue. Additionally, look for Mike Nichols' Wolf (S39.95. Columbia) and Alec Baldwin as The Shadow (S34.98. MCA), both in widescreen. Animation: Gargoyles, the Movie: The Heroes Awaken is an edited compilation of episodes from the syndicated TV series, and as such it plays well, moves quickly and is blessed by freedom from commercial inter- ruption. Sell-through priced at S19.99 in VHS. the story begins in medieval Scotland where the Gargoyles are stone statues by day but become fearsome defenders of their lord's castle by night. Betrayed through treachery, they remain captured in stone until the castle is dismantled and shipped to New- York City, where it is reassembled by a wealthy businessman atop his corporate headquarters. Freed from the spell, they learn to take on 20th-century crime. Providing voices are Jonathan Frakes. Marina Sirtis. Keith David and Edward Asner. Voyager's two-disc CAV special edition of The World's Greatest Animation (S99.95) should probably be more accurately titled Academy Award Winners and Nominees from the Years 1978-90. Nevertheless, the 17 ani- mated shorts are a choice lot, representing a reasonably broad spectrum of techniques and styles. Uniquely, each short is presented with a choice of either the original soundtrack or a running commentary. On one channel is Charles Solomon, the animation critic for the Los Angeles Times, and on the other is Dr. William Moritz. professor of animation at the California Institute of the Arts. Besides these scholarly critiques, there are sup- plemental chapters for each film supplying background and biographical information about the animators, and their own comments about the art of animation. A closing chapter lists all of the Oscar nominees and winners from 1931-1993 for animated short films. Don Bluth's most recent feature, A Troll in Central Park, was released briefly to a few theaters last October before making the rapid transition to home video. Dom DeLuise voices Stanley, a lovable troll who can make things grow, while Cloris Leachman plays the wicked Queen Gnorga, who spreads eco- logical death at the merest touch. The troll is banished to New York City, a place "where absolutely nothing grows," but soon finds sanctuary in the green haven of Central Park. A Troll in Central Park is sell-through priced at SI 9.99 in VHS or S34.98 on laserdisc from Warner Home Video. CD-ROM: The Mighty Morphin Power Rangers has shipped more than 110.000 shiny CD-ROM discs since it debuted last summer. Excitement over the medium has spawned an additional volume of Superman adventures from the Fleischer Studios. Superman Cartoons Volume 3 (S14.99) contains the last five of the 17 original Tech- nicolor Superman theatrical cartoon adven- tures released between 1941 and 1943. This newest disk includes: "Destruction, Inc.." "The Mummy Strikes." "Jungle Drums," "Underground World" and "Secret Agent." Also included as a special bonus is Warners' 1944 wartime parody of the Fleischer series, "Snafuperman." — David Hutchison Boxleitner (continued from page 31 ) couple of scenes, and say 'Action' and 'Cut.' Both of them had been on sets before, and the older one has had bit parts in things like The Gambler HI,. They both want to be actors, so who knows?" Playing the lead in an SF-TV series may be earning Boxleitner a group of dedicated fans within his own family, but it has yet to duplicate the credibility previous network series earned him. "I've been scoffed at already by people in the business." he admits. "Syndicated television still has that stigma. To some people, I'm not doing good stuff here, but I think they're wrong. They have to broaden their horizons a little bit, because network television isn't what it used to be, either. These programs are starting to whittle them down. You see a lot of their program- ming, and much of it is low-budget stuff. These shows are also offering something that's not on the networks, and that's adven- ture. Programs like Kung Fit: The Legend Continues and Baywatch all have their own place in television." Looking to the future, Bruce Boxleitner hopes his assignment to Babylon 5 will con- tinue for some time. While the actor isn't sure about the direction in which Captain Sheri- dan is eventually headed, he doesn't mind sharing a few items from his own mental "wish list." "Don't shoot me," he laughs, "but I defi- nitely think we should have a romantic inter- est at some point. That's important in all drama: you have to have a little of that in there, to show the full man. That will happen. "I also want to see more of the conflict of Sheridan's rawer nature and the man who is trying to fulfill his mission as peace keeper. I would like to see more refining of that role. He can't be swinging and hitting people too much. I hope John Sheridan will become more seasoned as we ao along." « For more Babylon 5, see these issues of STARLOG & associated publications: Michael O'Hare (#208, STARLOG PLATINUM #2) Claudia Christian (#204) Jerry Doyle (#203) Andreas Katsulas (#188) Peter Jurasik (STARLOG PLATINUM #5) Mira Furlan (#202) Andrea Thompson (#209) Patricia Tallman (#209) Richard Biggs (STARLOG PLATINUM #4) Johnny Sekka (STARLOG PLATINUM #4) Bill Mumy (forthcoming) Caitlin Brown (forthcoming! Director Richard Compton (STARLOG PLATINUM #3) Creating the series (#181) Special FX (STARLOG SPECTACU- LAR #10) STARLOGMpnY 1995 69 LURID & ALLURING Signed Pulp Art Poster $32 each (4 for $100) Steen The Robert Lesser Collection, valued at $2 million, is the world's most prestigious assemblage of original, oil-on-canvas pulp art. Now you can own a unique full-color poster created to celebrate this truly American art form. The poster is personally signed by Lesser. Poster measures 24" x 36" and is printed on heavy studio-qual- ity stock. LURID & ALLURING Signed Pulp Art Poster $32 each (4 for $100) Please indicate quantity being ordered. POSTAGE & HANDLING: USA $8.95 each. New York State residents add 8.25% sales tax. CANADA $13.95 each. Canadian residents add 10% sales tax. OVERSEAS $14.95 each. Method of Payment: 3Cash 3Check 3Money Order ^Discover ^MasterCard 3Visa Account No. Card Expiration Date: / (Mo./Yr. Your Daytime Phone #: ( ) Print Name As It Appears On Your Card Street City State Zip Your Signature Total enclosed: $_ Send cash, check or money order to: STARLOG GROUP, Inc. 475 PARK AVENUE SOUTH NEW YORK, NY 10016 IF YOU DO NOT WANT TO CUT OUT COUPON WE WILL ACCEPT WRITTEN ORDERS. Please allow 4 to 6 weeks for delivery. (continued from page 51) a new world and I don't know everything, but I'm certainly trying to keep up." Not everyone in the group reacts well to the native creatures, while Julia naturally is curious about them and respects their exis- tence. "She has an absolute fascination about them, especially in the pilot when we see them and Morgan begins shooting. Julia says, 'You idiot. We're the aliens here.' We have to have respect for them. We come to know through Alonzo's dreams that the Terrians fear us because we've been there before and they feel threatened. I see them as being shamans and very much a part of the Earth. They are very, very curious about us initially, but the penal colonists being there blew all our chances for an amiable first con- tact. The Terrians are healers and are at one with the Earth. They're in the food chain, the web, and that's something that we aren't." Although not all of Julia's equipment made it safely to the planet, she does have a few tools to help her treat the ill and injured. Her chief tool is a diagnostic glove, which gives vital signs and much more. "Gosh, the glove does everything from dishes to win- dows," Steen jokes. "It's the 'handy glove!' What I know of the glove is that it can take a heart rate, pulse, EKG, temperature and test for things. I do so much with it and yet often times I find it doesn't speak to me. I know that the fingers can scan, detect, find, locate and probe. It is just a fabulous, must-have, don't-leave-home-without-it kind of thing, and it does so much. Primarily, the glove is a scanner of body functions and vital signs. It also gave Morgan a jolt of electricity when his heart was in arrest. "I have a lot of other little gizmos that I use to take skin samples and spinal fluids and things. If someone has a virus, I have to take samples for my fabulous microscope that does all sorts of fun things. And the sedater comes in awful handy, too. We zap all sorts of things with it." Future Soldier Serving as a doctor is important to Steen. but episodes dealing with Julia's undercover government work have provided the actress with a chance for the action and personal drama she enjoys. "I'm into stunts and, ot course, the drama too," she comments. "That's why I've liked these couple of shows. The decisions have been rough for Julia and it has been intense. Although the virtual reality stuff is very draining to do because your eyeballs burn, it's hot and very claustrophobic, it is the most focused work that we've done. I like it. Terry O'Quinn [who plays Reilly] and I have had lots of dia- logue and interaction. That's what I really like. I find it very difficult to do snippets of things, because you have to keep the pace up and it's all out of order. So, I've enjoyed the stunts. V.R. and the location shoots." While she was a cast regular on the syn- dicated SF series Captain Power and the Soldiers of the Future and now works on Earth 2, the actress, who enjoys kayaking and rock climbing, has never been a big fan of the genre. "I'm not an SF person by nature," she admits. "The future is always portrayed so negatively and bleak. It's all angular, burnt-out, grey and metal. It almost always looks like we blew it. That's the sci- ence fiction part to me about Earth 2 — that we would get a second chance." Thinking back to her days as Jennifer "Pilot" Chase, one of the Soldiers of the Future on Captain Power, Steen has mixed feelings. "Captain Power was a weird job for me. I was young and I got bamboozled into doing it. It was frustrating on an acting level because we sometimes had the corniest stuff to say. In many ways, I was angry because I knew Captain Power was geared toward children and it was going to make piles of money at Christmas selling all these interactive toys to all those kids. I felt there was this huge moral obligation as TV pro- gram makers, and as babysitters and teach- ers. I felt guilty about shooting everybody all the time and all that firepower. That made me very uncomfortable. The Soldiers of the Future were the faction out there trying to get Lord Dread and all his nasties, and curb all their actions. So, yes, we were the good guys, but overall, it was a show about selling toys, shooting and running around. "I was amazed, once we were well into production, the mail that I got from all over the world, saying how my character was so influential, so important and how she had a good impact on their daughters. It was such a learning experience for me. because I'm not a good sport about Captain Power. And yet the mail showed people were seeing a great deal of good in it, and they valued my character because she tried to prevail in this situation. I was young, and it taught me to see how valuable your work can be." Thinking of the happier aspects of Captain Power reminds her of Earth 2. "It's a monumental undertaking to fathom what an entirely different world would be like. First, there are the space stations, which are our history and where we came from. That's enough of a task in itself, but to go to a whole new planet and try to see it for the first time is a major task. What do you focus on? The fatigue? We must be exhausted from wagon-training along, walking and carrying stuff, and packing and unpacking. And then there's this constant awe of every- thing we're seeing. It's so beautiful, so dif- ferent." For Jessica Steen. the biggest challenge of Earth 2 is making a statement about the condition of the original Earth and trying to get people to change their habits before it's too late. "I'm in awe of the beauty in which we work. This is Earth 1 and we still have a chance to watch our step and clean up our act. If we show enough beauty, maybe it'll become more important to the people who count." -^ m MOVIE POl ATTENTION AH COUECTORSfc STAR WARS 1 5th Anniversary Artwork by the Hildebrandt brothers. Style B one-sheet, 21 x 41", printed on 1001b. paper. $14.95 m m \\ <& a? fi ■W Nfi sssntt' STAR WARS "A New Hope" Same Hildebrandt artwork as the 15th Anniversary, but with the alter- native title, "A New Hope." Style B one-sheet, 21 x 41". printed on 100 lb. paper.$14.95 STAR WARS 1 993 Reissue Artwork by Drew Struzan & Charlie White III. Style D one-sheet, reissues in 1993, 27x41". $14.95 RETURN OF TUB JEDI 1 Oth Anniversary Gold Foil Artwork by Drew Struzan. Gold foil logo is 7 x 22". 27 x 41 ". : Limited run of 2,500. Perfect ; for collectors! $80 ■£! ■"-^: also available: RETURN OF THE JEDI 1 0th Anniversary Artwork by Drew Struzan. . 27 x 41". Limited run of I 2,500. $14.95 STAR WARS 1 0th Anniversary Artist's proofs signed by Drew Struzan, the artist. 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STARLOG presents Editions It's a new experience from STARLOG PRESS: A deluxe, all color magazine, published quarterly, each issue devoted solely to one topic, exploring it in depth from every angle possible! McNeill PLATINUM #1 Writers of SF-TV PLATINUM #2 SF Actors and Actresses PLATINUM #3 Makers of Science-Fiction Send cash, check or money order to. STARLOG PRESS 475 Park Ave So, 8th Fir. NY, NY 10016 PLATINUM Back Issues! Please indicate quantity being ordered. Send me #1 #2 #3 $9 each ($6.95 * $2.05 postage & handling) FOREIGN: $11 ($6.95+ $4.05 postage & handling) Canadian residents must add 1 0% sal es ta x. Total Enclosed: $ Method ot Payment: □ Cash 3 Check 3 Money Order "S _! V.sa J Maste'Ca'd J Discover i^gj^ Account No Card Expiration Date Your Daytime Phone #: (_ (Mo ' Yr.) Print name as it appears on your card Street City State Zip Your signature U you don't want to cut out coupon, we accept written orders Please allow 4 to 6 weeks lor delivery McDowell (continued from page 39) much more fun and dramatic than I expect- ed. I was surprised. I went into that episode thinking I just needed to do something because I was frustrated with everything else that was happening. 'The First Duty' ended up being one of my favorite things I've ever done. "Sometimes I think, especially on televi- sion, things are so watered down." explains McNeill. "Maybe it's the networks or the shows' premises, but most television is bland. The thing that's so great about Star Trek is there's a theatricality to it. It stays very rooted and tries to be realistic in its sci- ence, even though they're guessing at the future. All of that, the science fact and fic- tion elements, the technical dialogue and the theatricality, makes it a great deal of fun to act." McNeill fully expects that Voyager will also end up being one of his favorite experi- ences. Fan mail started piling up even before the pilot was finished filming. He has tapped into computer bulletin boards to learn of the fans' reaction to the show and has already signed to appear at several conventions. Thinking long-term, McNeill has been shad- owing Voyager director of photography Marvin Rush, peppering him with questions about the technical aspects of bringing the show to life, and he's also closely watching the show's directors, among them Rick Kolbe. Kim Friedman and Les Landau. For McNeill, who has directed several plays and short films, it's all in hopes of one day join- ing the ranks of Jonathan Frakes, Patrick Stewart, Burton, Gates McFadden, Avery Brooks and Rene Auberjonois — Trek actors who helmed various Trek episodes. Another part of Voyager that McNeill figures will keep him sharp and interested is the opportunity to develop his character over an extended period of time. "The bible says that Paris is a rebel who has gotten into a great deal of trouble before and now has a chance, in this extreme situation, to redeem himself. That background is very impor- tant," says Robert Duncan McNeill. "When he has been in trouble, it was because he wasn't loyal. He wasn't loyal to Starfleet. He wasn't loyal to the Maquis. He wasn't loyal to his family. He's always sort of been out for himself. "Where his loyalty is, whose side he is on, who he'll stand behind and what he'll stand for are really the lessons that Paris will have to learn, and I think it'll take a long time for him to leam them. He also has a sense of fun and adventure, which most of the other characters don't really have because they're sad and disheartened to be lost in space. Paris is excited by that. He likes having the adventure and the fun and the fresh start. So, there are many colors to play and we've really just begun. Hopefully, if the series goes for years and years, we can play all of that out slowly, over time, which would be great. It's very exciting." ff^ (continued from page 79) aged to do great work." he observes. "I haven't seen the finished film, so it's very hard to talk about, but I think it will be a major stepping stone for her." The actor also appreciated what director Talalay brought to the table. "Rachel is a very interesting director and a very interesting person, too — very, very bright. She knew exactly what she wanted. The only thing that must have gotten frustrating for her was that it took a lot longer to do the film than expected. We had these extreme conditions, such heat and dust. It was torture. It ruined shots and affected the cameras. For me, those conditions don't have much of an effect. I try to be professional and just do what I have to do when the camera is rolling. But I think if you're under really adverse conditions, it can give you a certain edge or spontaneity. "I'm always suspicious when I do a film that's all lovely and everyone's lovely and loves each other. You see the movie later and think, 'My God, what happened? It's horren- dous.' Then, you do a physically nightmarish film, like Tank Girl, or one with money prob- lems, or this or that, and the film turns out great and has real energy. Again, I haven't seen Tank Girl yet, but I have a good feeling about the work we did." Always busy, McDowell has several pro- jects on his plate. He has signed to work in England for three weeks on a BBC mini- series called Boys from the North, written by Peter Flannery, who has written a play, Singer, in which McDowell might also appear. Beyond that, he plans to spend some time at his California home with his wife Kelley, all the while trying to find funding to make his film directing debut with Monster Butler. The project had been created, with McDowell in mind to star, by the late Lind- say Anderson, his close friend and the direc- tor who gave McDowell his first major role in if. . . and later cast him in O Lucky Man! and Brittania Hospital. McDowell is hopeful that both Genera- tions and Tank Girl will both be seen by the film industry's power brokers. If that turns out to be the case, look for Monster Butler to become a reality and for McDowell, courtesy of his career resurgence, to turn up in more juicy roles in more A-pictures. "I guess it is something of a renaissance for me and I am. to say the least, quite pleased by it. Many people will see Generations and Tank Girl. These big films are very hard to get into. It has nothing to do with talent anymore. It's power plays with agencies and all this weird stuff going on. I could always go back to the stage and I'm kind of the king of independent films. I can do them here and in Europe. But I've got a new agent who said, 'That's it. Now, you're going to do mainstream, major studio pictures.' And so far. so good," con- cludes Malcolm McDowell. "I'm going after good roles in good films. Soran in Genera- tions and Kesslee in Tank Girl are just that. So, I couldn't be happier." f» 72 STARLOG/ApnV 1995 Sizes:. Large or Extra- Large ^mstsmm wm Deep Space Nine :Crew /SP&iRTF SK D€€PSPAC€ nine: •;■ ^t^S* \,. •" A ^^"""1^"^ rfi '' Ail ~jfc ^^^%^5T' tL - ^^V "■ ?\f '^B OS -4fP?w -" i. ' • ^^ ■» Space Station oeep sf^ce mner Schematic r ^a II r= Enterprise :"T0BOtQi3MH6iE I I M mm Kirk, Spock, McCoy '•' 100% Heavy; Cation Jersey. fre-Shrunk, Machine Washable. "To boldly go..." EflftGIZEl m&m BIHRim Energize! 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Your Collector's Portfolio will be sent Parcel Post, securely wrapped to insure its arrival in mint condition. '". ® and © 1994 Paramount Pictures. All Rights Reserved. STAR TREK and related marks are registered trademarks of Paramount Pictures. STARLOG authorized user. / i L me $&%t G£ne0mam Collector's Portfolio— $i4.95each STAR TREK: THE NEXT GENERATION, the television series, has conclud- ed, but the memories will last a lifetime — and now so too will the Official Magazines exclusively devoted to this phenomenally popular program. Protect Your Magazines in These Official Binders! STARLOG, publishers of the Official '- Magazines, has licensed from Paramount Pictures the right to market a binder for your issues — the Official " STAR TREK: THE NEXT GENERATION. Collector's Portfolio. The STAR TREK: THE NEXT GENERATION logo is printed in gold foil on the cover of this high-quality, 3-ring, black vinyl binder. To hold and pro- tect your collection, the binder comes with 25 clear vinyl inserts. Additional inserts may be added. STAR TREK- THE NEXT GENERATION Collector's Portfolio $14.95 each Please indicate quantity being ordered. Total enclosed: $ POSTAGE & HANDLING: USA $3.75 per \| binder, FOREIGN $8. CANADA Canadian residents add 10% sales tax. Send cash, check or money order to: STARLOG PRESS 475 PARK AVENUE SOUTH NEW YORK, NY 10016 Method of Payment: 3Cash -ICheck 3Money Order I ^Discover ^Master Card 3Visa Account No. Card Expiration Date: / (Mo./Yr.) Your Daytime Phone #: ( ) Print Name As It Appears On Your Card Street CitT State Zip Your Signature IF YOU DO NOT WANT TO CUT OUT COUPON, WE WILL ACCEPT WRITTEN ORDERS. Please allow 4 to 6 weeks for delivery. Ialcolm McDowell has been a very, very good bad boy, and for a very long time, too. Need proof? Just look at his resume, a few of the highlights of which include A Clockwork Orange, Cat People, Star Trek Generations and the upcoming Tank Girl. Though the actor likes to stretch by portraying the occasional good guy or sym- pathetic character, as he did in Time After Time, he's quite comfortable joining fellow Brits David Warner. Steven Berkoff and Alan Rickman on the short list of filmdom's most dependable villains. "Villains are just great. You don't have to be there every damned day. When you're on, it's you and you can take it wherever you want. I don't think you should ever go, what we call in England, OTT (over the top)-," observes McDowell. "You have to be very careful not to do that. Villains have to be real people. The audience has to feel, somehow, that they have a real life." Most recently, of course, McDowell gave reel life to Dr. Tolian Soran in Star Trek Generations and. at the same time, gave Captain Picard (Patrick Stewart) a hard time and Captain Kirk (William Shatner) his death sentence. In the film, Soran, though not necessarily insane, was willing to let 230 million people die in his efforts to get back into the powerfully attractive, Utopian Nexus. Ultimately. Picard and Kirk joined forces to stop Soran. and they managed to do so. though Kirk perished after making a difference one last time. As Trek fans know by now. Kirk's demise was never exactly a secret. News crews were even allowed on the Valley of Fire location in Nevada to watch as Soran fired a fatal phaser blast into Kirk's back, leaving the legendary captain to die in a helpless Picard's arms. However, just weeks STARLOG/ApnV 1995 75 ^WiP "Villains are just great," declares McDowell, who killed time as Soran in Star Trek Generations. "You don't have to be there every damned day." before the film's unveiling, director David Carson returned to Nevada with Stewart, Shatner and McDowell, along with much of the production team, to reshoot Kirk's swan song. When the film hit theaters, Kirk still kicked the intergalactic bucket, but in an entirely different manner. In the new version, Soran shoots a phas- er blast at the bridge on which Kirk is des- perately trying to reach a device that will enable him to decloak the rocket launcher Soran intends to use to alter the course of the energy ribbon/Nexus. Ultimately, Soran dies when the launcher explodes, but, while the ced with Patrick ^Stewart], oh, 29 years ago at the Royal Shakespeare Company," McDowell offers. "He has certainly made his rhark as Picard." deaths of the endangered millions are avert- ed, the bridge crashes to the ground, crush- ing Kirk. "I think I would have preferred to have been the man that did the deed, but I shoot the bridge down and that is what kills him," says McDowell. "They wanted to reshoot the ending, because it didn't have enough bang to it. It had too many fisty- fights and all of that. "They wanted to get on with it, to have the bridge go, the chase up the rocks, and for the rocket to explode. I also think they want- ed the two captains to be working together more, which was a smart move. It's a better ending, anyway, the way it turned out. Whether it was worth another S6 million, who am I to say?" Mad scientist Quite early in Generations' production, McDowell was happily and loudly touting the fact that it was he who got to snuff out Captain Kirk. He also noted that Trekkers would probably be split 50-50 in their reac- tion to Kirk's passing, figuring that as many would be thrilled to be rid of Kirk as would be saddened by his departure. "I think that's the truth. Some people think. "Thank God you've done him in at last.' Bill did actually say to me, 'Who are the 50 percent?' I said. 76 ST ARLOG/ April 1995 'They're people who are sick of you after 30 years, Bill.' You know what? Killing Kirk didn't make any difference to me one way or the other. I'm not a Trekkie. It's just a part in a movie. I'm not a regular. It's one more heavy, one more role, and onto the next. That's the way I feel about it. Listen, I'll kill 'em all. Just give me a chance!" That's not to say McDowell didn't have a good time making Generations — he had a terrific time. First, he enjoyed playing the rather obsessive doctor. "Soran is a wonder- ful villain. He's quite a character. They had some terrific dialogue for him. I particularly liked that line, 'Time is the fire in which we burn,' though I understand they got it from a "Lori was great," the actor relates of his Tank Girl leading lady. "She took a tremendous beating." book of quotations and had to pay for it, which I find quite amusing," says McDowell with a bemused chuckle. "I don't really think Soran's an evil character. I suppose I am the heavy in the piece, but he's really like a drug addict. Once you've tasted Shangri-la, or the Nexus, it's like a drug addict on his drug of choice. Are these peo- ple really evil? No, they just have to get the drug. Soran doesn't want power. He's not a manipulator in that sense." As for sharing the screen with Shatner and Stewart, as well as Barbara March and Gwynyth Walsh as the lovely sisters Duras, that too was apparently a satisfying experi- ence. "I worked with Patrick, oh, 29 years ago at the Royal Shakespeare Company. He went on to stay there for 12 years, while I was out very quickly. I just had one brief taste of being in a company of 100 actors at Stratford, going crazy," he remembers. "I couldn't take it, but Patrick went on to do very well there. He's a very good actor and has certainly made his mark as Picard. It was great to work with him again after all these years. "I also enjoyed working with Bill quite a lot. He has a twinkle in his eye and I think he's awfully good in the film. You don't do something for 30 years and not come up with the goods. He's the real thing. The scenes with the Klingon sisters are just great, aren't they? I loved working with Gwynyth and Barbara. I'm-just glad to have met them before we started filming or I never would have known what they looked like. That makeup was tremendous. Soran's scenes with the Klingons are classic. To come on and crack her a good one like that was so much fun. Then to have B'Etor say that line about it having better been a mating ritual was just great stuff. They're like the witches from Macbeth." As always happens with films, moments were edited out to quicken the pace or to STARLOG/AonV 1995 11 SSJ u c -i- J O 5 \ - : 3 5= o **L ii\|j "I don't really think Soran's an evil char- acter. I suppose I am the heavy in the piece," McDowell says. change the viewers' overall perspective on a character. The latter was the case with Soran. A sequence was shot in which Soran tortured Geordi LaForge (LeVar Burton) in an effort to learn what he knows about trilithium and Guinan's (Whoopi Goldberg) presence aboard the Enterprise. The scene was dropped, and McDowell believes he knows why. "I think that's better for the character. Soran wouldn't waste time tortur- ing somebody," he argues. "He's not into that. It's more to do with his obsession with the Nexus than the cruelty of manipulating a human being. I think that [the torture scene] was always a little bit weird, but I enjoyed doing it." Although it was clear that Soran would do absolutely whatever it took, short, per- According to McDowell, "Villains have to be real people. The audience has to feel, somehow, that they have a real life." haps, of torture,, to get back into the Nexus, what he intended to do once he got there was never revealed. One might assume, however, that he hoped to be reunited with his family. who, it was explained, had been wiped out by the Borg. Yet, as Picard noted to no avail. Soran was planning to do to 230 million people what the Borg had done to his fami- ly. "What would Soran do in the Nexus? It's a good question. I don't know," says McDowell. "I honestly didn't think about it. What's enjoyable about shooting a film like Generations is that you read the script, can hardly make any sense of it, and then you see it up on the screen. "Let me tell you a story. I'm not one for reading stage directions very' closely. So, when it says in one sentence, 'the Enterprise crashes,' and then you see what they did, it's extraordinary- That model sequence is bril- liant. What they can do at George Lucas' place [Industrial Light and Magic] I'm in awe of, it's so great. When I saw the film for the first time, I was absolutely amazed, at how extraordinary the FX have become in these films today." Time Traveler That comment leads to an overview of McDowell's many genre credits, be they futuristic dramas, horror movies, full-blown SF epics or adventures. Interestingly, the actor describes himself as being "far from a huge fan" of science fiction, and one who finds the works of H.G. Wells, whom he por- trayed in Time After Time, "rather hard to read." The place to begin, of "That's a real science fiction film, very interesting and probably a failure," McDowell notes of his mem- ories of director Roland Emmerich's Moon 44. Yes, the mouse talks. As H.G.Wells, McDowell got the hero's role and a wife out of Time After Time. course, is A Clockwork Orange, the 1971 Stanley Kubrick classic in which he por- trayed the brutal punk Alex, who thrived on teaching society a lesson until it turned the tables on him. "That's the watershed film in my career," notes McDowell. "It's extraordi- nary, and I could spend hours talking about Kubrick. He's worthy of a whole book and so is the film. I really became aware of sci- ence fiction when I saw 200/: A Space Odyssey. That was the first time I really saw science fiction and believed it, didn't think it was all styrofoam, and was moved by it." McDowell played H.G. Wells, the some- what wimpy good guy who gets the girl in the Nicholas \star Trek II) Meyer-directed feature Time After Time. "I got to be the hero in that one. It's a very whimsical part, a wonderful part, H.G. running after Jack the Ripper [David Warner] and meeting this modern woman [Mary Steenburgen]. Of course," he notes, "it is very special to me because I met Mary, we got married, and we had two children. Even though we're not together now, she is the mother of my chil- dren and that film is where we met. It's also a damned good film." In the Paul Schrader remake of Cat People, McDowell starred as the rather nasty feline brother of Nastassia Kinski in what some people felt was a terrific fright flick and others deemed stylish trash. "I think it's a good movie," says McDowell, casting his own vote. "It was brilliantly designed and has a great look to it. Some people argue over whether it's better than the original. I don't know about that, because the original was something special. But I enjoyed the experience. It was also my introduction to New Orleans, which I loved." McDowell was the villainous pilot in the 1983 film Blue Thunder (which he discussed in STARLOG #74). "Hate flying. Hated the whole damned thing. But I must say I loved working with John Alonzo and [director] John Badham. Alonzo did the cinematogra- phy on Generations, too, and it was wonder- ful to work with him again," the actor enthuses. "He's one of the best. His work transforms films into something else." Following Blue Thunder, McDowell's career seemed to lose, well, its thunder. He had gone from leading man of the stage and screen in England to character actor and vil- lain for hire after his move to America to marry Steenburgen in 1980. The result was a long period in which McDowell found him- self receiving scripts of a lesser quality and, because he had to make a living, accepting roles in those films. Rather than go into much detail about them, each genre-oriented film is mentioned to McDowell, who pro- ceeds to give a synopsized recollection of the project. Moon 44: "That's the name of that one! Thank you. I couldn't remember its name. That's a real science fiction film, very inter- esting and probably a failure," he admits. "It was Roland Emmerich's big break. He's an extraordinary director, no question about it. He just did StarCate and I'm rather shocked, actually, that he didn't ask me to play a part in that. I always thought he was going places. The only thing I didn't like about Moon 44 was that it didn't have a great script. But all the model shots Roland did were extraordinary. He did that film for just S3 million, which was amazing tome." "Killing Kirk didn't make any difference to me one way or the other." Cyborg III: "I did one day on that one. It was all they could afford," he recalls. "It was a great scene and the director was very good." Class of 1999, Mark L. Lester's sequel to his own Class of 1984: "Yes, I did that one too. Where are you coming up with these? They're not in my bio, are they?" he won- ders. "They offered me the heavy, which I turned down. So, I played the school's prin- cipal. Stacy Keach played the heavy. It was not a very good film at all, but it was fun." Wing Commander 111, a CD-ROM game: "That was very interesting. People were always talking about these CD-ROMs and I honestly don't understand it. When I was offered this part, with Mark Hamill and John Rhys-Davies, I thought, 'I'll do it. Let's go try it and see what it's all about.' I'm very glad I did," he decides. "It's really where film is going to be in the future. In other words, by computer they'll put in incredible backdrops. Want a starfield? Boom, there's a starfield. The technology changes every week. The only thing they couldn't do then, which they can now, is that we couldn't real- ly move and talk. You had to sort of be in one spot and they couldn't move the camera very much. Now, of course, they can do that, too." One of McDowell's more intriguing credits in the years prior to Generations was the laugh-inducing, yet somehow moving Tales from the Crypt episode "The Reluctant Vampire," in which he played the title char- acter, who worked at a blood bank and did all he could to avoid killing people. The seg- ment and McDowell's strong performance are both well-regarded by O'vprophiles. "It was charming in its own little way and I'm pleased to hear that it's so popular with peo- ple. But I'll tell you my memories of it," he warns. "I was in Italy, and they called me to do it. I said I didn't really want to leave Italy, where I was living at the time. My agent said, 'It's a real hip thing to do.' So. I flew back, went from the airport right into it. so they could do the makeup special FX. and I got the flu. I had a temperature of 104 for practically the whole time, and I barely remember shooting it. I would walk to the set shivering, get it together for each take, then trudge back to my trailer, just dying." Futuristic Villain Most recently, McDowell has appeared in such films as Milk Money with Melanie Griffith, the little-seen and vastly underrated apartheid drama Bopha! and several other foreign or independent films few American moviegoers have caught (like The Caller and Disturbed). Star Trek Generations should reintroduce McDowell to the mass audience, as might the big-budget, futuristic epic Tank Girl, in which he co-stars with Lori (Free Willy) Petty under the direction of Rachel (Ghost in the Machine) Talalay. "Tank Girl takes place in the year 2033, after Earth has been hit by an asteroid and virtually wiped out. Desert conditions pre- vail," he explains. "The gold standard is water and I am Kesslee, the head of the Department of Water, and, as such, a very powerful man. There are these [half-human, half-kangaroo] mutants running around, sort of under the ground, called the Rippers, and this Tank Girl is raising her middle finger to the world. She's this anarchist, almost, who's a thorn in my side. It's a cartoon, basi- cally, a wonderful sort of irreverent comic book that comes from Europe [and was scripted by Tedi Sarafian based on the comic by Jamie Hewlett and Alan Martin]. We shot [parts of it] in the most awful place, a dis- used copper mine outside of Tucson, Arizona, in the summer. Not to be recom- McDowell terrorized the skies as the evil Cochrane in Blue Thunder, which drew rave reviews from the actor: "Hate flying. Hated the whole damn thing." mended. Just opening that hotel room door in the morning was like going into the fur- nace." As much as Tank Girl (or Rebecca Buck, which is the character's real name) may be a thorn in Kesslee's side, Kesslee, as the — what else — villain, makes her life a living hell. Fortunately, reveals McDowell. Petty was up to the many challenges of the role and the demanding physicality of the film's lengthy shoot. "Lori was great. I have tremendous admiration, for her. She took a tremendous beating. It was a very active role she had to play in extreme conditions and she was in every frame of the film. Still, she man- (continued on page 72) STARLOGMpnV 1995 79 Seven Stellar Years Item # 102 5 "7th Anniversary Commemorative' by Sonia Hillios The Poster Edition Size of Edition: Open Size: 20 x 30" Price: S 19-95 Item # 1026 "Space: The Final Frontier" by Sonia Hillios The Poster Edition Size of Edition: Open Size: 20 x 30" Price: S 19-95 Seventh Anniversary Commemorative Collection as soma hillios Seven years ago, sparked by the unequaled devotion of Star Trek fans everywhere. Paramount Pictures and Gene Roddenberry launched Star Trek: The Next Generation — thus continuing the voyages of the Starship Enterprise. This bold adventure has proven to be more than a worthy suc- cessor to the original series. In recognition of seven stellar years, StarStruck Corporation — an official Paramount licensee — proudly presents two Star Trek: The Next Generation posters. Created by renowned Star Trek artist Sonia Hillios, the "Commemorative Collection" is a stunningly beautiful tribute to The Next Generation's seventh and final season. Join us in celebrating this milestone by proudly displaying your Seventh Anniversary Commemorative posters. Don't wait! These posters are certain to become collector's items. These fine art posters are produced on acid-free cover stock of museum archival quality and reproduced to the highest standards. Each print is a 20 x 30" size, suitable for standard size framing. Send~check or money order payable to Starlog i Please send me: Item # 1026 @ $19.95(US) ea r STARLOG Press 475 P~?s, Avfnuf South. NY. NY 10016 Item 1025 @ $1 9.95(US) ea Please send me: Postage & Handling: add S5.00 for each poster ordered. Please allow 3-4 weeks for delivery Total Enclosed: S (Canadian Residents please add 10% Sales Tax) Method of Payment: □ Check J Money Order 3 Visa Q'Mastercard □ Amex Please charge my credit card as follows: Account Number: - " " Expiration Date: _ Name: Daytime Phone: Street Address: City: State: Zip: Signature: Zi Discover 3.© 1994 Paramount Pictures. All Rights Reserved. Star Trek and related marks are Trademarks of Paramount Pictures. StarStruck Authorized User. Subscribe For The Premiere Season!. ¥FK1A- ®wmm BHPTION lifiV^ Vh'y iicl eeiving one issue free- .ded convenience of* receiving your copies in advance of pp'»'««* delivery. AND your magazines are m protective envelopes .direejtly t FOR SUBSCRIBERS ONLY! Don't miss out on this surefire'colleTJtibIg,! The new STAR TREK television series chronicles the adventures of the U.S.S. Voyager which finds itself in a distant part of the galaxy along with a former enemy, the Maquis. Together, they must find the way back to Federation space. Starring Kate Mulgrew as Janeway of the U.S'.S. voyager. NEW SHIPS, NEW CHARACTERS, NEW DESIGNS, NEW DISCOVERIES! STAR TREK: VOYAGER Premiere Season Subscription 6 Issues — S30 (Foreign: S40) __Please indicate number of subscriptions being ordered. List additional addresses on separate sheet. (Note: Your first issue will be mailed following series premiere, scheduled for January 1995.) '.'ethod of Payment: □Cash DCheck JMoney Order iscover ^MasterCard 3Visa Account No. Card Expiration Date:_ Your Daytime Phone #: (Mo./Yr.; Print Name As It Appears On Your Card Street City State Zip Your Signature Total enclosed: $_ Send cash, check or money order to: STARLOG GROUP, Inc. 475 PARK AVENUE SOUTH NEW YORK, NY 10016 IF YOU DO NOT WANT TO CUT OUT COUPON. WE WILL ACCEPT WRITTEN ORDERS. Please allow 4 to 6 weeks for delivery. BROCCOL/- /W-VoyR-THHTTH .'. There's a catch when your life runs like mine has. You see. slowly, invariably, my hobby, science fiction/fantasy/ comics/horror, became my job, then my career and now. my life. / can't get away from it!!! So that I don't go entirely crazy (too late), so that all work and no play does not make Dave a dull boy (too late there, too). I find myself devouring fewer SF/fantasies these days. Murder, as they say, is a great way to relax. And incessantly. I find myself sending the latest books to my Dad (who reads them all), suggesting various yarns to friends (who sometimes put up with me) and now, recommending various series to you. Nero Wolfe by Rex Stout and (later) Robert Goldsborough (Bantam). This series, begun in 1934 by Stout and continued by Goldsborough after Stout's death, is simply astounding. Nero Wolfe, the world's greatest detective, expert orchid grower and champion gourmet, solves almost all of his cases while never stir- ring from the comfort of his own home (a beautiful brownstone on 35th Street, not far from the STARLOG offices). An armchair Sherlock Holmes, he's aided, of course, by a hardboiled-style detective colleague, Archie Goodwin (who narrates the adven- tures and moonlights as a comic editor). The mysteries are usu- ally pretty good — but it's the vivid characterization (notably of the not-so-lovable Wolfe and heroic everyman Goodwin) which makes this series so delicious. There was a short-lived 1981 TV show (with William Conrad as Wolfe). Bantam is currently repackaging all the Wolfe classics with savvy new introductions by genre authors like Dean R. Koontz and John Jakes. These new editions ensure that Wolfe and Goodwin will be on hand to enter- tain a new generation. 87th Precinct by Ed McBain (NAL, Avon). McBain has been writing these brilliant police procedurals for almost 40 years. They began in the late '50s as paperback originals focusing on Lt. Steve Carella and his fellow detectives at the 87th Precinct — an offbeat ensemble whose exploits seem to have had a crucial influence on two later TV series {Barney Miller, Hill Street Blues). Some of you may have seen Burt Reynolds as Carella (in 1972's Fuzz). The late Robert Lansing (in a 1961 TV series) and Donald Sutherland (Blood Relatives) also played the role. Evan Hunter — the man behind the McBain pseudonym — also scripted Alfred Hitchcock's classic exercise in fowl paranoia. The Birds. I can't recommend the 87th Precinct books highly enough! Travis McGee by John D. MacDonald (Fawcett). Also begun as paperback originals (albeit in the mid-60s), Travis McGee has aged quite well. Using TV crime shorthand, he's less lovable and amiable than Jim Rockford and twice as deadly. McGee takes his retirement in installments on a Florida house- boat, working as a sort of "salvage expert." He protects the unpro- tected, steals from thieves, rubs out Mob menaces and untangles real estate swindles all while operating under his own peculiar shade of honor. The late MacDonald, a superb storyteller, also wrote science fiction (The Girl, The Gold Watch & Everything), My college professor Larry Grimes introduced me to the colorful McGee — all the books have prismatic titles (The Long Lavender Look, The Lonely Silver Rain)— and I've enjoyed them for years. IT'S EMBARRASSING HEAP-POOR EXPOSURE.' Rod (The Birds) Taylor (STARLOG #108) was McGee in the 1970 movie Darker Than Amber, while Sam Elliott took over for a TV movie/unsold pilot (broadcast in '83). Writing for another magazine. I arranged to interview Elliott about the whole experi- ence. That's how much of a McGee fan I am. Lew Archer by Ross Macdonald (Warner). Written under a pseudonym by Kenneth Millar beginning in the '50s, the Archer novels really do belong to a specific time. Rereading some of them today (in splendidly designed new Warner editions), I'm struck by Macdonald 's treatment of the "beat" generation and hippies — which I can only describe as "quaint." Nevertheless, Macdonald is a stylish writer and these are great books. And Archer? He's a divorced LA private eye whose cases invariably uncover byzantine plots, provocative wealthy family/financial/ sexual secrets and sordid murders. Almost everyone in an Archer novel — except maybe Archer — is guilty of something, and every- thing is shrouded in disillusion, old money and new sin. The char- acter enjoyed true big-screen success in the 1966 Harper and 1976's The Drowning Pool. In both films, Paul Newman played the slightly renamed, still world-weary Lew Harper. A TV movie pilot (with Peter Graves) spawned a network series (with Brian Keith) which didn't work. Brother Cadfael by Ellis Peters (Fawcett, Mysterious Press). Recently adapted as a British-made TV series starring Derek Jacobi (as Cadfael) and Sean Pertwee (as Hugh Brinegar), these wonderful, impeccably researched medieval mysteries may gain an even wider American audience now (thanks to the TV versions that are airing as part of PBS' Mystery). Cadfael is a gen- tle, religious ex-Crusader — Columbo in a robe — who solves crimes set against the backdrop of an intricately detailed 12th- century monastery and the surrounding lands. Peters truly takes her readers to another world in a series which mixes murder, faith and history, teaching while entertaining. Wait a minute. Gotta go. A Columbo rerun just came on. Gee, I wonder who did it. — David McDonnelllEditor (January 1995) The STARLOG Line-Up on sale now: GOREZONE SPECIAL: TALES FROM THE CRYPT chronicles the horror legend from EC Comics to TV series, cartoons & movies. . .COMICS SCENE #49 offers Neil Gaiman discussing the end of Sandman and Michael Keaton explaining why he won't be Batman Forever. . STAR TREK: VOYAGER #1 premieres as an all-new official magazine with a special behind-the-scenes view of the "Caretaker" pilot... STARLOG PLATINUM EDITION #6 features interviews with Brent Spiner and StarGate director Roland Emmerich. . .STAR TREK: DEEP SPACE NINE #11 (on sale March 14) lets Morn, the most popular alien barfly in the Trek universe, speak... FANGORIA #141 (also on sale March 14) travels to the set of that newest genre sequel Hellraiser N: Bloodline... and look for STARLOG #214 at newsstands and magazine outlets April 4. 82 STARLOG/Apri/7995 P<7£ The First and Only Licensed Collector's Model of This 25th Century Masterpiece • An adjustable flint inside the translucent red compression chamber sparks when fired, just like tbe original 60th Anniversary Collector's Edition 6 ~ ■ Investment cast of lustrous bronze. N fc^ • Tbe nostalgic "pop" echoes an earlier dream z PR 1 1 J 1 \ of tbe world to come. ^J -^- ^ i Jfe f • Shown smaller L»J ■^ 1 than its actual size ^^^1 r of 10" in length. &-: =fer I Before today's space heroes climbed aboard their first rocket, Buck Rogers was winning the battle against evil in outer space. And this was his powerful and personal weapon. Originally issued in 1935, the futuristic look of the XZ-38 Disintegrator not only captured { our imagination, its classic art deco design represented the spirit of American optimism. Now, for the very first time, this weapon has been painstakingly recreated right down to its translucent red "compression chamber." Exclusively authorized by The Dwe Family Trust, inheritors of the Buck Rogers legacy, this special collector's edition is investment cast in rich bronze. It is an actual working model with sparking flint and the distinctive "pop" which echoes its past. Bonus premium ! m . ,. „ ., , , „ ,. ,. . Order now and immediately ; i This museum quality collectible — the first of its kind — is sure to join receive our exclusively licensed, ">> , the original as a cultural artifact treasured by lovers of science fiction full-color reissue of a rare ■ and classic American design. The price of $695 includes a custom- 32 page Buck Rogers in the 25th designed displav plaque with bronze collector's medallion. A true Centm y book - Originally j? work of art, crafted entirely in the United States. Full 60 day money p™* '? ™l? d available back guarantee of satisfaction. wrthth,sXZ-38re-cre i Please enter my order for the legendary Buck Rogers in the 25th Century XZ-38 Disintegrator Pistol. A $200 deposit confirms my reservation. Then you will bill my credit card $99 per month for five monthly installments, plus $995 shipping and handling for each pistol ordered. The display frame and full color collector's reissue of Buck Rogers in the 25tb Century are included at no additional cost. Due to the complex nature of the investment casting process, please allow 4 to 6 months for delivery. Subject to availability. Offer expires Dec. 31, 1995. Missouri residents will have state sales tax added. To order by phone call (1-800) 4 RAY GUN (1-800-472-9486) Call 7 am - 8 pm CST, Mon.-Fri. Or use this coupon. □Visa □ Mastercard Card number - -Expires- Signature - All orders are subject to acceptance . Date . Ship to: Mr./Mrs./Miss. Address _ City . State _ Zip_ .Night ( Your XZ-38 Disintegrator Pistol comes with this custom designed display frame inset with Buck Rogers collector's medallion. )- Phone: Day ( ) Mail to: EKTEK, Inc., PO Box 771609, St. Louis, MO 63177-1609 buck Rogers a a trademark o/nenue Family t™l $l BATTLE RAS MORPHING HENCHMEN! DESERT DOGFIGHT IN A STOLEN GLIDER! ONEIL HEATS UP THE PALACE GUARDS! FIREFIGHT IN THE STREETS OF NAGADA! Tnii Most Ama/jm; Kilmi#tiiiVwr! LOOK FOR STARGATE' ON HOME VIDEO FROM LWE» ENTERTAINMENT simmam GENESIS" GAME GEAR™ GAMEBOf Xlaim STARGATE 1 " TM & © 1994 Le Studio Canal* (U.S.) All rights reserved. TM designates a trademark of Le Studio Canal* i Inc. © 1991 Nintendo of America Inc. Sega, Genesis & Game Gear are trademarks of Sega Enterprii iment Syslem, Game Boy and the official seals arc registered trademarks of Nintendo of it, Inc. ® & © 1995 Acclaim Entertainment. Inc. All rights reserved.	i don't know
What sort of animal is a Rhodesian ridgeback?	Rhodesian Ridgeback : Dog Breed Selector : Animal Planet Watch Video The Ridgeback loves to run, and it needs daily mental and physical exercise to keep it from becoming frustrated. It can be a good jogging or hiking companion. The Ridgeback can live outdoors in temperate or warm climates, but it is usually much happier sleeping indoors and dividing its time between the house and yard during the day. Coat care is minimal, consisting only of occasional brushing to remove dead hair. Major concerns: dermoid sinus Occasionally seen: deafness, elbow dysplasia Suggested tests: breeder check for dermoid sinus, (hip) Life span: 10 13 years Watch Video When European Boer settlers arrived in South Africa in the 16th and 17th centuries, they brought with them such breeds as the mastiff, Great Dane, bloodhound, pointer, staghound and greyhound, among others. These settlers needed a dog that could withstand both hot and cold temperatures, limited water and rough bush, while performing the duties of guard dog and hunting dog. By breeding their European dogs with native Hottentot tribal hunting dogs (which were distinguished by a ridge of hair growing in the opposite direction along the top of their back) they produced just such a dog. These dogs hunted by both sight and scent and were devoted protectors of the entire family. In the 1870s, several were taken to Rhodesia to hunt lions, chasing and harassing the lion until the hunter could shoot it. The "lion dogs" were so successful that they soon became popular, their distinctive ridge becoming a trademark of quality. By the 1920s, so many different types of ridged lion dogs existed in Rhodesia that a meeting was held to elucidate the most desirable points of the breed, which became the basis for the current standard. Dogs meeting the standard criteria were known as Rhodesian Ridgebacks (the dogs' former designation as lion dogs was deemed to sound too savage). The breed was introduced into England in the 1930s and America soon after. In both countries, it gained recognition in the 1950s and quickly attracted admirers. In the 1980s, the breed received recognition as a sighthound and became eligible to compete in sighthound field trials. Today it is among the more popular hounds, undoubtedly because it combines the abilities of hunter, protector and companion in a sleek handsome body.	Dog
June 7 saw the 63rd annual ceremony for what award given to recognize achievement in live American theatre?	Ridgeback Health Striving for correct, healthy, performance-driven, versatility Ridgeback Health On this page you will find information on vaccinations, exercise, flea & tick remedies, safe toys, spaying and neutering, exercise, grooming, canine obesity, canine bloat, and poisonous plants. Click here to see Health Testing done by Semper Fi Fleas, Ticks and Heartworms.... Frontline and other topical spot-on flea treatments are pesticides. I do not recommend these for any Ridgeback. Many cases have been reported of dogs suffering skin burns from these chemicals, and in some have even caused death ( read about it here ). Right on the package it says to not make contact with your skin, and wash hands immediately after exposure... well what about the dog's skin? Not to mention the danger to your children who climb all over the dog, then put their hands in their mouth. A dog who is kept indoors and is clean and healthy should not have any problems with fleas. Fleas primarily prey on animals who are weakened, dirty, or kept outdoors. If you are vigilant about keeping your pets healthy and regularly check for parasites, you shouldn't have a problem. For flea and tick prevention, I recommend the all natural spray Flee Flea! You can find a link to it on my links page. It is an all natural spray using essential oils instead of chemicals. Also adding food grade Diatomaceous Earth does an excellent job of controlling fleas as well when added to the diet. It can also be put directly on the dog, or in bedding areas, and around doorways. I do not endorse the use of heart worm prevention any longer. Vets are scaring you into putting pesticides into your dogs, which in turn weaken the immune system. The chances of your dog actually contracting heartworm disease are pretty slim. The so called "preventions" are not preventions at all, but pesticides that kill exisiting heartworms inside your dog. I use a combination of herbal remedies coupled with natural mosquito repellent made from essential oils. Please read this interesting article written by a veterinarian on the subject of Heartworms and how dogs contract the disease. CLICK HERE for another reason to NOT use topical flea & tick treatments Veterinarians Your veterinarian should be supportive of your decision to have your new puppy on a reduced vaccine schedule. They should encourage you to feed your puppy a high quality processed or raw food that is grain free. Not all vets are created equal. They are highly qualified individuals, BUT... they don't know everything. They are not trained in specialties unless they continue on to be trained in such a way. Think of your vet as a general practitioner. They are not overly familiar with specifics such as neurology, nutrition, or oncology. They are also not trained to specialize in breed anomalies. I encourage you to educate yourself about your dog's health and nutrition, and to consult a specialist for specific problems. Many vets are open to learning more about the Ridgeback breed, and don't know how sensitive hounds can be. The Rhodesian Ridgeback Health and Genetics committee offers a packet for vets. I suggest on your first vet visit with your new puppy, to take this with you. Click here to print it out Vaccinations and Vaccinosis (over vaccination) Vaccinosis is the adverse reaction created by overvaccinating your pet. Many studies have been done to show that we are over-vaccinating our pets (not to mention our own children). This was a large concern for me. I decided to come up with a plan to keep my pets healthy, and protected. Canine vaccines.... The reason that vets want you to get your pets vaccinated? They MAKE MONEY off of vaccines... it costs a vet about $0.16 to give a rabies vaccine... you are paying $15-$20 for the vaccine, plus the office call at around $40. It's about a 6000% profit. If suddenly the vet said... ah well you don't need to come back and get vaccines every year, they would lose 70-80-% of their entire profit margin. I do recommend a yearly wellness exam... just not for the purpose of administering vaccines. Here are some tidbits, excerpted from veterinarians and vet schools: "There is no hard scientific evidence to say if vaccines should be given every year or three years or five years or once in a lifetime (or at all?)... no one knows and it's not in the interest of drug companies who make billions manufacturing pet vaccines to find out." Rob Ashburner, former president of The BC Veterinary Medical Association "According to the landmark 1992 study by veterinarians, Dr. Tom Philips and Dr. Ronald Schultz, the practice of giving animals vaccines lacks any scientific validity whatsoever. 'Almost without exception, there's no immunological requirement for annual re-vaccination' they said in their study entitled Canine and Feline Vaccines." 'Vets Say Shots May be Deadly' Nicholas Read, Vancouver Sun "...that protocol (referring to the current vaccine protocol) has been totally arbitrary. It's not based on the duration of immunity studies. The public and veterinarians have become oversold on the vaccine as a cure-all." Dr. Dennis Macy, vaccine specialist at Colorado State University's College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences. "Annual revaccination provides no benefit and may increase the risk for adverse reactions. The percentage of vaccinated animals (those vaccinated only as puppies) protected from clinical disease after challenge with canine distemper virus, canine parvovirus and canine adenovirus in the study was greater than 95%." Dr. Ronald Schultz is a Professor and Chair of the Department of Pathobiological Sciences at the School of Veterinary Medicine, UW-Madison. "Dr. Jean Dodds, DVM a veterinary hematologist and immunologist in greater Los Angeles says annual vaccines began to be prescribed in the 1950's...Back then, she says, drug companies got together with the U.S. Department of Agriculture and decided without any scientific test to support their position that vaccines should be administered once a year. 'When the public found out, they were horrified' she said. 'That this was never based on any scientific fact'." 'Vets Say Shots May be Deadly' Nicholas Read, Vancouver Sun. "I have seen many chronic illnesses in dogs and cats following vaccine use. The chief problem is the vaccination routinely of those not really healthy to begin with. They do not respond well and become even more out of balance as a result. If the animal is healthy to start with and mature enough to respond appropriately, then one vaccination is sufficient for life immunity in most instances. It is far better to vaccinate for one thing at a time than combined, multiple diseases in one injection that are very unnatural and confuse the immune system." Dr. Richard Pitcairn, DVM, PhD, Author of Natural Health for Dogs and Cats. Here's a good article written by a vet: http://www.healthypetjournal.com/default.aspx?tabid=17929 Click on the "About Us" tab to read about the author (a 20 year veterinarian). Another one from Whole Dog Journal: http://www.whole-dog-journal.com/issues/13_8/features/Annual-Pet-Vaccinations_20036-1.html An article written by Jean Dodds who has decades of veterinary experience and scientific research behind her: http://www.dogs4dogs.com/blog/2009/08/06/treating-adverse-vaccine-reactions-by-jean-dodds-dvm/ There is a challenge fund in place for Rabies. So far it has been proven that the rabies vaccine is effective 4 years after it has been given. http://www.rabieschallengefund.org/about-the-rcf/about-the-rabies-challenge-fund On top of all that, the American Animal Hospital Association has rewritten their guidelines for canine vaccine intervals for veterinarians. More on Bordetella Spaying and Neutering Spaying/neutering your pet early will shorten your pets life. Many vets will recommend you spay or neuter your Ridgeback at or before 6 months of age. Remember... they are dealing with mainstream pet owners who may or may not be responsible owners. I highly recommend that Rhodesian Ridgeback puppies (and other large breed dogs) NOT be spayed or neutered early, as this can cause many complications later in life. If you spay or neuter your puppy early, this will void your health guarantee in your contract. Early spaying and neutering has been linked to osteosarcoma (bone cancer) and early incontinence in bitches. Ridgebacks (and all medium and large dogs) really need the hormones to complete the growth processes. When spayed or neutered early they can have joint problems, and they never really fully fill out to their growth potential, leaving them lanky looking. For bitches I recommend not spaying until after the first heat cycle, and at least after 12-18 months of age. For dogs, I suggest waiting until they are at least 18-24 months of age. For more information of why I do not support early spay and neuter, see this document: Click Here . Keep in mind that living with an intact male or female can be challenging. I expect puppy owners to be able to handle that challenge for the health of their dog, until the time comes when they will be able to have their Ridgeback spayed or neutered. If you find your vet is non compliant with waiting, change vets. Even they know the consequences of early spaying and neutering. Explain to them you are a responsible pet owner, and once the dog reaches the appropriate age you will have them spayed or neutered. Remember it is your responsibility to keep your Ridgeback safe from other dogs, so as not to add to the pet overpopulation problem in this country. If your vet disagrees, it's time to find a new vet. Here's another good article about why female dogs should keep their ovaries: Click Here Grooming Grooming a Ridgeback, really isn't complicated. This is another reason why I chose this particular breed. Ridgebacks do not have an undercoat, or double coat like nearly all other breeds. Therefore they do not have the dander that other dogs leave behind. This in turn makes them have a nearly non-existent doggy odor, compared to other breeds. This is something that sold me on the breed as well. When I go to visit my NON-Dog loving mother, she always compliments on how the dogs don't smell at all. All that a Ridgeback really requires is a bath every month or so (or maybe even less). Keep in mind when you do bathe to use a gentle oatmeal shampoo with minimal ingredients. The other thing that a Ridgeback requires in the form of grooming is trimming the toenails. I cannot stress enough, how important it is for you to keep your dogs nails trimmed. The last thing you really need to do, is keep the ears clean. This is a simple task, not requiring much effort. My number one pet peeve (no pun intended), is a dog with long toenails. When I go to the vet's office and someone comes in with their dog clickety-clacking on the floor... it makes me cringe. Can you honestly say that you would go over a month without trimming your own nails? How do you think your dog feels? It is very difficult for a dog to walk, let alone run when it's nails are so overgrown that the nails are touching the floor. Your dog can actually break or fracture a toe from this. If you can't do it yourself, then you need to take your dog in to the vet or groomer to have it done. If you start them when they are a puppy and make it a positive experience then you will have no problems when your dog reaches 75-90+lbs. I use a dremel/rotary sanding style tool to trim my dogs nails, and find it is much less stress on the dogs, and on me. It is easy, and painless for both parties. I use positive reinforcement (treats) to make it a pleasant experience. To the left is a photo of what your dog's nails should look like. (yes I know it's not a Ridgeback foot). Notice how the nail does not touch the ground surface. If you can hear your dog's nails when he is walking on hardwood flooring, tile, or concrete, it's past time to trim them. You should be trimming your dog's nails at the very least every 10 days. I do mine once a week. If you want to get started on using a rotary/dremel tool to trim your dogs nails, here is an excellent source, with many photos to help you get started: http://homepages.udayton.edu/~merensjp/doberdawn/index.html I have heard the myth that if you walk your dog on asphalt or concrete it will wear the nails down. Unless your dog is running on concrete several times a day for some distance, it will not wear his nails down enough. And if he is running on concrete you will have more problems than just long nails, your dog will have blown foot pads. Your daily walk is not going to cut it to keep those nails short. In the photo to the left of the dark brown dog, it's nails are way too long. Your dogs' nails should never-ever get to this length. A good tip is, if they are pointed at the end, and you can hear them on concrete, vinyl, or hardwood floors, they are too long, and it's past time for a trim. Long nails can cause dogs to go down in the pastern, and other ailments requiring veterinary attention. Exercise An adult Ridgeback needs plenty of exercise. A daily walk to "do his business" isn't going to work for a Ridgeback. Letting your dog out into the yard gives them plenty of exercise is ... a MYTH. If I let the dogs out in the yard, they stand at the back door whining to come in... self exercising is a myth. Your adult Ridgeback needs at the very least one half hour per day of hard off-leash running, or on-leash jogging. If you are conditioning him for an activity such as agility, or lure coursing, he will need more. My dogs get exercised daily. There is a very nice system of wooded trails close by for off leash running, and also a few very nice parks as well. I also do leash walking, as well as playing in the yard, with toys. The key to playing in the yard, is that they want you to be out there with them... then they put on quite a show. They surely do not get bored, and get plenty of exercise! A WORD ON PUPPIES: Puppies should not be forced to run. They can go on short walks and run in their yard. But no forced running until they are at least 18-24 months of age. This gives time for their joints to complete the growing process, before putting extra stress on them. This also applies for lure coursing as well. They can do straight practice puppy runs, but nothing with turns. This also depends on the structure and size of the dog as well. A dog that has a large frame and is still growing should not be lure coursed. A smaller coupled dog who has completed growing, is more likely to be okay. Always ask your breeder before lure coursing for the first time. Obesity and Overweight Nearly every pet Ridgeback I have ever seen was overweight. Unfortunately veterinarians do not know what a healthy sighthound should look like. Ridgebacks are a lean dog and should have no fat or padding on their ribs, shoulders and hips. You should be able to see two ribs when the dog is standing still. And see a defined waist. Carrying around extra weight can become problematic especially in a young, growing puppy and can predisposition them to health and joint problems. The only thing a Ridgeback needs to become overweight is opportunity... These two dogs are at the correct weight for an adult Rhodesian Ridgeback. These two dogs are overweight for an adult Rhodesian Ridgeback. Obesity is a growing problem in canines. The biggest problem however, is not the dog. It is the people who are feeding the dog. A Ridgeback is ALWAYS hungry. If given the opportunity, he will eat until he can no longer fit anything else into himself... seriously. A Ridgeback should never be free fed... that is, leaving a full bowl of food out all of the time. You should feed him a specified amount and that's it. If your Ridgeback is going through a transitional period (i.e. moving households, new family member, passed family member, passed family pet), and is not eating, leave his food down for 15 minutes, then put it away for the next meal. I promise within a few days he will begin eating again. If your Ridgeback goes for an extended period of time without eating (more than 3 days)... that should send up red flags. Get the dog to a vet. Your Rhodesian Ridgeback should be lean. Learn to body condition your dog. When viewed from above he should have a defined waist. When viewed from the side you should be able to make out the last rib or two. If you run your hand across the rib cage you should easily feel his ribs (his ribs should feel like the back of your hand when closed... not your palm!). If you are limiting the amount of food your Ridgeback is eating, and he is getting adequate exercise, you should not have any problems. Visit the following link to see if your Ridgeback is fat or fit: To the left is a canine conditioning body chart. It is an excellent tool to see if your dog is fit or fat. Canine Bloat Gastric Dilatation Volvulus (GDV) Many folks have never heard of gastric torsion or "Bloat". Ridgebacks are large deep chested dogs who are susceptible to bloat. Bloat happens when gasses get trapped in the stomach and are unable to escape due to torsion, or the flipping of the stomach. It can become fatal very quickly if you don't see the symptoms. Canine bloat can happen to any deep chested dog, including German Shepherds, Boxers, Labradors, Great Danes, Doberman Pinschers, Rotweilers... and the list goes on. Bloat is by far my own biggest fear. That is one of the reasons I switched to a raw diet. Bloating is almost unheard of when the dog is fed a biologically appropriate diet. Kibble gives dogs gas, and this is how gastric torsion starts. If you do feed kibble I suggest the kibble be fed floating in water. Before or after the dog eats he should be kept quiet and not allowed to run or exert themselves for at least an hour. No heavy exercise within 2 hours before/after eating. More on GDV Poisonous Plants Remember that puppies will eat and taste neary anything... Before bringing your new puppy home, please scan your yard and surroundings (even indoors) for plants that may be harmful to your pup. Click here for a list of poisonous plants to avoid Bones, Chews and Toys Ridgebacks are hearty chewers. They can sometimes be destructive when young, so it is recommended they are given supervised chew time & play time with toys and appropriate chews. Some things that are NOT Recommended include: Rawhide Is made with chemicals (in some places arsenic based), and many times the hide comes from china. Rawhide also causes gastric upset. There is also an FDA alert out about the risk of Salmonella associated with the use of Rawhide. Nylabones (or any plastic imitation bone) A Ridgeback can easily chew pieces of Nylabone off, which in turn can pierce the stomach or intestine, or even cause a blockage creating a bigger problem and a need for immediate surgery. Rope toys Ridgebacks can easily destroy these and the strings can get tangled in their gut, yet another cause for emergency surgery. Be cautious of stuffed toys (supervised play only- squeakers can easily be swallowed). Greenies have been known to cause blockages and are not recommended for Ridgebacks. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Some toys and chews that are recommended or work well for Ridgebacks include: Kong toys, unstuffed fuzzy toys (supervised), natural non-weight bearing uncooked bones, are the best because they digest well, and do not splinter. Also bully sticks , natural cow and pig ears, and pig and cow noses are 100% digestible as well. In the winter we get deer bones from the butcher, freeze them, then let the dogs chew them (supervised) out in the yard. Occasionally it may be okay to give compressed rawhide, however it is important to check where the rawhide is made. Only give compressed unbleached rawhide from the USA. Also, only give it in moderation. If you let your dog eat an entire rawhide bone, this will cause stomach upset. Never Ever give your dog a cooked bone from your steak or other piece of meat. When bones are cooked they splinter, and can pierce the stomach or esophagus, causing irreparable damage. Dog Beds Do not start your puppy out with a nice new fluffy expensive bed, you will soon find it destroyed, and your money wasted. To start out young dogs, I use Kuranda beds with a fleece cover. The Kuranda is a cot stule bed that is up off the floor. I have several that made it through several Ridgeback puppies, and still look as good as the day I bought them. They are worth their weight in gold! Get the Heavy duty/aluminum frame with 40oz vinyl fabric, as this cannot be chewed or clawed through. These beds will also fit in the Midwest brand, double door and icrates. Their 40" size will also fit in a giant Petmate Airline crate (grey or beige). They will not fit in the grey Midwest select crates. You can get the Kuranda beds here: Kuranda Beds When your dog has made it through puppyhood and is no longer interested in chewing his bed I highly recommend a Snoozer Orthopedic Waterproof bed. They are expensive but they will not wear out nearly as fast as the polyfill beds that are more commonly found. The Snoozer beds are made with 7 inches of orthopedic foam, covered in a thicker canvas material with sherpa top. It's enclosed with a nice big brass zipper. I have several of these beds and I cover them with fitted sheets to make keeping the beds clean, easier. I have had these beds for around 5 years and they have held up extremely well.	i don't know
How many teaspoons make a tablespoon?	Tablespoons to Teaspoons - How many teaspoons in a tablespoon? Tablespoons to Teaspoons Conversion How many teaspoons in a tablespoon? Tablespoons to teaspoons volume units conversion factor is 3 except Australia. To find out how many teaspoons in tablespoons, please use the converter below. Please note that not all the table and teaspoons are the same. Although the conversion result is the same for imperial, US and metric conversions, the volume capacities might be all different for each of these measurement systems. 1 Tablespoon = 3 Teaspoons [US, UK or Metric] 1 Tablespoon = 4 Teaspoons [Australia] If you need to convert these units for cooking recipes from different countries, for precise measurement and to avoid the surprises, it is important to know what kind of tea and tablespoons you are converting. For tsp to tbsp conversion, please go to tsp to tbsp To convert other cooking measurement units, please go to Cooking Conversion Converter Enter a tablespoon [US, UK or metric] value to convert into teaspoons and click on the "convert" button. Tablespoon is a commonly used volume unit in cooking recipes. 1 US tbsp is about 15 milliliters and 0.5 fluid ounces, whereas in Australia, it is about 20 ml. The abbreviations are "tbsp", "tbs", tb", "T", "tblsp". Teaspoon is a volume unit used mostly in cooking recipes and prescriptions. 1 US tsp is about 5 milliliters and 1/6 of fluid ounces. The abbreviations are "tsp", "ts", t", "tspn". The abbreviations are always in small letters since when in used in capital letters, usually mistaken with larger volume unit, tablespoon. Conversion Table [US, UK, Metric] 1/4	3
What skateboarder has launched a 10 years series of video games that have dominated the genre?	How many teaspoons equal one tablespoon? \| Reference.com How many teaspoons equal one tablespoon? A: Quick Answer There are three teaspoons in a tablespoon. That means that there are 1.5 teaspoons in a 1/2 tablespoon, and 1/3 of a tablespoon is a single teaspoon. Full Answer Each tablespoon contains three teaspoons. This makes it easy for cooks and bakers to substitute measurements if their tablespoon measure is broken or missing. Each teaspoon should be leveled off, making sure that whatever being measured reaches the top of the spoon but doesn't exceed the amount of a single tablespoon. In general, there are two tablespoons to the ounce. Similarly, there are 16 tablespoons in one cup, which equates to 48 teaspoons, and two cups to the pint.	i don't know
Which Knight of the Round Table found the Holy Grail?	Who was the Knight of the Round Table who found the Holy Grail? \| Reference.com Who was the Knight of the Round Table who found the Holy Grail? A: Quick Answer In most later versions of the King Arthur legends, Lancelot's illegitimate son Sir Galahad finds the Holy Grail. His success is ascribed to his purity and his great piety. Full Answer In versions of the King Arthur story told from the time of Sir Thomas Malory and later, Galahad, accompanied by Sir Perceval of Gales and Sir Bors, visits Galahad's grandfather King Pelles. Here, the three knights see a ship with a vision of the Grail. This ship takes them to the legendary holy island-city of Sarras near Egypt. At Sarras, Galahad heals a sick man by touching him. The king of Sarras invites him to the castle, where he first imprisons all three knights, then releases them and crowns Galahad king. A year after Galahad's assumption of the throne, he has another vision of the Grail and chooses to die, going directly to heaven.	Galahad
How is the score of a forfeited baseball game reported?	The Quest for the Holy Grail - King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table Heroic Archetypes How the Holy Grail Came to Camelot In this chapter sir Galahad is introduced as the last knight on the siege Perilous of the Round table. He is also introduced as the most holy knight in Logres. He had been knighted by sir Lancelot, and had retrieved the sword that had stuck the Dolorous stroke. But as Merlin foretold once all the sieges, soon the fall of the king arthur would soon avail. Then out of nowhere a sunbeam had cut through the hall an riding on the beam was the Holy Grail. This is how the quest for the Holy Grail had started. So then almost all the knights of the round table searched in every direction from Logres. The First Adventures of Sir Galahad In his first quest, sir Galahad had rode out into the forest for three to four days with no quest to partake. Soon e had come across some monks who had kindly unarmed him and led him to the guest chamber. In there he had met two other knights who had come here in search for the wondrous shield located in the abbey. The shield is said to be worn by a great knight that will achieve the quest of the holy grail. One of the two other knights attempt to wear the shield, but is badly wounded by a mysterious knight in white whose name is to e never known. The white knight tells the wounded knight that that shield only belongs to the holy knight Galahad. This is how Galahad receives his last talisman and continues to adventure into the forest. The Adventures of Sir Percivale In his quest for the Holy Grail, Percivale is challenged to a duel by sir Galahad unknowingly it was him. Percivale had lost and been knocked of his horse. With his anger and envy growing he had wished to know who was the knight with the whites shield bearing a cross upon it. along the way e had met a damsel who would mend a treat wounds for those who had ask for it. She had explained that the knight he had jousted with was Sir Galahad. She said for Percivale to no longer envy and have hatred over such petty things as pride. So then he went off in his quest. He then was attacked by over 20 knights outnumbering him. His horse had slain and he was surrounded, and as if out of nowhere came a knight riding in almost like a lightning bolt bearing a shield with a red cross upon it. The knights that had attacked Percival had gone flying dead left and right, but with fear some had fled. Percivale had seen this shield and ran after Galahad pleading him to stop. Galahad had been to fast and in a few mere minutes, Percivale could no longer hear the hoof beats of Galahad's horse. Here he had met a strange damsel who had offered him a horse, so strong and large. He had mounted on it in hopes of catching up to Galahad but along the way there had been a river that would definitely kill him if he had tried to cross it. He yielded the horse to stop but to no avail the horse would not stop nor could he dismount. He had prayed to god and from some mysterious force the horse had buckled him off and the horse ran straight into the river almost as if the water was burning him. He had later rested. Upon his awakening he was confronted with another mysterious damsel. She had asked Percivale's hand in love. This he had almost accepted until he thought of his lady Blanchefleur who would have been waiting for him at the castle. So as soon in this realization he stopped momentarily before the kiss and prayed out to god and almost instantly the lady was swept out to sea with a fierce wind almost as if hte water hadurned after her. The Adventures of Sir Bors de Gannis After leaving the company of Aglovale and Griflet, Gawaine soon got bored with the lack of violence and the endless, pointless wandering, until after Michaelmas, he met Launcelot's brother, Sir Ector, who said everyone else had the same problem too, and no-one had seen Launcelot, Galahad, Percivale, or Bors.Sleeping in an old, abandoned chapel eight days later, Gawaine dreamed of 147 hungry black bulls and went off seeking better pasture (them), and two white (Galahad and Percivale) and one white with a black spot (Bors). Ector, however, dreamed of his brother Launcelot riding an ass to find the source of a well that emptied when he himself tried to drink of it.When they awoke they were both castigated by a floating hand, and went in search of a hermit, hoping for an explanation. Picking a random joust, Gawaine soon stupidly killed his own cousin and best friend Uwaine, and after a tearful funeral, stumbled across a hermit called Nacien (not the same one as Launcelot's great-great-great-great-grandfather, buried near Galahad's shield in the White Abbey), who listened to Gawaine and Ector recount their dreams, and yet again explained that they were far too sinful to achieve the Sangreal - even Launcelot (because he had been adulterous with Guenevere for twenty-four years). Gawaine and Ector then rode on, for a long time failing to find any adventure. After leaving Camelot (and, like the others, never thinking of looking for the Sangreal where it was last seen, in Castle Corbin), Sir Bors quickly found his own hermit, who gave him a red coat to wear as a sign of chastisement.He soon also recovered the lands a maiden had received from King Aniause by overcoming an older woman's champion, Sir Pridam le Noire. He moved on for stranger adventures (virtuously having refrained from temptation) and came across (and was forced to abandon) his brother Lionel - who was being thorn-lashed naked by a couple of perverts - in order to save the virginity of a nearby maiden from an evil knight. By the time he had saved her and set out to find his brother, all he found was a battered corpse, which he duly entombed in an old chapel by a high tower.The attendant priest explained that he would soon face another choice, between a woman who would die if he didn't take her and his uncle, Launcelot, who would die if he did. Fortunately, when the temptress made her appearance he let her and her twelve handmaidens jump off the high tower rather than loosen his breeches, and they all turned out to be fiends in disguise after all. The next Abbot explained everything, and Bors went his way.He made for a joust between the Earl of Plains and "the lady's nephew of Hervin", where he discovered his brother Lionel was alive after all, but enraged, promising to kill Bors for having abandoned him. Lionel slew a priest (and Sir Colgrevence who got in the way), and was only saved from fratricide by a mysterious cloud that came down and told Bors to retreat towards the sea. At the coast, he was picked up by Percivale in the priest's ship - the ship that had rescued him from his own island of temptation - and they sailed away to search for Galahad. The End of the Quest Galahad comes to King Mordrayns (or Evelake), who has waited for him for four-hundred years. Mordrayns embraces him and dies. Galahad rides on and comes to the lake of fire, a symbol of lechery (traditionally an emblem of hell itself). He puts his hand in the water and it cools. Then in the country of Gore, Galahad visits a burning tomb. The fire ceases and the body that has lain burning in the tomb for three hundred and fifty-four years, in punishment for a sin against Joseph of Aramathy, is reburied at Galahad's command. At last he finds Percival and Bors, and they all ride to Corbenic, the Castle of the Maimed King, Pellam. There they see marvels and Galahad heals Pellam. Now Galahad, Bors, and Percival are guided to their ship, where they find the Grail. Galahad prays and is granted the right to choose his time of death. At last they arrive at Sarras, where Percival's dead sister awaits them, as predicted. Galahad heals a cripple. Immediately afterward, the three knights are thrown into prison by a Saracen; but prison is no discomfort — the Grail comes to them and spreads feasts. After a time the Saracen king falls sick, calls them out of prison to ask their forgiveness, and dies. The city, guided by a voice out of heaven, makes Galahad king. At the year's end, Galahad sees a vision of Christ among his angels and asks to be raised to Him. He dies and his two friends see his soul born to heaven. Percival becomes a religious hermit and Bors eventually returns to Arthur's sadly diminished court. Create a free website	i don't know
If you wanted to let more light into a camera lens, would you choose a lower or a higher aperture number (f-stop)?	Camera Aperture, F Number, and Depth of Field Explained » i Digital Photo About Aperture – Everything you wanted to know but thought it was uncool to ask If you were to devise a system that was intended to be confusing, you’d have a hard time coming up with anything more confusing than photographic aperture. I’ve so often seen people glaze over within five seconds of the start of an explanation, their minds a whole galaxy away – anywhere, so long as it’s not here listening to f/stops, depth of field and so forth. But when you split it up, it’s pretty easy. So, what is aperture? The basic idea is that light reaches your camera’s sensor (or film) through a hole. With pinhole cameras, it’s literally that: a hole in a light-tight box projects an image on the inside. With cameras, we put some glass around the hole to make the image sharper. But essentially, it’s still a hole. History would have been different if photographers talked about ‘hole numbers’ or adjusting the size of their ‘lens hole’ but somehow that did not sound cool – even in the 1870s. So photographic aperture is the hole in the camera lens which lets light in. Why size matters As you know from general experience, the bigger a hole, the more can go through it. Think about turning on a tap (water faucet): open it a little and the flow is only a trickle, open it up and more water flows through. It’s the same with lens aperture: the larger the aperture, the more light gets through to the sensor. Obviously this affects the exposure of your image. Now, giving the film or sensor the proper exposure is like filling a cup of water: if the water flow is slow (from a small aperture), it takes longer to fill (the exposure time is longer). And obviously, if the flow is faster (we turn the tap on to make the aperture larger), it takes less time to fill the cup (exposure time is shorter). What do the numbers mean? Now, it’s easy to measure exposure time – directly in seconds or fractions of a second. With the aperture, it was realised early on that simply measuring the size of the hole was not enough. That’s because holes of the same size in different lenses of different designs or focal length will look different to the film or sensor. A good way to see this is to pick up a pair of binoculars or SLR lens if you have one handy). Look down one end, and turn over and look down the other: the hole will look different sizes – but it’s the same hole. What has changed is the effective focal length. This shot shows a 24mm lens: the aperture is much larger on the sensor side than from the subject side. Basically we need a measure that relates the size of the hole to the focal length. At the same time the measure needs to show that as the size of the hole becomes smaller, less light flows through (and vice versa: bigger aperture lets in more light). The answer is the f/number: we divide the focal length by the effective diameter of the hole. Why are they like that? Suppose we have a 50mm focal length lens. If we have a big size hole – a big aperture, it might measure 25mm. So 50 divided by 25 gives us 2: the f/number is 2, which we write as f/2. If the aperture is smaller, say, 3mm in diameter, 50 divided by 3 gives us about 16: the f/number reads f/16. As the hole is smaller, less light gets through. So f/16 is said to be a small aperture or small f/number. That’s why you could get confused if you read about an aperture of 16 being smaller than 2: that does not make sense and is, in fact, wrong. A photographic aperture is written as ‘f/number’: it means the focal length divided by the aperture diameter. So f/16 is indeed smaller than f/2. (Microscopists talk about numerical aperture, but that’s a different thing.) f/number sequence The basic f/number sequence is 1.4, 2, 2.8, 4, 5.6, 8 – it’s a doubling every other step – then it falters a bit: 11, 16, 22, 32, 45 but is essentially still a doubling every other step. Each step to a lower f/number represents a doubling in the area of the aperture, which means a doubling in the amount of light passing i.e. a one-stop increase in exposure. Conversely, each step to a higher f/number means a halving in the area of the aperture, which means reducing exposure by one stop. Don’t worry about why this is (or ask a friendly mathematician if you really want to know): just remember that the sequence means that if you change aperture setting from, say, f/4 to f/8, then the exposure time needs to increase by two stops, and vice versa. What are stops? Here’s another source of confusion. The word ‘stops’ is used in two senses. One goes back to the days when lens aperture was changed by dropping in a metal plate with a hole cut in it. You changed aperture by taking out one plate and dropping in another one with a different sized hole. These were called stops (actually Waterhouse stops, after the inventor). From that we get the term ‘stopping down’. Now, these stops were arranged so that each smaller hole halved the exposure (and conversely, each larger hold doubled exposure). From that we get the term ‘f/stops’. From this you still hear photographers talk about ‘one stop’ meaning a halving or doubling of exposure. Goes all the way back to late nineteenth century! Carting sets of metal plates with holes in them is a bore, not to mention really slow to use and before long the aperture diaphragm was invented. This was a set of leaves which were pivoted on the rim so that they fanned across the gap – the more they overlapped, the smaller the central hole. And that’s what we still use now. Aperture and depth of field So much for aperture and exposure. What complicates the whole subject further is that aperture affects two quite different things independently. Just as shutter setting contributes to exposure but also influences motion blur, aperture setting contributes to exposure but also influences something else altogether. Aperture is one of the factors controlling depth of field. In fact aperture is the single most powerful and easiest way to control depth of field. What you need to know Use a small aperture like f/16 if you want as much as possible of the image to look sharp. Use a large aperture like f/2.8 to make just your main subject sharp against a blurred background i.e. for minimum depth of field. In between, an aperture like f/5.6 is good for general uses as it produces an average depth of field. It’s real simple. f/16	Lower
What is the name of the recording label founded by the Beatles?	Understanding Aperture and How to Use It in Photography by Jo Plumridge Updated October 17, 2016 When shooting photos with an advanced camera, you're going to want to understand the answer to the question: What is aperture? By controlling the aperture of the camera's lens, you're going to greatly change the way your photos look. Aperture is the term used to describe the amount of light that passes through a camera lens. DSLR lenses have an iris within them, which will open and close to allow certain amounts of light to reach the camera's sensor. The camera's aperture is measured in f-stops. Aperture has two functions on a DSLR -- as well as controlling the amount of light passing through the lens, it also controls depth of field. The Range of F-Stops F-stops pass through a huge range, particularly on DSLR lenses. Your minimum and maximum f-stop numbers will depend, however, on the quality of your lens. Image quality can drop when using a small aperture (we'll explain that term later in the article), and manufacturers limit the minimum aperture of some lenses, depending on their build quality and design. Most lenses will at least range from f3.5 to f22, but the f-stop range seen across different lenses can be: f1.2, f1.4, f1.8, f2, f2.8, f3.5, f4, f4.5, f5.6, f6.3, f8, f9, f11, f13, f16, f22, f32, f45 DSLRs have more f-stops than many film cameras. Aperture and Depth of Field Let's start with aperture's simplest function first: Its control of your camera's depth of field. Depth of field simply means how much of your image is in focus around your subject, meaning a small depth of field will make your main subject sharp, while everything else in the foreground and background will be blurry. A large depth of field will keep all of your image sharp throughout its depth. You use a small depth of field for photographing things such as jewelry, and you use a large depth of field for things like landscapes. There is no hard or fast rule, though, and much of choosing the right depth of field come from your own personal instinct as to what will suit your subject matter. As far as f-stops go, a small depth of field is represented by a small number. For example, f1.4 is a small number and will give you a small depth of field. A large depth of field is represented by a large number. For example, f22 is a large number and will give you a large depth of field. Aperture and Exposure Here's where it can be confusing. When we refer to a "small" aperture, the relevant f-stop will be a bigger number. Therefore, f22 is a small aperture, whereas f1.4 is a large aperture. It's extremely confusing and illogical for most people as the whole system appears to be back to front! What you need to remember is that, at f1.4, the lenses iris will be wide open and allowing a lot of light through. Therefore, it is a large aperture. Another way to help remember this is to recognize that aperture actually relates to an equation where focal length is divided by aperture diameter. For example, if you have a 50mm lens and the iris is wide open, you might have a hole that measures 25mm in diameter. Therefore, 50mm divided by 25mm equals 2. This translates to a f-stop of f2. If the aperture is smaller (for example 3mm) then dividing 50 by 3 gives us a f-stop of f16. Changing apertures is referred to as "stopping down" (if you are making your aperture smaller), or "opening up" (if you are making your aperture larger). Aperture's Relationship to Shutter Speed and ISO As aperture controls the amount of light coming through the lens onto the camera's sensor, it has an effect on the exposure of an image. Shutter speed , in turn, also has an effect on exposure, as it is a measurement of the amount of time that the camera's shutter is open. Therefore, as well as deciding on your depth of field via your aperture setting, you need to remember how much light is entering the lens. If you want a small depth of field and have chosen an aperture of f2.8, for example, then your shutter speed will need to be relatively fast so that the shutter is not open for long, which could cause the image to overexpose. A fast shutter speed (such as 1/1000) allows you to freeze action, while a long shutter speed (such as 30 seconds) allows for nighttime photography without artificial light. All exposure settings are determined by the amount of light available. If depth of field is your primary concern -- and it often will be -- then you can adjust the shutter speed accordingly. In conjunction with this, we can also change the ISO of our image to help with lighting conditions. A higher ISO (represented by a higher number) will allow us to shoot in lower lighting conditions without having to alter our shutter speed and aperture settings. However, it should be noted that a higher ISO setting will cause there to be more grain (known as "noise" in digital photography) and image deterioration can become obvious. For this reason, I only ever alter ISO as a last resort. Continue Reading	i don't know
The largest portion of Yellowstone National Park is located in which state?	Where is Yellowstone National Park? Home \| Where is Yellowstone National Park? Where is Yellowstone National Park? Yellowstone is in the Northwest Region of the United States Yellowstone National Park covers 3,472 square miles. Even though the official address is to the state of Wyoming, Yellowstone is actually in three states. The majority of the Park (96%) is in Wyoming. A small section of the Park (3%) to the north and northwest is in Montana. And a small section of the Park (1%) to the west is in Idaho. Getting Around Gateway Towns to Yellowstone National Park Towns nearest Yellowstone’s five entrances include West Yellowstone, Montana ; Jackson Hole, Wyoming ; Cody, Wyoming ; Cooke City, Montana ; Gardiner, Montana ; Livingston, Montana ; and Island Park, Idaho . Each town has its own character and history. These nearby towns offer convenient lodging, camping, activities, and attractions. Yellowstone Seasonal Access All five entrances , facilities, and roads (barring road construction) are open during the summer vacation season. Parts of the national park are closed to wheeled vehicles during the winter (November through early May). Many facilities also have seasonal opening and closing dates . Several times a year, all national parks have free days . Otherwise, entry fees apply. Please check Yellowstone’s regulations before entering the park. Yellowstone is enormous, which is why it’s a good idea to figure out what you want to see and know which entrance is closest to those sights. Choose your park portal by reading Which Entrance to Yellowstone National Park Should I Take? Getting Around Yellowstone National Park Yellowstone’s main roads are the five entrance roads and the Grand Loop road. On the Loop, you’ll find many visitor centers, museums, boardwalks, and scenic side roads. All major roads are accessible by RVs and other large vehicles, but most side roads are not. Yellowstone has no shuttle bus service. To travel around Yellowstone, you’ll need a car, motorcycle, bike, or tour transportation . Yellowstone has eight main visitor areas with visitor centers , lodging, and museums. These include: Mammoth Hot Springs, Tower-Roosevelt, Canyon Village, Fishing Bridge, West Thumb, Grant Village, Old Faithful, and Madison.	Wyoming
The first 10 amendments to the US Constitution are collectively known as what?	Directions & Transportation - Yellowstone National Park (U.S. National Park Service) Directions & Transportation Directions & Transportation Yellowstone National Park encompasses 2.2 million acres in the northwest corner of Wyoming. Yellowstone National Park covers nearly 3,500 square miles in the northwest corner of Wyoming (3% of the park is in Montana and 1% is in Idaho). Yellowstone is open all year, though some areas of the park are inaccessible by car in the winter. Getting Here by Plane Commercial airlines serve the following airports near Yellowstone National Park all year: Cody and Jackson, WY; Bozeman and Billings, MT, and Idaho Falls, ID. The West Yellowstone, MT airport is serviced from June to early September from Salt Lake City, UT. Getting Here by Bus Bus service from Bozeman, MT to West Yellowstone, MT via Highway 191 is available all year. Bus service directly from Idaho to West Yellowstone is limited to the summer months. Commercial transportation from Bozeman, MT to Gardiner, MT is available during the winter and summer seasons. Commercial transportation to the park from Cody and Jackson, WY is available during the summer season. Contact local Chambers of Commerce for specific carriers and schedules. Getting Here by Train Train service is not available to Yellowstone National Park. The nearest train depots are in southeast Idaho, Salt Lake City, Utah and northern Montana. Contact Amtrak for specific schedules. Getting Here by Car Yellowstone has five entrance stations . Make sure to carefully read about access at each station at different times of year. There are several things that can affect your driving experience in the park -- road accessibility, road construction, and fast-changing weather. We recommend that visitors check the following resources before traveling: Park Roads - shows current road status in the park	i don't know
With what unfortunate name did Gwyneth Paltrow and Chris Martin dub their first born daughter?	Gwyneth Paltrow - Biography - IMDb Gwyneth Paltrow Biography Showing all 128 items Jump to: Overview (4) \| Mini Bio (1) \| Spouse (1) \| Trade Mark (4) \| Trivia (83) \| Personal Quotes (31) \| Salary (4) Overview (4) 5' 9" (1.75 m) Mini Bio (1) A tall, wafer thin, delicate beauty, Gwyneth Kate Paltrow was born in Los Angeles, the daughter of noted producer and director Bruce Paltrow and Tony award-winning actress Blythe Danner . Her father was from a Jewish family, while her mother has German, and some English and Irish, ancestry. When Gwyneth was eleven, the family moved to Massachusetts, where her father began working in summer stock productions in the Berkshires. It was here that she received her early acting training under the tutelage of her parents. She graduated from the all-girls Spence School in New York City and moved to California where she attended the UC Santa Barbara, majoring in Art History. She soon quit, realizing it was not her passion. She made her film debut with a small part in Shout (1991) and for the next five years had featured roles in a mixed bag of film fare that included Flesh and Bone (1993); Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle (1994); Se7en (1995); Jefferson in Paris (1995); Moonlight and Valentino (1995); and The Pallbearer (1996). It was her performance in the title role of Emma Woodhouse in Emma (1996) that led to her being offered the role of Viola in Shakespeare in Love (1998), for which she was awarded the Golden Globe, Screen Actors Guild and Academy Awards for Best Actress in a Leading Role. She broke her much publicized engagement to actor Brad Pitt in 1997 citing as the reason the fact that neither she nor Pitt felt that they could pursue their respective careers and at the same time maintain a happy marriage. They remain good friends. Since then, her roles have included The Royal Tenenbaums (2001), Shallow Hal (2001), Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow (2004), Iron Man (2008), Two Lovers (2008), and Country Strong (2010). - IMDb Mini Biography By: Tom McDonough Spouse (1) Attended and graduated from the Spence School in New York City (1990). Voted "Most Stuck-up" in Movieline magazine's 100 Most. [October 1998] (August 15, 1998) Gave $21,000 watch to boyfriend Ben Affleck as a birthday present. Named one of People magazine's 50 Most Beautiful People in the World (1998). Engaged to actor Brad Pitt on December 20, 1996. Confirmed as the next Calvin Klein model (1996). Attended the University of California at Santa Barbara (UCSB) for one year as an Art History major. After spending a time in her early teens in Talavera De la Reina, Toledo, Spain, she can speak fairly good Spanish. Turned down the role of Emma Peel in the movie The Avengers (1998). Met with James Cameron for the role of Rose DeWitt Bukater in Titanic (1997), which went to Kate Winslet . A couple sued Gwyneth for an undisclosed amount claiming that the actress injured them during an April 1999 car accident. Spends Thanksgiving every year with Steven Spielberg and Kate Capshaw at their home in the Hamptons. As part of research for her role as an obese woman in Shallow Hal (2001), wore the 200-pound latex "fat" suit she used for the film to a bar where people refused to make eye contact with her and treated her rudely. She said that this experience made her saddened by the injustice faced by overweight people in society. Has been friends with Maya Rudolph (of Saturday Night Live (1975) fame) since she was seven. Sticks to a macrobiotic diet. Owned a flat in London, England. Older sister of Jake Paltrow ; first cousin of actress Katherine Moennig , whose roles include Jacqueline 'Jake' Pratt on Young Americans (2000) and Shane McCutcheon on The L Word (2004), and Hillary Danner ; niece of Harry Danner . TV commercials and print ads for Spain's department store chain El Corte Inglés' spring line (2002). Did her own singing in the comedy-drama movie Duets (2000). Attended Crossroads High School in Santa Monica, California for one year. (April 13, 2003) Attended the ceremony in Talavera De la Reina, Toledo, Spain, in which she was named "adopted daughter". She first visited the town as a young schoolgirl and has since frequently returned there, enamored - she says - of the people, the food and the countryside. Has played Thomas Jefferson's daughter in Jefferson in Paris (1995). Her mother, Blythe Danner , played Jefferson's wife, Martha, in 1776 (1972), just before Gwyneth was conceived. In the Ken Burns miniseries, Thomas Jefferson (1997), she played his granddaughter. Nominated for a London Evening Standard Theatre Award for Best Actress for her performance in "Proof", performed at the Donmar Warehouse in London, England (2002). She and her husband Chris Martin purchased Kate Winslet 's North London home in Belsize Park. Is the daughter of Bruce Paltrow and Blythe Danner . Gwyneth's paternal grandparents, Arnold P. Paltrow and Dorothy Weigert, were both from Jewish families from Eastern and Central Europe (Poland, Russia, Belarus and Lithuania), and Gwyneth's father had many generations of rabbis in the family tree. Gwyneth's maternal grandparents were Harry Earl Danner and Katherine M. Kile, and Gwyneth's mother is of German, with smaller amounts of English and Irish, descent. Some of her mother's ancestors lived in Barbados. Her mother, Blythe Danner , was about five months pregnant with the future actress when she appeared in Columbo: Étude in Black (1972). The episode also starred John Cassavetes , and aired during the series' first season. Her name can be heard over the P.A. system in many episodes of the medical drama St. Elsewhere (1982). Gwyneth's father, Bruce Paltrow , was the producer of the series. Turned down the role of Rachel Keller in The Ring (2002), which went to Naomi Watts . Is best friends with Madonna . Attended St. Augustine by the Sea (where she met Maya Rudolph ) in Los Angeles and the Spence School in New York City. Met husband Chris Martin when she attended his band's ( Coldplay 's) concert. [October 2002] She does not employ a nanny to take care of her daughter, a rarity among actors in the film business. Signed a contact with Estée Lauder for $10 million to promote its new line of fragrance, "Pleasures". Her son, Moses Martin , is named after a song Chris Martin wrote for her and appears on Coldplay 's album "Live 2003". Moses is also her father's Hebrew name. She speaks French quite well, having spent a summer in Paris when in her early twenties. Is good friends with Helena Christensen , who was one of the first people to visit Gwyneth in the hospital, after she gave birth to her son, Moses Martin (Moses Bruce Anthony Martin). Longtime close friends with actress Mary Wigmore , who also appeared (albeit briefly) in Paltrow's films The Royal Tenenbaums (2001) and Shallow Hal (2001). Was the Maid of Honor at Madonna 's wedding to Guy Ritchie . Was originally signed on for the role of Ava Gardner in The Aviator (2004), but dropped out. The role went to Kate Beckinsale . Auditioned for the role of Vickie Miner in Reality Bites (1994), which went to Janeane Garofalo . She earns $3 million per year endorsing Estée Lauder on television and in print advertisements. Was hospitalized and then released on January 14, 2008. Attended Brown Ledge Summer Camp in Vermont. Practices yoga. When she played Sharon Stone on Saturday Night Live (1975), Stone felt offended and criticized her performance (1999). Had suffered post-partum depression following the birth of her son, Moses Martin on April 15, 2008. Attended the Spence School in Manhattan, an elite private girls' school that was also attended by Emmy Rossum and Kerry Washington . Attended the 55th Tony Awards. She can be seen dancing with the revival cast of "The Rocky Horror Show" during "The Time Warp". Ambassador for the Entertainment Industry Foundation (EIF)'s Women's Cancer Research Fund (2008). Gwyneth's brother, Jake Paltrow 's birthday is a day before hers (9/26 and 9/27, respectively). Born at 5:25 PM (PDT). Returned to work ten months after giving birth to her daughter, Apple Martin , in order to begin filming Running with Scissors (2006). Her friendship with Winona Ryder ended in the late 1990s. Was six months pregnant with her son Moses Martin when she completed filming The Good Night (2007) and returned to work eleven months after giving birth, in order to begin filming Iron Man (2008). Two of her ex-boyfriends have been named Sexiest Man Alive by People magazine: Brad Pitt and Ben Affleck . Replaced Charlize Theron in the role of Gerda Wegener in The Danish Girl (2015), but after dropping out of the project herself she was replaced by Alicia Vikander . She was awarded a Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6931 Hollywood Boulevard in Hollywood, California on December 13, 2010. She was accompanied by Tim McGraw , her Country Strong (2010) co-star Faith Hill , and Glee (2009) co-star Matthew Morrison . Second cousin of Arizona Congresswoman Gabrielle Giffords , who was injured in the 2011 Tucson, Arizona shooting. Their fathers are first cousins. (March 26, 2011) Was in attendance at the wedding of Reese Witherspoon to Jim Toth . Auditioned for the role of Kelly Taylor on Beverly Hills, 90210 (1990), which went to Jennie Garth . Auditioned for the role of Susannah Fincannon in Legends of the Fall (1994). She lost the role to Julia Ormond , but Brad Pitt was so impressed with Gwyneth that he later hand-picked her to play his wife in Se7en (1995). Is lifelong friends with Norman Lloyd , who knew her mother, Blythe Danner , for exactly 40 years, right around the same time she was born. Good friends with Mario Batali . Resides in the same apartment building, in TriBeCa, as Meryl Streep (2012). Gave birth to her first child at age 31, a daughter Apple Blythe Alison Martin (aka Apple Martin ) on May 14, 2004 and her second child at age 33, a son Moses Bruce Anthony Martin (aka Moses Martin ) on April 8, 2006. Their father is her now ex-husband, Chris Martin . Revealed that she named her daughter Apple, because apples are whole, sweet and crisp. The baby's middle name honors her grandmothers, Blythe Danner and Alison Martin. (March 17, 2013) Admitted that she had miscarried her future third child with her now estranged husband Chris Martin and almost died. (March 25, 2014) Separated from her husband of 10 years Chris Martin . Was the 115th actress to receive an Academy Award; she won the Best Actress Oscar for Shakespeare in Love (1998) at The 71st Annual Academy Awards (1999) on March 21, 1999. Delivered her daughter Apple naturally after a 70-hour long labor but delivered her son Moses via Caesarean section out of fear of having another long labor. Is one of 15 Oscar-winning actresses to have been born in the state of California. The others are Fay Bainter , Gloria Grahame , Jo Van Fleet , Liza Minnelli , Tatum O'Neal , Diane Keaton , Sally Field , Anjelica Huston , Cher , Jodie Foster , Helen Hunt , Angelina Jolie , Marcia Gay Harden and Brie Larson . Was offered a chance to be a roaster for "The Comedy Central Roast of Rob Lowe", but declined. Is one of 11 actresses who won the Best Actress Oscar for a move that also won the Best Picture Oscar (she won for Shakespeare in Love (1998)). The others are Claudette Colbert for It Happened One Night (1934), Luise Rainer for The Great Ziegfeld (1936), Vivien Leigh for Gone with the Wind (1939), Greer Garson for Mrs. Miniver (1942), Louise Fletcher for One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975), Diane Keaton for Annie Hall (1977), Shirley MacLaine for Terms of Endearment (1983), Jessica Tandy for Driving Miss Daisy (1989), Jodie Foster for The Silence of the Lambs (1991) and Hilary Swank for Million Dollar Baby (2004). Was supposed to star in She's Out of My League (2010) but due to production delays, she backed out and Alice Eve replaced her. Greatly admires Johnny Depp . She worked with him on Mortdecai (2015). As a teenage model she appeared in a 1991 ad urging high school kids to use condoms. Is one of 14 actresses to have won both the Best Actress Academy Award and the Best Actress in a Comedy/Musical Golden Globe for the same performance; hers being for Shakespeare in Love (1998). The others, in chronological order, are: Judy Holliday for Born Yesterday (1950), Julie Andrews for Mary Poppins (1964), Barbra Streisand for Funny Girl (1968), Liza Minnelli for Cabaret (1972), Glenda Jackson for A Touch of Class (1973), Diane Keaton for Annie Hall (1977), Sissy Spacek for Coal Miner's Daughter (1980), Cher for Moonstruck (1987), Jessica Tandy for Driving Miss Daisy (1989), Helen Hunt for As Good as It Gets (1997), Reese Witherspoon for Walk the Line (2005), Marion Cotillard for La Vie en Rose (2007), and Jennifer Lawrence for Silver Linings Playbook (2012). She was offered the role of Emma Peel in The Avengers (1998), which she turned down. Coincidentally, she later played Pepper Potts in an unrelated film of the same The Avengers (2012). Mother Blythe Danner mentioned in her Emmy Award acceptance speech in 2015, that Kiefer Sutherland babysat her daughter as a child. Personal Quotes (31) Beauty, to me, is about being comfortable in your own skin. That, or a kick-ass red lipstick. [on her father's ( Bruce Paltrow 's) struggle with throat cancer] It changed me more than anything else. You don't want to get to that place where you're the adult and you're palpably in the next generation. And, this shoved me into that. [on her 1997 separation with Brad Pitt ] It really changed my life. When we split up, something changed, permanently, in me. My heart sort of broke that day, and it will never be the same. I try to remember, as I hear about friends getting engaged, that it's not about the ring and it's not about the wedding. It's a grave thing, getting married. And it's easy to get swept up in the wrong things. I find Sex and the City (1998) irreverent and shocking. It's one step beyond how girls really talk. I would do a cameo on that show in a flash. I realised life is so short and precious, you should do things that make you feel inspired, that push you and teach you something. I'd rather not have a big house, a huge closet of clothes, diamonds and a private plane, and instead a body of work that I'm proud of. I'm glad that some day my children will be able to see my father and hear his voice, get a sense of who he was. One of the things that disturbs me the most about the fact that he's dead, is that I feel like a statistic. I sort of feel like one of those people who was unfortunate and lost their father when they were 30, and life goes on. But he was so unique and so incredible, I don't like to think about it in those terms. I worked so much in my 20s and I really burnt the candle at both ends. I wasn't too picky about what I did and I was lucky that I did some really good films, but I also did some really rubbish films, I think part of the downside about being so successful and winning the Oscar at the age of 26 is that I sort of became insouciant about the things that I chose. I thought, "Oh, I'll just try this, it'll be fun or I'll do that for the money." Things like that now I would absolutely never do. The simpler things are, the happier they are. The work gets more difficult as you get older. You learn more and you gather more experiences, there is deeper pain and higher highs. There are certain women in this business who have children and I just think, "You must never, never see them!". You can't do movies back to back and see your child if they go to school. Our marriage is between us. If we decide to continue being together or not, it's our business. [on being pregnant while filming Proof (2005)] It was very, very difficult. I was trying not to barf. I felt terrible. Even actresses that you really admire, like Reese Witherspoon , you think, another romantic comedy? You know. You see her in something like Walk the Line (2005) and think, "God, you're so great!" And then you think, "Why is she doing these stupid romantic comedies?". But of course, it's for money and status. I just think, "Wouldn't it be great if all of those movies people went to see were about real women?". I love the English way, which is not as capitalistic as it is in America. People don't talk about work and money. They talk about interesting things at dinner parties. I like living here because I don't tap into the bad side of American psychology, which is "I'm not achieving enough, I'm not making enough, I'm not at the top of the pile!". I'm very happy here [in London] and I really like the way the film industry works, everybody cares. I like that it doesn't have this big capitalistic feeling. When you do something in L.A., you really feel the crew are punching the clock. I sort of look at some peers of mine and I think, "No, you've got it all wrong!". I just want to tell them all to have babies and be happy and not get sucked into that Hollywood thing. I find the English amazing how they got over 7/7. There were no multiple memorials with people sobbing as they would have been in America. There, they are constantly scaring people but at the same time, people think nothing of going to see a therapist. Brits are far more intelligent and civilised than Americans. I love the fact that you can hail a taxi and just pick up your pram and put in the back of the cab without having to collapse it. I love the parks and places I go for dinner and my friends. It's a pretty city, you know. British people don't seem to ask each other out on dates. If someone asked you out they're really going out on a limb, whereas in America it happens all the time. Someone will come up to you and ask you for dinner and you'll say, "Sure!" It's no big deal and no weight should be attached to it. It's only dinner, for God's sake. Yet in Britain, mostly what happens seems to be that people meet at work. If there's a little something there, then they hang out together and, all of a sudden, they're boyfriend and girlfriend. It would be a lot easier on Brad Pitt and Jennifer Aniston now had they not talked to the press about each other and everything to begin with. I learned my lesson at 24. [on daughter Apple's accent] She says "Mummy" instead of "Mommy", I don't mind that. I will if she starts saying "basil" and "pasta" the English way, as that really drives me nuts. [on the paparazzi] If I have my daughter in the car and they are making me nervous, I'll do whatever I have to do. I keep a whole log. I take pictures of their cars, write down license plate numbers, everything. If they do it again, I can go to the police. I know my rights and, believe me, I will have them arrested. I will stop at nothing. [on Madonna ] She has evolved with so much wisdom and grace that I would say my favorite Madonna is today's Madonna. She's a beautiful product of all her explorations and incarnations. (Style magazine, September 2006) I'd rather smoke crack than eat cheese from a tin. My father found joy in feeding the people he loved - genuine, bursting happiness. He instilled in me the idea that a meal made for your family is an expression of love. [on the "scenery" in View from the Top (2003)] It's like, all of a sudden, I'm in underwear for half the movie. When you're having dinner with your kids and your husband and someone says something funny or your dying laughing because your three-year-old made a joke, it doesn't matter what else is going on. That's real happiness. Women really need to examine why they're so vitriolic to other women. [on Johnny Depp ] Whether it's Morgan Freeman [ Se7en (1995)] at the beginning of my career or Johnny Depp in my last movie [ Mortdecai (2015)], I feel on-my-knees gratitude for being considered a good enough actor to work with actors of that caliber. Johnny is a true genius and when he works he envisages everything. You know I read the script and I thought it was really funny. I have always wanted to work with Johnny and I'm so lucky they asked me as he is amazing. We had so much fun on set that it was hard not to laugh. I am who I am. I can't pretend to be somebody who makes $25,000 a year. Salary (4)	Apple
After how many years does Halley's comet appear?	Gwyneth Paltrow and Chris Martin treat their kids to food truck fare \| Daily Mail Online comments In their 10 years of marriage, Gwyneth Paltrow and Chris Martin have made it their mission to stay mostly under the radar. They avoid walking red carpets together and it's a rare occurrence indeed to see them pictured together with their two young children. But on March 7, they gave fans a glimpse into their private world as they enjoyed a decidedly low-key outing in Venice Beach, California. Rare family sighting: Gwyneth Paltrow and Chris Martin enjoyed a fun night out with their children Apple, nine, and Moses, seven, in Venice Beach, California on March 7, where they took in the monthly First Fridays event on Abbot Kinney Boulevard The foursome headed out on foot to take in the monthly extravaganza known as First Fridays on Abbot Kinney Boulevard, which sees every kind of food truck imaginable line the jam-packed street. While the family are known for their strict diet, with the 41-year-old actress a long-time devotee of the macrobiotic diet while her Coldplay frontman husband is a vegetarian, they clearly decided they deserved a night off, as they were spotted enjoying a fast-food meal from the Dogtown Dogs truck. Serving just a limited selection of hot dogs and tater tots, it's a processed food-phobic's nightmare. Not that the Iron Man star seemed to mind in the slightest, appearing in good spirits as she enjoyed her family outing with her brood. One stylish mama! The 41-year-old looked effortlessly chic as always in black pants, matching flats, a white top featuring an unusual ruffled design and a striking black and white patterned cropped leather jacket The Oscar-winner looked like any other trendy mother as she sauntered down the street dressed stylishly in black pants, matching flats, a white top with unusual ruffled design and a funky black and white patterned cropped leather jacket. She wore her long blonde locks in her signature poker-straight style, while she appeared to be make-up-free, shielding her eyes behind large black sunglasses. Her 37-year-old husband was clad in his trademark casual all black outfit, consisting of jeans, a T-shirt, jacket and high-top sneakers. Leader of the pack: The Oscar-winner led the way through the crowd on the busy street as her gorgeous family followed closely behind, with Coldplay frontman Chris bringing up the rear, slipping on a black baseball cap as he attempted to go unnoticed Natural beauty: The Californian-born star wore her long golden tresses in her signature poker-straight style, while she shielded her make-up-free face behind large black sunglasses The couple's gorgeous children - Apple, nine, and Moses, seven - were equally casual for the outing. Apple looked sporty in navy blue leggings, a matching tee, bright blue sweatshirt and knee-high brown Uggs, while he brother opted for a similar style, in black jeans, black and white checked canvas shoes, a green t-shirt and white hoodie. On Tuesday, Chris and his band, Coldplay, kicked off the iTunes Festival at SXSW in Austin, Texas. The British rockers debuted four new songs from their highly-anticipated upcoming album Ghost Stories, which drops on May 19. That's not on the macrobiotic diet! The notoriously strict, health-conscious parents treated their kids to a hot dog and tater tots from the Dogtown Dogs food truck Stepping out: Chris was seen arriving back at LAX on Wednesday	i don't know
What is the oldest soft drink in America?	Dr Pepper is the Oldest Major Soft Drink in the United States Dr Pepper is the Oldest Major Soft Drink in the United States Daven Hiskey 14 comments Today I found that Dr Pepper is the oldest major soft drink, that is still being produced, in the United States; now over 125 years old. In 1885, in the frontier town of Waco Texas (nicknamed “six-shooter junction”), a pharmacists by the name of Charles Alderton worked at the “Old Corner Drug Store” owned by Wade Morrison. At this drug store, people would come in to buy all sorts of things, including fountain drinks. Charles Alderton noticed how customers loved the smell of the soda fountain with the various fruity smells mingling together, but were starting to get tired of the standard flavors available at that time. Alderton then decided to come up with a soft drink that didn’t taste like any standard flavor of the day; instead he wanted to make a drink that tasted like the mixed fruity smell from the fountain drink area. After experimenting around for a while, using the various fruit drink syrups, he hit upon a taste that he thought was unique and tasted good. With a little tweaking based on feedback from different people, he eventually settled on the formula for Dr Pepper and Morrison and he started selling it at the drug store. Soon, the soda became very popular with the people of Waco, Texas. Eventually, other shops began buying the syrup to sell with their fountain drinks. At this time, because the soda flavor had not yet been named, when people wanted it, they’d say “Shoot me a Waco!” or “Give me Doc Alderton’s drink”. Soon enough though, Morrison, the owner of the drug store that Alderton worked at, named the soda “Dr. Pepper” with the “period” being dropped in the 1950s so it is now just “Dr Pepper”. Interestingly, it is not exactly known why Morrison chose to name the drink as he did. However, the generally accepted tale (and the one cited on the official Dr Pepper site), is that he named it after Dr. Charles Pepper, a friend of his from when he lived in Virginia. Some have said this is because Morrison was in love with Charles Pepper’s daughter (indeed, this is what the official Dr Pepper company says); however, this is unlikely as she was 8 years old when he left Virginia for Texas and he probably had not seen her since. But for whatever reason, he seemed to want to honor Charles Pepper by naming Alderton’s drink after him. Around 1891, Morrison and Alderton were having trouble making enough syrup to meet the demand. Enter Robert Lazenby who owned a ginger ale company in Waco. He partnered with Morrison, after Alderton decided he didn’t want to be part of the business side of things, and they started bottling the drink and selling it in that form. Around this same time, Sam Houston Prim tasted Dr Pepper for the first time and decided to sell it in his bottling plant in Dublin, Texas. You can still buy Dr Pepper made from the original recipe (with sugar, instead of corn syrup) from the Dublin Dr Pepper bottling plant along with a variety of Dr Pepper versions such as Cherry Dr Pepper, Caffeine Free Dr Pepper, and glass bottled Dr Pepper that are not generally available elsewhere. Why Mentos and Diet Coke React Bonus Facts: Dr Pepper is one of the top 3 soft drinks in the United States and the number 1 non-cola. Despite its popularity in Texas early on, Dr Pepper didn’t really take off nationally until the 1904 World’s Fair in St. Louis. The 1904 St. Louis World’s Fair not only made Dr Pepper a national hit, but also was responsible for hamburgers, hot dog buns, and ice cream cones becoming national favorites. John Castles was a partner of Morrison around the time Dr Pepper was invented. Interestingly, in Castles journal, he has a recipe called “D Peppers Pepsin Bitters”. However, Dr Pepper Snapple Group insist this is not the recipe for Dr Pepper (which of course they must, whether it is or isn’t, in order to keep their trade secret rights). In the 1920s and 1930s, researchers thought that most people needed a boost of sugar around 10:30am, 2:30pm, and 4:30pm as people’s sugar levels were at their lowest points around these times based on their research. As such, Dr Pepper began marketing itself as a sort of “cure” for these low sugar times, with the slogan “Drink a bite to eat at 10, 2, and 4”; this is why on certain classic Dr Pepper logos you will find the numbers “10, 2, and 4”. Expand for References:	Dr Pepper
What is the name of the medieval art that has a goal of turning base metals into gold?	Vernors Ginger Ale - Fizzy Drinks Vernors Ginger Ale by John Engelman on January 24, 2011 Contents You have rated this About the Drink Vernors ginger ale shares the title of America’s oldest surviving soft drink with Hires Root Beer. It was invented in 1866 by James Vernor, a Detroit pharmacist. Without the Civil War, there would be no Vernors. Before the conflict began, James Vernor, a Detroit pharmacist, had concocted a new drink. It was a mix of 19 ingredients, including ginger, vanilla and natural flavorings. When Vernor was called off to war in 1862, he stored the secret mixture in an oak cask in his pharmacy. After returning from battle four years later, he opened his secret keg and found the drink inside had been transformed by the aging process in the wood. It had taken on a zippy, zesty, gingery flavor. It was like nothing else he had ever tasted. It was Vernors. For years, the only place one could buy a Vernors was from the fountain in James Vernor’s pharmacy at 233 Woodward Ave. in downtown Detroit. But demand for the drink continued to grow. Soon, soda fountains throughout the city began selling cold, carbonated Vernors. Vernor kept an ever-watchful eye on the vendors. When it came to maintaining the quality of his drink, he was a fanatic. Vernor’s personal scrapbook from the time contains many of the pamphlets he sent to soda fountain owners. Those pamphlets “laid down the law” on how Vernors should and should not be served. This “quality control” helped build a loyal clientele for Vernors Ginger Soda. Vernor also worked with soft drink manufacturers to make their dispensing machines more practical and affordable. By 1896, the blossoming popularity of his drink led Vernor to establish his own soda fountain store. In the years that followed, Vernors became available in such distant cities as Buffalo, Toledo, Cleveland and Niagara Falls. The continuing expansion into other markets was both deliberate and methodical. Just as the process for making Vernors extract requires four long years in oak barrels, there was no rushing the marketing of Vernors. James Vernor wanted to be absolutely sure the consistency of his drink would be maintained before he granted any franchise licenses. As a result, his drink enjoyed predictable success in new cities. A soda fountain owner who wrote to Vernor in 1898 noted that the ginger soda had acquired an enthusiastic following in his city. “Its purity, delicacy of flavor and great refreshing powers have been testified to by thousands of our soda customers,” the franchisee wrote. In time, The Vernors Company would open a landmark bottling operation in downtown Detroit to handle its expanding business. This riverfront business became a favorite stopping place for locals and tourists alike in the 1940s. It was here one could sip a fresh Vernors for only a nickel and watch as it was being produced. In 1966, the Vernor family sold the company to an outside investment group. Subsequently, the company was acquired by American Consumer Products and, later, by United Brands. Vernors returned to the ownership of a soft drink company when A&W Beverages, Inc. purchased The Vernors Company in 1987. Today, Vernors is part of Plano, Texas-based Dr Pepper Snapple Group, Inc., an integrated refreshment beverage business marketing more than 50 beverage brands throughout North America. What’s in a name? Soft drinks during James Vernor’s time often carried the surname of the inventor along with the product name. What's your reaction?	i don't know
The density, or richness, of which substance is measured by a lactometer?	Lactometer - definition of lactometer by The Free Dictionary Lactometer - definition of lactometer by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/lactometer Also found in: Medical , Encyclopedia , Wikipedia . lac·tom·e·ter A device used to measure the specific gravity, and therefore the richness, of milk. lactometer (lækˈtɒmɪtə) n (Tools) a hydrometer used to measure the relative density of milk and thus determine its quality. Also called: galactometer lac•tom•e•ter a hydrometer for measuring the specific density of milk to determine its fat content. [1810–20] Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: Copyright © 2003-2017 Farlex, Inc Disclaimer All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.	Milk
Who is the spokesperson for Kellogs Frosted Flakes?	Hydrometer H Hydrometer <table align=right><td></td></table> A hydrometer is an instrument used to measure the specific gravity (or relative density) of liquids ; that is, the ratio of the density of the liquid to the density of water. A hydrometer is usually made of glass and consists of a cylindrical stem and a bulb weighted with mercury or lead shot to make it float upright. The liquid to be tested is poured into a tall jar, and the hydrometer is gently lowered into the liquid until it floats freely. The point at which the surface of the liquid touches the stem of the hydrometer is noted. Hydrometers usually contain a paper scale inside the stem, so that the specific gravity can be read directly. The scales may be Plato, Oechsle, or Brix, depending on the purpose. Hydrometers may be calibrated for different uses, such as a lactometer for measuring the density (creaminess) of milk, a saccharometer for measuring the density of sugar in a liquid, or an alcoholometer for measuring higher levels of alcohol in spirits. Principle The operation of the hydrometer is based on the Archimedes principle that a solid suspended in a fluid will be buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced. Thus, the lower the density of the substance, the further the hydrometer will sink. (See also Relative density and hydrometers.) History An early description of a hydrometer appears in a letter from Synesius of Cyrene to Hypatia of Alexandria. In Synesius' fifteen letter, he requests Hypatia to make a hydrometer for him: The instrument in question is a cylindrical tube, which has the shape of a flute and is about the same size. It has notches in a perpendicular line, by means of which we are able to test the weight of the waters. A cone forms a lid at one of the extremities, closely fitted to the tube. The cone and the tube have one base only. This is called the baryllium. Whenever you place the tube in water, it remains erect. You can then count the notches at your ease, and in this way ascertain the weight of the water. Ranges In low density liquids such as kerosene , gasoline , and alcohol , the hydrometer will sink deeper, and in high density liquids such as brine , milk , and acids it will not sink so far. In fact, it is usual to have two separate instruments, one for heavy liquids, on which the mark 1.000 for water is near the top of the stem, and one for light liquids, on which the mark 1.000 is near the bottom. In many industries a set of hydrometers is used — covering specific gravity ranges of 1.0–0.95, 0.95–0.9 etc — to provide more precise measurements. Scales Modern hydrometers usually measure specific gravity but different scales were (and sometimes still are) used in certain industries. Examples include: Baumé scale, formerly used in industrial chemistry and pharmacology Brix scale, primarily used in fruit juice, wine making and the sugar industry Oechsle scale, used for measuring the density of grape must Plato scale, primarily used in brewing Twaddell scale, formerly used in the bleaching and dyeing industries Commercial uses Because the commercial value of many liquids, including sugar solutions, sulfuric acid , and alcohol beverages such as beer and wine , depends directly on the specific gravity, hydrometers are used extensively. Lactometer A lactometer (or galactometer) is a hydrometer used to test milk. The specific gravity of milk does not give a conclusive indication of its composition since milk contains a variety of substances that are either heavier or lighter than water. Additional tests for fat content are necessary to determine overall composition. The instrument is graduated into a hundred parts. Milk is poured in and allowed to stand until the cream has formed, then the depth of the cream deposit in degrees determines the quality of the milk. Another instrument, invented by Doeffel, is two inches long, divided into 40 parts, beginning at the point to which it sinks when placed in water. Milk unadulterated is shown at 14°. Alcoholometer An alcoholometer is a hydrometer which is used for determining the alcoholic strength of liquids. It is also known as a proof and traille hydrometer. It only measures the density of the fluid. Certain assumptions are made to estimate the amount of alcohol present in the fluid. Alcoholometers have scales marked with volume percents of "potential alcohol", based on a pre-calculated specific gravity. A higher "potential alcohol" reading on this scale is caused by a greater specific gravity, assumed to be caused by the introduction of dissolved sugars. A reading is taken before and after fermentation and approximate alcohol content is determined by subtracting the post fermentation reading from the pre-fermentation reading. Saccharometer A saccharometer is a hydrometer used for determining the amount of sugar in a solution. It is used primarily by winemakers and brewers , and it can also be used in making sorbets and ice-creams. The first brewers' saccharometer was constructed by John Richardson in 1784. It consists of a large weighted glass bulb with a thin stem rising from the top with calibrated markings. The sugar level can be determined by reading the value where the surface of the liquid crosses the scale. It works by the principle of buoyancy. A solution with a higher sugar content is denser, causing the bulb to float higher. Less sugar results in a lower density and a lower floating bulb. Thermohydrometer A thermohydrometer is a hydrometer that has a thermometer enclosed in the float section. For measuring the density of petroleum products, like fuel oils, the specimen is usually heated in a temperature jacket with a thermometer placed behind it since density is dependent on temperature. Light oils are placed in cooling jackets, typically at 15oC. Very light oils with many volatile components are measured in a variable volume container using a floating piston sampling device to minimize light end losses. As a battery test it measures the temperature compensated specific gravity and electrolyte temperature. Barkometer A barkometer is calibrated to test the strength of tanning liquors used in tanning leather . Soil analysis A hydrometer analysis is the process by which fine-grained soils, silts and clays , are graded. Hydrometer analysis is performed if the grain sizes are too small for sieve analysis. The basis for this test is Stoke's Law for falling spheres in a viscous fluid in which the terminal velocity of fall depends on the grain diameter and the densities of the grain in suspension and of the fluid. The grain diameter thus can be calculated from a knowledge of the distance and time of fall. The hydrometer also determines the specific gravity (or density ) of the suspension, and this enables the percentage of particles of a certain equivalent particle diameter to be calculated. (Wikipedia)	i don't know
Traditionally, what does a cooper make?	Gary Cooper - Biography - IMDb Gary Cooper Biography Showing all 258 items Jump to: Overview (5) \| Mini Bio (2) \| Spouse (1) \| Trade Mark (2) \| Trivia (127) \| Personal Quotes (46) \| Salary (75) Overview (5) 6' 3" (1.91 m) Mini Bio (2) Born to Alice Cooper and Charles Cooper (not in film business). Gary attended school at Dunstable school England, Helena Montana and Iowa College, Grinnell, Iowa. His first stage experience was during high school and college. Afterwards, he worked as an extra for one year before getting a part in a two reeler by Hans Tissler (an independent producer). Eileen Sedgwick was his first leading lady. He then appeared in The Winning of Barbara Worth (1926) for United Artists before moving to Paramount. While there he appeared in a small part in Wings (1927), It (1927), and other films. - IMDb Mini Biography By: Dave Curbow "Dad was a true Westerner, and I take after him", Gary Cooper told people who wanted to know more about his life before Hollywood. Dad was Charles Henry Cooper, who left his native England at 19, became a lawyer and later a Montana State Supreme Court justice. In 1906, when Gary was 5, his dad bought the Seven-Bar-Nine, a 600-acre ranch that had originally been a land grant to the builders of the railroad through that part of Montana. In 1910, Gary's mother, who had been ill, was advised to take a long sea voyage by her doctor. She went to England and stayed there until the United States entered World War I. Gary and his older brother Arthur stayed with their mother and went to school in England for seven years. Too young to go to war, Gary spent the war years working on his father's ranch. "Getting up at 5 o'clock in the morning in the dead of winter to feed 450 head of cattle and shoveling manure at 40 below ain't romantic", said the man who would take the Western to the top of its genre in High Noon (1952). So well liked was Cooper that he aroused little envy when, in 1939, the U.S. Treasury Department said that he was the nation's top wage earner. That year he earned $482,819. This tall, silent hero was the American ideal for many people of his generation. Ernest Hemingway who lived his novels before he wrote them, was happy to have Gary Cooper play his protagonists in A Farewell to Arms (1932) and For Whom the Bell Tolls (1943). - IMDb Mini Biography By: Dale O'Connor < [email protected]> Spouse (1) ( 15 December 1933 - 13 May 1961) (his death) (1 child) Trade Mark (2) Trivia (127) Hobbies: Fishing, hunting, riding, swimming, and taxidermy. In the early 1930s his doctor told him he had been working too hard. Cooper went to Europe and stayed a lot longer than planned. When he returned, he was told there was now a "new" Gary Cooper--an unknown actor needed a better name for films, so the studio had reversed Gary Cooper's initials and created a name that sounded similar: Cary Grant . Along with Mylène Demongeot , Cooper set in motion the first escalator to be installed in a cinema, at the Rex Theatre in Paris on June 7 1957. Worked as a Yellowstone Park guide for several seasons before becoming an actor. Father-in-law of pianist and composer Byron Janis . Inducted into the Hall of Great Western Performers of the National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum in 1966. Pictured on one of four 25¢ US commemorative postage stamps issued 23 March 1990 honoring classic films released in 1939. The stamp featured Cooper as the title character of Beau Geste (1939). The other films honored were Stagecoach (1939), The Wizard of Oz (1939), and Gone with the Wind (1939). Upon seeing him, a professor in the theater department at Grinnell College recorded "shows no promise." Father of Maria Cooper Janis . Despite his wholesome screen image, he was an infamous (and privately boastful) womanizer in reality, allegedly having had affairs with numerous and sometimes very famous leading ladies throughout his career. This was in spite of the fact that he had a faithful wife, Sandra, and that many of his lovers were also married. His Oscar-winning roles as Will Kane from High Noon (1952) and Sgt. Alvin York from Sergeant York (1941) were ranked #5 and #35 in the American Film Institute's Heroes list in their 100 years of The Greatest Screen Heroes and Villains. He was voted the 18th Greatest Movie Star of all time by Entertainment Weekly. Is mentioned in the song "La Dernière Séance" by Eddy Mitchell . He is also mentioned in the song "Putting on the Ritz.". He was voted the 42nd Greatest Movie Star of all time by Premiere Magazine. He was fond of dogs, at various times he owned boxers, Dobermans and Great Danes. He and his wife also raised Sealyhams. He liked sports and kept in shape with hiking and riding, tennis and golf, archery and skiing, trout fishing and spear fishing, swimming and scuba diving and driving fast cars. He liked boxing. Appeared in 107 movies, 82 of which he starred in. Only 16 of those were filmed in color. And he starred in 14 silent movies. Has starred in a total number of 20 westerns, three of which were silent. His mother's favorite movie of his is The Pride of the Yankees (1942). His appetite was prodigious, but no matter how much he ate, he always remained thin. During his early years in Hollywood, working odd jobs and living with his parents, he said, he said with some comic exaggeration, that his "starvation diet at the time ran to no less than a dozen eggs a day, a couple of loaves of bread, a platter of bacon, and just enough pork chops between meals to keep me going until I got home for supper." His specialty on hunting trips was gargantuan: wild duck covered with bacon strips, enhanced by four eggs and steak. He could eat a cherry pie and drink a quart of milk for lunch. He blew the harmonica and strummed the guitar; played backgammon and bridge; grew corn and avocados on the Encino ranch he bought in the early 1930s and loved to work with his tractor in the garden. Named the #11 Greatest Actor on The 50 Greatest Screen Legends list by the American Film Institute He starred in two movies that were based on novels by Ernest Hemingway : A Farewell to Arms (1932) and For Whom the Bell Tolls (1943). He signed a six-year contract with Samuel Goldwyn Productions, to make six pictures at $150,000 per picture. At the time Paramount had legal rights to Cooper and threatened to sue. The two companies came to an understanding that Paramount would loan Cooper to Goldywn to make one picture a year from 1938-42. Appeared on the cover of Life magazine March 3, 1941. Has played six real-life characters on screen: Wild Bill Hickok, Marco Polo, Sgt. Alvin C. York , Lou Gehrig , Dr. Corydon M. Wassell and Gen. Billy Mitchell . In 1944 he formed his own production company, International Pictures, with Samuel Goldwyn . His partners were Leo Spitz , William Goetz (who'd recently been ousted from 20th Century-Fox) and Nunnally Johnson . They only produced nine movies, two of which starred Cooper, Casanova Brown (1944) and Along Came Jones (1945). Then in 1946 they sold International Pictures to Universal Pictures, which changed its name to Universal-International. He was a conservative Republican. He voted for Calvin Coolidge in 1924, and for Herbert Hoover in 1928 and 1932. He actively campaigned for Wendell Willkie in 1940, strongly believing that Franklin D. Roosevelt should serve no more than two terms of office, and endorsed Thomas E. Dewey in 1944. By June 1955 he had made 80 films from which studios earned $250 million, but he only earned $6 million in salary and percentages. By 1942 he left Samuel Goldwyn and Paramount, then formed his own production company. On October 22, 1947, he signed with Warner Brothers to make films at $295,000 per picture. His father Charles Cooper died of pneumonia on September 18, 1946, three months after Gary completed Cloak and Dagger (1946) and three days after his father's 81st birthday. Appeared in eight movies with Walter Brennan . These were Watch Your Wife (1926), The Wedding Night (1935), The Cowboy and the Lady (1938), The Westerner (1940), Meet John Doe (1941), Sergeant York (1941), The Pride of the Yankees (1942) and Task Force (1949). In 1951, after 25 years in show business, his professional reputation declined and he was dropped from the Motion Picture Herald's list of the top 10 Box Office performers. The following year he made a big comeback at the age of 51 with High Noon (1952). Took an acting class from Michael Chekhov He turned down both Stagecoach (1939) and Gone with the Wind (1939). He wasn't present to receive his Academy Award in February 1953, for his portrayal of Marshal Will Kane in High Noon (1952). He asked John Wayne to accept it on his behalf. He left America and Hollywood and didn't return for 18 months. During that time he was in Hawaii, Mexico and France and shot four films: Return to Paradise (1953), Blowing Wild (1953), Garden of Evil (1954) and Vera Cruz (1954). He formed his own production company, Baroda Productions, in 1958. In 1959 the company made three of his more unusual films: The Hanging Tree (1959), They Came to Cordura (1959) and The Wreck of the Mary Deare (1959). Was close friends with Ernest Hemingway for 20 years. Hemingway shot himself a month after Cooper's death. He declined roles in The Big Trail (1930), Stagecoach (1939) and Red River (1948). All of these were subsequently played by John Wayne . Both of his parents were immigrants to America from England. On 16 April 1958 he entered the Manhattan Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital for a full face-lift and other cosmetic surgery by Dr John Converse, one of the leading plastic surgeons in America. Newspaper articles commenting on the effects of the operation said his face now looked quite different and the procedure had not been successful. His shot from High Noon (1952) was used as a Solidarity candidates trademark of the first independent elections in Poland in June 1989 ("There's a new sheriff in town") In the spring of 1960 he had two operations, one for prostate cancer and another to remove a cancerous part of his colon. The doctors were sure that they had gotten all of it. His body strengthened and he made The Naked Edge (1961) in England, but during production he had a lot of pain in his neck and shoulders. When he returned home from England he went back to the doctor in February 1961 and it was then that he had to be told the cancer had metastasized to his lungs and bones. As he did in The Pride of the Yankees (1942) he took it in stride and said, "If it is God's will, that's all right, too." He opted not to take very much treatment. His reputation as an unthinking conservative seems largely undeserved. Though he appeared as a "friendly witness" before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) in 1947, he carefully avoided naming any people he suspected of having Communist sympathies within the Hollywood community. He later starred in High Noon (1952), a western that was an allegory for blacklisting in Hollywood, and strongly defended blacklisted screenwriter Carl Foreman from attacks by the right-wing Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals. Foreman later credited Cooper as the only major star in Hollywood who tried to help him. His mistress Patricia Neal , who did consider herself a liberal, said Gary was "conservative" but "you couldn't call him right-wing". Cooper showed a sense of humor by asking John Wayne to collect his Oscar for him in 1953, after Wayne had criticized High Noon (1952) as "anti-American". The pallbearers at the funeral were Cooper's close friends - James Stewart , Henry Hathaway , Jack Benny , William Goetz , Jerry Wald , and Charles Feldman . Rocky and Maria walked behind the casket, alongside Cooper's 87-year-old mother Alice and his brother Arthur, as it was borne through the church to the hearse out on Santa Monica Boulevard. Among the top names of Hollywood attending the services were Norma Shearer , Dean Martin , Walter Pidgeon , Mary Pickford and Buddy Rogers , Marlene Dietrich , Randolph Scott , Joel McCrea , Frank Sinatra , Burt Lancaster , Jimmy Durante , Martha Hyer , John Wayne , Rosalind Russell , Robert Stack , Myrna Loy , Fay Wray , Joan Crawford , Maureen O'Sullivan , George Burns and Gracie Allen , Fred Astaire , Judy Garland , Bob Hope , Dinah Shore , and Karl Malden . Not one fan broke the lines to ask for an autograph. Along with Sidney Poitier , he is the most represented actor on the American Film Institute's 100 Most Inspiring Movies of All Time, with five of his films on the list. They are: Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936) at #83, Sergeant York (1941) at #57, Meet John Doe (1941) at #49, High Noon (1952) at #27 and The Pride of the Yankees (1942) at #22. At the time of his terminal cancer being diagnosed towards the end of 1960, Cooper had signed to star in The Sundowners (1960) and Ride the High Country (1962). It was a testament to his durability that Charlton Heston , already a major star following The Ten Commandments (1956), was prepared to play a supporting role in The Wreck of the Mary Deare (1959). Heston was impressed that the veteran actor, 58 years old and in declining health, was still able to perform his own stunts, including being submerged underwater for long periods of time. In his book "The Actor's Life", Heston recalled he sensed early on it would be Cooper's picture but he didn't mind, because of all Cooper himself had meant to Heston, even as a child. He underwent four hernia operations between 1951 and 1953. In the late 1950s, his voracious eating habits finally caught up with him. After decades of incomparable thinness, Cooper put on 15 lbs, pushing his weight up to 190 lbs, which on his 6'3" frame was still slender. Often cited James Stewart as his closest friend. During the 1944 presidential election the phrase, "I've been for Roosevelt before . . . but not this time!" was personally attributed to Cooper, forming the basis of full-page advertisements in major newspapers, paid for by the Republican National Committee. Cooper was extremely active on behalf of the Republican candidate, New York's governor Thomas E. Dewey . He gave speeches, did entertaining for fund raisers, met with Dewey in Los Angeles and did some personal campaigning in the film community. Whether Cooper had ever been "for Roosevelt before" is questionable. Possibly he voted for him in 1936 during the second-term landslide. If so, it was not publicly disclosed. Cooper's activities were as unpopular as Democrat Humphrey Bogart 's endorsement of Franklin D. Roosevelt that year. The studio called in both stars and told them to stop antagonizing fans who did not share their political beliefs. In 1943 Cooper was one of the founding members of the right-wing Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals, called merely "the Alliance" in the film community. Its other early leaders included Robert Taylor , Adolphe Menjou , Sam Wood , Norman Taurog , Clarence Brown , and Walt Disney . Clark Gable , thought of as one whose apolitical inclination was even more pronounced than Cooper's, was also a member. The Alliance's cheerleader was Lela E. Rogers , mother of Ginger Rogers . In 1940, Cooper actively campaigned for Wendell Willkie as the Republican challenger to President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's quest for a third term of office. Cooper believed Roosevelt was already too powerful, and would become more so. He told Cecelia Ager though that he advocated most of the New Deal reforms and believed the GOP made a mistake by not emphasizing their intention of retaining most of them. He said, "There's no going back to the ways of the Old Guard." Willkie, a well known womanizer, became firm friends with the actor. At first Cooper didn't want to make Friendly Persuasion (1956), not just because he felt the audience wouldn't accept him as a devout Quaker, but also because he did not want to play a father figure. This was despite the fact that he was now 55. On the set he arranged for his daughter Maria Cooper Janis to date Anthony Perkins , not seeming to realize that the young actor was gay. His lovers included Clara Bow , Evelyn Brent , Carole Lombard , Lupe Velez , Ingrid Bergman , Grace Kelly , Marlene Dietrich and Patricia Neal . Sir Cecil Beaton also claimed to have had an affair with him. He was very popular with audiences over a long period of time, his popularity exceeding that of "The King" Clark Gable himself at the box office. Named the #1 Box Office Star of 1953 in the Top 10 Poll of Money-Making Stars, as ranked by Quigley Publications' annual survey of movie exhibitors. He made the list 18 times from 1936 to 1957, which was a record when he died in 1961. Of his contemporaries, John Wayne (who accepted Cooper's 1952 Best Actor Oscar for High Noon (1952)) established the still-standing record of Box Office success with 25 appearances in the Top 10 between 1949 and 1974. There has been much speculation over the years over whether Cooper's close friend Ernest Hemingway may have had latent homosexual tendencies. There is an easy agreement among Hemingway scholars that Papa, as he insisted Cooper should call him, was never actively homosexual, but the fact that he protested his masculinity so much in his novels and in real life has aroused suspicion. Hemingway's tendency to beautify in Cooper the qualities he found beastly in others is provocative. One Hemingway scholar maintained Papa was profoundly impressed that Cooper was such a stud. He said, "I believe that in his mind he loved Gary sexually, but I believe furthermore that Gary Cooper never once suspected it. If I am correct, that proves the beauty of Gary's naiveté, which Papa always found so charming." In 1938 Cooper took his wife on a junket to England and the Continent, and was the last American movie star to visit Nazi Germany prior to the outbreak of World War II. Until that point he had been basically apolitical and isolationist, opposed to President Woodrow Wilson 's League of Nations. When the fateful Munich Conference immediately followed Cooper's return to America, he became increasingly active in the film community's pastime of playing national partisan politics. His allegiance to the right wing would be fairly consistent, though never a sure thing. He said he believed the US should become more involved diplomatically in world affairs but felt it was no business of Hollywood's. He said pointedly that MGM's cautiously anti-Nazi Three Comrades (1938) with its F. Scott Fitzgerald screenplay should not have been made, and that henceforth he would give more thoughtful attention to some of the film projects he was offered. In 1958 Cooper had a private audience with Pope Pius XII at the Vatican, and in the following year became a convert to Roman Catholicism. Although Cooper dismissed the new school of actors in the 1950s as "a bunch of goof balls" and could be caustic about "the Method" advanced by the Actors Studio in New York, Lee Strasberg told everyone that Cooper was a natural Method actor, he just didn't know it. Cooper did at least admire Marlon Brando 's work, and became a producing partner with his father, Marlon Brando Sr. . On October 23, 1947, he appeared before the House Un-American Activities Committee in Washington, not under subpoena but responding to an invitation to give testimony on the alleged infiltration of Hollywood by communists. Other friendly witnesses appearing on the same day as Cooper were Robert Taylor , Robert Montgomery , George Murphy , Ronald Reagan and the aging Adolphe Menjou . Montgomery had long been active in Republican politics as a committeeman and later would serve as White House adviser during the Eisenhower administration. Murphy would serve as a Republican senator from California, with a very reactionary voting record. Reagan would become Governor of California and the national champion of extreme conservatism. Taylor, Menjou and Cooper would all retreat gradually from the political fracas, but only Cooper would make a show of repudiating what he had done. Although he never recanted his testimony or said he regretted having been a friendly witness, he became conciliatory during the subsequent period of the blacklist. As an independent producer, he hired blacklisted actors and technicians. He did say he had never wanted to see anyone lose the right to work, regardless of what he had done. After the release of High Noon (1952), an allegory for blacklisting, he stood by its screenwriter Carl Foreman despite pressure from rabidly right-wing gossip columnist Hedda Hopper . Immediately after the HUAC appearance, the films of Cooper, Taylor, Montgomery, Murphy, Reagan and Menjou were banned first in Hungary, then in Czechoslovakia and eventually in most of the Iron Curtain countries. So were those of Ginger Rogers and, curiously, tenor Allan Jones , seen usually in minor features and certainly no militant. On the witness stand Cooper had made light of the communists, the thrust of his testimony being that sure, they were in Hollywood just like everywhere else, but they were only a small faction giving the large patriotic body of the film community a bad name it didn't deserve. After his testimony Cooper received a standing ovation and vigorous applause. He later told Robert Taylor , "I got a much bigger hand than you did." Liberals, who never forgave the other friendly witnesses, generally made an exception for Cooper. Separated from his wife Rocky in May 1951, mainly over his affair with Patricia Neal . They did not live together again until July 1954. On January 8, 1961, he was given a testimonial dinner in Hollywood at the Friar's Club (it had nothing to do with his terminal cancer, which at the time his doctors didn't know he had). The aged Carl Sandburg was there, calling Cooper "a tradition while he's living, something of a clean sport, the lack of a phony." Audrey Hepburn read a poem called "What is a Gary Cooper?". Cooper didn't look well that night, but most observers thought he looked marvelous anyway. His estate was valued at $9 million at the time of his death in 1961. In 1951 he organized his own production company once more, calling it Baroda, and buying the film rights to Alfred Hayes ' best-selling novel "The Girl on the Via Flaminia". He paid $40,000 for the rights and $10,000 to Hayes for a screenplay. He wanted to star in it with the young Montgomery Clift , the most popular young actor in Hollywood and also one of the best. Cooper could not arrange financing but broke even on his investment by selling the property to Leland Hayward and Anatole Litvak with the stipulation that Clift would have to star in it. The film was never made. Litvak, however, eventually made a film of The Chase (1966) much later, with Marlon Brando in the sheriff role that was being talked about in 1950 as Cooper's likely stage debut. John Hodiak took the role in Horton Foote 's play when Cooper was unable to clear time with Warner Brothers--if indeed he tried. Although he had said previously that he would make no more biopics, he signed for The Court-Martial of Billy Mitchell (1955). It was a poor Otto Preminger film and even Billy Mitchell 's widow expressed disappointment with Cooper's performance. Possibly the story had appealed to Cooper on political grounds and Mitchell may have been a hero of his--the general who accused the government of neglecting military needs. Cooper went on Ed Sullivan 's TV show to promote the film and home viewers were quite disappointed--critic David Shipman referred to Cooper's "effeminate mannerisms in his TV interviews". Ten North Frederick (1958) was originally intended as a Spencer Tracy vehicle, but Tracy withdrew due to poor health. An uncomfortable aspect of They Came to Cordura (1959) was that, besides looking far too old for his character, Cooper was looking quite ill and was actually filming against medical advice. Towards the end of the movie he was dragged 100 yards along the ground by a railroad handcar, something Stanley Kauffmann complained about in the "New Republic". In 1960, for the first time since his arrival in Hollywood, there were no new Gary Cooper pictures. In the spring of that year he underwent several operations for prostate cancer, but in the autumn managed to film one final movie in England, The Naked Edge (1961). He was a close friend and admirer of Pablo Picasso . Turned down Foreign Correspondent (1940) and Saboteur (1942). With the critical and commercial disaster You're in the Navy Now (1951), the word got out that Cooper was finished. He couldn't even sell a good picture that was a sure-fire formula to begin with--or once had been. He had disappeared completely from the Motion Picture Herald's annual survey of the top ten box office stars. He had been on the list for nine successive years, moving up and down but always there, proof that he was still a guarantee if only as a commodity star. Now he had lost even that. As the host of It's a Big Country: An American Anthology (1951), Cooper got fabulous press coverage during filming but after a few engagements it was withdrawn out of embarrassment. It wasted a warehouse of first-rate talent: Fredric March , William Powell , Gene Kelly , Ethel Barrymore , Janet Leigh , Van Johnson , Keenan Wynn and others. Cooper made another routine western, Distant Drums (1951), and then made the picture that would prove to be an enormous comeback vehicle for him: High Noon (1952). He was a close friend of Bing Crosby , who named his eldest son after Cooper. Turned down James Mason 's role as an aging movie star falling on hard times in A Star Is Born (1954). Was considered for Robert Mitchum 's role in The Night of the Hunter (1955). Lived with Anderson Lawler , a contract player at Paramount, in 1929. In 1968 a "Variety" magazine poll of popular television personalities still included Cooper and his one-time rival Clark Gable , even though both actors had died nearly a decade earlier. In 1925 he befriended another young, struggling, would-be actor named Walter Brennan . At one point they were even appearing as a team at casting offices, and although Cooper emerged in major and leading roles first, they would work together in the good years, too. Most memorably they starred in The Westerner (1940) together, where the general critical consensus was that Brennan's underplayed performance as Judge Roy Bean had stolen the film from Cooper. In 1932 he was named as a supporter and benefactor of a right-wing organization known as the Hollywood Light Horse, which described itself as "a military organization formed to promote Americanism and combat Communism and radicalism subversive to Constitutional government", and which numbered English actor Victor McLaglen as one of its members. The assertion that Cooper was an active supporter was quickly withdrawn following protests by his representatives. After talking with Carl Foreman on the set of High Noon (1952), Cooper realized there had not been an attempt by Communists to infiltrate Hollywood, and later regretted his part in founding the right-wing Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals. Was considered for the role of Richard Sherman in The Seven Year Itch (1955). Writer Ayn Rand worked as an extra in Hollywood when she came to the U.S. from Russia, and she promptly became a fan of Cooper. When her novel "The Fountainhead" was made into a film, Rand was thrilled that Cooper was starring. Cooper's speech in a courtroom is one that Rand worked on for a very long time. When filming was over, Cooper admitted to her that he hadn't understood it. Turned down Joel McCrea 's role in the Cecil B. DeMille epic Union Pacific (1939). He won an Oscar for playing Alvin C. York in Sergeant York (1941), making him one of 17 actors to win the Award for playing a real person who was still alive at the evening of the Award ceremony (as of 2015). The other sixteen actors and their respective performances are: Spencer Tracy for playing Father Edward Flanagan in Boys Town (1938), Patty Duke for playing Helen Keller in The Miracle Worker (1962), Jason Robards for playing Ben Bradlee in All the President's Men (1976), Robert De Niro for playing Jake La Motta in Raging Bull (1980), Sissy Spacek for playing Loretta Lynn in Coal Miner's Daughter (1980)_, Jeremy Irons for playing Claus Von Bullow in Reversal of Fortune (1990), Susan Sarandon for playing Sister Helen Prejean in Dead Man Walking (1995), Geoffrey Rush for playing David Helfgott in Shine (1996), Julia Roberts for playing Erin Brockovich in Erin Brockovich (2000), Jim Broadbent for playing John Bayley in Iris (2001), Helen Mirren for playing Queen Elizabeth II in The Queen (2006), Sandra Bullock for playing Leigh Anne Tuohy in The Blind Side (2009), Melissa Leo for playing Alice Eklund-Ward in The Fighter (2010), Christian Bale for playing Dickie Eklund in The Fighter (2010), Meryl Streep for playing Margaret Thatcher in The Iron Lady (2011) and most recently Eddie Redmayne for playing Stephen Hawking in The Theory of Everything (2014). He was originally supposed to play the leading role in Frank Capra 's Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939), but Harry Cohn refused to loan Cooper out so James Stewart was cast instead. Met Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev at a luncheon organized by Charles Feldman at Twentieth Century-Fox on September 19, 1959. Khruschev personally invited Cooper and his wife and daughter on a six-day, United States Information Agency-sponsored trip to Moscow and Leningrad. After Cooper entertained some Soviet dignitaries at his house in Hollywood, ultra-conservative gossip columnist Hedda Hopper publicly denounced him as "soft on Commies". His mother Alice Cooper died in a Palm Desert convalescent home on 6 October 1967, at the age of 94. His brother Arthur Cooper died in May 1982, at the age of 87. In May 1974 his body was removed from Holy Cross Cemetery in Los Angeles and reburied, under a three-ton boulder from a Montauk (NY) quarry, in Sacred Heart Cemetery in Southampton, New York, near his family. His wife explained, "Gary loved Southampton. This is what he would want". High Time (1960) was originally planned to be a vehicle for Cooper. He considered himself to be miscast in Peter Ibbetson (1935), The Adventures of Marco Polo (1938), Saratoga Trunk (1945) and Ten North Frederick (1958). In May 1931, after finishing I Take This Woman (1931), the combination of exhaustion, physical illness and the conflict between his possessive mother and jealous mistress led to a nervous breakdown. He had been working 14 to 16 hours a day, sometimes 23, making one film by day and another by night. He suffered from anemia and jaundice, and his weight dropped 30 pounds to a dangerously low 148 lbs. Was the original visual basis for pulp hero Doc Savage. Marlene Dietrich said about him: "Gary Cooper was neither intelligent nor cultured. Just like the other actors, he was chosen for his physique, which, after all, was more important than an active brain.". Before his cancer was found to be terminal, he had intended to play James Stewart 's role in How the West Was Won (1962). His daughter, Maria Veronica Balfe Cooper, was born on September 15, 1937. She now goes by her married name, Maria Cooper Janis. He was in a car accident as a teenager that caused him to walk with a limp the rest of his life. Three years after his death, his wife married Dr. John Converse. He is the step-uncle of Brooke Shields . Her grandfather is Cooper's wife's step-father, Paul Shields. The revised 1946 lyric to Irving Berlin 's song "Puttin' On the Ritz ("Dressed up like a million-dollar trooper/Trying hard to look like Gary Cooper/Super-duper")refers to Cooper in his early sound and pre-cowboy days when he was considered the height of tall, natural American elegance. This persona is best seen in Ernst Lubitsch 's version of Noël Coward 's play "Design for Living" ( Design for Living (1933))where he is playing a character said to be inspired by Howard Hughes , whom Cooper very much resembled. Although he was in failing health, his friend, director Henry Hathaway , had arranged to use him in his segments of How the West Was Won (1962). Upon his death, James Stewart , his best friend, accepted the role. His father, an English immigrant to Montana who became a wealthy lawyer and rancher, was a judge on the Montana Supreme Court. Born Frank Cooper, he changed his first name to Gary at the suggestion of his agent, Nan Collins, whose hometown was Gary, Indiana. Pictured on a 44¢ USA commemorative postage stamp in the Legends of Hollywood series, issued 10 September 2009. Often played the love interest of a significantly younger woman. A notable example is High Noon (1952) in which he and Grace Kelly played newlyweds. He was 51 and she was 22. In November 1955 Cooper was announced to star under the direction of Gerd Oswald in The Proud Ones (1956). Eventually the film was directed by Robert D. Webb with Robert Ryan in the leading role. In 1974, Cooper's body was removed from Holy Cross Cemetary and reburied under a three ton boulder at Sacred Heart Cemetery in Southampton, Long Island. His wife explained, " Gary loved Southapton. This is what he would want.". According to James Garner 's autobiography Cooper developed the habit of paying for everything by check, knowing that people would keep it for his signature and never cash it (it was a trick also used by Pablo Picasso , who once said he had seldom paid for anything--from lunches to cars to houses--because of it. He played several military characters from the World War I era. Ironically, this ranged from the real-life Alvin C. York , the most decorated U.S. soldier from the Great War, in Sergeant York (1941) to the fictional Maj. Thomas Thorne, a cavalry officer accused of cowardice under fire in They Came to Cordura (1959). Was an acting mentor to Kirk Douglas . The word "obey" was removed from the traditional marriage vow taken by he and wife Veronica in 1933. They reportedly had an "open marriage". He was a lifelong heavy smoker. He got the name 'Gary' from his agent Nan Collins who knew that there were other actors named Frank Cooper and got the name from her hometown of Gary, Indiana. During the filming of 'Morocco (1930)', he was treated dismissively by director Josef von Sternberg. Tensions came to a head after von Sternberg yelled directions at Cooper in German. The 6"3-inch actor approached the 5"4 director, physically picked him up by the collar and said, "If you expect to work in this country you'd better get on to the language we use here. Spent two years at the Dunstable Grammar School in Bedfordshire, England. He was originally a painter and artist and had sought to pursue that as a career. His drawings and watercolors were exhibited throughout the dormitory in college, and he was named art editor for the college yearbook. In fact, he started work as an extra with the intention of making money to attend an art course. He never intended to become an actor and only began after meeting two friends from Montana when he first came to Los Angeles and, after working a series of odd jobs, was set up with a casting director who gave him work as an extra for five dollars a day and a rider for twice that amount. His intention was to save up enough for an Art course. Personal Quotes (46) Until I came along all the leading men were handsome, but luckily they wrote a lot of stories about the fellow next door. If you hit the mark with two out of every five movies you'll keep the wheels of the cycle turning. To get folks to like you, I figured you had to sort of be their ideal. I don't mean a handsome knight riding a white horse, but a fellow who answered the description of a right guy. People ask me how come you've been around so long. Well, it's through playing the part of Mr Average Joe American. [in 1931] I haven't read a half a dozen books in my life. [February, 1942, accepting his Academy Award for Sergeant York (1941) from James Stewart ] It was Sergeant Alvin York [ Alvin C. York ] who won this award. Because to the best of my ability, I tried to be Sergeant York. Shucks, I've been in the business 16 years and sometimes dreamed I might get one of these things. That's all I can say . . . Funny, when I was dreaming I always made a good speech. [on banning the Communist party in the US] I think it would be a good idea, although I have never read Karl Marx and I don't know the basis of Communism, beyond what I have picked up from hearsay. From what I hear, I don't like it because it isn't on the level. [in April 1961] Please make sure everyone knows how much their messages mean to me. They have added greatly to my peace of mind. I only wish some of the writers would take a more positive approach to the menace of cancer. I've got it, sure; but I'm not afraid to use the word. Some of them act like it's a dirty word. That's the wrong attitude. We should all bring it out in the open, recognize that it exists - and fight it! Cancer is everybody's enemy. We can't "think" an enemy out of existence by ignoring it. [1956] A man like Arthur Miller , he's got a gripe against certain phases of American life. I think he's done a lot of bad. Ours is a pretty good country and I don't think we ought to run it down. Sure there are fellows like Willy Loman, but you don't have to write plays about them. My whole career has been one of extreme good fortune. I think I'm an average actor . . . In acting you can do something and maybe . . . some people think it's fine, but you know inside of you that it can be done better . . . You don't feel that you really attained a goal in the acting business; you always feel that you're still learning. Nan Collins, my manager, came from Gary, Indiana, and suggested I adopt that name. She felt it was more exciting than Frank. I figured I'd give it a try. Good thing she didn't come from Poughkeepsie. The only achievement I am really proud of is the friends I have made in this community. I don't like to see exaggerated airs and exploding egos in people who are already established. No player ever rises to prominence solely on talent. They're molded by forces other than themselves. They should remember this - and at least twice a week drop to their knees and thank Providence for elevating them from cow ranches, dime store ribbon counters and bookkeeping desks. I suppose one of the most important things about real beauty is intelligence, and real womanliness - it's a combination of intelligence and all the instincts of womanhood, motherhood, and the beauty of girlhood. These things all sort of go in together, and they are in so many people who are not reputed beauties. [on his fellow actors] I've been with some good ones, but maybe the best was Franchot Tone . I made two pictures with him and he stole both of them. Something went wrong with how he was handled; or who knows, maybe it was Joan Crawford . But he had everything - great at comedy and also at serious stuff if given the chance. Now The Lives of a Bengal Lancer (1935) is one hell of a picture, but you could take me right out of it and it would still be one. But it couldn't be much without Tone. [on Sergeant York (1941)] I liked the role because I was portraying a good, sound American character. You've got to have a fire under you, and when you're beginning, you've got one all the time. After you get established, you have to create your own fire, and it's never easy. All this business about me never saying anything is a piece of crap. [asked if he ever wanted to act on the stage] Not since I was at Grinnell. When I gave them the story that I was trying to do a Broadway play, I must have been desperate for publicity. I figured it didn't matter what I said. I learned very early that nothing you ever say gets quoted verbatim by the press. So for many years I may have clammed up, but I guess I've reached an age where I don't particularly care. Anyway, I talk. I put in a call to Clark Gable to tell him about some deer I'd heard were running loose up in the Canadian Rockies. I was told he was on location . . . in Hong Kong. I called Robert Taylor . He was on location, too, in Italy, unless he had finished there and gone to England. James Stewart was in Africa. In the old days a company that went as far away as Texas was thought to be forsaking civilization for good. Today these countries are just part of the Hollywood scene and it's as [ William Shakespeare said, "All the world's a stage". Naturalness is hard to talk about, but I guess it boils down to this: You find out what people expect of your type of character and then you give them what they want. That way an actor never seems unnatural or affected no matter what role he plays. [in 1960] People hang on after they should quit, because the urge to act stays with you. Sometimes in the middle of a scene I find myself saying a piece of dialog from 15 years ago. I've thought of retiring lots of times, but then I think I would just go nuts, and probably spend all my time searching for a really great Western script. [on Cary Grant ] I say he's a crack comedian, and isn't competition for me at all. [after visiting Nazi Germany in 1938] There's no question in my mind that those people want to have a war. They're determined to be a world power and seem to feel that's the only way to become one. Those storm troopers are awesome. The atmosphere in Berlin - well, I've never sensed such tension. I've had lines on my face since I was twenty. Wind and sun put them there. In my whole life I've never had a woman so much in love with me as Ingrid Bergman was. The day after the picture [ For Whom the Bell Tolls (1943) ended, I couldn't get her on the phone. [after Clark Gable ended up with the role of Rhett Butler in Gone with the Wind (1939)] "Gone with the Wind" is going to be the biggest flop in history. [October 1947] I have turned down quite a few scripts because I thought they were tinged with Communistic ideas. [1960] Nothing I've done lately, the past eight years or so, has been especially worthwhile. I've been coasting along. Some of the pictures I've made recently I'm genuinely sorry about. Either I did a sloppy job in them, or the story wasn't right. [1952] I like and admire Carl Foreman and am delighted to be in business with him. [in 1958, on "Method" actors] It is hard to dig them because they move like hermit crabs - they have to have a shell to crawl into and they don't want anyone to get to know them . . . They are offbeat and strange and always thinking about themselves. They are always asking themselves, "Where do I fit in; what's in it for me?" These youngsters are doing it the hard way. They make a thorough study of being natural and being unnatural. The girls go around looking like they're made up for a death scene in a hospital room. I don't know why if a girl goes out in public she wants to make herself look ugly instead of a little bit attractive. Naturally, the nearer the character you play comes to the character you are, the more authenticity you give it. You are not acting so much as being. The result is realism. Movie acting is a pretty silly business for a man because it takes less training, less ability and less brains to be successful in it than any other business I can think of. Having to work hard never had any real appeal for me, and that may have some connection with me being in the movies. [on Hollywood] This is a terrible place to spend your life in. Nobody in Hollywood is normal. Absolutely nobody. And they have such a vicious attitude toward one another . . . They say much worse things about each other than outsiders say about them, and nobody has any real friends. [October 1947] I feel very strongly that actors haven't any business at all to shoot their faces off about things I know we know very little about. [following a 1943 USO tour to New Guinea] There's no coin in Hollywood, rich as it is, that can pay a fellow the way I've been paid for my little effort on behalf of the G.I.s out there. It was the greatest emotional experience of my life. [to Robert Taylor after both had appeared before the House Un-American Activities Committee in 1947] I got a much bigger hand than you did. (at a Friars Club testimonial dinner in 1961) If you asked me if I'm the luckiest guy in the world, all I can say is, "Yup". [on Rio Bravo (1959)] It's so phony, nobody believes in it. [on Josef von Sternberg ] It was apparent that von Sternberg and Marlene Dietrich had a very close professional relationship. But it was only, in my experience, professional, without any love element. I got along with von Sternberg reasonably well, as all his direction and his instructions were given to Marlene, and the rest of us were left more or less to do as well as we could. I cannot remember that he ever told me how to play a scene. [on Grace Kelly ] She was very serious about her work, had her eyes and ears open. She was trying to learn, you could see that. You can tell if a person really wants to be an actress. She was one of those people you could get that feeling about, and she was very pretty. It didn't surprise me when she was a big success. [on turning down the role of Rhett Butler in Gone with the Wind (1939)] Rhett Butler was one of the best roles ever offered in Hollywood and my screen character saw himself emerging from the film as a dashing-type fellow. But I said no. I didn't see myself as quite that dashing, and later, when I saw Clark Gable play the role to perfection, I knew I was right. [23 October 1947] Several years ago, when communism was more of a social chit-chatter in parties for offices, and so on when communism didn't have the implications that it has now, discussion of communism was more open and I remember hearing statements from some folks to the effect that the communistic system had a great many features that were desirable. It offered the actors and artists - in other words, the creative people - a special place in government where we would be somewhat immune from the ordinary leveling of income. And as I remember, some actor's name was mentioned to me who had a house in Moscow which was very large - he had three cars, and stuff, with his house being quite a bit larger than my house in Beverly Hills at the time - and it looked to me like a pretty phony come-on to us in the picture business. From that time on, I could never take any of this pinko mouthing very seriously, because I didn't feel it was on the level. Once in a while I like a good western. Gives me a chance to shoot off guns. For me the really satisfying things I do are offered me, free, for nothing. Ever go out in the fall and do a little hunting? See the frost on the grass and the leaves turning? Spend a day in the hills alone, or with good companions? Watch a sunset and a moon rise? Notice a bird in the wind? A stream in the woods, a storm at sea, cross the country by train, and catch a glimpse of something beautiful in the desert, or the farmlands? Free to everybody. Salary (75)	Barrel
How many troy ounces are in a troy pound?	Gary Cooper - Biography - IMDb Gary Cooper Biography Showing all 258 items Jump to: Overview (5) \| Mini Bio (2) \| Spouse (1) \| Trade Mark (2) \| Trivia (127) \| Personal Quotes (46) \| Salary (75) Overview (5) 6' 3" (1.91 m) Mini Bio (2) Born to Alice Cooper and Charles Cooper (not in film business). Gary attended school at Dunstable school England, Helena Montana and Iowa College, Grinnell, Iowa. His first stage experience was during high school and college. Afterwards, he worked as an extra for one year before getting a part in a two reeler by Hans Tissler (an independent producer). Eileen Sedgwick was his first leading lady. He then appeared in The Winning of Barbara Worth (1926) for United Artists before moving to Paramount. While there he appeared in a small part in Wings (1927), It (1927), and other films. - IMDb Mini Biography By: Dave Curbow "Dad was a true Westerner, and I take after him", Gary Cooper told people who wanted to know more about his life before Hollywood. Dad was Charles Henry Cooper, who left his native England at 19, became a lawyer and later a Montana State Supreme Court justice. In 1906, when Gary was 5, his dad bought the Seven-Bar-Nine, a 600-acre ranch that had originally been a land grant to the builders of the railroad through that part of Montana. In 1910, Gary's mother, who had been ill, was advised to take a long sea voyage by her doctor. She went to England and stayed there until the United States entered World War I. Gary and his older brother Arthur stayed with their mother and went to school in England for seven years. Too young to go to war, Gary spent the war years working on his father's ranch. "Getting up at 5 o'clock in the morning in the dead of winter to feed 450 head of cattle and shoveling manure at 40 below ain't romantic", said the man who would take the Western to the top of its genre in High Noon (1952). So well liked was Cooper that he aroused little envy when, in 1939, the U.S. Treasury Department said that he was the nation's top wage earner. That year he earned $482,819. This tall, silent hero was the American ideal for many people of his generation. Ernest Hemingway who lived his novels before he wrote them, was happy to have Gary Cooper play his protagonists in A Farewell to Arms (1932) and For Whom the Bell Tolls (1943). - IMDb Mini Biography By: Dale O'Connor < [email protected]> Spouse (1) ( 15 December 1933 - 13 May 1961) (his death) (1 child) Trade Mark (2) Trivia (127) Hobbies: Fishing, hunting, riding, swimming, and taxidermy. In the early 1930s his doctor told him he had been working too hard. Cooper went to Europe and stayed a lot longer than planned. When he returned, he was told there was now a "new" Gary Cooper--an unknown actor needed a better name for films, so the studio had reversed Gary Cooper's initials and created a name that sounded similar: Cary Grant . Along with Mylène Demongeot , Cooper set in motion the first escalator to be installed in a cinema, at the Rex Theatre in Paris on June 7 1957. Worked as a Yellowstone Park guide for several seasons before becoming an actor. Father-in-law of pianist and composer Byron Janis . Inducted into the Hall of Great Western Performers of the National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum in 1966. Pictured on one of four 25¢ US commemorative postage stamps issued 23 March 1990 honoring classic films released in 1939. The stamp featured Cooper as the title character of Beau Geste (1939). The other films honored were Stagecoach (1939), The Wizard of Oz (1939), and Gone with the Wind (1939). Upon seeing him, a professor in the theater department at Grinnell College recorded "shows no promise." Father of Maria Cooper Janis . Despite his wholesome screen image, he was an infamous (and privately boastful) womanizer in reality, allegedly having had affairs with numerous and sometimes very famous leading ladies throughout his career. This was in spite of the fact that he had a faithful wife, Sandra, and that many of his lovers were also married. His Oscar-winning roles as Will Kane from High Noon (1952) and Sgt. Alvin York from Sergeant York (1941) were ranked #5 and #35 in the American Film Institute's Heroes list in their 100 years of The Greatest Screen Heroes and Villains. He was voted the 18th Greatest Movie Star of all time by Entertainment Weekly. Is mentioned in the song "La Dernière Séance" by Eddy Mitchell . He is also mentioned in the song "Putting on the Ritz.". He was voted the 42nd Greatest Movie Star of all time by Premiere Magazine. He was fond of dogs, at various times he owned boxers, Dobermans and Great Danes. He and his wife also raised Sealyhams. He liked sports and kept in shape with hiking and riding, tennis and golf, archery and skiing, trout fishing and spear fishing, swimming and scuba diving and driving fast cars. He liked boxing. Appeared in 107 movies, 82 of which he starred in. Only 16 of those were filmed in color. And he starred in 14 silent movies. Has starred in a total number of 20 westerns, three of which were silent. His mother's favorite movie of his is The Pride of the Yankees (1942). His appetite was prodigious, but no matter how much he ate, he always remained thin. During his early years in Hollywood, working odd jobs and living with his parents, he said, he said with some comic exaggeration, that his "starvation diet at the time ran to no less than a dozen eggs a day, a couple of loaves of bread, a platter of bacon, and just enough pork chops between meals to keep me going until I got home for supper." His specialty on hunting trips was gargantuan: wild duck covered with bacon strips, enhanced by four eggs and steak. He could eat a cherry pie and drink a quart of milk for lunch. He blew the harmonica and strummed the guitar; played backgammon and bridge; grew corn and avocados on the Encino ranch he bought in the early 1930s and loved to work with his tractor in the garden. Named the #11 Greatest Actor on The 50 Greatest Screen Legends list by the American Film Institute He starred in two movies that were based on novels by Ernest Hemingway : A Farewell to Arms (1932) and For Whom the Bell Tolls (1943). He signed a six-year contract with Samuel Goldwyn Productions, to make six pictures at $150,000 per picture. At the time Paramount had legal rights to Cooper and threatened to sue. The two companies came to an understanding that Paramount would loan Cooper to Goldywn to make one picture a year from 1938-42. Appeared on the cover of Life magazine March 3, 1941. Has played six real-life characters on screen: Wild Bill Hickok, Marco Polo, Sgt. Alvin C. York , Lou Gehrig , Dr. Corydon M. Wassell and Gen. Billy Mitchell . In 1944 he formed his own production company, International Pictures, with Samuel Goldwyn . His partners were Leo Spitz , William Goetz (who'd recently been ousted from 20th Century-Fox) and Nunnally Johnson . They only produced nine movies, two of which starred Cooper, Casanova Brown (1944) and Along Came Jones (1945). Then in 1946 they sold International Pictures to Universal Pictures, which changed its name to Universal-International. He was a conservative Republican. He voted for Calvin Coolidge in 1924, and for Herbert Hoover in 1928 and 1932. He actively campaigned for Wendell Willkie in 1940, strongly believing that Franklin D. Roosevelt should serve no more than two terms of office, and endorsed Thomas E. Dewey in 1944. By June 1955 he had made 80 films from which studios earned $250 million, but he only earned $6 million in salary and percentages. By 1942 he left Samuel Goldwyn and Paramount, then formed his own production company. On October 22, 1947, he signed with Warner Brothers to make films at $295,000 per picture. His father Charles Cooper died of pneumonia on September 18, 1946, three months after Gary completed Cloak and Dagger (1946) and three days after his father's 81st birthday. Appeared in eight movies with Walter Brennan . These were Watch Your Wife (1926), The Wedding Night (1935), The Cowboy and the Lady (1938), The Westerner (1940), Meet John Doe (1941), Sergeant York (1941), The Pride of the Yankees (1942) and Task Force (1949). In 1951, after 25 years in show business, his professional reputation declined and he was dropped from the Motion Picture Herald's list of the top 10 Box Office performers. The following year he made a big comeback at the age of 51 with High Noon (1952). Took an acting class from Michael Chekhov He turned down both Stagecoach (1939) and Gone with the Wind (1939). He wasn't present to receive his Academy Award in February 1953, for his portrayal of Marshal Will Kane in High Noon (1952). He asked John Wayne to accept it on his behalf. He left America and Hollywood and didn't return for 18 months. During that time he was in Hawaii, Mexico and France and shot four films: Return to Paradise (1953), Blowing Wild (1953), Garden of Evil (1954) and Vera Cruz (1954). He formed his own production company, Baroda Productions, in 1958. In 1959 the company made three of his more unusual films: The Hanging Tree (1959), They Came to Cordura (1959) and The Wreck of the Mary Deare (1959). Was close friends with Ernest Hemingway for 20 years. Hemingway shot himself a month after Cooper's death. He declined roles in The Big Trail (1930), Stagecoach (1939) and Red River (1948). All of these were subsequently played by John Wayne . Both of his parents were immigrants to America from England. On 16 April 1958 he entered the Manhattan Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital for a full face-lift and other cosmetic surgery by Dr John Converse, one of the leading plastic surgeons in America. Newspaper articles commenting on the effects of the operation said his face now looked quite different and the procedure had not been successful. His shot from High Noon (1952) was used as a Solidarity candidates trademark of the first independent elections in Poland in June 1989 ("There's a new sheriff in town") In the spring of 1960 he had two operations, one for prostate cancer and another to remove a cancerous part of his colon. The doctors were sure that they had gotten all of it. His body strengthened and he made The Naked Edge (1961) in England, but during production he had a lot of pain in his neck and shoulders. When he returned home from England he went back to the doctor in February 1961 and it was then that he had to be told the cancer had metastasized to his lungs and bones. As he did in The Pride of the Yankees (1942) he took it in stride and said, "If it is God's will, that's all right, too." He opted not to take very much treatment. His reputation as an unthinking conservative seems largely undeserved. Though he appeared as a "friendly witness" before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) in 1947, he carefully avoided naming any people he suspected of having Communist sympathies within the Hollywood community. He later starred in High Noon (1952), a western that was an allegory for blacklisting in Hollywood, and strongly defended blacklisted screenwriter Carl Foreman from attacks by the right-wing Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals. Foreman later credited Cooper as the only major star in Hollywood who tried to help him. His mistress Patricia Neal , who did consider herself a liberal, said Gary was "conservative" but "you couldn't call him right-wing". Cooper showed a sense of humor by asking John Wayne to collect his Oscar for him in 1953, after Wayne had criticized High Noon (1952) as "anti-American". The pallbearers at the funeral were Cooper's close friends - James Stewart , Henry Hathaway , Jack Benny , William Goetz , Jerry Wald , and Charles Feldman . Rocky and Maria walked behind the casket, alongside Cooper's 87-year-old mother Alice and his brother Arthur, as it was borne through the church to the hearse out on Santa Monica Boulevard. Among the top names of Hollywood attending the services were Norma Shearer , Dean Martin , Walter Pidgeon , Mary Pickford and Buddy Rogers , Marlene Dietrich , Randolph Scott , Joel McCrea , Frank Sinatra , Burt Lancaster , Jimmy Durante , Martha Hyer , John Wayne , Rosalind Russell , Robert Stack , Myrna Loy , Fay Wray , Joan Crawford , Maureen O'Sullivan , George Burns and Gracie Allen , Fred Astaire , Judy Garland , Bob Hope , Dinah Shore , and Karl Malden . Not one fan broke the lines to ask for an autograph. Along with Sidney Poitier , he is the most represented actor on the American Film Institute's 100 Most Inspiring Movies of All Time, with five of his films on the list. They are: Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936) at #83, Sergeant York (1941) at #57, Meet John Doe (1941) at #49, High Noon (1952) at #27 and The Pride of the Yankees (1942) at #22. At the time of his terminal cancer being diagnosed towards the end of 1960, Cooper had signed to star in The Sundowners (1960) and Ride the High Country (1962). It was a testament to his durability that Charlton Heston , already a major star following The Ten Commandments (1956), was prepared to play a supporting role in The Wreck of the Mary Deare (1959). Heston was impressed that the veteran actor, 58 years old and in declining health, was still able to perform his own stunts, including being submerged underwater for long periods of time. In his book "The Actor's Life", Heston recalled he sensed early on it would be Cooper's picture but he didn't mind, because of all Cooper himself had meant to Heston, even as a child. He underwent four hernia operations between 1951 and 1953. In the late 1950s, his voracious eating habits finally caught up with him. After decades of incomparable thinness, Cooper put on 15 lbs, pushing his weight up to 190 lbs, which on his 6'3" frame was still slender. Often cited James Stewart as his closest friend. During the 1944 presidential election the phrase, "I've been for Roosevelt before . . . but not this time!" was personally attributed to Cooper, forming the basis of full-page advertisements in major newspapers, paid for by the Republican National Committee. Cooper was extremely active on behalf of the Republican candidate, New York's governor Thomas E. Dewey . He gave speeches, did entertaining for fund raisers, met with Dewey in Los Angeles and did some personal campaigning in the film community. Whether Cooper had ever been "for Roosevelt before" is questionable. Possibly he voted for him in 1936 during the second-term landslide. If so, it was not publicly disclosed. Cooper's activities were as unpopular as Democrat Humphrey Bogart 's endorsement of Franklin D. Roosevelt that year. The studio called in both stars and told them to stop antagonizing fans who did not share their political beliefs. In 1943 Cooper was one of the founding members of the right-wing Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals, called merely "the Alliance" in the film community. Its other early leaders included Robert Taylor , Adolphe Menjou , Sam Wood , Norman Taurog , Clarence Brown , and Walt Disney . Clark Gable , thought of as one whose apolitical inclination was even more pronounced than Cooper's, was also a member. The Alliance's cheerleader was Lela E. Rogers , mother of Ginger Rogers . In 1940, Cooper actively campaigned for Wendell Willkie as the Republican challenger to President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's quest for a third term of office. Cooper believed Roosevelt was already too powerful, and would become more so. He told Cecelia Ager though that he advocated most of the New Deal reforms and believed the GOP made a mistake by not emphasizing their intention of retaining most of them. He said, "There's no going back to the ways of the Old Guard." Willkie, a well known womanizer, became firm friends with the actor. At first Cooper didn't want to make Friendly Persuasion (1956), not just because he felt the audience wouldn't accept him as a devout Quaker, but also because he did not want to play a father figure. This was despite the fact that he was now 55. On the set he arranged for his daughter Maria Cooper Janis to date Anthony Perkins , not seeming to realize that the young actor was gay. His lovers included Clara Bow , Evelyn Brent , Carole Lombard , Lupe Velez , Ingrid Bergman , Grace Kelly , Marlene Dietrich and Patricia Neal . Sir Cecil Beaton also claimed to have had an affair with him. He was very popular with audiences over a long period of time, his popularity exceeding that of "The King" Clark Gable himself at the box office. Named the #1 Box Office Star of 1953 in the Top 10 Poll of Money-Making Stars, as ranked by Quigley Publications' annual survey of movie exhibitors. He made the list 18 times from 1936 to 1957, which was a record when he died in 1961. Of his contemporaries, John Wayne (who accepted Cooper's 1952 Best Actor Oscar for High Noon (1952)) established the still-standing record of Box Office success with 25 appearances in the Top 10 between 1949 and 1974. There has been much speculation over the years over whether Cooper's close friend Ernest Hemingway may have had latent homosexual tendencies. There is an easy agreement among Hemingway scholars that Papa, as he insisted Cooper should call him, was never actively homosexual, but the fact that he protested his masculinity so much in his novels and in real life has aroused suspicion. Hemingway's tendency to beautify in Cooper the qualities he found beastly in others is provocative. One Hemingway scholar maintained Papa was profoundly impressed that Cooper was such a stud. He said, "I believe that in his mind he loved Gary sexually, but I believe furthermore that Gary Cooper never once suspected it. If I am correct, that proves the beauty of Gary's naiveté, which Papa always found so charming." In 1938 Cooper took his wife on a junket to England and the Continent, and was the last American movie star to visit Nazi Germany prior to the outbreak of World War II. Until that point he had been basically apolitical and isolationist, opposed to President Woodrow Wilson 's League of Nations. When the fateful Munich Conference immediately followed Cooper's return to America, he became increasingly active in the film community's pastime of playing national partisan politics. His allegiance to the right wing would be fairly consistent, though never a sure thing. He said he believed the US should become more involved diplomatically in world affairs but felt it was no business of Hollywood's. He said pointedly that MGM's cautiously anti-Nazi Three Comrades (1938) with its F. Scott Fitzgerald screenplay should not have been made, and that henceforth he would give more thoughtful attention to some of the film projects he was offered. In 1958 Cooper had a private audience with Pope Pius XII at the Vatican, and in the following year became a convert to Roman Catholicism. Although Cooper dismissed the new school of actors in the 1950s as "a bunch of goof balls" and could be caustic about "the Method" advanced by the Actors Studio in New York, Lee Strasberg told everyone that Cooper was a natural Method actor, he just didn't know it. Cooper did at least admire Marlon Brando 's work, and became a producing partner with his father, Marlon Brando Sr. . On October 23, 1947, he appeared before the House Un-American Activities Committee in Washington, not under subpoena but responding to an invitation to give testimony on the alleged infiltration of Hollywood by communists. Other friendly witnesses appearing on the same day as Cooper were Robert Taylor , Robert Montgomery , George Murphy , Ronald Reagan and the aging Adolphe Menjou . Montgomery had long been active in Republican politics as a committeeman and later would serve as White House adviser during the Eisenhower administration. Murphy would serve as a Republican senator from California, with a very reactionary voting record. Reagan would become Governor of California and the national champion of extreme conservatism. Taylor, Menjou and Cooper would all retreat gradually from the political fracas, but only Cooper would make a show of repudiating what he had done. Although he never recanted his testimony or said he regretted having been a friendly witness, he became conciliatory during the subsequent period of the blacklist. As an independent producer, he hired blacklisted actors and technicians. He did say he had never wanted to see anyone lose the right to work, regardless of what he had done. After the release of High Noon (1952), an allegory for blacklisting, he stood by its screenwriter Carl Foreman despite pressure from rabidly right-wing gossip columnist Hedda Hopper . Immediately after the HUAC appearance, the films of Cooper, Taylor, Montgomery, Murphy, Reagan and Menjou were banned first in Hungary, then in Czechoslovakia and eventually in most of the Iron Curtain countries. So were those of Ginger Rogers and, curiously, tenor Allan Jones , seen usually in minor features and certainly no militant. On the witness stand Cooper had made light of the communists, the thrust of his testimony being that sure, they were in Hollywood just like everywhere else, but they were only a small faction giving the large patriotic body of the film community a bad name it didn't deserve. After his testimony Cooper received a standing ovation and vigorous applause. He later told Robert Taylor , "I got a much bigger hand than you did." Liberals, who never forgave the other friendly witnesses, generally made an exception for Cooper. Separated from his wife Rocky in May 1951, mainly over his affair with Patricia Neal . They did not live together again until July 1954. On January 8, 1961, he was given a testimonial dinner in Hollywood at the Friar's Club (it had nothing to do with his terminal cancer, which at the time his doctors didn't know he had). The aged Carl Sandburg was there, calling Cooper "a tradition while he's living, something of a clean sport, the lack of a phony." Audrey Hepburn read a poem called "What is a Gary Cooper?". Cooper didn't look well that night, but most observers thought he looked marvelous anyway. His estate was valued at $9 million at the time of his death in 1961. In 1951 he organized his own production company once more, calling it Baroda, and buying the film rights to Alfred Hayes ' best-selling novel "The Girl on the Via Flaminia". He paid $40,000 for the rights and $10,000 to Hayes for a screenplay. He wanted to star in it with the young Montgomery Clift , the most popular young actor in Hollywood and also one of the best. Cooper could not arrange financing but broke even on his investment by selling the property to Leland Hayward and Anatole Litvak with the stipulation that Clift would have to star in it. The film was never made. Litvak, however, eventually made a film of The Chase (1966) much later, with Marlon Brando in the sheriff role that was being talked about in 1950 as Cooper's likely stage debut. John Hodiak took the role in Horton Foote 's play when Cooper was unable to clear time with Warner Brothers--if indeed he tried. Although he had said previously that he would make no more biopics, he signed for The Court-Martial of Billy Mitchell (1955). It was a poor Otto Preminger film and even Billy Mitchell 's widow expressed disappointment with Cooper's performance. Possibly the story had appealed to Cooper on political grounds and Mitchell may have been a hero of his--the general who accused the government of neglecting military needs. Cooper went on Ed Sullivan 's TV show to promote the film and home viewers were quite disappointed--critic David Shipman referred to Cooper's "effeminate mannerisms in his TV interviews". Ten North Frederick (1958) was originally intended as a Spencer Tracy vehicle, but Tracy withdrew due to poor health. An uncomfortable aspect of They Came to Cordura (1959) was that, besides looking far too old for his character, Cooper was looking quite ill and was actually filming against medical advice. Towards the end of the movie he was dragged 100 yards along the ground by a railroad handcar, something Stanley Kauffmann complained about in the "New Republic". In 1960, for the first time since his arrival in Hollywood, there were no new Gary Cooper pictures. In the spring of that year he underwent several operations for prostate cancer, but in the autumn managed to film one final movie in England, The Naked Edge (1961). He was a close friend and admirer of Pablo Picasso . Turned down Foreign Correspondent (1940) and Saboteur (1942). With the critical and commercial disaster You're in the Navy Now (1951), the word got out that Cooper was finished. He couldn't even sell a good picture that was a sure-fire formula to begin with--or once had been. He had disappeared completely from the Motion Picture Herald's annual survey of the top ten box office stars. He had been on the list for nine successive years, moving up and down but always there, proof that he was still a guarantee if only as a commodity star. Now he had lost even that. As the host of It's a Big Country: An American Anthology (1951), Cooper got fabulous press coverage during filming but after a few engagements it was withdrawn out of embarrassment. It wasted a warehouse of first-rate talent: Fredric March , William Powell , Gene Kelly , Ethel Barrymore , Janet Leigh , Van Johnson , Keenan Wynn and others. Cooper made another routine western, Distant Drums (1951), and then made the picture that would prove to be an enormous comeback vehicle for him: High Noon (1952). He was a close friend of Bing Crosby , who named his eldest son after Cooper. Turned down James Mason 's role as an aging movie star falling on hard times in A Star Is Born (1954). Was considered for Robert Mitchum 's role in The Night of the Hunter (1955). Lived with Anderson Lawler , a contract player at Paramount, in 1929. In 1968 a "Variety" magazine poll of popular television personalities still included Cooper and his one-time rival Clark Gable , even though both actors had died nearly a decade earlier. In 1925 he befriended another young, struggling, would-be actor named Walter Brennan . At one point they were even appearing as a team at casting offices, and although Cooper emerged in major and leading roles first, they would work together in the good years, too. Most memorably they starred in The Westerner (1940) together, where the general critical consensus was that Brennan's underplayed performance as Judge Roy Bean had stolen the film from Cooper. In 1932 he was named as a supporter and benefactor of a right-wing organization known as the Hollywood Light Horse, which described itself as "a military organization formed to promote Americanism and combat Communism and radicalism subversive to Constitutional government", and which numbered English actor Victor McLaglen as one of its members. The assertion that Cooper was an active supporter was quickly withdrawn following protests by his representatives. After talking with Carl Foreman on the set of High Noon (1952), Cooper realized there had not been an attempt by Communists to infiltrate Hollywood, and later regretted his part in founding the right-wing Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals. Was considered for the role of Richard Sherman in The Seven Year Itch (1955). Writer Ayn Rand worked as an extra in Hollywood when she came to the U.S. from Russia, and she promptly became a fan of Cooper. When her novel "The Fountainhead" was made into a film, Rand was thrilled that Cooper was starring. Cooper's speech in a courtroom is one that Rand worked on for a very long time. When filming was over, Cooper admitted to her that he hadn't understood it. Turned down Joel McCrea 's role in the Cecil B. DeMille epic Union Pacific (1939). He won an Oscar for playing Alvin C. York in Sergeant York (1941), making him one of 17 actors to win the Award for playing a real person who was still alive at the evening of the Award ceremony (as of 2015). The other sixteen actors and their respective performances are: Spencer Tracy for playing Father Edward Flanagan in Boys Town (1938), Patty Duke for playing Helen Keller in The Miracle Worker (1962), Jason Robards for playing Ben Bradlee in All the President's Men (1976), Robert De Niro for playing Jake La Motta in Raging Bull (1980), Sissy Spacek for playing Loretta Lynn in Coal Miner's Daughter (1980)_, Jeremy Irons for playing Claus Von Bullow in Reversal of Fortune (1990), Susan Sarandon for playing Sister Helen Prejean in Dead Man Walking (1995), Geoffrey Rush for playing David Helfgott in Shine (1996), Julia Roberts for playing Erin Brockovich in Erin Brockovich (2000), Jim Broadbent for playing John Bayley in Iris (2001), Helen Mirren for playing Queen Elizabeth II in The Queen (2006), Sandra Bullock for playing Leigh Anne Tuohy in The Blind Side (2009), Melissa Leo for playing Alice Eklund-Ward in The Fighter (2010), Christian Bale for playing Dickie Eklund in The Fighter (2010), Meryl Streep for playing Margaret Thatcher in The Iron Lady (2011) and most recently Eddie Redmayne for playing Stephen Hawking in The Theory of Everything (2014). He was originally supposed to play the leading role in Frank Capra 's Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939), but Harry Cohn refused to loan Cooper out so James Stewart was cast instead. Met Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev at a luncheon organized by Charles Feldman at Twentieth Century-Fox on September 19, 1959. Khruschev personally invited Cooper and his wife and daughter on a six-day, United States Information Agency-sponsored trip to Moscow and Leningrad. After Cooper entertained some Soviet dignitaries at his house in Hollywood, ultra-conservative gossip columnist Hedda Hopper publicly denounced him as "soft on Commies". His mother Alice Cooper died in a Palm Desert convalescent home on 6 October 1967, at the age of 94. His brother Arthur Cooper died in May 1982, at the age of 87. In May 1974 his body was removed from Holy Cross Cemetery in Los Angeles and reburied, under a three-ton boulder from a Montauk (NY) quarry, in Sacred Heart Cemetery in Southampton, New York, near his family. His wife explained, "Gary loved Southampton. This is what he would want". High Time (1960) was originally planned to be a vehicle for Cooper. He considered himself to be miscast in Peter Ibbetson (1935), The Adventures of Marco Polo (1938), Saratoga Trunk (1945) and Ten North Frederick (1958). In May 1931, after finishing I Take This Woman (1931), the combination of exhaustion, physical illness and the conflict between his possessive mother and jealous mistress led to a nervous breakdown. He had been working 14 to 16 hours a day, sometimes 23, making one film by day and another by night. He suffered from anemia and jaundice, and his weight dropped 30 pounds to a dangerously low 148 lbs. Was the original visual basis for pulp hero Doc Savage. Marlene Dietrich said about him: "Gary Cooper was neither intelligent nor cultured. Just like the other actors, he was chosen for his physique, which, after all, was more important than an active brain.". Before his cancer was found to be terminal, he had intended to play James Stewart 's role in How the West Was Won (1962). His daughter, Maria Veronica Balfe Cooper, was born on September 15, 1937. She now goes by her married name, Maria Cooper Janis. He was in a car accident as a teenager that caused him to walk with a limp the rest of his life. Three years after his death, his wife married Dr. John Converse. He is the step-uncle of Brooke Shields . Her grandfather is Cooper's wife's step-father, Paul Shields. The revised 1946 lyric to Irving Berlin 's song "Puttin' On the Ritz ("Dressed up like a million-dollar trooper/Trying hard to look like Gary Cooper/Super-duper")refers to Cooper in his early sound and pre-cowboy days when he was considered the height of tall, natural American elegance. This persona is best seen in Ernst Lubitsch 's version of Noël Coward 's play "Design for Living" ( Design for Living (1933))where he is playing a character said to be inspired by Howard Hughes , whom Cooper very much resembled. Although he was in failing health, his friend, director Henry Hathaway , had arranged to use him in his segments of How the West Was Won (1962). Upon his death, James Stewart , his best friend, accepted the role. His father, an English immigrant to Montana who became a wealthy lawyer and rancher, was a judge on the Montana Supreme Court. Born Frank Cooper, he changed his first name to Gary at the suggestion of his agent, Nan Collins, whose hometown was Gary, Indiana. Pictured on a 44¢ USA commemorative postage stamp in the Legends of Hollywood series, issued 10 September 2009. Often played the love interest of a significantly younger woman. A notable example is High Noon (1952) in which he and Grace Kelly played newlyweds. He was 51 and she was 22. In November 1955 Cooper was announced to star under the direction of Gerd Oswald in The Proud Ones (1956). Eventually the film was directed by Robert D. Webb with Robert Ryan in the leading role. In 1974, Cooper's body was removed from Holy Cross Cemetary and reburied under a three ton boulder at Sacred Heart Cemetery in Southampton, Long Island. His wife explained, " Gary loved Southapton. This is what he would want.". According to James Garner 's autobiography Cooper developed the habit of paying for everything by check, knowing that people would keep it for his signature and never cash it (it was a trick also used by Pablo Picasso , who once said he had seldom paid for anything--from lunches to cars to houses--because of it. He played several military characters from the World War I era. Ironically, this ranged from the real-life Alvin C. York , the most decorated U.S. soldier from the Great War, in Sergeant York (1941) to the fictional Maj. Thomas Thorne, a cavalry officer accused of cowardice under fire in They Came to Cordura (1959). Was an acting mentor to Kirk Douglas . The word "obey" was removed from the traditional marriage vow taken by he and wife Veronica in 1933. They reportedly had an "open marriage". He was a lifelong heavy smoker. He got the name 'Gary' from his agent Nan Collins who knew that there were other actors named Frank Cooper and got the name from her hometown of Gary, Indiana. During the filming of 'Morocco (1930)', he was treated dismissively by director Josef von Sternberg. Tensions came to a head after von Sternberg yelled directions at Cooper in German. The 6"3-inch actor approached the 5"4 director, physically picked him up by the collar and said, "If you expect to work in this country you'd better get on to the language we use here. Spent two years at the Dunstable Grammar School in Bedfordshire, England. He was originally a painter and artist and had sought to pursue that as a career. His drawings and watercolors were exhibited throughout the dormitory in college, and he was named art editor for the college yearbook. In fact, he started work as an extra with the intention of making money to attend an art course. He never intended to become an actor and only began after meeting two friends from Montana when he first came to Los Angeles and, after working a series of odd jobs, was set up with a casting director who gave him work as an extra for five dollars a day and a rider for twice that amount. His intention was to save up enough for an Art course. Personal Quotes (46) Until I came along all the leading men were handsome, but luckily they wrote a lot of stories about the fellow next door. If you hit the mark with two out of every five movies you'll keep the wheels of the cycle turning. To get folks to like you, I figured you had to sort of be their ideal. I don't mean a handsome knight riding a white horse, but a fellow who answered the description of a right guy. People ask me how come you've been around so long. Well, it's through playing the part of Mr Average Joe American. [in 1931] I haven't read a half a dozen books in my life. [February, 1942, accepting his Academy Award for Sergeant York (1941) from James Stewart ] It was Sergeant Alvin York [ Alvin C. York ] who won this award. Because to the best of my ability, I tried to be Sergeant York. Shucks, I've been in the business 16 years and sometimes dreamed I might get one of these things. That's all I can say . . . Funny, when I was dreaming I always made a good speech. [on banning the Communist party in the US] I think it would be a good idea, although I have never read Karl Marx and I don't know the basis of Communism, beyond what I have picked up from hearsay. From what I hear, I don't like it because it isn't on the level. [in April 1961] Please make sure everyone knows how much their messages mean to me. They have added greatly to my peace of mind. I only wish some of the writers would take a more positive approach to the menace of cancer. I've got it, sure; but I'm not afraid to use the word. Some of them act like it's a dirty word. That's the wrong attitude. We should all bring it out in the open, recognize that it exists - and fight it! Cancer is everybody's enemy. We can't "think" an enemy out of existence by ignoring it. [1956] A man like Arthur Miller , he's got a gripe against certain phases of American life. I think he's done a lot of bad. Ours is a pretty good country and I don't think we ought to run it down. Sure there are fellows like Willy Loman, but you don't have to write plays about them. My whole career has been one of extreme good fortune. I think I'm an average actor . . . In acting you can do something and maybe . . . some people think it's fine, but you know inside of you that it can be done better . . . You don't feel that you really attained a goal in the acting business; you always feel that you're still learning. Nan Collins, my manager, came from Gary, Indiana, and suggested I adopt that name. She felt it was more exciting than Frank. I figured I'd give it a try. Good thing she didn't come from Poughkeepsie. The only achievement I am really proud of is the friends I have made in this community. I don't like to see exaggerated airs and exploding egos in people who are already established. No player ever rises to prominence solely on talent. They're molded by forces other than themselves. They should remember this - and at least twice a week drop to their knees and thank Providence for elevating them from cow ranches, dime store ribbon counters and bookkeeping desks. I suppose one of the most important things about real beauty is intelligence, and real womanliness - it's a combination of intelligence and all the instincts of womanhood, motherhood, and the beauty of girlhood. These things all sort of go in together, and they are in so many people who are not reputed beauties. [on his fellow actors] I've been with some good ones, but maybe the best was Franchot Tone . I made two pictures with him and he stole both of them. Something went wrong with how he was handled; or who knows, maybe it was Joan Crawford . But he had everything - great at comedy and also at serious stuff if given the chance. Now The Lives of a Bengal Lancer (1935) is one hell of a picture, but you could take me right out of it and it would still be one. But it couldn't be much without Tone. [on Sergeant York (1941)] I liked the role because I was portraying a good, sound American character. You've got to have a fire under you, and when you're beginning, you've got one all the time. After you get established, you have to create your own fire, and it's never easy. All this business about me never saying anything is a piece of crap. [asked if he ever wanted to act on the stage] Not since I was at Grinnell. When I gave them the story that I was trying to do a Broadway play, I must have been desperate for publicity. I figured it didn't matter what I said. I learned very early that nothing you ever say gets quoted verbatim by the press. So for many years I may have clammed up, but I guess I've reached an age where I don't particularly care. Anyway, I talk. I put in a call to Clark Gable to tell him about some deer I'd heard were running loose up in the Canadian Rockies. I was told he was on location . . . in Hong Kong. I called Robert Taylor . He was on location, too, in Italy, unless he had finished there and gone to England. James Stewart was in Africa. In the old days a company that went as far away as Texas was thought to be forsaking civilization for good. Today these countries are just part of the Hollywood scene and it's as [ William Shakespeare said, "All the world's a stage". Naturalness is hard to talk about, but I guess it boils down to this: You find out what people expect of your type of character and then you give them what they want. That way an actor never seems unnatural or affected no matter what role he plays. [in 1960] People hang on after they should quit, because the urge to act stays with you. Sometimes in the middle of a scene I find myself saying a piece of dialog from 15 years ago. I've thought of retiring lots of times, but then I think I would just go nuts, and probably spend all my time searching for a really great Western script. [on Cary Grant ] I say he's a crack comedian, and isn't competition for me at all. [after visiting Nazi Germany in 1938] There's no question in my mind that those people want to have a war. They're determined to be a world power and seem to feel that's the only way to become one. Those storm troopers are awesome. The atmosphere in Berlin - well, I've never sensed such tension. I've had lines on my face since I was twenty. Wind and sun put them there. In my whole life I've never had a woman so much in love with me as Ingrid Bergman was. The day after the picture [ For Whom the Bell Tolls (1943) ended, I couldn't get her on the phone. [after Clark Gable ended up with the role of Rhett Butler in Gone with the Wind (1939)] "Gone with the Wind" is going to be the biggest flop in history. [October 1947] I have turned down quite a few scripts because I thought they were tinged with Communistic ideas. [1960] Nothing I've done lately, the past eight years or so, has been especially worthwhile. I've been coasting along. Some of the pictures I've made recently I'm genuinely sorry about. Either I did a sloppy job in them, or the story wasn't right. [1952] I like and admire Carl Foreman and am delighted to be in business with him. [in 1958, on "Method" actors] It is hard to dig them because they move like hermit crabs - they have to have a shell to crawl into and they don't want anyone to get to know them . . . They are offbeat and strange and always thinking about themselves. They are always asking themselves, "Where do I fit in; what's in it for me?" These youngsters are doing it the hard way. They make a thorough study of being natural and being unnatural. The girls go around looking like they're made up for a death scene in a hospital room. I don't know why if a girl goes out in public she wants to make herself look ugly instead of a little bit attractive. Naturally, the nearer the character you play comes to the character you are, the more authenticity you give it. You are not acting so much as being. The result is realism. Movie acting is a pretty silly business for a man because it takes less training, less ability and less brains to be successful in it than any other business I can think of. Having to work hard never had any real appeal for me, and that may have some connection with me being in the movies. [on Hollywood] This is a terrible place to spend your life in. Nobody in Hollywood is normal. Absolutely nobody. And they have such a vicious attitude toward one another . . . They say much worse things about each other than outsiders say about them, and nobody has any real friends. [October 1947] I feel very strongly that actors haven't any business at all to shoot their faces off about things I know we know very little about. [following a 1943 USO tour to New Guinea] There's no coin in Hollywood, rich as it is, that can pay a fellow the way I've been paid for my little effort on behalf of the G.I.s out there. It was the greatest emotional experience of my life. [to Robert Taylor after both had appeared before the House Un-American Activities Committee in 1947] I got a much bigger hand than you did. (at a Friars Club testimonial dinner in 1961) If you asked me if I'm the luckiest guy in the world, all I can say is, "Yup". [on Rio Bravo (1959)] It's so phony, nobody believes in it. [on Josef von Sternberg ] It was apparent that von Sternberg and Marlene Dietrich had a very close professional relationship. But it was only, in my experience, professional, without any love element. I got along with von Sternberg reasonably well, as all his direction and his instructions were given to Marlene, and the rest of us were left more or less to do as well as we could. I cannot remember that he ever told me how to play a scene. [on Grace Kelly ] She was very serious about her work, had her eyes and ears open. She was trying to learn, you could see that. You can tell if a person really wants to be an actress. She was one of those people you could get that feeling about, and she was very pretty. It didn't surprise me when she was a big success. [on turning down the role of Rhett Butler in Gone with the Wind (1939)] Rhett Butler was one of the best roles ever offered in Hollywood and my screen character saw himself emerging from the film as a dashing-type fellow. But I said no. I didn't see myself as quite that dashing, and later, when I saw Clark Gable play the role to perfection, I knew I was right. [23 October 1947] Several years ago, when communism was more of a social chit-chatter in parties for offices, and so on when communism didn't have the implications that it has now, discussion of communism was more open and I remember hearing statements from some folks to the effect that the communistic system had a great many features that were desirable. It offered the actors and artists - in other words, the creative people - a special place in government where we would be somewhat immune from the ordinary leveling of income. And as I remember, some actor's name was mentioned to me who had a house in Moscow which was very large - he had three cars, and stuff, with his house being quite a bit larger than my house in Beverly Hills at the time - and it looked to me like a pretty phony come-on to us in the picture business. From that time on, I could never take any of this pinko mouthing very seriously, because I didn't feel it was on the level. Once in a while I like a good western. Gives me a chance to shoot off guns. For me the really satisfying things I do are offered me, free, for nothing. Ever go out in the fall and do a little hunting? See the frost on the grass and the leaves turning? Spend a day in the hills alone, or with good companions? Watch a sunset and a moon rise? Notice a bird in the wind? A stream in the woods, a storm at sea, cross the country by train, and catch a glimpse of something beautiful in the desert, or the farmlands? Free to everybody. Salary (75)	i don't know
The United States launched Operation Desert Shield in 1990 to prevent Iraq from invading what country?	Operation Desert Storm Available from Chadwyck-Healey Washington, D.C., January 17, 2001 – On the morning of August 2, 1990 the mechanized infantry, armor, and tank units of the Iraqi Republican Guard invaded Kuwait and seized control of that country. The invasion triggered a United States response, Operation DESERT SHIELD, to deter any invasion of Kuwait's oil rich neighbor, Saudi Arabia. On August 7, deployment of U.S. forces began. United Nations Security Council Resolutions 660 and 662 condemned Iraq's invasion and annexation and called for the immediate and unconditional withdrawal of Iraqi forces. On August 20 President Bush signed National Security Directive 45, "U.S. Policy in Response to the Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait," outlining U.S. objectives - which included the "immediate, complete, and unconditional withdrawal of all Iraqi forces from Kuwait," and the "restoration of Kuwait's legitimate government to replace the puppet regime installed by Iraq." 1 A U.N. ultimatum, Security Council Resolution 678, followed on November 29, 1990. It stipulated that if Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein did not remove his troops from Kuwait by January 15, 1991 a U.S.-led coalition was authorized to drive them out. Early in the morning of January 17, Baghdad time, the U.S.-led coalition launched air attacks against Iraqi targets. On February 24, coalition ground forces begin their attack. On February 27, Kuwait City was declared liberated, and with allied forces having driven well into Iraq, President Bush and his advisers decided to halt the war. A cease-fire took effect at 8:00 the following morning. 2 The history of the Gulf War has a multitude of components - including internal decisionmaking as well as diplomatic, economic, and conventional military activities. This briefing book primarily focuses on the intelligence, space operations, and Scud-hunting aspects of the war. It also includes a report describing how Desert Storm affected China's view of future warfare, a document that raises questions as to what lessons other nations have drawn from U.S. military engagements in the Middle East and the Balkans. THE DOCUMENTS Document 1 : Defense Intelligence Agency, Scud B Study, August 1974. Secret, 18 pp. A crucial element of the Persian Gulf war was the Iraqi launch of its modified Scud missiles. Iraq originally obtained Scud missiles, along with much of the rest of its military equipment, from their producer--the Soviet Union. This 1970s study provides basic data on various aspects of the Scud B--including, among others, its range, payload, warhead type, and accuracy. It also provides information on the background of the missile and conclusions based on U.S. materiel exploitation of one or more Scuds. 3 Document 2 : George Bush, National Security Directive 45, U.S. Policy in Response to the Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait, August 20, 1990. Secret, 5 pp. This NSD was the first of two key Presidential directives that guided U.S. policy and actions in response to Saddam Hussein's invasion of Kuwait. The directive articulated U.S. interests in the region and the four principles that would guide U.S. policy during the crisis--including the "immediate, complete, and unconditional withdrawal of all Iraqi forces from Kuwait" and "a commitment to the security and stability of the Persian Gulf." The directive went on to specify diplomatic, economic, energy, and military measures the U.S. would take to achieve its objectives. Document 3 : DIA Iraq Regional Intelligence Task Force, Iraq Launches Multiple SRBM's Dec 2, December 3, 1990. Secret/Noforn, 1 p. On December 2, 1990, six weeks before the United States and its allies initiated Operation Desert Storm, Iraq test launched three Scud missiles from sites in eastern Iraq, which impacted in western Iraq. This DIA report, based at least in part on data from Defense Support Program launch detection satellites, provides first notification of the launch and basic data on the nature of the missiles--including type, launch sites and impact areas--as well as other relevant information. It was reported that the Iraqi test firing allowed the U.S. to fine-tune its launch detection system, which proved of great value during Desert Storm. 4 Document 4 : George Bush, National Security Directive 54, Responding to Iraqi Aggression in the Gulf, January 15, 1991. Top Secret, 3 pp. This National Security Directive provided the authorization for U.S. forces to begin military action, authorized by various U.N. resolutions, to expel Iraqi forces from Kuwait. The directive notes that while the economic sanctions imposed on Iraq "have had measurable impact upon Iraq's economy but have not accomplished the intended objective of ending Iraq's occupation of Kuwait. There is no persuasive evidence that they will do so in a timely manner." The directive goes on to specify the objectives of military action (identical to the ones in NSD 45) and the means of accomplishing those objectives. In addition, the directive states that the United States would not support efforts to change the boundaries of Iraq, but delineates Iraqi actions (including an attempt to destroy Kuwait's oil fields) that would lead the U.S. to seek to "replace the current leadership of Iraq." Despite Iraq's setting fire to Kuwaiti oil wells, the United States decided not to try to replace the regime of Saddam Hussein. Document 5 : John F. Stewart Jr., Operation Desert Storm, The Military Intelligence Story: A View from the G-2 3d U.S. Army, April 1991. Unclassified, 44 pp. This memoir, written by the Army's chief intelligence officer in the Persian Gulf theater of war, provides an overview of a number of aspects of Army and military intelligence activity during the Persian Gulf war. Stewart examines management and operational challenges, support to campaign planning, and key lessons learned. Management challenges included finite capabilities of collection systems, competing requirements, and dissemination while operational challenges included targeting, battle damage assessment, a scarcity of Arabic linguists, and the need for updated maps. Lessons learned included the need for the Army "to develop an imagery architecture to provide near-real time photography to commanders from Corps through Brigade" as well as to emphasize the requirement for a "wide area, high resolution imagery capability." Document 6 : United States Central Command, Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm, 11 July 1991. Executive Summary. Top Secret, 31 pp. This executive summary of the Central Command's assessment of operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm "focuses on events leading to the execution of combat operations and key assessments made during the crisis." It includes both a chronological account of events (Part I) as well as an assessment of functional areas (Part II). Thus, Part I examines pre-conflict events, Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, the creation of the allied coalition, Desert Shield, and Desert Storm. Part II explores operations and training, plans and policy, intelligence, communications, security assistance, logistics, force structure, personnel issues, legal issues, and public affairs activities. Beyond recounting developments in these areas it notes shortfalls and lessons learned. Document 7 : Air Force Space Command, Desert Storm "Hot Wash" 12-13 Jul 1991, July 1991. Secret, 10 pp. This 9-page assessment examines space operations during Desert Storm with respect to nine different areas, including weather support, satellite communications (SATCOM), navigation, use of multi-spectral imagery, tactical ballistic missile warning, and satellite repositioning. Each page focuses on one area, and includes observations, discussion, lessons learned, and recommended actions. The assessment notes, inter alia, that satellite communications were indispensable but SATCOM radios/channels were stressed by a "flood of communications," that the Global Positioning System (GPS) provided navigation updates to virtually every weapon system in the theater, the need for wide area multi-spectral imagery, and that Defense Support Program satellites, originally designed to detect strategic ballistic missiles, were effective in detecting Scud launches. Document 8 : Defense Intelligence Agency, Defense Intelligence Assessment, Mobile Short-Range Ballistic Missile Targeting in Operation DESERT STORM, November 1991. Secret, 13 pp. During the Persian Gulf War Iraq fired 88 Iraqi-modified Scuds at Israel, Saudi Arabia, and Bahrain. The Scud attacks on Israel threatened to provoke Israel into a counterattack, which the U.S. wished to avoid for fear that it would shatter the Allied coalition. From the beginning of the war destruction of Iraqi Scuds represented a high priority for U.S. and allied forces--which involved the use of space systems, aerial platforms, and special operations forces. Destruction of Iraq's mobile Scud forces proved far more difficult than expected, in part due to Iraqi tactics. At war's end there had been no confirmed kills of mobile Scuds. This post-war DIA assessment focuses on a number of subjects, including pre-war intelligence assumptions, Iraqi Scud deployment and dispersal, the capabilities of Iraq's extended range Scuds, and means of measuring the effectiveness of the counter-Scud effort. It concluded that the "lessons learned during Operation DESERT STORM can provide the framework for developing a more effective, realistic approach to targeting both Third World ballistic missiles and Soviet mobile intercontinental ballistic missiles in the future." Document 9 : Office of History, HQ 37th Fighter Wing, Twelfth Air Force, Tactical Air Command, Nighthawks Over Iraq: A Chronology of the F-117A Stealth Fighter in Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm, January 1992. Unclassified, 37 pp. A key element in allied success in the Persian Gulf War was the U.S.-British led air campaign prior to the commencement of the ground campaign. That air campaign marked the first major use of the F-117A, "Nighthawk," stealth fighter, the existence of which was declassified in 1988 shortly before its first combat in Operation JUST CAUSE in Panama in 1989. This chronology, in addition to covering events related to F-117A deployment and operations, provides a day-by-day, wave-by-wave, account of operations against Iraqi targets. It provides specifics on targets, bombs dropped, and the 37th Fighter Wing's general assessment of the effectiveness of the attacks. Subsequent studies of F-117A operations, such as that of the General Accounting Office, were more skeptical of the F-117A effectiveness. 5 Document 10 : United States Space Command, United States Space Command Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm, January 1992. Secret/Noforn, 109 pp. This assessment examines the operations and impact of those space operations conducted by the U.S. Space Command and its components just prior to and during the Persian Gulf war. It thus excludes the classified imagery, signals intelligence, and measurement and signature intelligence satellite operations conducted by the CIA and National Reconnaissance Office. It does focus on the use of the Defense Support Program (launch detection), Global Positioning System (navigation), Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (weather) satellites as well as the operations of U.S. communications and LANDSAT (multispectral imagery) satellites. The document provides a timeline, a narrative of the sequence of events, an assessment of the contribution of each system discussed, and recommendations for future action. Document 11 : Coy F. Cross II, 9th RW, The Dragon Lady Meets the Challenge: The U-2 in Desert Storm, n.d. Unclassified. (circa 1992), Chapters 6 and 7, 29 pp. The U-2 program began operations in 1956 with flights over Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. Overflights of the Soviet Union ended with the shootdown of Francis Gary Powers on May 1, 1960. But the program continued, and involved both peripheral reconnaissance missions as well as overflights of some nations, including China and Cuba. In Operation Desert Storm, the U-2 overflights of Iraq provided a large quantity of imagery. These two chapters of the monograph, written by the 9th Reconnaissance Wing's historian, provide an overview and assessment of U-2 operations in Desert Storm. Document 12 : Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence, Annual Historical Review, 1 October 1990 to 30 September 1991, 1993. pp.4-10 to 4-13. Secret, 5 pp. Prior to the full establishment of the Defense HUMINT Service in 1995, each of the military services conducted human intelligence collection efforts in support of their departments. For years the most significant military service HUMINT effort, including both clandestine and overt HUMINT, was conducted by the U.S. Army. This portion of the 1991 fiscal year history for the Army's chief intelligence officer, summarizes some of the contributions of Army overt HUMINT operations, including those related to Desert Storm. According to the history, the collection of information from Iraqi émigrés and defectors provided valuable information with regard to the targeting of Iraqi military facilities as well as avoidance of the inadvertent targeting of certain non-military facilities. Document 13 : Defense Intelligence Agency, Intelligence Information Report, PLA Modernizes Its Military Training Program, June 23, 1995. Unclassified, 13 pp. The overwhelming and speedy victory of the U.S.-led coalition, along with the minimal casualties suffered, in the Persian Gulf war caught the attention of the military leadership of a number of countries. Among the components of the allied victory noted by foreign military leaders was the reliance on high-tech weaponry. This Defense Department intelligence report examines changes in the military training program of the PRC People's Liberation Army. Subjects addressed include leadership views and guidance, night operations, and the role of air superiority and air defense. Document 14 : Brian G. Shellum, DIA, Defense Intelligence Crisis Response Procedures and the Gulf War, 1996. Unclassified, 19 pp. The essay by the DIA's deputy historian, examines the agency's role in providing intelligence support during operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm. The essay also examines the evolution of DIA activities in support of crisis operations--from the early 1970s to the late 1980s--and the impact of the Goldwater-Nichols military reform legislation. Among the 1980s developments reviewed particular to DIA activities during the Persian Gulf war were the creation of National Military Intelligence Support Teams (NMISTs). The portion of the paper concerning the Gulf War focuses largely on the creation, operations, and, in some cases, theater deployment of elements to provide intelligence support to decision-makers and combatant commanders. These elements included the Iraqi Regional Intelligence Task Force, the Operational Intelligence Crisis Center, and the Department of Defense Joint Intelligence Center. Document 15 : DCI Persian Gulf War Illnesses Task Force, Khamisiyah: A Historical Perspective on Related Intelligence, April 9, 1997. Unclassified, 24 pp. As a result of suggestions and allegations that the explanation for the illnesses of many Persian Gulf war veterans was to be found in examining events that took place in the theater during the war, President Clinton established an advisory committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses. To provide intelligence support, Director of Central Intelligence George Tenet established the Persian Gulf War Illnesses Task Force. One of its activities was to provide intelligence related to the concern that release of Iraqi chemical agents, possibly as result of the bombing of Iraqi chemical weapons storage sites, particularly Khamisiyah, might have exposed some members of the U.S. armed forces to the chemicals. This task force analysis provides an unclassified analysis of the Iraqi chemical warfare program, and discussion of pre-war intelligence on the Khamisiyah depot (including overhead imagery). Several sections of the study examine, to a limited extent, the tasking, collection, analysis, and dissemination of intelligence concerning the possible presence of chemical weapons at Khamisiyah from the beginning of Desert Shield to 1997. It concludes with a discussion of some lessons learned. Document 16 : Defense Intelligence Agency, A Chronology of Defense Intelligence in the Gulf War: A Research Aid for Analysts, July 1997. Unclassified, 56 pp. This chronology, which begins in 1984 and concludes in August 1991, describes events related to DIA-conducted and directed activities relevant to the Persian Gulf War. The chronology includes information on the creation and/or deployment of units subordinate to DIA to provide intelligence support to officials in Washington and in the theater of operations. In addition, it contains some details on tasking of collection assets, collection operations, the production of intelligence, and its dissemination. Notes 1. U.S. News and World Report, Triumph Without Victory: The Unreported History of the Persian Gulf War (New York: Times Books, 1992), pp. 7-9. 2. Richard Hallion, Storm over Iraq: Air Power and the Gulf War (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1992), p. 159; Rick Atkinson, Crusade: The Untold Story of the Persian Gulf War (Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1993), p. 511. 3. A Department of Defense information paper on Iraq's Scud Ballistic Missiles can be found at < www.gulflink.osd.mil/scud_info >. 4. Robert C. Toth, "Iraqi Missile Test Had U.S. Thinking War Started," Los Angeles Times, December 21, 1990, pp. A1, A10. 5. General Accounting Office, "Operation Desert Storm: Evaluation of the Air Campaign," GAO/NSIA-97-134, June 1997.	Saudi Arabia
The majority of the Mohave Desert is located in which state?	BBC ON THIS DAY \| 2 \| 1990: Iraq invades Kuwait About This Site \| Text Only 1990: Iraq invades Kuwait More than 100,000 Iraqi soldiers backed up by 700 tanks invaded the Gulf state of Kuwait in the early hours of this morning. Iraqi forces have established a provisional government and their leader Saddam Hussein has threatened to turn Kuwait city into a "graveyard" if any other country dares to challenge the "take-over by force". Iraqi jets have bombed targets in the capital and special forces have landed at the defence ministry and at the Emir's palace. Road blocks are in place and there are reports of looting in the city's shops. Initial reports suggest up to 200 people have been killed in heavy gunfire around the city. It is reported that the younger brother of Emir Sheikh Jaber al-Sabah has been killed whilst trying to defend the palace, while the Emir himself has escaped to Saudi Arabia. All communication has been cut with Kuwait and many people, including thousands of foreign nationals, are trapped in the city. 'Absolutely unacceptable' The invasion has sparked strong condemnation from leaders around the world. The United Nations Security Council, in emergency session, has called for the "immediate and unconditional" withdrawal of Iraqi forces from Kuwait. British Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher, branded the invasion as "absolutely unacceptable" while American president George Bush condemned the attack as "a naked act of aggression." So far there has been no condemnation of the attack from any Arab country. Kuwait's assets in the UK and the US have been frozen to prevent Iraq from seizing them and the US has also frozen Iraq's assets. The Soviet Union, Iraq's main supplier of arms, has suspended the delivery of all military equipment to Iraq. In recent weeks Iraq had accused Kuwait of flooding the world market with oil and has demanded compensation for oil produced from a disputed oil field on the border of the two countries. In response to the news of the invasion the price of oil rose dramatically and stock markets around the world have fallen. Kuwait has appealed for international aid but there is no suggestion of any military action from the West at this stage.	i don't know
Who gnawed a chunk from Evander Holyfield's ear on June 28, 1997?	Mike Tyson bites ear - Jun 28, 1997 - HISTORY.com Mike Tyson bites ear Publisher A+E Networks On June 28, 1997, Mike Tyson bites Evander Holyfield’s ear in the third round of their heavyweight rematch. The attack led to his disqualification from the match and suspension from boxing, and was the strangest chapter yet in the champion’s roller-coaster career. Mike Tyson enjoyed a rapid rise to stardom. In 1986 he became the youngest heavyweight champion in history by beating Trevor Berbick at just 19 years old. By 1989, however, Tyson had begun a long downward spiral into sports infamy. His erratic behavior included marrying and divorcing actress Robin Givens (after being accused by her of domestic violence), firing and suing his manager, breaking his hand in an early morning street brawl and two car accidents, one of which was reportedly a suicide attempt. Tyson also fired trainer Kevin Rooney and replaced him with notorious promoter Don King. Unable to keep his focus on boxing, Tyson, once thought unbeatable, lost the heavyweight title after being knocked out by 42-to-1 underdog James “Buster” Douglas in a stunning upset on February 11, 1990. In 1991, Tyson was accused of rape by Desiree Washington, a contestant in a beauty pageant he was judging in Indianapolis, Indiana. He was convicted on February 10, 1992, and served three years and one month in a federal penitentiary. Once released, Tyson regained his heavyweight belts and then planned a bout with Evander Holyfield, a clean-living, religious former heavyweight champion from Georgia who was considered the best heavyweight challenger for Tyson after number-one contender Lennox Lewis, who Tyson refused to schedule. Holyfield had retired in 1994, but the prospect of a huge payday proved tempting, and on November 9, 1996, the underdog Holyfield shocked the boxing world by beating Tyson in an 11th round TKO to win Tyson’s WBA title. Holyfield came into the widely anticipated rematch on this day in 1997 even stronger than he had been for the first fight. In the first round, he hit Tyson hard with body shots while Tyson flailed away, ignoring the science of boxing his trainer had promised he would employ. By the end of the round, the crowd chanted Holyfield’s name, turning on the usual fan favorite Tyson. In the second round, Holyfield head-butted Tyson, opening a cut over Tyson’s right eye. In the third round, Tyson lost what composure he had left. He spit out his mouthpiece, bit off a chunk out of Holyfield’s right ear and then spit it onto the canvas. Though Holyfield was in obvious pain the fight resumed after a brief stoppage, and then Tyson bit Holyfield’s other ear. With 10 seconds left in the third round, he was disqualified. His $30 million purse was withheld while Nevada boxing officials reviewed the fight. Events in Tyson’s life took repeated turns for the worse in the aftermath of the fight, and culminated in his declaring bankruptcy–in part due to $400,000 a year spent on maintaining a flock of pet pigeons–and an arrest for cocaine possession. In 2006, Tyson agreed to join Heidi Fleiss’ legal brothel in Nevada as a prostitute. Related Videos	Mike Tyson
Blanket, cross, and buttonhole are all types of what?	Mike Tyson takes a bite out of Evander Holyfield's ear - NY Daily News Mike Tyson chews off a piece of Evander Holyfield's ear during 1997 Las Vegas bout Mike Tyson takes a bite out of Evander Holyfield's ear NEW YORK DAILY NEWS Mike Tyson (r.) chomps down on Evander Holyfield's ear during shocking incident inside the ring. (GARY HERSHORN/REUTERS) Sunday, June 28, 2015, 9:00 AM (Originally published by the Daily News on Sunday, June 29, 1997; written by Michael Katz) LAS VEGAS - Biting off more than he could chew, Mike Tyson was disqualified for twice sinking his teeth into Evander Holyfield in the third round of last night's rematch between the two biggest money-making fighters in history. It was the kind of performance that, outside the ring, could be construed as a parole violation. Tyson may not have lost his freedom last night, but by biting off a piece of Holyfield's right ear, spitting it on the canvas, and getting disqualified after trying for a second helping on the other ear, his place in history will certainly be on the pages with the villains and cowards. Holyfield, who beat Tyson badly and stopped him in the 11th round last Nov. 9 to set up the richest rematch in ring history, was awarded a three-round disqualification and taken to Valley Hospital, where it was expected doctors would try to sew back on the top of his right ear, which landed on the table in front of ringside judge Duane Ford. Referee Mills Lane, who replaced Mitch Halpern two days ago under pressure from the the Tyson camp, deducted two points from Tyson after the first bite, which came with 33 seconds remaining in Tyson's best round. Holyfield jumped up and down in pain, and turned his back. Tyson then ran across the ring and hit Holyfield in the back, shoving him into the ropes. Lane warned Tyson that another bite would result in disqualification. After a few low blows, Tyson went for the left ear right before the bell and Holyfield again jumped up and down in pain. Tyson beckoned Holyfield to "come on, come on," and the three-time champion rushed forward as the bell rang. Marc Ratner, executive director of the Nevada State Athletic Commission, said at that point, Lane told him, "He bit him again, I'm disqualifying him." Ratner said Tyson's reported purse of $30 million would be withheld pending a hearing Tuesday. Holyfield earned his $35 million the hard way. When the announcement was made, more mayhem broke out. The crowd of 16,341 booed one rolled piece of paper hit Lane in the chest and Tyson tried to start a third fight with the Holy Warrior. Scores of people were in the ring when Tyson charged at Holyfield, hitting an intervening police officer in the process. Dr. Alias Ghanen, chairman of the Nevada State Athletic Commission, was asked if striking a police office in the ring constituted a violation of Tyson's parole for his rape conviction in Indiana. Ghanen was also asked if Tyson's subsequent foray in the stands at the MGM Grand, where he was seen taking swings at customers, might also be a violation. He replied, "Any criminal prosecution is up to the district attorney's office." Tyson was defiant in the face of disgrace, saying the bites were in response to Holyfield butts, one which Lane ruled accidental in the second round, but which opened a nasty cut over Tyson's right eye. "He butted me in the second round and he butted me again," said Tyson. "He kept butting me and nobody would help me. This is my career. What am I supposed to do? I've got children to raise. "Holyfield's not the warrior he claims to be. He got a little nick on his ear and quit." In fact, the butting did not appear to be an eye for two ears, but premeditated. Evander Holyfield reacts after Mike Tyson bit his ear during the third round of their WBA heavyweight championship fight. The fight was called after Tyson was disqualified. "He spit out his mouthpiece and bit me in the ear," said Holyfield, who had actually warned Tyson at the beginning of the third round that he had forgotten the mouthpiece. "It doesn't show no courage to foul and get out of the fight. Fear causes people to do the easy thing, the quickest thing." In fact, ex-Tyson trainer Teddy Atlas said two days ago that the onetime Brownsville street-tough fighter would "try and get disqualified so he can take the easy way out." Holyfield, who won the first two rounds on all official cards, "landing some elephant shots," according to Ford, had a singular streak of blood running down his back after scoring his 34th victory against three losses. Any streak down Tyson's was not red. As Tyson 45-3 left the ring he made obscene gestures to enraged spectators, grabbing his crotch and pointing fingers. He walked through the crowd toward the dressing rooms in the back of the arena when a plastic bottle filled with mineral water hit a spectator. Tyson, according to several eyewitnesses with cameras, then jumped into the stands, knocking over temporary railings and swinging at customers, trying to reach the alleged bottle-thrower, who was later arrested. Tyson's camp probably now regrets scuttling Mitch Halpern, the referee in the first encounter between these two, for Lane, the former Marine and prosecutor who sits as a state judge in Reno. After the first bite, Lane told Ratner, "He bit him, he's out." It was the second time during the bout that 'Iron Mike' Tyson had used his teeth on Holyfield. (STEVE MARCUS/REUTERS) Ratner suggested the ringside physician, Dr. Flip Homansky, look at the cut. The doctor said Holyfield could continue. Lane deducted two points from Tyson, who seemed to be in the process of winning his first round. It was scored 9 (minus-2) to 8 so Tyson trailed 29-26 on all cards. Lane said he waited until the end of the third round to make sure that Tyson had indeed inflicted the second bite. "How many times do you want a guy to get bit?" Lane said. "There's a limit to everything, including bites." Don Turner, Holyfield's trainer, said Tyson took a one-inch chunk out of Holyfield's right ear and that a plastic surgeon would try to repair it. "It's the most unbelievable thing I've ever seen in all my years of boxing," he said. Holyfield, singing hymns in his dressing room, as he did last time, picked up where he left off and hurt Tyson with a right uppercut-left hook combination midway through the opening round. He wobbled Tyson again in the second. When Tyson, still throwing singular wild bombs and no jabs despite changing trainers from Jay Bright to the experienced Richie Giachetti, did land, Holyfield hit back harder. Tyson, who had opened up as a 17-1 favorite for the first fight, but who had slipped to only a 3-2 choice last night, landed his best shots and still Holyfield fired back better.	i don't know
In response to a Soviet blockade, June 26th, 1948, saw the Western Allies begin an airlift to what city?	Soviets blockade West Berlin - Jun 24, 1948 - HISTORY.com Soviets blockade West Berlin Publisher A+E Networks One of the most dramatic standoffs in the history of the Cold War begins as the Soviet Union blocks all road and rail traffic to and from West Berlin. The blockade turned out to be a terrible diplomatic move by the Soviets, while the United States emerged from the confrontation with renewed purpose and confidence. Following World War II, Germany was divided into occupation zones. The United States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and, eventually, France, were given specific zones to occupy in which they were to accept the surrender of Nazi forces and restore order. The Soviet Union occupied most of eastern Germany, while the other Allied nations occupied western Germany. The German capital of Berlin was similarly divided into four zones of occupation. Almost immediately, differences between the United States and the Soviet Union surfaced. The Soviets sought huge reparations from Germany in the form of money, industrial equipment, and resources. The Russians also made it clear that they desired a neutral and disarmed Germany. The United States saw things in quite a different way. American officials believed that the economic recovery of Western Europe was dependent on a strong, reunified Germany. They also felt that only a rearmed Germany could stand as a bulwark against Soviet expansion into Western Europe. In May 1946, the Americans stopped reparations shipments from their zone to the Soviets. In December, the British and Americans combined their zones; the French joined some months later. The Soviets viewed these actions as a threat and issued more demands for a say in the economic future of Germany. On June 22, 1948, negotiations between the Soviets, Americans, and British broke down. On June 24, Soviet forces blocked the roads and railroad lines into West Berlin. American officials were furious, and some in the administration of President Harry S. Truman argued that the time for diplomacy with the Soviets was over. For a few tense days, the world waited to see whether the United States and Soviet Union would come to blows. In West Berlin, panic began to set in as its population worried about shortages of food, water, and medical aid. The United States response came just two days after the Soviets began their blockade. A massive airlift of supplies into West Berlin was undertaken in what was to become one of the greatest logistical efforts in history. For the Soviets, the escapade quickly became a diplomatic embarrassment. Russia looked like an international bully that was trying to starve men, women, and children into submission. And the successful American airlift merely served to accentuate the technological superiority of the United States over the Soviet Union. On May 12, 1949, the Soviets officially ended the blockade. Related Videos	Berlin
Who was is the only two term US President to be counted twice in the numbering of the presidents?	Berlin Blockade The first point where war between the two superpowers was possible. ï¿½Boojiï¿½, a contributor to www.debatewise.com The USSR had already disagreed with Britain and the USA at Potsdam (July 1945) about what should be done with Germany. Germany had been split into four zones . There had been particular disagreement about reparations: Britain and America had wanted Germany to recover economically, but the Russians had gained the right to take 10% of the industrial equipment of western Germany, and as whatever they wanted from their own zone in eastern Germany: Berlin, in Russia's zone, was also split into 4 zones. But Berlin was entirely within - and surrounded by - the Russian zone. Source D [The Americans had introduced a new currency into Berlin.] Old money flooded into the Soviet Zone. Some restrictions were placed on links between Berlin and western zones, but the Soviet side was ready to supply food to all Berlin. Yet every day 380 American planes flew into Berlin. It was simply a propaganda move intended to make the cold war worse. From a Russian history book. Source A Britain and America tried to restore German prosperity in their sectors, but the Russians systematically looted their zone. This Low cartoon of October 1946 shows Bevin (British foreign minister) and Byrnes (America) trying to get the lorry of a 'united Germany' going, while the Russian foreign minister Molotov sits smugly on his motorbike, having stolen the wheels - 'Pity you fellows can't get your part going. I fixed mine OK', he is saying.. Click here for the interpretation Source C This cartoon by the British cartoonist Illingworth appeared in the Daily Mail on 9 September 1948. Stalin has blocked the mousehole, and toys with a mouse labelled 'Berliners', whilst the other 'western powers' scuttle around in alarm. Click here for the interpretation What happened? The American Army wanted to fight its way into Berlin ï¿½ that would have caused a war. Instead, Truman decided to supply Berlin by air. The situation was bad at first, but things got better as the blockade went on. On 12 May 1949, Stalin re-opened the borders. Airlift Facts The blockade lasted 318 days (11 months). In the winter of 1948ï¿½49 Berliners lived on dried potatoes, powdered eggs and cans of meat. They had four hours of electricity a day. The airlift was codenamed 'operation Vittles'; the first flight was on 26 June 1948. The Soviet authorities offered to provide West Berlin with essential supplies - this offer was rejected. 275,000 flights carried in 1ï¿½ million tons of supplies. A plane landed every 3 mins. On 16 April 1949, 1400 flights brought in 13,000 tons of supplies in one day ï¿½ Berlin only needed 6,000 tons a day to survive. Some pilots dropped chocolate and sweets. The airlift continued until 30 September 1949, in order to build up a reserve of supplies. The USA stationed B-29 bombers (which could carry an atomic bomb) in Britain. The American airmen were regarded as heroes Source D This cartoon of 14 July 1948 by EH Shepard for the British magazine Punch shows Stalin watching as storks fly coal and food into Berlin. Click here for the interpretation Activity: 2. Working as a whole class, draw a spidergram to show all the reasons why the Berlin blockade failed. 3. What were the results of the Berlin Blockade. Source E The crisis was planned in Washington behind a smokescreen of anti-Soviet propaganda... The self-blockade of the Western powers hit the West Berlin population with harshness. The people were freezing and starving. In the Spring of 1949 the USA was forced to yield From a Russian history book. Source F We demonstrated to the people of Europe that we would act resolutely, when their freedom was threatened. Politically it brought the people of Western Europe closer to us. President Truman, speaking in 1949. Source G Neither side gained anything. The USSR had not gained control of Berlin. The West had no guarantees that land communications would not be cut again. Above all confrontation made both sides even more stubborn. Historian Jack Watson writing in 1984.	i don't know
Which space probe, launched in 1977, is set to reach the edge of the known solar system and be the first man made object to experience interstellar space?	News \| How Do We Know When Voyager Reaches Interstellar Space? News \| September 12, 2013 How Do We Know When Voyager Reaches Interstellar Space? Whether and when NASA's Voyager 1 spacecraft, humankind's most distant object, broke through to interstellar space, the space between stars, has been a thorny issue. For the last year, claims have surfaced every few months that Voyager 1 has "left our solar system." Why has the Voyager team held off from saying the craft reached interstellar space until now? "We have been cautious because we're dealing with one of the most important milestones in the history of exploration," said Voyager Project Scientist Ed Stone of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena. "Only now do we have the data -- and the analysis -- we needed." Basically, the team needed more data on plasma, which is ionized gas, the densest and slowest moving of charged particles in space. (The glow of neon in a storefront sign is an example of plasma.) Plasma is the most important marker that distinguishes whether Voyager 1 is inside the solar bubble, known as the heliosphere, which is inflated by plasma that streams outward from our sun, or in interstellar space and surrounded by material ejected by the explosion of nearby giant stars millions of years ago. Adding to the challenge: they didn't know how they'd be able to detect it. "We looked for the signs predicted by the models that use the best available data, but until now we had no measurements of the plasma from Voyager 1," said Stone. Scientific debates can take years, even decades to settle, especially when more data are needed. It took decades, for instance, for scientists to understand the idea of plate tectonics, the theory that explains the shape of Earth's continents and the structure of its sea floors. First introduced in the 1910s, continental drift and related ideas were controversial for years. A mature theory of plate tectonics didn't emerge until the 1950s and 1960s. Only after scientists gathered data showing that sea floors slowly spread out from mid-ocean ridges did they finally start accepting the theory. Most active geophysicists accepted plate tectonics by the late 1960s, though some never did. Voyager 1 is exploring an even more unfamiliar place than our Earth's sea floors -- a place more than 11 billion miles (17 billion kilometers) away from our sun. It has been sending back so much unexpected data that the science team has been grappling with the question of how to explain all the information. None of the handful of models the Voyager team uses as blueprints have accounted for the observations about the transition between our heliosphere and the interstellar medium in detail. The team has known it might take months, or longer, to understand the data fully and draw their conclusions. "No one has been to interstellar space before, and it's like traveling with guidebooks that are incomplete," said Stone. "Still, uncertainty is part of exploration. We wouldn't go exploring if we knew exactly what we'd find." The two Voyager spacecraft were launched in 1977 and, between them, had visited Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune by 1989. Voyager 1's plasma instrument, which measures the density, temperature and speed of plasma, stopped working in 1980, right after its last planetary flyby. When Voyager 1 detected the pressure of interstellar space on our heliosphere in 2004, the science team didn't have the instrument that would provide the most direct measurements of plasma. Instead, they focused on the direction of the magnetic field as a proxy for source of the plasma. Since solar plasma carries the magnetic field lines emanating from the sun and interstellar plasma carries interstellar magnetic field lines, the directions of the solar and interstellar magnetic fields were expected to differ. Most models told the Voyager science team to expect an abrupt change in the magnetic field direction as Voyager switched from the solar magnetic field lines inside our solar bubble to those in interstellar space. The models also said to expect the levels of charged particles originating from inside the heliosphere to drop and the levels of galactic cosmic rays, which originate outside the heliosphere, to jump. In May 2012, the number of galactic cosmic rays made its first significant jump, while some of the inside particles made their first significant dip. The pace of change quickened dramatically on July 28, 2012. After five days, the intensities returned to what they had been. This was the first taste of a new region, and at the time Voyager scientists thought the spacecraft might have briefly touched the edge of interstellar space. By Aug. 25, when, as we now know, Voyager 1 entered this new region for good, all the lower-energy particles from inside zipped away. Some inside particles dropped by more than a factor of 1,000 compared to 2004. The levels of galactic cosmic rays jumped to the highest of the entire mission. These would be the expected changes if Voyager 1 had crossed the heliopause, which is the boundary between the heliosphere and interstellar space. However, subsequent analysis of the magnetic field data revealed that even though the magnetic field strength jumped by 60 percent at the boundary, the direction changed less than 2 degrees. This suggested that Voyager 1 had not left the solar magnetic field and had only entered a new region, still inside our solar bubble, that had been depleted of inside particles. Then, in April 2013, scientists got another piece of the puzzle by chance. For the first eight years of exploring the heliosheath, which is the outer layer of the heliosphere, Voyager's plasma wave instrument had heard nothing. But the plasma wave science team, led by Don Gurnett and Bill Kurth at the University of Iowa, Iowa City, had observed bursts of radio waves in 1983 to 1984 and again in 1992 to 1993. They deduced these bursts were produced by the interstellar plasma when a large outburst of solar material would plow into it and cause it to oscillate. It took about 400 days for such solar outbursts to reach interstellar space, leading to an estimated distance of 117 to 177 AU (117 to 177 times the distance from the sun to the Earth) to the heliopause. They knew, though, that they would be able to observe plasma oscillations directly once Voyager 1 was surrounded by interstellar plasma. Then on April 9, 2013, it happened: Voyager 1's plasma wave instrument picked up local plasma oscillations. Scientists think they probably stemmed from a burst of solar activity from a year before, a burst that has become known as the St. Patrick's Day Solar Storms. The oscillations increased in pitch through May 22 and indicated that Voyager was moving into an increasingly dense region of plasma. This plasma had the signatures of interstellar plasma, with a density more than 40 times that observed by Voyager 2 in the heliosheath. Gurnett and Kurth began going through the recent data and found a fainter, lower-frequency set of oscillations from Oct. 23 to Nov. 27, 2012. When they extrapolated back, they deduced that Voyager had first encountered this dense interstellar plasma in August 2012, consistent with the sharp boundaries in the charged particle and magnetic field data on August 25. Stone called three meetings of the Voyager team. They had to decide how to define the boundary between our solar bubble and interstellar space and how to interpret all the data Voyager 1 had been sending back. There was general agreement Voyager 1 was seeing interstellar plasma, based on the results from Gurnett and Kurth, but the sun still had influence. One persisting sign of solar influence, for example, was the detection of outside particles hitting Voyager from some directions more than others. In interstellar space, these particles would be expected to hit Voyager uniformly from all directions. "Now that we had actual measurements of the plasma environment - by way of an unexpected outburst from the sun - we had to reconsider why there was still solar influence on the magnetic field and plasma in interstellar space," Stone said. "The path to interstellar space has been a lot more complicated than we imagined." Stone discussed with the Voyager science group whether they thought Voyager 1 had crossed the heliopause. What should they call the region were Voyager 1 is? "In the end, there was general agreement that Voyager 1 was indeed outside in interstellar space," Stone said. "But that location comes with some disclaimers - we're in a mixed, transitional region of interstellar space. We don't know when we'll reach interstellar space free from the influence of our solar bubble." So, would the team say Voyager 1 has left the solar system? Not exactly - and that's part of the confusion. Since the 1960s, most scientists have defined our solar system as going out to the Oort Cloud, where the comets that swing by our sun on long timescales originate. That area is where the gravity of other stars begins to dominate that of the sun. It will take about 300 years for Voyager 1 to reach the inner edge of the Oort Cloud and possibly about 30,000 years to fly beyond it. Informally, of course, "solar system" typically means the planetary neighborhood around our sun. Because of this ambiguity, the Voyager team has lately favored talking about interstellar space, which is specifically the space between each star's realm of plasma influence. "What we can say is Voyager 1 is bathed in matter from other stars," Stone said. "What we can't say is what exact discoveries await Voyager's continued journey. No one was able to predict all of the details that Voyager 1 has seen. So we expect more surprises." Voyager 1, which is working with a finite power supply, has enough electrical power to keep operating the fields and particles science instruments through at least 2020, which will mark 43 years of continual operation. At that point, mission managers will have to start turning off these instruments one by one to conserve power, with the last one turning off around 2025. Voyager 1 will continue sending engineering data for a few more years after the last science instrument is turned off, but after that it will be sailing on as a silent ambassador. In about 40,000 years, it will be closer to the star AC +79 3888 than our own sun. (AC +79 3888 is traveling toward us faster than we are traveling towards it, so while Alpha Centauri is the next closest star now, it won't be in 40,000 years.) And for the rest of time, Voyager 1 will continue orbiting around the heart of the Milky Way galaxy, with our sun but a tiny point of light among many. The Voyager spacecraft were built and continue to be operated by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, in Pasadena, Calif. Caltech manages JPL for NASA. The Voyager missions are a part of NASA's Heliophysics System Observatory, sponsored by the Heliophysics Division of the Science Mission Directorate at NASA Headquarters in Washington. For more information about Voyager, visit: http://www.nasa.gov/voyager and http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov . News Media Contact Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif. [email protected]	Voyager 1
What 19th century author wrote the pentalogy of Leatherstocking Tales novels featuring the protagonist Natty Bumppo?	More evidence emerges to show Voyager 1 has exited our solar system to become the first man-made object to reach deep space \| Daily Mail Online More evidence emerges to show Voyager 1 has exited our solar system to become the first man-made object to reach deep space Deep space probe has detected an increase in intergalactic cosmic rays There has also been a dramatic fall in charged particles hitting the craft comments Deep space probe Voyager 1 is showing new signs that it may have exited our solar system, which would make it the first man-made object to reach deep space. Nasa is yet to make any announcement about what would be one of the most significant achievements in space exploration, but observers say new data from the spacecraft is evidence it may have crossed over. If the signs are correct, it would mark a historic moment in the history of space exploration and could herald a new era of interstellar exploration. Scroll down for video Crossing to the other side... Voyager 1 has observed a sustained increase in galactic cosmic rays in previous months and there has been a dramatic drop in charged particles from the sun striking the craft The Voyager probe has been travelling towards the outer reaches of the solar system since 1977 - it has enough batteries to last until 2020, scientists estimate Nasa scientists have said that they would need to observe three things to be certain that Voyager has actually travelled across the edge of our solar system: An increase in high-energy cosmic rays originating from outside our solar system; A drop in the level of lower-energy charged particles coming from our sun; And a change in the direction of the magnetic field detected by the spacecraft. RELATED ARTICLES Share this article Share Scientists have previously revealed that Voyager 1 observed a sustained increase in galactic cosmic rays in previous months and that there's been a dramatic drop in charged particles from the sun striking the craft. The only remaining piece question is whether the magnetic field affecting Voyager has changed, and for that the data is not yet definitive, Chron's SciGuy blog reports. Bombarded: This graph shows an increase in the number of galactic cosmic rays striking voyager Precipitous: The rate at which the probe is being bombarded by charged particles from our Sun has fallen dramatically However, Texas A&M University astronomer Nick Suntzeff told the blog that based on the precipitous fall in the detection of charged particles, something is definitely going on that Nasa should comment on. 'Even without the magnetometer data, the Voyager 1 data shows that it has gone through a huge barrier at the edge of the solar system,' Professor Suntzeff told SciGuy. Even without data to show the decoupling of the magnetic fields, the astronomer added, 'the fact remains that the satellite has gone through a discontinuity in cosmic ray fluxes that is incredible. 'It is interacting with the boundary of the Solar System. I think that the data stand on their merit – something wonderful has happened.' Voyager 1 set off on its epic journey 35 years ago and for some months researchers have expected it to finally hit the solar system's edge. For the past year, Voyager 1 used its instruments to explore the new region. It appeared to be the cosmic doldrums where solar winds streaming out from the sun at 1 million mph have dramatically eased Perhaps no one on Earth will relish the moment more than 76-year-old Ed Stone, a space scientist at Nasa who has toiled on the project from the start. 'We're anxious to get outside and find what's out there,' he said. COULD WE BE ON THE VERGE OF DEVELOPING A 'WARP DRIVE'? As it gears up to leave our solar system for the first interstellar journey, Voyager 1 has managed to pick up a quite phenomenal speed of one billion miles every three years. However, that's not quite fast enough for it to reach even the closest star within many lifetimes on Earth. Despite our desire to explore the stars, we are limited by the speeds we can achieve. Even if we managed to match the speed of light, the fastest theoretically possible physical velocity, we would still be listing our voyages from star to star in years, centuries or millennia. But, in what could be a huge breakthrough, theorists from Nasa say there is 'hope' that we can achieve faster-than-light travel, after physicists found a theoretical possibility for warp speed travel. While nothing can break the speed of light, scientists have long considered the fantasy of warp speed travel, where spaceships could bend space and time on itself to move through loopholes in space. Equations based on the laws of relativity have allowed warp speed in theory: but the energy required to make it happen would require the energy-mass of a Jupiter-sized planet. Mexican physicist Miguel Alcubierre's theories are the most practical, mooting a ring around a sphere-shaped spaceship, which would contract space in front of the ship, and expand space behind it. But Nasa scientist Harold 'Sonny' White recently announced a way to use the same idea, but with far less energy. He says that instead of enclosing a spacecraft in a space-time bubble, it could instead sit within a doughnut shape allowing the warp drive to be powered by a mass the size of a small car. He told Space.com: 'The findings I presented today change it from impractical to plausible and worth further investigation. 'The additional energy reduction realized by oscillating the bubble intensity is an interesting conjecture that we will enjoy looking at in the lab.' His rhetorical question to the crowd at the 35th anniversary events held last month at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California was: 'The question is, how much further is it to the heliopause? 'We don't know.... whether we're dancing along the edge of a new region which is connected to the outside.' When NASA's Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 first rocketed out of Earth's grip in 1977, no one knew how long they would live. Now, they are the longest-operating spacecraft in history and the most distant, at billions of miles from Earth but in different directions. September 5 marked the 35th anniversary of Voyager 1's launch to Jupiter and Saturn. It is now flitting around the fringes of the solar system, which is enveloped in a giant plasma bubble. This hot and turbulent area is created by a stream of charged particles from the sun. Outside the bubble is a new frontier in the Milky Way - the space between the stars. Once it ploughs through, scientists expect a calmer environment by comparison. When that would happen is anyone's guess. Voyager 1 is in uncharted celestial territory. One thing is clear: The boundary that separates the solar system and interstellar space is near, but it could take days, months or years to cross that milestone. Voyager 1 is currently more than 11billion miles from the sun. Its twin, Voyager 2, which celebrated its launch anniversary two weeks ago, trails behind at 9billion miles from the sun. They're still ticking despite being relics of the early Space Age. Each only has 68 kilobytes of computer memory. To put that in perspective, the smallest iPod - an 8-gigabyte iPod Nano - has 100,000 more storage space. Each also has an eight-track tape recorder. Today's spacecraft use digital memory. The Voyagers' original goal was to tour Jupiter and Saturn, and they sent back postcards of Jupiter's big red spot and Saturn's glittery rings. They also beamed home a torrent of discoveries: erupting volcanoes on the Jupiter moon Io; hints of an ocean below the icy surface of Europa, another Jupiter moon; signs of methane rain on the Saturn moon Titan. Voyager 2 then journeyed to Uranus and Neptune. It remains the only spacecraft to fly by these two outer planets. Voyager 1 used Saturn as a gravitational slingshot to catapult itself toward the edge of the solar system. 'Time after time, Voyager revealed unexpected - kind of counterintuitive - results, which means we have a lot to learn,' said Professor Stone, Voyager's chief scientist and a professor of physics at the California Institute of Technology. Voyager is now detecting the first traces of 'interstellar winds' - the signs it is finally reaching the edges of solar system These days, a handful of engineers diligently listen for the Voyagers from a satellite campus not far from the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, which built the spacecraft. The control room, with its cubicles and carpeting, could be mistaken for an insurance office if not for a blue sign overhead that reads 'Mission Controller' and a warning on a computer: 'Voyager mission critical hardware. Please do not touch!' There are no full-time scientists left on the mission, but 20 part-timers analyse the data streamed back. Since the spacecraft are so far out, it takes 17 hours for a radio signal from Voyager 1 to travel to Earth. For Voyager 2, it takes about 13 hours. Cameras aboard the Voyagers were turned off long ago. The nuclear-powered spacecraft, about the size of a subcompact car, still have five instruments to study magnetic fields, cosmic rays and charged particles from the sun known as solar wind. They also carry gold-plated discs containing multilingual greetings, music and pictures - in the off-chance that intelligent species come across them. Since 2004, Voyager 1 has been exploring a region in the bubble at the solar system's edge where the solar wind dramatically slows and heats up. Over the last several months, scientists have seen changes that suggest Voyager 1 is on the verge of crossing over. When it does, it will be the first spacecraft to explore between the stars. Space observatories such as the Hubble and Spitzer space telescopes have long peered past the solar system, but they tend to focus on far-away galaxies. Voyager 1 and its twin, Voyager 2, were launched in 1977 to tour the outer planets including Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune As ambitious as the Voyager mission is, it was scaled down from a plan to send a quartet of spacecraft to Jupiter, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto in what was billed as the "grand tour" of the solar system. But the plan was nixed, and scientists settled for the Voyager mission. American University space policy expert Howard McCurdy said it turned out to be a boon. They 'took the funds and built spacecraft robust enough to visit all four gas giants and keep communicating' beyond the solar system, McCurdy said. The double missions so far have cost $983million (£612million) in 1977 dollars, which translates to $3.7billion (£2.3billion) now. The spacecraft have enough fuel to last until around 2020. By that time, scientists hope Voyager will already be floating between the stars.	i don't know
What can be an invertebrate animal, a screw-like gear, or a piece of malicious software?	Worms (disambiguation) - The Full Wiki The Full Wiki More info on Worms (disambiguation) Wikis Worms (disambiguation): Wikis Advertisements Note: Many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite, within the Wikipedia article! This article doesn't yet, but we're working on it! See more info or our list of citable articles . (Redirected to Worm (disambiguation) article) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A worm is an elongated soft-bodied invertebrate animal. Worm, WORM or Worms, may also refer to: Contents Worms, Germany , a city in Germany Computing Computer worm , a self-propagating piece of malicious software Worms (series) , a computer game from Team 17 Write Once Read Many , or WORM, a characteristic of data storage media People Dennis Rodman , as his nickname Alfred Worm (1945–2007), Austrian investigative journalist Ole Worm (1588–1655), Danish physician Other Worm (marketing) , a market-research technique The NASA logo (worm) which has been retired from official use since 1992 Worm (comics) , a Marvel Comics character "Worm", a song by the band Ministry Worm, a science fiction novel by John Brosnan Worm, in engineering, a screw-like object that engages with a worm drive Ringworm , a fungal disease of the skin WORM (AM), a radio station (1010 AM) licensed to Savannah, Tennessee , United States WORM-FM , a radio station (101.7 FM) licensed to Savannah, Tennessee WORM, a derogatory remark for White Old Republican Males	Worm
Which US President served between Grover Cleveland's two terms?	worm self - это... Что такое worm self? worm self worm self: ( фигурально ) вкрадываться [вкрасться] (into в) Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь. 2001. worm auger Смотреть что такое "worm self" в других словарях: Worm — Worm, v. t. 1. To effect, remove, drive, draw, or the like, by slow and secret means; often followed by out. [1913 Webster] They find themselves wormed out of all power. Swift. [1913 Webster] They . . . wormed things out of me that I had no… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English Worm (disambiguation) — Worm is an elongated soft bodied invertebrate animal.Worm may also refer to: Computer worm, a self propagating piece of malicious software * Write Once Read Many, or WORM , a characteristic of data storage media * Worm (marketing), a market… … Wikipedia Worm charming — Worm charming, worm grunting, and worm fiddling are methods of attracting earthworms from the ground. The activity is usually performed to collect bait for fishing but can also take the form of a competitive sport. As a skill and profession worm… … Wikipedia Worm theology — is a term used for a system of belief in Christian culture that a feeling and expression of low self worth means God is more likely to show mercy and compassion. The name comes from a line in the Isaac Watts hymn Alas! and Did My Saviour Bleed… … Wikipedia Self-replication — is any process by which a thing might make a copy of itself. Biological cells, given suitable environments, reproduce by cell division. During cell division, DNA is replicated and can be transmitted to offspring during reproduction. Biological… … Wikipedia Self reconfigurable — Self reconfiguration is a term used in the fields of robotics and nanotechnology. It refers to the use of numerous semi independent modules that can combine themselves in different ways to perform different functions. For example, a robot made of … Wikipedia Worm drive — A worm drive is a gear arrangement in which a worm (which is a gear in the form of a screw) meshes with a worm gear (which is similar in appearance to a spur gear, and is also called a worm wheel). The terminology is often confused by imprecise… … Wikipedia worm — I. noun Usage: often attributive Etymology: Middle English, from Old English wyrm serpent, worm; akin to Old High German wurm serpent, worm, Latin vermis worm Date: before 12th century 1. a. earthworm; broadly an annelid worm b. any of numerous… … New Collegiate Dictionary worm — noun 1》 an earthworm or other creeping or burrowing invertebrate animal having a long, slender soft body and no limbs. [Annelida, Nematoda (roundworms), Platyhelminthes (flatworms), and other phyla.] ↘(worms) intestinal or other internal… … English new terms dictionary Self-reconfiguring modular robot — Modular self reconfiguring robotic systems or self reconfigurable modular robots are autonomous kinematic machines with variable morphology. Beyond conventional actuation, sensing and control typically found in fixed morphology robots, self… … Wikipedia Self-relocation — When computer programs execute upon a computer, their instructions are at the same time stored within the main memory of a computer. As it is necessary for the processor of the computer to retrieve these instructions in a timely and orderly… … Wikipedia 16+	i don't know
What Latin phrase, which translates as 'by deed', is taken to mean common in practice, but not established by law?	Appendix:List of Latin phrases (A–E) - Wiktionary Appendix:List of Latin phrases (A–E) Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary Warning, this page may be too large for some browsers. If so, the sections can be reviewed individually: Appendix:List of Latin phrases (A–E) This appendix lists direct English translations of Latin phrases. Some of the phrases are themselves translations of Greek phrases, as Greek rhetoric and literature reached its peak centuries before that of Ancient Rome: Contents a bene placito "from one who has been pleased well" Or "at will", "at one's pleasure". This phrase, and its Italian (beneplacito) and Spanish (beneplácito) derivatives, are synonymous with the more common ad libitum ("at pleasure"). abusus non tollit usum "abuse does not preclude proper use" a caelo usque ad centrum "from the sky to the center" Or "from heaven all the way to the center of the earth". In law, can refer to the obsolete cuius est solum eius est usque ad coelum et ad inferos maxim of property ownership. a capite ad calcem From top to bottom; all the way through. Equally a pedibus usque ad caput. a contrario "from the opposite" Equivalent to "on the contrary" or "au contraire". An argumentum a contrario is an "argument from the contrary", an argument or proof by contrast or direct opposite. a Deucalione a fortiori "from the stronger" Loosely, "even more so" or "with even stronger reason". Often used to lead from a less certain proposition to a more evident corollary. a mari usque ad mare "from sea to sea" From Psalm 72:8, "Et dominabitur a mari usque ad mare, et a flumine usque ad terminos terrae" ( KJV : "He shall have dominion also from sea to sea, and from the river unto the ends of the earth"). National motto of Canada . a pedibus usque ad caput "from feet to head" Completely. Similar to the English expressions "from tip to toe" or "from top to toe". Equally a capite ad calcem. See also ab ovo usque ad mala. a posse ad esse "from being able to being" "From possibility to actuality" or "from being possible to being actual" a posteriori "from the latter" Based on observation (i.e., empirical knowledge ), the reverse of a priori. Used in mathematics and logic to denote something that is known after a proof has been carried out. In philosophy, used to denote something that can be known from empirical experience. a priori "from the former" Presupposed, the reverse of a posteriori. Used in mathematics and logic to denote something that is known or postulated before a proof has been carried out. In philosophy, used to denote something that can be known without empirical experience. In everyday speech, it denotes something occurring or being known before the event. ab absurdo "from the absurd" Said of an argument that seeks to prove a statement's validity by pointing out the absurdity of an opponent's position (cf. appeal to ridicule ) or that an assertion is false because of its absurdity. Not to be confused with a reductio ad absurdum , which is usually a valid logical argument. ab abusu ad usum non valet consequentia "a consequence from an abuse to a use is not valid" Inferences regarding something's use from its misuse are invalid. Rights abused are still rights (cf. abusus non tollit usum). ab aeterno "from the eternal" Literally, "from the everlasting" or "from eternity". Thus, "from time immemorial", "since the beginning of time" or "from an infinitely remote time in the past". In theology, often indicates something, such as the universe, that was created outside of time. ab antiquo ab extra "from beyond" A legal term meaning "from without". From external sources, rather than from the self or the mind (ab intra). ab hinc Often rendered abhinc (which in Latin means simply "since" or "ago"). ab imo pectore "from the bottom of my heart" More literally, "from the deepest chest". Attributed to Julius Caesar . Can mean "with deepest affection" or "sincerely". ab inconvenienti "from an inconvenient thing" New Latin for "based on unsuitability", "from inconvenience" or "from hardship". An argumentum ab inconvenienti is one based on the difficulties involved in pursuing a line of reasoning, and is thus a form of appeal to consequences ; it refers to a rule in law that an argument from inconvenience has great weight. ab incunabulis "from the cradle" Thus, "from the beginning" or "from infancy". Incunabula is commonly used in English to refer to the earliest stage or origin of something, and especially to copies of books that predate the spread of the printing press around AD 1500. ab initio "from the beginning" "At the outset", referring to an inquiry or investigation. In literature, refers to a story told from the beginning rather than in medias res (from the middle). In law , refers to something being the case from the start or from the instant of the act, rather than from when the court declared it so. A judicial declaration of the invalidity of a marriage ab initio is a nullity . In science, refers to the first principles . In other contexts, often refers to beginner or training courses. Ab initio mundi means "from the beginning of the world". ab intestato From someone who dies with no legal will (cf. ex testamento). ab intra From the inside. The opposite of ab extra. ab irato "from an angry man" By a person who is angry. Used in law to describe a decision or action that is detrimental to those it affects and was made based on hatred or anger, rather than on reason. The form irato is masculine; however, this does not mean it applies only to men, rather 'person' is meant, as the phrase probably elides "homo," not "vir." ab origine ab ovo usque ad mala "from the egg to the apples" From Horace , Satire 1.3. Means "from beginning to end", based on the Roman main meal typically beginning with an egg dish and ending with fruit (cf. the English phrase soup to nuts ). Thus, ab ovo means "from the beginning", and can also connote thoroughness. ab uno disce omnes "from one, learn all" From Virgil's Aeneid . Refers to situations where a single example or observation indicates a general or universal truth. (a.U.c.) "from the founding of the city" Refers to the founding of Rome , which occurred in 753 BC according to Livy 's count. Used as a reference point in ancient Rome for establishing dates, before being supplanted by other systems. Also anno Urbis conditae (a.U.c.) ("in the year that the city was founded"). ab utili absens haeres non erit "an absent person will not be an heir" In law, refers to the principle that someone who is not present is unlikely to inherit. absente reo "with the defendant being absent" In the absence of the accused. absit iniuria "let injury be absent" Expresses the wish that no insult or wrong be conveyed by the speaker's words, i.e., "no offense". Also rendered absit iniuria verbis "let injury be absent from these words". Contrast with absit invidia. absit invidia "let ill will/jealousy be absent" Said in the context of a statement of excellence. Unlike the English expression "no offense", absit invidia is intended to ward off jealous deities who might interpret a statement of excellence as hubris. Also extended to absit invidia verbo, meaning "may ill will/jealousy be absent from these words." Contrast with absit iniuria. An explanation of Livy's usage. absit omen "let an omen be absent" In other words, "let there not be an omen here". Expresses the wish that something seemingly ill-boding does not turn out to be an omen for future events, and calls on divine protection against evil. absolutum dominium absolvo "I acquit" A legal term said by a judge acquitting a defendant following a trial. Te absolvo or absolvo te, translated, "I forgive you," said by Roman Catholic priests during the Sacrament of Confession prior to Vatican II . abundans cautela non nocet "abundant caution does no harm" Thus, one can never be too careful; even excessive precautions don't hurt anyone. abusus non tollit usum "misuse does not remove use" An axiom stating that just because something can be, or has been, abused, does not mean that it must be, or always is. Abuse does not, in itself, justify denial of use accusare nemo se debet nisi coram Deo "no one ought to accuse himself except in the Presence of God" A legal maxim denoting that any accused person is entitled to make a plea of not guilty, and also that a witness is not obliged to give a response or submit a document that will incriminate himself . A very similar phrase is nemo tenetur seipsum accusare. Accipe Hoc Motto of 848 Naval Air Squadron, Royal Navy. acta est fabula plaudite "The play has been performed; applaud!" A common ending to ancient Roman comedies, also claimed by Suetonius in Lives of the Twelve Caesars to have been Caesar Augustus ' last words. Applied by Sibelius to the third movement of his String Quartet no. 2 so that his audience would realize it was the last one, as a fourth would normally be expected. acta non verba Acta Sanctorum "Deeds of the Saints " Also used in the singular, Acta Sancti ("Deeds of the Saint"), preceding a specific Saint's name. A common title of works in hagiography . actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea "The act is not guilty unless the mind is also guilty." A legal term outlining the presumption of mens rea in a crime . actus reus "guilty act" The actual crime that is committed, rather than the intent or thought process leading up to the crime. Thus, the external elements of a crime, as contrasted with mens rea, the internal elements. ad absurdum "to the absurd" In logic, to the point of being silly or nonsensical. See also reductio ad absurdum . Not to be confused with ab absurdo ("from the absurd"). adaequatio intellectûs nostri cum re "conformity of our minds to the fact" A phrase used in epistemology regarding the nature of understanding. ad abundantiam "to abundance" In legal language, used when providing additional evidence to an already sufficient collection. Also used commonly, as an equivalent of "as if this wasn't enough". "to the stars through difficulty" Motto of Kansas, and other organisations. ad astra per alia porci "to the stars on the wings of a pig" A favorite saying of John Steinbeck . A professor told him that he would be an author when pigs flew. Every book he wrote is printed with this insignia. ad captandum vulgus "in order to court the crowd" To do something to appeal to the masses. Often used of politicians who make false or insincere promises to appeal to popular interest. An argumentum ad captandum is an argument designed to please the crowd. ad eundem "to the same" An ad eundem degree , from the Latin ad eundem gradum ("to the same step" or "to the same degree"), is a courtesy degree awarded by one university or college to an alumnus of another. It is not an honorary degree, but a recognition of the formal learning that earned the degree at another college. A motto of Renaissance humanism . Also used in the Protestant Reformation . ad fundum "to the bottom" Said during a generic toast , equivalent to "bottoms up!" In other contexts, generally means "back to the basics". ad hoc "to this" Generally means "for this", in the sense of improvised on the spot or designed for only a specific, immediate purpose. Rather than relying on ad hoc decisions, we should form a consistent plan for dealing with emergency situations. ad hominem "to the man" Connotations of "against the man". Typically used in argumentum ad hominem, a logical fallacy consisting of criticizing a person when the subject of debate is the person's ideas or argument, on the mistaken assumption that the validity of an argument is to some degree dependent on the qualities of the proponent. (ad int) "for the meantime" As in the term "chargé d'affaires ad interim" for a diplomatic officer who acts in place of an ambassador. ad Kalendas Graecas "to the Greek Kalends " Attributed by Suetonius in Lives of the Twelve Caesars to Caesar Augustus . The phrase means "never" and is similar to phrases like " when pigs fly ". The Kalends (also written Calends) were specific days of the Roman calendar , not of the Greek , and so the "Greek Kalends" would never occur. ( ad lib ) "toward pleasure" Loosely, "according to what pleases" or "as you wish"; libitum comes from the past participle of libere, "to please". It typically indicates in music and theatrical scripts that the performer has the liberty to change or omit something. Ad lib is specifically often used when someone improvises or ignores limitations. ad litem "to the lawsuit" A legal term referring to a party appointed by a court to act in a lawsuit on behalf of another party who is deemed incapable of representing himself. An individual who acts in this capacity is called a guardian ad litem . ad lucem "to the light" ad nauseam "to the point of disgust" Literally, "to the point of nausea ". Sometimes used as a humorous alternative to ad infinitum. An argumentum ad nauseam is a logical fallacy involving basing one's argument on prolonged repetition, i.e., repeating something so much that people are "sick of it". ad oculos Meaning "obvious on sight" or "obvious to anyone that sees it". ad pedem litterae "to the foot of the letter" Thus, "exactly as it is written". Similar to the English idiom "to the letter", meaning "to the last detail". ad perpetuam memoriam "to the perpetual memory" Generally precedes "of" and a person's name, and is used to wish for someone to be remembered long after death. ad pondus omnium (ad pond om) "to the weight of all things" More loosely, "considering everything's weight". The abbreviation was historically used by physicians and others to signify that the last prescribed ingredient is to weigh as much as all of the previously mentioned ones. ad quod damnum "to what damage" Meaning "according to the harm" or "in proportion to the harm". The phrase is used in tort law as a measure of damages inflicted, implying that a remedy , if one exists, ought to correspond specifically and only to the damage suffered (cf. damnum absque injuria). ad referendum "for life or until fault" Usually used of a term of office. addendum An item to be added, especially a supplement to a book. The plural is addenda. adequatio intellectus et rei "correspondence of the mind and reality" One of the definitions of the truth. When the mind has the same form as reality, we think truth. Also found as adequatio rei et intellectus. adsum Equivalent to "Present!" or "Here!" The opposite of absum ("I am absent"). adversus solem ne loquitor "Don't speak against the sun" I.e., don't argue the obvious aegri somnia From Horace , Ars Poetica, 7. Loosely, "troubled dreams". aequitas aetatis suae "of his own age" Thus, "at the age of". Appeared on portraits, gravestones, etc. Sometimes extended to anno aetatis suae (AAS) , "in the year of his age". Sometimes shortened to just aetatis (aet.) . alea iacta est "the die is cast" Said by Julius Caesar upon crossing the Rubicon in 49 BC , according to Suetonius . The original meaning was roughly equivalent to the English phrase "the game is afoot", but its modern meaning, like that of the phrase " crossing the Rubicon ", denotes passing the point of no return on a momentous decision and entering into a risky endeavor where the outcome is left to chance. alenda lux ubi orta libertas "Let learning be cherished where liberty has arisen." The motto of Davidson College . alias "otherwise" An assumed name or pseudonym . Similar to alter ego, but more specifically referring to a name, not to a "second self". alibi "elsewhere" A legal defense where a defendant attempts to show that he was elsewhere at the time a crime was committed. His alibi is sound; he gave evidence that he was in another city on the night of the murder. alis aquilae "on eagles wings" taken from the Book of Isaiah, Chapter 40. "But those who wait for the Lord shall find their strength renewed, they shall mount up on wings like eagles, they shall run and not grow weary, they shall walk and not grow faint." alis grave nil "nothing is heavy to those who have wings" motto of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro ( Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro - PUC-RIO). alis volat propris "she flies with her own wings" State motto of Oregon . Can also be rendered alis volat propriis. Aliquantus "something that stands for something else" A foundational definition for semiotics alma mater "nourishing mother" Term used for the university one attends or has attended. Another university term, matriculation , is also derived from mater. The term suggests that the students are "fed" knowledge and taken care of by the university. The term is also used for a university's traditional school anthem. alter ego "other I" Another self, a second persona or alias . Can be used to describe different facets or identities of a single character, or different characters who seem representations of the same personality. Often used of a fictional character 's secret identity . alterius non sit qui suus esse potest "Let no man belong to another that can belong to himself" Final sentence from Aesop ascribed fable (see also Aesop's Fables ) " The Frogs Who Desired a King " as appears in the collection commonly known as the "Anonymus Neveleti" (fable "XXIb. De ranis a Iove querentibus regem"). Motto of Paracelsus . Usually attributed to Cicero . alterum non laedere One of Justinian I 's three basic legal precepts. alumna or alumnus "pupil" Sometimes rendered with the gender-neutral alumn or alum in English. A graduate or former student of a school, college or university. Alumna (pl. alumnae) is a female pupil, and alumnus (pl. alumni) is a male pupil—alumni is generally used for a group of both males and females. The word derives from alere, "to nourish", a graduate being someone who was raised and taken care of at the school (cf. alma mater). amicus curiae "friend of the court" An adviser, or a person who can obtain or grant access to the favour of powerful group, like a Roman Curia . In current U.S. legal usage, an amicus curiae is a third party allowed to submit a legal opinion (in the form of an amicus brief) to the court. amiterre legem terrae "to lose the law of the land" An obsolete legal term signifying the forfeiture of the right of swearing in any court or cause, or to become infamous. amor est vitae essentia "love is the essence of life" As said by Robert B. Mackay, Australian Analyst. amor et melle et felle est fecundissmismus "love is rich with both honey and venom" Amor fati "love of fate" Nietzscheian alternative world view to memento mori [remember you must die]. Nietzsche believed amor fati to be more life affirming. amor omnibus idem from Virgil 's Georgics III. amor patriae (an.) "in the year" Also used in such phrases as anno urbis conditae (see ab urbe condita), Anno Domini, and anno regni. (A.D.) "in the Year of the Lord" Short for Anno Domini Nostri Iesus Christi ("in the Year of Our Lord, Jesus Christ"), the predominantly used system for dating years across the world, used with the Gregorian calendar , and based on the perceived year of the birth of Jesus Christ . The years before Jesus' birth were once marked with a. C.n ( Ante Christum Natum , "Before Christ was Born"), but now use the English abbreviation BC ("Before Christ"). Augustus was born in the year 63 BC , and died AD 14 . anno regni "In the year of the reign" Precedes "of" and the current ruler. Annuit Cœptis "He Has Approved the Undertakings" Motto on the reverse of the Great Seal of the United States and on the back of the U.S. one dollar bill . "He" refers to God , and so the official translation given by the U.S. State Department is "He [God] has favored our undertakings". annus horribilis "horrible year" A recent pun on annus mirabilis, first used by Queen Elizabeth II to describe what a bad year 1992 had been for her, and subsequently occasionally used to refer to many other years perceived as "horrible". In Classical Latin , this phrase would actually mean "terrifying year". See also annus terribilis. annus mirabilis "wonderful year" Used particularly to refer to the years 1665 – 1666 , during which Isaac Newton made revolutionary inventions and discoveries in calculus, motion, optics and gravitation. Annus Mirabilis is also the title of a poem by John Dryden written in the same year. It has since been used to refer to other years, especially to 1905 , when Albert Einstein made equally revolutionary discoveries concerning the photoelectric effect, Brownian motion and the special theory of relativity. (See Annus Mirabilis Papers ) annus terribilis aqua vitae "water of life" "Spirit of Wine" in many English texts. Used to refer to various native distilled beverages , such as whisky in Scotland and Ireland, gin in Holland, brandy (eau de vie) in France, and akvavit in Scandinavia. aquila non capit muscas "an eagle doesn't catch flies" A noble or important person doesn't deal with insignificant issues. arare litus From Gerhard Gerhards' (1466-1536) [better known as Erasmus] collection of annotated Adagia (1508). Wasted labour. arbiter elegantiarum "judge of tastes" One who prescribes, rules on, or is a recognized authority on matters of social behavior and taste. Said of Petronius . Also rendered arbiter elegentiae ("judge of a taste"). arcus senilis Also "silver coin". Mentioned in Domesday , signifies bullion , or silver uncoined . arguendo "for arguing" For the sake of argument. Said when something is done purely in order to discuss a matter or illustrate a point. Let us assume, arguendo, that your claim is correct. argumentum "argument" Or "reasoning", "inference", "appeal", "proof". The plural is argumenta. Commonly used in the names of logical arguments and fallacies , preceding phrases such as a silentio ("by silence"), ad antiquitatem ("to antiquity"), ad baculum ("to the stick"), ad captandum ("to capturing"), ad consequentiam ("to the consequence"), ad crumenam ("to the purse"), ad feminam ("to the woman"), ad hominem ("to the person"), ad ignorantiam ("to ignorance"), ad judicium ("to judgment"), ad lazarum ("to poverty"), ad logicam ("to logic"), ad metum ("to fear"), ad misericordiam ("to pity"), ad nauseam ("to nausea"), ad novitatem ("to novelty"), ad personam ("to the character"), ad numerum ("to the number"), ad odium ("to spite"), ad populum ("to the people"), ad temperantiam ("to moderation"), ad verecundiam ("to reverence"), ex silentio ("from silence"), and in terrorem ("into terror"). ars celare artem "art [is] to conceal art" An aesthetic ideal that good art should appear natural rather than contrived. ars gratia artis " art for art's sake " Translated into Latin from Baudelaire 's "L'art pour l'art". Motto of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer . This phrasing is a direct transliteration of 'art for the sake of art.' While very symmetrical for the MGM logo, the better Latin word order is 'Ars artis gratia.' ars longa vita brevis "art is long, life is short" The Latin translation by Horace of a phrase from Hippocrates , often used out of context. The "art" referred to in the original aphorism was the craft of medicine, which took a lifetime to acquire. asinus ad lyram "an ass to the lyre" From Gerhard Gerhards' (1466-1536) [better known as Erasmus] collection of annotated Adagia (1508). An awkward or incompetent individual. asinus asinum fricat "the jackass rubs the jackass" Used to describe two people lavishing excessive praise on one another. assecuratus non quaerit lucrum sed agit ne in damno sit "the assured does not seek profit but just indemnity for the loss" Refers to the insurance principle that the indemnity cannot be larger than the loss. audeamus "let us dare" Motto of Otago University Students' Association , a direct response to the university's motto of sapere aude ("dare to be wise"). audemus jura nostra defendere "we dare to defend our rights" State motto of Alabama , adopted in 1923. Translated into Latin from a paraphrase of the stanza "Men who their duties know / But know their rights, and knowing, dare maintain" from the poem "What Constitutes a State?" by 18th-century author William Jones. audentes fortuna iuvat "fortune favors the bold" From Virgil , Aeneid X, 284 (where the first word is in the archaic form audentis). Allegedly the last words of Pliny the Elder before he left the docks at Pompeii to rescue people from the eruption of Vesuvius in 79. Often quoted as audaces fortuna iuvat. audere est facere "to dare is to do" audi alteram partem "hear the other side" A legal principle of fairness. Also worded as audiatur et altera pars ("let the other side be heard too"). audio hostem Motto of 845 NACS Royal Navy aurea mediocritas From Horace 's Odes II, 10. Refers to the ethical goal of reaching a virtuous middle ground between two sinful extremes. The golden mean concept is common to many philosophers, chiefly Aristotle . auri sacra fames "accursed hunger for gold" From Virgil , Aeneid 3,57. Later quoted by Seneca as "quod non mortalia pectora coges, auri sacra fames": "What aren't you able to bring men to do, miserable hunger for gold!" auribus teneo lupum "I hold a wolf by the ears" A common ancient proverb, this version from Terence . Indicates that one is in a dangerous situation where both holding on and letting go could be deadly. A modern version is "To have a tiger by the tail." aurora australis "southern dawn" The Southern Lights , an aurora that appears in the Southern Hemisphere . It is less well-known than the Northern Lights, or aurorea borealis. The Aurora Australis is also the name of an Antarctic icebreaker ship. aurora borealis The Northern Lights, an aurora that appears in the Northern Hemisphere . aut Caesar aut nihil "either Caesar or nothing" Indicates that the only valid possibility is to be emperor , or a similarly prominent position. More generally, "all or nothing". Adopted by Cesare Borgia as a personal motto. aut concilio aut ense "either by meeting or by the sword" Thus, either through reasoned discussion or through war. A former motto of Chile , post tenebras lux ultimately replaced by Por la Razon o la Fuerza (Spanish) ' by reason or by force '. aut pax aut bellum The motto of the Gunn Clan . Aut viam inveniam aut faciam "I will find a way, or I will make one" Medical shorthand for "twice a day". bona fide In other words, "well-intentioned", "fairly". In modern contexts, often has connotations of "genuinely" or "sincerely". Bona fides is not the plural (which would be bonis fidebus), but the nominative , and means simply "good faith". Opposite of mala fide. bona notabilia — In law, if a person dying has goods, or good debts, in another diocese or jurisdiction within that province, besides his goods in the diocese where he dies, amounting to a certain minimum value, he is said to have bona notabilia; in which case, the probat of his will belongs to the archbishop of that province. bona officia A nation's offer to mediate in disputes between two other nations. bona patria A jury or assize of countrymen, or good neighbors. bona vacantia United Kingdom legal term for ownerless property that passes to The Crown . boni pastoris est tondere pecus non deglubere "It is of a good shepherd to shear his flock, not to flay them." Tiberius reportedly said this to his regional commanders, as a warning against taxing the populace excessively. bonum commune communitatis "common good of the community" Or "general welfare". Refers to what benefits a society, as opposed to bonum commune hominis, which refers to what is good for an individual. bonum commune hominis "common good of a man" Refers to an individual's happiness, which is not "common" in that it serves everyone, but in that individuals tend to be able to find happiness in similar things. busillis — Pseudo-Latin meaning "baffling puzzle" or "difficult point". John of Cornwall (ca. 1170 ) was once asked by a scribe what the word meant. It turns out that the original text said in diebus illis magnis plenæ ("in those days there were plenty of great things"), which the scribe misread as indie busillis magnis plenæ ("in India there were plenty of large busillis"). Refers to a situation where nobody is safe from anybody, each man for himself. capax infiniti "capable of the infinite" a pejorative term refering (at least) to some Christian doctrines of the incarnation of the Son of God when it asserts that humanity is capable of housing full divinity within its finite frame. Related to the Docetic heresy and sometimes a counterpoint to the Reformed 'extracalvinisticum.' caput inter nubila (condit) "head in the clouds" So aggrandized as to be beyond practical (earthly) reach or understanding (from Virgil 's Aeneid and the shorter form appears in John Locke 's Two Treatises of Government) Caritas Christi "The love of Christ" It implies a command to love as Christ loved. Motto of St. Franicis Xavier High School located in West Meadowlark Park (Edmonton) . carpe diem "seize the day" An exhortation to live for today. From Horace , Odes I, 11.8. By far the most common translation is "seize the day," though carpere normally means something more like "pluck," and the allusion here is to picking flowers. The phrase collige virgo rosas has a similar sense. carpe noctem "seize the night" An exhortation to make good use of the night, often used when carpe diem, q.v., would seem absurd, e.g., when observing a deep sky object or conducting a Messier marathon . Carthago delenda est "Carthage must be destroyed" From Roman senator Cato the Elder , who ended every speech of his between the second and third Punic Wars with ceterum censeo Carthaginem esse delendam, literally "For the rest, I am of the opinion that Carthage is to be destroyed." Other translations include "In conclusion, I declare that Carthage must be destroyed." and "Furthermore, I move for Carthage to be destroyed." The user is responsible for checking whether the goods suit his need. Cedant arma togae "Let military power yield to civilian power," Cicero , De Officiis . See Toga , it:Cedant arma togae celerius quam asparagi cocuntur "more swiftly than asparagus is cooked" Or simply "faster than cooking asparagus". A variant of the Roman phrase velocius quam asparagi coquantur, using a different adverb and an alternate mood and spelling of coquere . cepi corpus "I got the body" In law, it is a return made by the sheriff, upon a capias, or other process to the like purpose; signifying, that he has taken the body of the party. certum est quod certum reddi potest "It is certain if it is capable of being rendered certain" Often used in law when something is not known, but can be ascertained (e.g. the purchase price on a sale which is to be determined by a third-party valuer) cessante ratione legis cessat ipsa lex "When the reason for the law ceases, the law itself ceases." A rule of law becomes ineffective when the reason for its application has ceased to exist or does not correspond to the reality anymore. cetera desunt In the sense of "approximately" or "about". Usually used of a date. circulus vitiosus In logic, begging the question , a fallacy involving the presupposition of a proposition in one of the premises (see petitio principii). In science, a positive feedback loop. In economics, a counterpart to the virtuous circle . citius altius fortius Motto of the modern Olympics . Clamea admittenda in itinere per atturnatum A writ whereby the king of England could command the justice in eyre to admit one's claim by an attorney, who being employed in the king's service, cannot come in person. clausum fregit An action of tresspass; thus called, by reason the writ demands the person summoned to answer to wherefore he broke the close (quare clausum fregit), i.e. why he committed such a trespass. claves Sancti Petri "the keys of Saint Peter " A symbol of the Papacy . The means of discovering hidden or mysterious meanings in texts, particularly applied in theology and alchemy . clerico admittendo "about to be made a clerk" In law, a writ directed to the bishop, for the admitting a clerk to a benefice upon a ne admittas, tried, and found for the party who procures the writ. clerico capto per statutum mercatorum In law, a writ for the delivery of a clerk out of prison, who is imprisoned upon the breach of statute merchant. clerico convicto commisso gaolae in defectu ordinarii deliberando In law, a writ for the delivery of a clerk to his ordinary, that was formerly convicted of felony; by reason that his ordinary did not challenge him according to the privilege of clerks. clerico intra sacros ordines constituto non eligendo in officium In law, a writ directed to the bailiffs, etc, that have thrust a bailiwick or beadleship upon one in holy orders; charging them to release him. Codex Iuris Canonici The official code of canon law in the Roman Catholic Church (cf. Corpus Iuris Canonici). Coelum non animum mutant qui trans mare currunt "Those who hurry cross the sea change the sky [upon them], not their souls or state of mind" "congress in the way of beasts" An medical euphemism for the doggy-style sexual position. "pick, girl, the roses" "Gather ye rosebuds while ye may", 1909, by John William Waterhouse . Exhortation to enjoy fully the youth, similar to Carpe diem, from De rosis nascentibus (also titled Idyllium de rosis ) attributed to Ausonius or Virgil . communibus annis "in common years" One year with another; on an average. "Common" here does not mean "ordinary," but "common to every situation" communibus locis "in common places" A term frequently used among philosophical and other writers, implying some medium, or mean relation between several places; one place with another; on a medium. "Common" here does not mean "ordinary," but "common to every situation" communis opinio compos mentis "in control of the mind" Describes someone of sound mind. Sometimes used ironically. Also a legal principle, non compos mentis ("not in control of one's faculties"), used to describe an insane person. concordia cum veritate Motto of the University of Waterloo . concordia salus The official name of Switzerland , hence the use of " CH " for its ISO country code , " .ch " for its Internet domain , and " CHF " for the ISO three-letter abbreviation of its currency, the Swiss franc . coniunctis viribus Or "with united powers". Sometimes rendered conjunctis viribus. Consuetudo pro lege servatur "Custom is kept before the law" An inconsistently applied maxim. See also consuetudo est altera lex (custom is another law) and consuetudo vincit communem legem (custom overrules the common law) consummatum est The last words of Jesus on the cross in the Latin translation of John 19:30. contemptus saeculi "scorn for the times" Despising the secular world. The monk or philosopher 's rejection of a mundane life and worldly values. contra spem spero A word that makes itself impossible contraria contrariis curantur "the opposite is cured with the opposite" First formulated by Hippocrates to suggest that the diseases are cured with contrary remedies. Antonym of Similia similibus curantur (the diseases are recovered with similar remedies. ) contra bonos mores Offensive to the conscience and to a sense of justice. contra legem cor ad cor loquitur "heart speaks to heart" From Augustine 's Confessions , referring to a prescribed method of prayer: having a "heart to heart" with God. Commonly used in reference to a later quote by John Henry Cardinal Newman . A motto of Newman Clubs. cor meum tibi offero domine prompte et sincere "my heart I offer to you Lord promptly and sincerely" cor unum "one heart" A popular school motto. Often used as names for religious and other organisations such as the Pontifical Council Cor Unum . coram Deo "in the Presence of God" A phrase from Christian theology which summarizes the idea of Christians living in the Presence of, under the authority of, and to the honor and glory of God . coram populo "in the presence of the people" Thus, openly. "the corruption of the best is the worst" corruptus in extremis Motto of the fictional Springfield Mayor Office in The Simpsons TV-Show Corruptissima re publica plurimae leges "When the republic is at its most corrupt the laws are most numerous"--Tacitus Cras amet qui nunquam amavit; quique amavit, cras amet "May he love tomorrow who has never loved before; And may he who has loved, love tomorrow as well" It's the refrain from the 'Pervigilium Veneris', a poem which describes a three day holiday in the cult of Venus, located somewhere in Sicily, involving the whole town in religious festivities joined with a deep sense of nature and Venus as the "procreatrix", the life-giving force behind the natural world. Credo in Unum Deum "I Believe in One God" The first words of the Nicene Creed . credo quia absurdum est "I believe it because it is absurd" A very common misquote of Tertullian 's et mortuus est Dei Filius prorsus credibile quia ineptum est ("and the Son of God is dead: in short, it is credible because it is unfitting"), meaning that it is so absurd to say that God's son has died that it would have to be a matter of belief, rather than reason. The misquoted phrase, however, is commonly used to mock the dogmatic beliefs of the religious (see fideism ). This phrase is commonly shortened to credo quia absurdum, and is also sometimes rendered credo quia impossibile est ("I believe it because it is impossible")or, as Darwin used it in his autobiography, credo quia incredibile. crescamus in Illo per omina "May we grow in Him through all things" crescit eundo "it grows as it goes" State motto of New Mexico , adopted in 1887 as the territory's motto, and kept in 1912 when New Mexico received statehood. Originally from Lucretius ' On the Nature of Things book VI, where it refers in context to the motion of a thunderbolt across the sky, which acquires power and momentum as it goes. cruci dum spiro fido "while I live, I trust in the cross", "Whilst I trust in the Cross I have life" Motto of the Sisters of Loreto (IBVM) and its associated schools. A second translation is "Whilst I trust in the Cross I have life" cucullus non facit monachum cui bono "Good for whom?" "Who benefits?" An adage in criminal investigation which suggests that considering who would benefit from an unwelcome event is likely to reveal who is responsible for that event (cf. cui prodest). Also the motto of the Crime Syndicate of America , a fictional supervillain group. The opposite is cui malo ("Bad for whom?"). cui prodest "for whom it advances" Short for cui prodest scelus is fecit ("for whom the crime advances, he has done it") in Seneca 's Medea. Thus, the murderer is often the one who gains by the murder (cf. cui bono). cuius est solum eius est usque ad coelum et ad inferos "Whose the land is, all the way to the sky and to the underworld is his." First coined by Accursius of Bologna in the 13th century. A Roman legal principle of property law that is no longer observed in most situations today. Less literally, "For whosoever owns the soil, it is theirs up to the sky and down to the depths." cuius regio, eius religio "whose region, his religion" The privilege of a ruler to choose the religion of his subjects. A regional prince's ability to choose his people's religion was established at the Peace of Augsburg in 1555. Cuiusvis hominis est errare, nullius nisi insipientis in errore perseverare. "Anyone can err, but only the fool persists in his fault." — Marcus Tullius Cicero, Philippica XII, ii, 5 culpa "fault" Also "blame" or " guilt ". In law, an act of neglect. In general, guilt, sin, or a fault. See also mea culpa . cum gladiis et fustibus From the Bible. Occurs in Matthew 26:47 and Luke 22:52. cum gladio et sale Motto of a well-paid soldier. See salary . cum grano salis Not to be taken too seriously or as the literal truth. Yes, the brochure made it sound great, but such claims should be taken cum grano salis. cum laude "with praise" The standard formula for academic Latin honors in the United States. Greater honors include magna cum laude and summa cum laude. A Roman custom in which disgraced Romans (particularly former Emperors) were pretended to have never existed. damnum absque injuria "damage without injury" A loss that results from no one's wrongdoing. In Roman law , a man is not responsible for unintended, consequential injury to another resulting from a lawful act. This protection does not necessarily apply to unintended damage by negligence or folly. data venia "with due respect" or "given the excuse" Used before disagreeing with someone. dat deus incrementum Motto of Westminster School , a leading British independent school. de bonis asportatis Trespass de bonis asportatis was the traditional name for larceny , or wrongful taking of chattels. Decus Et Tutamen "An ornament and a safeguard" Inscription on one pound coins . Originally on 17th century coins, it refers to the inscribed edge as a protection against the clipping of precious metal. The phrase originally comes from Virgil 's Aeneid . "The descent into the cave of the rabbit" Down the Rabbit Hole de facto "in fact" Said of something that is the actual state of affairs , in contrast to something's legal or official standing, which is described as de jure. De facto refers to the "way things really are" rather than what is "officially" presented as the fact. Although the emperor held the title and trappings of head of state, the Shogun was the de facto ruler of Japan . de fideli "with faithfulness" A clerk makes the declaration De fideli on when appointed, promising to do his or her tasks faithfully as a servant of the court. de futuro Usually used in the context of "at a future time" de gustibus non est disputandum "there is not to be discussion regarding tastes" Less literally "In matters of taste there is no dispute" or simply "There's no arguing taste". A similar expression in English is "There's no accounting for taste". Bartlett's Familiar Quotations, without attribution, renders the phrase as de gustibus non disputandum; the verb "to be" is often assumed in Latin, and is rarely required. de integro de jure "by law" "Official", in contrast with de facto. Analogous to "in principle", whereas de facto is to "in practice". In other contexts, can mean "according to law", "by right" or "legally". Also commonly written de iure, the classical form. de lege ferenda "from law to be passed" de lege lata de minimis non curat praetor "The commander does not bother with the smallest things." Also "The chief magistrate does not concern himself with trifles." Trivial matters are no concern of a high official (cf. aquila non capit muscas, "the eagle does not catch flies"). Sometimes rex ("the king") or lex ("the law") is used in place of praetor , and de minimis is a legal term referring to things unworthy of the law's attention. de mortuis aut bene aut nihil "about the dead, either well or nothing" Less literally, "speak well of the dead or not at all" (cf. de mortuis nil nisi bonum). de mortuis nil nisi bonum "about the dead, nothing unless a good thing" From de mortuis nil nisi bonum dicendum est, "nothing must be said about the dead except the good", attributed by Diogenes Laertius to Chilon . In legal contexts, this quotation is used with the opposite meaning, as defaming a deceased person is not a crime. In other contexts, it refers to taboos against criticizing the recently deceased. de nobis fabula narratur "about us is the story told" Thus, "their story is our story". Originally referred to the end of Rome's dominance. Now often used when comparing any current situation to a past story or historical event. de novo "from the new" "Anew" or "afresh". In law, a trial de novo is a retrial. In biology, de novo means newly-synthesized , and a de novo mutation is a mutation that neither parent possessed or transmitted. In economics, de novo refers to newly-founded companies, and de novo banks are state banks that have been in operation for five years or less. de omnibus dubitandum "be suspicious of everything, doubt everything" Karl Marx 's favorite motto. He used this to explain his standpoint: "Critique everything in a capitalist economy". de omni re scibili et quibusdam aliis "about every knowable thing, and even certain other things" A 15th-century Italian scholar wrote the De omni re scibili portion, and a wag added et quibusdam aliis. "Free From Having Been Oppressed" Commonly mistranslated as "To Liberate the Oppressed". The motto of the United States Army Special Forces . The semi-Hispanicized form Deogracias is a Philippine first name. Deo Optimo Maximo (DOM) "To the Best and Greatest God" Derived from the Pagan Iupiter Optimo Maximo ("To the best and greatest Jupiter"). Printed on bottles of Benedictine liqueur. Deo vindice Motto of the Confederate States of America . An alternate translation is "With an avenging God". Deo volente "with God willing" This was often used in conjunction with a signature at the end of letters. It was used in order to signify that "God willing" this letter will get to you safely, "God willing" the contents of this letter come true. deus ex machina "a god from a machine" From the Greek Από μηχανής Θεός (Apo mēchanēs Theos). A contrived or artificial solution, usually to a literary plot. Refers to the practice in Greek drama of lowering by machine an actor playing a god or goddess, typically either Athena or (as in Euripides ) the Dioscuri onto the stage to resolve an insuperable conflict in the plot. The principal slogan of the Crusades . deus otiosus Dicto simpliciter "[From] a maxim, simply" I.e. "From a rule without exception." Short for A dicto simpliciter, the a often being dropped by confusion with the indefinite article. A dicto simpliciter occurs when an acceptable exception is ignored or eliminated. For instance, the appropriateness of using opiates is dependent on the presence of extreme pain. To justify the recreational use of opiates by referring to a cancer patient or to justify arresting said cancer patient by comparing him to the recreational user would be a dicto simpliciter. "my word [is] my bond" Motto of the London Stock Exchange diem perdidi "I have lost the day" From the Roman Emperor Titus . Passed down in Suetonius 's biography of him in Lives of the Twelve Caesars (8) Diem Ex Dei Dies Irae "Day of Wrath" Refers to the Judgment Day in Christian eschatology . The name of a famous 13th-century Medieval Latin hymn by Tommaso da Celano , used in the Mass for the dead. differentia specifica dirigo "I direct" In Classical Latin , "I arrange". State motto of Maine . Based on a comparison of the state of Maine to the star Polaris . dis aliter visum "it seemed otherwise to the gods" In other words, the gods have different plans than mortals, and so events do not always play out as people wish them to. dis manibus sacrum (D.M.S.) "Sacred to the ghost-gods" Refers to the Manes , Roman spirits of the dead. Loosely "To the memory of". A conventional inscription preceding the name of the deceased on pagan grave markings, often shortened to dis manibus (D.M.) , "for the ghost-gods". Preceded in some earlier monuments by hic situs est (H. S. E.) dixi "I have spoken" A popular eloquent expression, usually used in the end of a speech. The implied meaning is: "I have said all that I had to say and thus the argument is settled". ["...", ...] dixit Used to attribute a statement or opinion to its author, rather than the speaker. do ut des "I give that you may give" Often said or written for sacrifices, when one "gives" and expects something back from the gods. Docendo discitur "It is learned by teaching" Also translated "One learns by teaching." Attributed to Seneca the Younger . Docendo disco, scribendo cogito I learn by teaching, think by writing. dolus specialis special intent "The ... concept is particular to a few civil law systems and cannot sweepingly be equated with the notions of ‘special’ or ‘specific intent’ in common law systems. Of course, the same might equally be said of the concept of ‘specific intent,’ a notion used in the common law almost exclusively within the context of the defense of voluntary intoxication."—Genocide scholar William Schabas [1] Motto of the University of Oxford . Dominus vobiscum "Lord be with you" Phrase used during and at the end of Catholic sermons, and a general greeting form among and towards members of Catholic organizations, such as priests and nuns. See also pax vobiscum. dona nobis pacem "give us peace" Often set to music, either by itself or as part of the Agnus Dei prayer of the Mass (see above). Also an ending in the video game Haunting Ground . donatio mortis causa "giving in expectation of death" A legal concept where a person in imminent mortal danger need not meet the requisite consideration to create or modify a will . draco dormiens nunquam titillandus "a sleeping dragon is never to be tickled" Motto of the fictional Hogwarts school in the Harry Potter series; translated more loosely in the books as "never tickle a sleeping dragon". dramatis personae "the parts of the play" More literally, "the masks of the drama"; more figuratively, "cast of characters". The characters represented in a dramatic work. Duae tabulae rasae in quibus nihil scriptum est "Two minds, not one single thought" Stan Laurel , inscription for the fanclub logo Sons of the Desert . Ductus exemplo "Leadership by Example" This is the motto for the United States Marine Corps' Officer Candidates School located at Marine Corps Base Quantico; Quantico, Virginia. dulce bellum inexpertis "war is sweet to the inexperienced" War may seem pleasant to those who have never been involved in it, though the more experienced know better. A phrase from Erasmus in the 16th century . dulce et decorum est pro patria mori "It is sweet and honorable to die for the fatherland." From Horace , Odes III, 2, 13. Used by Wilfred Owen for the title of a poem about World War I , Dulce et Decorum Est . dulce et utile "a sweet and useful thing" Horace wrote in his Ars Poetica that poetry must be dulce et utile ("pleasant and profitable"), both enjoyable and instructive. dulce periculum e pluribus unum 'From many, (comes) One.' Usually translated 'Out of many, (is) One.' Motto of the United States of America. Inscribed on the Capitol and many coins used in the United States of America. The motto of the Sport Lisboa e Benfica Portuguese soccer club. Ecce Homo 'Behold the Man' From the Latin Vulgate Gospel according to St. John (XIX.v) (19.5, Douay-Rheims) , where Pilate speaks these words as he presents Christ , crowned with thorns, to the crowd. Oscar Wilde opened his defense with this phrase when on trial for sodomy , characteristically using a well-known Biblical reference as a double entendre. It is also the title of Nietzsche 's autobiography and of the theme music by Howard Goodall for the BBC comedy Mr. Bean . Often confused with id est (i.e.) ego te absolvo 'I absolve you' Part of the absolution -formula spoken by a priest as part of the sacrament of Penance (cf. absolvo). ego te provoco emeritus 'veteran' Also 'worn-out'. Retired from office. Often used to denote a position held at the point of retirement, as an honor, such as professor emeritus or provost emeritus. This does not necessarily mean that the honoree is no longer active. ens causa sui 'existing because of oneself' Or 'being one's own cause'. Traditionally, a being that owes its existence to no other being, hence God or a Supreme Being (cf. Primum Mobile ). errare humanum est 'to err is human' From Seneca the Younger . The full quote is errare humanum est perseverare diabolicum: 'to err is human; to persist is of the Devil'. erratum 'error' Or 'mistake'. Lists of errors in a previous edition of a work are often marked with the plural, errata ('errors'). esse est percipi 'to be is to be perceived' George Berkeley 's motto for his idealist philosophical position that nothing exists independently of its perception by a mind except minds themselves. esse quam videri 'to be, rather than to seem' Truly being something, rather than merely seeming to be something. State motto of North Carolina and academic motto of several schools, including North Carolina State University , Berklee College of Music , and Columbia College Chicagoas well as Connell's Point Public School and Cranbrook High School in Sydney, Australia. From chapter 26 of Cicero 's De amicitia ('On Friendship'). Earlier than Cicero, the phrase had been used by Sallust in his Bellum Catilinae (54.6), where he wrote that Cato esse quam videri bonus malebat ('he preferred to be good, rather than to seem so'). Earlier still, Aeschylus used a similar phrase in Seven Against Thebes, line 592, ou gar dokein aristos, all' enai thelei ('his resolve is not to seem the best, but in fact to be the best'). esto perpetua 'may it be perpetual' Said of Venice by the Venetian historian Fra Paolo Sarpi shortly before his death. Also the state motto of Idaho , adopted in 1867. et alibi (et al.) 'and elsewhere' A less common variant on et cetera used at the end of a list of locations to denote unlisted places. et alii (et al.) 'and others' Used similarly to et cetera ('and the rest'), to stand for a list of names. Alii is actually masculine , so it can be used for men, or groups of men and women; the feminine, et aliae, is appropriate when the 'others' are all female. Et alia is correct for the neuter. [3] APA style uses et al. if the work cited was written by more than two authors; MLA style uses et al. for more than three authors. Pluralized as et sequentia ('and the following things'), abbreviations: et seqq., et seq. ., or sqq. et suppositio nil ponit in esse 'a supposition puts nothing in being' More typically translated as "sayin' it don't make it so" 'And you, Brutus ?' Also 'Even you, Brutus?' or 'You too, Brutus?' Used to indicate a betrayal by someone close. From Shakespeare 's Julius Caesar , based on the traditional dying words of Julius Caesar . However, these were almost certainly not Caesar's true last words; Plutarch quotes Caesar as saying, in Greek (which was the language of Rome's elite at the time), 'και συ, τεκνον;' (Kai su, teknon?), in English 'You as well, (my) child?' Some have speculated based on this that Brutus was Caesar's child, though there is no substantial evidence of this. et uxor Ex Astris Scientia 'From the Stars, Knowledge' The motto of the fictional Starfleet Academy on Star Trek . Adapted from ex luna scientia, which in turn was modeled after ex scientia tridens. ex cathedra 'from the chair' A phrase applied to the declarations or promulgations of the Pope when, preserved from even the possibility of error by the action of the Holy Ghost (see Papal Infallibility ), he solemnly declares or promulgates to the Church a dogmatic teaching on faith or morals as being contained in divine revelation, or at least being intimately connected to divine revelation. Used, by extension, of anyone who is perceived as speaking as though with supreme authority or with arrogance. ex Deo 'from fraud ' 'From harmful deceit'; dolus malus is the Latin legal term for 'fraud'. The full legal phrase is ex dolo malo non oritur actio ('an action does not arise from fraud'). When an action has its origin in fraud or deceit, it cannot be supported; thus, a court of law will not assist a man who bases his course of action on an immoral or illegal act. ex facie 'from the face' Idiomatically rendered 'on the face of it'. A legal term typically used to note that a document's explicit terms are defective without further investigation. ex gratia 'from kindness' More literally 'from grace'. Refers to someone voluntarily performing an act purely out of kindness, as opposed to for personal gain or from being forced to do it. In law, an ex gratia payment is one made without recognizing any liability or legal obligation. ex hypothesi ' nothing may come from nothing ' From Lucretius , and said earlier by Empedocles . Its original meaning is 'work is required to succeed', but its modern meaning is a more general 'everything has its origins in something' (cf. causality ). It is commonly applied to the conservation laws in philosophy and modern science. Ex nihilo often used in conjunction with the term creation, as in creatio ex nihilo, meaning 'creation, out of nothing'. It is often used in philosophy or theology in connection with the proposition that God created the universe from nothing. ex oblivione The title of a short story by H.P. Lovecraft . ex officio 'from the office' By virtue of office or position; 'by right of office'. Often used when someone holds one position by virtue of holding another. A common misconception is that ex officio members of a committee or congress may not vote, but this is not guaranteed by that title. ex opere operantis 'from the work of the one working' A theological phrase contrasted with ex opere operato , referring to the notion that the validity or promised benefit of a sacrament depends on the person administering it. ex opere operato 'from the work that worked' A theological phrase meaning that the act of receiving a sacrament actually confers the promised benefit, such as a baptism actually and literally cleansing one's sins . The Catholic Church affirms that the source of grace is God, not just the actions or disposition of the recipient. ex oriente lux 'from the East, the light' Superficially refers to the sun rising in the east, but alludes to culture coming from the Eastern world. ex parte 'from a part' A legal term meaning 'by one party' or 'for one party'. Thus, on behalf of one side or party only. 'from a thing done afterward' Said of a law with retroactive effect. ex scientia tridens 'from knowledge, sea power.' The United States Naval Academy motto. Refers to knowledge bringing men power over the sea comparable to that of the trident -bearing Greek god Poseidon . ex scientia vera The motto of the College of Graduate Studies at Middle Tennessee State University . ex silentio 'from silence' In general, the claim that the absence of something demonstrates the proof of a proposition. An argumentum ex silentio (' argument from silence ') is an argument based on the assumption that someone's silence on a matter suggests ('proves' when a logical fallacy ) that person's ignorance of the matter or their inability to counterargue validly. ex tempore 'This instant', 'right away' or 'immediately'. Also written extempore. ex vi termini 'from the force of the term' Thus, 'by definition'. ex vivo 'out of or from life' Used in reference to the study or assay of living tissue in an artificial environment outside the living organism. ex voto 'from the vow' Thus, in accordance with a promise. An ex voto is also an offering made in fulfillment of a vow. excelsior 'higher' exceptio firmat regulam in casibus non exceptis 'The exception confirms the rule in cases which are not excepted' A juridical motto which means that exception , as for example during a ' state of exception ', does not put in danger the legitimity of the rule in its globality. In other words, the exception is strictly limited to a particular sphere (see also: exceptio strictissimi juris est . excusatio non petita accusatio manifesta 'an excuse that has not been sought is an obvious accusation' More loosely, 'he who excuses himself, accuses himself'—an unprovoked excuse is a sign of guilt. In French, qui s'excuse, s'accuse. Literally 'believe one who has had experience'. An author's aside to the reader. expressio unius est exclusio alterius 'the expression of the one is the exclusion of the other' 'Mentioning one thing may exclude another thing'. A principle of legal statutory interpretation : the explicit presence of a thing implies intention to exclude others; e.g., a reference in the Poor Relief Act 1601 to 'lands, houses, tithes and coal mines' was held to exclude mines other than coal mines. Sometimes expressed as expressum facit cessare tacitum (broadly, 'the expression of one thing excludes the implication of something else'). 'still in existence; surviving' adjective: extant law is still existing, in existence, existent, surviving, remaining, undestroyed. Usage, when a law is repealed the extant law governs. extra domus '(placed) outside of the house' Refers to a possible result of Catholic ecclesiastical legal proceedings when the culprit is removed from being part of a group like a monastery. Extra Ecclesiam nulla salus 'Outside the Church there is no salvation' This expression comes from the writings of Saint Cyprian of Carthage, a bishop of the third century. It is often used to summarise the doctrine that the Catholic Church is absolutely necessary for salvation. Extra omnes 'Out, all of you.' It is issued by the Master of the Papal Liturgical Celebrations before a session of the Papal Conclave which will elect a new Pope . When spoken, all those who are not Cardinals , or those otherwise mandated to be present at the Conclave, must leave the Sistine Chapel . extra territorium jus dicenti impune non paretur 'he who administers justice outside of his territory is disobeyed with impunity'	De facto
What children’s playground game ends with the chant “we all fall down”?	Stare decisis and techniques of legal reasoning and legal argument – The Canadian Legal Research and Writing Guide Stare decisis and techniques of legal reasoning and legal argument Copyright ©1987 Paul M. Perell Originally published in (1987) 2:2,3 Legal Research Update 11 and republished with permission. Introduction It gives away no secret to observe that lawyers have their own unique discipline and approach to the resolution of legal problems. Not surprisingly, there are laws about determining the law. One of the most important of these laws is the law of precedent or stare decisis. That doctrine and its significance in practical terms are the subject matters of this paper. This paper is also about how a lawyer in everyday practice answers a legal question and how that lawyer evaluates and formulates legal arguments. The paper is only to a very limited extent concerned about the practical problems of how to find or look up the law; rather, the concern is how a lawyer should deal with the authorities that he or she finds. Because different legal systems have different approaches to the proper way of deciding a legal point, the perspective will be Canadian and primarily that of Ontario. The doctrine of stare decisis What is the doctrine of precedent or of stare decisis? Professor Gall described it in the following terms: The operation of the doctrine of stare decisis is best explained by reference to the English translation of the Latin phrase. “Stare decisis” literally translates as “to stand by decided matters”. The phrase “stare decisis” is itself an abbreviation of the Latin phrase “stare decisis et non quieta movere” which translates as “to stand by decisions and not to disturb settled matters”. Basically, under the doctrine of stare decisis, the decision of a higher court within the same provincial jurisdiction acts as binding authority on a lower court within that same jurisdiction. The decision of a court of another jurisdiction only acts as persuasive authority. The degree of persuasiveness is dependent upon various factors, including, first, the nature of the other jurisdiction. Second, the degree of persuasiveness is dependent upon the level of court which decided the precedent case in the other jurisdiction. Other factors include the date of the precedent case, on the assumption that the more recent the case, the more reliable it will be as authority for a given proposition, although this is not necessarily so. And on some occasions, the judge’s reputation may affect the degree of persuasiveness of the authority. 1 In Learning the Law (9th ed. 1973), Glanville Williams describes the doctrine in practical terms: What the doctrine of precedent declares is that cases must be decided the same way when their material facts are the same. Obviously it does not require that all the facts should be the same. We know that in the flux of life all the facts of a case will never recur, but the legally material facts may recur and it is with these that the doctrine is concerned. The ratio decidendi [reason of deciding] of a case can be defined as the material facts of the case plus the decision thereon. The same learned author 2 who advanced this definition went on to suggest a helpful formula. Suppose that in a certain case facts A, B and C exist, and suppose that the court finds that facts B and C are material and fact A immaterial, and then reaches conclusion X (e.g. judgment for the plaintiff, or judgment for the defendant). Then the doctrine of precedent enables us to say that in any future case in which facts B and C exist, or in which facts A and B and C exist the conclusion must be X. If in a future case A, B, C, and D exist, and the fact D is held to be material, the first case will not be a direct authority, though it may be of value as an analogy. 3 It follows from William’s analysis that the addition of fact D to a future case means that conclusion X may or may not follow. In other words, the presence of a new fact D may have the effect of distinguishing the future case from the precedent or conversely the precedent may be extended to apply to the future case. There is considerable literature about whether the doctrine of stare decisis is a good or bad one 4 but, the doctrine is usually justified by arguments which focus on the desirability of stability and certainty in the law and also by notions of justice and fairness. Benjamin Cardozo in his treatise, The Nature of the Judicial Process stated: It will not do to decide the same question one way between one set of litigants and the opposite way between another. “If a group of cases involves the same point, the parties expect the same decision. It would be a gross injustice to decide alternate cases on opposite principles. If a case was decided against me yesterday when I was a defendant, I shall look for the same judgment today if I am plaintiff. To decide differently would raise a feeling of resentment and wrong in my breast; it would be an infringement, material and moral, of my rights.” 5 Adherence to precedent must then be the rule rather than the exception if litigants are to have faith in the even-handed administration of justice in the courts. 6 In Sweney v. The Department of Highways, 7 Middleton J.A. for the Ontario Court of Appeal stated: But, in my view, liberty to decide each case as you think right, without regard to principles laid down in previous similar cases, would only result in a completely uncertain law in which no citizen would know his rights or liabilities until he knew before what Judge his case would come and could guess what view that Judge would take on a consideration of the matter, without any regard to previous decisions. 8 That the doctrine of stare decisis is related to justice and fairness may be appreciated by considering the observation of American philosopher William K. Frankena as to what constitutes injustice: The paradigm case of injustice is that in which there are two similar individuals in similar circumstances and one of them is treated better or worse than the other. In this case, the cry of injustice rightly goes up against the responsible agent or group; and unless that agent or group can establish that there is some relevant dissimilarity after all between the individuals concerned and their circumstances, he or they will be guilty as charged. 9 The critics of the doctrine accept it as the general rule but chafe under it when the staleness of old law leads to unfairness and injustice. For example, Lord Denning, the former Master of the Rolls has argued: If lawyers hold to their precedents too closely, forgetful of the fundamental principles of truth and justice which they should serve, they may find the whole edifice comes tumbling down about them. Just as the scientist seeks for truth, so the lawyer should seek for justice. Just as the scientist takes his instances and from them builds up his general propositions, so the lawyer should take his precedents and from them build up his general principles. Just as the propositions of the scientist fail to be modified when shown not to fit all instances, or even discarded when shown in error, so the principles of the lawyer should be modified when found to be unsuited to the times or discarded when found to work injustice. 10 Stare decisis and the hierarchy of the courts Keeping with the practical approach of this paper, we will now leave aside this debate and consider the practical problems of dealing with the doctrine as it exists for the practising lawyer. Let us then consider the example of a lawyer preparing legal argument for court. The lawyer will be appearing before a particular court and the first thing that the lawyer must do is to note the rank of that court in the hierarchy of courts. This is necessary for two reasons: first, because a higher ranking court is not bound to follow the decision of a lower court and second, because some courts do not apply the rule of stare decisis with respect to their own prior decisions. While it might be thought that it would not be difficult to decide this question of ranking, there are in fact some problems because the hierarchy and the attitude of various courts have changed from time to time. For example, for Canada, appeals to the Privy Council in criminal matters were abolished in 1933 11 and it was only in 1949 that all Canadian appeals to the Privy Council were abolished. 12 In Ontario, from 1895 to 1931 but not afterwards, there was a section of the Judicature Act which obliged a Judge of the High Court not “to disregard or depart from a prior known decision of any other judge of co-ordinate authority on any question of law or practice without his concurrence.” 13 Further, perhaps by reason of the abolition of appeals to the Privy Council or perhaps because of the example of the House of Lords which in 1966 announced that it would reverse itself in proper cases 14 or perhaps because of the maturing of Canadian jurisprudence, the Supreme Court of Canada has relatively recently reassessed its own position on the effect of its own prior decisions. In light of these changes, the current position for Ontario jurisprudence appears to be as follows: The Supreme Court of Canada is not bound to follow its own prior decisions or the decisions of the Privy Council. 15 As Professor Gordon Bale has noted: The Supreme Court can no longer be content to say that the case is governed by an earlier decision either of its own or of the Privy Council unless the decision provides the proper reconciliation of the competing interests which are involved. 16 All Canadian courts are bound to follow a precedent of the Supreme Court of Canada 17 and any pre-1949 decision of the Privy Council which has not been overruled by the Supreme Court of Canada. A minority opinion of the Supreme Court of Canada is, however, not binding. 18 The Ontario Court of Appeal is not bound to follow a decision of the appellate court of another province. 19 The Ontario Court of Appeal will generally be bound by its own prior decisions unless the liberty of the subject is involved or unless the prior decision was given per incuriam, that is, inadvertently without consideration of an applicable authority or statutory provision. 20 It should be noted by comparison that appellate courts in certain other provinces have allowed themselves greater freedom in overruling their own prior decisions. 21 All Ontario provincial courts lower than the Court of Appeal are bound to follow a decision of the Ontario Court of Appeal. 22 A Divisional Court decision as a decision of an intermediate court of appeal would bind lower courts. (It should be noted that the Divisional Court also sits as a court of first instance.) All Ontario provincial courts are not bound by the decisions of the appellate courts of other provinces or by decisions of the Federal Court of Appeal. 23 A decision of a court of co-ordinate jurisdiction is not binding 24 although where there is conflict it may be appropriate to refer the case to the Court of Appeal. 25 It should be noted that in certain circumstances, the District Court may have co-ordinate jurisdiction with the High Court and not be obliged to follow the decision of the otherwise higher court. 26 Similarly, it seems that with respect to procedural matters, the Master’s Office and the District Court may be considered to be co-ordinate courts. While decisions of co-ordinate courts are not binding, these decisions are highly persuasive. This is because of the concept of judicial comity which is the respect one court holds for the decisions of another. As a concept it is closely related to stare decisis. In the case of R. v. Nor. Elec. Co., 27 McRuer C.J.H.C. stated: I think Hogg J. stated the right common law principle to be applied in his judgment in Rex ex rel. McWilliam v. Morris, [1942] O.W.N. 447 at 448-9, where he said: “The doctrine of stare decisis is one long recognized as a principle of our law. Sir Frederick Pollock, in his First Book of Jurisprudence, 6th ed., p. 321: “The decisions of an ordinary superior court are binding on all courts of inferior rank within the same jurisdiction, and though not absolutely binding on courts of co-ordinate authority nor on the court itself, will be followed in the absence of strong reason to the contrary…”. I think that “strong reason to the contrary” does not mean a strong argumentative reason appealing to the particular judge, but something that may indicate that the prior decision was given without consideration of a statute or some authority that ought to have been followed. I do not think “strong reason to the contrary” is to be construed according to the flexibility of the mind of the particular judge. Legal argument when there is a precedent Thus noting the court ranking of the judge before whom the lawyer will be appearing and guided by the doctrine of stare decisis, the lawyer will then prepare his or her argument. Usually, the best position for the lawyer occurs when there is a precedent case supporting his or her client’s case. The lawyer will then argue that the court is either bound, or that the court, if not actually bound, ought to be persuaded by the precedent case to find in the client’s favour. In his or her research, the lawyer will therefore look for cases with results which support the client’s position and the lawyer will prepare to argue that the ratio decidendi of those precedent cases covers the facts of the case at bar. However, just locating and evaluating the prospects of precedent cases is not easy since it is often difficult to determine and articulate the authority of a case. Moreover, skill is necessary to analyze and organize the material facts of both the precedent case and the case at bar. That said, more difficult problems of legal reasoning and legal argument occur when the lawyer is unable to find a close case or any case at all or, worse yet, when a case presents itself which appears to be unfavourable. How does the lawyer deal with these problems? To get around an apparently unfavourable case, there are a number of tools and techniques available to the lawyer. The lawyer may not simply ignore the unfavourable case and hope that the other side does not discover the authority. This is unethical 28 and with respect it may be submitted that it is also unethical and intellectually dishonest for a judge in deciding a case to simply ignore a precedent case which stands in the way of the decision that the judge wants to make. This is not to say that lawyers and judges must deal with every case that remotely touches on a subject but only that there should be an honest effort to play by the rules. The techniques that are available follow as a consequence of accepting and then manipulating the doctrine of stare decisis. The techniques structure and direct the lawyer’s legal reasoning and argument. The following are generally recognized: The lawyer can argue that the precedent case does not stand for the legal proposition for which it has been cited. In other words, the lawyer articulates the ratio decidendi of the case differently. An example of this may be found in the treatment of the case of Rivtow Marine Ltd. v. Washington Iron Works. 29 In The Attorney General for the Province of Ontario v. Fatehi, 30 Estey J. without resolving the difficulties associated with this case observed: Nonetheless it must be acknowledged that Rivtow has been variously applied or rejected by the courts of this country, some of whom find in the majority judgment recognition of economic loss and some of whom have found the opposite. 31 The lawyer can argue that while the precedent case does articulate the legal proposition for which it has been cited, nevertheless the proposition was obiter dicta (things said by the way). Subject to an exception for considered pronouncements of the law by appellate courts, comments by the judge which are not part of the ratio decidendi are obiter dicta and are theoretically not binding in a subsequent case. 32 The exception is that where an appellate court expresses a considered opinion on a point of law then such ruling is binding on the lower courts notwithstanding that it was not absolutely necessary to rule on the point in order to dispose of the appeal. 33 It should be noted that if a judge rests his decision on two different grounds neither can be characterized as obiter dictum. 34 The lawyer can argue that while the precedent case does stand for the legal proposition for which it has been cited, the case has been effectively overruled by a decision of a high court or by the introduction of a new statute. Examples of this kind of legal argument will obviously occur after significant decisions of the Supreme Court of Canada. For instance that Court’s decision in Kamloops v. Nielsen 35 did away with the distinction between non-feasance and misfeasance in negligence actions against municipalities and many old cases which turned on that distinction can no longer be relied upon. The lawyer can argue that while the precedent case does stand for the legal proposition for which it has been cited, the case at bar is different; that is, the cases are factually distinguishable. Glanville Williams suggests that there are two kinds of “distinguishing”: restrictive and non-restrictive and states: Non-restrictive distinguishing occurs where a court accepts the expressed ratio decidendi of the earlier case, and does not seek to curtail it, but finds that the case before it does not fall within this ratio decidendi because of some material difference of fact. Restrictive distinguishing cuts down the expressed ratio decidendi of the earlier case by treating as material to the earlier decision some fact, present in the earlier case, which the earlier court regarded as immaterial. An example of restrictive distinguishing may be noted in the House of Lords decision in Peabody Fund v. Sir Lindsay Parkinson Ltd., 36 where the Court restricted the application of Anns v. Merton London Borough. 37 The Anns case is cited as authority for the proposition that a municipality may be liable in negligence where it fails to properly inspect building plans. In the Peabody Fund case, by defining the duty of the municipality as being owed to owners and occupiers threatened with the possibility of injury to safety or health, the House of Lords specified and made less general, the scope of the municipality’s responsibility as it had been defined in the Anns case. In the result, the Court did not allow a claim by the developer of a housing project who suffered damages when the municipality’s drainage inspector failed to point out that the drainage system was not being installed in accordance with the approved design. 38 Thus, in Peabody Fund the element of restrictive distinguishing is the introduction of the requirement of the possibility of injury to safety or health. An example of non-restrictive distinguishing may be noted in the Supreme Court of Canada decision in Town of the Pas v. Porky Packers Ltd. 39 In this case, the Court noted that the authority of Hedley Byrne Co. Ltd. v. Heller 40 required the plaintiff in a negligent misrepresentation claim to show that he relied on the skill and judgment of the party from whom he had received incorrect information. In the Porky Packers case the plaintiff had received incorrect zoning advice from municipal officials but the plaintiff’s representative was a former municipal council member who had more expertise in planning matters than the officials. In these circumstances, there could be no reliance and the doctrine or authority of Hedley Byrne by its own criteria was not available. The plaintiff’s claim was dismissed. The material fact of the plaintiff’s lack of reliance provided the element for non-restrictive distinguishing of Hedley Byrne. Where the case being relied upon has a built in public policy factor, the lawyer who wishes to distinguish the case may argue that public policy has changed and while the legal principle of the precedent case is still good law, it is distinguishable because of the change of circumstances. The possibility of this type of argument was noted in the case of Nordenfelt v. Maxim Nordenfelt Guns and Ammunition Co., 41 an important case with respect to the principle that contracts in restraint of trade may be voidable on grounds of public policy. In his judgment in this case, Lord Watson noted: A series of decisions based upon grounds of public policy, however eminent the judges by whom they were delivered, cannot possess the same binding authority as decisions which deal with and formulate principles which are purely legal. 42 The lawyer can argue that while the precedent case does stand for the legal proposition for which it has been cited, there is another precedent of equal weight which stands for the opposite proposition. The lawyer then goes on to argue that it is that other case which the court should follow. This type of argument is related to but in the end result different from the “per incuriam argument” because it does not necessarily challenge either decision as having been given per incuriam. The rule is rather that the court may decide which one of the conflicting decisions to follow. Interestingly and as will be seen in a somewhat ironical way, the availability of this rule in Ontario is itself an example of the rule. The legal argument follows.The 1876 Ontario appellate decision of Fisken et al. v. Meehan 43 is authority for the proposition that where there are conflicting decisions of equal weight the court should follow the more recent decision. Lower courts followed the Fisken et al. v. Meehan rule in Bank of Montreal v. Bailey and Bailey, 44 and in Chiwniak v. Chiwniak, 45 although in Chiwniak Wilson J. described the duty imposed by the rule to be presumptuous. 46 However, in Hamilton v. Hamilton 47 Middleton J., sitting as a lower court judge, said that where there are conflicting decisions, the lower court judge may follow the decision which commends itself most to him. Unfortunately, Middelton J. does not cite the Fisken case and the Hamilton v. Hamilton decision may thus be said to have been given per incuriam. But, in 1958 the Court of Appeal decided Woolfrey v. Piche. 48 In that case, LeBel J.A. stated: …but I am now faced with two conflicting decisions in this Court on the same point, and in that unfortunate state of things I apprehend that I must choose between them as I have done. That is what was done in Young v. Bristol Aeroplane Co., [1944] 1 K.B. 718, where three exceptions to the application of the rule in Velazquez [the stare decisis rule] were stated. One of these (the first incidentally) is that “the court is entitled and bound to decide which of two conflicting decisions of its own it will follow”. [p. 729] There is authority also for the proposition that where two cases cannot be reconciled, the more recent and the more consistent with general principles ought to prevail. See Campbell v. Campbell (1880), 5 App. Cas. 787 at p. 798. 49 [emphasis added] The Fisken decision is again not cited but its principle that the later of two conflicting cases should be followed is acknowledged but qualified by the requirement that the later case be more consistent with general principles. Thus, to the extent that there is any inconsistency between Fisken v. Meehen with Woolfrey v. Piche, the Fisken case directs that Woolfrey be followed. If the Woolfrey rule is used to resolve any conflict in authority between the cases, it must come down on its own side or it would not be an authority. If there is no inconsistency between the cases because of the qualification or explanation noted by LeBel J.A. then again the Woolfrey rule will be followed. Legal argument when there is no binding precedent The above seven types of legal argument are the principle techniques used to get around an apparently binding precedent and we can turn next to the problem of not being able to find a precedent case. Because there is considerable room for imagination and creativity in responding to this problem, it is more difficult to identify the main techniques. Nevertheless, some typical responses may be identified. Below we will consider three classical types of legal reasoning used in these circumstances. Again the doctrine of stare decisis, this time in spirit, may be noted. Where a lawyer cannot find a binding precedent, he or she may rely on a non-binding precedent from another jurisdiction. While not obliged to do so, the court may be impressed with or be persuaded by the reasoning and be prepared to adopt the rule established by the foreign case. However, care must be taken in employing this technique because it often necessitates reviewing the foreign law to determine whether there may be underlying differences in principles which qualify or which may diminish the persuasiveness of the foreign case. For example, decisions on the American Bill of Rights will obviously be important and helpful in interpreting our own Charter of Rights and Freedoms. However, it must not be lost sight of that there is no provision in the American Constitution comparable to the provision in our Charter that the rights set out “are guaranteed subject only to such reasonable limits prescribed by law as can be demonstrably justified in a free and democratic society”. 50 Where a lawyer cannot find a binding precedent, he or she may form a legal argument from first principles. This approach identifies legal principles from decided cases and argues that while the factual circumstances of the cases may appear different, analytically they are the same. This kind of legal argument is often used with respect to determining the measure of damages. For example, without any reference to its particular facts, Wertheim v. Chicoutimi Pulp Co. 51 is often cited as authority for the legal principle that where there is a breach of contract then as far as money can do so, the injured party is to be placed in as good a position as if the contract had been performed. The general principle is then applied to the particular facts of the immediate case.This type of approach may be noted also with respect to the issue of liability; for example, Hedley Byrne & Co. Ltd. v. Heller, supra, has frequently been cited as applying to fact situations which do not remotely resemble the facts of that case. This kind of argument does not purport to extend or develop the law; rather, the sense of it is just the opposite. The underlying premise is that the judge will be applying and will not be departing from decided law. The spirit of stare decisis may be noted here. Where a lawyer cannot find a precedent he or she can go beyond first principles and instead develop an argument that the decided cases have evolved to a general principle which covers the immediate case. This is a very sophisticated and creative type of argument. It is the kind of argument in which common law lawyers and judges take particular pride. It is this type of argument that can be identified in the majority judgment of Lord Atkin in McAlister (or Donoghue) v. Stevenson. 52 In that case, there were two strong dissenting judgments of Lord Buckmaster and Lord Tomlin and their legal argument was that the plaintiff’s claim did not come within the reach of the established authorities but represented a new type of claim. Lord Atkin’s response was that while the decided cases might each examine particular types of liability, there must be a common rationale. His Lordship stated: At present I content myself with pointing out that in English law there must be, and is, some general conception of relations giving rise to a duty of care, of which the particular cases found in the books are but instances. 53 His Lordship then went on to complete his famous speech which is the foundation of the modern law of negligence. In his approach, we can again note the spirit of stare decisis. Lord Atkin did not ignore the precedents. Instead he found within them an underlying principle which he then applied. In a sense, Lord Atkin looked backward before he moved the law forward. Further, his argument was not based on any assertion that the principle he was articulating was the next logical step in the law. Indeed, an appeal to pure logic is difficult because established precedents may prevent the law from developing as a matter of logical progression. Lord Halsbury in Quinn v. Leathen 54 stated: A case is only an authority for what it actually decides. I entirely deny that it can be quoted for a proposition that may seem to logically follow from it. Such a mode of reasoning assumes that the law is necessarily a logical code, whereas every lawyer must acknowledge that the law is not always logical at all. 55 Thus, McAlister (or Donoghue) v. Stevenson does not offend the letter or spirit of the doctrine of stare decisis and provides a classic example of legal reasoning and legal argument in circumstances where there was no near precedent for the case. Conclusion This paper has focused on one aspect of legal reasoning and argument, that of the use of precedent. However, it must be conceded that stare decisis is only a part of this topic. There is much more. There are substantive rules for the interpretation of statutes and there are special rules and considerations when the statute is a tax act or a criminal code or a constitutional document. There are special and often difficult rules for the interpretation of contracts and testamentary instruments. There are unique considerations when principles of the law of equity are involved and problems caused by the evidentiary rules of onus of proof or of rebuttable and irrebuttable presumptions. yet, while the multitude of these rules provides the lawyer with a large variety of other tools and techniques for legal reasoning and legal argument, it also has to be conceded that stare decisis continues to play the pivotal role. Endnotes 1. Gerald L. Gall, The Canadian Legal System, 2nd ed. (Toronto: Carswell Legal Publications, 1983) at 220. This text includes an excellent bibliography on this subject including a lengthy list of cases and articles. 2. The reference is to Goodhart, “Determining the Ratio Decidendi of a Case”, Essays in Jurisprudence and the Common Law (1931) 1. 3. Glanville Williams, Learning the Law, 9th ed. (1973) at 67-68. See also S.M. Waddams, Introduction to the Study of Law, 2nd ed. (Toronto: Carswell, 1983) at 102-118. 4. For example, The Rt. Hon. Lord Denning, The Discipline of the Law (London: Butterworths, 1979) at 285-314; Benjamin N. Cardozo, The Nature of the Judicial Process (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1921) at 9-50; Friedman, “Stare Decisis at Common Law and under the Civil Code” (1953) 31 Can. Bar Rev. 722; MacGuigan, “Precedent and Policy in the Supreme Court of Canada” (1967) 45 Can. Bar Rev. 627; Weiler, “Legal Values and Judicial Decision Making” (1970) 48 Can. Bar Rev. 1 and Bale, “Casting Off the Mooring Ropes of Binding Precedent” (1980) 58 Can. Bar Rev. 255. 5. The quote is from W.G. Miller, The Data of Jurisprudence, at 335. 6. See Cardozo, supra, note 4 at 33-34. 7. [1933] O.W.N. 783 (C.A.). 8. Ibid. at 783-4. 9. William K. Frankena, Ethics, 2nd ed. (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall Inc., 1973) at 49. 10. See Denning, supra, note 4 at 292. 11. 23 & 24 Geo. V, c. 53, s. 17. 12. 13 Geo. VI, c. 37. 13. See for example, R.S.O. 1927, c. 88, s. 31(2). 14. Practice Statement (Judicial Precedent), [1966] 1 W.L.R. 1234 (H.L.). 15. Reference re Agricultural Products Marketing Act, [1978] 2 S.C.R. 1198; A.V.G. Management Science Ltd. v. Barwell Developments Ltd., [1979] 2 S.C.R. 43; Min. of Indian Affairs & Northern Dev. v. Ranville (1982), 141 D.L.R. (3d) 577 (S.C.C.), rev’g (1980), 115 D.L.R. (3d) 512 (Ont. C.A.) which aff’d (1980), 107 D.L.R. (3d) 632 (Ont. S.C.). 16. See Bale, supra, note 4 at 260. 17. Wolf v. The Queen (1974), 47 D.L.R. (3d) 741 (S.C.C.). 18. Re Ward (1975), 5 O.R. (2d) 35 (Div. Ct.). 19. Wolf v. The Queen, supra, footnote 9. 20. R. v. Eakins, [1943] O.R. 199 (C.A.); R. v. McInnis (1973), 1 O.R. (2d) 1 (C.A.); Re Hardy Trust, [1955] 5 D.L.R. 10 (Ont. C.A.); R. v. Godedarov (1974), 3 O.R. (2d) 23 (C.A.); Ex parte Pickett (1976), 12 O.R. (2d) 195 (C.A.). 21. See Gall, supra, note 1 at 226, and authorities there cited. 22. Re Canada Temperance Act: Re Consolidated Rule of Practice, [1939] O.R. 570, aff’d (sub. nom. A.G. Ont. v. Can. Temperance Federation) [1946] A.C. 193 (P.C.); R v. Morris, [1942] O.W.N. 447. 23. Bedard v. Isaac, [1972] 2 O.R. 391. Rev’d on other grounds (sub.nom. Issac v. Bedard) 38 D.L.R. (3d) 481; Re Commonwealth of Virginia and Cohen (No. 2) (1973), 1 O.R. (2d) 262; R. v. Guertin, [1971] 2 O.R. 505 (Co. Ct.); R. v. Beaney, [1969] 2 O.R. 71 (Co. Ct.); Norris v. Hamilton, [1943] O.W.N. 566; Xerox Can. Inc. v. Neary (1984), 43 C.P.C. 274 (Ont. Prov. Ct.). 24. R. v. Nor. Elec. Co., [1955] O.R. 431; R. v. Groves (1977), 17 O.R. (2d) 65. 25. See R. v. Nor. Elec. Co., supra, note 25 and Rule 22, Ontario Rules of Civil Procedure and formerly s. 34, Judicature Act, R.S.O. 1980, c. 223. 26. Masse v. Dietrich, [1971] 3 O.R. 359. 27. [1955] O.R. 431. 28. Law Society of Upper Canada, Professional Conduct Handbook, Rule 8, Commentary 1(h) and authorities there cited. 29. [1974] S.C.R. 1189. 30. (1985), 15 D.L.R. (4th) 132 (S.C.C.). 31. Ibid. at 139. 32. Landreville v. Gouin (1884), 6 O.R. 455. 33. R. v. Sellars, [1980] 1 S.C.R. 527; Ottawa v. Nepean, [1943] 3 D.L.R. 802 (Ont. C.A.); Re McKibbon and R. (1981), 34 O.R. (2d) 185, aff’d 35 O.R. (2d) 124 aff’d on other grounds (sub nom. R. v. McKibbon, [1984] 1 S.C.R. 133; Woloszcuk v. Onyszczak (1976), 1 C.P.C. 129 (Ont.). 34. Stuart v. Bank of Montreal (1909), 41 S.C.R. 516, rev’g 17 O.L.R. 436, aff’d [1911] A.C. 120 (P.C.); 6 C.E.D. (Ont. 3rd) Courts, para. 389. 35. [1984] 5 W.W.R. 1 (S.C.C.). 36. [1984] 2 W.L.R. 953 (H.L.). 37. [1978] A.C. 728 (H.L.). 38. The law in Canada may be different. See an article by the writer published in the Advocates’ Quarterly: “Common Law Negligence and the Liability of Governments and Public Authorities”. 39. (1976), 65 D.L.R. 1 (S.C.C.). 40. [1963] 2 All E.R. 575. 41. [1894] A.C. 535, and see the discussion in Friedman, supra, note 4 at 736-737. 42. [1894] A.C. 535 at 553. 43. (1876), 40 U.C.Q.B. 146. 44. [1943] O.R. 406. 45. [1972] 2 O.R. 64. 46. Ibid. at 69. 47. (1920), 47 O.L.R. 359. 48. (1958), 13 D.L.R. (2d) 605. 49. Ibid. at 608. 50. Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Part I of the Constitution Act, 1982, being Schedule B of the Canada Act 1982 (U.K.), 1982, c. 11, s. 1. 51. [1911] A.C. 301 (P.C.). 52. [1932] A.C. 562 (H.L.). 53. Ibid. at 580. 54. [1901] A.C. 495 (H.L.). 55. Ibid. at 506.	i don't know
June 25, 1876 saw which Lakota Sioux holy man defeat Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer and the 7th Cavalry at the Battle of Little Big Horn?	Indians defeat Custer at Little Big Horn - Jun 25, 1876 - HISTORY.com Indians defeat Custer at Little Big Horn Share this: Indians defeat Custer at Little Big Horn Author Indians defeat Custer at Little Big Horn URL Publisher A+E Networks Determined to resist the efforts of the U.S. Army to force them onto reservations, Indians under the leadership of Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse wipe out Lieutenant Colonel George Custer and much of his 7th Cavalry at the Battle of the Little Big Horn. Sioux Chiefs Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse had been successfully resisting American efforts to confine their people to reservations for more than a decade. Although both chiefs wanted nothing more than to be left alone to pursue their traditional ways, the growing tide of white settlers invading their lands inevitably led to violent confrontations. Increasingly, the Sioux and Cheyenne who did try to cooperate with the U.S. government discovered they were rewarded only with broken promises and marginal reservation lands. In 1875, after the U.S. Army blatantly ignored treaty provisions and invaded the sacred Black Hills, many formerly cooperative Sioux and Cheyenne abandoned their reservations to join Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse in Montana. They would not return without a fight. Late in 1875, the U.S. Army ordered all the “hostile” Indians in Montana to return to their reservations or risk being attacked. Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse ignored the order and sent messengers out to urge other Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapahoe Indians to unite with them to meet the white threat. By the late spring of 1876, more than 10,000 Indians had gathered in a massive camp along a river in southern Montana called the Little Big Horn. “We must stand together or they will kill us separately,” Sitting Bull told them. “These soldiers have come shooting; they want war. All right, we’ll give it to them.” Meanwhile, three columns of U.S. soldiers were converging on the Little Big Horn. On June 17, the first column under the command of General George Crook was badly bloodied by Sioux and Cheyenne warriors led by Crazy Horse. Stunned by the size and ferocity of the Indian attack, Crook was forced to withdraw. Knowing nothing of Crook’s defeat, the two remaining columns commanded by General Alfred Terry and General John Gibbon continued toward the Little Big Horn. On June 22, Terry ordered the 7th Cavalry under the command of Lieutenant Colonel George Custer to scout ahead for Indians. On the morning of this day in 1876, Custer’s scouts told him that a gigantic Indian village lay nearby in the valley of the Little Big Horn River. Custer dismissed the scouts’ claim that the village was extraordinarily large-certainly many thousands of Indians-as exaggerated. Indeed, his main fear was that the Indians would scatter before he could attack. Rather than wait for reinforcements, Custer decided to move forward immediately and stage an unusual mid-day attack. As the 7th Cavalry entered the valley, Custer divided the regiment of about 600 men into four battalions, keeping a force of 215 under his own command. In the vast Indian encampment (historians estimate there were as many as 11,000 Indians), word quickly spread of the approaching soldiers. Too old actually to engage in battle, Sitting Bull rallied his warriors while seeing to the protection of the women and children. The younger Crazy Horse prepared for battle and sped off with a large force of warriors to meet the invaders. As Custer’s divided regiment advanced, the soldiers suddenly found they were under attack by a rapidly growing number of Indians. Gradually, it dawned on Custer that his scouts had not exaggerated the size of the Indian force after all. He immediately dispatched urgent orders in an attempt to regroup his regiment. The other battalions, however, were facing equally massive attacks and were unable to come to his aid. Soon, Custer and his 215 men found themselves cut off and under attack by as many as 3,000 armed braves. Within an hour, they were wiped out to the last man. The remaining battalions of the 7th Cavalry were also badly beaten, but they managed to fight a holding action until the Indians withdrew the following day. The Battle of the Little Big Horn was the Indians’ greatest victory and the army’s worst defeat in the long and bloody Plains Indian War. The Indians were not allowed to revel in the victory for long, however. The massacre of Custer and his 7th Cavalry outraged many Americans and only confirmed the image of the bloodthirsty Indians in their minds, and the government became more determined to destroy or tame the hostile Indians. The army redoubled its efforts and drove home the war with a vengeful fury. Within five years, almost all of the Sioux and Cheyenne would be confined to reservations. Crazy Horse was killed in 1877 after leaving the reservation without permission. Sitting Bull was shot and killed three years later in 1890 by a Lakota policeman. Related Videos	Sitting Bull
June 28, 1914 saw which Austrian Archduke assassinated, setting in motion a chain of events which started WWI just a month later?	George Armstrong Custer \| Civil War Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Other work: {{{otherwork}}} George Armstrong Custer (December 5, 1839 – June 25, 1876) was a United States Army officer and cavalry commander in the American Civil War and the Indian Wars . Today he is most remembered for a disastrous military engagement known as the Battle of the Little Bighorn . Raised in Michigan and Ohio , Custer was admitted to West Point in 1858, where he was a low-ranked student. However, with the outbreak of the Civil War, all potential officers were needed, and Custer was called to serve with the Union Army. Custer acquired a solid reputation during the Civil War. He fought in the first major engagement, the First Battle of Bull Run . His association with several important officers helped his career, as did his performance as an aggressive commander. Before war's end, Custer was promoted to the temporary rank (brevet) of major general . (At war's end, this was reduced to the permanent rank of Lieutenant Colonel). At the conclusion of the Appomattox Campaign , in which he and his troops played a decisive role, Custer was on hand at General Robert E. Lee 's surrender . After the Civil War, Custer was dispatched to the West to fight in the Indian Wars . The overwhelming defeat in his final battle overshadowed his achievements in the Civil War. Custer was defeated and killed at the Battle of the Little Bighorn in 1876, fighting against a coalition of Native American tribes in a battle that has come to be popularly known in American history as "Custer's Last Stand". Contents Edit According to late 20th century research, Custer's ancestors had emigrated to North America in the late 17th century from the Rhineland in Germany, probably among thousands of Palatine refugees whose passage was arranged by the English government of Queen Anne to gain settlers. Their surname originally was spelled "Küster". George Armstrong Custer was a 3xgreat-grandson of Paulus Küster from Kaltenkirchen, Duchy of Jülich (today North Rhine-Westphalia state), who settled in Germantown, Pennsylvania . [1] [2] A 1909 history of Germans in the US stated that Custer's immigrant ancestor was a Hessian soldier fighting for the British, who was paroled in 1778 after Burgoyne 's surrender. The soldier was said to have changed his name to Custer because it was easier for his English neighbors to pronounce and perhaps also to remove the stigma attaching to a Hessian, so offensive then to American sensibilities. [3] Custer's mother was Marie Ward, who – at the age of 16 – had married Israel Kirkpatrick. When he died in 1835, she married Emanuel Henry Custer in 1836. Marie's grandparents – George Ward (1724–1811) and Mary Ward (née Grier) (1733–1811) – were from County Durham , England . Their son James Grier Ward (1765–1824) was born in Dauphin, Pennsylvania, and married Catherine Rogers (1776–1829). Their daughter Marie Ward became Custer's mother. Catherine Rogers was a daughter of Thomas Rogers and Sarah Armstrong. According to family letters, Custer was named after George Armstrong, a minister, in his devout father's hopes that his son might become part of the clergy. [4] Birth, nicknames and siblings Edit Custer was born in New Rumley, Ohio , to Emanuel Henry Custer (1806–1892), a farmer and blacksmith, and Marie Ward Kirkpatrick (1807–1882). [5] Throughout his life Custer was known by a variety of nicknames. He was called "Autie" (his early attempt to pronounce his middle name) and Armstrong. He had two younger brothers, Thomas Custer and Boston Custer . His other full siblings were the family's youngest child, Margaret Custer, and the weak and unhealthy Nevin Custer. Custer also had several older half-siblings. [6] Early life File:George-a-custer west-point.jpg Custer spent much of his boyhood living with his half-sister and brother-in-law in Monroe, Michigan , where he attended school. Before entering the United States Military Academy , Custer attended the McNeely Normal School, later known as Hopedale Normal College, in Hopedale, Ohio . While attending Hopedale, Custer, together with classmate William Enos Emery, was known to have carried coal to help pay for their room and board. After graduating from McNeely Normal School in 1856, Custer taught school in Cadiz, Ohio . Custer was graduated a year early, the last of 34 cadets [7] in the Class of 1861 from the United States Military Academy , just after the start of the Civil War. [8] Ordinarily, such a class rank would be a ticket to an obscure posting and mundane career, but Custer had the fortune to graduate just as the Civil War broke out. The Army needed new officers. Custer's tenure at the Academy had been rocky, as he came close to expulsion in each of his four years due to excessive demerits, many from pulling pranks on fellow cadets. Civil War File:Lincoln and generals at Antietam.jpg When McClellan was relieved of command in November 1862, Custer reverted to the rank of first lieutenant . Custer fell into the orbit of Maj. Gen. Alfred Pleasonton , who was commanding a cavalry division. The general was Custer's introduction to the world of extravagant uniforms and political maneuvering, and the young lieutenant became his protégé, serving on Pleasonton's staff while continuing his assignment with his regiment. Custer was quoted as saying that "no father could love his son more than General Pleasonton loves me." After the Battle of Chancellorsville , Pleasonton became the commander of the Cavalry Corps of the Army of the Potomac and his first assignment was to locate the army of Robert E. Lee , moving north through the Shenandoah Valley in the beginning of the Gettysburg Campaign . In his first command, Custer affected a showy, personalized uniform style that alienated his men, but he won them over with his readiness to lead attacks (a contrast to the many officers who would hang back, hoping to avoid being hit); his men began to adopt elements of his uniform, especially the red neckerchief. Custer distinguished himself by fearless, aggressive actions in some of the numerous cavalry engagements that started off the campaign, including Brandy Station and Aldie . Brigade command and Gettysburg File:Custer&Pleasonton1863.jpg On June 28, 1863, three days prior to the Battle of Gettysburg , General Pleasonton promoted Custer from captain to brigadier general of volunteers. [7] Despite having no direct command experience, he became one of the youngest generals in the Union Army at age 23. Two other captains— Wesley Merritt and Elon J. Farnsworth —were promoted along with Custer, although they did have command experience. Custer lost no time in implanting his aggressive character on his brigade, part of the division of Brig. Gen. Judson Kilpatrick . He fought against the Confederate cavalry of Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart at Hanover and Hunterstown , on the way to the main event at Gettysburg. Custer's style of battle was often claimed to be reckless or foolhardy, but military planning was always the basis of every Custer "dash". As Marguerite Merrington explains in The Custer Story in Letters, "George Custer meticulously scouted every battlefield, gauged the enemiessic? weak points and strengths, ascertained the best line of attack and only after he was satisfied was the 'Custer Dash' with a Michigan yell focused with complete surprise on the enemy in routing them every time." [10] One of his greatest attributes during the Civil War was what Custer wrote of as "luck" and he needed it to survive some of these charges. Custer established a reputation as an aggressive cavalry brigade commander willing to take personal risks by leading his Michigan Brigade into battle, such as the mounted charges at Hunterstown and East Cavalry Field at the Battle of Gettysburg . At Hunterstown, in an ill-considered charge ordered by Kilpatrick against the brigade of Wade Hampton , Custer fell from his wounded horse directly before the enemy and became the target of numerous enemy rifles. He was rescued by Norville Churchill of the 1st Michigan Cavalry, who galloped up, shot Custer's nearest assailant, and allowed Custer to mount behind him for a dash to safety. One of Custer's finest hours in the Civil War occurred just east of Gettysburg on July 3, 1863. In conjunction with Pickett's Charge to the west, Robert E. Lee dispatched Stuart's cavalry on a mission into the rear of the Union Army. Custer encountered the Union cavalry division of Brig. Gen. David McMurtrie Gregg , directly in the path of Stuart's horsemen. He convinced Gregg to allow him to stay and fight, while his own division was stationed to the south out of the action. At East Cavalry Field , hours of charges and hand-to-hand combat ensued. Custer led a mounted charge of the 1st Michigan Cavalry, breaking the back of the Confederate assault. Custer's brigade lost 257 men at Gettysburg, the highest loss of any Union cavalry brigade. [11] "I challenge the annals of warfare to produce a more brilliant or successful charge of cavalry", Custer wrote in his report. [12] Marriage File:George Armstrong Custer and Elizabeth Bacon Custer - Brady-Handy.jpg Custer married Elizabeth Clift Bacon (1842–1933) (whom he first saw when he was ten years old) [13] on February 9, 1864. He had been socially introduced to her in November 1862, when home in Monroe on leave. She was not initially impressed with him, [14] and her father, Judge Daniel Bacon, disapproved of Custer as a match because he was the son of a blacksmith. It was not until well after Custer had been promoted to the rank of brevet brigadier general that he gained the approval of Judge Bacon. He married Elizabeth Bacon fourteen months after they formally met. [15] Following the Battle of Washita River in November 1868, Custer was alleged (by Captain Frederick Benteen , chief of scouts Ben Clark, and Cheyenne oral tradition) to have unofficially 'married' Monaseetah , daughter of the Cheyenne chief Little Rock in the winter or early spring of 1868–1869. (Little Rock was killed in the Washita battle.) [16] Monaseetah gave birth to a child in January 1869, two months after the Washita battle. Cheyenne oral history tells that she also bore a second child, fathered by Custer in late 1869. Some historians, however, believe that Custer had become sterile after contracting gonorrhea while at West Point and that the father was in actuality his brother Thomas. [17] The Valley and Appomattox Edit In 1864, with the Cavalry Corps under the command of Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan , Custer led his "Wolverines" through the Overland Campaign , including the Battle of Trevilian Station . Custer, now commanding the 3rd Division, followed Sheridan to the Shenandoah Valley where they defeated the Confederate army of Lt. Gen. Jubal A. Early in the Valley Campaigns of 1864 . When the cavalry corps of the Army of the Potomac was reorganized under Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan in 1864, Custer took part in the various actions of the cavalry in the Overland Campaign , including the Battle of the Wilderness (after which he ascended to division command), the Battle of Yellow Tavern , where Jeb Stuart was mortally wounded, and the Battle of Trevilian Station , where Custer was humiliated by having his division trains overrun and his personal baggage captured by the enemy. When Confederate Lieutenant General Jubal A. Early moved down the Shenandoah Valley and threatened Washington, D.C. , Custer's division was dispatched along with Sheridan to the Valley Campaigns of 1864 . They pursued the Confederates at Third Winchester and effectively destroyed Early's army during Sheridan's counterattack at Cedar Creek . Sheridan and Custer, having defeated Early, returned to the main Union Army lines at the Siege of Petersburg , where they spent the winter. In April 1865 the Confederate lines were finally broken and Robert E. Lee began his retreat to Appomattox Court House , pursued by the Union cavalry. Custer distinguished himself by his actions at Waynesboro , Dinwiddie Court House , and Five Forks . His division blocked Lee's retreat on its final day and received the first flag of truce from the Confederate force. Custer was present at the surrender at Appomattox Court House and the table upon which the surrender was signed was presented to him as a gift for his wife by General Sheridan, who included a note to her praising Custer's gallantry. She treasured the gift, which is now in the Smithsonian Institution . [18] Before the close of the war Custer received brevet promotions to brigadier general and major general in the regular army (March 13, 1865) and major general of volunteers (April 15, 1865). [7] As with most wartime promotions, even when issued under the regular army, these senior ranks were only temporary. Reconstruction duties in Texas Edit In June 1865, at Sheridan's behest, Custer accepted command of the 2d Division of Cavalry, Military Division of the Southwest, to march from Alexandria, Louisiana , to Hempstead, Texas , as part of the Union occupation forces. Custer arrived at Alexandria on June 27 and began assembling his units, which took more than a month to gather and remount. Accompanied by his wife, he led the division (five regiments of veteran Western Theater cavalrymen) to Texas on an arduous 18-day march in August. In October he moved the division to Austin , when he became Chief of Cavalry for the Department of Texas, succeeding Maj-Gen. Wesley Merritt . During his entire period of command of the division, Custer encountered considerable friction and near mutiny from the volunteer cavalry regiments who had campaigned along the Gulf coast. They desired to be mustered out of Federal service rather than continue campaigning, resented imposition of discipline (particularly from an Eastern Theater general), and considered Custer nothing more than a vain dandy. [19] [20] Custer's division was mustered out beginning in November 1865, replaced by the regulars of the U.S. 6th Cavalry Regiment . Although their occupation of Austin had apparently been pleasant, many veterans harbored deep resentments against Custer, particularly in the 2nd Wisconsin Cavalry , because of his attempts to maintain discipline. Upon its mustering out, several members planned to ambush Custer, but he was warned the night before and the attempt thwarted. [21] Indian Wars File:GenGACuster.jpg On February 1, 1866, Custer was mustered out of the volunteer service and returned to his permanent rank of captain in the 5th Cavalry. Custer took an extended leave, exploring options in New York City , [22] where he considered careers in railroads and mining. [23] Offered a position (and $10,000 in gold) as adjutant general of the army of Benito Juárez of Mexico , who was then in a struggle with the self-proclaimed Maximilian I (a foil of French Emperor Napoleon III), Custer applied for a one-year leave of absence from the U.S. Army, which was endorsed by Grant and Secretary of War Stanton. Sheridan and Mrs. Custer disapproved, however, and when his request for leave was opposed by U.S. Secretary of State William H. Seward , who was against having an American officer commanding foreign troops, Custer refused the alternative of resignation from the Army to take the lucrative post. [23] [24] Following the death of his father-in-law in May 1866, Custer returned to Monroe, Michigan, where he considered running for Congress. He took part in public discussion over the treatment of the American South in the aftermath of the Civil War, advocating a policy of moderation. [23] He was named head of the Soldiers and Sailors Union, regarded as a response to the hyper-partisan Grand Army of the Republic (GAR). Also formed in 1866, it was led by Republican activist John Alexander Logan . In September 1866 Custer accompanied President Andrew Johnson on a journey by train known as the "Swing Around the Circle" to build up public support for Johnson's policies towards the South. Custer denied a charge by the newspapers that Johnson had promised him a colonel's commission in return for his support, but Custer had written to Johnson some weeks before seeking such a commission. Custer and his wife Libbie stayed with the president during most of the trip. At one point Custer confronted a small group of Ohio men who repeatedly jeered Johnson, saying, "I was born two miles and a half from here, but I am ashamed of you." [25] Custer was appointed lieutenant colonel of the newly created U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment , [26] headquartered at Fort Riley , Kansas . [27] As a result of a plea by his patron General Philip Sheridan , Custer was also appointed brevet major general. [26] He took part in Maj. Gen. Winfield Scott Hancock 's expedition against the Cheyenne in 1867. On June 26, 1867 Lt. Lyman Kidder's party, made up of ten troopers and one scout, were massacred while in route to Fort Wallace . Lt. Kidder was to deliver dispatches to Custer from Gen. William Sherman , but his party was attacked by Lakota Sioux and Cheyenne (see Kidder massacre ). Days later, Custer and a search party found the bodies of Kidder's patrol. Following the Hancock campaign, Custer was court-martialed at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas for being AWOL , after having abandoned his post to see his wife. He was suspended from duty for one year. At the request of Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan , who wanted Custer for his planned winter campaign against the Cheyenne, Custer was allowed to return to duty in 1868, before his term of suspension had expired. Under Sheridan's orders, Custer took part in establishing Camp Supply in Indian Territory in early November 1868 as a supply base for the winter campaign. Custer led the 7th U.S. Cavalry in an attack on the Cheyenne encampment of Black Kettle — the Battle of Washita River on November 27, 1868. Custer reported killing 103 warriors; estimates by the Cheyenne of their casualties were substantially lower (11 warriors plus 19 women and children) [28] ; some women and children were also killed, and US troops took 53 women and children prisoner. Custer had his men shoot most of the 875 Indian ponies they had captured. The Battle of Washita River was regarded as the first substantial U.S. victory in the Southern Plains War, and it helped force a significant portion of the Southern Cheyennes onto a U.S.-assigned reservation. File:George Armstrong Custer and wife Fort Lincoln Dakota Territory.jpg In 1873, Custer was sent to the Dakota Territory to protect a railroad survey party against the Lakota . On August 4, 1873, near the Tongue River , Custer and the 7th U.S. Cavalry clashed for the first time with the Lakota. Only one man on each side was killed. In 1874, Custer led an expedition into the Black Hills and announced the discovery of gold on French Creek near present-day Custer, South Dakota . Custer's announcement triggered the Black Hills Gold Rush . Among the towns that immediately grew up was Deadwood, South Dakota , notorious for lawlessness. Grant, Belknap and Politics File:Custer9.jpg The expedition against the Sioux was originally scheduled to leave Fort Abraham Lincoln on April 6, 1876, but on March 15, Custer was summoned to Washington to testify at Congressional hearings regarding the scandal involving U.S. Secretary of War William W. Belknap and President Grant's brother Orville. After testifying on March 29 and April 4, Custer testified in support of the Democrats before the Banning Committee. After Belknap was indicted, Custer secured release and left Washington on April 20. Instead of immediately returning to Fort Lincoln, he visited the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia and traveled to New York to meet with his publishers. While there, he was summoned to the U.S. Senate, possibly a move instigated by President Grant. Returning to Washington on April 21, Custer found he was the center of a campaign of vilification in the Republican media. He was accused of perjury and disparagement of brother officers. General Sherman asked the new Secretary of War, Alphonso Taft , to write a letter requesting Custer's release so Custer could take command of the Fort Lincoln expedition against the Lakota. President Grant prohibited sending the letter and ordered Taft to appoint another officer to take command. When Brig. Gen. Alfred Terry determined there were no available officers of rank to take command, Sherman ordered him to make an appointment. Stunned that he would not be in command, Custer approached the impeachment managers and secured his release. General Sherman advised Custer not to leave Washington before meeting personally with President Grant. Custer arranged for Colonel Rufus Ingalls to request a meeting, which Grant refused. On the evening of May 3, Custer took a train to Chicago . The following morning General Sherman sent a telegram to General Sheridan ordering him to intercept Custer and hold him until further orders. Sheridan was also ordered to arrange for the expedition against the Lakota to depart with Major Reno's replacing Custer. Sherman, Sheridan, and Terry all wanted Custer in command but had to support Grant. Sherman wrote Terry: "Custer's political activity has compromised his best friends here, and almost deprived us of the ability to serve him".[ citation needed ] Brig. Gen. Terry met Custer in Fort Snelling, Minnesota on May 6. He later recalled, "(Custer) with tears in his eyes, begged for my aid. How could I resist it?"[ citation needed ]. Terry wrote to Grant attesting to the advantages of Custer's leading the expedition. Sheridan endorsed his effort, accepting Custer's "guilt" and suggesting his restraint in future. Grant was already under pressure for his treatment of Custer and his administration worried about failure of the "Sioux campaign" without him. Grant would be blamed if perceived as ignoring the recommendations of senior Army officers. On May 8 Custer was informed at Fort Snelling that he was to lead the 7th Cavalry, but under Terry's direct supervision. Before leaving Fort Snelling, Custer spoke to General Terry's chief engineer, Captain Ludlow, saying he would "cut loose" from Terry the first chance he got. Critics have used this statement to conclude that Custer was to blame for the resulting disaster by seeking to claim independent victory.[ citation needed ] Battle of the Little Bighorn Main article: Battle of the Little Bighorn By the time of Custer's expedition to the Black Hills in 1874, the level of conflict and tension between the U.S. and many plains Indians tribes (including the Lakota Sioux and the Cheyenne ) had become exceedingly high. Americans continually broke treaty agreements and advanced further westward, resulting in violence and acts of depredation by both sides. To take possession of the Black Hills (and thus the gold deposits), and to stop Indian attacks, the U.S. decided to corral all remaining free plains Indians. The Grant government set a deadline of January 31, 1876 for all Lakota and Arapaho wintering in the "unceded territory" to report to their designated agencies (reservations) or be considered "hostile". [29] The 7th Cavalry departed from Fort Lincoln on May 17, 1876, part of a larger army force planning to round up remaining free Indians. Meanwhile, in the spring and summer of 1876, the Hunkpapa Lakota holy man Sitting Bull had called together the largest ever gathering of plains Indians at Ash Creek, Montana (later moved to the Little Bighorn River) to discuss what to do about the whites. [30] It was this united encampment of Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho Indians that the 7th met at the Battle of the Little Bighorn. On June 25, some of Custer's Crow Indian scouts identified what they claimed was a large Indian encampment along the Little Bighorn River . Custer divided his forces into three battalions: one led by Major Marcus Reno , one by Captain Frederick Benteen , and one by himself. Captain Thomas M. McDougall and Company B were with the pack train. Benteen was sent south and west, to cut off any attempted escape by the Indians, Reno was sent north to charge the southern end of the encampment, and Custer rode north, hidden to the east of the encampment by bluffs, and planning to circle around and attack from the north. [31] [32] Reno began a charge on the southern end of the village, but halted some 500-600 yards short of the camp, and had his men dismount and form a skirmish line. [33] They were soon overcome by mounted Lakota and Cheyenne warriors who counterattacked en masse against Reno's exposed left flank, [34] forcing Reno and his men to take cover in the trees along the river. Eventually, however, this position became untenable and the troopers were forced into a bloody retreat up onto the bluffs above the river, where they made their own stand. [35] [36] This, the opening action of the battle, cost Reno a quarter of his command. Custer may have seen Reno stop and form a skirmish line as Custer led his command to the northern end of the main encampment, where he apparently planned to sandwich the Indians between his attacking troopers and Reno's command in a " hammer and anvil " maneuver. [37] According to Grinnell's account, based on the testimony of the Cheyenne warriors who survived the fight, [38] at least part of Custer's command attempted to ford the river at the north end of the camp but were driven off by stiff resistance from Indian sharpshooters firing from the brush along the west bank of the river. From that point the soldiers were pursued by hundreds of warriors onto a ridge north of the encampment. Custer and his command were prevented from digging in by Crazy Horse, however, whose warriors had outflanked him and were now to his north, at the crest of the ridge. [39] Traditional white accounts attribute to Gall the attack that drove Custer up onto the ridge, but Indian witnesses have disputed that account. [40] Template:Pquote For a time, Custer's men were deployed by company, in standard cavalry fighting formation—the skirmish line, with every fourth man holding the horses. Yet this arrangement robbed Custer of a quarter of his firepower. Worse, as the fight intensified, many soldiers took to holding their own horses or hobbling them, further reducing the 7th's effective fire. When Crazy Horse and White Bull mounted the charge that broke through the center of Custer's lines, pandemonium broke out among the men of Calhoun's command, [41] though Myles Keogh 's men seem to have fought and died where they stood. Many of the panicking soldiers threw down their weapons [42] and either rode or ran towards the knoll where Custer, the other officers, and about 40 men were making a stand. Along the way, the Indians rode them down, counting coup by whacking the fleeing troopers with their quirts or lances . [43] Initially, Custer had 208 officers and men under his command, with an additional 142 under Reno, just over a hundred under Benteen, 50 soldiers with Captain McDougall's rearguard, and 84 soldiers under 1st Lieutenant Edward Gustave Mathey with the pack train. The Indians may have fielded over 1800 warriors. [44] Historian Gregory Michno settles on a low number around 1000 based on contemporary Lakota testimony, but other sources place the number at 1800 or 2000, especially in the works by Utley and Fox. The 1800–2000 figure is substantially lower than the higher numbers of 3000 or more postulated by Ambrose, Gray, Scott, and others. Some of the other participants in the battle gave these estimates: Spotted Horn Bull - 5,000 braves and chiefs Maj. Reno - 2,500 to 5,000 warriors Capt. Moylan - 3,500 to 4,000 Lt. Hare - not under 4,000 Lt. Godfrey - minimum between 2,500 and 3,000 Lt. Edgerly - 4,000 Lt. Varnum - not less than 4,000 Sgt. Kanipe - fully 4,000 Fred Gerard - 2,500 to 3,000 An average of the above is 3,500 warriors and chiefs. [45] As the troopers were cut down, the Indians stripped the dead of their firearms and ammunition, with the result that the return fire from the cavalry steadily decreased, while the fire from the Indians constantly increased. With Custer and the survivors shooting the remaining horses to use them as breastworks and making a final stand on the knoll at the north end of the ridge, the Indians closed in for the final attack and killed every man in Custer's command. As a result, the Battle of the Little Bighorn has come to be popularly known as "Custer's Last Stand". Custer's death Edit Some eyewitness reports[ who? ] state that Custer was killed by several Indians and not identified by them until after his death.[ citation needed ] Some individuals claimed personal responsibility for the killing, however, including White Bull of the Miniconjous , Rain-in-the-Face , Flat Lip and Brave Bear. [46] In June 2005 at a public meeting, the Northern Cheyenne broke more than 100 years of silence about the battle. Storytellers told that according to their oral tradition, Buffalo Calf Road Woman , a Northern Cheyenne heroine of the Battle of the Rosebud , struck the final blow against Custer, which knocked him off his horse before he died. [47] A contrasting version of Custer's death is suggested by the testimony of an Oglala named Joseph White Cow Bull, according to Custer biographer Evan Connell, who relates that Joseph White Cow Bull stated he had shot a rider at the riverside wearing a buckskin jacket and big hat when the soldiers first approached the village from the east. The initial force facing the soldiers, according to this version, was quite small (possibly as few as four warriors) yet challenged Custer's command. The rider who was hit, mounted next to a rider who bore a flag, had shouted orders that prompted the soldiers to attack, but when the buckskin-clad rider fell off his horse after being shot, many of the attackers reined up. This version, if accurate, would explain the subsequent rapid disintegration of Custer's forces. [48] When the main column under General Terry arrived two days later, the army found most of the soldiers' corpses stripped, scalped, and mutilated. [49] Custer's body had two bullet holes, one in the left temple and one just above the heart. [50] Capt. Benteen, who inspected the body, stated that in his opinion the fatal injuries had not been the result of .45 caliber ammunition, which implies the bullet holes had been caused by ranged rifle fire. [51] Following the recovery of Custer's body, his remains, along with those of his brother, Tom, were buried on the battlefield side by side in a shallow grave, after being covered by pieces of tent canvas and blankets. [52] One year later, Custer's remains and those of many of his officers were recovered and sent back east for reinterment in more formal burials. Custer was reinterred with full military honors at West Point Cemetery on October 10, 1877. The battle site was designated a National Cemetery in 1876. Controversial legacy File:GACuster.jpg After his death, Custer achieved the lasting fame that he had sought on the battlefield. The public saw him as a tragic military hero and exemplary gentleman who sacrificed his life for his country. Custer's wife, Elizabeth , who had accompanied him in many of his frontier expeditions, did much to advance this view with the publication of several books about her late husband: Boots and Saddles, Life with General Custer in Dakota (1885), Tenting on the Plains (1887), and Following the Guidon (1891). Lt. Col. Custer wrote about the Indian wars in My Life on the Plains (1874). The deaths of Custer and his troops became the best-known episode in the history of western Indian wars , due in part to a painting commissioned by the brewery Anheuser-Busch as part of an advertising campaign. The enterprising company ordered reprints of a dramatic work that depicted “Custer's Last Stand” and had them framed and hung in many United States saloons . This created lasting impressions of the battle and the brewery’s products in the minds of many bar patrons. [53] Today Custer might be called a " media personality " who understood the value of good public relations and leveraged the print media of his era effectively. He frequently invited correspondents to accompany his campaigns (one died at the Little Bighorn), and their favorable reporting contributed to his high reputation, that lasted well into the 20th century. He paid attention to his image. After being promoted to brigadier general in the Civil War, Custer sported a uniform that included shiny cavalry boots, tight olive-colored corduroy trousers, a wide-brimmed slouch hat, tight hussar jacket of black velveteen with silver piping on the sleeves, a sailor shirt with silver stars on his collar, and a red cravat . He wore his hair in long ringlets liberally sprinkled with cinnamon-scented hair oil. Later, in his campaigns against the Indians, Custer wore a buckskins outfit, along with his familiar red tie.[ citation needed ][ original research? ] The assessment of Custer's actions during the Indian Wars has undergone substantial reconsideration in modern times. Documenting the arc of popular perception in his 1984 biography Son of the Morning Star , author Evan Connell notes the reverential tone of Custer's first biographer Frederick Whittaker (whose book was rushed out the year of Custer's death.) [54] Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote an adoring (and often erroneous) poem. [55] President Theodore Roosevelt 's lavish praise pleased Custer's widow. [56] Connell concludes: "These days it is stylish to denigrate the general, whose stock sells for nothing. Nineteenth-century Americans thought differently. At that time he was a cavalier without fear and beyond reproach." [52] Some historians criticize Custer as the personification of the U.S. Government's ill-treatment of the Native American tribes; others[ who? ] view him as a scapegoat for the Grant Indian policy, which he personally opposed. The Grant administration was so displeased by his testimony on behalf of the abuses sustained by the reservation Indians that it nearly prohibited his command.[ citation needed ] President Grant, a highly successful general, bluntly criticized Custer's actions in the battle of the Little Bighorn. Quoted in the New York Herald on September 2, 1876, Grant said, "I regard Custer's Massacre as a sacrifice of troops, brought on by Custer himself, that was wholly unnecessary - wholly unnecessary." [57] General Phillip Sheridan, likewise took a harsh view of Custer's final military actions. General Nelson Miles (who inherited Custer's mantle of famed Indian fighter) and others praised him as a fallen hero betrayed by the incompetence of subordinate officers. Miles noted the difficulty of winning a fight "with seven-twelfths of the command remaining out of the engagement when within sound of his rifle shots." [58] The controversy over blame for the disaster at Little Bighorn continues to this day. Major Reno's failure to press his attack on the south end of the Lakota/Cheyenne village and his flight to the timber along the river after a single casualty have been cited as a causal factor in the destruction of Custer's battalion, as has Captain Benteen's allegedly tardy arrival on the field and the failure of the two officers' combined forces to move toward the relief of Custer. "When writing about Custer, neutral ground is elusive. What should Custer have done at any of the critical junctures that rapidly presented themselves, each now the subject of endless speculation and rumination? There will always be a variety of opinions based upon what Custer knew, what he did not know, and what he could not have known...” - from Touched by Fire: The Life, Death, and Mythic Afterlife of George Armstrong Custer by Louise Barnett . [57] In contrast, some of Custer's critics, including Gen. Sheridan, have asserted at least three clear tactical errors.[ citation needed ] First, while camped at Powder River, Custer refused the support offered by General Terry on June 21, of an additional four companies of the Second Cavalry. Custer stated that he "could whip any Indian village on the Plains" with his own regiment, and that extra troops would simply be a burden. At the same time, he left behind at the steamer Far West on the Yellowstone a battery of Gatling guns , knowing he was facing superior numbers. Before leaving the camp all the troops, including the officers, also boxed their sabers and sent them back with the wagons. [59] On the day of the battle, Custer divided his 600-man command, despite being faced with vastly superior numbers of Sioux and Cheyenne. The refusal of an extra battalion reduced the size of his force by at least a sixth, and rejecting the firepower offered by the Gatling guns played into the events of June 25 to the disadvantage of his regiment. [60] Custer's defenders, however, including historian Charles K. Hofling, have asserted that Gatling guns would have been slow and cumbersome as the troops crossed the rough country between the Yellowstone and the Little Bighorn. [61] Custer rated speed in gaining the battlefield as essential and more important. The additional firepower had the potential of turning the tide of the fight, given the Indians' propensity for withdrawing in the face of new military technology.[ citation needed ] Other Custer supporters[ who? ] have claimed that splitting the forces was a standard tactic, so as to demoralize the enemy with the appearance of the cavalry in different places all at once, especially when a contingent threatened the line of retreat. The single indisputable fact is that Custer's tactical decisions, against an overwhelming and numerically superior adversary, led to the annihilation of his command and his own death. Monuments and memorials Tagg, Larry. (1988). The Generals of Gettysburg. Savas Publishing. ISBN 1-882810-30-9 . Urwin, Gregory J. W., Custer Victorious, University of Nebraska Press, 1990, ISBN 978-0803295568 . Utley, Robert M. (2001). Cavalier in Buckskin: George Armstrong Custer and the Western Military Frontier, revised edition. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-3387-2 . Vestal, Stanley. Warpath: The True Story of the Fighting Sioux Told in a Biography of Chief White Bull. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1934. Warner, Ezra J. (1964). Generals in Blue: Lives of the Union Commanders. Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 0-8071-0822-7 . Welch, James, with Paul Stekler. (2007 [1994]). Killing Custer: The Battle of Little Bighorn and the Fate of the Plains Indians. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. Wert, Jeffry D. Custer: The Controversial Life of George Armstrong Custer. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996. ISBN 0-684-83275-5 . Wittenberg, Eric J. (2001). Glory Enough for All : Sheridan's Second Raid and the Battle of Trevilian Station. Brassey's Inc. ISBN 1-57488-353-4 . Further reading	i don't know
What famous fictional detective, created by Erle Stanley Gardner, had a famous secretary named Della Street?	Erle Stanley Gardner - Biography - IMDb Erle Stanley Gardner Jump to: Overview (2) \| Mini Bio (1) \| Spouse (2) \| Trivia (9) \| Personal Quotes (3) Overview (2) 11 March 1970 , Temecula, California, USA Mini Bio (1) Erle Stanley Gardner, the prolific pulp fiction writer best known for creating the fictional lawyer Perry Mason; Della Street, Mason's secretary; private detective Paul Drake, Mason's favorite investigator; and Hamilton Burger, the district attorney with the worst won-lost record in the history of fictional jurisprudence, was born in in Malden, Massachusetts, in 1889, the son of a mining engineer. The family soon moved to Portland, Oregon, and later to the Klondike during the Gold Rush. Eventually, the Gardners settled in Oroville, California, a small mining town. Young Earle graduated from Palo Alto High School in 1909, but his college education was cut short when he was expelled from Valparaiso University in Indiana early in his freshman year for fighting. The young Erle led a wild life, as befits a child of the Klondike and mining towns. He was to remain an ardent sportsman and traveler throughout his life. He also spoke fluent Chinese. The wild young Mr. Garnder supported himself as a boxer and as a promoter of illegal wrestling matches. Eventually, fate was to intervene. While working as a typist in a California law office, he became intrigued by the subject and decided to make it his profession. In the first half of the 20th century, lawyers did not attend law school but gained their education via practical experience, i.e., working in a law office. Law school was for those who intended to teach the law or become judges. Without formal instruction, Garnder passed the bar examination and was admitted to the California Bar in 1911, opening his first law office in Merced, California, when he was 21 years old. Initially, business was bad, but his Chinese fluency enabled him to make a living defending Chinese clients, who dubbed him "T'ai chong tze" ("The Big Lawyer"). Gardner moved south to Ventura, where he went into practice with another attorney in 1918. Gardner soon quit practicing law for three years, instead working as a salesman for the Consolidated Sales Co. He married Natalie Frances Talbert in 1921, the year he returned to Ventura and the practice of the law. He was a practicing attorney for the next 12 years. In the early 1920s, Gardner began writing for the pulp fiction magazines under the pseudonym Charles M. Green, the first of many pen names he would use during his career. Gardner wrote strictly for the money, but he had a flair for it, and his mystery short stories were popular and proved highly salable. He soon became a quite successful writer. According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, Gardner "wrote nearly 100 detective and mystery novels that sold more than 1,000,000 copies each, making him easily the best-selling American writer of his time." Gardner established himself a major contributor to the Black Mask, the most famous of all the pulp magazines. He wrote stories about Gentleman Rogue Lester Leith, Sidney Zoom (The Master of Disguise and the King of Chinatown). After the Great Depression set in, Gardner began writing western stories for a penny a word. A 1931 trip to China gave birth to Major Copely Brane, International Adventurer. That same year, he began using a Dictaphone to dictate his stories to. Gardner had averaged 66,000 typed words a week (10% longer than F. Scott Fitzgerald 's The Great Gatsby (1949)). After dictating a story, Gardener's secretary would transcribe the recordings. Perry Mason debuted in 1933 with two stories, The Case of the Velvet Claws and The Case of the Sulky Girl, and proved instantly popular. The first Perry Mason film, The Case of the Howling Dog (1934) was made the next year by Warner Bros.-First National, with Warren William as Perry Mason, ably supported by future Oscar-winner Mary Astor and character actor Allen Jenkins . Williams returned the following year in The Case of the Curious Bride (1935) and The Case of the Lucky Legs (1935), the former helmed by Michael Curtiz , one of Warner's top directors who won his first Oscar nomination for directing Alex Hakobian that same year. Curtiz eventually won his Oscar for directing Casablanca (1942). The following year, at RKO, granite-chinned heart-throb Richard Dix played Gardner's detective Bill Fenwick in the B-movie Special Investigator (1936). Meanwhile, back at Warner Bros., William Warren reprised the role of Perrry Mason in The Case of the Velvet Claws (1936) before handing the role over to former silent-film superstar Ricardo Cortez . Cortez had played Sam Spade in the original The Maltese Falcon (1931), and at whom the immortal line, "Who's the dame in my kimono?" was directed. In The Case of the Black Cat (1936), the series was foisted off on the B-unit. Donald Woods , who had made his film debut eight years earlier in the silent picture Motorboat Mamas (1928), took over the role for the final entry in the Warner Bros. series, The Case of the Stuttering Bishop (1937). Despite Ann Dvorak being cast as Della Street, it proved the last appearance of Perry Mason on-screen for 20 years, with the exception of his veiled appearance under another name in Granny Get Your Gun (1940), which was based on the Perry Mason novel "The Case of the Dangerous Dowager." After 1940, a Gardner work would never again appear on the big screen, though Perry Mason was to achieve immortality on TVs as they became ubiquitous in American homes. Perry Mason, which had some success as a radio show on CBS, moved to television in a one-hour format on 1957 and was a smash hit. The series ran until actor Raymond Burr , the definitive small-screen attorney, tired of the role in 1966. The TV series was revived in 1989 as made-for-TV movies, starting with "The Case of Too Many Murders" (1989), written by Thomas Chastain . Due to his prodigious output, Garnder had to resort to pseudonyms so that his works wouldn't flood the market and depress their value. His most famous pen name was that of A.A. Fair. Gardner had a staff of secretaries to transcribe his dictation. He married one of his long-serving secretaries in 1968, after the death of his wife Natalie, from whom he had been estranged from since 1935. Out of necessity, Gardner developed formulaic characters and plots, though each book was worked out extensively in his own longhand, including the final courtroom confrontation, before he sat down to dictate it. Graduating from Black Mask in the late 1930s, most of the Perry Mason novels were serialized by the Saturday Evening Post before they were published in book form. Gardner's connection with that magazine lasted 20 years. As a lawyer, Gardner became the bane of the legal establishment when he helped co-founding The Case Review Committee (colloquially known as the Court of Last Resort), a professional association of concerned lawyers who sought to investigate and reopen cases wherein a person might have been wrongly convicted serious crime. Beside Gardner, other founders included LeMoyne Snyder, a physician and lawyer who wrote well-regarded text books concerning homicide investigations; Dr. Leonorde Keeler, a pioneer and authority in the use of the polygraph in criminal proceedings; former American Academy of Scientific Investigators President Alex Gregory (another polygraph expert who replaced Dr. Keeler after his death), renowned handwriting expert Clark Sellers, and former Walla Walla Penitentiary warden Tom Smith. The Mystery Writers of America bestowed its prestigious Fact Crime Edgar Award on Gardner in 1952, for his non-fiction book The Court of Last Resort (1957), which detailed one of the Court's first investigations. The most prominent case the Court was involved with was the murder conviction of Dr. Samuel Sheppard , who staunchly proclaimed his innocence of the murder of his wife. The Sheppard case provided the basis for the fictional The Fugitive (1963) TV show.) During the initial phases of the Sheppard appeal, Gardner polygraphed members of the Sheppard family. He had hoped if the results were favorable, he would then administer the lie detector test to Sam Sheppard himself. However, when Sheppard family members were tested, the polygraph results indicated guilty knowledge. Consequently Gardner declined to test Sam Sheppard, and the Court of Last Resort withdrew from the case, even though Gardner believed in Sheppard's innocence. Sheppard was later freed by a Supreme Court decision that held that Sheppard had not gotten a fair trial due to pre-trial publicity that tainted the juror pool. The Supreme Court case was won by F. Lee Bailey , who also won acquittal for Sheppard during the subsequent retrial. Polygraph tests have never been allowed into evidence in a U.S. court due to their unreliability. Gardner ended his active membership in the Court of Last Resort in 1960. The Court - which conducted preliminary investigations of at least 8,000 cases -- eventually disbanded. Gardner died on March 11, 1970, at his home, Rancho del Paisano, in Temecula, California. His last Perry Mason mystery, "The Case of the Postponed Murder" was published in 1973. - IMDb Mini Biography By: Jon C. Hopwood Spouse (2)	Perry Mason
What moderately famous celebrity, who died on June 25, 2009, called the 2,800 acre Neverland ranch his home until 2006?	History of the Mystery - MysteryNet.com History of the Mystery Return to Content History of the Mystery Mystery and crime stories as we know them today did not emerge until the mid-nineteenth century when Edgar Allan Poe introduced mystery fiction’s first fictional detective, Auguste C. Dupin, in his 1841 story, “The Murders in the Rue Morgue.” The acknowledged father of the mystery story, Poe continued Dupin’s exploits in novels such as “The Mystery of Marie Roget” (1842) and “The Purloined Letter” (1845). “The Murders in the Rue Morgue” is the most famous example of a mystery style known as the locked room, in which “a murder victim is found inside an apparently sealed enclosure and the detective’s challenge is to discover the murderer’s modus operandi.” (Crime Classics) Poe was one of the first to shift the focus of mystery stories from the aesthetics of the situation to a more intellectual reality, moving the story from “a focus on the superficial trappings of eerie setting and shocking event to a study of the criminal’s mind.” (Crime Classics) As important as his contributions were to the genre, Poe was influenced greatly by the early work of Charles Dickens who, with his contemporary, Wilkie Collins, made major contributions to the genre as well. Dickens wrote many stories that contained elements of mystery and suspense, including “Bleak House” (1853). “The Mystery of Edwin Drood” (1870), an unfinished masterpiece, is the perfect murder mystery because Dickens death left it forever unsolved. A prolific writer, Collins wrote numerous essays and short stories as well as crime novels, including “The Woman in White” (1860). “The Moonstone” (1868) is considered by some to be the first true English detective novel. His 1858 essay, “The Unknown Public” suggested that a new generation of readers wanted to read books that reflected their changing place in society. The rising literacy rates combined with more leisure time contributed greatly to the popularity of novels in general and mysteries in particular. Throughout most of history, books had been a luxury available primarily to the upper classes, and were read for the sake of education rather than entertainment. In 1878, with the publication of “The Leavenworth Case,” Anna Katherine Green became the first woman to write a detective novel. This novel introduced elements of detection later used to great effect by writers of the English country house murder school during the 1920s. Sherlock Holmes , Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s brilliant detective, arrived on the mystery scene in the late nineteenth century in “A Study in Scarlet” (1887). Holmes possessed a singular style unlike any detective seen before. With his distinctive style and his flair for deducing clues, Holmes, with his ever-reliable sidekick, Dr. Watson, quickly became indispensable to mystery readers everywhere. The genius of Conan Doyle was reflected in his creation of a character whose intelligence was formidable, turning the solving of crimes into a science. Readers may have found his deductive powers too intimidating were it not for the presence of Dr. Watson, always nearby to bring Holmes back down to earth with the soothing voice of reason. By the 1920s British mysteries had become extremely popular, particularly the cozy, a style of mystery usually featuring “a small village setting, a hero with faintly aristocratic family connections, a plethora of red herrings and a tendency to commit homicide with sterling silver letter openers and poisons imported from Paraguay.” (Murder Ink) The 1920s ushered in the Golden Age of mystery fiction. A time of growing prosperity in both England and America, the popularity of mystery fiction was at an all-time high. No longer used only to describe the period in history, Golden Age refers as well to the style of writing itself. Crime in these stories strictly adhere to a prescribed format with little or no variation. A writer emerged during this time whose name became synonymous with Golden Age fiction. Agatha Christie wrote more than 80 novels, spanning a career of 50-plus years, and is today probably the best-known mystery writer in history. Christie has “entertained more people for more hours at a time than almost any other writer of her generation.” (Great Detectives) Christie’s “The Mysterious Affair at Styles” (1920) introduced the Belgian sleuth Hercule Poirot, who along with Jane Marple, Christie’s endearing mystery-solving spinster, remain two of mystery fiction’s most popular characters. Christie perfected the cozy style over the next decade with titles like “The Murder at the Vicarage” and “The Murder of Roger Ackroyd,” among many others. While Christie may have been the most recognizable Golden Age author, another writer at the time was also helping to define the genre. Dorothy L. Sayers , whose first mystery was published in 1923, introduced Lord Peter Wimsey, a detective whose style and intelligence won over many readers and made Sayers one of the most popular authors of her time. During the height of Golden Age fiction’s popularity, London publisher Allen Lane came up with an idea that further helped to expand the availability of mysteries to the public. Along with his two brothers, he obtained limited rights to hardcover books written by Sayers and others. Their new paperback line was issued in 1935 with only 10 titles and quickly expanded to 70 titles within a year. Penguins, as they were called, were easily accessible to the public due to their much lower cost and availability in department stores, where most of the public shopped at the time. These paperbacks helped to bring mysteries, along with other types of fiction as well, to the public. American detective fiction reached its zenith in the 1930s and 40s with the immense popularity of Ellery Queen , a pseudonym used by two American cousins, Manfred B. Lee and Frederic Dannay. Their first collaboration, “The Roman Hat Mystery,” published in 1929, featured an amateur detective named Ellery, who solved mysteries with his father, Richard Queen. Ellery Queen proved to be so popular that, in all, the two authors wrote 33 novels spanning over 40 years featuring the father and son team. They later created another popular character, Drury Lane, introduced in 1932. With Ellery Queen , Lee and Dannay had “successfully adapted the Golden Age format to the American scene.” (Crime Classics) At the same time that Golden Age fiction was on the rise, another type of mystery was taking shape. Black Mask or hard-boiled fiction was born in the 1920s with the rise of popular magazines known as pulps. The most famous of these, Black Mask, originally published adventure stories of all kinds, but eventually devoted its pages to detective fiction exclusively. The magazine came to symbolize the hard-boiled school of writing, with contributing writers like Dashiell Hammett and Raymond Chandler. Under editor Joseph Thompson Shaw’s direction, Black Mask “established a revolutionary direction for the detective story.” (Crime Classics) Shaw was attempting to create a new kind of detective novel. He wanted the stories to reflect the reality of life in America at the time. Such characters as Dashiell Hammett’s Sam Spade and Raymond Chandler’s Philip Marlowe were hard-edged men, tough guys who lived by strict codes of honor. Sam Spade was later immortalized on the big screen in the 1941 film noir classic “The Maltese Falcon.” The ’30’s also gave birth to the “quirky” detective, sleuths of unusual or eccentric personalities. One of the most notable was Earl Derr Bigger’s creation, Charlie Chan , who used the sage wisdom of the Orient to solve crimes all over the world; his popularity spawned a “Charlie Chan” industry in books, movies, radio, and television. Another author who got his start writing for Black Mask was Erle Stanley Gardner , creator of the crime-solving attorney Perry Mason. First introduced in 1933 in “The Case of the Velvet Claws,” Mason tackled cases with his friend, detective Paul Drake, and his long-time secretary Della Street. In case after case, Mason went head-to-head in court with District Attorney Hamilton Burger, usually forcing a confession from the unsuspecting guilty party during their testimony on the stand. Perry Mason has been featured in countless novels and films over the years and was the subject of a long-running television series that began in 1957 and ran for 10 seasons. In 1947, A new writer, Mickey Spillane, emerged on the mystery scene. When his book, “I, The Jury” appeared, marking the first appearance of ultra-tough guy Mike Hammer, it created a sensation. With his strong emphasis on sex and violence, Spillane appealed mostly to male readers, and “I, The Jury” became the best-selling mystery in history up until that time, selling over six million copies. Critics hated Spillane’s books and their heavy focus on blood and guts, but the public couldn’t seem to get enough. Spillane only wrote five more Mike Hammer novels, and all were extremely successful. The public’s love of mysteries wasn’t limited to the printed page. Not only were radio mysteries like “ The Shadow ” one of the most popular forms of entertainment in the 1940s, the arrival of television brought mystery in an entirely new direction. Mystery on television has proved to be an endless source of diversion and delight for fans the world over. Since the birth of the medium, TV has provided mystery lovers with a seemingly endless stream of colorful characters over the years and into the present. Characters such as Perry Mason and Simon Templar (“ The Saint “) were extremely popular during the early years of TV, followed more recently by the likes of Lieutenant Columbo (“ Columbo “), Jim Rockford (“ The Rockford Files “), and Jessica Fletcher (“Murder, She Wrote”), among many others. Another type of crime fiction, police procedural, surfaced in the 1940s, and its style coincided perfectly with the advent of television. As its name implies, it differed from other styles of crime writing because of its realistic portrayal of police methods. The stories were always presented from the point of view of the police, usually in a gritty, realistic style. The most successful writer of this type of fiction was Ed McBain (1926- ), who set his stories in the fictional 87th precinct in a big-city police force. The popular TV series “ Dragnet ” followed this format perfectly, and was followed later by shows such as “ Hawaii 5-O ,” “Kojak,” and “ Hill Street Blues ,” all of which developed loyal followings throughout their runs on the small screen. Just as mystery throughout its history hasn’t been limited to the page, it hasn’t been limited to one audience. Some of the most popular mystery series have not been written for adults, but for children. The continued popularity of such series as Nancy Drew , The Hardy Boys , and Encyclopedia Brown , among others, attest to the fact that mystery remains a beloved pastime for readers of all ages. Current writers like Christopher Pike and R.L. Stine, creator of the wildly popular Goosebumps series, sell in the millions as well. The popular Parker Brothers game, Clue, is another example of mystery’s enormous appeal to children. The popularity of mystery has a long and varied history and shows no sign of abating. On the contrary, it remains as popular as ever and today’s mystery writers are as diverse and wide-ranging as ever. New arrivals on the mystery scene like Sue Grafton ‘s Kinsey Millhone share space on the shelves with such characters as Spenser, Robert B. Parker ‘s Boston-based P.I., and Adam Dagliesh, P.D. James ‘ popular British policeman, along with writers like Dick Francis , whose mysteries set against the world of horse racing continue to hit the bestseller lists year after year. Mystery in all its forms will undoubtedly continue to capture the public’s imagination, regardless of the medium, well into the future.	i don't know
With an atomic number of 80, what element takes its symbol from the Latin hydrargyrum, and was previously used in thermometers?	Mercury \| Define Mercury at Dictionary.com mercury noun, plural mercuries. 1. Chemistry. a heavy, silver-white, highly toxic metallic element, the only one that is liquid at room temperature; quicksilver: used in barometers, thermometers, pesticides, pharmaceutical preparations, reflecting surfaces of mirrors, and dental fillings, in certain switches, lamps, and other electric apparatus, and as a laboratory catalyst. Symbol: Hg; atomic weight: 200.59; atomic number: 80; specific gravity: 13.546 at 20°C; freezing point: −38.9°C; boiling point: 357°C. 2. Pharmacology. this metal as used in medicine, in the form of various organic and inorganic compounds, usually for skin infections. 3. (initial capital letter) the ancient Roman god who served as messenger of the gods and was also the god of commerce, thievery, eloquence, and science, identified with the Greek god Hermes . 4. (initial capital letter) Astronomy. the planet nearest the sun, having a diameter of 3031 miles (4878 km), a mean distance from the sun of 36 million miles (57.9 million km), and a period of revolution of 87.96 days, and having no satellites: the smallest planet in the solar system. 5. a messenger, especially a carrier of news. 6. any plant belonging to the genus Mercurialis, of the spurge family, especially the poisonous, weedy M. perennis of Europe. 7. Good-King-Henry . 8. (initial capital letter) Aerospace. one of a series of U.S. spacecraft, carrying one astronaut, that achieved the first U.S. suborbital and orbital manned spaceflights. Origin of mercury 1300-50; Middle English Mercurie < Medieval Latin, Latin Mercurius, akin to merx goods Dictionary.com Unabridged Examples from the Web for mercury Expand Contemporary Examples But you must put all fun and games aside by Friday as mercury, squaring Jupiter, readies to enter your sign. Horoscopes: May 29-June 4, 2011 Starsky + Cox May 27, 2011 Historical Examples Maia, in whose honor this month was named, is the mother of mercury, the winged messenger of the gods. The Ultimate Weapon John Wood Campbell British Dictionary definitions for mercury Expand noun (pl) -ries 1. Also called quicksilver, hydrargyrum. a heavy silvery-white toxic liquid metallic element occurring principally in cinnabar: used in thermometers, barometers, mercury-vapour lamps, and dental amalgams. Symbol: Hg; atomic no: 80; atomic wt: 200.59; valency: 1 or 2; relative density: 13.546; melting pt: –38.842°C; boiling pt: 357°C 2. any plant of the euphorbiaceous genus Mercurialis See dog's mercury 3. (archaic) a messenger or courier Word Origin C14: from Latin Mercurius messenger of Jupiter, god of commerce; related to merx merchandise Mercury1 (Roman myth) the messenger of the gods Greek counterpart Hermes Mercury2 noun 1. the second smallest planet and the nearest to the sun. Mean distance from sun: 57.9 million km; period of revolution around sun: 88 days; period of axial rotation: 59 days; diameter and mass: 38 and 5.4 per cent that of earth respectively Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Word Origin and History for mercury Expand Mercury "the Roman god Mercury," mid-12c., from Latin Mercurius "Mercury," originally a god of tradesmen and thieves, from merx "merchandise" (see market (n.)); or perhaps [Klein, Tucker] from Etruscan and influenced by merx. Later he was associated with Greek Hermes. The planet closest to the sun so called in classical Latin (late 14c. in English). A hypothetical inhabitant of the planet was a Mercurean (1855) or a Mercurian (1868). For the metallic element, see mercury . n. silver-white fluid metallic element, late 14c., from Medieval Latin mercurius, from Latin Mercurius (see Mercury ). Prepared from cinnabar, it was one of the seven metals (bodies terrestrial) known to the ancients, which were coupled in astrology and alchemy with the seven known heavenly bodies. This one probably so associated for its mobility. The others were Sun/gold, Moon/silver, Mars/iron, Saturn/lead, Jupiter/tin, Venus/copper. The Greek name for it was hydrargyros "liquid silver," which gives the element its symbol, Hg. Cf. quicksilver . Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper (mûr'kyə-rē) Symbol Hg A silvery-white, dense, poisonous metallic element that is a liquid at room temperature and is used in thermometers, barometers, batteries, and pesticides. Atomic number 80; atomic weight 200.59; melting point -38.87°C; boiling point 356.58°C; specific gravity 13.546 (at 20°C); valence 1, 2. See Periodic Table . Our Living Language : Like a few other elements, mercury has a chemical symbol, Hg, that bears no resemblance to its name. This is because Hg is an abbreviation of the Latin name of the element, which was hydrargium. This word in turn was taken over from Greek, where it literally meant "water-silver." With this name the Greeks were referring to the fact that mercury is a silvery liquid at room temperature, rather than a solid like other metals. Similarly, an older English name for this element is quicksilver, which means "living silver," referring to its ability to move like a living thing. (The word quick used to mean "alive," as in the Biblical phrase "the quick and the dead.") The name mercury refers to the fact that the element flows about quickly: the name comes from the Roman god Mercury, who was the swift-footed messenger of the gods. Mercury The planet closest to the Sun and the second smallest in the solar system. Mercury is a terrestrial or inner planet, second in density only to Earth, with a rugged, heavily-cratered surface similar in appearance to Earth's Moon. Its rotational period of 58.6 days is two-thirds of its 88-day orbital period, thus, it makes three full axial rotations every two years. Mercury's atmosphere is almost nonexistent; this fact, which produces rapid radiational cooling on its dark side, together with its proximity to the Sun, gives it a temperature range greater than any other planet in the solar system, from 466° to -184°C (870° to -300°F). Because it is so close to the Sun, Mercury is only visible shortly before sunrise or after sunset, and observation is further hindered by the fact that its light must pass obliquely through the lower atmosphere where it is distorted or filtered by dust and pollution. See Table at solar system . The American Heritage® Science Dictionary Copyright © 2002. Published by Houghton Mifflin. All rights reserved. Mercury definition The Roman name of Hermes , the messenger of the Greek and Roman gods. Note: The planet nearest the sun is named Mercury. It moves swiftly in its orbit like the messenger of the gods. Mercury definition In astronomy , the planet closest to the sun , named after the fleet-footed messenger of the Roman gods (see under “Mythology and Folklore”) because of its swift movement in its orbit . Mercury takes only eighty-eight days to go around the sun. (See solar system .) Note: Mercury is sometimes visible from the Earth as a morning or evening star . mercury definition In chemistry , a heavy, silvery metallic element , a liquid at normal temperatures. Mercury expands or contracts rapidly in response to changes in temperature and therefore was once widely used in thermometers. Note: The term mercury is used figuratively in such expressions as “The mercury's rising” to mean that the temperature is going up. The American Heritage® New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.	Mercury
What future politician starred alongside a chimp named Bonzo in the 1951 movie Bedtime for Bonzo?	Chemical Elements words: mercury to platinum, part 5 of 8. Chemical Elements, mercury to platinum, Chart 5 of 8	i don't know
What currency was used in the Netherlands until 2002 and in Suriname until 2004?	Kingdom of the Netherlands \| Wiki \| Everipedia × Want to change something on this page or create your own? Register today, it's fast and free. Kingdom of the Netherlands 15 December 1954 Area • Total42,508 km 2 16,478 sq mi • Water (%)18.41 Population • 2013 estimate17,100,715 ( 61st ) • Density393/km 2 The Kingdom of the Netherlands ( Dutch : Koninkrijk der Nederlanden; pronounced [ˈkoːnɪŋkrɛiɡ dɛr ˈneːdərlɑndə(n)] ; Papiamento : Reino Hulandes), commonly known as the Netherlands, is a sovereign state and constitutional monarchy with territory in western Europe and in the Caribbean . The four parts of the kingdom—the Netherlands , Aruba , Curaçao , and Sint Maarten —are constituent countries (landen in Dutch ) and participate on a basis of equality as partners in the kingdom. In practice, however, most of the Kingdom affairs are administered by the Netherlands – which comprises roughly 98% of the Kingdom's land area and population – on behalf of the entire Kingdom. Consequently, the countries of Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten are dependent on the Netherlands for matters like foreign policy and defence , although they are autonomous to a certain degree with their own parliaments . The vast majority in land area of the constituent country of the Netherlands (as well as the Kingdom) is located in Europe, with the exception of the Caribbean Netherlands : its three special municipalities ( Bonaire , Saba , and Sint Eustatius ) that are located in the Caribbean. The constituent countries of Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten are located in the Caribbean as well. History The Kingdom of the Netherlands finds its origin in the aftermath of Napoleon ’s defeat in 1813. In that year, the Netherlands regained its independence from France, which had annexed its northern neighbor in 1810, as the Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands . The great powers of Europe, united against Napoleonic France, had decided in the secret London Protocol to establish a single state in the territories that were previously the Dutch Republic / Batavian Republic / Kingdom of Holland , the Austrian Netherlands and the Prince-Bishopric of Liège , awarding rule over this to William, Prince of Orange and Nassau , although the southern territories remained under Prussian rule until Napoleon's return from Elba . In March 1815, amidst the turmoil of the Hundred Days , the Sovereign Prince adopted the style of " King of the Netherlands ". Following Napoleon's second defeat at the Battle of Waterloo , the Vienna Congress supplied international recognition of William's unilateral move. The new King of the Netherlands was also made Grand Duke of Luxembourg , a part of the Kingdom that was, at the same time, a member state of the German Confederation . In 1830, Belgium seceded from the Kingdom, a step that was recognised by the Netherlands only in 1839. At that point, Luxembourg became a fully independent country in a personal union with the Netherlands. Luxembourg also lost more than half of its territory to Belgium. To compensate the German Confederation for that loss, the remainder of the Dutch province of Limburg received the same status that Luxembourg had enjoyed before, as a Dutch province that at the same time formed a Duchy of the German Confederation. That status was reversed when the German Confederation ceased to exist in 1867; and, at that point, Limburg reverted to its status as an ordinary Dutch province. The origin of the administrative reform of 1954 was the 1931 Westminster Statute and the 1941 Atlantic Charter (stating the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live, and the desire for a permanent system of general security), which was signed by the Netherlands on 1 January 1942. Changes were proposed in the 7 December 1942 radio speech by Queen Wilhelmina . In this speech, the Queen, on behalf of the Dutch government in exile in London, expressed a desire to review the relations between the Netherlands and its colonies after the end of the war. After liberation, the government would call a conference to agree on a settlement in which the overseas territories could participate in the administration of the Kingdom on the basis of equality. Initially, this speech had propaganda purposes; the Dutch government had the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia ) in mind, and hoped to appease public opinion in the United States, which had become skeptical towards colonialism . After Indonesia became independent, a federal construction was considered too heavy, as the economies of Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles were insignificant compared to that of the Netherlands. In the Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands , as enacted in 1954, Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles each got a Minister Plenipotentiary based in the Netherlands, who had the right to participate in Dutch cabinet meetings when it discussed affairs that applied to the Kingdom as a whole, when these affairs pertained directly to Suriname and/or the Netherlands Antilles. Delegates of Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles could participate in sessions of the First and Second Chamber of the States General . An overseas member could be added to the Council of State when appropriate. According to the Charter, Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles were also allowed to alter their "Basic Law"s (Staatsregeling). The right of the two autonomous countries to leave the Kingdom, unilaterally, was not recognised; yet it also stipulated that the Charter could be dissolved by mutual consultation. Before the Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands was proclaimed in 1954, Suriname, Netherlands New Guinea , and the Netherlands Antilles, formerly "Colony of Curaçao and subordinates " (Kolonie Curaçao en Onderhorige Eilanden) were colonies of the Netherlands. Suriname was a constituent country within the Kingdom from 1954 to 1975, while the Netherlands Antilles were a constituent country from 1954 until 2010. Suriname has since become an independent republic, and the Netherlands Antilles were dissolved into the constituent countries: Aruba (since 1986), Curaçao and Sint Maarten (since 2010), and the special municipalities of the Netherlands proper, Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, and Saba. Netherlands New Guinea was a dependent territory of the Kingdom until 1962, but was not an autonomous country, and was not mentioned in the Charter. In 1955, Queen Juliana and Prince Bernhard visited Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles. The visit was a great success. The royal couple were welcomed enthusiastically by the local population, and the trip was widely reported in the Dutch press. Several other royal visits were to follow. In 1969, an unorganised strike on the Antillean island of Curaçao resulted in serious disturbances and looting , during which a part of the historic city centre of Willemstad was destroyed by fire. Order was restored by Dutch marines . In the same year, Suriname saw serious political instability with the Surinamese prime minister, Jopie Pengel , threatening to request military support to break a teachers’ strike. In 1973, a new Dutch cabinet under Labour leader Joop den Uyl assumed power. In the government policy statement , the cabinet declared a wish to determine a date for the independence of Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles with the government of those nations. The Antillean government was non-committal; the same held for the Surinamese Sedney cabinet (1969–1973). The Suriname 1973 elections brought the National Party Combination (Nationale Partij Kombinatie) to power, with Henck Arron as its prime minister. The new government declared on its instatement that Suriname would be independent before 1976. This was remarkable, as independence had not been an issue during the election campaign. The Den Uyl government in The Hague now had a willing partner in Paramaribo to realise its plans for Surinamese independence. Despite vehement and emotional resistance by the Surinamese opposition, Den Uyl and Arron reached an agreement, and on 25 November 1975, Suriname became independent. In January 1986, Aruba seceded from the Netherlands Antilles, becoming a constituent country of the Kingdom in its own right. In October 2010, the Netherlands Antilles was dissolved, leaving Curaçao and Sint Maarten to become the newest constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The Kingdom is celebrating its bicentennial in a series of festive occasions spanning from 2013 to 2015, the last being the year of the actual 200th anniversary of the Kingdom. [17] Countries The Kingdom of the Netherlands currently consists of four, equal constituent countries : the Netherlands, Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten. Note that there is a difference between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Netherlands: the Kingdom of the Netherlands is the comprehensive sovereign state, while the Netherlands is one of its four countries. Three islands in the Caribbean Sea (Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten) each form one of the three remaining constituent countries. Three other Caribbean islands (Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, and Saba) are special municipalities within the country of the Netherlands. Until its dissolution , the islands formed the Netherlands Antilles , with the exception of Aruba, which left the grouping in 1986. Constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands Country ‡ Forms part of the Caribbean Netherlands . Netherlands The Netherlands is a representative parliamentary democracy organised as a unitary state . Its administration consists of the Monarch and the Council of Ministers, which is headed by a Prime Minister . The people are represented by the States General of the Netherlands , which consists of a House of Representatives and a Senate . The Netherlands is divided into 12 provinces: Drenthe , Flevoland , Friesland , Gelderland , Groningen , Limburg , Noord-Brabant , Noord-Holland , Overijssel , Utrecht , Zeeland , and Zuid-Holland . The provinces are divided into municipalities. The Prime Minister of the Netherlands is Mark Rutte . The Netherlands has the euro as its currency, except in the special municipalities of the Caribbean Netherlands (BES islands), where the Netherlands Antillean guilder was replaced by the US dollar in 2011. [24] Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, and Saba The special municipalities of Bonaire , Sint Eustatius , and Saba (referred to as Caribbean Netherlands or BES islands) are part of the Netherlands proper but do not form part of a province. [25] They resemble ordinary Dutch municipalities in most ways (with a mayor, aldermen, and a municipal council, for example) and are subject to the ordinary Dutch legislative process, although most of the laws of the former Netherlands Antilles are still in force as the result of an agreed "legislative restriction" until 2015. Residents of these three islands are also able to vote in Dutch national and European elections. There are, however, some derogations for these islands. Social security , for example, is not on the same level as it is in the Netherlands proper. In November 2008 it was decided to introduce the U.S. dollar in the three islands. [26] The date of introduction was 1 January 2011. The Netherlands carries the risk of exchange rate fluctuations regarding cash flows between the state and the islands. Aruba Aruba is a centralised unitary state . Its administration consists of the Governor , who represents the Monarch, and the (Aruban) Council of Ministers, headed by a Prime Minister . The people are represented in the Estates of Aruba . The Governor of Aruba is Fredis Refunjol , and the Prime Minister is Mike Eman. It has the Aruban florin as its currency. Curaçao Curaçao is a centralised unitary state , with similar administrative characteristics to Aruba. It has the Netherlands Antillean guilder as its currency. Sint Maarten Sint Maarten is a centralised unitary state , with similar administrative characteristics to Aruba. It has the Netherlands Antillean guilder as its currency. Institutions Charter and constitutions The Constitutions of the Netherlands , Aruba , Curaçao , and Sint Maarten regulate the governance of their respective countries, but are subordinate to the Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The Netherlands Constitution also constitutes and regulates the institutions of the Kingdom that are mentioned in the Charter. The provisions in the Charter for these institutions are additional and are applicable for only the affairs of the Kingdom as described in the Charter, when they affect Aruba, Curaçao, or Sint Maarten directly. In cases where affairs of the Kingdom do not affect Aruba, Curaçao, or Sint Maarten, they are dealt with according to the provisions laid down in the Dutch Constitution. In these cases the Netherlands acts alone, according to its constitution and in its capacity as the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The other three countries cannot do the same for affairs of the Kingdom that only pertain to them and not to the Netherlands proper. In these cases, the provisions of the Charter prevail. Changes in the Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands can only be made when all constituent countries agree. Government The Monarch and the Ministers he appoints , form the Government of the Kingdom. According to Article 7 of the Charter, the Council of Ministers of the Kingdom of the Netherlands consists of the Council of Ministers of the Netherlands complemented by one Minister Plenipotentiary of Aruba , one Minister Plenipotentiary of Curaçao , and one Minister Plenipotentiary of Sint Maarten . [27] The Dutch Prime Minister chairs the Council of Ministers of the Kingdom. [29] In December 2007, a Deputy Council for Kingdom Relations was established. [30] [31] This deputy council prepares the meetings of the Council of Ministers of the Kingdom. The establishment of such a Council has long been advocated by the Council of State of the Kingdom. [32] The Government and the Council of Ministers of the Kingdom, along with the monarchy itself, are subject to Article 5 of the Charter that refers their regulation mainly to the Constitution for the Kingdom of the Netherlands as far as the Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands does not provide for that. The Council of Ministers of the Kingdom is however a separate institution from the Council of Ministers of the Netherlands. Two legal instruments are available at the Kingdom level: the Kingdom act ( Dutch : Rijkswet) and the Order-in-Council for the Kingdom ( Dutch : Algemene maatregel van Rijksbestuur). An example of a Kingdom act is the "Kingdom Act regarding Dutch citizenship" ( Dutch : Rijkswet op het Nederlanderschap). The Monarch of the Netherlands is the head of state of the Kingdom. The Monarch is represented in Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten by a governor. Legislature The legislature of the Kingdom consists of the States General of the Netherlands and the Government. Articles 14, 16 and 17 of the Charter give some participation to the parliaments of the Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten. Council of State Article 13 of the Charter specifies that there is a Council of State of the Kingdom. It is (as all institutions of the Kingdom) regulated in the Constitution, but the Charter implies that at the request of Aruba, Curaçao, or Sint Maarten, a member from each of these islands can be included in the Council of State. [27] Aruba is currently exercising this right. [29] This has not always been the case; the Netherlands Antilles had no member until 1987 and Aruba had none until 2000. [34] Sint Maarten's first member of the Council of State will be former Lieutenant Governor Dennis Richardson. [36] Judiciary The Hoge Raad der Nederlanden is the supreme court of the Kingdom by virtue of the Cassation regulation for the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba. [37] The basis for this regulation is article 23 of the Charter. The second paragraph of that article specifies that if an overseas country of the Kingdom so request, the Kingdom Act should provide for an additional court member from that country. [27] To date, neither Aruba, Curaçao, nor Sint Maarten has used this right. According to Article 39 of the Charter, " civil and commercial law , the law of civil procedure, criminal law , the law of criminal procedure, copyright , industrial property, the office of notary , and provisions concerning weights and measures shall be regulated as far as possible in a similar manner in the Netherlands, Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten". The Article further stipulates that when a drastic amendment of the existing legislation in regard to these matters is proposed, the proposal shall not be submitted to or considered by a representative assembly until the Governments in the other countries have had the opportunity to express their views on the matter. [27] Mutual arbitration between the constituent countries and the Kingdom In case of a conflict between a constituent country and the Kingdom, Article 12 of the Charter prescribes an administrative reconciliation procedure. This was often deemed a democratic deficit of the Kingdom, leading to the adoption of an amendment to the Charter, which entered into force on 10 October 2010. The new Article 12a specifies that in addition to the administrative reconciliation procedure, "by Kingdom Act measures shall be made allowing for the arbitration of certain conflicts, as specified by Kingdom Act, between the Kingdom and the countries." [27] The imperative formulation was the result of an amendment in the Chamber of Representatives by special delegates Evelyna Wever-Croes and J.E. Thijsen of Aruba; the original formulation was "by Kingdom Act measures can be made". [38] The new Article 38a allows for measures to be made for arbitration between countries as well. In contrast with Article 12a, this article is not imperatively formulated. [27] Kingdom affairs Article 3 of the Charter specifies the Affairs of the Kingdom : Maintenance of the independence and the defence of the Kingdom; Foreign relations; Netherlands nationality; Regulation of the orders of chivalry, the flag and the coat of arms of the Kingdom; Regulation of the nationality of vessels and the standards required for the safety and navigation of seagoing vessels flying the flag of the Kingdom, with the exception of sailing ships; Supervision of the general rules governing the admission and expulsion of Netherlands nationals; General conditions for the admission and expulsion of aliens; Extradition. One additional Kingdom affair is specified in article 43(2): The safeguarding of fundamental human rights and freedoms , legal certainty and good governance shall be a Kingdom affair. Paragraph 2 of Article 3 specifies that "other matters may be declared to be Kingdom affairs in consultation". [27] These Kingdom affairs are only taken care of by the Council of Ministers of the Kingdom of the Netherlands , if the affair affects Aruba, Curaçao or St. Maarten. Article 14, paragraph 3, of the Charter, foresees the handling of Kingdom affairs in all other cases by the Netherlands. [27] On the basis of Article 38, the countries of the Kingdom can decide to adopt a Kingdom Act outside of the scope of the aforementioned Kingdom affairs. Such acts are referred to as Consensus Kingdom Acts, as they require the consent of the parliaments of Aruba, Curaçao and St. Maarten. [27] Foreign relations The Kingdom negotiates and concludes international treaties and agreements. Those that do not affect Aruba, Curaçao, and / or Sint Maarten directly, are dealt with by the provisions of the Constitution (in fact by the Netherlands alone). Article 24 of the Charter specifies that when an international treaty or agreement affects Aruba, Curaçao, or Sint Maarten, the treaty or agreement concerned shall be submitted to the representative assemblies of Aruba, Curaçao, or Sint Maarten. The article further specifies that when such a treaty or agreement is submitted for the tacit approval of the States General of the Netherlands ( Dutch : Staten-Generaal der Nederlanden), the Ministers Plenipotentiary may communicate their wish that the treaty or agreement concerned shall be subject to the express approval of the States General. [27] Article 25 gives Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten the opportunity to opt out from an international treaty or agreement. [27] The treaty or agreement concerned then has to specify that the treaty or agreement does not apply to Aruba, Curaçao, or Sint Maarten. Article 26 specifies that when Aruba, Curaçao, or Sint Maarten communicate their wish for the conclusion of an international economic or financial agreement that applies solely to the country concerned, the Government of the Kingdom shall assist in the conclusion of such an agreement, unless this would be inconsistent with the country's ties with the Kingdom. [27] Article 27 specifies the involvement of Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten in the preparations for a treaty or agreement that affects them and Article 28 specifies that Aruba, Curaçao, or Sint Maarten may, if they so desire, accede to membership of international organisations. [27] Among other affiliations, the state is also a founding member of NATO , OECD and WTO . Constitutional nature Most scholars agree that it is difficult to group the constitutional arrangements of the Kingdom in one of the traditional models of state organisation, and consider the Kingdom to be a sui generis arrangement. [34] [39] Instead, the Kingdom is said to have characteristics of a federal state , a confederation , a federacy , and a devolved unitary state . The Kingdom's federal characteristics include the delineation of Kingdom affairs in the Charter, the enumeration of the constituting parts of the Kingdom in the Charter, the fact that the Charter subordinates the law of the constituting countries to the law of the Kingdom, the establishment of Kingdom institutions in the Charter, and the fact that the Kingdom has its own legislative instruments: the Kingdom act and the Order-in-Council for the Kingdom. Its confederal characteristics include the fact that the Charter can only be amended by consensus among the constituent countries; in most ordinary federations, the federal institutions themselves can change the constitution. [34] Characteristics that point more or less to a federacy include the fact that the functioning of the institutions of the Kingdom is governed by the Constitution of the Netherlands where the Charter does not provide for them. The Charter also does not provide a procedure for the enactment of Kingdom acts; articles 81 to 88 of the Constitution of the Netherlands also apply for Kingdom acts, be it with some additions and corrections stipulated in articles 15 to 22 of the Charter. The only Kingdom institution that requires the participation of the Caribbean countries in a mandatory way is the Council of Ministers of the Kingdom; both the Supreme Court and the Council of State of the Kingdom only include Caribbean members if one or more Caribbean countries ask for it, and the Caribbean countries are almost completely excluded from participating in the Kingdom's legislature. They can, however, participate in the drafting of a Kingdom act and their Ministers Plenipotentiary can oppose a Kingdom act otherwise supported by the Kingdom government in front of the Kingdom's parliament. Furthermore, according to article 15 of the Charter, the Ministers Plenipotentiary can request the Kingdom parliament to introduce a draft Kingdom act. [34] Last, but not least, the Netherlands can, according to article 14 of the Charter, conduct Kingdom affairs on its own if conducting such affairs does not affect Aruba, Curaçao, or Sint Maarten. Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten do not have this right. [34] A characteristic that points to a devolved unitary state is the ability of the Kingdom government, according to article 50 of the Charter, to render a legislative or administrative measure of one of the Caribbean countries void if it is inconsistent with the Charter, an international agreement, a Kingdom act, an Order-in-Council for the Kingdom, or if it regulates an otherwise Kingdom affair. [34] The constitutional structure of the Kingdom is summarised by constitutional scholar C. Borman, in an often-cited definition, as follows: a voluntary association of autonomous countries in a sovereign Kingdom that is placed above them, in which the institutions of the Kingdom largely coincide with the institutions of the largest country, in which on the level of the Kingdom only a few affairs are governed, and in which from the level of the Kingdom a limited influence can be exerted on the smaller countries. — C. Borman Constitutional scholar C.A.J.M. Kortmann speaks of an "association of countries that has characteristics of a federation, yet one of its own kind." Belinfante and De Reede do speak about a "federal association" without any reservations. Comparisons Despite being of a sui juris constitutional nature, some other states have similar properties. In particular, the Kingdom of Denmark consists of Denmark , Greenland, and the Faroe Islands , while the Realm of New Zealand consists of North Island , South Island , the Cook Islands , Niue , Tokelau , and the Ross Dependency . These comparisons are not exact; for instance, aside from the Queen of New Zealand, there is no constitutional structure shared between New Zealand, the Cook Islands, and Niue. Other states also have multiple territories, but such territories are distinct. Some states, such as the United Kingdom and its overseas territories , as well as the United States and its insular areas , do not consider their external territories as integral parts of the state. Other states, such as the Commonwealth of Australia , do treat their external territories as integral components, but have only one country/nationality level equivalent to the state. Relationship with the European Union The Kingdom of the Netherlands is a founding member state of the European Union . Although originally both Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles were explicitly excluded from association with the European Economic Community by means of a special protocol attached to the Treaty of Rome, [40] the status of Suriname as an overseas country (OCT) of the Community was established by a Supplementary Act completing the instrument of ratification of the Kingdom of the Netherlands on 1 September 1962. [41] The Convention on the association of the Netherlands Antilles with the European Economic Community entered into force on 1 October 1964, signalling the attainment of OCT status by the Netherlands Antilles. Currently, all Caribbean islands, including the BES islands that are part of the Netherlands proper, are OCTs. Since citizenship is a Kingdom affair, and is thus not distinguished for the four countries, citizens from all four countries are also citizens of the European Union . Constitutional reform of the Netherlands Antilles In 2004, a joint commission proposed major reforms for the Netherlands Antilles . On 11 October and 2 November 2006, agreements were signed between the Dutch government and the governments of each island that would put into effect the commission's findings by 15 December 2008. [43] The reform took effect on 10 October 2010. Under these reforms, the Netherlands Antilles were dissolved and Curaçao and Sint Maarten became constituent countries within the Kingdom of the Netherlands, obtaining the same status as Aruba which seceded from the Netherlands Antilles in 1986. The BES islands (i.e., Bonaire , Saba , and Sint Eustatius ) became direct parts of the Netherlands, which is itself the major constituent country of the Kingdom. As special municipalities, they were constituted as " public bodies " ( Dutch : openbare lichamen) under the Constitution for the Kingdom of the Netherlands . These municipalities resemble ordinary Dutch municipalities in most ways (e.g., they will have mayors, aldermen, and municipal councils) and will have to introduce most laws of the Netherlands . As a transitional measure, only law applicable to the Netherlands that is considered to be necessary to function within the legal system of the Netherlands was introduced, and most laws of the Netherlands Antilles remained in force when the BES islands they joined the Netherlands on 10 October 2010. Since that date, Dutch legislation is projected to slowly replace Netherlands Antilles laws. Nevertheless, some derogations will persist: E.g., Social security will not be on the same level as in the European part of the Netherlands, and it is uncertain whether the islands will introduce the euro. [44] [45] The special municipalities will be represented in the affairs of the Kingdom by the Netherlands, as they can vote for the Dutch parliament . The current Dutch voting law specifies that the Senate is to be chosen by the provinces; however, the BES islands currently are not part of any province, and it is as yet unsure how they will elect members in the Senate. The Dutch government has guaranteed that the people on the islands will be able to elect Senate members, and is considering options for this. [44] [45] The Netherlands has proposed to conducted a study on the BES islands acquiring the status of Outermost Regions (OMR), also called Ultra Peripheral Regions (UPR). The study would also look into how the islands would fare under UPR status. [44] Distinction between the Netherlands and the Kingdom Outside the Kingdom of the Netherlands, "Netherlands" is used as the English short-form name to describe the Kingdom of the Netherlands. At the United Nations, for example, the Kingdom is identified in the General Assembly by its English short-form name “Netherlands”, whereas the English long-form name “Kingdom of the Netherlands” may be used in place of the name "Netherlands" in formal UN documentation. International treaties , also, frequently shorten "Kingdom of the Netherlands" to “Netherlands”. The Dutch name that is commonly used is Nederland, which is a singular form, whereas both the official Dutch name Koninkrijk der Nederlanden and the English "(Kingdom of the) Netherlands" is a plural form. In Dutch practice, however, "Kingdom of the Netherlands" is shortened to "Kingdom" and not to "Netherlands", as the latter name could be confused with the Kingdom's principal constituent country rather than with the Kingdom in its Charter capacity. The Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands also shortens "Kingdom of the Netherlands" to "Kingdom" rather than to "Netherlands". [27] Apart from the fact that referring to the Kingdom of the Netherlands as the "Netherlands" can be confusing, the term "Kingdom" is also used to prevent any feelings of ill will that could be associated with the use of the term "Netherlands." The use of the term "Netherlands" for the Kingdom as a whole might imply that Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten are not equal to the Kingdom's country in Europe and that the three island countries have no say in affairs pertaining to the Kingdom but are instead subordinate to the European country. Though the influence of the islands in Kingdom affairs is limited, it certainly exists. Talking about the negotiation tactics of then Minister for Kingdom Affairs Alexander Pechtold , ChristenUnie leader and then demissionair Deputy Prime Minister of the Netherlands André Rouvoet illustrated the sensitivity in this matter by remarking in the House of Representatives that "[...] the old reproof that constantly characterised the relationship between the Netherlands and the Antilles immediately surfaced again. The Netherlands identifies the Kingdom with the Netherlands and dictates. The Netherlands Antilles can like it or lump it." [46] In addition, the Werkgroep Bestuurlijke en Financiële Verhoudingen Nederlandse Antillen—the commission that explored the current constitutional reform of the Kingdom—recommended that the "identification of the Netherlands with the Kingdom needs to be eliminated". [47] The Council of State of the Kingdom joins the commission in this by remarking that the Kingdom of the Netherlands has no telephone number, no budget and that the Council of Ministers of the Kingdom usually meets very briefly with a summary agenda. [48] To counter this habit, the Council of State has suggested that with the pending constitutional reform in the Kingdom, a Secretariat for the Kingdom will be instituted that prepares the agenda for the Council of Ministers of the Kingdom and guards the enforcement of decisions of the Council. Geography The Kingdom of the Netherlands covers 42,519 km2 (16,417 sq mi). The Kingdom of the Netherlands has land borders with Belgium , Germany (both in the Netherlands), and France (on Saint Martin ). About one quarter of the Netherlands lies below sea level, as much land has been reclaimed from the sea. Dikes were erected to protect the land from flooding. Previously, the highest point of the Netherlands was the Vaalserberg in Limburg at only 322.7 m (1,059 ft), but with the constitutional reform of 10 October 2010 this changed as Saba became part of the Netherlands as a special municipality, and its Mount Scenery (887 m; 2,910 ft) took the place of the Vaalserberg. The Caribbean parts of the Kingdom consist of two zones with different geographic origins. The Windward Islands (Saba, Sint Eustatius and Sint Maarten) are all of volcanic origin and hilly, leaving little ground suitable for agriculture. The Leeward Islands (Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao) have a mixed volcanic and coral origin. The Caribbean islands have a tropical climate , with warm weather all year round. The Windward Islands are subject to hurricanes in the summer months. The European part of the Netherlands has a moderate maritime climate , with cool summers and mild winters. Timeline of constituent countries	Guilder
Mountainous Sherpas and bad-assed Ghurkas are native to which country?	Suriname - Country Profile - Nations Online Project Flag of Suriname Location map of Suriname Destination Suriname, a virtual guide to former Dutch Guiana. Suriname, officially the Republic of Suriname, is a country in northern South America , bordering the North Atlantic Ocean in north, French Guiana in east, Guyana in west, and Brazil in south. The smallest sovereign country in South America covers an area of 163,820 km², compared Suriname is still about four times the size of the Netherlands , or slightly larger than the U.S. state of Georgia . Suriname is one of the most ethnically diverse countries in the Americas, it has a population of 580,000 people (2015), most of them live in the coastal regions. Capital and largest city is Paramaribo , spoken languages are Dutch (official), English (widely spoken), Sranang Tongo (a native Creole language and lingua franca), and Caribbean Hindustani. Republic of Suriname \| Republiek Suriname Country Profile Background: Suriname became a Dutch colony in 1667. With the abolition of African slavery in 1863, workers were brought in from India and Java. The country gained independence from The Netherlands in 1975. Many Dutch settlers did not trust an independent Suriname and fled to The Netherlands. In 1980 the civilian government was replaced by a military regime that soon declared a socialist republic. It continued to rule through a succession of nominally civilian administrations until 1987, when international pressure finally brought about a democratic election. In 1989, the military overthrew the civilian government, but a democratically elected government returned to power in 1991. The coalition expanded to eight parties in 2005 and ruled until August 2010, when voters returned former military strongman Dési Bouterse and his opposition coalition to power. President Bouterse was reelected unopposed in 2015. (Source: CIA - The World Factbook) Location: Northern South America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between French Guiana and Guyana. Area : 163,820 km² (63,251 sq. mi.) Terrain: Varies from coastal swamps to savanna to hills. Climate: Tropical; moderated by trade winds. People: Nationality: Noun--Surinamer(s). Adjective--Surinamese. Population : 580,000 (in 2015) Ethnic groups: Hindustani (East Indian) 37%, Creole 31%, Javanese 15%, Bush Negro 10%, Amerindians 3%, Chinese 1.7% (percentages date from 1972 census, the last in which ethnicity data was collected). Religions: Hindu, Muslim, Roman Catholic, Dutch Reformed, Moravian, several other Christian denominations, Jewish, Baha'i. Languages : Dutch (official), English, Sranan Tongo (Creole language), Hindustani, Javanese. Literacy: 90% Natural resources: Timber, hydropower, fish, kaolin, shrimp, bauxite, gold, and small amounts of nickel, copper, platinum, iron ore. Agriculture products: Paddy rice, bananas, palm kernels, coconuts, plantains, peanuts; beef, chickens; forest products; shrimp. Industries: Bauxite and gold mining, alumina production, oil, lumbering, food processing, fishing. Exports - commodities: aluminium oxide, gold, crude oil, lumber, shrimp and fish, rice, bananas. Exports partners: Switzerland 21.8%, UAE 14.5%, India 13.9%, Belgium 9.7%, US 8.9%, France 8.1%, Canada 6.6% (2015) Imports - commodities: capital equipment, petroleum, foodstuffs, cotton, consumer goods. Imports partners: US 26.8%, Netherlands 14.3%, China 12.2%, Trinidad and Tobago 7.4%, Japan 4.8% (2015) Currency: Surinamese Guilder (SRG) Note: External links will open in a new browser window. Official Sites of Suriname	i don't know
Which team bats first in a baseball game? The home team, or the visitors?	Who hits first, home or away? Who hits first, home or away? Home team at bat Anonymous asked:Is home at bat first or is away? Rick answered: Thank you for your question. Visitors always bat first, home team last. Yours in baseball, Comments for Who hits first, home or away? Average Rating by: Rick, theoleballgame.com Thank you for your comment. I have never been able to locate in the rule book where the home team has the option to bat first if they wish. It may be there somewhere; but as you say, it is a bad idea. Very big advantage to have last bats. Yours in baseball,	Visitor (disambiguation)
"Colonel Mustard in the Library with the Pipe" might be an example of winning what Parker Brothers game?	Opening Day History by Baseball Almanac Support Opening Day For over a century, baseball has been hailed above all other sports as America's National Pastime. And no other game during the regular one-hundred sixty-two game season has been as eagerly anticipated as Opening Day. Just look at any die-hard baseball fan's calendar. Vacation? Holidays? Anniversaries? All are often forgotten and pale in comparison with the coveted first game of the season. Ask any fan what the "official" start of Spring is. Chances are their answer will be Opening Day. Much more than just an event, it is an experience. Major League Baseball's first officially recognized franchise the Cincinnati Reds were historically awarded the privilege of "opening the Openers" and hosted the outings from 1876-1989. Only twice during this time (1877 and 1966) were they forced to debut on the road due to rain. Finally in 1990, the tradition was broken and the Reds were scheduled to appear as the visitors against the Houston Astros. Despite the prestige of being christened as baseball's opening act, Cincinnati has posted an average record of 50-52-1 that has been shadowed by the countless spectacles off the baseline including parades, fireworks, circus performances and the opening of new ballparks in 1884, 1894, 1912 and 2003. A national event, Opening Day has also become a "political pitcher's" arena for U.S. Presidents to show their "stuff." On April 14, 1910, President, and baseball enthusiast, William Howard Taft attended the home opener in Washington D.C. Since then, eleven sitting U.S. presidents have tossed out the season's ceremonial first pitch. One standout, Harry S. Truman, showcased his ambidextrous talent when he threw out balls with both his right and left arm in 1950. Beyond Presidents, Opening Day has witnessed many other historical performances: Ted Williams was a .449 hitter in openers, with three home runs and fourteen runs batted in during fourteen games. "Teddy Ballgame" also boasted at least one hit in every Opening Day game he appeared in. Williams' first Opening Day (April 20, 1939) was especially noteworthy as he faced the rival New York Yankees and Lou Gehrig, who was playing in his 2,123rd consecutive game. Opening Day 1940 witnessed one of the most famous pitching events as Cleveland ace Bob Feller and White Sox hurler Eddie Smith went head-to-head. Smith blinked, but Feller remained in control and tossed the only Opening Day no-hitter in Major League history. Hammerin' Hank Aaron ignited the crowd at Riverfront Stadium on his first swing of the 1974 season when he tagged Cincinnati Reds for his 714th career home run to tie Babe Ruth on the all-time list. Unfortunately, Opening Day has also been marred by riots and civil disobedience. At the start of the 1907 season, the New York Giants opened against the Phillies following a heavy snowstorm. In preparation for the game, groundskeepers were forced to shovel large drifts of snow onto the outer edges of the field in foul territory. After falling behind 3-0, the disappointed fans at the Polo Grounds began hurling snowballs onto the playing field, disrupting play. As the melee progressed, chaos ensued and fans began rushing onto the field to continue the snowball fight. After being pelted, Home plate umpire Bill Klem had enough and called a forfeit in favor of the Phillies. Statistically speaking, how important is Opening Day to a team in regards to a championship season? The answer is not that much. The record for most consecutive Opening Day wins by a team is nine, shared by the St. Louis Browns, Cincinnati Reds and New York Mets. Still every fan looks forward to starting off the season with a win. Individual Opening Day stats however, speak volumes on the career accomplishments of a player. On the mound, Greg Maddux was a sure thing with a perfect 6-0 record in seven career starts. Jimmy Key holds the record for most wins on Opening Day without a loss, with seven and other perfect Opening Day hurlers include Wes Ferrell at 6-0, and Lon Warneke and Rip Sewell with 5-0 scorecards. At the plate, Hall of Fame outfielder Frank Robinson, future Hall of Fame outfielder Ken Griffey, Jr. and 2x All-Star Adam Dunn each hit eight career / record setting home runs on the first day of the season, while Willie Mays and Eddie Mathews each belted seven Opening Day round-trippers. Above all others Walter Johnson was perhaps the greatest ballplayer ever to don a uniform on Opening Day. In fourteen season openers for the Washington Senators, Johnson hurled a record nine shutouts with a nine and five (9-5) overall record. His two most famous starts include a 3-0 masterpiece against the A's in 1910 and a 1-0 marathon victory while battling fifteen innings against Philadelphia's Eddie Rommel. Hall of Fame pitcher Early Wynn, who played for the Washington Senators, Cleveland Indians and Chicago White Sox, summed up the essence of Opening Day when he said, "An opener is not like any other game. There's that little extra excitement, a faster beating of the heart. You have that anxiety to get off to a good start, for yourself and for the team. You know that when you win the first one, you can't lose 'em all." Regardless of the outcome, Opening Day still remains as the number one date in the hearts, minds (and on the calendars) of baseball fans everywhere. The official countdown begins after the last pitch of the World Series when we can't wait to hear those two magic words again, "Play Ball!" "There is no sports event like Opening Day of baseball, the sense of beating back the forces of darkness and the National Football League." - Author George Vecsey in A Year in the Sun (Crown Publishing, 03/04/1989, Page 133) Opening Day Team by Team / Previous Franchises Included / Box Scores Inside Opening Day Charts American League Opening Day Schedules National League Opening Day Schedules Opening Day by Baseball Almanac Author Fred Schwed, Jr. in "How to Watch a Baseball Game" (1957) summed up the feeling of Opening Day in Cincinnati with this line, "However, at Cincinnati the first game is always played there. This is because the Citizens of this Ohio city do not consider Opening Day just as Opening Day. They consider it one small notch below Christmas." Did you know that on Good Friday, April 10, 1846, Alexander Cartwright umpired the first game played by the Knickerbockers and the score sheet simply said: Commencement of the Season? Did you know that our team rosters have bold faced entries for players who started during the Opening Day game? This is an IN-PROGRESS project and our current data is below: Historical Team-by-Team Opening Day Line-Ups Team (Click to Access)	i don't know
What city serves as the Prime Meridian, 0 degrees for longitude calculations?	Prime Meridian of the World's exact location of 0 degrees longitude is out by 100m \| Daily Mail Online How the Meridian is in the WRONG place: Exact location of 0 degrees longitude is out by 100m (putting it in Greenwich Park by a bin) Original location of the 'Prime Meridian of the World' was agreed in 1884 But improvements in GPS tech show it to be 328ft (100 metres) to the east This means the line cuts across a footpath in Greenwich Park near a bin However, the plane used to measure Greenwich Mean Time has remained 'essentially unchanged' so watches do not need to be reset	Greenwich
The world's largest public corporation by revenue, what company had its first location opened in Rogers, Arkansas on July 2, 1962?	Where Do Zero Degrees Latitude and Longitude Intersect? By Matt Rosenberg Updated August 06, 2016. The equator marks zero degrees latitude and the prime meridian marks zero degrees longitude, but where do these two lines meet? The simple answer is that they intersect in the Gulf of Guinea, just off the western coast of Africa. While this point on the map of the Earth has no real significance, it is a common question in geography trivia and it's an interesting fact to know. What is at 0° latitude, 0° longitude? The equator and prime meridian are both invisible lines that circle the Earth and they help us in navigation. Though invisible, the equator (0 ° latitude) is a very real line that divides the world into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The prime meridian (0° longitude) , on the other hand, was created by scholars who needed some point as a frame of reference to begin noting east-west points on the map. It is by pure happenstance that the coordinate of 0°, 0° falls in the middle of a little-known body of water. To be exact, the intersection of zero degrees latitude and zero degrees longitude falls about 380 miles (611 kilometers) south of Ghana and 670 miles (1078 km) west of Gabon. This location is in the tropical waters of the eastern Atlantic Ocean, specifically, the Gulf of Guinea. The Gulf of Guinea is part of the western edge of the African tectonic plate. Most notably, according to the theory of continental drift , this may have been the location where South America and Africa were once joined. A look at the maps of the two continents will quickly show you the remarkable possibility to this geographic jigsaw puzzle. Is There a Marker at 0°, 0°? Very few people in the world will ever pass over the point where the equator and prime meridian meet. It requires a boat and a good navigator so, unlike the prime meridian line in Greenwich , there is not much call for tourism at this location. The spot is marked, though. A weather buoy (Station 13010 - Soul) is placed at the exact location of 0°, 0°. It is owned and maintained by the Prediction and Research Moored Array in the Atlantic (PIRATA). Like other buoys, Soul regularly records weather data from the Gulf of Guinea such as air and water temperature and wind speed and direction. Is this Intersection Important? The equator is an important line on the earth's surface. It marks the line above which the sun is directly overhead on the March and September equinoxes. The prime meridian, on the other hand, is an imaginary line, created by people to mark zero degrees longitude. It just happens to pass through Greenwich, but it could have been located anywhere. Therefore, the intersection of zero degrees longitude and zero degrees latitude is of no significance. However, just knowing that it is in the Gulf of Guinea may serve you well on a geography quiz or when playing Jeopardy or Trivial Pursuit. Also, you can use this bit of trivia to stump friends and family.	i don't know
What can be a power source, an organized group of artillery pieces, and contact with another in a manner likely to cause bodily harm?	battery - Memidex dictionary/thesaurus battery (military machine) group of guns or missile launchers operated together at one place Synonyms: btry. [abbreviation]. Topic: military machine. Type of: artillery unit (electrical device) a device that produces electricity; may have several primary or secondary cells arranged in parallel or series Synonyms: electric battery, btry. [abbreviation]. Type of: electrical device (collection) a collection of related things intended for use together Type of: collection (team) a unit composed of the pitcher and catcher Type of: team. Part of: baseball team (stamp mill) a series of stamps operated in one mortar for crushing ores Synonyms: stamp battery. Type of: stamp mill (fire) the heavy fire of artillery to saturate an area rather than hit a specific target Synonyms: barrage, barrage fire, bombardment, shelling, btry. [abbreviation]. Type of: fire (law) an assault in which the assailant makes physical contact Synonyms: assault and battery, btry. [abbreviation]. Topic: law. Type of: assault A battery	Battery
Lead by total bad-ass Teddy Roosevelt, the Rough Rider charge up Kettle and San Juan hills happened on July 1, 1898 in what country?	THE FORD PINTO CASE: THE FORD PINTO CASE: THE VALUATION OF LIFE AS IT APPLIES TO THE NEGLIGENCE-EFFICIENCY ARGUMENT Text of Paper Abstract The cases involving the explosion of Ford Pinto's due to a defective fuel system design led to the debate of many issues, most centering around the use by Ford of a cost-benefit analysis and the ethics surrounding its decision not to upgrade the fuel system based on this analysis. ISSUE Should a risk/benefit analysis be used in situations where a defect in design or manufacturing could lead to death or seriously bodily harm, such as in the Ford Pinto situation? RULE There are arguments both for and against such an analysis. It is an economically efficient method which has been accepted by courts for numerous years, however, juries may not always agree, so companies should take this into account. ANALYSIS Although Ford had access to a new design which would decrease the possibility of the Ford Pinto from exploding, the company chose not to implement the design, which would have cost $11 per car, even though it had done an analysis showing that the new design would result in 180 less deaths. The company defended itself on the grounds that it used the accepted risk/benefit analysis to determine if the monetary costs of making the change were greater than the societal benefit. Based on the numbers Ford used, the cost would have been $137 million versus the $49.5 million price tag put on the deaths, injuries, and car damages, and thus Ford felt justified not implementing the design change. This risk/benefit analysis was created out of the development of product liability, culminating at Judge Learned Hand's BPL formula, where if the expected harm exceeded the cost to take the precaution, then the company must take the precaution, whereas if the cost was liable, then it did not have to. However, the BPL formula focuses on a specific accident, while the risk/benefit analysis requires an examination of the costs, risks, and benefits through use of the product as a whole. Based on this analysis, Ford legally chose not to make the design changes which would have made the Pinto safer. However, just because it was legal doesn't necessarily mean that it was ethical. It is difficult to understand how a price can be put on saving a human life. There are several reasons why such a strictly economic theory should not be used. First, it seems unethical to determine that people should be allowed to die or be seriously injured because it would cost too much to prevent it. Second, the analysis does not take into all the consequences, such as the negative publicity that Ford received and the judgments and settlements resulting from the lawsuits. Also, some things just can't be measured in terms of dollars, and that includes human life. However, there are arguments in favor of the risk/benefit analysis. First, it is well developed through existing case law. Second, it encourages companies to take precautions against creating risks that result in large accident costs. Next, it can be argued that all things must have some common measure. Finally, it provides a bright line which companies can follow. Text I. Introduction In May of 1968, the Ford Motor Company, based upon a recommendation by then vice-president Lee Iacocca, decided to introduce a subcompact car and produce it domestically. In an effort to gain a large market share, the automobile was designed and developed on an accelerated schedule. During the first few years sales of the Pinto were excellent, but there was trouble on the horizon. A. Grimshaw v. Ford Motor Company 1 In May 1972, Lily Gray was traveling with thirteen year old Richard Grimshaw in a 1972 Pinto when their car was struck by another car traveling approximately thirty miles per hour. The impact ignited a fire in the Pinto which killed Lily Gray and left Richard Grimshaw with devastating injuries. A judgment was rendered against Ford and the jury awarded the Gray family $560,000 and Matthew Grimshaw $2.5 million in compensatory damages. The surprise came when the jury awarded $125 million in punitive damages as well. This was subsequently reduced to $3.5 million. 2 B. The Criminal Case 3 Six month following the controversial Grirnshaw verdict, Ford was involved in yet another controversial case involving the Pinto. The automobile's fuel system design contributed (whether or not it was the sole cause is arguable) to the death of three women on August 10, 1918 when their car was hit by another vehicle traveling at a relatively low speed by a man driving with open beer bottles, marijuana, caffeine pills and capsules of "speed." 4 The fact that Ford had chosen earlier not to upgrade the fuel system design became an issue of public debate as a result of this case. The debate was heightened because the prosecutor of Elkart County, Indiana chose to prosecute Ford for reckless homicide and criminal recklessness. Some felt the issues raised in the Ford Pinto cases were an example of the "deep pocket" company disregarding consumer safety in pursuit of the almighty dollar. Others feel they are an example of runaway media coverage blowing a story out of proportion. 5 Regardless of opinion, the Ford Pinto case is a tangled web of many complex legal and ethical issues. To determine if the proper result was achieved in this case, one has to evaluate and weigh these many issues. The central issue in deciding whether Ford should be liable for electing not to redesign a defective product in order to maximize its bottom line, one must analyze the so-called "cost/benefit" analysis Ford used to defend this decision. Within the scope of this paper, this cost/benefit issue (and associated sub-issues) will be the focus of discussion. Other issues, such as the ethics involved in Ford's decision, the choice of prosecuting Ford criminally, whistle-blowing, the assignment of punitive damages and the Court of Appeals decision reducing the damages are all important issues of this case that will not be the focus herein. II. Facts A. Incident Facts On August 10, 1978, three teenage girls stopped to refuel the 1973 Ford Pinto sedan they were driving. After filling up, the driver loosely reapplied the gas cap which subsequently fell off as they headed down U. S. Highway 33. Trying to retrieve the cap, the girls stopped in the right lane of the highway shoulder since there was no space on the highway for cars to safely pull off the roadway. Shortly thereafter, a van weighing over 400 pounds and modified with a rigid plank for a front bumper was traveling at fifty five miles an hour and stuck the stopped Pinto. The two passengers died at the scene when the car burst into flames. The driver was ejected and died shortly thereafter in the hospital. Inspecting the van shortly after the accident, the police found open beer bottles, marijuana and caffeine pills inside. 6 The subsequent proceedings were rather surprising. Based on the facts of the case, it seemed that any one of a number of parties could be liable in a civil action or prosecuted criminally. The obvious target seemed to be the driver of the van. It seems he could have been prosecuted for criminal homicide or the families of the victims could have pursued a civil action, in light of the fact the driver possessed several controlled substances at the time of the accident. A second potential party open to a civil suit was the Indiana Highway department. It was their design which left no safe stopping place along Highway 33 where cars could pull over for emergencies. In fact, the road was so dangerous that the Elkart County Citizens' Safety Committee had previously written a letter to the department asking that the road design be modified to provide safe stopping place for emergencies. 7 It is also conceivable, the driver of the Pinto could have been found negligent for stopping a car in the middle of the highway. The first surprise of the resulting litigation carne when Indiana state prosecutor filed suit against Ford Motor Company for criminal recklessness and reckless homicide. 8 The famous and highly publicized legal battle was underway. Some have argued the prosecution acted unethically from day one, gathering and hiding evidence from the defendant and concealing information about the condition of the van driver. 9 Whether true or not, the following litigation caused damage that would take Ford years to recover from. B. Questionable Design The controversy surrounding the Ford Pinto concerned the placement of the automobile's fuel tank. It was located behind the rear axle, instead of above it. This was initially done in an effort to create more trunk space. The problem with this design, which later became evident, was that it made the Pinto more vulnerable to a rear-end collision. This vulnerability was enhanced by other features of the car. The gas tank and the rear axle were separated by only nine inches. There were also bolts that were positioned in a manner that threatened the gas tank. Finally, the fuel filler pipe design resulted in a higher probability that it would to disconnect from the tank in the event of an accident than usual, causing gas spillage that could lead to dangerous fires. Because of these numerous design flaws, the Pinto became the center of public debate. These design problems were first brought to the public's attention in an August 1977 article in Mother Jones magazine. This article condemned the Ford Motor Company and the author was later given a Pulitzer Prize. 10 This article originated the public debate over the risk/benefit analysis used by the Ford Motor Company in their determination as to whether or, not the design of the Pinto fuel tank be altered to reduce the risk of fire as the result of a collision. The crux of the public debate about The Ford Motor Company was the decision not to make improvements to the gas tank of the Pinto after completion of the risk/benefit analysis. Internal Ford documents revealed Ford had developed the technology to make improvements to the design of the Pinto that would dramatically decrease the chance of a Pinto "igniting" after a rear-end collision. 11 This technology would have greatly reduced the chances of burn injuries and deaths after a collision. Ford estimated the cost to make this production adjustment to the Pinto would have been $11 per vehicle. 12 Most people found it reprehensible that Ford determined that the $11 cost per automobile was too high and opted not to make the production change to the Pinto model. C. Risk/Benefit Analysis In determining whether or not to make the production change, the Ford Motor Company defended itself by contending that it used a risk/benefit analysis. Ford stated that its reason for using a risk/benefit analysis was that the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) required them to do so. 13 The risk/benefit approach excuses a defendant if the monetary costs of making a production change are greater than the "societal benefit" of that change. This analysis follows the same line of reasoning as the negligence standard developed by Judge Learned Hand in United States vs. Carroll Towing in 1947 (to be discussed later). The philosophy behind risk/benefit analysis promotes the goal of allocative efficiency. The problem that arose in the Ford Pinto and many other similar cases highlights the human and emotional circumstances behind the numbers which are not factored in the risk/benefit analysis. The Ford Motor Company contended that by strictly following the typical approach to risk,/benefit analysis, they were justified in not making the production change to the Pinto model. Assuming the numbers employed in their analysis were correct, Ford seemed to be justified. The estimated cost for the production change was $11 per vehicle. This $11 per unit cost applied to 11 million cars and 1.5 million trucks results in an overall cost of $137 million. The controversial numbers were those Ford used for the "benefit" half of the equation. It was estimated that making the change would result in a total of 180 less burn deaths, 180 less serious burn injuries, and 2,100 less burned vehicles. These estimates were multiplied by the unit cost figured by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. These figures were $200,000 per death, $67,000 per injury, and $700 per vehicle equating to the total "societal benefit" is $49.5 million. Since the benefit of $49.5 million was much less than the cost of $137 million, Ford felt justified in its decision not to alter the product design. The risk,/benefit results indicate that it is acceptable for 180 people to die and 180 people to burn if it costs $11 per vehicle to prevent such casualty rates. On a case by case basis, the argument seems unjustifiable, but looking at the bigger picture complicates the issue and strengthens the risk/benefit analysis logic. III. History and Development of Product Liability A. Introduction When defendants were found liable for only intentional harms, these harms fell under the category of absolute liability. Over time, courts added liability to some accidental harms. In order for a court to determine there was no liability in a conflict, it had to be ascertained whether or not the accident was "truly unavoidable." 14 Technological advances created societal harms that were never before contemplated by courts. The truly unavoidable standard became a grayer area that was undefined and unreliable. Eventually, as industry rapidly advanced further, it became impossible and unreasonable to describe any accident as unavoidable. 15 Still, courts seemed unwilling to shift to the theory of absolute liability, as it seemed to strict. However, with the courts finding fewer and fewer harms "unavoidable", another level had to be found between unavoidable accidents and strict liability. 16 B. The Ordinary Care Standard In the mid 1800s, courts began the evolution of moving away from what they once considered an important decision--whether a harm was a result of an action "on trespass" or a harm as a result of an action "on the case." 17 The first landmark decision moving away from this distinction and thinking was Brown v. Kendall 18 in 1850. In the decision, Chief Justice Shaw acknowledged moving away from this traditional distinction and to consideration of whether a harm was "willful, intentional, or careless." 19 Not only did this decision move away from the strict "all or nothing" standard, it established the fluctuating standard of "ordinary care." Judge Shaw explained the use of this new standard: "In using this term, ordinary care, it may be proper to state that what constitutes ordinary care will vary with the circumstances of cases. In general, it means that kind and degree of care, which prudent and cautious men would use, such as required by the exigency of the case, and such as is necessary to guard against probable danger." 20 In essence Judge Shaw had created a "moving" standard of negligence that varied from situation to situation depending on the extent of care used, rather than the inflexible extremes discussed above. This new standard was not just a flat decision of whether an actor used due care in a situation, but whether the actor should have recognized the danger before taking the risk. Courts also required a defendant's actions be related to the harm incurred. In Crain v. Petrie, 21 the court stated that "damages must appear to be the legal and natural consequences arising from the tort. 22 Courts also considered whether the defendant should have taken some kind of preventive measure in advance that could have foreseeable prevented the harm. 23 These many factors the court considered boiled down into one main question: Was the accident truly avoidable or the fault of the defendant? 24 The Brown court stated, "If, then, in doing this act, using due care and all proper precautions necessary to the exigency of the case, to avoid the hurt to others, in raising his stick..., he accidentally hit the plaintiff in his eye and wounded him, this was the result of the pure accident, or was involuntary, and unavoidable, and therefore the action would not lie. 25 This thinking was followed in similar cases and decisions of the time. 26 As stated above, this thinking moved the court from cut-and-dried ideas of negligence to ones that fluctuated and had to be examined on a case by case basis. If an accident seemed to be unavoidable and part of every day life there would be no action for recovery. As technology progressed, courts began to find less and less accidents "unavoidable." In Huntress v. Boston & Main R.R., 27 the court found the defendant negligent even though it took all necessary precautions. When a pedestrian was killed walking across the railroad tracks and the locomotive engineer had used all possible precautions in conducting the train, the defendant was still found to be negligent. The court stated that the railroad company should have foreseen the plaintiff's poor appreciation of the risk and that whether more precautions were necessary was a question for the jury. 28 As the power of design and invention advanced, so did the courts' perception of the power to prevent accidents. 29 It seemed the courts had almost moved to the extreme of absolute liability. With this evolution, the courts were faced with a new problem. Should defendants be found liable in almost every situation because of new technological 'advancements? This created a new theory of negligence, one of balancing risks and benefits. In the early 1900s the courts evolved from just determining if an accident were unavoidable (as most at this point were considered to be) to what the costs were to avoid this accident in some fashion. The first attempt to consider this question and create a new standard was in a 1919 case, Adams v. Bullock. 30 In Adams, a young boy was playing with a rod when it struck the defendant's trolley wires that had been strung under a railroad bridge where the boy was walking. The court reversed a judgment for the plaintiff, claiming that the company had taken all reasonable precautions to avoid the accident. Judge Cardozo's opinion made use of the traditional analysis and verbiage of the avoidable/unavoidable analysis. However, he discussed the "duty to adopt all reasonable precautions. 31 Furthermore, Judge Cardozo stated that the defendant had acted with the area of normal provision. 32 C. The Introduction of the Balancing Approach Although Judge Cardozo concluded that the accident was not foreseeable and therefore unavoidable, the Adams case laid the groundwork for a "balancing" approach to negligence. The balancing approach assumes that if an accident has a very low probability, and there is a cost associated with preventing it, a defendant is not liable if he does not take precautionary measures. By stating that absent a "gift of prophecy the defendant could not have predicted the point upon the route where such an accident would occur," Judge Cardozo indicated that giving every possibility the ultimate amount of protection would be too costly compared to the risk of injury. 33 He further stated that guards everywhere would have prevented the injury but this would prove to be much too costly, and "guards here and there are of little value. 34 This decision was the harbinger of the balancing standard and cost/benefit analysis; a weighing of the risk of harm and the overall costs of avoiding it. At the turn of the century, courts began focusing on this "balancing" method to determine liability. Costs, risks, and probability began to make their way into decisions. Courts began to compare degrees of risks and costs of harms with the benefits of activities on society. The trend moved toward placing the burden on society in instances where the benefit outweighed the risk or the risk was less than the cost to avoid it. 35 In cases such as this, the ``risk initiator" was assigned no liability. This balancing act seemed to be a tolerable middle ground between the old negligence liability standard and the extreme standard of absolute liability. With courts struggling to define the middle ground during this time of technological advancement, they faced the same questions legal systems faced in similar times such as the industrial revolution and the growth of railroads. As the advancements created new products and the profits that went with them, courts had to decide what levels of risk society could tolerate and who should bear the costs when harms actually occurred. 36 D. The "BPL" Formula With the evolution of the negligence standard incorporating risks and costs, courts sought a middle ground that would not leave defendants open for unreasonable liability suits but which also would not leave victims uncompensated when damages had occurred. In the 1947 decision of United States v. Carroll Towing Co., 37 Judge Learned Hand boiled the theory of negligence down to an algebraic equation. In Carroll Towing, a barge named the "Anna C" was tied up to a pier along with a flotilla of other barges. A tug, the "Carroll," owned by the Carroll Towing Company attempted to move from one barge in the same area to another. During this time, the "Anna C" broke away from the pier and floated down the river where it collided with a tanker and sank. Since there was no bargee on board the "Anna C," no one informed the "Carroll" that the "Anna C" was leaking. Because of this, the "Anna C" sank and its cargo was lost. Under admiralty law, if the defendants could prove that plaintiff's negligence contributed to the loss, they would be excused from paying a portion of the damage. 38 The defendant's argument was based on the fact that since there was no bargee present, the plaintiff was also liable. However, there was no general rule as to whether the presence of a bargee would make the owner of the barge liable for lost cargo and injuries to other boats. Judge Hand attempted to quantify a criteria to determine when leaving a barge unattended was negligence and when it was not. He decided that this would be determined by a weighing of the factors discussed above. Judge Hand transformed the "balancing act" utilized in prior decisions. In his opinion, he wrote: "Since there are occasions when every vessel will break from her moorings, and since, if she does, she becomes a menace to those about her; the owner's duty, as in other similar situations, to provide against resulting injuries is a function of three variables: (1) The probability that she will break away; (2) the gravity of the resulting injury, if she does; (3) the burden of adequate precautions. Possibly it serves to bring this notion into relief to state it.in algebraic terms: if the probability be called P; the injury, and the burden, B; liability depends upon whether B is less than L multiplied by P." 39 Under the theory that Judge Hand developed in Carroll, a party is found negligent and liable for the damages resulting from his actions if B<PL. "B," the burden of adequate precautions, is the accident avoidance cost. "P" is the probability the defendant's actions will result in an accident. "L" is the cost of that accident if it did occur. "PL" is the risk of the activity, the expected liability of the discounted accident cost. 40 The negligence standard had been formalized into algebraic terms. If the expected harm exceeded the cost to take precaution, the defendant was obligated to take the precaution, and if they did not, would be held liable. If the cost was larger than the expected harm, the defendant was not expected to take the precaution. If there was an accident, he was not found liable. Based on the facts of Carroll Towing, the defendant was found liable. Judge Hand felt the expected harm (the probability of the accident, multiplied by the cost of the accident) was greater than the justification for a one and a half day absence of a bargee. 41 E. Risk/Utility Analysis Risk/utility analysis then developed out of the same balancing reasoning, applied to determine liability in the area of product design. In these types of cases, courts must determine whether a manufacturer should be held liable if goods are "imperfect" as a result of production or distribution. In past cases, courts had difficulty in this area. In Greenman v. Yuba Power Products, Inc., 42 a 1963 case, the court stated that the defendant was not able to see the possibility for injury until after the injury occurred and by traditional negligence standards should be found not liable. 43 This type of conclusion troubled the courts, since the burden on the plaintiff seemed almost insurmountable. There were a number of reasons why this type of finding was unfair. First and foremost, companies' manufacturing operations are the party in control of the product from its inception. Manufacturing divisions have a chance to monitor design and distribution and therefore seems the logical party to be held liable if the design of its product leads to an injury. However, it seems illogical for the consumer to bear the burden of a harm it had absolutely no control over. Also, requiring manufacturers to be liable for their products makes them take more precautionary measures, the cost of which can be spread out in the price of its products to the consumers who make use of them. 44 The problem was the same, however. Where is the middle ground between the earlier standard and absolute liability and how is it defined? The first step in finding this middle ground in manufacturing liability cases was to remove requirements of warranty and privity of contract that manufacturers used to escape liability in the past. 45 In Greenman, the court stated that removing the obstacles earlier set by warranty law put manufacturer's liability in the correct realm. This area was "not one governed by the law of contract warranties but by the law of strict liability in tort ... A manufacturer is strictly liable in tort when an article he places in the market... proves to have a defect that causes injury to a human being." 46 The obvious question therefore was, what is a "defective product"? 47 The definition provided by section 402A of the Second Restatement of Torts assigned strict liability to products with "a condition not contemplated by the ultimate consumer, which will be unreasonably dangerous to him ... Many products cannot possibly be made entirely safe for all consumption, and any food or drug necessarily involves some harm, if only from overcomsumption." 48 Obviously, there was intended to be some leeway short of strict liability for manufacturers, but there was still no clear answer as to what was defective and what was not. 49 Attempting to end the frustration and quantify "defective product," courts started to turn to a risk-utility balancing similar to Judge Learned Hand's "BPL Formula." This evolved into a balancing of the benefits of the product against the risks and the cost of avoidance. In Caterpillar Tractor Co. v. Beck, 50 the court stated the jury could be instructed a product is defectively designed if "the plaintiff proves that the product's design proximately caused injury and the defendant fails to prove in the light of relevant factors, that on balance the benefits of the challenged design outweigh the risk of the danger inherit in .such design." 51 In Turner v. General Motors Corp, 52 the court stated that "a defectively designed product is one that is unreasonably dangerous as designed, taking into consideration the utility of the product and the risk involved in its use." 53 After long debate, the courts have settled upon this risk/benefit analysis. For a defendant to be found liable, its product must be determined to be defective. A defect can take three forms: a defect in design (as was alleged against the Ford Motor Company), a defect in manufacture, or a defect in warning. In Ford's case, if the design is found to be defective, the company would be held liable. The question remains, what makes a design defective? While not stated neatly in algebraic terms, such as in the BPL analysis, this entails a balancing of utility and risks. This standard is not easily quantified and must be decided on a case-by-case basis by juries. They must decide in each instance whether the risks associated with the product are reasonable for society to absorb given the benefits of the product. Therefore, the duty of the jury is not to decide whether the conduct of the manufacturer is reasonable, but whether the product, after the full ramifications are revealed, is reasonable. The difference is that risk/utility analysis requires a determination of the costs, risks and benefits of society's use of the product as a whole, while the 13PL cost/benefit analysis entailed determining the costs and benefits of preventing the particular accident. In the end, the risk-utility's primary duty is to establish a threshold of acceptable risk that every good must equal or exceed, a threshold that can rise with changing social and commercial experience. 54 This leads to a economically efficient use of resources and overall wealth maximization. F. Ford's Risk/Benefit Analysis The main controversy surrounding the Ford Pinto case was The Ford Motor Company's choices made during development to compromise safety for efficiency and profit maximization. More specifically, it was Ford's decision to use the cost/benefit analysis detailed in section 11 to make production decisions that translated into lost lives. During the initial production and testing phase, Ford set "limits for 2000" for the Pinto. That meant the car was not to exceed $2000 in cost or 2000 pounds in weight. This set tough limitations on the production team. After the basic design was complete, crash testing was begun. The results of crash testing revealed that when struck from the rear at speeds of 31 miles per hour or above, the Pinto's gas tank ruptured. The tank was positioned according to the industry standard at the time (between the rear bumper and the rear axle), but studs protruding from the rear axle would puncture the gas tank. Upon impact, the fuel filler neck would break, resulting in spilled gasoline. The Pinto basically turned into a death trap. Ford crash tested a total of eleven automobiles and eight resulted in potentially catastrophic situations. The only three that survived had their gas tanks modified prior to testing. 55 Ford was not in violation of the law in any way and had to make the decision whether to incur a cost to fix the obvious problem internally. There were several options for fuel system redesign. The option most seriously considered would have cost the Ford Motor Company and additional $11 per vehicle. 56 Under the strict $2000 budget restriction, even this nominal cost seemed large. In addition, Ford had earlier based an advertising campaign on safety which failed miserably. Therefore, there was a corporate belief, attributed to Lee Iacocca himself, of "safety doesn't sell." 57 Ultimately, the Ford Motor Company rejected the product design change. This was based on the cost-benefit analysis performed by Ford (see Exhibit One). Using the NHTSA provided figure of $200,000 for the "cost to society" for each estimated fatality, and $11 for the production cost per vehicle, the analysis seemed straightforward. The projected costs to the company for design production change were $137 million compared to the project benefits of making the design change which were approximately $49.5 million. Using the standard cost/benefit analysis, the answer was obvious--no production changes were to be made. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Grimshaw v. Ford Motor Co., 1 19 Cal.App.3d 757, 174 Cal. Rptr. 348 (1981). 2. In the resulting suits against Ford, the jury--after deliberating for eight hours-awarded the Gray family wrongful death damages of $560,000; Grimshaw was awarded over $2.5 million in compensatory damages and $125 million in punitive damages as well. The trial judge reduced the punitive damage award to $3.5 million as a condition for denying a new trial. Two years after the court of appeals affirmed these results in all respects, the state supreme court then denied a hearing. See Gary T. Schwartz, The Myth of the Ford Pinto Case, 43 Rutgers L. Rev. 1013, 1015 (1991). 3. State v. Ford Motor Co., Cause No. 11-431 (1980). 4. See Malcom E. Wheeler, Product Liability, Civil or Criminal -- The Pinto Litigation, ABA, Tort and Insurance Law Journal, 14, 1981. 5. See Douglas Birsch and John H. Fielder, THE FORD PINTO CASE: A STUDY IN APPLIED ETHIC'S, BUSINESS, AND TECHNOLOGY, 1994. 6. See Wheeler, supra note 4, at 15. 7. Id. 8. The prosecutor of Elkhart County, Indiana, chose to seek an indictment against Ford Motor Company for reckless homicide and criminal recklessness, claiming that the cause of the deaths was the design of the Pinto and Ford's failure to "remove the car from the highways" before August 10, 1978. See Wheeler, supra note 4, at 15. 9. The prosecutor obtained information against the van driver for possession of amphetamines. Rather than promptly proceeding to judgment and sentencing on that charge, he kept those charges hanging over the van driver's head until after March 1980, when the driver had testified against Ford and the trial of Ford had ended. Moreover, the pills reported as amphetamines in the official police report were later analyzed and determined to be caffeine pills:, but that information was concealed from Ford's lawyers until after the driver took the stand at trial, and the charge of possessing amphetamines was kept pending throughout the trial. See Wheeler, supra note 4, at 15. 10. Mark Dowie, Pinto Madness, Mother Jones 18 (Sept./Oct. 1977). 11. Goodyear had developed a bladder and demonstrated it to the automotive industry. On December 2, 1970, Ford Motor Company ran a rear-end crash test on a car with the rubber bladder in the gas tank. The tank ruptured, but no fuel leaked. On January 15, 1971, Ford again tested the bladder and it worked. Mark Dowie, Pinto Madness, Mother Jones, Sept./Oct. 1977, at 20. 12. The total purchase and installation cost of the bladder would have been $5.08 per car. Mark Dowie, Pinto Madness, Mother Jones, Sept./Oct. 1977, at 20. 13. Ford contended that its reason for making the cost/benefit analysis was that the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration required them to do so. Moreover, Ford said that the NHTSA supplied them with the $200,000 as the figure for the value of a lost life. Richard A. Posner, TORTS: CASES AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 725 (1983). 14. Barbara Ann White, Risk-Utility Analysis and the Learned Hand Formula: A Hand That Helps or a Hand That Hides?, 32 Ariz. L. Rev. 77, 81 (1990). 15. "A perfect locomotive engine, properly equipped and properly run, will not ordinarily throw out sufficient sparks to destroy adjoining property." Judson v. Giant Powder Co., 107 Cal. 549, 500, 40 P. 1021, 1023 (1985). 16. See White, supra note 12, at 82. 17. Id. at 88. 18. Brown v. Kendall., 60 Mass. (6 Cush.) 292 (1850). 19. Id. at 294-95 (emphasis added). 20. Id. at 296. 21. Crain v. Petrie, 6 Hill 522 (ICY. Sup. Ct. 1844). 22. Id. at 524. 23. See White, supra note 12, at 90. 24. The inquiry into defendant's knowledge and actions was framed in a way to determine if the harm was really the result of a convolution of events rather than defendant's conscious deeds. 1fd. at 90. 25. 60 Mass. (6 Cush.) 292, 297 (1850). 26. In Vincent v. Stinehour, 7 Vt. 62 (1835), the court stated, "If the horse, upon a sudden surprise, run away with his rider, and runs against a man and hurts him, this is not battery. Where a person , in doing an act which it is his duty to perform, hurts another, hs is not guilty of battery .... A soldier, in exercise, hurts his companion--no recovery can be had against him.... If the act which occasioned the injury to the plaintiff was wholly unavoidable, and no degree of blame can be imputed to the defendant, the conduct of the defendant was no unlawful."' Similarly, in Lehigh Bridge v. Lehigh Coal & Navig. Co., 4 Rawle 8 (Pa. 1833), the court stated, "The defendant had the ... right to erect the damn at the particular place ... and if chargeable with no want of attention to its probable effect, is not answerable for consequences which it was impossible to foresee and prevent. Where a loss happens exclusively from an act of Providence, it will not be pretended that it out to be borne by him whose superstructure was made the immediate instrument of it. 27. Huntress v. Boston & Main R. R., 66 N. H. 185, 34 A. 156 (1870). 28. Id. at 191-192, 34 A. at 157. 29. In Butcher v. Vaca Valley & Clear Lake R.R, 67 Cal. 518, 8 P. 174 (1885), the California Supreme Court decided that a presumption of negligence was raised by evidence that, theoretically, a railroad engine could be made that would not provide fire causing sparks. Therefore, the court found that the railroad engine's production of sparks was, in fact, prima facie proof of defendant's negligence. In Giraudi v. Electric Imp. Co., 107 Cal. 120, 40 P. 108 (1895), a restaurant employee went on the roof to repair a sign during a heavy thunderstorm. He inadvertently came in contact with a power line that he knew was there. The court upheld a jury verdict against the power company, stating that electricity was dangerous and that the defendant had to take the utmost standard of care. 30. Adams v. Bullock, 227 N.Y. 208, 125 N.E. 93 (1919). 31. Id. at 210, 125 N.E. at 93. 32. Id. 34. Id. at 211, 125 N.E. at 94. 35. See White, supra note 12, at 83. 36. Id. at 85. 37. United States v. Carroll Towing, 159 F.2d 169 (2d Cir. 1947). 38. David W. Barnes and Lynn A. Stout, CASES AND MATERIALS ON LAW AND ECONOMICS 93 (1992). 39. Id. at 94. 40. Id. at 95. 41. Carroll Towing Co., 159 F.2d 169 (2d Cir. 1947). 42. Greenman v. Yuba Power Products, Inc., 59 Cal.2d 57, 377 P.2d 897, 27 Cal. Rptr. 697 (1963 ). 43. Id. 44. See White, supra note 12, at 106. 45. In MacPherson v. Buick Motor Company, 217 N.Y. 382, 111 N.E. 1050 (1916), Judge Cardozo removed the requirement of privity of contract that prevented the ultimate purchaser from suing the manufacturer in tort for harms arising out of the use of his product. Prior to this decision, the manufacturer was liable only to the immediate purchaser who was usually a middle man and not the ultimate user. The demise of the requirement of privity, however, did not alleviate the plaintiff's evidentiary problems of proving defendant's negligent behavior. Until the landmark decision of Greenman v. Yuba Power Products, Inc., 59 Cal..2d 57, 377 P.2d 897, 27 Cal. Rptr. 697 (1963), substantial legal loopholes enabled manufacturers to avoid liability for harms the courts clearly wanted to impose. 46. Greenman, 59 Cal.2d 57, 377 P.2d 897, 27 Cal. Rptr. 697 (1963). 47. The court stated, "A manufacturer is strictly in tort when an article he places on the market .... proves to have a. defect that causes injury to a human being." Id. 48. RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS § 402A, comment g (1965). 49. See White, supra note 12, at 108. 50. Caterpillar Tractor Co. v. Beck, 593 P.2d 886 (Alaska 1979). 51. Id. at 886. (emphasis added). 52. Turner v. General Motors Corp., 584 SW.2d 844 (Tex. 1979). 53. Id. at 847 n.1. (emphasis added). 54. See White, supra note 12, at I 11. 55. Dennis A. Gioia, Pinto Fires and Personal Ethics: A Script Analysis of Missed Opportunities, JOURNAL OF BUSINESS ETHICS 11, 381 (1992). 56. One document that was not sent to Washington by Ford was a "Confidential" cost analysis Mother Jones was able to obtain, showing that crash fires could be largely prevented for considerably less than $11 a car ... The total purchase and installation cost of the bladder would have been $5.08. Dowie,Pinto Madness, MOTHER JONES 18 (Sept./Oct. 1977). 57. See Gioia, supra note 53, at 382. 58. See, e. g., The T.J. Hooper, 60 F.2d 737 (2d Cir. 1932): The court acknowledged that at the time of an accident, custom in the tug industry was not to carry radios to check weather reports.. Even though this was the case, it found a tug line liable: "But here there was no custom at all as to receiving sets; some had them, some did not; the most that can be urged is that they had not yet become general ... We hold the tugs (liable) because had they been properly equipped, they would have gotten the weather reports." 59. See Dowie, supra note 54. 60. Id. 61. Posner, A Theory of Negligence, 1 J. LEGAL STUD. 29, 29, 32-34 (1972). 62. See Birsch, supra note 3, at 159. 63. Id. at 160. 66. See Birsch, supra note 3, at 129. 67. Id. 68. Economists have tried to develop methods for imputing a person's "willingness to pay" for such things, their approach generally involving a search for bundled goods that care traded on markets and that vary as to whether they include a feature that is, by itself; not marketed. Thus, fresh air is not marketed, but houses in different parts of Los Angeles that are similar except for the degree of smog are. Id. 69. Id. at 133. 70. Frank J. Vandall, Judge Posner's Negligence Efficiency Theory: A Critique, 35 EMORY L.J. 383, 391 (1986). 71. Coleman, Efficiency, Utility, and Wealth Maximization, 8 HOFSTRA L. Rev. 509, 526 (1980). 72. See 2 F. HARPER & F. JAMES, THE LAW OF TORTS 743 (1956). 73. See Vandall, supra. note 68, at 199. 74. Rizzo, Law Amid flux: The Economics of Negligence and Strict Liability in Tort, 9 J. LEGAL STUD. 291, 299 (1980). 75. See Vandall, supra note 68, at 389. 76. Id. at 402. 77. A. POLINSKY, AN INTRODUCTION TO LAW AND ECONOMICS 12326, at 46-47 (1983) 78. See Vandall, supra note 68, at 405. 79. See generally William M. Landes & Richard A. Posner, The Economic Structure of Tort Law, 23 (1987). 80. Michael D. Green, Negligence = Economic Efficiency: Doubts, 75 Tex. L. Rev. 1605, 1607 (1997). 81. Id. at 1608.	i don't know
Native mostly to Mexico, what is the name of the blue cactus used to make Tequila?	In Search of the Blue Agave: Making your own Tequila Making your own tequila Every month I get two or three emails or requests on the forum for advice on how to make tequila, usually from someone who wants to grow a few blue agave around the house and make their own alcohol in their basement or garage. Every month I try to explain to these writers the basics of tequila production, the nature of the denomination of origin and some elements about spirit production. Here are all those questions answered on a single page. First, you can make your own tequila, but there are three essential requirements you must meet: Your blue agave is grown in one of the five states of Mexico proscribed by Mexican law. Your operation is located in one of those five states. You have all the approvals and certificates from the Tequila Regulatory Council and have passed all their inspections. Since tequila is a Mexican product, nothing made outside the designated areas can be legally called tequila in any country that is either a member of the World Trade Organization, NAFTA, or has signed any of the other international trade agreements. If you don't meet these three requirements, you cannot make tequila. Period. That has not stopped companies from producing blue agave spirits, however. They cannot be called tequila or even use any name that suggests tequila or the Mexican government will appeal to the federal government in your country and start legal action against you (as J. B. Waggoner found out with his Tequemila agave spirit). Blue agave spirits or agave elixirs made outside Mexico - or even made within Mexico but simply not labelled as tequila - are available on the market today. You cannot call the product mezcal, either, because it is also protected by a similar denomination of origin. The other consideration is that making any distilled spirit may be subject to stringent federal laws, and require both local registration and approval. While making beer and wine at home may be legal and unlicensed, generally making distilled spirits isn't. Governments collect taxes on distilled spirits and take a dim view of anyone who makes spirits without paying those taxes. Typically half the cost of a bottle of spirits is taxes, so it's a big source of governmental revenue. A licence is required in most countries - Canada and the USA in particular - to distill alcohol, so the government can be sure to collect those taxes. That doesn't mean you can't do it, but that you must comply with your national regulations to do so. Another issue is that distillation requires the proper equipment, which can prove rather expensive to the home distiller. And even with that equipment, it can still be dangerous. Alcohol is very volatile and flammable. You have to exercise caution and skill when distilling. Again, doesn't mean you can't do it with inferior or inexpensive equipment, but your results will only be as good as the tools you used to make them. The initial investment in good equipment often deters 'craft' distillers. Unlike many spirits where you can work from beer, sugar or molasses, tequila has a more involved process because the raw materials are not ready to use right from the fields. You have to figure out a way to cook or roast the agave heads in order to turn the starches into fermentable sugars. A home oven will only it one or perhaps two split agave heads at best, and you will have to cook them for at least 24 hours, tying up your oven all that time. You could, of course, build a larger oven, or even buy a commercial oven to cook more agave at once. But again the cost will deter most individuals. And even if you do all this, are you sophisticated enough to know how and when to separate the heads and tails from the corazon of the distillate? That's a skill that takes years to acquire. A final concern is the time it takes to produce tequila. The blue agave takes eight to ten years to mature, but may take longer in different climates outside its native growing region. Even if you meet all the regulatory and safety requirements, and you still want to make your own blue agave spirits, you won't start to see production for at least seven years, assuming you planted the typical one-year-old shoot. And, of course, you have to ask yourself from where you will get those agave shoots, enough to grow a sufficient quantity to make production worthwhile. Many tequila producers will not sell you the shoots simply because they don't want to encourage competition outside their own borders. However, agave growers may do so because they have a glut of plants and may look to any source of income from them - but you would have to be on site to be sure you are not being sold weak or diseased shoots. You would also have to be sure your local environment met all the agave's needs for rainfall, nutrition and climate. If not, they may not grow as expected, and may require watering or fertilizing. So while it is possible to make an agave spirit, the time, expense and effort is probably not worth it for most individuals. Better to spend your money on tequilas from companies who already produce quality tequila. And perhaps invest in a trip to Guadalajara where you can visit the tequila producers and the fields to really appreciate the amount of time and effort that goes into the making of the spirit.	Agave
Hall-of-fame boxer Mike Tyson was disqualified from his June 27, 1997 fight against what World Heavyweight Champion, when Tyson bit off a portion of his ear?	In Search of the Blue Agave: Tequila's Source - Agave Talk tequila: Join the Blue Agave tequila & mezcal discussion forum to ask questions, make comments, vote in polls, rate your favourite tequilas or simply meet other tequila aficionados. Tequila sips: In the U.S. tequila is experiencing both "premiumization"- the positioning of the product as a high-end item with status and snob appeal - and diversification which offers the consumer many alternatives beyond the established brands. Over the past three years, at least 44 new tequilas hit the U.S. market, and more are looking for distribution. AC Neilsen reported that there were 40 premium tequilas on the US market in 2006 compared with only 13 in 2004. Updated May, 2011 Agave: More than just tequila Agave is the name given to a widely varied family of succulents. The name comes from Greek mythology: Agave (Agaue) ("illustrious" or "noble") was the daughter of Cadmus, the king and founder of the city of Thebes. Her mother was the goddess Harmonia. Agave's husband was Echion, one of the five spartoi. She had a son, Pentheus, also a king of Thebes, and a daughter, Epirus. Fittingly, Agave was a follower of Dionysus (also known as Bacchus in Roman mythology). In his novel, Mexico , James Michener wrote, "The maguey is a symbol of the Mexican spirit. They are like dancers with beautiful hands. They lend grace and dignity to the land and have always been the symbol of peace and construction. From their bruised leaves were made the paper upon which records were kept. Its dried leaves formed the thatch for homes, its fibers, the threads that made clothing possible. Its thorns were the pins and needles while its white roots provided the vegetables for sustenance" Agaves are not cacti (often found in the same terrain), but are members of the family Agavaceae, which are succulent. Agaves are actually related to the lily and amaryllis families, and not closely related to cacti at all. Agaves range from Alberta, Canada, to southern and western United States, through Mexico, to central and tropical South America (Venezuela and Columbia in the south). Agave grow best at mid-high altitudes (4,000–8,000 feet - 1,220-2,450 m - above sea level). In the lowlands around Tequila, the ripe agave piï¿½as are generally 60-80 kg, while in the red earth of the highlands they are much larger on average: 90-125 kg. The plants have a large rosette of thick fleshy leaves generally ending in a sharp point and with a spiny margin (thorns or 'teeth'); the stout stem is usually short, the leaves apparently springing from the root. Yucca, is a related, but separate genus. Most agaves are monocarpic: they can flower only once in their lives, although a few can flower more than once. Flowers have distinct male and female parts. During flowering a tall asparagus-like stalk ('inflorescence') called a quiote first grows vertically from the centre of the leaf rosette. When mature, this stalk branches, and produces a large number of shortly tubular flowers. Several species of agave are pollinated by bats. Smaller agave species may flower after only 3–4 years, while larger species may take 40–50 years. The flowers grow on a single large stalk that sprouts out of the middle of the plant and in larger species may grow up to 5m (15 feet) tall. The agave used in tequila is the Agave tequilana Weber var. azul, and only that agave is allowed for use in tequila. Agave tequilana Weber var. azul is a diploid species with 2n = 60 chromosomes, and thirty bivalents from pollen mother cells confirm the basic chromosome number of x = 30. Tequila producers cut the quiote to prevent it from draining sugars and nutrients from the mother plant. After development of fruit the original plant dies. Before flowering, shoots called hijuelos ('pups' - also called mecuatls) are produced asexually from the base of the stem, starting around the fifth year. These will become new plants. Growers remove the pups for replanting: the best and strongest pups are from the first cutting, around the sixth year. They will appear every year after, but are considered progressively weaker. This process leads to a monoculture because the pups are genetically identical to their mother. And that monoculture is highly vulnerable to diseases, parasites and environmental changes because the species cannot adapt over the generations, since every plant is basically the same. As one report noted in mid-2006, Current germplasm diversity used in the production of Agave spirits in west-central Mï¿½xico is in danger of erosion due to an expansion in the cultivation of the clone A. tequilana Weber var. azul, used for the elaboration of the famous drink "Tequila." Hijuelos will also appear at the base of the remnant of the quiote - usually an indicator the agave is ripe for harvesting. There are more than 300 species of agave listed, but only about 200 are formally recognized (Lopez says 274). Of these, 136 of them grow in Mexico. The image to the left shows a field of another type of agave, possibly one used to make pulque, growing in Los Altos outside Arandas. A different kind of agave can be seen growing on the cliffs beside the highway that runs north to Morelia from the coast. While only blue agave can be used for tequila, other agaves are used for mezcal and regional spirits. Agaves have been used as a source of food, fibre, medicine, shelter and tools (like needles) for the past 9,000 years. The quiotes have also been used as a musical instrument, apparently similar in nature and sound to the Australian digeridoo. In more recent times, the quiote wood has been used for making surfboards. Agaves were introduced into Europe in the middle of the 16th century, mostly for ornamental use. Agaves - particularly the Mexican blue agave - were later introduced into South Africa. One story claims it was Portuguese sailors who brought them in the mid-19th century. A second relates that agave plants were distributed throughout South Africa in the early 1900s for both erosion control and as a fodder crop in droughts, and thousands of plants were planted by many families in the Graaff-Reinet area. A third story says a young girl brought three imported agave plants from Grahamstown in 1938, and planted them on a farm outside Graaff-Reinet. Regardless of which tales is the truth, the agave in South Africa flourished in the Karoo, and have been used to make an agave-based spirit (one brand is called Agava) since 2003. Because of the international denomination of origin, no one outside Mexico can make an agave spirit and call it tequila. As reported in The Informador , June 16, 2007, The researchers at UACh see a new market opening for agave growers in inulin production. Recent studies by the Independent University of Chapingo (UACh) have shown that agave contains more inulin than in most other natural sources, Inulins are a group of naturally occurring sugars produced by many types of plants. They belong to a class of carbohydrates known as fructans. Inulin is used increasingly in foods, because it has unusual nutritional characteristics. Inulin has a minimal impact on blood sugar, making it generally considered suitable for diabetics and potentially helpful in managing blood sugar-related illnesses. "It (inulin) is the product of the future and Mexico can take advantage of that. We are one of the few countries in the world that cultivates it. It could be the opportunity that waited for the farmers," declared Remigio Madrigal Lugo, leader of the research team. The tequilero agave is richer in fructans than the chicory. In order to produce a kilo of inulin, 6 kilos of agave are required. As of June 2007, a kilogram of inulin sells in the market between the $3 and $12 USD. In Mexico, Nestle is the main consumer of inulins. Bimbo, Gamesa, Lala and Quaker, are also adding inulin to their products. In the last six years inulin imports to Mexico have increased from 13.30 tonnes in 2000 to 1,533 tonnes in 2005. The world consumption is about 250,000 tons a year, mostly in Europe and Japan, where the product is heavily used in milk production, yogurt, ice creams, breads, candies, pastes, jams, sauces and cold meats. The largest producer of inulins is currently Belgium. In 2005, AC Nielsen determined that $77 billion dollars in foods contained inulin. The forecast for 2011 is that $500 billion USD will be spent in inulin-added foods.	i don't know
What liquor, the primary ingredient in the original Martini and the Singapore Sling, gets its flavor from the juniper berry?	10 Things You Didn't Know About Gin - Food Republic Exclusive: Simon Ford Reveals His Secret Gin Flavor Map 2. There are more classic cocktails made with gin than with any other spirit Negroni , Ramos Gin Fizz , Martinez , Gin Rickey , Red Snapper , Tom Collins, White Lady, Hanky Panky, Clover Club, Alexander, French 75, Gimlet, Vesper, Singapore Sling, Silver Bronx, Pegu Club, Bee’s Knees, Southside. And that is just scratching the surface! 3. Holland made gin first Gin is England’s national spirit and there are few things more English than a refreshing gin & tonic. Most of the most famous gins you see around the world hail from the UK, so it is forgivable to think that the spirit first came from here. The English actually discovered gin when they were fighting the Thirty Years’ War in the 17th century in Holland and saw Dutch soldiers drinking Jenever to boost morale before heading into battle. The term “Dutch Courage” was born, and the English brought the idea of making and drinking gin back with them. It would take another 150 years before they would have their own version. 4. London dry gin is not always from London Gin does not have the same geographical restrictions as spirits such as cognac, scotch or tequila. Only a tiny handful of London dry gins are actually made in the city. There are, however, 13 gins that have a “geographical indication.” The most famous of these is Plymouth gin, which has been made in Plymouth, England since 1793. 5. One man deserves recognition Desmond Payne is currently the master distiller at Beefeater and has been there for more than 17 years. He formerly held the same position at Plymouth, giving him more experience making fine gin than anyone else. He also created Beefeater 24 , which incorporates tea into the distillation process and is a great ingredient for punches. 6. A martini means gin A martini consists of gin, dry vermouth and optional bitters . When the golden age of the martini was in full swing, most people in cocktail drinking nations had not yet tried vodka. During the era of the three-martini lunch, Smirnoff released a very clever campaign, “Vodka leaves you breathless,” that combined with the cool of James Bond to help vodka hijack gin’s place in the iconic drink. 7. Gin can be used for medicinal purposes In 1269, the first major mention of juniper-based health-related tonics appeared in a Dutch publication. Ever since, gin has had a history of being used “for medicinal purposes.” The Royal Navy mixed gin with lime cordial to stop scurvy, and angostura settled the stomach at sea. Tonic water with quinine was anti-malarial, giving them a great excuse to drink more gin and tonics. 8. Gin is flavored vodka The most usual production method for gin is to distill botanicals, such as juniper, coriander, citrus peel, cinnamon, almond or liquorice, with neutral grain alcohol. Making gin is like flavoring vodka, except that botanicals are always natural. A skilled gin distiller knows how to balance the botanical flavors to make a quality product. 9. The Philippines drinks the most gin The global sale of the spirit is nearly 60 million cases, and almost half of this is consumed in the Philippines. The country drinks over 22 million cases of Ginebra San Miguel, and while this gin accounts for 43% of the gin market, most people outside the Philippines have never heard of it. Other big gin drinking nations are Spain — where gin and tonics are popular — the U.S and, of course, the UK. 10. Saying you don’t like gin is like saying you don’t like sauce All gin uses juniper as its main ingredient. After that, however, there are very few limits to the hundreds of ingredients a distillery can use. Some gins have as few as three or four botanical flavors, while the Scottish gin Botanist has 31! The flavors in gin range from cucumber and rose (Hendricks) to lavender (Aviation) to lemongrass and black pepper (Bombay Sapphire East). No two gins are alike, making the spirit very diverse in flavor and exciting for the budding bartender. Visit a gin distillery and learn more: In the U.S – Visit the New York Distilling Company in Williamsburg and meet founder Allen Katz. Be sure to drink Commodore Perry’s Navy Strength gin in The Shanty , a lovely bar located next door. In the UK – Visit the oldest working distillery in the world in Plymouth . The building has been around since 1430 as a monastery, and every drop of Plymouth Gin has been made there since 1793. Finally, a recipe to enjoy at home: The Last Word Cocktail (created circa. 1922 at the Detroit Athletics Club) 3/4 ounce Dorothy Parker gin 3/4 ounce green chartreuse 3/4 ounce fresh squeezed lime juice Shake ingredients and strain into a chilled cocktail coupe More Drink Ford Tough on Food Republic:	Gin
Double Dutch is a variation of what children's game?	Cheers: Here are our favorite places in Tampa Bay with great cocktail drink recipes \| Tampa Bay Times Cheers: Here are our favorite places in Tampa Bay with great cocktail drink recipes TBT* Staff I want to see more articles tagged I'm already following articles tagged Next This summer, tbt* ventured out in search of the best, biggest, boldest and most off-the-wall drinks being served at local bars and restaurants. Beer, cocktails, wine, even spiked milkshakes — everything was on the table. Our only rule of thumb was that it had to be something truly special, something you'd go out of your way to taste. Here are more than 60 specialty drinks that we think fit the bill. — Jay Cridlin, Justin Grant, Stephanie Hayes, Susan Thurston, tbt* archives Related News/Archive 1 Month Ago ZOYA SHISHA LOUNGE \| TURKISH TEA The name sounds exotic and so is the taste. This newly opened hookah lounge uses not-so-obvious ingredients to create unique, flavorful drinks. Basil? Cherry tomatoes? Cardamom-infused simple syrup? Cocktail concoctress Jayme Ellis experiments with them all. Among the tastiest is the Turkish Tea, a blend of Russian Standard Vodka, elderberry liqueur, lemon grass-infused simple syrup, chai tea and a twist of lemon. If you like chai tea, you're going to want this through an IV. If you don't, try it anyway. It's that interesting. Zoya opened in June in the former Buddha Lounge after an extensive makeover. Owned by the Czar folks, it has a Middle Eastern theme with Persian rugs and Moroccan-style furnishings. Get there early enough, and the staff will walk you over to Czar through the back. 1430 E Seventh Ave., Ybor City. DOG'S BOLLOCKS \| FIREBALL CINNAMON WHISKY The slogan for Fireball Cinnamon Whisky is "Tastes like heaven, burns like hell." The company then goes on to explain it like this: "Just imagine what it would be like to get a Chuck Norris roundhouse kick to the face if his legs were on fire and tasted like cinnamon." Legend has it that Fireball was invented during Canada's coldest winter ever. It spread through the United States when a few bottles were smuggled over the border. You can order up a taste of this sought-after spirit at the Dog's Bollocks in Ybor City, a British bar rife with soccer flags, dart boards and foosball tables. A shot costs $4. Dog's Bollocks doesn't do happy hours, but rather claims to have the lowest prices in Ybor City any time of day. 1704 E Seventh Ave., Ybor City; (813) 247-4488; dogsbollocksybor.com . LUCKY STAR LOUNGE \| ELVIS SHOT Elvis Presley was a man with an appetite for some unusual foods, including sandwiches made with peanut butter, bananas and bacon. If it's good enough for the King to eat, then it's good enough for you to drink! If that logic seems sound, then head to the Lucky Star Lounge and order an Elvis shot. It's made with Nutliquor peanut butter vodka, Bakon vodka, and banana liqueur. Yes, that's Bakon as in bacon, although this vodka is strictly vegetarian. If that sounds like a bit much, you may be interested to know that the lounge has built a small book of food-replica shots, ranging from booze renditions of Ambrosia salad and oatmeal cookies to an uncannily close Tootsie Roll. 2760 Central Avenue, St. Petersburg. myspace.com/luckystarlounge28 . THE GARDEN \| INFUSED SPIRITS The Garden's long-time bartender, Jaime, has been toying around with infused vodkas for a while now, but only recently has the selection grown to a full line of flavored spirits, with flavors ranging from sweet and fruity to rich and spicy. Most of these are vodka-based, as it's an ideal candidate for infusion, but the vanilla and peach-infused bourbon is our favorite — make sure to order it neat. Other notable options are vodkas infused with kiwi and strawberry, peach and ginger, plums, orange tea, and even a "Bloody Mary," infused with vegetables, peppers and spices. 217 Central Ave., St. Petersburg. (727) 896-3800, thegardendtsp.com . THE HUB \| REALLY STRONG DRINKS When a term like the "Hub Pour" enters the local vernacular, it's probably wise to take note. If you've spent any time in The Hub — Tampa's quintessential downtown dive bar — you already know what a "Hub Pour" is; if not, it can be summed up in two words: heavy-handed. This is even somewhat of an understatement, as you'll notice when watching the bartender pour your drink — these things are strong. If you're looking for a cocktail that's got legs, you'd be hard-pressed to find one that beats The Hub. 719 N Franklin St., Tampa. (813) 229-1553, thehubbartampa.com . CZAR \| ICE SHOTS A Russian-themed bar, Czar obviously takes vodka seriously. But 268 varieties? That's borderline obsessive — or brilliant, depending on your drinking habits. The bar makes it easy to tackle a bunch of them with its ice shots. Pick your poison at the Cyberia bar, and the staff will serve it in a shot glass made of ice. Chug, then chuck the "glass'' against the wall. They encourage it. Double espresso is a favorite among comrades because it's yummy and goes down easy. Bison grass from Poland is a strong seller, too, but for less obvious reasons. It tastes as good as it sounds. Don't ask for a lemon drop or other sweet concoction. Ice shooters are served straight up because, duh, it's all about the vodka. 1420 E Seventh Ave.; Ybor City; (813) 247-2664; czarnation.com . The Castle \| Absinthe A couple of years ago, absinthe — the forbidden green nectar of the damned — made a comeback in this country, and several bars hopped on the bandwagon. But none did it with more gusto than the Castle, Ybor City's palace of goth and outsider culture. With a custom menu of more than a half-dozen absinthes from France, Czechoslovokia, Switzerland and the United States — some priced at up to $24 a glass — the Castle can feed your fix. The flaming sugar cubes, the ornate goblets, opalescent hue, the intense taste of licorice — whether you're wearing a leather duster or a raccoon-skin coat, you'll feel like you just fell down a rabbit hole. How very curious! 2004 N 16th St., Ybor City. (813) 247-7547, castleybor.com . Fly Bar and Restaurant \| Fat Cat Daddy It's hard to go wrong with almost any of Fly's fine cocktails — and because their menus can rotate, sometimes you never know what you're gonna get, both downstairs and on the rooftop bar. But come on — you have to admire the straight-up balls of any bar bold enough to put moonshine on their menu. Fly's Fat Cat Daddy — Midnight Moonshine, creme de cassis and a pinot grigio syrup, served in a mason jar — won't turn you blind like the white lightning your pappy grew up on. But it's very refreshing, and a modern way to reaffirm your devotion to the Deep South. 1202 N Franklin St., Tampa. (813) 275-5000, flybarandrestaurant.com . BAHI HUT LOUNGE \| MAI TAI Since 1954, the Bahi Hut in Sarasota has been serving up tropical drinks in its kitschy, now-retro roadside tiki bar. The signature drink is the Mai Tai, created by the original bartender, and it carries a two-drink limit. What's that, you say — a drink limit on a lowly Mai Tai? Rest assured, these are no ordinary rum-and-grenadine concoctions; the Bahi Hut blends several rums — including Bacardi 151 — with fresh fruit juices and omits the grenadine entirely. The pours are generous to say the least, and the result is a serious cocktail, one that easily warrants a two-drink maximum. Despite its potency, the Mai Tai is actually quite tasty — not too fruity, sweet and slightly tart — and if you end up with a bit too much rum in your system, the attached Golden Host Resort has rooms available. 4675 N Tamiami Trail, Sarasota. (941) 355-5141. DUNEDIN/PALM HARBOR HOUSES OF BEER \| RANDALL-INFUSED BEERS Dogfish Head Brewery, known for its unusual and innovative beers, needed a way to infuse their already hop-heavy 120-Minute IPA with an even more monstrous addition of hops. Thus was borne the Randall, a pressurized system used to push beer through fresh hops, imbuing beers with a crisp, hoppy taste. When Dogfish Head started selling Randalls to the public, the Dunedin and Palm Harbor Houses of Beer picked one up and started experimenting. The resulting "Randall Nights" — generally every other Tuesday in Dunedin and Sundays in Palm Harbor, but call ahead to confirm — have featured beers infused with anything from vanilla and coffee beans to cinnamon and fresh fruit. Dunedin House of Beers, 927 Broadway #A, Dunedin. (727) 216-6318, dunedinhob.com ; Palm Harbor House of Beers, 34970 U.S. 19 N, Palm Harbor. (727) 784-2337, palmharborhob.com . CASA TINA \| Michelada A popular beer found in restaurants and bars in Mexico is the Michelada, a mixture of beer and savory elements, such as tomato juice and hot sauce. If you didn't immediately stop reading, then you may be interested in hearing the rest. Casa Tina, a well-respected Mexican restaurant on Dunedin's scenic Main Street, serves its own version of this hearty drink, blending Modelo Especial lager with fresh lime juice, Maggi seasoning sauce, Valentina hot sauce and a salted rim. Surprisingly refreshing and well-balanced, it goes equally well with your dinner as it does with a nice day enjoyed from the restaurant's patio. 365 Main St., Dunedin. (727) 734-9226, casatinas.com . GEORGIE'S ALIBI \| LONG ISLAND ICED TEA If you've been to Georgie's Alibi on a Thursday night, you've already had one of their Long Island Iced Teas. But first-time visitors may wonder what the fuss is with these oversized Mason-jar drinks, found in the hands of many suspiciously tipsy-looking folks. The answer is a combination of cost, quantity and effectiveness; for $4, you get an outrageously large Long Island, served in a 32-ounce Mason jar, with a simple lemon and lime garnish. Take a sip and you'll see why these are a hit — they're one of the strongest drinks in town, short of drinking straight from the bottle. 3100 Third Ave. N, St. Petersburg. (727) 321-2112, georgiesalibi.com/stpete . RESERVOIR BAR \| PINEAPPLE VODKA Cans of PBR and whiskey cocktails are the default for many patrons of the Res, but ask Mama, the bartender, about her pineapple-infused vodka. Thick pineapple spears are soaked in vodka for two weeks before they're ready to serve, complete with a chunk of the vodka-soaked pineapple thrown into the glass. Although she suggests eating the pineapple first because of the sugars being dissolved into the vodka, we prefer to eat it as we go. As for the vodka, it does indeed contain the dissolved fruit sugars, and if you're a pineapple fan (as any reasonable person is), you'll want to give it a shot. 1518 E Seventh Ave., Tampa. (813)248-1442, resbar.com . TAVERN AT BAYBORO \| BIRTHDAY beer Everyone goes out drinking on their birthday. Why not take your friends and do it for free? This bar, located near the USF St. Pete campus, offers free booze for all good birthday boys and girls. Get a free pitcher at the Tavern at Bayboro — usually Miller Lite or Yuengling, but if you're a regular, they might give you something a little classier. Your friends may have to buy the next round, but hey, no one ever said your friendship came cheap. 121 Seventh Ave. S, St. Petersburg; (727) 821-1418. ZOM HEE \| ST. PETERSBURG SLING This unassuming Chinese restaurant is a favorite with Pinellas locals, who praise it for fresh, home-style cooking. I'm one of these folks, but I probably would never have found the place if it were not for the curious cocktail lounge advertised on the shopping-center marquee. Zom Hee is a bit of an anomaly — a traditional Chinese restaurant that has an extensive cocktail list of classics and signature takes on old favorites. Among these are a piña colada served in a brilliant faux-coconut mug and the St. Petersburg Sling, a mixture of gin, sloe gin, orange and pineapple juices, sour, and grenadine, served in a kitschy mug resembling an Easter Island statue and garnished with an orange slice, maraschino cherry, and — importantly — a little paper umbrella. As the cocktail menu suggests, it's like a Singapore Sling, but it "tastes better." 9015 Park Blvd., Seminole. (727) 391-8393, zomhee.com . — Justin Grant ST. PETERSBURG NIGHTS \| RUSSIAN BUM You won't find a drink more Russian at heart than straight vodka. Russians are well-known for their affinity for this mostly neutral spirit, and much emphasis is put into the cultural aspect of downing shots of vodka with friends at social gatherings. One traditional way to serve vodka is neat, in a shot glass, with a side of pickles. Yes, pickles. People that know me well know how easily I'm sold on this idea, but even a skeptic will have to admit that a pickle chaser is a great way to make a shot of Russian or Ukranian vodka go down smoothly once they try one of these Russian Bums for themselves. 6800 Sunset Way, St. Pete Beach. (727) 363-3832, stpetersburgnights.com . — Justin Grant WET WILLIE'S \| CALL A CAB Nary a day passes that I don't lament the tragic loss of the Wet Willie's at St. Pete's Baywalk. Spending a summer night sipping an impossibly cold, devastatingly alcoholic slush while kicking back on the courtyard balcony was a favorite pastime. The good news is that Channelside is home to a Wet Willie's, and the signature drink — the Call a Cab — is as over-the-top there as ever. The mixture of what I can only imagine is cherry cough-syrup flavoring, combined with straight grain alcohol, goes down easier than you'd think, thanks to the low freezing point of alcohol. The result is so cold that your tongue will go numb and your souvenir cup will become coated in a thick layer of frost as the condensation freezes. Bring a DD to enjoy a non-alcoholic Weak Willie, or you'll need to take the drink's advice and get a taxi. 615 Channelside Drive #116, Tampa. (813) 221-5650, wetwillies.com/locations/tampa . — Justin Grant HELLAS RESTAURANT \| OUZO One of the best ways to while away an afternoon in the Bay area is to hang out around the Tarpon Springs sponge docks, where you'll find no shortage of scenery or drink. It'll be no surprise to learn that many of the restaurants and bars along Dodecanese Boulevard carry a variety of Greek wines and spirits, including the omnipresent ouzo, the traditional liquor of Greece. Hellas Restaurant, one of the busier spots along the docks, has a very nice bar in the back of the restaurant, where you can order such a drink. Try it on the rocks — the ice will cause the clear liquid to turn milky white — and enjoy it by the waterfall fountain near the bar or outside on the patio. 785 Dodecanese Blvd., Tarpon Springs. (727) 943-2400, hellas-restaurant.com . Mise en Place \| Kentucky Breakfast It's one of those drinks that sounds so wrong, you just have to try it: Bacon-infused bourbon, maple syrup and muddled orange. It's a fascinating concoction — the bourbon takes four days to infuse, and as the fat separates from the bourbon, it is scraped off and sometimes saved for use in the Mise en Place kitchen. As for the taste? You may be surprised (disappointed?) to learn that the orange flavor overwhelms the bacon, which is surprisingly mild. But it's still very nice, and not as heavy as it sounds. Besides, you can't put a price on the subtle joy of drinking from a mason jar at one of Tampa's finest bistros. 442 W Kennedy Blvd., Tampa; (813) 254-5373, miseonline.com . CAFE ALMA \| BLOODY MARY There's no shortage of notable Bloody Marys around town, but Cafe Alma gives them extra splash with tomato-flavored vodka. This downtown St. Pete restaurant sets up a Bloody Mary bar every Saturday and Sunday for the do-it-yourself breakfast and lunch crowd craving a meal in a glass. The bloody good fixins' bar has items you won't find elsewhere, from mushrooms to pickled zucchini, plus 20 kinds of pepper and hot sauces. The Three Olives tomato vodka blends so well with the veggie juice that you might forget the drink contains alcohol. 260 First Ave. S, St. Petersburg; (727) 502-5002; cafealma.com . BAR MILO \| BLUEBERRY SHRUB There are a few notable house specialties on Bar Milo's inventive, ever-evolving cocktail menu, but one that you won't find easily elsewhere is the blueberry shrub. A modern rendition of a late-18th century drink, it contains blueberry vodka and club soda flavored with an acidic mixture of balsamic and rice-wine vinegars sweetened with sugar. The result is highly palatable, crisp and refreshing. 300 Central Ave., St. Petersburg, (727) 822-7273. Datz \| Eberson's Old Fashioned Would Don Draper be caught dead drinking in a deli? He would if he could get an Old Fashioned like the ones they make at Datz. The popular South Tampa eatery is also a brilliantly stocked bar, with sprawling lists of spirits, beers and inventive cocktails. Their Eberson's Old Fashioned uses Luxardo cherries (soaked in brandy, imported from Italy) and a few dashes of cherry bitters by Fee Brothers and is garnished with a candied bacon skewer. That's right: BACON. It doesn't come cheap — ours was $14 — but the finer things in life rarely do. 2616 S MacDill Ave., Tampa. (813) 831-7000. datzdeli.com . VUE SUSHI & MARTINI BAR \| CUCUMBER FRESCO When I first noticed the Cucumber Fresco on Vue's signature cocktail list, it looked like a solid creation: Patron Silver, St. Germain elderflower liqueur, mint, diced cucumber and grapefruit juice. I ordered one and found that it was a totally different recipe. The current Cucumber Fresco combines Seagram's gin, St. Germain, grapefruit juice, diced cucumber, and — brace yourself — pickled sushi ginger. And somehow it works great, yielding a cocktail that neatly balances the contrasting dry and sweet spirits (Seagram's and St. Germain) with cool and tart flavors (cucumber, grapefruit and ginger). 200 Central Avenue, St. Petersburg. (727) 821-4600, vue19.com . — Justin Grant Timpano Italian Chophouse \| Liquid Karma "In this day and age," says Timpano bartender Kim Kraimer, "a martini is no longer your classic vermouth, gin or vodka." Sometimes it's even made with rum. Arguably the most popular of Timpano's two dozen house martinis is the Liquid Karma, a greenish concoction containing Bacardi Limon, Zen Green Tea liqueur, lemon juice and fresh ginger, served with a honey rim and lemon twist. It's as sweet as it sounds, and it's developed quite a reputation. "A lot of people know Timpano's for that," said Kraimer. As well they should. 1610 W Swann Ave., Tampa. (813) 254-5870, timpanochophouse.net OCEAN PRIME \| BERRIES & BUBBLES With six locations in five states, the upscale chain Ocean Prime deserves at least a sliver of the credit for the mainstreaming of the Prohibition-era cocktail, with its Cucumber Gimlets, Whiskey Clovers and Strawberry Smashes. But its signature show-stopper is still one of its silliest drinks: The Berries & Bubbles. Chunks of dry ice are added to a rich purple mix of citrus vodka, Champagne, marinated berries and house-made sour mix, and the end result is a raucously bubbling brew that's guaranteed to turn heads around the bar. The fruit flavor is intense, the bubbles add texture and the dry ice gives it a strangely intoxicating aroma (and creates ice on the stem). It's pulpy, it's preposterous ... and somehow, it makes perfect sense. 2205 N West Shore Blvd., Tampa. (813) 490-5288. oceanprimetampa.com . ORBIT 19 LOUNGE \| CUCUMBER MARTINI No one would expect to find a top-flight cocktail bar in sleepy Holiday, especially not one joined at the hip to a barnlike package store. But Orbit 19 is an outpost of Prohibition-era professionalism in southwest Pasco County. Their most popular drink might be the Cucumber Martini — Hendrick's gin or Americana vodka, a whole blended cucumber (!) and fresh oregano, plus a salted rim and cucumber garnish. It's unbelievably refreshing, like drinking a salad. Even better is another, nameless drink they offered us, with Hendrick's, muddled cucumber and Gosling's ginger beer: Fizzy, fuzzy and wickedly refreshing. It doesn't have a name yet, and maybe it doesn't need one. Maybe it should just stay our little secret, m'kay? 1542 U.S. 19 N, Holiday; (727) 937-8330; orbit19lounge.com . SHADRACK'S \| EVANDER BEER There are many places in Tampa Bay where you can order a bottle of Evander Beer. But this may be the only bar where you're likely to see the guy on the label sitting next to you. Shadrack's, a little dive in Pass-a-Grille, sits next door to the home studio and boutique of jewelry artist Evander Preston, an eccentric, unmistakably mountain-mannish fixture on the South Pinellas arts scene. Brewed by the Florida Beer Co., the pilsner-style lager is available throughout Tampa Bay, but for the full Evander Beer experience, you need to consume it at Shadrack's — or, heck, in Preston's own studio, which serves it on tap. 114 Eighth Ave., St. Pete Beach. (727) 360-8279. DON CESAR RESORT \| RUSSIAN STEED Sometimes the house cocktail isn't the most interesting thing on a bar menu. For example, the Don CeSar has a signature shot (The Don), a signature daiquiri (Don of the Daiquiri) and, as with all Lowes Hotels, a signature cocktail (The Tickled Pink). Ignore them all and order a Russian Steed, a tart twist on the Moscow Mule. Vodka, ginger syrup, fresh lime juice and creamy ginger-beer foam, topped with lime-peel shavings, served in a traditional copper mug. The deliciously sour concoction looks, and tastes, not unlike a sherbert sundae, and it goes down just as smoothly. 3400 Gulf Blvd., St. Pete Beach. (727) 360-1881, loewshotels.com/doncesar . THE HURRICANE \| HURRICANE RUNNER Unless you're starving, skip the historic Hurricane's first- and second-floor dining rooms, and head straight for the rooftop lounge, which offers as blissful a view of the Gulf of Mexico as you'll find anywhere in Tampa Bay. If the bar has a signature drink, it's the Rum Runner, which is simple, spicy, potent and deep enough to last until sunset and beyond. Bonus: There's a large selection of non-alcoholic slush drinks, all of which can be ordered in a souvenir carved monkey-head coconut that doubles as a coin bank. Perfect for the kiddies! 807 Gulf Way, St. Pete Beach. (727) 360-9558, thehurricane.com . AGAVE \| FROZEN MARGARITA Finally: A beach bar that puts the Mexico back in the Gulf of Mexico. With a name like Agave, this cozy little cantina better deliver on the tequila front, and boy, does it ever, with more than 50 labels on the menu, including an $80 shot of Don Julio Real. The mix 'n' match margarita list is suitably flexible, allowing you to choose your own tequila, flavors and preparation style. We enjoyed the frozen raspberry margarita — sweet, fruity and generous. Just like all our best amigos. 6400 Gulf Blvd., St. Pete Beach. (727) 367-3448. FOUR GREEN FIELDS \| PINT OF GUINNESS Sure, you can order a domestic beer at this Irish pub but don't broadcast it too loudly. True fans of the clover drink Guinness, by far Four Green Fields' best-seller. (The bar had 125 kegs on hand for St. Patrick's Day.) The thatched-roof pub arguably pours the perfect pint, a multistep process that requires nitrogen to make the frothy head. For the full experience, ask the bartender to make a shamrock in the head. At the very least, it's pretty cool to see. 205 W Platt St., Tampa; (813) 254-4444; fourgreenfields.com . INFUSIONS LOUNGE \| TEAGRIA Here's a signature drink that boasts healthy benefits. The reinvented Hooker Tea Company in Tampa, now called Infusions Lounge, serves teagria — a blend of wine and antioxidant-rich tea. Owner Eric Starr and his girlfriend came up with it one night over a bottle of awful wine. They added some tea to improve the taste and, voila, created teagria. Served in a tall pilsner glass with slices of fruit, teagria comes in red and white. The white is made with Mayan Mate green tea; the red is made with passion berry tea. People planning to party in SoHo all night might go for the white. It's caffeinated. 223 S Howard Ave., Tampa; (813) 443-5797; infusionslounge.com . SPLITSVILLE \| BIG BOWL DRINKS While you're knocking down pins at Splitsville's swanky bowling alley in Channelside, take the opportunity to knock yourself to the ground, too. The theme restaurant offers bowl drinks in an 18-ounce schooner for $9 and a monumental 60-ounce super schooner for $21. They're designed for a group, but we have no question you'll give it your best try solo. There are seven flavors of bowl drink, including a Voodoo Juice Bowl (coconut rum, banana liqueur, blue curacao, pineapple, cranberry juice), a Splitsville Bowl (huckleberry vodka, lemonade, sprite, strawberry Pucker), and if you really hate your liver, a Long Island Bowl (vodka, rum, triple sec, sour mix, coke). Just try and stay out of the gutter. 615 Channelside Drive, Tampa; (813) 514-2695; splitsvillelanes.com . PADDY O'SULLIVAN'S \| SPIKED MILKSHAKE Burgers and shakes. Can't screw that up too badly, can you? Well, Paddy O'Sullivan's in St. Pete Beach offers not only a mind-bending array of gourmet burgers, and a beer list stretching into the triple digits, but also a half-dozen "spiked milkshakes" blended with vodka, rum, Kahlua and more. We paired our Three Irish Cheeses Burger — which features cheeses made with Guinness, Irish whisky and Irish porter — with the Creamsicle, a blend of orange sherbert, orange vodka, triple sec and milk. Rich, decadent and delicious, it's like drinking a dessert. If only they'd thought of that at Arnold's Drive-In. 6101 Gulf Blvd., St Pete Beach. (727) 360-7888, paddyosullivans.com . BERNINI \| GODIVA CHOCOLATE MARTINI This drink tastes as good as it sounds. Bernini combines 360 Double Chocolate vodka, Godiva chocolate liqueur, Creme de Cacao and a hint of Frangelico to satisfy a chocolate lover's fix. Served chilled straight up, it's just frothy enough to qualify as a summertime dessert. But with a lot of kick. It's not on the current seasonal cocktail menu but just ask for it. Bartenders know it by heart. It's a favorite around Christmas and Valentine's Day. 1702 E Seventh Ave., Ybor City; (813) 248-0099; berniniofybor.com . JIMMY B'S BEACH BAR \| THE WET SPOT If you're man enough to order one by name, be our guest. The signature drink at this poolside bar in back of the Beachcomber Resort is a silly, frothy little thing — it's basically a blueberry pina colada topped with fresh whipped cream — but it's proven popular enough to spawn a line of merchandise, from "Wet Spot" tank tops to coolie cups. And besides, once the first one's out of the way, it gets a lot easier to order a second. And a third. And a fourth. 6200 Gulf Blvd., St. Pete Beach, (727) 367-1902, beachcomberflorida.com . PELAGIA TRATTORIA \| GRAPPA Some call it "Italian moonshine." But there are those who say that in the right hands, the potent, winelike brandy known as grappa can be an exquisite digestif for a fine Italian meal. At Pelagia Trattoria in Tampa, chefs offer a handful of grappas at any given time, infused with house flavors like pear, pineapple, mango, raspberry, coffee and mojito. They rest in a rack in the rear of the restaurant, near the bar, so the next time you need a pick-me-up during a day at the mall, take a deep breath and order a glass. Located at the Renaissance Tampa Hotel International Plaza, 4200 Jim Walter Blvd., Tampa. (813) 313-3235; pelagiatrattoria.com THE CHIC-A-BOOM ROOM \| COSMOPOLITAN Men may not fare well with the Chic-A-Boom Room's roster of "martoonis," stocked as it is with fruity, indulgent concoctions with cartoonish names (the Slippery Finger, the Pink & Perky, the Big "O"). Just go all out and order their pitch-perfect Cosmo, which is sweet but delicious, like a birthday cupcake, and pink as a slinky satin negligee. If you're gonna abandon all pretense of masculinity — or simply have a night out with your own personal Charlotte, Miranda and Samantha — this is the way to do it. 319 Main St., Dunedin, (727) 736-5284, kellyschicaboom.com . BAR 1570 \| VODKA BUTTERBEER Only in Tampa Bay could you find an adults-only version of Harry Potter's favorite drink. When Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 1 premiered in 2010, the Tampa Museum of Science and Industry wanted to celebrate the flick with a drink at Bar 1570, located in the lobby of its IMAX Dome Theatre. The answer: Vodka Butterbeer, a rich, buttery, extremely sweet blend of vodka, cream soda, butterscotch syrup and whipped cream that tastes much like the "official" butterbeer served at the Wizarding World of Harry Potter at Universal Orlando. It's one of the few places in America that serves alcoholic butterbeer. Would J.K. Rowling approve? Bar 1570 is located on the second floor of MOSI, 4801 E Fowler Ave., Tampa. (813) 987-6000, mosi.org . The Swigwam \| The Bushwacker When the Postcard Inn and PCI Bar took over its property on St. Pete Beach, the Swigwam lost its oceanfront view — and its liquor license. That put an end to its legendary Bushwacker, a potent, ice-cold slush comprised of vodka, rum, Bailey's, Kahlua, amaretto, Coco Lopez and chocolate syrup. But after a brief beer-and-wine-only phase, the new Swigwam on Corey Avenue has regained its liquor license, and the booze is once again flowing. You know what that means — Bushwackers for all! 336 Corey Ave., St. Pete Beach; (727) 363-7944, swigwam.com . The Double Decker \| das boot Near the tail end of a bachelor party last fall, some friends and I stopped by at the Double Decker pub in Ybor City. Behind the bar sits "Das Boot," a giant glass boot that can holdwhat must be a gallon of beer. A round! someone demanded. The rest of the night unfolded like a 12-round bare-knuckle brawl, with grown men leaning on the bar to maintain their upright and locked position, glowering and howling at the vessel before them: "Boot! BOOOOOOOOOT!" It wasn't pretty. And yet, one month later, the battle of Das Boot made its way into the best man's wedding toast. Das Boot had become canon, a part of our shared history in all the ways our mothers never intended. 1721 Seventh Ave., Ybor City. (813) 248-2099, doubledeckertampa.com . — Jay Cridlin Packard's Bar \| CaIpirinha The caipirinha, a Brazilian version of the mojito, is hard enough to find in Tampa Bay. Who ever would have guessed you'd find one in this tiny Prohibition-style lounge hidden inside Grayl's Hotel? Packard's caipirinha uses cachaça (sugarcane rum) as the liquor base, an ingredient that is unusual to find in these parts. It's a bit sweet (our bartender compared it to "burnt sugar cane"), but you'll enjoyed the chance to try a popular cocktail that isn't often spotted around here. 340 Beach Drive NE, St. Pete; (727) 896-1080; graylshotel.com . VINOY RENAISSANCE HOTEL \| CUBAN SOCIETY They call it "a Hemingway favorite of La Bodequita in Havana." We call it a razzamatastic take on the mojito. However you view the Vinoy's Cuban Society, it's best enjoyed on the hotel's fan-cooled veranda, overlooking St. Petersburg's Vinoy Basin. Blending Bacardi Razz rum, Galliano liqueur, simple syrup, mint leaves, fresh raspberries, lime and club soda, it's a cool, casual cocktail that goes well with the Vinoy's warm BBQ kettle chips and Ybor City Amber Lager cheddar dip (a steal at only 99 cents). It's tart, pulpy and a classic twist on stately old Florida. Vinoy Renaissance Resort, 501 Fifth Ave. NE, St. Petersburg; (727) 894-1000, vinoyrenaissanceresort.com . BAILEY'S \| DOG DRINKS At Bailey's restaurant, dogs get the royal treatment with water, Milkbones and even meatloaf when it's one the menu. They can also get their name on a cocktail. The restaurant has expanded its drink menu to include cocktails named after people's pooches. Just bring in a photo and owner Kim Bailey and the staff will come up a drink to match your pet's personality. The summer cocktail menu featured two dog-inspired concoctions: The Stafford and The Buddy. The Stafford, a pretty, pinkish whisky sour made with Aperol, lemon juice and simple syrup, is named after Acey Williams' Shih Tzu. The Buddy is named after Bailey's greyhound/bird dog mutt and combines the restaurant's homemade raspberry lemonade and Stoli vodka. Photos of the dogs and their drink recipes get posted in the restaurant's bar. 238 E Davis Blvd., Tampa; (813) 254-8018; baileycatering.com . BLUE MARTINI \| BLUE MARTINI The Blue Martini does not actually come in a martini glass, but don't be fooled. It packs just as much wobbly punch as a traditional James Bond-style beverage. Good thing the mall is right there to walk off the buzz among slick business types, professional athletes and women toting Gucci bags. The bar at International Plaza's Bay Street offers its namesake drink in the form of Van Gogh Blue vodka, Cointreau, blue curacao, sour mix and orange juice, served in a large snifter over ice with three cherries and an orange slice. For a nighttime effect, they add a funky glow stick. If you drink it outside while the bar's large fans cool you off, things start to feel very Miami. It's $12 normally, but half price during happy hour from 4 to 8 p.m. every day. 2223 S. Westshore Blvd., Tampa; (813) 873-2583; bluemartinilounge.com . THE LIME \| MARGARONA Urban dictionary calls this the bastard child of the margarita. The folks at Lime declare it the "not quite famous'' margarona. Call it what you want, it's a drink you conquer, not sip. The margarona combines two Mexican favorites: a 24-ounce margarita, frozen or on the rocks, and a bottle of Corona placed bottoms up in the glass. It starts off tasting like a regular margarita but transitions to beer as you make room in the glass for the Corona. Imagine this: Snooki from Jersey Shore was spotted drinking a margarona with not one, but two beers. Lime sells the drink for $15 or $12 during happy hour from 2 to 7 p.m. daily. Still thirsty? The bar also has a 60-ounce margarita for anyone who doesn't have to function the next day. 915 S Howard Ave., Tampa; (813) 868-5463; thelimetampa.com . COLUMBIA RESTAURANT \| MOJITO Everything about the 105-year-old Columbia is legendary. There's even a story behind its beloved mojito. For nearly a century, the institution made the drink: by muddling the mint. But that changed a decade ago after president and CEO Richard Gonzmart had lunch with his friend Booker Noe, the late Jim Beam bourbon innovator. It was over that meal that Gonzmart learned the secret to making a great mint julep and a great mojito, too: simple syrup. The result is a more efficient, more invigorating beverage. And we're not ashamed to say it: It's the best mojito in Tampa Bay. Four locations: 2117 E Seventh Ave., Ybor City, (813) 248-4961; 801 Old Water St. #1905, Tampa (inside the Tampa Bay History Center), (813) 229-5511; 800 Second Ave. NE, St. Petersburg (The Pier), (727) 822-8000; 1241 Gulf Blvd., Clearwater, (727) 596-8400. columbiarestaurant.com . RED MESA CANTINA \| TEQUILA FLIGHTS How does the old saying go? "One tequila, two tequila, three tequila, floor?" That's exactly how Pete Veytia does NOT want you to think. "The days of quantity are pretty much over," said Veytia, owner of Red Mesa Cantina in St. Petersburg. "Now it's about quality." To that end, Red Mesa has built an extensive collection of fine sipping tequilas and mezcals, which you can order in flights — three 1-ounce shots served with limes, oranges, chili salt and a palate-cleansing slush called a Sangrita (it's a little like a non-alcoholic Bloody Mary). Red Mesa's freshly renovated tequila menu suggests six flights for tequila newbies and connoisseurs alike — like the Patron Challenge ($20), which pits the most popular mainstream tequila (Patron) against shots from Cabo Wabo and Corralejo. Or El Supreme, a high-roller's trio of three superior tequilas for $112. Too rich for your blood? Visit on one of Red Mesa's "Tequila Tuesdays" — you'll get discounted tequila drinks and $2 off your flight. 128 Third St. S, St. Petersburg. (727) 896-6372, redmesacantina.com . SEMINOLE HARD ROCK HOTEL AND CASINO \| LOUIS XIII DE REMY MARTIN Everyone knows that the house always wins, unless they don't, in which case you may get the urge to celebrate. Maybe you just hit a big jackpot or had a red-hot run on the tables and you're in a hurry to give some of that cash right back to the casino. If this happens, consider ordering a Louis XIII de Rémy Martin from the Hard Rock's Lobby Bar. This super, super-premium cognac comes in a wonderfully ornate crystal carafe made by Baccarat and carries a price tag that is a gamble in itself — $150. But it's also quite excellent, among the best spirits I've ever had the pleasure to try. Louis XIII has a strong earthy flavor, originating from being aged in "tiercons," barrels that are several hundred years old, according to Rémy Martin. The cognac is a blend of 1,200 (not a typo) eaux-de-vie, some of which are more than 100 years old. Don't be distracted by the flashing lights and sensory overload of the casino floor — you'll need to set aside some time to really appreciate the depth and complexity of this one. It's a rare treat for high rollers and those who find themselves momentarily taken by the kind of chance-taking impulses often found in casinos. 5224 Orient Road, Tampa. (813) 627-7625, seminolehardrocktampa.com . — Justin Grant CASSIS AMERICAN BRASSERIE \| INFUSED LIQUORS This might be the only joint in town where you'll see dainty, petite women throwing back whiskey on the rocks. At Cassis American Brasserie, a French-American restaurant positioned near the water on elegant Beach Drive, whiskey comes infused with apple, vanilla and cinnamon. It tastes less like leather polish and more like a warm, delicious dessert fresh from the oven. Other infusions include vodka with sour apple Jolly Ranchers, tequila with jalapenos and guava juice, gin with cucumber and thyme and a Parisian martini made to taste like a peppermint patty. They're all $9. 170 Beach Drive NE, St. Petersburg; (727) 827-2927; cassisab.com . SAKE BOMB \| SAKE "Sake, sake bomb!" You chant it as you beat your fists on the bar, shot of sake teetering on a pair of chopsticks above a beer. When the shot falls in, well, what choice do you have? "Chug, chug, chug!" St. Petersburg hipster haven Sake Bomb specializes in Japanese rice wine, which you can buy hot, cold, sparkling, by the bottle or in the form of cocktails called saketinis, priced at $7.50 in flavors like lychee, blue raspberry, pomegranate and sour apple. The alcohol content of sake ranges from a modest 6 percent to a drunky-drunk 20 percent, so you can really tie one on at daily happy hour from 5 to 8 p.m. And you can learn fun facts about sake by exploring the menu. Did you know the Nihon Bare rice in milky sake was a royal favorite 1,200 years ago? Well, now you do. 548 Central Ave., St. Petersburg; (727) 542-8893; thesakebomb.com . SAW GRASS TIKI BAR \| 100-OUNCE MARGARITA A 100-ounce cocktail is only 28 short of a gallon, which is a bit much by most standards. The Saw Grass Tiki Bar doesn't care, proudly proclaiming itself the home of the "Famous 100-ounce Margarita." Challenge accepted! Like many beer and wine-only bars, Saw Grass serves a variety of wine-based drinks meant to simulate the flavor of various spirits. But instead of hiding them in dark corners, Saw Grass proudly displays them on its shelves and offers an extensive cocktail list utilizing them as primary ingredients. Unlike many such wines made from oranges and other fruits, the "tequila" is Los Cabos Agave Especial, a 100-percent agave wine which I have to admit goes quite well in a margarita. The 100-ounce Margarita (available in smaller 50-ounce increments for the timid) can be ordered in the "Traditional 1948" variety (rocks, $25) or in frozen form ($50), served from an old soft-serve machine. It's served in a comically oversized Margarita glass, complete with elaborate garnish — pineapple wedges, lime, maraschino cherries, and the uncommon and delicious golden kiwi. Although the Margarita is quite drinkable, it's also surprisingly potent, so bring some friends to split it with. 610 Athens St., Tarpon Springs. (727) 942-4290, sawgrasstikibar.com . CARMEL CAFE & WINE BAR \| WINE VIA IPAD When you walk into the unassuming Carmel Cafe & Wine Bar, nestled in a strip mall in north Pinellas, you're in for a surprise. It has a luxurious atmosphere that's both modern and cozy. The hostess hands your own personal iPad to use during dinner, outfitted with Carmel's menu and wine list (and full Internet capability if you want to snoop the page history). What's more, the magical, all-knowing iPad then suggests wine pairings for your dinner. Mind trip. You can order glasses of vino in 3-, 6- or 9-ounce servings, and if you can't decide on one, you can get three 3-ounce glasses of different varieties. Each Tuesday, Carmel features tours of three wines from different parts of the world. On Wednesday, they offer free wine samples. 2548 McMullen Booth Road, Clearwater; (727) 724-4228. On Sept. 13, Carmel opens a second location at 14306 N Dale Mabry Highway in Carrolwood. carmelcafe.com . Yuengling Brewery \| Black & Tan This isn't St. Louis or Milwaukee, a city where even out-of-towners know you can sample a major American beer directly from the source. But Tampa does have a massive Yuengling brewery. The Pennyslvania brewers moved into the plant (formerly owned by Schlitz, Stroh's and Pabst) in 1999, and six days a week you can partake in a free tour that winds around the sweet, bready-smelling brew kettles, through the curiously clinical tasting lab and past the sprawling bottling plant. The best part? It ends in Yuengling's public biergarten for samples. The Tampa brewery produces lager, light lager, black & tan, premium and occasionally seasonal bocks, so if you want ultra-fresh beer, order one of those. Tours are generally offered at 10 a.m. and 1 p.m. Monday through Friday and noon Saturday (times are subject to change) at 11111 N 30th St, Tampa. (813) 972-8529, yuengling.com/breweries/tampa . DOOLY'S IRISH PUB \| CHERRY BOMB Dooly's is about as straightforward as they come, with the primary drink decision boiling down to which basic domestic lager you'd l'd like served in a frosty beer mug. But those in the know may instead opt for one of the bar's Cherry Bombs, amped-up maraschino cherries served in a small plastic cup. Although you're unlikely to do too much damage with a few unassuming cherries, they pack a surprising punch, and they make a great sidekick to your ice-cold draft. For a mere $1 each, who can argue? 2329 28th St. N, St. Petersburg. (727)323-3409. BEACHWOOD BBQ \| POSTCARD JULEP With the closing of Savannah's in St. Petersburg, the title of Tampa Bay's top mint julep bar falls to an unlikely location: A barbecue joint inside the sleek, hip Postcard Inn on the Beach. Beachwood has a very respectable bourbon menu — 17 brands, by our count, including a bottle of Van Winkle Special Reserve — and their signature cocktail is a peach-flavored julep. Not exactly your standard beach drink, but still, ask for it in a plastic to-go cup, so you can enjoy it outdoors, poolside, or at Postcard's happening PCI Beach Bar. 6300 Gulf Blvd., St. Pete Beach. (727) 369-4950; postcardinn.com . THE VENUE \| BOTTLE SERVICE The Venue recently renovated to tone down its elite vibe, making way for a wider audience in the bad economy. It replaced its swanky restaurant with an open, casual grill and ripped out the first level martini bar for more stage space. But the multi-story club still remains a hot-spot for visiting celebrities, a place where sexy folks celebrating weddings and birthdays flock to drink in comfort and style. Bottle service starts at $350, and includes any bottle of liquor, whatever mixers your heart desires, cover for 10 friends, use of a VIP room and attention from a waiter all night. If you're really want to make it rain, you can book the skybox for $1,000. That comes with at least three bottles and overlooks the whole club. It's where P. Diddy (briefly) hung out at his Super Bowl party in 2009, so you know it's good. 2675 Ulmerton Road, Clearwater; (727) 571-2222; thevenueclub.com . LEE ROY SELMON'S \| SMOKIN' TAMPA TEA No one goes to a sports bar for the cocktails. But one look at this local chain's signature brew, and you can't help but smile. Served in a giant jug, the bubbling blend mix of Finlandia vodka, Captain Morgan rum, DeKuyper peach schnapps, orange juice, sweet and sour, grenadine and a Meyers's Rum float is tart, tangy and big enough for four. Plus the smoking dry ice will turn heads around the restaurant. Lee Roy's introduced a Lightning-themed blue version this spring during the Stanley Cup playoffs, but stick to the original — the color conjures up images of Selmon himself during his Creamsicle glory days. leeroyselmons.com . CEVICHE \| SANGRIA You worship the sangria at Ceviche. It's spicy, it's sweet, it's rich, it's delicious. You want to whip up a batch at home. Well, TOO BAD. The wildly popular tapas restaurant won't divulge its legendary sangria recipe, calling it "proprietary." The red sangria, brought to Tampa Bay from Spain by executive chef Antonio Escobar, has been a crowd favorite since the first location opened in 1997. Also popular are white and sparkling varieties. This year, Ceviche introduced a "skinny" sangria — pink with half the sugar and calories for those intrepid soldiers going to this delicious mecca in hopes of staying on a diet. The sangria ranges from $6 a glass ($4 on Tapas Tuesday) to $32 for a signature large blue pitcher. Locations in Tampa, St. Petersburg, Clearwater, Sarasota, Orlando; ceviche.com . Tropicana Field \| captain morgan blue storm This concoction of Captain Morgan Lime Bite, blue curacao and lemonade won't win over cocktail purists, but the drink — which comes in a huge, plastic "yard" cup — is refreshing. If you're not afraid to walk around the Trop holding a bright blue cocktail in a comically oversized vessel, give it a shot. Blue Storms are $9 on Friday nights and $12 otherwise. Tropicana concessions . Cheers: Here are our favorite places in Tampa Bay with great cocktail drink recipes 08/24/11 [Last modified: Friday, August 26, 2011 6:01pm]	i don't know
July 2, 1961 saw Nobel Prize winner Ernest Hemingway commit suicide at his farm in Ketchum in what state?	Ernest Hemingway Ernest Hemingway Ernest Miller Hemingway, Эрнест Миллер Хемингуэй, Ernests Millers Hemingvejs Categories: Person Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American author and journalist. His distinctive writing style, characterized by economy and u nderstatement, strongly influenced 20th-century fiction, as did his life of adventure and his public image. Hemingway produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s, winning the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. He published seven novels, six short story collections, and two non-fiction works during his lifetime; a further three novels, four collections of short stories, and three non-fiction works were published posthumously. Many of his works are classics of American literature. http://www.timelesshemingway.com/familytree Hemingway was born and raised in Oak Park, Illinois. After leaving high school, he worked for a few months as a reporter for The Kansas City Star, before leaving for the Italian front to become an ambulance driver during World War I. In 1918, he was seriously wounded and returned home within the year; his wartime experiences became the basis for his novel A Farewell to Arms. In 1922, Hemingway married Hadley Richardson, the first of his four wives, and the couple moved to Paris, where he worked as a foreign correspondent. During his time there, he met and was influenced by modernist writers and artists of the 1920s expatriate community known as the "Lost Generation". His first novel, The Sun Also Rises, was published in 1926. After divorcing Hadley Richardson in 1927, Hemingway married Pauline Pfeiffer; they divorced following Hemingway's return from covering the Spanish Civil War, after which he wrote For Whom the Bell Tolls. Martha Gellhorn became his third wife in 1940; they separated when he met Mary Welsh in London during World War II. During the war, he was present during the Normandy Landings and the liberation of Paris. Shortly after the publication of The Old Man and the Sea in 1952, Hemingway went on safari to Africa, where he was almost killed in a plane crash that left him in pain or ill-health for much of the rest of his life. Hemingway had permanent residences in Key West, Florida, and Cuba during the 1930s and '40s, but in 1959 he moved from Cuba to Ketchum, Idaho, where he committed suicide in the summer of 1961. Ernest Miller Hemingway was born on July 21, 1899, in Oak Park, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago. His father Clarence Edmonds Hemingway was a physician, and his mother, Grace Hall-Hemingway, was a musician. Both were well educated and well respected in the conservative community of Oak Park.Frank Lloyd Wright, a resident of Oak Park, said of the village: "So many churches for so many good people to go to". When Clarence and Grace Hemingway married in 1896, they moved in with Grace's father, Ernest Hall, after whom they named their first son. Hemingway claimed to dislike his name, which he "associated with the naive, even foolish hero of Oscar Wilde's play The Importance of Being Earnest". The family's seven-bedroom home in a respectable neighborhood contained a music studio for Grace and a medical office for Clarence. Hemingway's mother frequently performed in concerts around the village. As an adult Hemingway professed to hate his mother, although biographer Michael Reynolds points out that Hemingway mirrored her energy and enthusiasm. Her insistence that he learn to play the cello became a "source of conflict", but he later admitted the music lessons were useful in his writing, as in the "contrapuntal structure" of For Whom the Bell Tolls. The family owned a summer home called Windemere on Walloon Lake, near Petoskey, Michigan, where Hemingway learned to hunt, fish and camp in the woods and lakes of Northern Michigan. His early experiences in nature instilled a passion for outdoor adventure, and living in remote or isolated areas. Photograph of Hemingway family in 1905, from left: Marcelline, Sunny, Clarence, Grace, Ursula and Ernest. Hemingway attended Oak Park and River Forest High School from 1913 until 1917 where he took part in a number of sports—boxing, track and field, water polo, and football—had good grades in English classes, and he and his sister Marcelline performed in the school orchestra for two years. In his junior year, he took a journalism class, taught by Fannie Biggs, which was structured "as though the classroom were a newspaper office". The better writers in class submitted pieces to the The Trapeze, the school newspaper. Hemingway and his sister Marcelline both had pieces submitted to The Trapeze; Hemingway's first piece, published in January 1916, was about a local performance by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra. He continued to contribute to and to edit the Trapeze and theTabula (the school's newspaper and yearbook), for which he imitated the language of sportswriters, and used the pen name Ring Lardner, Jr.—a nod to Ring Lardner of the Chicago Tribune whose byline was "Line O'Type".Like Mark Twain, Stephen Crane, Theodore Dreiser and Sinclair Lewis, Hemingway was a journalist before becoming a novelist; after leaving high school he went to work for The Kansas City Star as a cub reporter.Although he stayed there for only six months he relied on the Star's style guide as a foundation for his writing: "Use short sentences. Use short first paragraphs. Use vigorous English. Be positive, not negative." Early in 1918 Hemingway responded to a Red Cross recruitment effort and signed on to be an ambulance driver in Italy. He left New York in May, and arrived in Paris as the city was under bombardment from German artillery. By June he was stationed at the Italian Front, and on his first day in Milan was sent to the scene of a munitions factory explosion where rescuers retrieved the shredded remains of female workers. He described the incident in his non-fiction book Death in the Afternoon: "I remember that after we searched quite thoroughly for the complete dead we collected fragments". A few days later he was stationed at Fossalta di Piave. On July 8 he was seriously wounded by mortar fire, having just returned from the canteen to deliver chocolate and cigarettes to the men at the front line. Despite his wounds, Hemingway carried an Italian soldier to safety, for which he received the Italian Silver Medal of Bravery. Still only eighteen, Hemingway said of the incident: "When you go to war as a boy you have a great illusion of immortality. Other people get killed; not you ... Then when you are badly wounded the first time you lose that illusion and you know it can happen to you." He sustained shrapnel wounds to both legs; underwent an operation at a distribution center; spent five days at a field hospital; and was transferred to the Red Cross hospital in Milan for recuperation. Hemingway spent six months in the hospital, where he met and fell in love with Agnes von Kurowsky, a Red Cross nurse seven years his senior. Agnes and Hemingway planned to marry, but she became engaged to an Italian officer in March 1919, an incident that provided material for the short and bitter work "A Very Short Story". Biographer Jeffrey Meyers claims Hemingway was devastated by Agnes' rejection, and that he followed a pattern of abandoning a wife before she abandoned him in future relationships. During his six months in recuperation Hemingway met and formed a strong friendship with "Chink" Dorman-Smith that lasted for decades. Hemingway returned home early in 1919 to a time of readjustment. At not yet 20 years old, the war had created in him a maturity at odds with living at home without a job and the need for recuperation.[25] As Reynolds explains, "Hemingway could not really tell his parents what he thought when he saw his bloody knee. He could not say how scared he was in another country with surgeons who could not tell him in English if his leg was coming off or not."[26] That summer he spent time in Michigan with high school friends, fishing and camping;[20] and in September he spent a week in the back-country. The trip became the inspiration for his short story "Big Two-Hearted River", in which the semi-autobiographical character Nick Adams takes to the country to find solitude after returning from war.[27] A family friend offered him a job in Toronto; having nothing else to do he accepted. Late that year he began as a freelancer, staff writer and foreign correspondent for the Toronto Star Weekly.[28] However he returned to Michigan the following June,[28] and then moved to Chicago in September 1920 to live with friends, while still filing stories for the Toronto Star. In Chicago he worked as an associate editor of the monthly journal Cooperative Commonwealth, where he met Sherwood Anderson. When St. Louis native Hadley Richardson came to Chicago to visit Hemingway's roommate's sister, Hemingway, who was infatuated, later claimed "I knew she was the girl I was going to marry". Hadley was red-haired, with a "nurturing instinct", and eight years older than Hemingway. Despite the difference in age, Hadley, who had an overprotective mother, seemed less mature than usual for a young woman her age. Bernice Kert, author of The Hemingway Women, claims Hadley was "evocative" of Agnes, but that Hadley had a childishness that Agnes lacked. The two corresponded for a few months, and then decided to marry and travel to Europe. They wanted to visit Rome, but Sherwood Anderson convinced them to visit Paris instead. They were married on September 3, 1921; two months later Hemingway was hired as foreign correspondent for the Toronto Star; and the couple left for Paris. Of Hemingway's marriage to Hadley, Meyers claims: "With Hadley, Hemingway achieved everything he had hoped for with Agnes: the love of a beautiful woman, a comfortable income, a life in Europe." Early Hemingway biographer Carlos Baker believes that, while Anderson suggested Paris because "the monetary exchange rate" made it an inexpensive place to live, more importantly it was where "the most interesting people in the world" resided. There Hemingway would meet writers such as Gertrude Stein, James Joyce and Ezra Pound who "could help a young writer up the rungs of a career". The Hemingway of the early Paris years was a "tall, handsome, muscular, broad-shouldered, brown-eyed, rosy-cheeked, square-jawed, soft-voiced young man." He and Hadley lived in a small walk-up at 74 Rue du Cardinal Lemoine in the Latin Quarter, and he worked in a rented room in a nearby building. Anderson wrote letters of introduction to Gertrude Stein and other writers in Paris. Stein, who was the bastion of modernism in Paris, became Hemingway's mentor for a period, introducing him to the expatriate artists and writers of the Montparnasse Quarter. She referred to artists as the "Lost Generation"—a term Hemingway popularized with the publication of The Sun Also Rises. A regular at Stein's salon, Hemingway met influential painters such as Pablo Picasso, Joan Miró, and Juan Gris. However, Hemingway eventually withdrew from Stein's influence and their relationship deteriorated into a literary quarrel that spanned decades. The American poet Ezra Pound, older than Hemingway by 14 years, met Hemingway by chance at Sylvia Beach's Shakespeare and Company in 1922. The two toured Italy in 1923 and lived on the same street in 1924. They forged a strong friendship and in Hemingway, Pound recognized and fostered a young talent. Pound—who had recently finished editing T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land—introduced Hemingway to the Irish writer James Joyce, with whom Hemingway frequently embarked on "alcoholic sprees". Ernest Hemingway with Lady Duff Twysden, Hadley Hemingway, and three unidentified people at a cafe in Pamplona, Spain, July 1925 During his first 20 months in Paris, Hemingway filed 88 stories for the Toronto Star. He covered the Gre co-Turkish War, where he witnessed the burning ofSmyrna; wrote travel pieces such as "Tuna Fishing in Spain" and "Trout Fishing All Across Europe: Spain Has the Best, Then Germany"; and an article dedicated to bullfighting—"Pamplona in July; World's Series of Bull Fighting a Mad, Whirling Carnival". Hemingway was devastated on learning that Hadley had lost a suitcase filled with his manuscripts at the Gare de Lyon as she was traveling to Geneva to meet him in December 1922. The following September, because Hadley was pregnant, the couple returned to Toronto, where their son John Hadley Nicanor was born on October 10, 1923. During their absence Hemingway's first book, Three Stories and Ten Poems, was published. Two of the stories it contained were all that remained of his work after the loss of the suitcase, and the third had been written the previous spring in Italy. Within months a second volume, in our time (without capitals), was published. The small volume included six vignettes and a dozen stories Hemingway had written the previous summer during his first visit to Spain where he discovered the thrill of thecorrida. He missed Paris, considered Toronto boring, and wanted to return to the life of a writer, rather than live the life of a journalist. Hemingway, Hadley and their son (nicknamed Bumby), returned to Paris in January 1924 and moved into a new apartment on the Rue Notre Dame des Champs. Hemingway helped Ford Madox Ford edit the transatlantic review in which were published works by Pound, John Dos Passos, and Gertrude Stein as well as some of Hemingway's own early stories such as "Indian Camp". When In Our Time (with capital letters) was published in 1925, the dust jacket had comments from Ford. "Indian Camp" received considerable praise; Ford saw it as an important early story by a young writer, and critics in the United States claimed Hemingway reinvigorated the short story with his use of declarative sentences and his crisp style. Six months earlier, Hemingway met F. Scott Fitzgerald, and the pair formed a friendship of "admiration and hostility". Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby had been published that year: Hemingway read it, liked it, and decided his next work had to be a novel. Ernest, Hadley, and Bumby Hemingway in Schruns, Austria, in 1926, months before they separated Since his first visit to see the bullfighting at the Festival of San Fermín in Pamplona in 1923, Hemingway was fascinated by the sport; he saw in it the brutality of war juxtaposed against a cruel beauty. In June 1925, Hemingway and Hadley left Paris for their annual visit to Pamplona accompanied by a group of American and British expatriates. The trip inspired Hemingway's first novel, The Sun Also Rises, which he began to write immediately after the fiesta, finishing in September. The novel presents the culture of bullfighting with the concept of afición, depicted as an authentic way of life, contrasted with the Parisian bohemians, depicted as inauthentic. Hemingway decided to slow his pace and devoted six months to the novel's rewrite. The manuscript arrived in New York in April, and he corrected the final proof in Paris in August 1926. Scribner's published the novel in October. The Sun Also Rises epitomized the post-war expatriate generation, received good reviews and is "recognized as Hemingway's greatest work". However, Hemingway himself later wrote to his editor Max Perkins that the "point of the book" was not so much about a generation being lost, but that "the earth abideth forever"; he believed the characters in The Sun Also Rises may have been "battered" but were not lost. Hemingway's marriage to Hadley deteriorated as he was working on The Sun Also Rises. In the spring of 1926, Hadley became aware of his affair with Pauline Pfeiffer, although she endured Pauline's presence in Pamplona that July. On their return to Paris, Hadley and Hemingway decided to separate; and in November she formally requested a divorce. They split their possessions while Hadley accepted Hemingway's offer of the proceeds from The Sun Also Rises.The couple were divorced in January 1927, and Hemingway married Pauline Pfeiffer in May. Pfeiffer was from Arkansas—her family was wealthy and Catholic—and before the marriage Hemingway converted to Catholicism. In Paris she worked forVogue. After a honeymoon in Le Grau-du-Roi, where he contracted anthrax, Hemingway planned his next collection of short stories, Men Without Women, published in October 1927. By the end of the year Pauline, who was pregnant, wanted to move back to America. John Dos Passos recommended Key West, and they left Paris in March 1928. Some time that spring Hemingway suffered a severe injury in their Paris bathroom, when he pulled a skylight down on his head thinking he was pulling on a toilet chain. This left him with a prominent forehead scar, subject of numerous legends, which he carried for the rest of his life. When Hemingway was asked about the scar he was reluctant to answer. After his departure from Paris, Hemingway "never again lived in a big city". In the late spring Hemingway and Pauline traveled to Kansas City where their son Patrick Hemingway was born on June 28, 1928. Pauline had a difficult delivery, which Hemingway fictionalized in A Farewell to Arms. After Patrick's birth, Pauline and Hemingway traveled to Wyoming, Massachusetts and New York. In the fall he was in New York with Bumby, about to board a train to Florida, when he received a cable telling him that his father had committed suicide. Hemingway was devastated, having earlier sent a letter to his father telling him not to worry about financial difficulties; the letter arrived minutes after the suicide. He realized how Hadley must have felt after her own father's suicide in 1903, and he suggested, "I'll probably go the same way." Upon his return to Key West in December, Hemingway worked on the draft of A Farewell to Arms before leaving for France in January. The draft had been finished in August but he delayed the revision. The serialization in Scribner's Magazine was scheduled to begin in May, but by April, Hemingway was still working on the ending, which he may have rewritten as many as seventeen times. A Farewell to Arms was published on September 27. Biographer James Mellow believes Hemingway's stature as an American writer was secured with the publication of A Farewell to Arms, which has a complexity not apparent in The Sun Also Rises. While in Spain during the summer of 1929, Hemingway researched his next work, Death in the Afternoon. He wanted to write a comprehensive treatise of bullfighting, with explanations of the toreros and corridas, complete with glossaries and appendices, because he believed bullfighting was "of great tragic interest, being literally of life and death." During the early 1930s Hemingway spent his winters in Key West and summers in Wyoming, where he found "the most beautiful country he had seen in the American West" and hunting that included deer, elk, and grizzly bear. His third son, Gregory Hancock Hemingway, was born on November 12, 1931 in Kansas City. Pauline's uncle bought the couple a house in Key West with the second floor of the carriage house converted to a writing den. While in Key West he enticed his friends to join him on fishing expeditions—inviting Waldo Peirce,John Dos Passos, and Max Perkins—with one all-male trip to the Dry Tortugas, and he frequented the local bar, Sloppy Joe's. He continued to travel to Europe and to Cuba, and although he wrote of Key West in 1933, "We have a fine house here, and kids are all well," Mellow believes he "was plainly restless." Ernest, Pauline, Bumby, Patrick, and Gregory Hemingway pose with marlins after a fishing trip to Bimini in 1935 In 1933 Hemingway and Pauline went on safari to East Africa. The 10-week trip provided material for Green Hills of Africa, as well as the short stories "The Snows of Kilimanjaro" and "The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber". They visited Mombasa, Nairobi, and Machakos in Kenya, then on to Tanganyika, where they hunted in the Serengeti, around Lake Manyara and west and southeast of the present-day Tarangire National Park. Hemingway contracted amoebic dysentery that caused a prolapsed intestine, and he was evacuated by plane to Nairobi, an experience reflected in "The Snows of Kilimanjaro". Their guide was the noted "white hunter" Philip Hope Percival, who had guided Theodore Roosevelt on his 1909 safari. On his return to Key West in early 1934 Hemingway began work on Green Hills of Africa, published in 1935 to mixed reviews. Hemingway bought a boat in 1934, named it the Pilar, and began sailing the Caribbean. In 1935 he first arrived at Bimini, where he spent a considerable amount of time. During this period he also worked on To Have and Have Not, published in 1937 while he was in Spain, the only novel he wrote during the 1930s. It was in Christmas 1936 when Hemingway first met war correspondent Martha Gellhorn at a bar in Key West, Florida. In 1937 Hemingway agreed to report on the Spanish Civil War for the North American Newspaper Alliance (NANA). In March he arrived in Spain with Dutch filmmaker Joris Ivens.[88] Ivens, who was filming The Spanish Earth, needed Hemingway as a screenwriter to replace John Dos Passos, who left the project when his friend José Robles was arrested and later executed. The incident changed Dos Passos' opinion of the leftist republicans, which created a rift between him and Hemingway, who spread a rumor that Dos Passos was a coward for leaving Spain. Martha Gellhorn went on to join him in Spain. Like Hadley, Martha was a native of St. Louis, and like Pauline, she had worked for Vogue in Paris. Of Martha, Kert explains, "she never catered to him the way other women did." Late in 1937, while in Madrid with Martha, Hemingway wrote his only play, The Fifth Column, as the city was being bombarded. He returned to Key West for a few months, then back to Spain twice in 1938. He was present at the Battle of the Ebro, the last republican stand, and was among fellow British and American journalists who were some of the last to leave the battle as they crossed the river. Hemingway and sons Patrick (left) and Gregory, with three cats at Finca Vigía ca. 1942–1943. The Hemingways kept cats in Cuba 1942–1960. The polydactyl cats at Hemingway's Key West house arrived after the family's departure in 1940. In the spring of 1939, Hemingway crossed to Cuba in his boat to live in the Hotel Ambos Mundos in Havana. This was the separation phase of a slow and painful split from Pauline, which had begun when Hemingway met Martha. Martha soon joined him in Cuba, and they almost immediately rented "Finca Vigia" ("Lookout Farm"), a 15-acre (61,000 m2) property 15 miles (24 km) from Havana. Pauline and the children left Hemingway that summer, after the family was re-united during a visit to Wyoming. After Hemingway's divorce from Pauline was finalized, he and Martha were married November 20, 1940, in Cheyenne, Wyoming. As he had after his divorce from Hadley, he changed locations; moving his primary summer residence to Ketchum, Idaho, just outside the newly built resort of Sun Valley, and his winter residence to Cuba. Hemingway, who had been disgusted when a Parisian friend allowed his cats to eat from the table, "developed a passion for cats" in Cuba, keeping dozens of them on the property. Gellhorn inspired him to write his most famous novel, For Whom the Bell Tolls, which he started in March 1939, finished in July 1940, and was published in October 1940. Consistent with his pattern of moving around while working on a manuscript, he wrote For Whom the Bell Tolls in Cuba, Wyoming, and Sun Valley. For Whom the Bell Tolls became a book-of-the-month choice, sold half a million copies within months, was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize, and as Meyers describes, "triumphantly re-established Hemingway's literary reputation". In January 1941 Martha was sent to China on assignment for Collier's magazine, and Hemingway accompanied her. Although Hemingway wrote dispatches for PM, he had little affinity for China. They had returned to Cuba before the declaration of war by the United States that December, and he convinced the Cuban government to help him refit the Pilar to ambush German submarines. Hemingway with Col. Charles (Buck) T. Lanaham in Germany, 1944, during the fighting in Hürtgenwald, after which he became ill with pneumonia. During World War II, he was in Europe from June to December 1944. At the D-Day landing, military officials who considered him "precious cargo", kept him to a landing craft, although biographer Kenneth Lynn claims Hemingway fabricated accounts that he went ashore during the landings. Late in July he attached himself to "the 22nd Infantry Regiment commanded by Col. Charles 'Buck' Lanaham, as it drove toward Paris", and he led a small band of village militia in Rambouillet, outside of Paris. Of Hemingway's exploits, World War II historian Paul Fussell remarks: "Hemingway got into considerable trouble playing infantry captain to a group of Resistance people that he gathered because a correspondent is not supposed to lead troops, even if he does it well". This was in fact in contraversion to the Geneva Convention, and Hemingway was brought up on formal charges; he said he "beat the rap" by claiming that his entire participation was to give advice. On August 25 he was present at the liberation of Paris, although the assertion that he was first in the city, or that he liberated the Ritz is considered part of the Hemingway legend. While in Paris he attended a reunion hosted by Sylvia Beach, and "made peace with" Gertrude Stein. Hemingway was present at heavy fighting in the Hürtgenwald near the end of 1944. On December 17, a feverish and ill Hemingway had himself driven to Luxembourg to cover what would later be called The Battle of the Bulge. However, as soon as he arrived, Lanaham handed him to the doctors, who hospitalized him with pneumonia, and by the time he recovered a week later, the main fighting was over. In 1947 Hemingway was awarded a Bronze Star for his bravery during World War II. He was recognized for his valor in having been "under fire in combat areas in order to obtain an accurate picture of conditions", with the commendation that "through his talent of expression, Mr. Hemingway enabled readers to obtain a vivid picture of the difficulties and triumphs of the front-line soldier and his organization in combat". When Hemingway initially arrived in England, he met Time magazine correspondent Mary Welsh in London, and was infatuated. Martha—who had been forced to cross the Atlantic in a ship filled with explosives because he refused to help her get a press pass on a plane—arrived in London to find Hemingway hospitalized with a concussion from a car accident. Unsympathetic to his plight, she accused him of being a bully, and told him she was "through, absolutely finished." The last time he saw her was in March 1945, as he was preparing to return to Cuba. Meanwhile, he had asked Mary Welsh to marry him on their third meeting. Cuba and the Nobel Prize Hemingway said he "was out of business as a writer" from 1942 to 1945. In 1946 he married Mary, who had an ectopic pregnancy five months later. Hemingway and Mary had a series of accidents and health problems after the war: in a 1945 car accident he "smashed his knee" and sustained another "deep wound on his forehead"; Mary broke her right ankle and then her left ankle in successive skiing accidents. In 1947 his sons Patrick and Gregory were in a car accident, leaving Patrick with a head wound and severely ill. Hemingway became depressed as his literary friends died: in 1939 Yeats and Ford Madox Ford; in 1940 Scott Fitzgerald; in 1941 Sherwood Anderson and James Joyce; in 1946 Gertrude Stein; and the following year in 1947, Max Perkins, Hemingway's long time Scribner's editor and friend. During this period he had severe headaches, high blood pressure, weight problems, and eventually diabetes—much of which was the result of previous accidents and heavy drinking.]Nonetheless, early in 1946 he began work on The Garden of Eden, finishing 800 pages by June. During the post–war years he also began work on a trilogy to be called "The Land", "The Sea" and "The Air" which he intended to combine in one novel titled The Sea Book. However, both projects stalled and Mellow considers Hemingway's inability to continue "a symptom of his troubles" during these years. In 1948, Hemingway and Mary traveled to Europe, staying in Venice for several months. While in Venice, Hemingway fell in love with the then 19-year-old Adriana Ivancich. The platonic love affair inspired the novel Across the River and Into the Trees, published in 1950 to negative reviews. In 1951, Hemingway wrote the draft of The Old Man and the Sea in eight weeks, considering it "the best I can write ever for all of my life". The Old Man and the Sea became a book-of-the month selection, made Hemingway an international celebrity, and won the Pulitzer Prize in May 1952, a month before he left for his second trip to Africa. Hemingway at a fishing camp in 1954. His hand and arms are burned from a recent brushfire; his hair burned from the recent plane crashes. In 1954, while in Africa, Hemingway was seriously injured in two successive plane crashes. He chartered a sightseeing flight of the Belgian Congo as a Christmas present to Mary. On their way to photograph Murchison Falls from the air, the plane struck an abandoned utility pole and "crash landed in heavy brush." Hemingway's injuries included a head wound, while Mary broke two ribs. The next day, attempting to reach medical care in Entebbe, they boarded a second plane that exploded at take-off, with Hemingway suffering burns and another concussion, this one serious enough to cause leaking of cerebral fluid.They eventually arrived in Entebbe to find reporters covering the story of Hemingway's death. He briefed the reporters, and spent the next few weeks recuperating and reading his erroneous obituaries. Despite his injuries, Hemingway accompanied Patrick and his wife on a planned fishing expedition in February, but pain caused him to be irascible and difficult to get along with. When a bushfire broke out he was again injured, with second degree burns on his legs, front torso, lips, left hand and right forearm. Months later in Venice, "according to Mary they learned the full extent of Hemingway's injuries". She reported to friends that he had two cracked discs, a kidney and liver rupture, a dislocated shoulder and a broken skull. The accidents may have precipitated the physical deterioration that was to follow. After the plane crashes, Hemingway, who had been "a thinly controlled alcoholic throughout much of his life, drank more heavily than usual to combat the pain of his injuries." Ernest Hemingway in the cabin of his boatPilar, off the coast of Cuba In October 1954 Hemingway received the Nobel Prize in Literature. He modestly told the press that Carl Sandburg, Isak Dinesen and Bernard Berenson deserved the prize, but the prize money would be welcome. Mellow claims Hemingway "had coveted the Nobel Prize", but when he won it, months after his plane accidents and the ensuing world-wide press coverage, "there must have been a lingering suspicion in Hemingway's mind that his obituary notices had played a part in the academy's decision." Because he was suffering pain from the African accidents, he decided against traveling to Stockholm. Instead he sent a speech to be read, defining the writer's life: "Writing, at its best, is a lonely life. Organizations for writers palliate the writer's loneliness but I doubt if they improve his writing. He grows in public stature as he sheds his loneliness and often his work deteriorates. For he does his work alone and if he is a good enough writer he must face eternity, or the lack of it, each day." 1954 Nobel Acceptance Speech Opening statement of Nobel Prize acceptance speech, 1954 [recorded privately by Hemingway after-the-fact]. From the end of the year in 1955 to early 1956, Hemingway was bedridden. He was told to stop drinking to mitigate liver damage, advice he initially followed but then disregarded. In October 1956 he returned to Europe and met Basque writer Pio Baroja, who was seriously ill and died weeks later. During the trip Hemingway became sick again, and was treated for "high blood pressure, liver disease, and arteriosclerosis". In November, while in Paris, he was reminded of trunks he had stored in the Ritz Hotel in 1928 and never retrieved. The trunks were filled with notebooks and writing from his Paris years. Excited about the discovery, when he returned to Cuba in 1957 he began to shape the recovered work into his memoir A Moveable Feast. By 1959 he ended a period of intense activity: he finished A Moveable Feast (scheduled to be released the following year); brought True at First Light to 200,000 words; added chapters to The Garden of Eden; and worked on Islands in the Stream. The latter three were stored in a safe deposit box in Havana, as he focused on the finishing touches for A Moveable Feast. Reynolds claims that it was during this period he slid into depression, from which he was unable to recover. The Finca Vigia became crowded with guests and tourists, as Hemingway, beginning to become unhappy with life there, considered a permanent move to Idaho. In 1959 he bought a home overlooking the Big Wood River, outside of Ketchum, and left Cuba—although he apparently remained on easy terms with the Castro government, telling the New York Times he was "delighted" with Castro's overthrow of Batista. He was in Cuba in November 1959, between returning from Pamplona and traveling west to Idaho, and the following year for his birthday; however, that year he and Mary decided to leave after hearing the news that Castro wanted to nationalize property owned by Americans and other foreign nationals. In July 1960 the Hemingways left Cuba for the last time, leaving art and manuscripts in a bank vault in Havana. After the 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Finca Vigia was expropriated by the Cuban government, complete with Hemingway's collection of "four to six thousand books". Idaho and suicide Hemingway bird-hunting at Silver Creek, near Picabo, Idaho, January 1959. With him is Gary Cooper and local resident Bobbie Peterson. Hemingway continued working on A Moveable Feast through the end of the 1950s, and in the summer of 1959 he visited Spain to research a series of bullfighting articles for Life Magazine. By January he returned to Cuba and continued work on the Life magazine series. The manuscript grew to 63,000 words—Life wanted only 10,000 words—and he asked A. E. Hotchner to help organize the work that would become The Dangerous Summer. Hotchner found Hemingway to be "unusually hesitant, disorganized, and confused". Although Hemingway's mental state was noticeable in the summer of 1960, he again traveled to Spain to obtain photographs for the manuscript. Without Mary, he was lonely and took to his bed for days, retreating into silence. The first installments of The Dangerous Summer were published in Life in September 1960 to good reviews. When he left Spain, he went straight to Idaho, but was worried about money and his safety. Hemingway believed the FBI was actively monitoring his movements. In fact, the FBI had opened a file on him during WWII, when he used the Pilar to patrol the waters off Cuba, and J. Edgar Hoover had an agent in Havana watch Hemingway during the 1950s. Hemingway suffered from physical problems as well: his health declined and his eyesight was failing. In November he was admitted to the Mayo Clinic in Minnesota, where he may have believed he was to be treated for hypertension. Hemingway's FBI file contains an agent's January 1961 letter regarding a Mayo clinic request of authorization to tell Hemingway that having entered the clinic under an assumed name, which had been advised by the clinic to avoid undue publicity, was not a concern to the FBI. The letter relates the Mayo clinic concern that "this worry was interfering with the treatments of Mr. Hemingway." Meyers writes that "an aura of secrecy surrounds Hemingway's treatment at the Mayo", but confirms that in December 1960 he received electroconvulsive therapy as many as 15 times, then in January 1961 he was "released in ruins". Ernest and Mary Hemingway are buried in the town cemetery in Ketchum, Idaho. Three months later, back in Ketchum, Mary found Hemingway holding a shotgun one morning. She called Dr. Saviers, who sedated him and had him admitted to the Sun Valley Hospital; from there he was returned to the Mayo for more shock treatments. While Hemingway consented to the additional treatments, he was bitter about their apparent effect on his memory and writing. As he put it, "What these shock doctors don't know is about writers...and what they do to them...What is the sense of ruining my head and erasing my memory, which is my capital, and putting me out of business? It was a brilliant cure but we lost the patient." He was released in late June and arrived home in Ketchum on June 30. Two days later, in the early morning hours of July 2, 1961, Hemingway "quite deliberately" shot himself with his favorite shotgun.[151] He unlocked the gun cabinet, went to the front entrance of their Ketchum home, and "pushed two shells into the twelve-gauge Boss shotgun, put the end of the barrel into his mouth, pulled the trigger and blew out his brains." Mary called the Sun Valley Hospital, and Dr. Scott Earle arrived at the house within "fifteen minutes". Despite his finding that Hemingway "had died of a self-inflicted wound to the head", the story told to the press was that the death had been "accidental". During his final years, Hemingway's behavior was similar to his father's before he himself committed suicide; his father may have had the genetic disease hemochromatosis, in which the inability to metabolize iron culminates in mental and physical deterioration. Medical records made available in 1991 confirm that Hemingway's hemochromatosis had been diagnosed in early 1961. His sister Ursula and his brother Leicester also committed suicide. Added to Hemingway's physical ailments was the additional problem that he had been a heavy drinker for most of his life. Writing in "Ernest Hemingway: A Psychological Autopsy of a Suicide", Christopher Martin evaluates the causes of the suicide: "Careful reading of Hemingway's major biographies and his personal and public writings reveals evidence suggesting the presence of the following conditions during his lifetime: bipolar disorder, alcohol dependence, traumatic brain injury, and probable borderline and narcissistic personality traits". Martin claims suicide was inevitable because Hemingway "suffered from an enormous burden of psychiatric comorbidities and risk factors for suicide", although without a clinical evaluation of the patient, Martin concedes a diagnosis is difficult. Hemingway's family and friends flew to Ketchum for the funeral, which was officiated by the local Catholic priest, who believed the death accidental. Of the funeral (during which an altar boy fainted at the head of the casket), his brother Leicester wrote: "It seemed to me Ernest would have approved of it all." In a press interview five years later Mary Hemingway admitted her husband had committed suicide. Writing style The New York Times wrote in 1926 of Hemingway's first novel: "No amount of analysis can convey the quality of The Sun Also Rises. It is a truly gripping story, told in a lean, hard, athletic narrative prose that puts more literary English to shame." The Sun Also Rises is written in the spare, tightly written prose, for which Hemingway is famous; a style that has influenced countless crime and pulp fiction novels. In 1954, when Hemingway was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature, it was for "his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style." Henry Louis Gates believes Hemingway's style was fundamentally shaped "in reaction to [his] experience of world war". After World War I, he and other modernists "lost faith in the central institutions of Western civilization," by reacting against the "elaborate style" of 19th century writers; and by creating a style "in which meaning is established through dialogue, through action, and silences—a fiction in which nothing crucial—or at least very little—is stated explicitly." If a writer of prose knows enough of what he is writing about he may omit things that he knows and the reader, if the writer is writing truly enough, will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. The dignity of movement of an ice-berg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water. A writer who omits things because he does not know them only makes hollow places in his writing. —Ernest Hemingway in Death in the Afternoon Because he began as a writer of short stories, Baker believes Hemingway learned to "get the most from the least, how to prune language, how to multiply intensities and how to tell nothing but the truth in a way that allowed for telling more than the truth."Hemingway referred to his style as the iceberg theory: in his writing the facts float above water; the supporting structure and symbolism operate out-of-sight. Writing in "The Art of the Short Story," he explains: "A few things I have found to be true. If you leave out important things or events that you know about, the story is strengthened. If you leave or skip something because you do not know it, the story will be worthless. The test of any story is how very good the stuff that you, not your editors, omit." Jackson Benson believes Hemingway used autobiographical details as framing devices about life in general—not only about his life. For example, Benson postulates that Hemingway used his experiences and drew them out with "what if" scenarios: "what if I were wounded in such a way that I could not sleep at night? What if I were wounded and made crazy, what would happen if I were sent back to the front?" The concept of the iceberg theory is sometimes referred to as the "theory of omission." Hemingway believed the writer could describe one thing (such as Nick Adams fishing in "The Big Two-Hearted River") though an entirely different thing occurs below the surface (Nick Adams concentrating on fishing to the extent that he does not have to think about anything else). The simplicity of the prose is deceptive. Zoe Trodd believes Hemingway crafted skeletal sentences in response to Henry James's observation that World War I had "used up words." Hemingway offers a "multi-focal" photographic reality. His iceberg theory of omission is the foundation on which he builds. The syntax, which lacks subordinating conjunctions, creates static sentences. The photographic "snapshot" style creates a collage of images. Many types of internal punctuation (colons, semicolons, dashes, parentheses) are omitted in favor of short declarative sentences. The sentences build on each other, as events build to create a sense of the whole. Multiple strands exist in one story; an "embedded text" bridges to a different angle. He also uses other cinematic techniques of "cutting" quickly from one scene to the next; or of "splicing" a scene into another. Intentional omissions allow the reader to fill the gap, as though responding to instructions from the author, and create three-dimensional prose. In the late summer that year we lived in a house in a village that looked across the river and the plain to the mountains. In the bed of the river there were pebbles and boulders, dry and white in the sun, and the water was clear and swiftly moving and blue in the channels. Troops went by the house and down the road and the dust they raised powdered the trees. —Opening passage of A Farewell to Arms showing Hemingway's use of the word and In his literature, and in his personal writing, Hemingway habitually used the word "and" in place of commas. This use of polysyndeton may serve to convey immediacy. Hemingway's polysyndetonic sentence—or in later works his use of subordinate clauses—uses conjunctions to juxtapose startling visions and images; Jackson Benson compares them to haikus. Many of Hemingway's followers misinterpreted his lead and frowned upon all expression of emotion; Saul Bellow satirized this style as "Do you have emotions? Strangle them." However, Hemingway's intent was not to eliminate emotion, but to portray it more scientifically. Hemingway thought it would be easy, and pointless, to describe emotions; he sculpted collages of images in order to grasp "the real thing, the sequence of motion and fact which made the emotion and which would be as valid in a year or in ten years or, with luck and if you stated it purely enough, always." This use of an image as an objective correlative is characteristic of Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, James Joyce, and Proust. Hemingway's letters refer to Proust's Remembrance of Things Past several times over the years, and indicate he read the book at least twice.[176] His writing was likely also influenced by the Japanese poetic canon. Themes Recurring themes in American literature exist with clarity in Hemingway's work. Leslie Fiedler sees the theme he defines as "The Sacred Land"—the American West—extended in Hemingway's work, to include mountains in Spain, Switzerland and Africa, and to the streams of Michigan. The American West is given a symbolic nod with the naming of the "Hotel Montana" in The Sun Also Rises and For Whom the Bell Tolls. Although Hemingway writes about sports, Carlos Baker believes the emphasis is more on the athlete than the sport. According to Stoltzfus and Fiedler, Hemingway's nature is a place for rebirth, for therapy, and the hunter or fisherman has a moment of transcendence when the prey is killed. Nature is where men are without women: men fish; men hunt; men find redemption in nature. Fiedler believes Hemingway inverts the American literary theme of the evil "Dark Woman" versus the good "Light Woman". The dark woman—Brett Ashley of The Sun Also Rises—is a goddess; the light woman—Margot Macomber of "The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber"—is a murderess. Robert Sholes admits that early Hemingway stories, such as "A Very Short Story", present "a male character favorably and a female unfavorably." According to Rena Sanderson, early Hemingway critics lauded his male-centric world of masculine pursuits, and the fiction divided women into "castrators or love-slaves." Feminist critics attacked Hemingway as "public enemy number one", although more recent re-evaluations of his work "have given new visibility to Hemingway's female characters (and their strengths) and have revealed his own sensitivity to gender issues, thus casting doubts on the old assumption that his writings were one-sidedly masculine." Nina Baym believes that Brett Ashley and Margot Macomber "are the two outstanding examples of Hemingway's 'bitch women.'" The theme of women and death is evident in stories as early as "Indian Camp". The theme of death permeates Hemingway's work. Young believes the emphasis in "Indian Camp" was not so much on the woman who gives birth or the father who commits suicide, but on Nick Adams who witnesses these events as a child, and becomes a "badly scarred and nervous young man." Hemingway sets the events in "Indian Camp" that shape the Adams persona. Young believes "Indian Camp" holds the "master key" to "what its author was up to for some thirty-five years of his writing career." Stoltzfus considers Hemingway's work to be more complex with a representation of the truth inherent in existentialism: if "nothingness" is embraced, then redemption is achieved at the moment of death. Those who face death with dignity and courage live an authentic life. Francis Macomber dies happy because the last hours of his life are authentic; the bullfighter in the corrida represents the pinnacle of a life lived with authenticity. In his paper The Uses of Authenticity: Hemingway and the Literary Field, Timo Müller writes that Hemingway's fiction is successful because the characters live an "authentic life", and the "soldiers, fishers, boxers and backwoodsmen are among the archetypes of authenticity in modern literature". The theme of emasculation is prevalent in Hemingway's work, most notably in The Sun Also Rises. Emasculation, according to Fiedler, is a result of a generation of wounded soldiers; and of a generation in which women such as Brett gained emancipation. This also applies to the minor character, Frances Clyne, Cohn's girlfriend in the beginning in the book. Her character supports the theme not only because the idea was presented early on in the novel but also the impact she had on Cohn in the start of the book while only appearing a small number of times. Baker believes Hemingway's work emphasizes the "natural" versus the "unnatural". In "Alpine Idyll" the "unnaturalness" of skiing in the high country late spring snow is juxtaposed against the "unnaturalness" of the peasant who allowed his wife's dead body to linger too long in the shed during the winter. The skiers and peasant retreat to the valley to the "natural" spring for redemption. Some critics have characterized Hemingway's work as misogynistic and homophobic. Susan Beegel analyzed four decades of Hemingway criticism, published in her essay "Critical Reception". She found, particularly in the 1980s, "critics interested in multiculturalism" simply ignored Hemingway; although some "apologetics" have been written. Typical is this analysis of The Sun Also Rises: "Hemingway never lets the reader forget that Cohn is a Jew, not an unattractive character who happens to be a Jew but a character who is unattractive because he is a Jew." During the same decade, according to Beegel, criticism was published that investigated the "horror of homosexuality", and racism in Hemingway's fiction. Influence and legacy Statue of Hemingway by José Villa Soberón, El Floridita bar in Havana, with a photo of Hemingway awarding Fidel Castroa prize in a fishing contest in 1960 (after the Cuban revolution) on the wall. Hemingway's legacy to American literature is his style: writers who came after him emulated it or avoided it. After his reputation was established with the publication of The Sun Also Rises, he became the spokesperson for the post–World War I generation, having established a style to follow. His books were burned in Berlin in 1933, "as being a monument of modern decadence", and disavowed by his parents as "filth". Reynolds asserts the legacy is that "he left stories and novels so starkly moving that some have become part of our cultural heritage." In a 2004 speech at the John F. Kennedy Library, Russell Banksdeclared that he, like many male writers of his generation, was influenced by Hemingway's writing philosophy, style, and public image. Müller reports that Hemingway "has the highest recognition value of all writers worldwide". Conversely, as early as the 1930s Hemingway's style was parodied, and criticized as "lazy" within the context of the "American literary tradition." Benson believes the details of Hemingway's life have become a "prime vehicle for exploitation", resulting in a Hemingway industry. Hemingway scholar Hallengren believes the "hard boiled style" and the machismo must be separated from the author himself. Benson agrees, describing him as introverted and private as J. D. Salinger, although Hemingway masked his nature with braggadocio. In fact, during World War II, Salinger met and corresponded with Hemingway, whom he acknowledged as an influence. In a letter to Hemingway, Salinger claimed their talks "had given him his only hopeful minutes of the entire war" and jokingly "named himself national chairman of the Hemingway Fan Clubs." The extent of Hemingway's influence is seen in the tributes and echoes of his fiction in popular culture. A minor planet, discovered in 1978 by Soviet astronomerNikolai Stepanovich Chernykh, was named for him (3656 Hemingway); Ray Bradbury wrote The Kilimanjaro Device, with Hemingway transported to the top of Mount Kilimanjaro; the 1993 motion picture Wrestling Ernest Hemingway, about the friendship of two retired men, Irish and Cuban, in a seaside town in Florida, starred Robert Duvall, Richard Harris, Shirley MacLaine, Sandra Bullock, and Piper Laurie. The influence is evident with the many restaurants named "Hemingway"; and the proliferation of bars called "Harry's" (a nod to the bar in Across the River and Into the Trees). A line of Hemingway furniture, promoted by Hemingway's son Jack (Bumby), has pieces such as the "Kilimanjaro" bedside table, and a "Catherine" slip-covered sofa. Montblanc offers a Hemingway fountain pen, and a line of Hemingway safari clothes has been created. The International Imitation Hemingway Competitionwas created in 1977 to publicly acknowledge his influence and the comically misplaced efforts of lesser authors to imitate his style. Entrants are encouraged to submit one "really good page of really bad Hemingway" and winners are flown to Italy to Harry's Bar. In 1965 Mary Hemingway established the Hemingway Foundation and in the 1970s she donated her husband's papers to the John F. Kennedy Library. In 1980 a group of Hemingway scholars gathered to assess the donated papers, subsequently forming the Hemingway Society, "committed to supporting and fostering Hemingway scholarship." Almost exactly 35 years after Hemingway's death, on July 1, 1996, his granddaughter Margaux Hemingway died in Santa Monica, California. Margaux was a supermodel and actress, co-starring with her sister Mariel in the 1976 movie Lipstick. Her death was later ruled a suicide, making her "the fifth person in four generations of her family to commit suicide." Margaux's sister, Mariel, is an actress, model, writer and film producer.	Idaho
Ambrosia, Pippin, Gravenstein, and McIntosh are all types of what?	Ernest Hemingway \| Military Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Pulitzer Prize for Fiction (1953) Nobel Prize in Literature (1954) Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American author and journalist. His economical and understated style had a strong influence on 20th-century fiction , while his life of adventure and his public image influenced later generations. Hemingway produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s, and won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. He published seven novels, six short story collections, and two non-fiction works. Three novels, four collections of short stories, and three non-fiction works were published posthumously. Many of his works are considered classics of American literature . Hemingway was raised in Oak Park, Illinois. After high school he reported for a few months for The Kansas City Star , before leaving for the Italian front to enlist with the World War I ambulance drivers . In 1918, he was seriously wounded and returned home. His wartime experiences formed the basis for his novel A Farewell to Arms . In 1921, he married Hadley Richardson , the first of his four wives. The couple moved to Paris, where he worked as a foreign correspondent and fell under the influence of the modernist writers and artists of the 1920s " Lost Generation " expatriate community. The Sun Also Rises , Hemingway's first novel, was published in 1926. After his 1927 divorce from Hadley Richardson, Hemingway married Pauline Pfeiffer ; they divorced after he returned from the Spanish Civil War where he had been a journalist, and after which he wrote For Whom the Bell Tolls . Martha Gellhorn became his third wife in 1940; they separated when he met Mary Welsh in London during World War II . He was present at the Normandy Landings and the liberation of Paris . Shortly after the publication of The Old Man and the Sea in 1952, Hemingway went on safari to Africa, where he was almost killed in two successive plane crashes that left him in pain or ill health for much of the rest of his life. Hemingway had permanent residences in Key West, Florida (1930s) and Cuba (1940s and 1950s), and in 1959, he bought a house in Ketchum, Idaho , where he committed suicide in the summer of 1961. Contents Edit Ernest Hemingway was the second child, and first son, born to Clarence and Grace Hemingway. Ernest Miller Hemingway was born on July 21, 1899, in Oak Park, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago. [1] ) His father, Clarence Edmonds Hemingway, was a physician, and his mother, Grace Hall-Hemingway, was a musician. Both were well-educated and well-respected in the conservative community of Oak Park, [2] a community about which resident Frank Lloyd Wright said, "So many churches for so many good people to go to". [3] For a short period after their marriage, [4] Clarence and Grace Hemingway lived with Grace's father, Ernest Hall, who eventually became their first son's namesake. [note 1] Later Ernest Hemingway would say that he disliked his name, which he "associated with the naive, even foolish hero of Oscar Wilde 's play The Importance of Being Earnest ". [5] The family eventually moved into a seven-bedroom home in a respectable neighborhood with a music studio for Grace and a medical office for Clarence. [2] Hemingway's mother frequently performed in concerts around the village. As an adult, Hemingway professed to hate his mother, although biographer Michael S. Reynolds points out that Hemingway mirrored her energy and enthusiasm. [6] Her insistence that he learn to play the cello became a "source of conflict", but he later admitted the music lessons were useful to his writing, as is evident in the " contrapuntal structure" of For Whom the Bell Tolls . [7] The family owned a summer home called Windemere on Walloon Lake , near Petoskey , Michigan, where as a four-year-old he learned from his father to hunt, fish, and camp in the woods and lakes of Northern Michigan. His early experiences in nature instilled a passion for outdoor adventure and living in remote or isolated areas. [8] Photograph of Hemingway family in 1905, from left: Marcelline, Sunny, Clarence, Grace, Ursula and Ernest From 1913 until 1917, Hemingway attended Oak Park and River Forest High School where he took part in a number of sports, namely boxing, track and field, water polo, and football. He excelled in English classes [9] and performed in the school orchestra with his sister Marcelline for two years. [6] In his junior year, he took a journalism class, taught by Fannie Biggs, which was structured "as though the classroom were a newspaper office". The better writers in class submitted pieces to The Trapeze, the school newspaper. Hemingway and Marcelline both had pieces submitted to The Trapeze; Hemingway's first piece, published in January 1916, was about a local performance by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra . [10] He continued to contribute to and to edit the Trapeze and the Tabula (the school's newspaper and yearbook), for which he imitated the language of sportswriters, and used the pen name Ring Lardner, Jr.—a nod to Ring Lardner of the Chicago Tribune whose byline was "Line O'Type". Like Mark Twain, Stephen Crane , Theodore Dreiser and Sinclair Lewis , Hemingway was a journalist before becoming a novelist; after leaving high school he went to work for The Kansas City Star as a cub reporter. [11] Although he stayed there for only six months he relied on the Star's style guide as a foundation for his writing: "Use short sentences. Use short first paragraphs. Use vigorous English. Be positive, not negative." [12] World War I Edit Milan, 1918, Hemingway in uniform. He drove ambulances for two months until he was wounded. Early in 1918, Hemingway responded to a Red Cross recruitment effort in Kansas City and signed on to become an ambulance driver in Italy. [13] He left New York in May and arrived in Paris as the city was under bombardment from German artillery. [14] By June he was at the Italian Front . It was probably around this time that he first met John Dos Passos , with whom he had a rocky relationship for decades. [15] On his first day in Milan, he was sent to the scene of a munitions factory explosion, where rescuers retrieved the shredded remains of female workers. He described the incident in his non-fiction book Death in the Afternoon : "I remember that after we searched quite thoroughly for the complete dead we collected fragments". [16] A few days later, he was stationed at Fossalta di Piave . On July 8, he was seriously wounded by mortar fire, having just returned from the canteen bringing chocolate and cigarettes for the men at the front line. [16] Despite his wounds, Hemingway carried an Italian soldier to safety, for which he received the Italian Silver Medal of Bravery . [14] Still only 18, Hemingway said of the incident: "When you go to war as a boy you have a great illusion of immortality. Other people get killed; not you ... Then when you are badly wounded the first time you lose that illusion and you know it can happen to you." [17] He sustained severe shrapnel wounds to both legs, underwent an immediate operation at a distribution center, and spent five days at a field hospital before he was transferred for recuperation to the Red Cross hospital in Milan. [18] He spent six months at the hospital, where he met and formed a strong friendship with "Chink" Dorman-Smith that lasted for decades and shared a room with future American foreign service officer, ambassador, and author Henry Serrano Villard . [19] While recuperating, he fell in love for the first time, with Agnes von Kurowsky , a Red Cross nurse seven years his senior. By the time of his release and return to the United States in January 1919, Agnes and Hemingway had decided to marry within a few months in America. However, in March, she wrote that she had become engaged to an Italian officer. Biographer Jeffrey Meyers claims that Hemingway was devastated by Agnes' rejection, and he followed a pattern of abandoning a wife before she abandoned him in future relationships. [20] Toronto and Chicago Edit Hemingway returned home early in 1919 to a time of readjustment. Not yet 20 years old, he had gained from the war a maturity that was at odds with living at home without a job and with the need for recuperation. [21] As Reynolds explains, "Hemingway could not really tell his parents what he thought when he saw his bloody knee. He could not say how scared he was in another country with surgeons who could not tell him in English if his leg was coming off or not." [22] In September, he took a fishing and camping trip with high school friends to the back-country of Michigan's Upper Peninsula . [17] The trip became the inspiration for his short story " Big Two-Hearted River ", in which the semi-autobiographical character Nick Adams takes to the country to find solitude after returning from war. [23] A family friend offered him a job in Toronto, and with nothing else to do he accepted. Late that year he began as a freelancer, staff writer, and foreign correspondent for the Toronto Star Weekly. He returned to Michigan the following June [21] and then moved to Chicago in September 1920 to live with friends, while still filing stories for the Toronto Star. [24] In Chicago, he worked as an associate editor of the monthly journal Cooperative Commonwealth, where he met novelist Sherwood Anderson . [24] When St. Louis native Hadley Richardson came to Chicago to visit the sister of Hemingway's roommate, he became infatuated and later claimed, "I knew she was the girl I was going to marry". [25] Hadley was red-haired, with a "nurturing instinct", and eight years older than Hemingway. [25] Despite being older than Hemingway, Hadley, who had grown up with an overprotective mother, seemed less mature than usual for a young woman her age. [26] Bernice Kert, author of The Hemingway Women, claims Hadley was "evocative" of Agnes, but that Hadley had a childishness that Agnes lacked. The two corresponded for a few months and then decided to marry and travel to Europe. [25] They wanted to visit Rome, but Sherwood Anderson convinced them to visit Paris instead, writing letters of introduction for the young couple. [27] They were married on September 3, 1921; two months later, Hemingway was hired as foreign correspondent for the Toronto Star, and the couple left for Paris. Of Hemingway's marriage to Hadley, Meyers claims: "With Hadley, Hemingway achieved everything he had hoped for with Agnes: the love of a beautiful woman, a comfortable income, a life in Europe." [28] Paris Edit Hemingway's 1923 passport photo. At this time he lived in Paris with his wife Hadley, and worked as a journalist. Carlos Baker , Hemingway's first biographer, believes that while Anderson suggested Paris because "the monetary exchange rate" made it an inexpensive place to live, more importantly it was where "the most interesting people in the world" lived. In Paris, Hemingway met writers such as Gertrude Stein , James Joyce , and Ezra Pound who "could help a young writer up the rungs of a career". [27] The Hemingway of the early Paris years was a "tall, handsome, muscular, broad-shouldered, brown-eyed, rosy-cheeked, square-jawed, soft-voiced young man." [29] He and Hadley lived in a small walk-up at 74 rue du Cardinal Lemoine in the Latin Quarter , and he worked in a rented room in a nearby building. [27] Stein, who was the bastion of modernism in Paris, [30] became Hemingway's mentor; she introduced him to the expatriate artists and writers of the Montparnasse Quarter , whom she referred to as the " Lost Generation "—a term Hemingway popularized with the publication of The Sun Also Rises . [31] A regular at Stein's salon , Hemingway met influential painters such as Pablo Picasso , Joan Miró , and Juan Gris . [32] He eventually withdrew from Stein's influence and their relationship deteriorated into a literary quarrel that spanned decades. [33] The American poet Ezra Pound met Hemingway by chance at Sylvia Beach's bookshop Shakespeare and Company in 1922. The two toured Italy in 1923 and lived on the same street in 1924. [29] They forged a strong friendship, and in Hemingway, Pound recognized and fostered a young talent. [32] Pound introduced Hemingway to the Irish writer James Joyce, with whom Hemingway frequently embarked on "alcoholic sprees". [34] During his first 20 months in Paris, Hemingway filed 88 stories for the Toronto Star newspaper. [35] He covered the Greco-Turkish War , where he witnessed the burning of Smyrna and wrote travel pieces such as "Tuna Fishing in Spain" and "Trout Fishing All Across Europe: Spain Has the Best, Then Germany". [36] Hemingway was devastated on learning that Hadley had lost a suitcase filled with his manuscripts at the Gare de Lyon as she was traveling to Geneva to meet him in December 1922. [37] The following September, the couple returned to Toronto, where their son John Hadley Nicanor was born on October 10, 1923. During their absence Hemingway's first book, Three Stories and Ten Poems , was published. Two of the stories it contained were all that remained after the loss of the suitcase, and the third had been written the previous spring in Italy. Within months a second volume, in our time (without capitals), was published. The small volume included six vignettes and a dozen stories Hemingway had written the previous summer during his first visit to Spain, where he discovered the thrill of the corrida. He missed Paris, considered Toronto boring, and wanted to return to the life of a writer, rather than live the life of a journalist. [38] Ernest, Hadley, and Bumby Hemingway in Schruns , Austria, in 1926, months before they separated Ernest Hemingway with Lady Duff Twysden, Hadley, and friends, during the July 1925 trip to Spain that inspired The Sun Also Rises Hemingway, Hadley and their son (nicknamed Bumby) returned to Paris in January 1924 and moved into a new apartment on the rue Notre-Dame des Champs. [38] Hemingway helped Ford Madox Ford edit the transatlantic review , which published works by Pound, John Dos Passos , Baroness Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven , and Stein, as well as some of Hemingway's own early stories such as " Indian Camp ". [39] When In Our Time (with capital letters) was published in 1925, the dust jacket bore comments from Ford. [40] [41] "Indian Camp" received considerable praise; Ford saw it as an important early story by a young writer, [42] and critics in the United States praised Hemingway for reinvigorating the short story genre with his crisp style and use of declarative sentences. [43] Six months earlier, Hemingway had met F. Scott Fitzgerald , and the pair formed a friendship of "admiration and hostility". [44] Fitzgerald had published The Great Gatsby the same year: Hemingway read it, liked it, and decided his next work had to be a novel. [45] With his wife Hadley , Hemingway first visited the Festival of San Fermín in Pamplona, Spain in 1923, where he became fascinated by bullfighting . [46] The Hemingways returned to Pamplona in 1924 and a third time in June 1925; that year they brought with them a group of American and British expatriates: Hemingway's Michigan boyhood friend Bill Smith, Stewart, Lady Duff Twysden (recently divorced), her lover Pat Guthrie, and Harold Loeb . [47] A few days after the fiesta ended, on his birthday (21 July), he began to write the draft of what would become The Sun Also Rises , finishing eight weeks later. [48] A few months later, in December 1925, the Hemingways left to spend the winter in Schruns , Austria, where Hemingway began revising the manuscript extensively. Pauline Pfeiffer joined them in January and against Hadley's advice urged him to sign a contract with Scribner's . He left Austria for a quick trip to New York to meet with the publishers, and on his return, during a stop in Paris, began an affair with Pauline, before returning to Schruns to finish the revisions in March. [49] The manuscript arrived in New York in April, he corrected the final proof in Paris in August 1926, and Scribner's published the novel in October. [48] [50] [51] Ernest and Pauline Hemingway in Paris, 1927 The Sun Also Rises epitomized the post-war expatriate generation, [52] received good reviews, and is "recognized as Hemingway's greatest work". [53] Hemingway himself later wrote to his editor Max Perkins that the "point of the book" was not so much about a generation being lost, but that "the earth abideth forever"; he believed the characters in The Sun Also Rises may have been "battered" but were not lost. [54] Hemingway's marriage to Hadley deteriorated as he was working on The Sun Also Rises. [51] In the spring of 1926, Hadley became aware of his affair with Pauline Pfeiffer, who came to Pamplona with them that July. [55] [56] On their return to Paris, Hadley asked for a separation; in November she formally requested a divorce. They split their possessions while Hadley accepted Hemingway's offer of the proceeds from The Sun Also Rises. [57] The couple were divorced in January 1927, and Hemingway married Pauline Pfeiffer in May. [58] Pfeiffer, who was from a wealthy Catholic Arkansas family, had moved to Paris to work for Vogue magazine. Before their marriage Hemingway converted to Catholicism. [59] They honeymooned in Le Grau-du-Roi , where he contracted anthrax, and he planned his next collection of short stories, [60] Men Without Women , published in October 1927. [61] By the end of the year Pauline, who was pregnant, wanted to move back to America. John Dos Passos recommended Key West, and they left Paris in March 1928. That spring Hemingway suffered a severe injury in their Paris bathroom, when he pulled a skylight down on his head thinking he was pulling on a toilet chain. This left him with a prominent forehead scar, which he carried for the rest of his life. When Hemingway was asked about the scar he was reluctant to answer. [62] After his departure from Paris, Hemingway "never again lived in a big city". [63] Key West and the Caribbean Edit Hemingway house in Key West, Florida where he lived with Pauline. He wrote To Have and Have Not in the second story pool house not seen in the picture. In the late spring, Hemingway and Pauline traveled to Kansas City, where their son Patrick was born on June 28, 1928. Pauline had a difficult delivery, which Hemingway fictionalized in A Farewell to Arms . After Patrick's birth, Pauline and Hemingway traveled to Wyoming, Massachusetts, and New York. [64] In the winter, he was in New York with Bumby, about to board a train to Florida, when he received a cable telling him his father had committed suicide. [note 2] [65] Hemingway was devastated, having earlier written his father telling him not to worry about financial difficulties; the letter arrived minutes after the suicide. He realized how Hadley must have felt after her own father's suicide in 1903, and he commented, "I'll probably go the same way." [66] Upon his return to Key West in December, Hemingway worked on the draft of A Farewell to Arms before leaving for France in January. He had finished it in August but delayed the revision. The serialization in Scribner's Magazine was scheduled to begin in May, but as late as April, Hemingway was still working on the ending, which he may have rewritten as many as seventeen times. The completed novel was published on September 27. [67] Biographer James Mellow believes A Farewell to Arms established Hemingway's stature as a major American writer and displayed a level of complexity not apparent in The Sun Also Rises. [68] In Spain during the summer of 1929, Hemingway researched his next work, Death in the Afternoon . He wanted to write a comprehensive treatise on bullfighting, explaining the toreros and corridas complete with glossaries and appendices, because he believed bullfighting was "of great tragic interest, being literally of life and death." [69] During the early 1930s, Hemingway spent his winters in Key West and summers in Wyoming, where he found "the most beautiful country he had seen in the American West" and hunted deer, elk, and grizzly bear. [70] He was joined there by Dos Passos and in November 1930, after bringing Dos Passos to the train station in Billings, Montana, Hemingway broke his arm in a car accident. The surgeon tended the compound spiral fracture and bound the bone with kangaroo tendon. He was hospitalized for seven weeks, with Pauline tending to him; the nerves in his writing hand took as long as a year to heal, during which time he suffered intense pain. [71] Ernest, Pauline, Bumby, Patrick, and Gregory Hemingway pose with marlins after a fishing trip to Bimini in 1935 His third son, Gregory Hancock Hemingway , was born a year later on November 12, 1931 in Kansas City. [72] [note 3] Pauline's uncle bought the couple a house in Key West with a carriage house, the second floor of which was converted into a writing studio. [73] Its location across the street from the lighthouse made it easy for him to find after a long night of drinking. While in Key West Hemingway frequented the local bar Sloppy Joe's . [74] He invited friends—including Waldo Peirce , Dos Passos, and Max Perkins [75] —to join him on fishing trips and on an all-male expedition to the Dry Tortugas . Meanwhile, he continued to travel to Europe and to Cuba, and although he wrote of Key West in 1933, "We have a fine house here, and kids are all well," Mellow believes he "was plainly restless." [76] In 1933, Hemingway and Pauline went on safari to East Africa. The 10-week trip provided material for Green Hills of Africa , as well as for the short stories " The Snows of Kilimanjaro " and " The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber ". [77] The couple visited Mombasa, Nairobi, and Machakos in Kenya, then moved on to Tanganyika Territory , where they hunted in the Serengeti , around Lake Manyara , and west and southeast of present-day Tarangire National Park. Their guide was the noted "white hunter" Philip Hope Percival , who had guided Theodore Roosevelt on his 1909 safari. During these travels Hemingway contracted amoebic dysentery that caused a prolapsed intestine, and he was evacuated by plane to Nairobi, an experience reflected in "The Snows of Kilimanjaro". On Hemingway's return to Key West in early 1934, he began work on Green Hills of Africa, which he published in 1935 to mixed reviews. [78] Hemingway bought a boat in 1934, named it the Pilar , and began sailing the Caribbean. [79] In 1935 he first arrived at Bimini , where he spent a considerable amount of time. [77] During this period he also worked on To Have and Have Not , published in 1937 while he was in Spain, the only novel he wrote during the 1930s. [80] Spanish Civil War Edit Hemingway (center) with Dutch filmmaker Joris Ivens and German writer Ludwig Renn (serving as an International Brigades officer) in Spain during Spanish Civil War, 1937. In 1937, Hemingway agreed to report on the Spanish Civil War for the North American Newspaper Alliance (NANA), [81] arriving in Spain in March with Dutch filmmaker Joris Ivens . [82] Ivens, who was filming The Spanish Earth , wanted Hemingway to replace John Dos Passos as screenwriter, since Dos Passos had left the project when his friend José Robles was arrested and later executed. [83] The incident changed Dos Passos' opinion of the leftist republicans, creating a rift between him and Hemingway, who later spread a rumor that Dos Passos left Spain out of cowardice. [84] Journalist and writer Martha Gellhorn , whom Hemingway had met in Key West the previous Christmas (1936), joined him in Spain. Like Hadley, Martha was a St. Louis native, and like Pauline, she had worked for Vogue in Paris. Of Martha, Kert explains, "she never catered to him the way other women did." [85] Late in 1937, while in Madrid with Martha, Hemingway wrote his only play, The Fifth Column , as the city was being bombarded. [86] He returned to Key West for a few months, then back to Spain twice in 1938, where he was present at the Battle of the Ebro , the last republican stand, and he was among the British and American journalists who were some of the last to leave the battle as they crossed the river. [87] [88] Hemingway with his third wife Martha Gellhorn , posing with General Yu Hanmou , Chungking, China, 1941 Hemingway and sons Patrick (left) and Gregory , with three cats at Finca Vigía ca. mid-1942 In the spring of 1939, Hemingway crossed to Cuba in his boat to live in the Hotel Ambos Mundos in Havana. This was the separation phase of a slow and painful split from Pauline, which had begun when Hemingway met Martha. [89] Martha soon joined him in Cuba, and they almost immediately rented " Finca Vigia " ("Lookout Farm"), a 15-acre (61,000 m2) property 15 miles (24 km) from Havana. Pauline and the children left Hemingway that summer, after the family was reunited during a visit to Wyoming. After Hemingway's divorce from Pauline was finalized, he and Martha were married November 20, 1940, in Cheyenne, Wyoming. [90] As he had after his divorce from Hadley, he changed locations, moving his primary summer residence to Ketchum, Idaho , just outside the newly built resort of Sun Valley , and his winter residence to Cuba. [91] Hemingway, who had been disgusted when a Parisian friend allowed his cats to eat from the table, became enamored of cats in Cuba, keeping dozens of them on the property. [92] Gellhorn inspired him to write his most famous novel, For Whom the Bell Tolls , which he started in March 1939 and finished in July 1940. It was published in October 1940. [93] Consistent with his pattern of moving around while working on a manuscript, he wrote For Whom the Bell Tolls in Cuba, Wyoming, and Sun Valley. [89] For Whom the Bell Tolls became a Book-of-the-Month Club choice, sold half a million copies within months, was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize, and as Meyers describes it, "triumphantly re-established Hemingway's literary reputation". [94] In January 1941 Martha was sent to China on assignment for Collier's magazine. [95] Hemingway went with her, sending in dispatches for the newspaper PM, but in general he disliked China. [95] A 2009 book suggests during that period he may have been recruited to work for Soviet intelligence agents under the name "Agent Argo". [96] They returned to Cuba before the declaration of war by the United States that December, when he convinced the Cuban government to help him refit the Pilar, which he intended to use to ambush German submarines off the coast of Cuba. [17] World War II Edit Hemingway with Col. Charles 'Buck' Lanham in Germany, 1944, during the fighting in Hürtgenwald, after which he became ill with pneumonia. From May 1944 to March 1945, Hemingway was in London and Europe. When Hemingway first arrived in London he met TIME magazine correspondent, Mary Welsh, with whom he became infatuated. Martha, who had been forced to cross the Atlantic in a ship filled with explosives because he refused to help her get a press pass on a plane, arrived in London to find Hemingway hospitalized with a concussion from a car accident. Unsympathetic to his plight, she accused him of being a bully and told him she was "through, absolutely finished". [97] The last time he saw Martha was in March 1945, as he was preparing to return to Cuba. [98] Meanwhile, he had asked Mary Welsh to marry him on their third meeting. [97] Hemingway, wearing a large head bandage, was present at the D-Day landing, although he was kept on a landing craft because military officials considered him "precious cargo"; [99] biographer Kenneth Lynn claims Hemingway fabricated accounts that he went ashore during the landings. [100] Late in July, he attached himself to "the 22nd Infantry Regiment commanded by Col. Charles 'Buck' Lanham , as it drove toward Paris", and Hemingway became de facto leader to a small band of village militia in Rambouillet outside of Paris. [99] Of Hemingway's exploits, World War II historian Paul Fussell remarks: "Hemingway got into considerable trouble playing infantry captain to a group of Resistance people that he gathered because a correspondent is not supposed to lead troops, even if he does it well". [17] This was in fact in contravention of the Geneva Convention , and Hemingway was brought up on formal charges; he said he "beat the rap" by claiming that he only offered advice. [101] On August 25, he was present at the liberation of Paris , although contrary to the Hemingway legend, he was not the first into the city, nor did he liberate the Ritz . [102] In Paris he did, however, attend a reunion hosted by Sylvia Beach, where he "made peace with" Gertrude Stein. [103] Later that year, he was present at heavy fighting in the Battle of Hürtgen Forest . [102] On December 17, 1944, a feverish and ill Hemingway had himself driven to Luxembourg to cover what would later be called The Battle of the Bulge . As soon as he arrived, however, Lanham handed him to the doctors, who hospitalized him with pneumonia; by the time he recovered a week later, most of the fighting in this battle was over. [101] In 1947 Hemingway was awarded a Bronze Star for his bravery during World War II. He was recognized for his valor, having been "under fire in combat areas in order to obtain an accurate picture of conditions", with the commendation that "through his talent of expression, Mr. Hemingway enabled readers to obtain a vivid picture of the difficulties and triumphs of the front-line soldier and his organization in combat". [17] Cuba and the Nobel Prize Edit Hemingway said he "was out of business as a writer" from 1942 to 1945. [104] In 1946 he married Mary, who had an ectopic pregnancy five months later. The Hemingway family suffered a series of accidents and health problems in the years following the war: in a 1945 car accident he "smashed his knee" and sustained another "deep wound on his forehead"; Mary broke first her right ankle and then her left in successive skiing accidents. A 1947 car accident left Patrick with a head wound and severely ill. [105] Hemingway sank into depression as his literary friends began to die: in 1939 Yeats and Ford Madox Ford ; in 1940 Scott Fitzgerald; in 1941 Sherwood Anderson and James Joyce; in 1946 Gertrude Stein; and the following year in 1947, Max Perkins, Hemingway's long-time Scribner's editor and friend. [106] During this period, he suffered from severe headaches, high blood pressure, weight problems, and eventually diabetes—much of which was the result of previous accidents and many years of heavy drinking. [107] Nonetheless, in January 1946 he began work on The Garden of Eden , finishing 800 pages by June. [108] [note 4] During the post–war years he also began work on a trilogy tentatively titled "The Land", "The Sea" and "The Air", which he wanted to combine in one novel titled The Sea Book. However, both projects stalled, and Mellow says that Hemingway's inability to continue was "a symptom of his troubles" during these years. [109] [note 5] Hemingway and his wife Mary on safari 1953-4, before his accidents. Hemingway at a fishing camp in 1954. His hand and arms are burned from a recent bushfire; his hair burned from the recent plane crashes. In 1948, Hemingway and Mary traveled to Europe, staying in Venice for several months. While there, Hemingway fell in love with the then 19-year-old Adriana Ivancich . The platonic love affair inspired the novel Across the River and Into the Trees , written in Cuba during a time of strife with Mary, and published in 1950 to negative reviews. [110] The following year, furious at the critical reception of Across the River and Into the Trees, he wrote the draft of The Old Man and the Sea in eight weeks, saying that it was "the best I can write ever for all of my life". [107] The Old Man and the Sea became a book-of-the-month selection, made Hemingway an international celebrity, and won the Pulitzer Prize in May 1952, a month before he left for his second trip to Africa. [111] [112] In 1954, while in Africa, Hemingway was almost fatally injured in two successive plane crashes. He chartered a sightseeing flight over the Belgian Congo as a Christmas present to Mary. On their way to photograph Murchison Falls from the air, the plane struck an abandoned utility pole and "crash landed in heavy brush." Hemingway's injuries included a head wound, while Mary broke two ribs. [113] The next day, attempting to reach medical care in Entebbe , they boarded a second plane that exploded at take-off, with Hemingway suffering burns and another concussion, this one serious enough to cause leaking of cerebral fluid . [114] They eventually arrived in Entebbe to find reporters covering the story of Hemingway's death. He briefed the reporters and spent the next few weeks recuperating and reading his erroneous obituaries. [115] Despite his injuries, Hemingway accompanied Patrick and his wife on a planned fishing expedition in February, but pain caused him to be irascible and difficult to get along with. [116] When a bushfire broke out, he was again injured, sustaining second degree burns on his legs, front torso, lips, left hand and right forearm. [117] Months later in Venice, Mary reported to friends the full extent of Hemingway's injuries: two cracked discs , a kidney and liver rupture, a dislocated shoulder and a broken skull. [116] The accidents may have precipitated the physical deterioration that was to follow. After the plane crashes, Hemingway, who had been "a thinly controlled alcoholic throughout much of his life, drank more heavily than usual to combat the pain of his injuries." [118] Ernest Hemingway in the cabin of his boat Pilar, off the coast of Cuba In October 1954 Hemingway received the Nobel Prize in Literature. He modestly told the press that Carl Sandburg , Isak Dinesen and Bernard Berenson deserved the prize, [119] but the prize money would be welcome. [120] Mellow claims Hemingway "had coveted the Nobel Prize", but when he won it, months after his plane accidents and the ensuing world-wide press coverage, "there must have been a lingering suspicion in Hemingway's mind that his obituary notices had played a part in the academy's decision." [121] Because he was suffering pain from the African accidents, he decided against traveling to Stockholm. [122] Instead he sent a speech to be read, defining the writer's life: "Writing, at its best, is a lonely life. Organizations for writers palliate the writer's loneliness but I doubt if they improve his writing. He grows in public stature as he sheds his loneliness and often his work deteriorates. For he does his work alone and if he is a good enough writer he must face eternity, or the lack of it, each day." [123] [note 6] Opening statement of Nobel Prize acceptance speech, 1954 [recorded privately by Hemingway after-the-fact]. Problems playing this file? From the end of the year in 1955 to early 1956, Hemingway was bedridden. [124] He was told to stop drinking to mitigate liver damage, advice he initially followed but then disregarded. [125] In October 1956 he returned to Europe and met Basque writer Pio Baroja , who was seriously ill and died weeks later. During the trip Hemingway became sick again and was treated for "high blood pressure, liver disease, and arteriosclerosis". [124] In November, while in Paris, he was reminded of trunks he had stored in the Ritz Hotel in 1928 and never retrieved. The trunks were filled with notebooks and writing from his Paris years. Excited about the discovery, when he returned to Cuba in 1957 he began to shape the recovered work into his memoir A Moveable Feast . [126] By 1959 he ended a period of intense activity: he finished A Moveable Feast (scheduled to be released the following year); brought True at First Light to 200,000 words; added chapters to The Garden of Eden; and worked on Islands in the Stream. The last three were stored in a safe deposit box in Havana, as he focused on the finishing touches for A Moveable Feast. Reynolds claims it was during this period that Hemingway slid into depression, from which he was unable to recover. [127] The Finca Vigia became crowded with guests and tourists, as Hemingway, beginning to become unhappy with life there, considered a permanent move to Idaho. In 1959 he bought a home overlooking the Big Wood River , outside Ketchum, and left Cuba—although he apparently remained on easy terms with the Castro government, telling The New York Times he was "delighted" with Castro's overthrow of Batista . [128] [129] He was in Cuba in November 1959, between returning from Pamplona and traveling west to Idaho, and the following year for his birthday; however, that year he and Mary decided to leave after hearing the news that Castro wanted to nationalize property owned by Americans and other foreign nationals. [130] In July 1960 the Hemingways left Cuba for the last time, leaving art and manuscripts in a bank vault in Havana. After the 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion , the Finca Vigia was expropriated by the Cuban government, complete with Hemingway's collection of "four to six thousand books". [131] Idaho and suicide Edit Hemingway continued to rework the material that would be published as A Moveable Feast through the end of the 1950s. [126] In the summer of 1959 he visited Spain to research a series of bullfighting articles commissioned by Life magazine, [132] returning to Cuba in January 1960 to work on the manuscript. Life only wanted 10,000 words, but the manuscript grew out of control. For the first time in his life unable to organize his writing, he asked A. E. Hotchner to travel to Cuba to help. Hotchner helped him trim the Life piece to 40,000 words, and Scribner's agreed to a full-length book version ( The Dangerous Summer ) of almost 130,000 words. [133] Hotchner found Hemingway to be "unusually hesitant, disorganized, and confused", [134] and he was suffering badly from failing eyesight. [135] File:Hemingway SunValley.jpg On July 25, 1960, Hemingway and Mary left Cuba, never to return. Hemingway then traveled alone to Spain to be photographed for the front cover of the current Life magazine piece. A few days later he was reported in the news to be seriously ill and on the verge of dying, which panicked Mary until she received a cable from him telling her, "Reports false. Enroute Madrid. Love Papa." [136] However, he was seriously ill and believed himself to be on the verge of a breakdown. [133] He was lonely and took to his bed for days, retreating into silence, despite the first installments of The Dangerous Summer being published in Life in September 1960 to good reviews. [137] In October he left Spain for New York, where he refused to leave Mary's apartment on the pretext that he was being watched. She quickly took him out to Idaho, where George Saviers (a Sun Valley physician) met them at the train. [133] At this time Hemingway was worried about money and about his safety. [135] He worried about his taxes, and that he would never return to Cuba to retrieve the manuscripts he had left there in a bank vault. He became paranoid and thought the FBI was actively monitoring his movements in Ketchum. [138] [139] The FBI had opened a file on him during World War II, when he used the Pilar to patrol the waters off Cuba, and J. Edgar Hoover had the agent in Havana watch Hemingway during the 1950s. [140] The FBI knew Hemingway was at the Mayo Clinic, as an agent documented in a letter written in January 1961. [141] By the end of November Mary was at wits' end and Saviers suggested Hemingway go to the Mayo Clinic in Minnesota, where he may have believed he was to be treated for hypertension . [138] In an attempt at anonymity, he was checked in under Saviers' name. [137] Meyers writes that "an aura of secrecy surrounds Hemingway's treatment at the Mayo", but confirms he was treated with electroconvulsive therapy as many as 15 times in December 1960, then in January 1961 he was "released in ruins". [142] Reynolds accessed Hemingway's records at the Mayo which indicate the combination of medications may have created a depressive state, for which he was treated. [143] Three months later in April 1961, back in Ketchum, one morning in the kitchen Mary "found Hemingway holding a shotgun". She called Saviers who sedated him and admitted him to the Sun Valley hospital; from there he was returned to the Mayo Clinic for more electro shock treatments. [144] He was released in late June and arrived home in Ketchum on June 30. Two days later, in the early morning hours of July 2, 1961, Hemingway "quite deliberately" shot himself with his favorite shotgun. [145] He unlocked the basement storeroom where his guns were kept, went upstairs to the front entrance foyer of their Ketchum home, and "pushed two shells into the twelve-gauge Boss shotgun ...put the end of the barrel into his mouth, pulled the trigger and blew out his brains". [146] Mary called the Sun Valley Hospital, and a doctor quickly arrived at the house. Despite his finding that Hemingway "had died of a self-inflicted wound to the head", the story told to the press was that the death had been "accidental". [147] Hemingway Memorial at Trail Creek north of Sun Valley , Idaho. During his final years, Hemingway's behavior was similar to his father's before he himself committed suicide; [148] his father may have had the genetic disease hemochromatosis , in which the inability to metabolize iron culminates in mental and physical deterioration. [149] Medical records made available in 1991 confirm that Hemingway's hemochromatosis had been diagnosed in early 1961. [150] His sister Ursula and his brother Leicester also committed suicide. [151] Added to Hemingway's physical ailments was the additional problem that he had been a heavy drinker for most of his life. [107] Hemingway's family and friends flew to Ketchum for the funeral which was officiated by the local Catholic priest, who believed the death accidental. [147] Of the funeral (during which an altar boy fainted at the head of the casket), his brother Leicester wrote: "It seemed to me Ernest would have approved of it all." [152] In a press interview five years later, Mary Hemingway admitted that her husband had committed suicide. [153] Writing style Edit The New York Times wrote in 1926 of Hemingway's first novel, "No amount of analysis can convey the quality of The Sun Also Rises. It is a truly gripping story, told in a lean, hard, athletic narrative prose that puts more literary English to shame." [154] The Sun Also Rises is written in spare, tight prose that influenced countless crime and pulp fiction novels and made Hemingway famous. [155] In 1954, when Hemingway was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature, it was for "his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style." [156] Paul Smith writes that in his first stories published In Our Time that Hemingway was still experimenting with his writing style, [157] he avoided complicated syntax and about 70 percent of the sentences are simple sentences —a childlike syntax without subordination . [158] If a writer of prose knows enough of what he is writing about he may omit things that he knows and the reader, if the writer is writing truly enough, will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. The dignity of movement of an ice-berg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water. A writer who omits things because he does not know them only makes hollow places in his writing. —Ernest Hemingway in Death in the Afternoon [159] Henry Louis Gates believes Hemingway's style was fundamentally shaped "in reaction to [his] experience of world war". After World War I, he and other modernists "lost faith in the central institutions of Western civilization," by reacting against the elaborate style of 19th century writers and by creating a style "in which meaning is established through dialogue, through action, and silences—a fiction in which nothing crucial—or at least very little—is stated explicitly." [17] Developing this connection between Hemingway and other modernist writers, Irene Gammel believes his style was carefully cultivated and honed with an eye toward the avant-garde of the era. Hungry for “vanguard experimentation” and rebelling against Ford Madox Ford’s “staid modernism,” Hemingway published the work of Gertrude Stein and Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven in the transatlantic review. As Gammel notes, Hemingway was “introduced to the Baroness’s experimental style during a time when he was actively trimming the verbal ‘fat’ off his own style, as well as flexing his writer’s muscles in assaulting conventional taste.” [160] Because he began as a writer of short stories, Baker believes Hemingway learned to "get the most from the least, how to prune language, how to multiply intensities and how to tell nothing but the truth in a way that allowed for telling more than the truth." [161] Hemingway called his style the iceberg theory : the facts float above water; the supporting structure and symbolism operate out of sight. [161] The concept of the iceberg theory is sometimes referred to as the "theory of omission". Hemingway believed the writer could describe one thing (such as Nick Adams fishing in "The Big Two-Hearted River") though an entirely different thing occurs below the surface (Nick Adams concentrating on fishing to the extent that he does not have to think about anything else). [162] Jackson Benson believes Hemingway used autobiographical details as framing devices about life in general—not only about his life. For example, Benson postulates that Hemingway used his experiences and drew them out with "what if" scenarios: "what if I were wounded in such a way that I could not sleep at night? What if I were wounded and made crazy, what would happen if I were sent back to the front?" [163] Writing in "The Art of the Short Story," Hemingway explains: "A few things I have found to be true. If you leave out important things or events that you know about, the story is strengthened. If you leave or skip something because you do not know it, the story will be worthless. The test of any story is how very good the stuff that you, not your editors, omit." [164] I was always embarrassed by the words sacred, glorious, and sacrifice and the expression in vain ... I had seen nothing sacred, and the things that were glorious had no glory and the sacrifices were like the stockyards at Chicago .... Abstract words such as glory, honor, courage or hallow were obscene beside the concrete names of villages, the numbers of roads, the names of rivers, the numbers of regiments and the dates. — A Farewell to Arms [165] The simplicity of the prose is deceptive. Zoe Trodd believes Hemingway crafted skeletal sentences in response to Henry James 's observation that World War I had "used up words." Hemingway offers a "multi-focal" photographic reality. His iceberg theory of omission is the foundation on which he builds. The syntax, which lacks subordinating conjunctions , creates static sentences. The photographic " snapshot " style creates a collage of images. Many types of internal punctuation (colons, semicolons, dashes, parentheses) are omitted in favor of short declarative sentences. The sentences build on each other, as events build to create a sense of the whole. Multiple strands exist in one story; an "embedded text" bridges to a different angle. He also uses other cinematic techniques of "cutting" quickly from one scene to the next; or of "splicing" a scene into another. Intentional omissions allow the reader to fill the gap, as though responding to instructions from the author, and create three-dimensional prose. [166] In his literature, and in his personal writing, Hemingway habitually used the word "and" in place of commas. This use of polysyndeton may serve to convey immediacy. Hemingway's polysyndetonic sentence—or in later works his use of subordinate clauses—uses conjunctions to juxtapose startling visions and images; Jackson Benson compares them to haikus . [167] [168] Many of Hemingway's followers misinterpreted his lead and frowned upon all expression of emotion; Saul Bellow satirized this style as "Do you have emotions? Strangle them." [169] However, Hemingway's intent was not to eliminate emotion, but to portray it more scientifically. Hemingway thought it would be easy, and pointless, to describe emotions; he sculpted collages of images in order to grasp "the real thing, the sequence of motion and fact which made the emotion and which would be as valid in a year or in ten years or, with luck and if you stated it purely enough, always". [170] This use of an image as an objective correlative is characteristic of Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, James Joyce, and Proust . [171] Hemingway's letters refer to Proust's Remembrance of Things Past several times over the years, and indicate he read the book at least twice. [172] Themes Edit The popularity of Hemingway's work to a great extent is based on the themes, which according to scholar Frederic Svoboda are love, war, wilderness and loss, all of which are strongly evident in the body of work. [173] These are recurring themes of American literature , which are clearly evident in Hemingway's work. Critic Leslie Fiedler sees the theme he defines as "The Sacred Land"—the American West—extended in Hemingway's work to include mountains in Spain, Switzerland and Africa, and to the streams of Michigan. The American West is given a symbolic nod with the naming of the "Hotel Montana" in The Sun Also Rises and For Whom the Bell Tolls. [174] According to Stoltzfus and Fiedler, Hemingway's nature is a place for rebirth, for therapy, and the hunter or fisherman has a moment of transcendence when the prey is killed. [175] Nature is where men are without women: men fish; men hunt; men find redemption in nature. [174] Although Hemingway writes about sports, Carlos Baker believes the emphasis is more on the athlete than the sport, [176] while Beegel sees the essence of Hemingway as an American naturalist , as reflected in such detailed descriptions as can be found in "Big Two-Hearted River". [8] Fiedler believes Hemingway inverts the American literary theme of the evil "Dark Woman" versus the good "Light Woman". The dark woman—Brett Ashley of The Sun Also Rises —is a goddess; the light woman—Margot Macomber of " The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber "—is a murderess. [174] Robert Scholes admits that early Hemingway stories, such as " A Very Short Story ", present "a male character favorably and a female unfavorably." [177] According to Rena Sanderson, early Hemingway critics lauded his male-centric world of masculine pursuits, and the fiction divided women into "castrators or love-slaves." Feminist critics attacked Hemingway as "public enemy number one", although more recent re-evaluations of his work "have given new visibility to Hemingway's female characters (and their strengths) and have revealed his own sensitivity to gender issues, thus casting doubts on the old assumption that his writings were one-sidedly masculine." [178] Nina Baym believes that Brett Ashley and Margot Macomber "are the two outstanding examples of Hemingway's 'bitch women.'" [179] The world breaks everyone and afterward many are strong in the broken places. But those that will not break it kills. It kills the very good and the very gentle and the very brave impartially. If you are none of these you can be sure it will kill you too but there will be no special hurry. —Ernest Hemingway in A Farewell to Arms The theme of women and death is evident in stories as early as " Indian Camp ". The theme of death permeates Hemingway's work. Young believes the emphasis in "Indian Camp" was not so much on the woman who gives birth or the father who commits suicide, but on Nick Adams who witnesses these events as a child, and becomes a "badly scarred and nervous young man." Hemingway sets the events in "Indian Camp" that shape the Adams persona. Young believes "Indian Camp" holds the "master key" to "what its author was up to for some thirty-five years of his writing career." [180] Stoltzfus considers Hemingway's work to be more complex with a representation of the truth inherent in existentialism : if "nothingness" is embraced, then redemption is achieved at the moment of death. Those who face death with dignity and courage live an authentic life. Francis Macomber dies happy because the last hours of his life are authentic; the bullfighter in the corrida represents the pinnacle of a life lived with authenticity. [175] In his paper The Uses of Authenticity: Hemingway and the Literary Field, Timo Müller writes that Hemingway's fiction is successful because the characters live an "authentic life", and the "soldiers, fishers, boxers and backwoodsmen are among the archetypes of authenticity in modern literature". [181] The theme of emasculation is prevalent in Hemingway's work, most notably in The Sun Also Rises. Emasculation, according to Fiedler, is a result of a generation of wounded soldiers; and of a generation in which women such as Brett gained emancipation . This also applies to the minor character, Frances Clyne, Cohn's girlfriend in the beginning in the book. Her character supports the theme not only because the idea was presented early on in the novel but also the impact she had on Cohn in the start of the book while only appearing a small number of times. [174] Baker believes Hemingway's work emphasizes the "natural" versus the "unnatural". In "Alpine Idyll" the "unnaturalness" of skiing in the high country late spring snow is juxtaposed against the "unnaturalness" of the peasant who allowed his wife's dead body to linger too long in the shed during the winter. The skiers and peasant retreat to the valley to the "natural" spring for redemption. [176] Some critics have characterized Hemingway's work as misogynistic and homophobic. Susan Beegel analyzed four decades of Hemingway criticism, published in her essay "Critical Reception". She found, particularly in the 1980s, "critics interested in multiculturalism" simply ignored Hemingway; although some "apologetics" have been written. Typical is this analysis of The Sun Also Rises: "Hemingway never lets the reader forget that Cohn is a Jew, not an unattractive character who happens to be a Jew but a character who is unattractive because he is a Jew." During the same decade, according to Beegel, criticism was published that investigated the "horror of homosexuality", and racism in Hemingway's fiction. [182] Influence and legacy Edit Hemingway's legacy to American literature is his style: writers who came after him emulated it or avoided it. [183] After his reputation was established with the publication of The Sun Also Rises, he became the spokesperson for the post–World War I generation, having established a style to follow. [155] His books were burned in Berlin in 1933, "as being a monument of modern decadence". His parents disavowed his literature as "filth". [184] Reynolds asserts the legacy is that "he left stories and novels so starkly moving that some have become part of our cultural heritage". [185] In a 2004 speech at the John F. Kennedy Library , Russell Banks declared that he, like many male writers of his generation, was influenced by Hemingway's writing philosophy, style, and public image. [186] Müller argues that Hemingway "has the highest recognition value of all writers worldwide". [187] On the other hand, in 2012, novelist John Irving rejected most of Hemingway's work "except for a few short stories", saying that the "write-what-you-know dictum has no place in imaginative literature". Irving also objected to the "offensive tough-guy posturing—all those stiff-upper-lip, don't-say-much men" and contrasted Hemingway's approach to that of Herman Melville , citing the latter's advice: "Woe to him who seeks to please rather than appall." [188] Statue of Hemingway by José Villa Soberón , El Floridita bar in Havana. On the wall is a photo of Hemingway awarding Fidel Castro the winning prize for the largest fish caught in the "Hemingway Fishing Contest" of May 1960. However two months later Hemingway would leave Cuba and never return. Benson believes the details of Hemingway's life have become a "prime vehicle for exploitation", resulting in a Hemingway industry. [189] Hemingway scholar Hallengren believes the "hard boiled style" and the machismo must be separated from the author himself. [184] Benson agrees, describing him as introverted and private as J. D. Salinger , although Hemingway masked his nature with braggadocio. [190] In fact, during World War II, Salinger met and corresponded with Hemingway, whom he acknowledged as an influence. In a letter to Hemingway, Salinger claimed their talks "had given him his only hopeful minutes of the entire war" and jokingly "named himself national chairman of the Hemingway Fan Clubs". [191] The International Imitation Hemingway Competition was created in 1977 to publicly acknowledge his influence and the comically misplaced efforts of lesser authors to imitate his style. Entrants are encouraged to submit one "really good page of really bad Hemingway" and winners are flown to Italy to Harry's Bar. [192] The minor planet 3656 Hemingway , discovered in 1978 by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh , was named after Hemingway. [193] The influence is evident with the many restaurants named "Hemingway"; and the proliferation of bars called "Harry's" (a nod to the bar in Across the River and Into the Trees). [194] A line of Hemingway furniture, promoted by Hemingway's son Jack (Bumby), has pieces such as the "Kilimanjaro" bedside table, and a "Catherine" slip-covered sofa. Montblanc offers a Hemingway fountain pen, and a line of Hemingway safari clothes has been created. [195] In 1965 Mary Hemingway established the Hemingway Foundation and in the 1970s she donated her husband's papers to the John F. Kennedy Library. In 1980 a group of Hemingway scholars gathered to assess the donated papers, subsequently forming the Hemingway Society, "committed to supporting and fostering Hemingway scholarship". [196] Ray Bradbury wrote The Kilimanjaro Device, in which Hemingway is transported to the top of Mount Kilimanjaro . [72] The 1993 film Wrestling Ernest Hemingway , about the friendship of two retired men in a seaside town in Florida, is named after a story one of the characters (played by Richard Harris ) tells about having wrestled Hemingway in the 1930s. [197] Descendants Edit Two of Hemingway's granddaughters, the sisters Mariel and Margaux Hemingway (daughters of Jack Hemingway), both achieved fame in the 1970s and 1980s as actresses; Margaux was additionally a fashion model . Almost exactly 35 years after Ernest Hemingway's death, on July 1, 1996, Margaux Hemingway committed suicide in Santa Monica, California. [198] She became "the fifth person in four generations of her family to commit suicide." [199] Works Desnoyers, Megan Floyd. "Ernest Hemingway: A Storyteller's Legacy" . John F. Kennedy Presidential Library Online Resources. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum . Retrieved November 30, 2011. Fiedler, Leslie. (1975). Love and Death in the American Novel. New York: Stein and Day. ISBN 978-0-8128-1799-7 Gammel, Irene. (2002). Baroness Elsa: Gender, Dada, and Everyday Modernity. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2002. Print. ISBN 978-0-262-57215-6 Griffin, Peter. (1985). Along with Youth: Hemingway, the Early Years. New York: Oxford UP. ISBN 978-0-19-503680-0 Hemingway, Ernest. (1957 ed.) A Farewell to Arms. New York: Scribner's. ISBN 978-0-684-17469-3 Hemingway, Ernest. (1975). "The Art of the Short Story" in Benson, Jackson (ed). New Critical Approaches to the Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway. Durham: Duke UP. ISBN 978-0-8223-1067-9 Hemingway, Leicester. (1996). My Brother, Ernest Hemingway. New York: World Publishing Company. ISBN 978-1-56164-098-0 Hoberek, Andrew. (2005). Twilight of the Middle Class: Post World War II fiction and White Collar Work. New York: Cambridge UP. ISBN 978-0-691-12145-1 Kert, Bernice. (1983). The Hemingway Women. New York: Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-31835-7 Koch, Stephen. (2005). The Breaking Point: Hemingway, Dos Passos, and the Murder of Jose Robles. New York: Counterpoint. ISBN 978-1-58243-280-9 Lynn, Kenneth. (1987). Hemingway. Cambridge: Harvard UP. ISBN 978-0-674-38732-4 McCormick, John (1971). American Literature 1919–1932. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7100-7052-4 Mellow, James. (1992). Hemingway: A Life Without Consequences. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-37777-2 Mellow, James. (1991). Charmed Circle: Gertrude Stein and Company. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-47982-7 Meyers, Jeffrey. (1985). Hemingway: A Biography. New York: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-42126-0 Miller, Linda Patterson. (2006). "From the African Book to Under Kilimanjaro". The Hemingway Review, Volume 25, issue 2. 78–81 Müller, Timo. (2010). "The Uses of Authenticity: Hemingway and the Literary Field, 1926–1936". Journal of Modern Literature. Volume 33, issue 1. 28–42 Nagel, James. (1996). "Brett and the Other Women in The Sun Also Rises". in Donaldson, Scott (ed). The Cambridge Companion to Ernest Hemingway. New York: Cambridge UP. ISBN 978-0-521-45574-9 Oliver, Charles. (1999). Ernest Hemingway A to Z: The Essential Reference to the Life and Work. New York: Checkmark Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8160-3467-3 Pizer, Donald. (1986). "The Hemingway: Dos Passos Relationship". Journal of Modern Literature. Volume 13, issue 1. 111–128 Reynolds, Michael (2000). "Ernest Hemingway, 1899–1961: A Brief Biography". in Wagner-Martin, Linda (ed). A Historical Guide to Ernest Hemingway. New York: Oxford UP. ISBN 978-0-19-512152-0 Reynolds, Michael. (1999). Hemingway: The Final Years. New York: Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-32047-3 Reynolds, Michael. (1989). Hemingway: The Paris Years. New York: Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-31879-1 Reynolds, Michael. (1998). The Young Hemingway. New York: Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-31776-3 Reynolds, Michael. (2000). Ernest Hemingway: A Brief Biography A Historical Guide to Ernest Hemingway in Wagner-Martin, Linda (ed). Oxford: Oxford UP. ISBN 978-0-19-512151-3 Robinson, Daniel. (2005). "My True Occupation is That of a Writer:Hemingway's Passport Correspondence". The Hemingway Review. 87–93 Trogdon, Robert W. "Forms of Combat: Hemingway, the Critics and Green Hills of Africa". The Hemingway Review. Volume 15, issue 2. 1–14 Sanderson, Rena. (1996). "Hemingway and Gender History". in Donaldson, Scott (ed). The Cambridge Companion to Ernest Hemingway. New York: Cambridge UP. ISBN 978-0-521-45574-9 Scholes, Robert. (1990). "New Critical Approaches to the Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway". in Benson, Jackson J. Decoding Papa: 'A Very Short Story' as Work and Text. 33–47. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-1067-9 Smith, Paul (1996). "1924: Hemingway's Luggage and the Miraculous Year". in Donaldson, Scott (ed). The Cambridge Companion to Ernest Hemingway. New York: Cambridge UP. ISBN 978-0-521-45574-9 Stoltzfus, Ben. (2005). "Sartre, "Nada," and Hemingway's African Stories". Comparative Literature Studies. Volume 42, issue 3. 205–228 Svoboda, Frederic. (2000). "The Great Themes in Hemingway". in Wagner-Martin, Linda (ed). A Historical Guide to Ernest Hemingway. New York: Oxford UP. ISBN 978-0-19-512152-0 Thomas, Hugh. (2001). The Spanish Civil War. New York: Modern Library. ISBN 978-0-375-75515-6 Trodd, Zoe. (2007). "Hemingway's Camera Eye: The Problems of Language and an Interwar Politics of Form". The Hemingway Review. Volume 26, issue 2. 7–21 Wells, Elizabeth J. (1975). "A Statistical Analysis of the Prose Style of Ernest Hemingway: Big Two-Hearted River". in Benson, Jackson (ed). The Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway: Critical Essays. Durham NC: Duke UP. ISBN 978-0-8223-0320-6 Young, Philip. (1964). Ernest Hemingway. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota. ISBN 978-0-8166-0191-2 </dl>	i don't know
Sarajevo is the capital of what modern country?	Sarajevo \| Define Sarajevo at Dictionary.com Sarajevo [sar-uh-yey-voh; Serbo-Croatian. sah-rah-ye-vaw] /ˌsær əˈyeɪ voʊ; Serbo-Croatian. ˈsɑ rɑ yɛ vɔ/ Spell noun 1. a city in and the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina, in the central part: assassination of the Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand here June 28, 1914, was the final event that precipitated World War I. Expand noun 1. a republic in S Europe: formerly (1945–92) a constituent republic of Yugoslavia. 19,909 sq. mi. (51,565 sq. km). Capital: Sarajevo. Examples from the Web for Sarajevo Expand British Dictionary definitions for Sarajevo Expand noun 1. the capital of Bosnia-Herzegovina: developed as a Turkish town in the 15th century; capital of the Turkish and Austro-Hungarian administrations in 1850 and 1878 respectively; scene of the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914, precipitating World War I; besieged by Bosnian Serbs (1992–95). Pop: 603 000 (2005 est) Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Word Origin and History for Sarajevo Expand capital of Bosnia, founded 15c. and named in Turkish as Bosna-Saray, "Palace on the (River) Bosna," from saray (see caravanserai ); the modern name is a Slavic adjectival form of saray. Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper Expand Sarajevo [(sar-uh-yay-voh, sahr-uh-yay-voh)] The city in Bosnia and Herzegovina where the assassination that brought on World War I took place. Archduke Francis Ferdinand , the heir to the throne of the Austrian Empire, had come to Sarajevo on a state visit; Sarajevo was then in one of the South Slavic provinces of the Austrian Empire. A young student who favored South Slavic independence shot and killed the archduke. Austria held the assassin's home country, Serbia, responsible for the incident and declared war; complex European alliances then brought other countries into the fight. Note: In 1992 the city came under prolonged and bloody siege by Bosnian Serbs seeking to drive Bosnian Muslims from their homes. In 1995 leaders of the rival Balkan states of Bosnia, Croatia , and Serbia met in the United States and settled on a peace accord to end the fighting. Sarajevo [(sar-uh-yay-voh, sahr-uh-yay-voh)] Note: The Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand was assassinated there in 1914, which was the immediate cause of World War I . (See under “World History since 1550.”) Note: Home of the 1982 winter Olympic Games . Note: Attacked and severely damaged in 1992 by Serbian militia. In 1995, leaders of the rival Balkan states of Bosnia, Croatia , and Serbia met in the United States and settled on a peace accord to end the fighting. Bosnia and Herzegovina [(boz-nee-uh; hert-suh-goh-vee-nuh, hert-suh-goh-vee-nuh)] Republic in southeastern Europe on the west Balkan Peninsula , bordered by Croatia to the west and north, Yugoslavia to the east, with a small outlet to the Adriatic Sea to the west. Sarajevo is the country's capital and largest city. Note: Sarajevo was the site of the assassination in 1914 of Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand , which sparked World War I . Note: In the early 1990s, brutal attacks by Serbian militia devastated the region, arousing international condemnation. In 1995, leaders of the rival Balkan states of Bosnia, Croatia, and Serbia met in the United States and ended the fighting with a peace accord. The American Heritage® New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.	Bosnia and Herzegovina
28th June, 1914, saw the assassination of Austrian Archduke, Franz Ferdinand, the triggering event of World War 1. In which European city were the Archduke and his wife, did the assassination take place?	Sarajevo Sarajevo Sarajevo Excerpted from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Sarajevo is the capital and largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, located at 43ï¿½52' N 18ï¿½25' E. According to a 1991 census, its population was 429,672; currently estimated at around 300,000. The city is considered one of the most important cities in the Balkans and has had a long and rich history ever since it was founded by the Ottomans in 1461. It was the site of the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, which sparked World War I. Sarajevo had hosted the 1984 Winter Olympics and was besieged during the Yugoslav wars in the 1990s. Sarajevo is part of Canton Sarajevo, one of the ten Cantons in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The river Miljacka runs through the city. Geography Sarajevo is located close to the geometric center of the triangularly-shaped Bosnia and Herzegovina, and covers 142 kmï¿½(88.2 miï¿½) of land. The core of the city is built in the Sarajevo valley (also translated as Sarajevo field), a small depression 500 meters above sea level, nestled between the surrounding mountains. Although much of the city itself is relatively flat, some of the outskirts and far eastern parts are hilly. Neighborhoods in the old town in particular are well known for their steep streets and landscape. The river Miljacka flows through the city from east to west and is one of the city's chief geographic features. The source of the river Bosna, Vrelo Bosne is found on the city's outskirts near Ilidza and is one of the most well known natural landmarks in the country. The city is surrounded by five major mountains. In 1984 Bosnia and Herzegovina was the host of the Winter Olympic Games. The unique beauty of this jewel of the Central Europe, the natural wealth that is contained in its fresh and healthy air, mineral and thermal water and the resourceful potential for the enjoying different sports, made Sarajevo and the rest of Bosnia and Herzegovina famous all around the world. They are part of the Dinaric Alps mountain range that winds through Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Serbia and Montenegro. The mountains; Bjelasnica: 2067 meters (6782 ft), southwest Igman: 1502 meters (4928 ft), southwest Jahorina: 1913 meters (6276 ft), southeast Trebevic: 1627 meters (5338 ft), southeast Treskavica: 2088 meters (6950 ft), are popular tourist attractions for hiking and skiing. North Sarajevo itself is part of Bosnia proper, known for its mountainous and heavily forested landscape. Natural disasters pose little threat in the region, although small earthquakes have been known to occur. Sarajevo has a continental climate, lying between the climate zones of central Europe to the North and the Mediterranean to the South. Sarajevo experiences warm summers, with temperatures of 35 ï¿½C (95 ï¿½F) not being uncommon, and cold winters, when snow is guaranteed due to the city's altitude. History The area of present day Sarajevo has a long and rich history dating back to the Stone age, when the Butmir Culture flourished in the area. However, little material evidence of this is available, mostly due to later construction. Several Illyrian settlements existed in the area before it was conquered by Rome in 9 CE. During Roman times, a town named Aquae Sulphurae existed on the location of present day Ilidza, a Sarajevo suburb to the southwest of the city. The year usually mentioned as the city's founding is 1461, when the first Ottoman governor of Bosnia, Isa-beg Ishakovic, transformed this village cluster into a city and a state capital by building a number of key objects, including a mosque, a closed marketplace, a public bath, a hostel and the Governor's castle (Saray) which gave the city its present name. Sarajevo flourished in the 16th century when its greatest donor and builder Gazi Husrev-beg built most of what is now the old city. By the late 17th century, Sarajevo was the most important city in the Balkans after Istanbul. In a raid led by Prince Eugene of Savoy in 1697 against the Ottoman Empire, Sarajevo was burned down and leveled. The city was later rebuilt, but never fully recovered from the destruction. The capital of Bosnia was transferred to Travnik. In 1878, Bosnia was occupied by Austria-Hungary, and Sarajevo was quickly brought up to the standards of the industrial age. In the event that triggered World War I, Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria and his wife were assassinated in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. Following the war, in the kingdom of Yugoslavia, Sarajevo was the capital of the Drinska banovina, one of the country's chief provinces. After World War II, Sarajevo grew rapidly as it became an important regional industrial center in Yugoslavia. Modern city blocks were built west of the old city, adding to Sarajevo's architectural uniqueness. The peak of city growth occurred in the early 1980s, when Sarajevo hosted the 1984 Winter Olympics. On April 6, 1992, Sarajevo was surrounded by forces of Bosnian Serbs. The warfare that lasted until October 1995 resulted in large scale destruction and dramatic population shifts. Reconstruction of Sarajevo started as soon as the war ended, in 1995. By 2003, most of the city had been rebuilt, with only a few remaining visible ruins in the city center. Modern business buildings and skyscrapers have since been constructed throughout the city. In terms of politics, Sarajevo is the most important city in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is the capital of the entire country, as well as the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina sub-entity. Sarajevo is also the obvious center of politics for the Sarajevo Canton. A recent estimate for the greater Sarajevo area has the population in mid-2004 at 401,687. Economy Sarajevo is economically one of the strongest regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Like many other major cities, its economy is largely based on industries such as manufacturing and tourism. Sarajevo's main manufacturing products includes production of foods and beverages, textiles, furniture, automobiles, pharmaceuticals, and metalworking. Sarajevo companies also produce unique brands of alcohol, and cigarettes. A variety of important economic institutions are to be found in Sarajevo. Sarajevo is said to be the only city in the world where, in the same time, you can hear the calls for prayer from Catholic and Orthodox churches, mosques and synagogues. Sarayliyas are known for being modern cultured city dwellers. Tourism is one of Sarajevo's major industries, and is constantly growing now with stability in the region. Sarajevo's mountain ranges and Olympic facilities make it an ideal location for winter sports. Another reason for Sarajevo's popularity among tourists is its 600 years of accumulated history, which have been impacted by both Western and Eastern empires. Indeed, even long before that Sarajevo was a popular stop for travelers in the Ottoman and Austria-Hungarian empires, and is mentioned in traveling books from all sides of Europe and the Middle East. One of the first structures built in the city was an inn. Various types of tourism are popular in Sarajevo. War tourism focuses on the war years, and the famous spots of the siege of Sarajevo. Some are interested specifically in the historical aspects of the city, while thousands come for the area's nature. Summer is the busiest season for Sarajevo tourism, as thousands of tourists visit from foreign countries. Sarajevo is full of interesting and notable structures that tourists find attractive. Some notable examples include the mountains Igman and Bjelasnica, Vrelo Bosne park, the Sarajevo cathedral, and the Gazi Husrev-Beg Mosque among others. Transportation Geographic and historical factors have combined to make Sarajevo a very small city for its population. Due to this and a lack of parking structures, it is very difficult to find places for parking. Sarajevo makes up for this with its traditional old world city planning, which allows for pedestrians to easily walk to wherever they need to go. Public transportation is very common and has a long tradition in Sarajevo. The chief methods of this are tramways, trolleys, and buses. Tramways in fact, were first introduced to Europe in Sarajevo during the late 19th century by Austria-Hungarian officials. The railroad has always been very important in Sarajevo. A highway that connects Sarajevo with Budapest and central Europe is being modernized, but presently it is at some spots little more than a paved countryside road. The speed limit at most parts is 60 or 80 km/h. Education The first university in Sarajevo was a school of Sufi philosophy established by Gazi Husrev-beg in 1531. Over the years, numerous other religious schools were established as well. The Sarajevo library, in its prime, was in the same category as the Madrassa of Beyazid II. The annexation of Bosnia by Austria-Hungary introduced Sarajevo to Western education. The first high school in Sarajevo was established in 1887. Starting in the 1940s, numerous modern faculties were added to the University of Sarajevo for a wide variety of professions ranging from economics to forestry. Sarajevo today also has 46 elementary schools (Grades 1-8), and 19 high schools (Grades 9-12). The University of Sarajevo includes faculties for medicine, law, agriculture, technical services, philosophy, and economics. External links	i don't know
What product advertised itself as “The Freshmaker”?	StarCityGames.com - The Freshmaker The Freshmaker #Select #Modern #Community #History For those of you out there that saw the title of this and immediately thought “ Mentos ,” I respect your due diligence to fresh breath. At least you tried! Others may see this title and think “I remember that deck!” It's like when someone makes an obscure reference to a 90's show and you get the punchline while no one else does. This is basically the Herman's Head of articles today. It's Bobby's World . We're just living in it. Modern, as it stands right now, is a frightening place. MTGO's latest announcement regarding deck representation percentages is, to say the least, not pleasant. I stole the picture at right from Jeff Hoogland's Facebook. Now you're probably thinking to yourself: “Not another Eldrazi article!” And you're right. I'm already tired of the subject. Hell, at the Pro Tour I had to live the subject. This was supposed to be a “Why Your Deck Sucks: Eldrazi Edition” today, but I pondered and pondered and figured that this is actually not a joke, and the health and vibrancy of a heavily-pushed format is more important than me poking fun at it. The whole reason I decided to take this stance today is because, while talking with a close friend about Modern and where to go from here, he said that he was worried that the self-correction of the format would be more like “either you play Eldrazi or you play to beat Eldrazi.” I then brought up that this reminded me of G/R Freshmaker from over a decade ago. Strap yourselves in, kiddies. We're going on an adventure of the imagination! I want you to picture a club, or at the very least a place where you love to hang out. Everything about it makes you happy, and every Friday night you get to go there. You enjoy it so much that time basically exists between when you leave that club and when you get to go back to it. All of your friends are there, too. They serve the kind of drinks you like and play the kind of music you like. Things couldn't be better. Then one day a new DJ shows up and they begin spinning some of the most trashy and annoying music out there. Think worse than Justin Bieber . A few members of the club care more about being seen at the club than they do about actually being there, so they tell you that the DJ is great and their presence makes the club a cooler place to be, only you don't see it that way and neither do many of the patrons. Attendance is cut almost in half and people start questioning if the club is even worth their time anymore, so they stop showing up entirely. Seeing that the DJ is actually ruining their club, the owners decide to fire them from their job and apologize profusely for their oversight and slow reaction to how terrible the club had become due to their negligence. It takes almost two years for people to start coming back to the club, and you always wonder to yourself exactly what was lost in the timespan. In case you missed it: Club = FNM/Magic DJ = Ravager Affinity Club Owners = Wizards of the Coast Some of you might scoff at this notion, but the Affinity you know now is merely a shell of what it used to be. Artifact lands were essentially painless Ancient Tomb s that allowed Affinity the ability to have incredibly fast and agile starts, resiliency to removal, near-endless resources because of Thoughtcast , and fuel for massive Arcbound Ravager s when they became superfluous. This was a time where a deck that could dominate across formats was essentially the only playable option in Standard. Sure, there were other decks, but none of them could boast the win percentage that Ravager Affinity could. To combat this deck's dominance, the metagame was forced to shift and adapt in such a way that actually damaged Magic: The Gathering. Decks emerged meant to defeat Affinity by warping around it. Maindecks began playing copies of Oxidize , Tel-Jilad Justice , Molder Slug , Electrostatic Bolt , Viridian Shaman , and other artifact-hating cards. U/G Crystal Witness was meant to abuse Eternal Witness , returning one of those artifact destruction cards from the graveyard over and over again by bouncing Eternal Witness with Crystal Shard . Tooth and Nail decks were locked into playing at least six to eight kill mechanisms such as Kiki-Jiki, Mirror Breaker and Viridian Shaman . None of these decks, however, were as focused as G/R Freshmaker . Feel free to step back into hallowed antiquity. The version available in that article (which is old enough to be considered a Tween) is sharply dedicated to beating Affinity, which I'm sure you can tell. Arc-Slogger and Molder Slug are heavy-hitters meant to put extreme pressure on the robots, along with platinum hits such as Creeping Mold and Ouphe Vandals . Yes, you read that correctly. Ouphe Vandals . Down the line, cards like Hearth Kami and Demolish would see employment. Naturalize started to see maindeck playability. Green decks even adopted Tel-Jilad Chosen , and these decks with all their small creatures also had to play Pyroclasm . One of the best ways to beat Affinity, hilariously enough, was by playing Krark-Clan Ironworks : a combo deck that abused most of the same cards Ravager did in order to power out huge amounts of Myrs to kill an opponent by turn 4 or 5. Now, you'd think “wow, this seems unhealthy,” and you'd be right, but that's not even the most disgusting thing about G/R Freshmaker! You'd think a deck with roughly sixteen or even twenty hate cards between the main and sideboard would absolutely trounce Affinity, and sometimes… well… It didn't. Ravager Affinity became a significantly more brutal and powerful deck with the addition of Aether Vial and Cranial Plating . Spot removal was invalidated by a competent Affinity pilot, and during its peak, Ravager Affinity completely warped the Pro Tour and Grand Prix metagame, boasting upwards of 60% of the Top 8 slots and a huge chunk of Day 2 metagames. You have to remember that this is years before The SCG Tour® brought a huge weekly tournament series to the table, so when a deck was brute-forcing its way through everything presented to it, that in itself was cause for alarm. Attendance at FNMs completely tanked. I learned how to play Magic in two different stores: one of which had around 30 players for FNMs and the other, which held big-value Saturday afternoon tournaments, could have as many as 40 or 50 players. At the height of Ravager, FNMs had around twelve to fourteen players and sometimes Saturdays didn't even fire. Players were sick of dying to Arcbound Ravager and Disciple of the Vault by turn 4 or 5, and the synergies were often too much to overcome. Hell, I was part of the problem because I was winning so much with the deck. Osyp Lebedowicz was right: Arcbound Ravager was a fairy godmother that sometimes just handed the pilot free wins. Given my skill cap at the time, I'm pretty sure it was the deck winning and not me. Now there's more to the story than just Ravager, so I'd still give credit where credit is due: Kamigawa block was pretty rough for players to get into, and that fact didn't help Magic very much after coming off the heels of Ravager, especially when another broken artifact, Umezawa's Jitte , was dominating the competitive scene. It wasn't until we got our first glimpse at Ravnica that things started to shift back into Magic being extremely enjoyable again. Essentially, Ravnica was the Renaissance of MTG and Affinity the Dark Ages. Here we stand today facing a problem that, for all intents and purposes, is mirroring the one from almost twelve years ago. Eldrazi decks in Modern are strangling the format and causing a shift in the decks that are playable. Many players are touting decks like Elves, Storm, or Living End to be an answer to the Eldrazi menace. You know...non-interactive combo decks that are more meant to goldfish than they are to be played one-on-one. If that's your belief, I urge you to check out my favorite Magic writer's video series from a day ago: Shaun McLaren battling with Living End . Everything is going swell for Shaun until Round 3 when he gets paired against Eldrazi. Easy game, right? Living End is supposed to crush… Oh. He gets smashed. Rats. Now is the part of the show where we have to understand that, logically speaking, the decks that are coming out of the woodwork to beat Eldrazi will not always beat it, and the decks that Eldrazi already has a very healthy matchup against (like Burn for instance) will still lose to it. This places Eldrazi in very terrifying company, because it means that it's one of the most powerful decks in Modern that can still beat the decks dedicated to stopping it. Chicken Little isn't preaching that the sky is falling, far from it, but instead is saying that a cloud crushing a building is actually cause for alarm and preventative measures should be considered before more damage is done. Wizards has never had a hair-trigger finger when it comes to taking action against oppressive or dominant strategies, instead waiting to see if the format self-corrects or a player magically solves it on their own. All I know is I had a Damnation Warping Wailed and it didn't feel nice. When Ravager Affinity was legal, you could either play it or play to beat it, and at least half the time, playing to beat it still resulted in you losing. In Modern, it appears that you can either play Eldrazi or play to beat it, and at least half the time, playing to beat it will still result in you losing. Is anyone noticing a pattern here? Modern has yet to find its G/R Freshmaker yet, so maybe all these articles you're reading from all these professional Magic players are just overhyping the whole situation. But then again…maybe they're not. Would you rather be on the side of Ravager that almost killed Magic, or the side of Freshmaker that tried to save it?	Mentos
“You’re traveling through another dimension, a dimension not only of sight and sound but of mind; a journey into a wondrous land whose boundaries are that of imagination. That’s the signpost up ahead your next stop” ?	StarCityGames.com - The Freshmaker The Freshmaker #Select #Modern #Community #History For those of you out there that saw the title of this and immediately thought “ Mentos ,” I respect your due diligence to fresh breath. At least you tried! Others may see this title and think “I remember that deck!” It's like when someone makes an obscure reference to a 90's show and you get the punchline while no one else does. This is basically the Herman's Head of articles today. It's Bobby's World . We're just living in it. Modern, as it stands right now, is a frightening place. MTGO's latest announcement regarding deck representation percentages is, to say the least, not pleasant. I stole the picture at right from Jeff Hoogland's Facebook. Now you're probably thinking to yourself: “Not another Eldrazi article!” And you're right. I'm already tired of the subject. Hell, at the Pro Tour I had to live the subject. This was supposed to be a “Why Your Deck Sucks: Eldrazi Edition” today, but I pondered and pondered and figured that this is actually not a joke, and the health and vibrancy of a heavily-pushed format is more important than me poking fun at it. The whole reason I decided to take this stance today is because, while talking with a close friend about Modern and where to go from here, he said that he was worried that the self-correction of the format would be more like “either you play Eldrazi or you play to beat Eldrazi.” I then brought up that this reminded me of G/R Freshmaker from over a decade ago. Strap yourselves in, kiddies. We're going on an adventure of the imagination! I want you to picture a club, or at the very least a place where you love to hang out. Everything about it makes you happy, and every Friday night you get to go there. You enjoy it so much that time basically exists between when you leave that club and when you get to go back to it. All of your friends are there, too. They serve the kind of drinks you like and play the kind of music you like. Things couldn't be better. Then one day a new DJ shows up and they begin spinning some of the most trashy and annoying music out there. Think worse than Justin Bieber . A few members of the club care more about being seen at the club than they do about actually being there, so they tell you that the DJ is great and their presence makes the club a cooler place to be, only you don't see it that way and neither do many of the patrons. Attendance is cut almost in half and people start questioning if the club is even worth their time anymore, so they stop showing up entirely. Seeing that the DJ is actually ruining their club, the owners decide to fire them from their job and apologize profusely for their oversight and slow reaction to how terrible the club had become due to their negligence. It takes almost two years for people to start coming back to the club, and you always wonder to yourself exactly what was lost in the timespan. In case you missed it: Club = FNM/Magic DJ = Ravager Affinity Club Owners = Wizards of the Coast Some of you might scoff at this notion, but the Affinity you know now is merely a shell of what it used to be. Artifact lands were essentially painless Ancient Tomb s that allowed Affinity the ability to have incredibly fast and agile starts, resiliency to removal, near-endless resources because of Thoughtcast , and fuel for massive Arcbound Ravager s when they became superfluous. This was a time where a deck that could dominate across formats was essentially the only playable option in Standard. Sure, there were other decks, but none of them could boast the win percentage that Ravager Affinity could. To combat this deck's dominance, the metagame was forced to shift and adapt in such a way that actually damaged Magic: The Gathering. Decks emerged meant to defeat Affinity by warping around it. Maindecks began playing copies of Oxidize , Tel-Jilad Justice , Molder Slug , Electrostatic Bolt , Viridian Shaman , and other artifact-hating cards. U/G Crystal Witness was meant to abuse Eternal Witness , returning one of those artifact destruction cards from the graveyard over and over again by bouncing Eternal Witness with Crystal Shard . Tooth and Nail decks were locked into playing at least six to eight kill mechanisms such as Kiki-Jiki, Mirror Breaker and Viridian Shaman . None of these decks, however, were as focused as G/R Freshmaker . Feel free to step back into hallowed antiquity. The version available in that article (which is old enough to be considered a Tween) is sharply dedicated to beating Affinity, which I'm sure you can tell. Arc-Slogger and Molder Slug are heavy-hitters meant to put extreme pressure on the robots, along with platinum hits such as Creeping Mold and Ouphe Vandals . Yes, you read that correctly. Ouphe Vandals . Down the line, cards like Hearth Kami and Demolish would see employment. Naturalize started to see maindeck playability. Green decks even adopted Tel-Jilad Chosen , and these decks with all their small creatures also had to play Pyroclasm . One of the best ways to beat Affinity, hilariously enough, was by playing Krark-Clan Ironworks : a combo deck that abused most of the same cards Ravager did in order to power out huge amounts of Myrs to kill an opponent by turn 4 or 5. Now, you'd think “wow, this seems unhealthy,” and you'd be right, but that's not even the most disgusting thing about G/R Freshmaker! You'd think a deck with roughly sixteen or even twenty hate cards between the main and sideboard would absolutely trounce Affinity, and sometimes… well… It didn't. Ravager Affinity became a significantly more brutal and powerful deck with the addition of Aether Vial and Cranial Plating . Spot removal was invalidated by a competent Affinity pilot, and during its peak, Ravager Affinity completely warped the Pro Tour and Grand Prix metagame, boasting upwards of 60% of the Top 8 slots and a huge chunk of Day 2 metagames. You have to remember that this is years before The SCG Tour® brought a huge weekly tournament series to the table, so when a deck was brute-forcing its way through everything presented to it, that in itself was cause for alarm. Attendance at FNMs completely tanked. I learned how to play Magic in two different stores: one of which had around 30 players for FNMs and the other, which held big-value Saturday afternoon tournaments, could have as many as 40 or 50 players. At the height of Ravager, FNMs had around twelve to fourteen players and sometimes Saturdays didn't even fire. Players were sick of dying to Arcbound Ravager and Disciple of the Vault by turn 4 or 5, and the synergies were often too much to overcome. Hell, I was part of the problem because I was winning so much with the deck. Osyp Lebedowicz was right: Arcbound Ravager was a fairy godmother that sometimes just handed the pilot free wins. Given my skill cap at the time, I'm pretty sure it was the deck winning and not me. Now there's more to the story than just Ravager, so I'd still give credit where credit is due: Kamigawa block was pretty rough for players to get into, and that fact didn't help Magic very much after coming off the heels of Ravager, especially when another broken artifact, Umezawa's Jitte , was dominating the competitive scene. It wasn't until we got our first glimpse at Ravnica that things started to shift back into Magic being extremely enjoyable again. Essentially, Ravnica was the Renaissance of MTG and Affinity the Dark Ages. Here we stand today facing a problem that, for all intents and purposes, is mirroring the one from almost twelve years ago. Eldrazi decks in Modern are strangling the format and causing a shift in the decks that are playable. Many players are touting decks like Elves, Storm, or Living End to be an answer to the Eldrazi menace. You know...non-interactive combo decks that are more meant to goldfish than they are to be played one-on-one. If that's your belief, I urge you to check out my favorite Magic writer's video series from a day ago: Shaun McLaren battling with Living End . Everything is going swell for Shaun until Round 3 when he gets paired against Eldrazi. Easy game, right? Living End is supposed to crush… Oh. He gets smashed. Rats. Now is the part of the show where we have to understand that, logically speaking, the decks that are coming out of the woodwork to beat Eldrazi will not always beat it, and the decks that Eldrazi already has a very healthy matchup against (like Burn for instance) will still lose to it. This places Eldrazi in very terrifying company, because it means that it's one of the most powerful decks in Modern that can still beat the decks dedicated to stopping it. Chicken Little isn't preaching that the sky is falling, far from it, but instead is saying that a cloud crushing a building is actually cause for alarm and preventative measures should be considered before more damage is done. Wizards has never had a hair-trigger finger when it comes to taking action against oppressive or dominant strategies, instead waiting to see if the format self-corrects or a player magically solves it on their own. All I know is I had a Damnation Warping Wailed and it didn't feel nice. When Ravager Affinity was legal, you could either play it or play to beat it, and at least half the time, playing to beat it still resulted in you losing. In Modern, it appears that you can either play Eldrazi or play to beat it, and at least half the time, playing to beat it will still result in you losing. Is anyone noticing a pattern here? Modern has yet to find its G/R Freshmaker yet, so maybe all these articles you're reading from all these professional Magic players are just overhyping the whole situation. But then again…maybe they're not. Would you rather be on the side of Ravager that almost killed Magic, or the side of Freshmaker that tried to save it?	i don't know
What university summoned the National Guard after protesters set the ROTC building on fire on May 2, 1970?	May 4, 1970, Four Kent State University Students Killed By Ohio National Guard - Today In Crime History - DeThomasis and Buchanan \| Gainesville Criminal Defense Attorneys \| Blog and News Archives Contains a list of blog posts that were created previously. Search May 4, 1970, Four Kent State University Students Killed By Ohio National Guard - Today In Crime History Posted by Michael Buchanan on Thu, 03 May 2012 Bookmark On this date, May 4, in the year 1970, four students were killed and nine others wounded when members of the Ohio National Guard opened fire during a Vietnam War protest. Approximately 67 shots were fired by the guardsmen over thirteen seconds. Jeffrey Glenn Miller, age 20, was shot through the mouth and killed instantly. Allison B. Krause, age 19,was shot in the chest and died later that day. William Knox Schroeder, age 19, was also shot in the chest and died almost an hour later in a hospital while undergoing surgery. Sandra Lee Scheuer, age 20, was shot in her neck and died within a few minutes from loss of blood. Among the wounded was Dean R. Kahler, who was shot in the back, causing permanent paralysis from the chest down. All of those killed or wounded were unarmed. During the 1968 U.S. presidential campaign, candidate Richard Nixon ran on a platform that promised "peace with honor" for the Vietnam War. After his election, however, on April 30, 1970, President Nixon announced during a televised speech to the nation that American forces had invaded Cambodia. Many Americans saw this new invasion as an expansion or lengthening of the Vietnam War. In response to Nixon's announcement of the invasion of Cambodia, students across the United States began to protest. Protests by students at Kent State University in Kent, Ohio began on May 1, 1970. At noon, students held a protest rally on campus and later that night rioters built a bonfire and threw beer bottles at police off campus. The mayor declared a state of emergency and the governor sent in the Ohio National Guard. On May 2, 1970, during a protest near the ROTC building on campus, someone set fire to the abandoned building. The National Guard entered the campus and used tear gas to control the crowd. During the evening of May 3, 1970, another protest rally was held on campus which was again dispersed by the National Guard. All of these protests led up to the deadly interaction between Kent State students and the National Guard. On May 4, 1970, another student rally was scheduled for noon at the Commons on the Kent State University campus. Before the rally began, the National Guard ordered those congregated to disperse. The students refused to leave and the National Guard attempted to use tear gas on the crowd. Because of shifting winds, the tear gas was ineffective. The National Guard then advanced upon the crowd, with bayonets attached to their rifles, causing the crowd to scatter. After dispersing the crowd, the National Guardsmen stood around for about ten minutes and then turned around and began to retrace their steps. For an unknown reason, during their retreat, the National Guardsmen suddenly turned around and began firing at the still scattered students. In 13 seconds, 67 bullets were fired. Some claim that there was a verbal order to fire. Four students were killed and nine others were wounded. Some of the students who were shot were not even part of the rally, but were just walking to their next class. The immediate impact of the shootings was dramatic and triggered a nationwide student strike that forced hundreds of colleges and universities to close. The events of May 4, 1970 soon became known as the Kent State Massacre. Kent State Tragedy Video Despite pressure to convene a special federal grand jury to investigate the actions of the Ohio National Guard, U.S. Attorney General George Mitchell closed his investigation of the shootings in August 1971. Under immense pressure, however, the U.S. Department of Justice reopened an investigation in August 1973 and a special federal grand jury was impaneled to investigated the shootings. On March 29, 1974, the grand jury indicted eight of the Ohio guardsmen. They were technically charged with violating the civil rights of the killed and wounded students. The indictment stated all eight guardsmen fired in the direction of demonstrators. Five of the guardsmen were accused of firing the shots - from M-1 rifles - that resulted in the deaths. On October 21, 1974 the federal trial of the eight former National Guardsmen began in Cleveland before U.S. District Court Judge Frank J. Battisti. During the trial, the Justice Department presented 33 witnesses and 130 exhibits - mostly photographs of the events that led to the shooting of the unarmed students. The 12-member jury actually visited the Kent State campus where it heard simulated gunshots at the scene. The criminal defense attorneys for the accused guardsmen contended that they fired in self-defense. The criminal defense lawyers also argued there was insufficient evidence to convict their clients and urged the Judge to dismiss the criminal charges. On November 8, 1974, Judge Battisti agreed with the criminal defense attorneys and acquitted all of the former guardsmen. Battisti ruled that the prosecutors had failed to prove charges that the guardsmen willfully intended to deprive the students killed and wounded of their civil rights. "At best, the evidence...would support a finding that the amount of force .... was excessive and unjustified," Battisti said. The jury was not permitted to reach a verdict because the Judge ruled that the evidence was legally insufficient to sustain a criminal conviction. To this date, not one person has ever been held criminally liable for the shootings of those Kent State University Students on May 4, 1970. Sources and more information:	Kent State University
What conference, which is now held in Europe, Asia, as well as the US, hosts a series of talks of 18 minute maximum length, devoted to "ideas worth spreading"?	University, community evolve under shadow of Kent State shootings \| TribLIVE University, community evolve under shadow of Kent State shootings Sign up for one of our email newsletters. In 13 seconds, everything changed. Four families lost their children. Nine students were riddled with shrapnel. A college campus in Ohio is forever linked to those seconds on May 4, 1970. When the gunfire at Kent State University ended, a nation was left stunned and asking how it could have happened. In the 40 years since members of the Ohio National Guard opened fire at a common area full of students, law enforcement, society and the government have made significant changes. Eighteen-year-olds gained the right to vote, different crowd control methods were developed -- in part because of what happened at Kent State -- and students were given a greater voice at universities. "It was a moment that brought home for a lot of people that the nation was in a profound crisis, that young people in uniform were shooting and killing people on the college campuses," said Angus Johnston, a professor at City University of New York and a student activism historian. The events that led to the shootings began May 1 when students protested the government's decision to expand the Vietnam War into Cambodia. Violence that night prompted Kent's mayor to ask Ohio Gov. James Rhodes to call in the National Guard. Troops arrived the evening of May 2 after protesters burned the campus ROTC building. Two days later, troops patrolling a noontime anti-war rally fired 67 rounds, killing four students: Allison Krause of Churchill; Jeffrey Miller of Plainview, N.Y; Sandra Scheuer of Boardman, Ohio; and William Schroeder of Lorain, Ohio. Krause and Miller were taking part in the protest. Scheuer and Schroeder were walking to class when they were shot. Shockwave News of the shootings reverberated at college campuses across the country. Millions of students staged walkouts, and campuses shut down. Marty Kurta, 62, of North Union, Fayette County, was a senior at Kent State. He had taken part in protests but was not in the rally that afternoon. "All of us were in shock," said Kurta, now an insurance broker. He said campus life stopped after the shootings. "Everything was disrupted," he said. "People literally ran from the town to go home. It became a ghost town." Hempfield resident Gilbert Gall was a freshman that spring at Wayne State University in Michigan, a commuter college for working-class students. Gall, 59, a Detroit native who works as a union organizer for the Pennsylvania State Education Association office in Hunker, said the campus closed for two days after the shootings. When classes resumed, professors set aside course work to talk about what had happened at Kent. "For younger people, college-aged people, it had the same type of shock impact as the Robert Kennedy assassination and the Martin Luther King Jr. assassination," Gall said. "It seemed as though the power structure was turning against students." The deaths at Kent State changed student activism, Johnston said. With the voting age set at 21 in the 1960s, he said, students had no other outlet but to stage mass protests. A year after Kent State, the age was lowered to 18, and protests gave way to organizing voter drives. Universities started to include students in campus governance, Johnston said. Black student unions, women's studies courses and gay and lesbian groups formed to give students a voice. Now, as then, many student protests focus on issues that directly impact them, such as recent rallies across the country to protest reductions in state funding for higher education. The scale of the Vietnam War, the military draft and the high number of casualties drove the 1960s anti-war protests. With today's volunteer military, students are less motivated to protest the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan on the same scale, Johnston said. "It's very easy to be lulled by this sort of pop culture mythology of the 1960s and to see the 1960s as this moment in time that was different than anything before and anything since," he said. "There has always been student protest, there has always been student agitation, and there's certainly a huge amount of it going on today." Keeping the memory alive At Kent State, it's the students who commemorate the shootings. In 1975, when the university decided to stop commemorations, students formed the May 4th Task Force. For the 40th anniversary, the group is sponsoring a conference on student activism leading up to Tuesday's commemoration. Krista Napp, 21, a junior from Conneaut, Ohio, has two connections to May 4th. She is co-chairwoman of the task force, and her father was in the Ohio National Guard in 1970. Napp said she believes it's important to keep the memory of the shootings in the minds of all Americans, not just those alive 40 years ago. "We need to learn from the history," she said. "We need to be the voices for the four students who were killed that day." Napp's father was almost sent to Kent that weekend. Instead, he remained with Guardsmen patrolling a workers strike near Akron. "He always lets me know to remember that there's two sides to the story, but he's very supportive," Napp said. "We have discussed it, and he always let me know that he doesn't think the Guard really meant to fire." Lasting effect For the National Guard and law enforcement in general, Kent State contributed to major changes in crowd control tactics, said Maj. Gregory Babcock, deputy provost marshal for the National Guard Bureau. Babcock said the Guard now trains for crowd management, not crowd control, and has a specific force trained to handle domestic situations. Troops learn crowd psychology and are taught how to talk to protesters. They have a number of weapons -- chemical sprays, Tasers, rubber bullets and acoustic devices -- that are less lethal than rifles with live ammunition. Even riot uniforms -- from helmets and shields to knee and shoulder pads -- have changed. "A brick can be thrown at me, and I won't be hurt, so I won't respond as quickly or as harshly as I would have before," Babcock said. Kent State has undergone many changes in its approach to remembering the shooting. A gymnasium annex eventually was built near where students were shot, and new students must take an orientation course on the event. The shooting site recently was added to the National Register of Historic Places. A walking tour has been instituted, and a visitors center is being built. Kent State's Center for Applied Conflict Management opened in 1971 as a memorial to those killed. It offers the largest undergraduate degree program in peace and conflict studies in the country for the 1,100 students enrolled. "To this day, people come here because they're driving down I-80 and they see the sign for Kent State," she said. "And before they know it, they're here, and they tell you what it meant to them."	i don't know
Because we can never get enough vampires or werewolves, the 3rd installment of the Twilight saga is hit the big screen today. What is the name of the book on which it is based?	Twilight: Chapter 7 - Nightmare - The Sporkings of Das Mervin and Company Twilight: Chapter 7 - Nightmare - The Sporkings of Das Mervin and Company Chapter 7 – Nightmare All right! We’re 130 pages and 31,290 words in—time to recap the action again! Okay, uh, nothing, Van of Doom, LOTS of nothing, blood-typing class, and then a fifteen-year-old plot device told Bella that the Cullens are vampires (in a fashion that was totally an attempt to impress her because she was lying to make him think she liked him) and she instantly believed it. Man. How does Meyer keep up this pace? Minor note—looking at my count lists, I’ve noticed that doing the tally marks is getting a bit…lengthy. So I’ve switched to straight numbers. Easier to read for you and saves space! So the minute Bella gets home, she tells Charlie she’s got homework and isn’t hungry. She treats this like it is something new or odd behavior. She apparently hasn’t read the previous six chapters. Anyway, Charlie is fine with that, because there’s a basketball game on and he’s psyched, “though of course [she] had no idea what was special about it”, and said game distracts him nicely from what she for no reason thinks is odd behavior. You know what, Meyer? There were lots of ways you could have phrased this sentence. Let me show you a few. “There was a basketball game on that he was excited about, which worked out well for me—he knew I had no interest in sports.” “Lucky for me, Charlie was distracted by a basketball game, which gave me a good excuse to go to my room.” “There was a basketball game on that he was excited about, which left me free to go to my room undisturbed.” Those are just the simplest three of the MANY ways you could have said that Charlie was distracted by a basketball game and Bella isn’t interested in it. But no! You choose to phrase it in the bitchiest way possible and in a way that makes it look like Charlie thinks the basketball game is worth more than his daughter. Even though this behavior of hers isn’t odd at all—he knows she’s a depressed little Twinkie and loves to hide from him, so I’m pretty sure he’s just accepted it. At this point, I truly think Meyer is trying to make me hate Bella. Mission fucking accomplished. So Bella hides in her room, locks it up, and gets out her old headphones and a “little CD player”. A…CD player? In 2005? When MP3 players like mine were selling for $20? Mine holds a gig of music, you know. Anyway. She grabs a CD that Phil had given to her, because “it was one of his favorite bands”. Meyer really wants me to think that nobody ever gives her stuff based on what she wants, doesn’t she? That’s why she is so unique and special and isolated. Kiss me where I can’t reach. So she puts it on and then we spend 217 words too many talking about the CD and how it sounds without actually saying the name of the CD or the people who wrote the music. Meyer, there are ways around saying actual names and bands to avoid getting sued or keeping this in a kind of “alternate reality”, you know. What you’re doing is not one of them. And don’t worry, folks, we’ll find out the name of the band at the end of the recap when I spork the FAQ. Boy howdy, do we ever. As I said, she spends 217 words describing what could have been said with, “I put in some loud music so I wouldn’t have to think.” After she’s done driving up her word count, she finally falls asleep. And after reading what happens, I’d rather go back to the filler. Not summing up. If I have to look at it, so do you. I opened my eyes to a familiar place. Aware in some corner of my consciousness that I was dreaming, I recognized the green light of the forest. I could hear the waves crashing against the rocks somewhere nearby. And I knew that if I found the ocean, I'd be able to see the sun. I was trying to follow the sound, but then Jacob Black was there, tugging on my hand, pulling me back toward the blackest part of the forest. "Jacob? What's wrong?" I asked. His face was frightened as he yanked with all his strength against my resistance; I didn't want to go into the dark. "Run, Bella, you have to run!" he whispered, terrified. "This way, Bella!" I recognized Mike's voice calling out of the gloomy heart of the trees, but I couldn't see him. "Why?" I asked, still pulling against Jacob's grasp, desperate now to find the sun. But Jacob let go of my hand and yelped, suddenly shaking, falling to the dim forest floor. He twitched on the ground as I watched in horror. "Jacob!" I screamed. But he was gone. In his place was a large red-brown wolf with black eyes. The wolf faced away from me, pointing toward the shore, the hair on the back of his shoulders bristling, low growls issuing from between his exposed fangs. "Bella, run!" Mike cried out again from behind me. But I didn't turn. I was watching a light coming toward me from the beach. And then Edward stepped out from the trees, his skin faintly glowing, his eyes black and dangerous. He held up one hand and beckoned me to come to him. The wolf growled at my feet. I took a step forward, toward Edward. He smiled then, and his teeth were sharp, pointed. "Trust me," he purred. I took another step. The wolf launched himself across the space between me and the vampire, fangs aiming for the jugular. "No!" I screamed, wrenching upright out of my bed. Meyer, I know I just went over about how it’s not fair if she is just TOLD the answers to the mystery. But it’s equally—if not more so—unfair if you just DREAM the answers. I mean, what the hell is that? WHAT THE HELL IS THAT? We all already know that Dances With Plot turns into a douche werewolf in the next book. Because we’ve friggin’ READ it. What—has Bella already read the books, too, so she could have a dream like this? How the hell did she know that Jacob was a werewolf?! Stephenie Meyer? Do you have an answer for us? Q: How did werewolves end up in the Twilight series? Was that planned from the beginning? A: Stephenie said that she didn’t know Jacob was a werewolf in the first book. Even when Bella had that dream with Jacob morphing into a werewolf, he still wasn’t a werewolf—that was just Bella’s mind twisting all the things she had learned that day. The Q & A from the February 2007, BYU Symposium Yeah. You all got that? Bella’s mind is so far advanced above ours that she subconsciously applies correct symbolism and foreshadowing to all the right people. We’ve got Mike, the safe and human route, over there, but gasp SHE DOESN’T TURN AROUND TO FACE HIM. She turns her back on humanity and chooses to walk with monsters! BRILLIANT! And then Jacob turns into a WEREWOLF, the OTHER option she will have! He wishes to defend her against the third and ultimate option—EDWARD CULLEN THE VAMPIRE, striding out of the woods and glowing like a cathode tube—AND SHE TAKES A STEP TOWARDS HIM. You know what this is? That’s straight out of AIRHEAD, that’s what that is. And guys, I’m really sorry to be slamming you with so many big blocks of text right off the bat like this, but—you really need to see this. The sporking for Airhead’s seventh year isn’t up yet, and even if it was, I think a side-by-side textual comparison is needed. This is OUT OF THIS WORLD. Ariana found herself walking through the darkness. She shivered as a cold breeze blew through the stone tunnel she walked through. She wanted very much to find the light, wherever it may be. Normally, she found the darkness comforting. She didn’t mind it at all. But this darkness scared her. It felt as though someone could see her through it, but she couldn’t see them. Her heart was beating rapidly as she hurried along. She wanted nothing more than to be away from this oppressive darkness. The faster she went, the sooner she would find the light, she thought silently. She felt her way through the inky blackness for several more minutes before she finally saw a welcome glimmer of light ahead. Picking up her pace, she emerged into a large room in the cave. Several other tunnels seemed to feed into this room. Torches dotted the walls, and stalagmites and stalactites (anyone happen to remember which is which? I can never remember) grew from the floor and ceiling. It was then that she noticed that she wasn’t alone. Perched on two stone columns that sprouted a few feet from the floor were two small black birds. They eyed her curiously, as if they had expected her to come. Nevertheless, she found their presence strangely comforting. She could almost swear they were smiling at her. She stared into the identical black eyes of the birds, almost entranced. She wondered briefly how they could have found their way through the darkness to this room. Then, she heard a low hissing behind her, from the tunnel she had just come through. She turned to see a large black serpent with blood red eyes slither out of the darkness. She backed into the wall, trying to stay away from the serpent. Something about it terrified her, sending icy waves through her skin. In the firelight, she saw the two birds leave their perch and begin diving at the serpent. It snapped fiercely at them. Their talons scratched at it, but they couldn’t pierce its tough skin. The serpent continued snapping at the birds. Ariana noticed, as the birds flew and dived, that they were not exactly identical. On the inside of one of the birds wings was a small, white marking. It looked almost like a paw print, but she wasn’t sure. The other bird, however, had no such marking. Finally, the unmarked bird dove too close to the serpent. The serpent lashed out at it, piercing it with one of its fangs, killing it instantly. The serpent continued waiting for the other bird to come closer. It eyed it almost angrily, occasionally glaring at Ariana also. She was backed completely against the wall, hoping the snake would not come near her. And though she couldn’t explain it, she felt a profound sadness at the death of the little black bird. The remaining bird flew out of reach, though it seemed unsure of what to do now. The serpent slithered back into it’s tunnel, hissing as it went. Its hissing frightened Ariana for some reason. But then, Ariana heard a loud bark from one of the other tunnels that led into the room. A large black dog bounded into the room, another black bird perched on its back, and what looked like a second, smaller snake. Unlike the other serpent, she found the presence of this one comforting. There was a small spot of gold on its back, but Ariana couldn’t tell if the spot looked like something, or if it was just a spot. Either way, the spot seemed to glow and sparkle. The new bird had taken off from the dog’s back, now flying through the air. This new bird landed on one of the rock formations. It didn’t have black eyes like the other two had. This one had bright green eyes. Soon, the other bird landed near it. More snakes were coming out of the tunnels, joined by the one with the blood red eyes, going after the dog and the new snake. So many, in fact, that the dog and snake were chased out into one of the other tunnels, followed closely by the smaller snakes. Ariana turned her attention back to the serpent with the red eyes, and the two birds that were now attacking it. Something must have exploded, because dark smoke suddenly filled the small stone room. When it cleared, the serpent was nowhere to be seen. One of the birds, however, was laying helplessly on the ground. The other bird, Ariana couldn’t tell which from the distance she was at) prodded the bird gently with its beak. But the bird was very still. Tears blurred Ariana’s eyes. She didn’t see what happened next. She awoke suddenly to find herself still with Neville by the lake. “Ariana and the Prophecy of Gaea”, Chapter 12 “Slytherin v. Ravenclaw” Again. Sorry about that, but—do you see that? DO YOU? I just—it’s so unbelievable and stupid and infuriating that I can’t even gather my thoughts properly. But—just LOOK at it! Even the writing styles are similar, that stupid, simplified, treating-us-like-idiots way of speaking. Now I’m just getting mad. So I’d best slam her with her SUBTLE FORESHADOWING and Sledgehammer of Symbology and Airhead and move on, before I lose my temper. Let it be known that I HATE symbolic dreams. 55 What do you take me for, Meyer? How stupid do you think I am? harrumphs angrily and moves on So, Bella jerks awake, as she said up there, and throws her CD player on the floor. And we just skipped close to ten hours with that Symbolic Dream of Symbology. Stephenie Meyer = Ariana Black: 31 pinches bridge of nose So, first thing she does is complain upon waking up. We’re used to this, though. She gets undressed, but doesn’t go back to sleep. She insults me by saying this is because her “subconscious had dredged up exactly the images [she’d] been trying so desperately to avoid”. Fuck you. Everyone involved. I am PISSED. She then gets up and her “head spun for a minute as the blood flowed downward”. Which is an example of padding your word count. Again. She could have substituted “disoriented” for all of those words and it would’ve worked just as well. That, and now I’m stuck with the mental image of Bella suddenly getting an erection. still pissed And then we get more filler. getting even more pissed I don’t care about Bella taking a shower. I know you were going for showing how she was doing all kinds of mundane and random tasks to avoid the subject of Edward being a vampire, but because you suck ass, it doesn’t feel like that. Instead, it feels like what it is—filler. pissed off Bella also tells us after she takes a loud and long shower and uses a noisy blow dryer that she doesn’t know if Charlie’s asleep. Oh, nice—you get up at 5:30 in the morning and make a bunch of noise. Twat. pissed Turns out, though, that he’s out fishing. How convenient—now she can angst about vampires in private. So, she puts on her favorite “comfy sweats”. Get used to those, folks. She gets down to business and turns on her computer. She says she hates the internet here—or rather, the “Internet”. Why? Because her “modem was sadly outdated” and her “free service substandard”. Her FUCKING FREE service is SUBSTANDARD. And that was it. Just like that, it happened. I AM SO ANGRY I DON’T EVEN. I TAKE GREAT COMFORT IN PAUL. ONLY HE UNDERSTANDS ME. And guess what? Get used to that, too. That’s Paul, from the Adult Swim show “Aqua Teen Hunger Force”. He’s having a difficult custody battle and is very angry—can you believe the ex-wife got the minivan and the damn convertible? I certainly can’t. And don’t ask me for anymore back story about Paul. Because I just gave you all the back story he has in the show. Anyway—Bella is apparently still on dial-up internet (or Internet), so after she complains about it, she goes downstairs and gets a bowl of cereal. Then she washes the bowl and the spoon. Then she dries them. Then she goes back up the stairs. Then she puts her CD player away. Then she puts her headphones in her desk drawer. Then she turns on some music. This is all as boring as I wrote it. I was not exaggerating—nay, I was pretty much transcribing it. Once she turns to the computer, she discovers it’s covered in pop-ups. Okay. Let’s call time and back up here. School dances other than prom are very prominent and the buzz of the school. Bella owns a CD player. She has no cell phone. Her computer is ancient and slow to boot up. She calls it the Internet. She apparently doesn’t have a pop-up blocker. This story is supposed to be set in 2005. But…it doesn’t feel like it at all. Meyer wrote them having a Sadie Hawkin’s dance, which the whole point of that dance was because it used to be uncouth for girls to ask boys to a dance, so that was to give girls a legitimate chance to ask boys. Except…that’s not a problem now, girls ask boys out all the time. Come to think of it…I can’t remember any dances that I had in high school save prom, and I graduated in 2004. Dances kind of fell out style in high school as a place for kids to hang out in a social environment—now, except for prom, I got the impression that they were kind of “uncool”. CD players were big in the late nineties, but MP3 players were inexpensive and capable of holding a lot more music by 2005. Cell phones were definitely an essential part of society by 2005—even if it was just a Tracfone, like I have, that you load with a phone card and recharge with minutes periodically—and the phones themselves were very inexpensive. I got mine for ten bucks, and the phone cards cost ten to fifty, ranging from thirty minutes to three-hundred. I built a computer in 2004 for less than $300 that was hardly obsolete, and dial-up modems became obsolete well before 2005. It’s typically just called “internet” now, no capitalization, because it’s hardly a new and revolutionary system. Virus protection and pop-up blockers like AdAware were very popular before 2005. If I were given this book and didn’t know when it was supposed to be set, I really would have said it took place in the late eighties or early nineties. You know. When Meyer went to high school. COUGH Sorry. Had a golf ball in my throat. Not sure how that got there. tosses it Anyway, as I was saying—come on into this decade, Meyer. Water’s fine. So she goes to her “favorite search engine”. Meyer refuses to say anything by name, which is very annoying. Even more pop-ups appear just on the search engine. You know, Meyer, you know what lots of pop-ups mean, even before you go to a specific website? It usually means one of two things. A) You have one motherfucker of a virus. Reformat the computer and get some anti-viral software and some pop-up killers. B) All those porno websites you’ve been visiting are catching up to you. Considering this story is a wank fantasy, I’m gonna go with option B). Bella’s computer has seventy gigs of well-organized pornography on her hard drive. So, after dragging this out as much as possible in an attempt to keep us tense—we aren’t—she types in the word “vampire”. Yes, that really was supposed to be a big reveal, folks. It apparently takes forever for the search engine to load. Get a new search engine, chickie-baby. “When the results came up, there was a lot to sift through — everything from movies and TV shows to role-playing games, underground metal, and gothic cosmetic companies.” …hmm. Dracula - Google Books Result That’s the first page. No movies, no TV shows, no role-playing games. No underground metal, no gothic cosmetics. And right there up front, WIKIPEDIA. Which went live in 2001, I might add. Meyer is too busy living in the nineties, it seems. Why the hell is she even searching online? He displays no signs of being a vampire at all. And she should fucking know what a fucking vampire is. And considering my results AND the results you got, just the word “vampire” is a very shitty search. Why don’t you try “vampire characteristics”, or “vampire legends and myths”? Now I can understand why Meyer is so adverse to researching—BECAUSE SHE HAS NO FUCKING CLUE HOW TO DO IT. I’m still pissed off, in case you didn’t notice. She finally finds a website that will tell us all about vampires. Vampires A-Z. Guess what? I know what site that is. I found it myself. Ta-da! Yeah. It’s a Dot Com. Meyer, you’re supposed to be an English Major—the main thing the teachers in my English classes drilled into me was that you NEVER use a Dot Com for research. And check out the site. It’s a freeweb site. A FREEWEB SITE. Do you hear me? FREEWEB SITE. And the descriptions of the vampires they list are very lacking. They may have a lot of vampires there, but they only have a few sentences at most on each one, and no citations. Less reliable than Wiki, and Wiki is said to be the bane of all research existence. Here’s where Meyer starts cheating. I’m gonna include this text, because it’s important. Bolded parts are me. Then I found a promising site — Vampires A—Z. I waited impatiently for it to load, quickly clicking closed each ad that flashed across the screen. Finally the screen was finished — simple white background with black text, academic-looking. Two quotes greeted me on the home page: Throughout the vast shadowy world of ghosts and demons there is no figure so terrible, no figure so dreaded and abhorred, yet dight with such fearful fascination, as the vampire, who is himself neither ghost nor demon, but yet who partakes the dark natures and possesses the mysterious and terrible qualities of both. — Rev. Montague Summers If there is in this world a well-attested account, it is that of the vampires. Nothing is lacking: official reports, affidavits of well-known people, of surgeons, of priests, of magistrates; the judicial proof is most complete. And with all that, who is there who believes in vampires? — Rousseau The rest of the site was an alphabetized listing of all the different myths of vampires held throughout the world. The first I clicked on, the Danag, was a Filipino vampire supposedly responsible for planting taro on the islands long ago. The myth continued that the Danag worked with humans for many years, but the partnership ended one day when a woman cut her finger and a Danag sucked her wound, enjoying the taste so much that it drained her body completely of blood. trips on over to the site Let’s see. Front page? That’s hardly academic-looking, considering it’s got ads strewn across it—and if it’s causing pop-ups, that definitely doesn’t seem academic or professional. Really, it looks more of, “I KNOW HTML NOW—LOOK AT MY NEW WEBSITE.” Meyer, you’re supposed to be an English major. You’re supposed to be Little Miss Literary. That means you are supposed to have good analytical skills. That should mean that one would be able to sort though and find legitimate sites on the internet—Wiki is a good example of this. If I want to know something, I usually do hit Wiki. However, I am constantly on the lookout for an obviously slanting article, the dreaded “citation needed” tag, anything that’s a stub, warnings at the top, etc. If it has ANY of that, I find a new source. Bella—and by default, YOU—find this website, give it a perfunctory glance, and declare it obviously legitimate simply because the layout is simple. Even though it offers no citations, external links, confirmations of these types of vampires, outside opinions, and hardly any information on the vampires themselves save a few sentences—which are not written in a professional manner at all, in my opinion. But you pick it because its simple layout is obviously “academic-looking”. I see. Its worth is judged by its appearance rather than its substance. That’s familiar. Moving on. Hmm, yes, those are definitely the quotes. Now, let’s go look at that Danag. Danag: Area from/nationality: Filipino. Vampire held to be very ancient as a species, responsible for having planted taro on the islands long ago. The Danag worked with humans for many years but the partnership ended one day when a woman cut her finger and a Danag sucked her wound, enjoying the taste so much that it drained her body completely of blood. Wow. That’s familiar. Super-familiar, actually. Copy-pasting from websites is cheating, Meyer. Especially so since you didn’t even include a website address in your novel and properly credit them. Naughty, naughty. So, Bella completely glosses over the vast majority of the vampire myths because they aren’t what she wants. Hmm—glossing over the reality about most vampire mythology to suit her own purposes. WHERE HAVE I HEARD THIS BEFORE. However, she singles out three types of vampires that she wants—the Varacolaci from Romania (“a powerful undead being who could appear as a beautiful, pale-skinned human”), the Slovak Nelapsi (“a creature so strong and fast it could massacre an entire village in the single hour after midnight”), and the Stregoni benefici. Let’s talk about all three, shall we? Calling them the varacolaci is proof of why you don’t use a freeweb site to do your research, Meyer. It’s called vârcolac, and their main claim to fame was NOT appearing as a beautiful, pale-skinned human. In fact, they have several mythologies surrounding them, the most famous one stating that they are powerful wolf demons that cause solar and lunar eclipses by swallowing the sun and moon respectively. And it’s not beautiful pale skin, Meyer—it is dry pale skin. Nowhere is the vârcolac described as beautiful. As for the Nelapsi, you kind of skimmed a whole lot of that one, didn’t you? Nelapsi look like Count Orlok on steroids and revel in death, destruction, and desecration. They are insane monsters that hunt completely in the nude. They are some of the most horrendous beasts in vampire literature and lore, and slaughter entire villages because of an insatiable bloodlust. They are, in a word, evil. As for the Stregoni benefici…well, Meyer provided a sentence. Stregoni benefici: An Italian vampire, said to be on the side of goodness, and a mortal enemy of all evil vampires. Anyone notice that the name and description suddenly went completely stupid? I did. Because Meyer made that one up. And what did Bella have to say about that one? “It was a relief, that one small entry, the one myth among hundreds that claimed the existence of good vampires.” The one that Meyer made up. THE ONE THAT MEYER MADE UP. MEANING NO OTHER VAMPIRE ENTRY IN MYTHOLOGY AND LITERATURE FEATURED A “GOOD” VAMPIRE. EXCEPT THE ONE THAT MEYER MADE UP. MADE UP A LEGEND, IT DOESN’T EXIST, SHOE-HORNED IT IN WITH THE REAL ONES, AND THEN CLAIMED IT WAS PROOF OF GOOD VAMPIRES IN HER STORY. This stupid is burning. IT’S BURNING. Just a note, doesn’t “stregoni” essentially mean “witches” or “sorcerers”? Not vampire? I don’t speak Italian, so I don’t know. Moving on, before my brain literally BREAKS. Bella next reveals the entire problem with Meyer’s vampire story in the first place. As she goes through the myths, she makes this observation: “There were very few myths that matched even one factor.” Mmhmm. So, uh—how did those myths start in the first place? You are obviously setting this story in the now, Meyer. All of the traditional, well-known, and established vampire stories are present in your canon—you mention real myths, real stories, real monsters, real histories. Well, the vast majority of myths and legends have a basis in reality. So, if your vampires are nothing like what is presented in reality, how the hell did they all start? I’m all for reinventing myths and legends. Seriously! I love movies that take a supernatural phenomenon and use science to explain it. I love the “world within our world” setting. I love all different takes on creatures, because slavishly following the rules can sometimes cause nothing but clichés all around—I like new stuff. But this is not reinvention. This is disregard. This is ignorance. This is Meyer taking all vampire canons and declaring them incorrect and saying that she got it right. Bella’s next line furthers that: And then another problem, one that I'd remembered from the small number of scary movies that I'd seen and was backed up by today's reading — vampires couldn't come out in the daytime, the sun would burn them to a cinder. They slept in coffins all day and came out only at night. You clearly didn’t read all that much and you haven’t seen many movies. There are vampires that aren’t burned by the sun. Dracula is one of them. But I can understand overlooking him—he’s barely a footnote in vampire lore. Bella then gets mad for no reason and kills her computer. Man—if that’s how you treat it, I’m not surprised it’s a piece of crap. She gets all huffy because she’s researching vampires and calls herself stupid—yeah, first word of sense you’ve said all day, considering you obviously and instantly believed the hammed-up stories from a fifteen-year-old boy trying to impress a girl he likes. However, it’s not her fault. “I decided that most of the blame belonged on the doorstep of the town of Forks — and the entire sodden Olympic Peninsula, for that matter.” Of course. Bella storms outside—I do wonder if the sky is glowering—and spends 530 words walking into the forest. I will spare you, because I love you. She finds herself a tree and sits down and then—Jesus. rubs forehead She spent 500 words walking into the woods. She then spends 1000 words on the subject of Edward the Vampire and what it means to her. You know, if I thought one of my classmates was a vampire, I THINK I’D SPEND A LITTLE MORE THAN A THOUSAND WORDS ON IT. And this is supposed to be the goddamned climax! We’re supposed to be all gasping that Edward’s a vampire! And we just get a thousand words and then BAM, no more of that. WHAT. flails So, first she goes over all the evidence about Edward. There was no rational explanation for how I was alive at this moment. I listed again in my head the things I'd observed myself: the impossible speed and strength, the eye color shifting from black to gold and back again, the inhuman beauty, the pale, frigid skin. And more — small things that registered slowly — how they never seemed to eat, the disturbing grace with which they moved. And the way he sometimes spoke, with unfamiliar cadences and phrases that better fit the style of a turn-of-the-century novel than that of a twenty-first-century classroom. He had skipped class the day we'd done blood typing. He hadn't said no to the beach trip till he heard where we were going. He seemed to know what everyone around him was thinking… except me. He had told me he was the villain, dangerous… Could the Cullens be vampires? I’ve already discussed that. And, considering that no vampire myth she read about discusses those as possible vampire traits, why she’s coming to that conclusion is beyond me. Well, besides the fact that she was told they were vampires. Oh, and about Edward speaking with “unfamiliar cadences” and in an old-fashioned style. One, just what the hell were you aiming for by discussing cadence? That means rhythm and flow, essentially. What, does he speak in iambic pentameter? Two, no, he doesn’t. He just sounds like a pompous asshole. So, while she sits there and ponders things, she tries to make up her mind what to do about it if it’s true. Option one is to tell him to go away. HA. jams Midnight Sun in your face GOOD LUCK THERE, CHICKIE-BABY. Anyway, this is what happens when she considers that option: “I was gripped in a sudden agony of despair as I considered that alternative. My mind rejected the pain, quickly skipping on to the next option.” …what? What the—seriously, what? Where did that come from? You’ve been irritated, annoyed, and suspicious of him for six chapters. You did nothing but snipe at each other during the, what, four conversations you had? Or maybe it’s five now. I’m not gripped with the sudden agony of despair when my favorite cashier quits working at McDonald’s. And that’s happened several times, and I’ve had about as much interaction with them as you have with Edward—and it’s been a lot more pleasant, too. We laugh and talk and he makes sure I get good food. Edward just mocks you and you throw a hissy back at him and then you breathe on each other and leave. So, what is the deal with this? Wait—am I supposed to think that she’s in love with him? Is that what you’re implying? Well, FUCK YOU, BITCH. NO WAY. Anyway. She just makes me madder by bringing up that stupid dream and saying she only screamed because she feared for Edward’s life when the werewolf tried to jump him. WHY? WHY WHY WHY AL;KJD;ALKJDF;LAKSJDFAS I AM PISSED OFF AGAIN. But she doesn’t care. Because the next words out of Bella’s putrid little mouth are: “Because when I thought of him, of his voice, his hypnotic eyes, the magnetic force of his personality, I wanted nothing more than to be with him right now.” Hey, heads up, Bella. Heads up, MEYER. That doesn’t sound like she’s falling in love. IT SOUNDS LIKE HE’S MANIPULATING HER INTO BEING HIS PERSONAL RENFIELD. Yeah, that’s healthy. Go and eat some bugs, butthead, before I give you an enema. Well, that’s it. Those are your thousand words. It took her one-thousand words—less, actually, just by a bit—to ponder this situation and reach a conclusion. No, that doesn’t make me think she’s level-headed, mature, falling in love, Edward’s soul mate, or any of that other shit you want me to think. It makes me think that you suck wet ass as a writer, Meyer. And you suck it HARD. Bella goes back home and works on a paper for Macbeth. She’s all content and happy because—I don’t know. She makes it out like she and Edward are working through the kinks in their relationship, but they aren’t. BECAUSE THEY HAVE NO RELATIONSHIP. I’m seriously pissed off right now, you have no idea. I might Paul again if she keeps this up. Aaaaaaaaaand then she remembers the Seattle trip…and shows absolutely no trepidation about this. Meaning she just found out that this guy is a vampire, that he randomly coerced her into letting him take her to Seattle, and she doesn’t suspect that he’s doing it in the hopes of having a bite to eat instead of a shopping date. Okay. That does it. CAN YOU GET ANY MORE FUCKING STUPID????!!!!! tears out a chunk of her own hair My GOD! I just—WHAT!!! YOU ADMIT TO BEING HYPNOTIZED AND UNABLE TO STAY AWAY FROM HIM, DESCRIBE EVERYTHING ABOUT HIM AS ALLURING, YOU KNOW HE’S A VAMPIRE, AND YOU JUST—EAT ME, MEYER!!!! I HATE YOU!!! I HATE YOUR BOOKS, I HATE YOUR HEROINE, I HATE YOUR CHARACTERS, I HATE YOU!!!!! SCREAMS AND DESTROYS DOWNTOWN TOKYO I am NOT happy. Bella goes to sleep and wakes up to another sunny day. And then she freaks me the hell out by mentioning that when she opens her window, it’s soundless and doesn’t stick. And I know why. Do I ever know why. Bella gets dressed and goes downstairs, greets her father with a smile for probably the first time yet in this damned book, and then randomly spouts a paragraph about how her mother and father got married quickly and without thinking mostly because Renee thought Charlie was hot, hence the reason their marriage dissolved, because Charlie’s looks faded. BITCH YOU DID NOT. So off she goes to school—she is one of the first students there, so she sits down outside to ostensibly check over her trigonometry problems—even though her homework is already done because she has a “slow social life”. I wonder whose fault that is. However, she doesn’t get far in checking over her homework and instead draws eyes on her homework. Nice foreshadowing, isn’t it. gags Oh, look—here comes Mike. Bella looks up and finally notices that everybody’s arriving, and they are all in shorts and t-shirts, “though the temperature couldn't be over sixty”. Um, it’s probably eight in the morning. It’s gonna get warmer. Anyway, Bella waves to Mike, “unable to be halfhearted on a morning like this”. But, before we can recover from that, she says, “He looked so delighted to see me, I couldn't help but feel gratified.” I fucking HATE you! I HATE you! THIS CHAPTER IS DRIVING ME INSANE. Mike then points out she has red hair in the sun and starts fondling said hair. Bella doesn’t like that, but of course, doesn’t say anything like any normal person would. Look, if you don’t want him touching your hair, TELL HIM TO NOT TOUCH IT. Jesus—this guy would almost have room to say you were totally asking for it. Anyway—he then asks what she did yesterday. “His tone was just a bit too proprietary.” Well, first. I’m gonna remember that when Edward’s dismantling your car engine, Bella. Two, HOW was that proprietary? Gad, that reminds me of Don Hertzfeldt’s “Ah, L’Amour” . Well, except for that part about actually saying “no”. Bella tells him that she just worked on her essay. “I didn't add that I was finished with it — no need to sound smug.” Go to hell, Bella. Mike is surprised, considering he forgot it, as well as forgetting it was due Wednesday instead of Thursday. This is supposed to make us think he’s stupid. Go to hell, Meyer. He asks what her essay topic is. "Whether Shakespeare's treatment of the female characters is misogynistic." And then I just laughed. Really, really hard. But Meyer apparently sensed my mirth and shut me up: “He stared at me like I'd just spoken in pig Latin.” ‘Cause he’s stupid, see. Small-town people are like that. Go to hell and ROAST there, Meyer. Mike is disappointed to hear this, because he was hoping to ask her out. While having a dance date already set with Jessica. Butthead. Bella is all put out by this, because she can’t “ever have a pleasant conversation with Mike… without it getting awkward”. Maybe you should have told him NO two months ago. Mike invites her to dinner. “I hated being put on the spot. (Tell him NO.) Bella says she doesn’t think that’s a good idea. (Tell him NO.) Mike asks why. Tell him you don’t LIKE him that way. Bella thinks about Edward, “wondering if that’s where his thoughts were as well”. No, he’s imagining dismembering Mike—oh, wait, you meant Mike’s thoughts. Sorry. Bella then says that it would hurt Jessica. (Tell him NO.) Mike is confused and doesn’t get it. (Because you won’t tell him NO.) Bella doesn’t really explain it at all but Mike finally gets it and Bella doesn’t actually say the word “no” at all through this entire conversation and in what she does actually say to him, heavily implies that the only reason she doesn’t take Mike up on his offer is because she is thinking of Jessica, but if Jessica weren’t there, she’d gladly go out with him. BECAUSE SHE WON’T FUCKING SAY NO. I’d like to repeat this quote. Q: Have you ever personally been involved in a love triangle? That is a really good question. Actually, yes, but I was the only one who knew about it. It was in college, and .... I don't know. So I had these two boyfriends and they didn't know about each other. And I just realized that if you actually count someone who will remain unnamed, there was actually three. I had fun in college. Yeah. We know where Bella gets it, at least. So Bella runs off, leaving him hanging, and she loves it. She goes to Trig, and Jessica invites her to Port Angeles to go dress shopping with Angela and Lauren tonight. Bella’s waffling, not wanting to be around Lauren (don’t see why, you LOVE insulting her), but still wants to go out with girls. Why? You don’t like these people. She also says she doesn’t know what she’s doing tonight. “But that was definitely the wrong path to let my mind wander down.” I have no idea where that came from or even what it means. Meyer doesn’t either, as she immediately switches Bella’s thoughts to the “sunlight”. Bella tells Jessica she might, but that she’ll have to talk with Charlie first. Why? You don’t tell him a goddamn thing. “She talked of nothing but the dance on the way to Spanish” is the start next sentence. Um…weren’t they just walking into Trig? Stephenie Meyer = Ariana Black: 32 And then the second half of the sentence: “…continuing as if without an interruption when class finally ended, five minutes late, and we were on our way to lunch.” Stephenie Meyer = Ariana Black: 33 Bella pays absolutely no attention to her because she’s in a “frenzy of anticipation” to see the Cullens. Uh-oh—no Cullens. She literally panics. She looks around the entire cafeteria—nope, no Cullens. You just find out they are vampires and you are surprised to see them missing ON A BRIGHT AND SUNNY DAY? “Desolation hit me with crippling strength. I shambled along behind Jessica, not bothering to pretend to listen anymore.” Okay, now I’m just hoping the little whiny bitch goes and roasts in the “ Squidbillies ” hell, because it’s RIDICULOUS what he’s got set up down there. Oh, and keep that last line in mind for the adjacent chapter in Midnight Sun. Well, Bella is just despairing too much to really do much of anything, “spiraling downward in misery” because the Cullens aren’t there. JESUS FUCKING CHRIST. Bella only agrees to go with Angela and the rest of the girls tonight because she’s trying to distract herself from the angels coming down from heaven to weep upon her tortured soul because the Cullens aren’t there. Bella claims that “the rest of the day passed slowly, dismally”. Well, you’re half-right—because it sure as hell didn’t pass slowly to us! The Airhead time-warps are INCREASING! Exponentially! Stephenie Meyer = Ariana Black: 34 Unfortunately, when Bella gets home (“free to pout and mope”—bitch, you don’t need the house to do that), Jessica calls and cancels the plans. Mike asked her to dinner. Somewhere, Airhead is nodding in approval. Stephenie Meyer = Ariana Black: 35 As a result, she had to cancel the dress-shopping date. Instead, they are going tomorrow. As a result, Meyer decides that the best way to pass the day is to pad her word count with another laundry list of Bella’s activities, none of which establish character or plot or have any point whatsoever. I’ll spare you. She also finds out that she has a backlog of emails from her mother, and that she’s getting mad that Bella hasn’t been emailing her much. Well, really, Renee, Bella considers you her best friend—it’s not like she’s going to attempt to communicate with you. In response to all of Renee’s emails, Bella types out a response that is less than 50 words and sounds like she wrote it on a postcard. And Meyer still expects me to believe that Renee is Bella’s best friend. No. Bella decides to go outside and read. She gets a quilt and one of her favorite books—a compilation of the works of Jane Austen. Because, you see, she’s mature and learned and a wise woman for her age. And yet the only three stories in her compilation she chooses to look through are Pride and Prejudice, Sense and Sensibility (those two being her favorites), and Mansfield Park. You know—the three that are the most well-known and have the biggest movie adaptations. What about Emma? Persuasion? Does she, perhaps, know Northanger Abbey and what it was parodying? I don’t—I’d be impressed with her intelligence if she could read that and understand the parody. Meyer, you want me to think she’s well-read and is advanced because she reads classics instead of pulp (like your books). Except the only books she’s mentioned so far that she likes outside of class are all on high school reading lists and well known to the point that even those who haven’t cracked a book in their lives know the titles. Particularly when all she does is mention that she is reading them—no mention of her liking them, of enjoying them, of analyzing them, or discussing them—she just appears to be reading them for the sake of saying that she’s reading them. Not to mention that only having her read only books that are considered classics doesn’t make me think she’s well-read—it makes me think she’s a snob because, well, she’s above simplistic and modern tripe. That’s just childish—so says the star of Twilight. So says the AUTHOR of Twilight. Oh, almost forgot—when she sits down to read, she describes her exact position straight out of the MST3K of “Soultaker”. “Interior, bedroom, me. Draped across the bed, tousled but tawny. I lay there, hand on my taut tummy, still pretty in a worried sort of way.” One good Suefic deserves another. Anyway—she only skims two of those three novels mentioned, and in doing so we found out why her compilation only contains three of Austen’s books—this is perhaps some of the most compelling evidence that Bella’s reading habits have nothing to do with her likes, dislikes, or character, but rather are simply a way for Meyer to toss classics out there to relate whatever she’s babbling about at the moment to great literature in the most superficial ways so that she can tell us all how brilliant she is. In this case (as in all others, really), it’s a means for Bella to obsess and angst over Edward. Turns out that Bella gives up reading after seeing reading the names of the heroes of S&S and MP—Edward and Edmund—because they just remind her of Edward Cullen. Did you forget they were named that, perhaps, Bella? Considering S&S is supposed to be one of your favorites, I find it amazing you forgot his name was Edward. That’d be like forgetting the name of the “hero” in Wuthering Heights, something you like to reread for fun. Bella is irritated with their names. “Weren't there any other names available in the late eighteenth century?” Jane Austen’s work were published early nineteenth. Just thought I’d throw that out there. And was that an attempt at foreshadowing? 56 Because it didn’t work. The name “Edward” only fell out of the Top 100 names in the USA in 1998, well after Edward Cullen was supposedly born. Actually, why is she so obsessed with how “old” Edward’s name sounds? Some people like classic names. And it’s not like it’s horribly out of style—he’s supposedly seventeen, so he was supposedly born in 1987. Edward is ranked sixty-first in that year—that’s not exactly low. It’s not even out of the top 100. Why doesn’t she ever talk about Jasper or Rosalie? Jasper was ranked 695 in 1986, and Rosalie 988. And even if they are old-fashioned names, that’s real shallow and mean of you to be poking at somebody because of their name, Miss Beautiful Swan. Anyway. Bella sprawls out on her blanket and has sex with the sun. No, I am not joking. “I pulled all my hair over my head, letting it fan out on the quilt above me, and focused again on the heat that touched my eyelids, my cheekbones, my nose, my lips, my forearms, my neck, soaked through my light shirt…” Now we understand why she misses the sun so much and why she was so reluctant to leave Phoenix. She’s a Delvian. She then suffers a narcoleptic fit and enters a wormhole, because the next thing we know, Charlie’s home. Stephenie Meyer = Ariana Black: 36 She also gets the feeling that she “wasn't alone”. Yeah. I know. I’ve read Midnight Sun. And of course you aren’t alone—Charlie just got home, you twit. She gets her things together and runs inside, panicking because dinner’s gonna be late now. You act like Charlie will pistol-whip you for it. She apologizes for falling asleep and delaying dinner, and Charlie says “whatevs” and goes in so he can watch the game. Does he do anything besides watch sports? Does he ever watch a movie, or something? Or did you not even think to characterize him any deeper than that, Meyer. (Spoiler—it’s that one.) And then Bella enters a wormhole again because he walks into the living room to watch TV, and the next sentence is “I watched TV with Charlie after dinner, for something to do”. Stephenie Meyer = Ariana Black: 37 Charlie shows some consideration for Bella, though, and turns off the baseball to a “mindless sitcom”, but Bella decides that, because Charlie is trying to be selfless, now is a good time to show how selfless SHE’S being. She’s happy to make Charlie happy by enduring the sitcom and his presence, since he likes them “doing something together”. Yeah, that didn’t work, you horrible, HORRIBLE bitch. Bella then asks Charlie if it’s okay if she goes to Port Angeles. Oh, you’re asking if it’s okay? I thought you didn’t like asking him for permission for anything because “it set a bad precedent”. Yeah, I remember that—you think I wouldn’t? Oh, wait—never mind, because the instant Charlie asks for details she lets out a huffy sigh because it’s just SO RIDICULOUS for a father to want to know where his daughter is going and when she’ll be back, especially so when she doesn’t have a fucking cell phone. Charlie then points out that she’s not going to the dance, and she patronizes him for that and says she’s just going to help them choose. “I wouldn't have to explain this to a woman.” CRAM IT, MEYER. CRAM IT IN YOUR ASSHOLE. Charlie says fine, reminds her it’s a school night, and she says she’ll be leaving directly after school so they’ll be back early. Bella starts patronizing him some more, because she enjoys it. This must be trickle-down patronizing—Edward patronizes Bella, Bella patronizes her father, her father patronizes people who get speeding tickets, and so on and so forth. Charlie kindly reminds Bella that he fed himself for seventeen years before her illustrious presence graced the town. Bella response is to patronize him some more by babying him and saying she’ll leave sandwiches for him. You know, he DID feed himself for seventeen years. I’m sure he’s perfectly capable of READING THE FUCKING BACK OF A FUCKING BOX. OH MY GOD. FUCK YOU. Okay. Just a page left. I can do this. Or not—because my neck just got broken in that time jump. Stephenie Meyer = Ariana Black: 38 Yeah, it’s the next day. “I awakened with renewed hope that I grimly tried to suppress.” Andy Dufresne, you are not. She then tells us all about the shirt she decides to wear, since we care so much. And then we find out that Bella is now planning her entire day around Edward Cullen, because she times her arrival so that the parking lot is full and she has time to circle around several times “searching for the silver Volvo”. And who says Edward Cullen’s the only creepy stalker? Give credit where it is due, people. Anyway, again, Bella is despairing and surprised that the Cullens aren’t in school ON A BRIGHT AND SUNNY DAY. Bella is pleased when she discovers Lauren isn’t coming on the shopping trip. Bella also mentions that she spends the day glancing over her shoulder, because she thinks Edward might appear. I do the same thing whenever I go to certain places in town. Except I’m thinking of my ex-boyfriend. My abusive ex-boyfriend. I’ll let that speak for itself. Bella decides that she’s not going to “ruin Angela's or Jessica's enjoyment in the dress hunting”. You’re sure ruining mine. Am I supposed to think you’re selfless for this, Bella? Putting others’ happiness before your own? Because I don’t. I just think you’re a whiny, WHINY bitch. And she whines some more immediately after, whining that she doesn’t want to shop alone in Seattle and that “surely he wouldn't cancel without at least telling [her]”. Eh, he’s enough of a jackass to do that. The chapter ends with the girls all heading out to Port Angeles, and Bella’s “excitement increased exponentially as [they] actually drove out of the town limits”. Why? You’ve shown zero enthusiasm for this. You’ve been in nothing but the blackest depths of despair over the fact that the Cullens missed school. Oh, and that was the last sentence. And if Meyer doesn’t have to end with an appropriate closing line, neither do I. DEAD HERRINGS: 23	Eclipse
Surrounded by the usual group of asshat protestors, the G20 economic summit concluded earlier this week after 2 days of meeting in what city?	'ECLIPSE' KEEPS BREAKING RECORDS: Twilight Saga Threequel Sets Best Ever Wednesday Opening Of $68.5M; Thursday $24.2M; Six-Day July Fourth Holiday Estimated At $178M; Twi-Hards Mob Theaters In U.S., Canada, Overseas \| Deadline 'ECLIPSE' KEEPS BREAKING RECORDS: Twilight Saga Threequel Sets Best Ever Wednesday Opening Of $68.5M; Thursday $24.2M; Six-Day July Fourth Holiday Estimated At $178M; Twi-Hards Mob Theaters In U.S., Canada, Overseas Melissa Rosenberg 10TH UPDATE, THURSDAY 11 PM: No. 1 at the North American box office was the Twilight Saga: Eclipse with what looks like $24.2M today for a new cume of $92.8M and $110M for 5 days with a total of $178M for the 6-day July Fouth Holiday since Wednesday. That would put the pic just shy of Spider-Man 2 which holds the July 4th holiday record with $180M. 9TH UPDATE, THURSDAY 3:30 PM: Summit Entertainment is disclosing that THE TWILIGHT SAGA : Eclipse had “an incredible start” internationally. Despite great weather and the World Cup, Eclipse launched with an estimated $19M from 22 markets. The only major territories that opened on June 30th were Italy, Brazil, and Russia. Other majors like Spain, Australia and Mexico launch today. France, Germany, S. Korea and Japan will launch in the weeks to come. Here are some highlights of opening day results: Eclipse Kicks Off Big International Run 8TH UPDATE, THURSDAY 8 AM: I can report now that the 3rd film in Stephenie Meyer ’s Twilight Saga series of novels is off to a record-breaking start at the North American box office. Summit Entertainment’s ECLIPSE opened to $68.5 million today which shattered the best-ever $62 million for a Wednesday single day opening set last summer by Paramount’s Transformers 2. That $68.5M included Eclipse‘s record-setting $30M from Wednesday 12:01 AM and 3 AM showings at more than 4,000 theaters in the U.S. and Canada. Eclipse also registered the biggest single day opening during the summer play period, besting The Dark Knight‘s $67.2M. But the Twilight saga’s 2nd film, New Moon, still holds the largest single day opening record of $72 million. Eclipse is playing in 4,416 domestic locations, which sets another record for the biggest ever release in Hollywood history , surpassing Iron Man 2‘s 4,380 venues. Stay tuned for the David Slade -directed Eclipse starring Kristen Stewart , Robert Pattinson , and Taylor Lautner from Melissa Rosenberg ’s script to set more records over this 6-day July 4th holiday weekend. I’ve learned that 57% of the audience attending opening day did so because of the “subject matter”, while 36% did so because of the actor in the lead role, and 15% because of the actress in the lead role. Eclipse received a Cinemascore overall grade of “A” with 92% of moviegoers giving the pic an A or B. 7TH UPDATE, WEDNESDAY 11 PM: My sources tonight peg today’s Eclipse opening number from 4,416 theaters to $65M, which breaks the best ever $62 million for a Wednesday opening set last summer by Paramount’s Transformers 2. That $65M includes Eclipse‘s record-setting $30M from Wednesday 12:01 AM and 3 AM showings at more than 4,000 theaters in the U.S. and Canada. But the Twilight saga’s 2nd film, New Moon, still holds the largest movie single day opening record of $72 million. 6TH UPDATE, WEDNESDAY 10:45 AM: ECLIPSE opened in excess of $30M from 12:01 AM and 3 AM screenings at over 4,000 North American theaters today for a new record. It bested the midnights record of New Moon’s $26.3M. IMAX also set a midnights record, taking in over $1M at 192 theaters and besting Transformers 2‘s $959K. 5TH UPDATE, WEDNESDAY 8 AM: Photos and anecdotes from around the USA are pouring into me overnight and this morning from the 12:01 AM and 3 AM Eclipse screenings at 4,000+ North American theaters today. Long snaking lines formed for Summit Entertainment’s third movie in the Twilight Saga franchise at the AMC Highlands Ranch just south of Denver around 4 PM Tuesday for all 2,600 seats of the sold-out midnight shows. At the Cinemark Theatre in Orem, just outside of Salt Lake City, lines began forming in the early afternoon and were wrapped around the building by 9 PM. Long queues were sighted at the Cinemark Valley View in Cleveland. Same scene at the AMC Tyson’s Corner Movie Theater , a suburb of Washington DC. The first line formed at 8 PM Tuesday at the AMC Garden State Plaza in Paramus, a suburb of NYC. Twi-Hards in Detroit were out in force at the MJR Marketplace where people who’d pledged allegiance to the Cullen family or the Wolf Pack waited hours in line. All 20 theaters were sold out for their midnight showings. Fans indulged in trivia and in detailed Edward vs. Jacob debates while they waited in line wearing their Twilight Saga T-shirts. In Bellevue outside Seattle, 1,300 people stood in line for midnight shows at Lincoln Square. Crowds also formed in LA, Manhattan, and Chicago. TUESDAY 11PM: I can report that theaters are mobbed by Twi-hards at Wednesday 12:01 AM screenings in Boston, NYC, Washington DC, Paramus N.J., Detroit, Cleveland, Denver, Salt Lake City, Bellevue WA, as well as in Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Brazil, Mexico, Philippines, Belgium, Netherlands, Poland, Africa, Hungary, and Finland. Because unless you dwell underground or are a heterosexual male (just kidding), then you know that theaters across the U.S. and Canada and overseas are crowded with females of all ages for the opening of Eclipse. They need their feature film fix of heroine Bella deciding between Team Jacob vs Team Edward played by Kristin Stewart, Taylor Lautner, and Robert Pattinson as novelized by Stephenie Meyer and scripted by Melissa Rosenberg. Around noon today I broke the news that Summit Entertainment is releasing the third movie in the Twilight Saga franchise into a record 4,416 theaters in North America. That’s the biggest ever in Hollywood history, surpassing Iron Man 2 which scored 4,380 venues. Over 4,000 theaters in North America ran 12:01 AM screenings Wednesday of the film including all 193 IMAX locations. Several theater chains and 120 IMAX theaters also programmed 3:00 AM screenings to meet fan demand. The movie currently accounts for 91% of Fandango’s daily online ticket sales. From Fandango’s most recent survey of more than 1,000 Eclipse ticket-buyers: Eclipse has stronger date night appeal than New Moon or Twilight and its action is a bigger draw than before. At this point it is expected that additional theaters will be added for Friday, July 2nd. Just how many will be known in the next day or two. Internationally the film will debut this week in 42 territories including Australia, Italy, Spain, Russia, Mexico, Brazil, Belgium, Netherlands, Philippines, Turkey, Argentina, Chile, New Zealand, Greece, Poland, Portugal, Hungary, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Thailand, Singapore, among others. The studio isn’t playing the lowering expectations game this time around; Summit execs know Eclipse is going to be huge. The only question is whether it’ll surpass the Twilight sequel New Moon which was the biggest yet. “New Moon set the bar so high as a cultural phenomenon that Eclipse can only try to reach that number,” a Summit exec told me. A lot is going to depend on whether Eclipse will attract more men because of its high-octane vampires vs werewolves brawling directed by 30 Days Of Night horror film helmer David Slade. Going into Wednesday, 3 of the 4 major tracking services pegged Eclipse to New Moon numbers: an opening weekend of $142.8M domestic (and an eventual worldwide total of $710M). It’s likely that Eclipse’s front-loaded 6-day opening could gross anywhere from $150M to $179M. (Spider-Man 2 holds the July 4th holiday record with $180M.) All on a budget of just $68M. That fact alone makes the major studios green with envy. The fandemonium has been frenzied for months: the TWILIGHT SAGA Facebook page now has 6.665 million fans . It’s the largest of all the film pages, with more fans than Iron Man, Harry Potter, Transformers, and Toy Story Facebook pages combined. So many Twi-hards stood in line in advance of last week’s Eclipse premiere that Summit Entertainment had to set up two tent cities in Downtown Los Angeles. Eclipse has been both Fandango’s and MovieTickets.com’s top advance ticket-seller of the year. This week, Entertainment Weekly, the official magazine of receptionists, has a cover line proclaiming Eclipse the “best of the Twilight Saga so far”.	i don't know
The last contact coming from navigator Fred Noonan on July 2, 1937, who famously disappeared somewhere over the Central Pacific but was not declared dead until Jan 5, 1939?	15 famous people who mysteriously disappeared \| MNN - Mother Nature Network 15 famous people who mysteriously disappeared Though many of them are presumed dead, exactly what happened to these high-profile personalities still remains unknown. 1.6K Have you seen these people? (Probably not.) The Lost Roanoke Colony. The Dyatlov Pass Incident. The death of Natalie Wood. The Black Dahlia. The Bermuda Triangle. Bigfoot. Did Tony Soprano die at the end of "The Sopranos"? We love a good unsolved mystery, and unexplained disappearances that have managed to baffle historians have also intrigued the general public. Unlike the FBI's decades-old search for the remains of a certain convict/labor organizer from Detroit, we've successfully managed to track down 15 missing people of note, including six particularly intriguing head-scratchers followed by a few more names that you may recognize. In a majority of these cases, the unaccounted-for person was legally declared dead at some point, although their body has never been recovered and their whereabouts are still unknown. Some of these vanishings have been subject to massive search parties, wild speculation, media sensationalism, false accusations, dead ends, wrong turns and the occasional TV miniseries. Some are rather tragic. And in one famous instance, the identity of the AWOL individual was unknown even before he vanished into thin air (by jumping from a plane no less). So cue up the appropriate music and join us as we delve into the realm of the mostly unknown. Who: Henry Hudson Missing since: 1611 Where: James Bay, Canada Henry Hudson (a.k.a. the famed British navigator who has a river, bay, straight, town, bridge, etc. named after him) must have been a rather pushy fellow to work for. His own crew — homesick, starving, half-frozen and unwilling to keep exploring after becoming trapped in ice for several months — set a determined Hudson, his teenage son and seven infirm and/or loyal-to-Hudson sailors adrift on a small, open boat in the middle of present-day Hudson Bay. Hudson and the other cast-offs were never seen or heard from again. (So much for talking things out with the HR department, eh?) Not a whole lot of particulars are known about the mutiny that ended Hudson's fourth expedition as only a handful of the Discovery's crew survived the voyage back to England to stand trial. Arrested and charged with the murder of their captain, the mutinous crewmembers ended up escaping any kind of punishment and, to this day, it's generally believed that a marooned Hudson met his maker while aboard the tiny lifeboat. This scenario has been immortalized in a famous John Collier painting (pictured). (A fur-clad, ZZ Top-ish Hudson doesn't appear too thrilled in it.) In his book, "Fatal Journey: The Final Expedition of Henry Hudson," esteemed history professor Peter Mancall highlights evidence that suggests Hudson could have been violently murdered by his crew and not forced into a small boat with a few others and left to die. The possibility that Hudson managed to survive the mutiny, changed his hair color and relocated to Rio de Janeiro where he lived out the rest of his life as a popular yet enigmatic lounge singer named "Bob Simpson" has been ruled out. And as for Hudson's doomed crew, you never know, they could have very well reemerged nearly 200 years later alongside a few other former disgruntled Hudson sailors — the crew of the Half Moon — as hirsute bowling enthusiasts living in New York's Catskill Mountains. Who: Amelia Earhart Missing since: 1937 Where: The Pacific Ocean Pioneering aviatrix, author, teacher, magazine editor, celebrity fashion designer, cigarette spokesperson. In her short 39 years on this planet, Amelia Earhart managed to amass an impressive CV, but it was her mysterious disappearance while attempting a round-the-world flight that continues to intrigue to this day. Although there are numerous theories, no one can be certain what really happened when Earhart and navigator Fred Noonan vanished over the Pacific Ocean on July 2, 1937, while en route to Howland Island in a Lockheed Electra 10E, a disappearance that resulted in the most intensive — and expensive — search effort in American history up to that time. It's commonly believed that the Electra ran out of fuel and Earhart, who was declared dead in absentia in 1939, ditched the plane into the Pacific near Howland Island – the "crash and sink theory" — although there's been no shortage of wild myths and legends surrounding Earhart's disappearance. In 2012, researchers embarked on a $2.2 million expedition to prove that Earhart crashed her plane on the tiny island of Nikumaoro. Our favorite Earhart disappearance legend, other than the one where she's employed to spy on the Japanese by F.D.R., has to be the one involving the iconic pilot pulling an Abbie Hoffman — a ludicrous scenario in which Earhart secretly completed the round-the-world flight but, tired of all the fame and fortune, decided to move to Monroe Township, New Jersey, and change her name to Irene Craigmile Bolam. Author Joe Klaas ran with this theory in his 1970 book, "Amelia Earhart Lives," and, as a result, the real Irene Craigmile Bolam was none too pleased. Bolam, a banker and amateur pilot, filed a $1.5 lawsuit and publisher McGraw-Hill quickly pulled Klaas' book after it was published. Who: Harold Holt Missing since: 1967 Where: Point Nepean, Victoria, Australia It's not every day that a prime minister vanishes into the sea . However, just that happened on Dec. 17, 1967, when the 17th prime minister of Australia, Harold Holt, decided to go for a swim at Cheviot Beach near Portsea, Victoria. Following two days of exhaustive search efforts, the authorities declared that 59-year-old Holt, a skilled swimmer and longtime member of Parliament who had served as prime minister for less than two years, was presumed dead. His body was never recovered and it wasn't until 2005 that a coroner ruled the cause of death to be accidental drowning — he was either swept out to sea or eaten by shark — in a risky location known for strong rip currents. At the time of his disappearance, Holt was taking pain meds for a shoulder injury. Not long after Holt went missing, the rumor mill started working overtime and speculation as to what exactly happened that fateful morning at Cheviot Beach continues to this day. Among the more wild myths, many fueled by the fact that Holt's disappearance was not followed by a formal inquiry and that his body was not found: he was abducted by a UFO; he faked his own death so that he could decamp with his mistress, Marjorie Gillespie; and, most famously, he deliberately swam out to sea where he was plucked from the water by a waiting Chinese submarine and whisked off to China. This ridiculous theory , in which Holt was revealed to be a communist and longtime secret agent for the People's Republic of China, surfaced in British journalist Anthony Grey's controversial 1983 book, "The Prime Minister Was a Spy." To this, Holt's wife Zara responded: "Harry? Chinese submarine? He didn't even like Chinese cooking." Suicide is another theory tied to Holt's disappearance and was suggested in the 2007 documentary "Who Killed Harold Holt?" Several sources close to the late prime minister have adamantly denied that he suffered from bouts of depression or a mental illness. Whatever the case, Holt will forever be remembered by a wickedly ironic recreation complex in the suburbs of Melbourne, the Harold Holt Swim Centre, and by the rhyming slang expression " do a Harry Holt ." Translation: to bolt — to disappear abruptly. Who: Jimmy Hoffa Missing since: 1975 Where: Bloomfield Township, Michigan By now, it's been well established that Teamsters kingpin Jimmy Hoffa was offed by the mob after vanishing from the parking lot of a restaurant in suburban Detroit on July 30, 1975. But for decades, even after the super-corrupt union leader was declared dead in absentia a full eight years later, the question remains: what in the hell did they do with his body? Hoffa's disappearance has yielded a delightfully sordid assortment of lore, lies and potential leads. Some have been pursed by the FBI, some have not, while most pertain to the whereabouts of his remains. Just a taste: entombed under Section 107 at the now-demolished Giants Stadium in New Jersey; hidden in the concrete foundation of Detroit's Renaissance Center; stashed under a horse barn; interred beneath the driveway of a suburban home; tossed into a swamp in Florida; buried under a backyard swimming pool in Bloomfield Hills. Other scenarios have seen Hoffa's body sent through a meat grinder, weighted down in a river, disintegrated at a fat-rendering plant, crushed in a car compactor, buried in a gravel pit, and, last but not least, stuffed into an oil drum and deposited at a toxic waste dump in New Jersey. The latest entrant in the always-riveting game of Where in the World Is Jimmy Hoffa's Body? According to one source, he's interred in a shallow grave on a vacant lot in Oakland County, Michigan, about 20 miles north of the restaurant where he was last seen alive. Apparently, this location was intended as a temporary dumping ground before Hoffa's body was transferred to a more relocation. That plan, however, fell through. This revelation comes from Tony Zerilli, a reputed Detroit mob boss who was incarcerated at the time of Hoffa's disappearance. Zerilli told New York's NBC 4 News during a January 2013 interview: "I'm as certain as I could possibly be. If I had money, I'd like to bet a big sum of money that he's buried (there)." He adds: "I'd like to just prove to everybody that I'm not crazy." And on the topic of money and crazy, Zerilli is promoting his new, self-published book titled "Hoffa Found." As of publication, Hoffa's remains remain at large. Who: D.B. Cooper Where: Southwestern Washington state D.B. who? Exactly. Although the saga of a brazen air pirate known to the media as D.B. Cooper (he purchased his ticket under the alias of "Dan Cooper") may not be familiar to most young'ns, the aviation industry, the residents of Ariel, Washington and — last but not least — the FBI, will never forget Thanksgiving Eve 1971 when a nattily attired gentleman skyjacked Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 305 bound for Seattle-Tacoma International Airport. Shortly after the 30-minute flight departed from Portland, Oregon, Cooper disclosed to a flight attendant that he was in possession of explosives and demanded $200,000, four parachutes and a refueling truck upon landing at Sea-Tac. Once the plane landed at Sea-Tac after circling for two hours while authorities made preparations, the ransom payout and parachutes were handed over and Cooper released Flight 305's passengers. The refueling process began, at which point Cooper revealed to the plane's pilot and a handful of other crew members his desired destination: Mexico City. About 30 minutes after the flight departed at 7:40 p.m., Cooper, wearing a parachute and in possession of the ransom money, leapt from the plane's aft airstair at 10,000 feet and into the night over southwestern Washington, near Mount St. Helens. To this day, the identity of D.B. Cooper remains a mystery, and it's unclear if he even survived the jump. Still, in an ongoing effort to retire the nation's only unsolved skyjacking, the FBI has processed thousands of possible suspects, including copycat hijacker Richard McCoy Jr., Seattle-based flight attendant Kenneth Christiansen and, most recently, a deceased engineering surveyor from Oregon named Lynn Doyle Cooper . Numerous books, films, songs and TV show plotlines have been inspired by the legend of D.B. Cooper. Heck, he's been name-checked on everything from "30 Rock" to "Breaking Bad." And as you may have guessed, David Lynch namd cherry pie-loving, black coffee-swilling FBI agent Dale Bartholomew Cooper from "Twin Peaks" after him. In August 2013, the Washington State History Museum in Tacoma opened an exhibit dedicated to the 1971 skyjacking . It's unclear if the man of the hour attended. In July 2016, the History Channel aired a two-part special about the case, with retired investigators poring over evidence and pointing the finger at Robert Rackstraw, a 72-year-old man who lives on a boat in the San Diego Bay . Rackstraw has said he's considering filing a civil suit against History Channel over the accusation. In that same month, the FBI declared it would no longer actively investigate the Cooper case and would direct resources to other investigations. Who: Azaria Chamberlain "Let's throw another a shrimp on the barbie." "That's not a knife. This is a knife." "A dingo ate my baby!" This is just a small sampling of (mostly unfortunate) phrases associated with the great country of Australia that have been embedded into the pop culture lexicon. And as for that last one, it really did happen — and Paul Hogan had nothing to do with it. The 1980 disappearance of Azaria Chamberlain remains one of the most infamous, if not the most infamous, murder cases in Aussie history. And it wasn't until 2012 — 32 years, a super-sensational trial, several dramatic coronial inquests, demoralizing public scrutiny and a "Seinfeld" punchline later — that Azaria's beleaguered parents found closure when a coroner ruled that their 9-week-old daughter had indeed been snatched from an outback campsite near Uluru by a marauding wild dog. Following Azaria's disappearance, her mother, Lindy Chamberlain, was tried and convicted for the murder of her infant daughter and sentenced to life in prison. She served three years before being released after a piece of Azaria's clothing was found, totally by chance, in a dingo's lair near the campsite. Two years later, the convictions against Lindy and her husband Michael were overturned and all charges were dropped. However, it wasn't until a fourth inquest in 2012 that an amended death certificate — a death certificate that legally backed the Chamberlains' initial claim that their daughter was taken from her tent by a dingo during the night and carried off into the wilderness and killed — for Azaria was finally issued. And as for that famous phrase, it's actually a misquote from the 1988 Meryl Streep film, " A Cry in the Dark " in which Streep, playing Lindy Chamberlain, cries: "The dingo took my baby!" Other notable people who disappeared: Dorothy Arnold: Manhattan socialite and heiress. Disappeared December 1910 in New York City at the age of 25. Jean Spangler: Actress and dancer. Disappeared October 1949, in Los Angeles at the age of 26. Frank Morris (pictured): Criminal. Disappeared June 1962, from Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary along with John and Clarence Anglin at the age of 36. Jim Thompson: American businessman. Disappeared March 1967 from the Cameron Highlands, Malaysia, at the age of 61. Sean Flynn: Freelance photojournalist and son of actor Errol Flynn. Disappeared April 1970 in Cambodia at the age of 28. Oscar Zeta Acosta: Attorney, activist and traveling companion of Hunter S. Thompson. Disappeared 1974 in Mexico at the age of 39. Richey Edwards: Guitarist, Manic Street Preachers. Disappeared February 1995 in London at the age of 27. Bison Dele: Retired professional basketball player for the Detroit Pistons. Disappeared July 2002 in Tahiti at the age of 32. Editor's note: This story was updated with new information since its original publication date in February 2013. Photo credits	Amelia Earhart
What daily comic strip, introduced by Brian Basset in 2001, tells a story about a young boy, who's actual name is Russell, and his dog?	World War II History by Guampedia Foundation - issuu issuu World War II History Six of Seven Marianas History Conference World War II History Table of Contents World War II History A Marine “by Inclination and by Training”: A Virginia Lawyer Goes to War ...........................................................................................................1 By Kathleen Broome Williams Beyond the Water’s Edge: Investigating Underwater Wrecks from the Battle of Saipan ......................................................................................13 By Jennifer McKinnon, PhD Constructing Rota’s World War II Landscape: The Chudang Palii Japanese Defensive Complex .................................................................29 By Edward Salo and Geoffrey Mohlman Archaeological Investigations of World War II Era Japanese Seaplane Base at Puntan Flores, Island of Saipan, CNMI .....................................63 By David G. DeFant Indigenous Memories of the Japanese Occupation and the War in Guam ......................................................................................................93 By Ryu Arai “The Scene of Liberation” ...................................................................101 By Michael Lujan Bevacqua Amelia Earhart in the Marianas: A Consideration of the Evidence ....123 By Thomas F. King Thomas A. Roberts and Joseph A. Cerniglia Soldiers and Civilians: US Servicemen and the Battle for Saipan, 1944 ..............................................................................................................193 By Matthew Hughes Nicer than Planned: WWII-Era Quarters of the 502nd Bomb Group on Guam ....................................................................................................201 By Michael J. Church and Matthew J. Edwards Historic Resources of the Carolinas Heights Region, Island of Tinian, Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas ..........................................207 By Patrick Oâ€™Day and Nicole Vernon A Marine “by Inclination and by Training”: A Virginia Lawyer Goes to War By Kathleen Broome Williams History Professor, Cogswell Polytechnical College, Sunnyvale, California [email protected] Abstract: My father, Roger G. B. Broome, died on 18 January 1945 when I was four months old. This paper examines how and why a colorblind, malaria-ridden, flat-footed young lawyer, and father of two, forced his way into combat in the South Pacific. It begins with his struggle for a commission in the US Marine Corps followed by his long campaign to leave staff jobs and get a fighting command. His stubborn determination and pursuit of glory ended on the bloody battlefields of Saipan where he earned two purple hearts, a Navy Cross, and a lingering death from wounds. This paper is based on my father’s official Marine Corps record, on his correspondence, on interviews with Marines, on published accounts and memoirs, on official histories of the Saipan campaign (where he is mentioned), and on documents from the National Archives and the USMC Military History Center. Introduction On 18 January 1945, my father, Major Roger G. B. Broome, USMCR, died in Bethesda Naval Hospital from the effects of wounds received on Saipan six months earlier. I, the “goodbye baby” he never got a chance to know, grew up to become a naval historian.1 But the ache left by the absence of a father, whose life ended just as mine began, never disappeared. And when, by an unexpected turn of fate, I met Marines who had served with my father, I focused the research skills I had honed studying naval technology to the search for my lost hero. Using the extensive collection of my father’s vivid, colorful, and articulate letters, the testimony of surviving Leathernecks who served with him, official records and other sources, I reconstructed the life of a University of Virginia Law School graduate who refused to let colorblindness stop him from obtaining a commission in the US Marine Corps. I was determined to understand why my father, who did not have to face combat, chose to do so anyway. In the course of this search I also had to come to terms with the brutality of the fighting in the Central Pacific. reference to “goodbye babies” comes from, among other sources, Robert C. Sickels, The 1940s (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2004), 21. 1 The Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 1 Military historians, many prone to celebrate the “Greatest Generation,” seldom examine the heartbreak that remains long after the guns fall silent. For years before the United States entered World War II my father had seen the conflict coming and was determined to get into the fight. From 1938 to 1941 he pleaded, politicked, and provoked his way to a medical waiver for his defective vision. Once commissioned, and on the outbreak of war, he spent five months in Brazil with the 17th Provisional Company – where he came down with recurring malaria.2 On his return to the States, my father’s superiors decided to tap into his education by sending him to staff school at Newport, Rhode Island.3 Upon completion of the course, and in spite of the medical problems that continued to punctuate his military career, he struggled to move out of the staff jobs he was assigned. His efforts to get into the fight – for which he was convinced he was best suited both “by inclination and by training” – continued, even after his son was born in April 1943. Fatherhood did not diminish his ardor to engage the enemy directly. 2 Gordon L. Rottman, U.S. Marine Corps World War II Order of Battle: Ground and Air Units in the Pacific War, 1939-1945 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2002)189; Maj. General Commandant to CO, 17th Provisional Co., 15 Dec. 1941, file 17th Provisional Co., box 50, Record Group 127 (RG127), National Archives, College Park, MD. (NA2); Roger G. B. Broome, Chronological Record of Service, Official Military Personnel File, Headquarters Marine Corps: Official Miscellaneous Correspondence and Orders Jacket (hereafter RGBB/OMPF), National Personnel Records, National Archives and Records Administration, St. Louis, MO (henceforth NPR RGBB/OMPF, NPR. By the time the 17th Provisional Company left Brazil in Apr. 1942 the incidence of malaria in the company was almost one hundred percent. 3 Commanding General to Capt. RGBB, Orders, 29 July, 1943, Official Records 2, RGBB/OMPF, NPR; Fitness Report of 4 Aug. 1943, signed by Brig. Gen. J. L. Underhill, Fitness Reports, RGBB/ OMPF, NPR. From Newport, Broome was assigned as Assistant D-2 (intelligence) to the Headquarters Company, East Coast Echelon of the newly formed 4th Marine Division at Camp Lejeune. “I was promised that this D-2 job was temporary” he wrote his wife on 15 June, “and that I would get a line job with troops. Very few people are here yet and almost no troops. The Adjutant thinks it will be four or five months before we move out.” RGBB to JLB, 15 Jun. 1943. 2 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 Marianas History Conference 2012 ăƒť 3 During the invasion of Kwajalein in the Marshall Islands in January 1944 my father served – reluctantly – as aide to General Harry Schmidt commanding the 4th Marine Division.4 But his fixation on the Marine Corps warrior ethos compelled him to risk his life by proving himself on the battlefield. After the Kwajalein campaign, with the 4th Division back on Maui on leave, my father’s persistent appeal for a combat command was finally successful. On 15 June 1944 he went ashore at the head of the Regimental Weapons Company, 24th Marines, on their next campaign, the invasion of Saipan in the Marianas.5 Saipan’s capture would provide America with submarine bases close to Japanese supply lines as well as providing a springboard for amphibious operations against the next objectives: Iwo Jima and Okinawa. Most importantly, possession of the airfields on Saipan, on neighboring Tinian, and on Guam, would put American bombers within striking distance of the Japanese Home Islands in preparation for their invasion. Tokyo was well aware of Saipan’s strategic importance and poured troops and resources into the island, fortifying and strengthening defensive positions. “Tomorrow morning we go in after our enemy,” my father had written the night before the attack. “It will be a heavy blow for him and will go a very long way 4 Chronological Record of Service, RGBB/OMPF, NPR; Fitness Reports, RGBB/OMPF, NPR. 5 For Saipan and other Pacific campaigns see, among others: Capt. John C. Chapin, Breaching the Marianas: The Battle for Saipan, Marines in World War II Commemorative Series (Washington, D.C.: Marine Corps Historical Center, 1994); Col. Joseph H. Alexander USMC, “Saipan’s Bloody Legacy,” Leatherneck (June 1994); Maj. Carl W. Hoffman, Saipan: The Beginning of the End (Historical Division Headquarters U.S. Marine Corps, 1950); Edwin Howard Simmons, The United States Marines: A History, 3rd ed. (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1998); J. Robert Moskin, The U. S. Marine Corps Story rev.ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1987); Robert Debs Heinl, Jr., Soldiers of the Sea: The United States Marine Corps, 1775-1960 (Annapolis, MD: United States Naval Institute, 1962); Allan R. Millett, Semper Fidelis: The History of the United States Marine Corps, revised and expanded ed. (New York: The Free Press, 1991); Albert A. Nofi, Marine Corps Book of Lists: A Definitive Compendium of Marine Corps Facts, Feats and Traditions (Conshohocken, PA: Combined Publishing, 1997); Jeter A. Isely and Philip A. Crowl, The U. S. Marines and Amphibious War (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1951); Col. Joseph H. Alexander, Utmost Savagery: The Three Days of Tarawa (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1995) and Alexander, Storm Landings: Forcible Seaborne Assaults in the Pacific War (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1996); S.E. Smith, ed., The United States Marine Corps in World War II (New York: Random House, 1969); George B. Clark, The Six marine Divisions in the Pacific (Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, Inc., 2006); Harold J. Goldberg, D-Day in the Pacific: The Battle of Saipan (Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indian University Press, 2007). 4 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 towards finishing the war. That is what we are all striving for so hard, and now at last we have a real chance to take a big step forward.”6 The landing was bitterly contested. Control of the ridge line about a mile inland and parallel to the beach, and especially of Mount Tapochau lying in the center of the island with its view of the entire scene, gave the Japanese a commanding position which they used effectively to direct their fire down on the struggling American forces. The marines pushed on through the hell of exploding shells, wrecked landing craft, blasted pillboxes and the dead and dying. By nightfall, after heavy fighting in the vicinity of Charan Kanoa, the 4th Division, having taken the town, dug in for the night. The division had already suffered eight hundred casualties, the toll rising to two thousand after only twenty-four hours of battle.7 The next day, D+1, the 24th Regiment held a beachhead at least 1,000 yards deep but they were still easy targets stuck on the plain and with poor observation of the enemy. Cover was scarce and later that day the 1st Battalion commander, was killed almost instantly when a close round sent a shell fragment into his head. Pfc. Ralph Teague of my father’s Regimental Weapons Company remembers “dead, wounded and killings all around. Shelling was heavy and several of my friends were killed. One got his head shot off.”8 Between 1999 and 2000, twenty-three of my father’s men responded to a questionnaire I sent them. Their recollections proved invaluable in reconstructing what my father went through on Saipan, particularly as the intensity of the fighting meant that he himself only had time to write once. For the next two weeks the Regimental Weapons Company, supporting the 24th Marines, fought their way the entire length of the island.9 Speaking of my father, Pfc. George Foster recalled that “The major was a leader who would go first rather than an officer who would direct from the rear.” Foster remembered when “Maj. 6 Roger G. B. Broome (RGBB), my father, to Jane Louise Broome (JLB), my mother, 14 Jun. 1944. Most personal correspondence cited in this paper is between RGBB and JLB and is in my possession. There are over two hundred and fifty letters from my father and almost as many from my mother. statistics on the Saipan campaign in this paper are from Goldberg, D-Day in the Pacific, and Clark, The Six Marine Divisions in the Pacific. 7 All 8 Private Teague noted his experiences on Saipan in his response to my questionnaire as did Sergeant Herndon, Pfc. Alonso Adamz, Pfc. George Foster, Cpl. Jack Langsdorf, Cpl. Clifford Huehn, Sgt. Walter Stamets, Sgt. Francis Dolan, and Pfc. William Crane. 9 Simmons, United States Marines, 156; Moskin, Marine Corps Story, 557; Smith, United States Marine Corps, 598-603. Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 5 Broome arranged for RW [Regimental Weapons] to fall back from the front and get a much needed bath in a stream.”10 According to Foster this caused some friction with the regimental commander, Col. Franklin A. Hart, even though, reports had already reached regimental headquarters that “men are in poor shape – worn out and passing out from heat exhaustion.”11 Cpl. A. J. “Jack” Langsdorf, who won two bronze stars for his extraordinary efforts on Saipan, knew my father better than most as he was always just a step behind him carrying a radio so that he could be in close touch with all units. Roger “did what he said he'd do,” recalled Langsdorf. “He looked out for his troops – sometimes by ignoring orders from regimental headquarters!” Langsdorf was on the switchboard one evening, and as he later unabashedly admitted, “one of the advantages of the telephone job is you can listen in. Not supposed to, but we all did. A call came in for the major from Col. Hart, and I listened:” “Roger,” said Col. Hart, “I need some help from your people to guard my Command Post tonight. I want you to send six men to my company HQ for guard duty.” There was a slight pause. Then the Major replied, “Colonel, all my men have spent the full day in the line. Your people have been in their safe CP. They should be in good shape for your night duty.” The Colonel replied he wanted front line experience at his CP. The Major replied, “Colonel, all my people have spent the full day. They will also be doing their stint on watch here tonight. I have no one to send to you.” Colonel Hart said, “That's an order.” The Major replied, “I'm a reserve and all my men are reserves and they are doing their daily duty. You find your guard in your own company.” We heard no more from Colonel Hart that night.12 10 Author's questionnaire, George Leo Foster, Huntsville, NC. The bath story is corroborated by writer’s questionnaire and interview with former Plt. Sgt. Vincent Basile, Stoneham, MA, 21 Sept. 1999. “He [Broome] was up front;” adds Cpl. Clifford Gale Huehn, of Harris, IA, “wouldn't send men where he wouldn't go.” Cpl. Alfonso Constantine Adams of Albany, NY remembers Broome as “a Marine's Marine respected by all.” 11 Unit Report 18 June, file A26-3, 24th Mar. Regt. Unit Reports, box 336, RG127, NA2. Small unit reports written in the field and describing the actions of the 24th Marines on Saipan, sometimes almost minute by minute, are to be found in box 336, RG127, NA2. The most useful of these, forwarded to Headquarters in May 1945, were edited only to substitute place and unit names for the code names used at the time. Also invaluable are the “Incidents, messages, orders, etc.” found in file A26-4, box 336, which record messages sent among all the units of the regiment. See also box 91, Record of Ground Combat Units 22-25 Marines, and boxes 341, 342, 343 , 344, Geographic Files relating to Saipan and Tinian. 12 Author's questionnaire, A. J. Langsdorf, St. Louis, MO. 6 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 Regimental headquarters was not the only group to experience the major's wrath. “On Saipan we were constantly getting artillery rounds that appeared to be falling short,” recalls Cpl. Clifford G. Huehn. “Major Broome called artillery several times bawling them out. One day when we got several rounds short he called artillery and said if they didn't stop hitting us we were coming back and have a shoot out with them.”13 Apparently, this endeared my father even more to his men. So, too, did the nickname they soon acquired – ‘Broome’s Mechanized Raiders.’14 The fighting was almost continuous as the marines dislodged their implacable foe from one cane field after another, from ravine after ravine and from cave after cave. Lack of sleep and heavy casualties placed additional burdens on those who were left. Coupled with the stultifying heat and humidity the result was widespread physical exhaustion. Leaving the capture of Aslito Airfield to the army, the marines swept inland in the face of strong artillery fire and tank attacks. Skirting the marshy ground around small, shallow, Lake Susupe, they smashed their way through to the shores of Magicienne Bay on the eastern side of the island, splitting the Japanese forces in two. The following day the division shifted its direction of attack from east to north, pushing up the coast with their right flank on Magicienne Bay and their left some hundreds of yards from the lake. One of the most difficult aspects of the Saipan campaign for many marines was the presence, encountered for the first time in the Pacific war, of large numbers of civilians, native islanders as well as Japanese. Pfc. William Crane remembered heading into a clearing, about 400 yards across, behind tanks and half tracks. When one of the tanks fired a shell at a couple of small buildings at the edge of the trees, a bunch of children and four women came running out. They waited, cowering, until Crane ran up and when he saw they were not Japanese but islanders the young Texan surprised them even more by reassuring them in Spanish.15 On 21 June, after almost a week of extreme exertion, my father finally had a moment to scrawl a quick note to his wife. “I’m alive and well,” he wrote, “and 13 Author's questionnaire, Clifford G. Heuhn, Harris, IA. Typical of such reports was that from the 2nd battalion, 19th June noting “Numerous casualties from own arty and mortar fire.” Incidents, Message, Orders, etc., file A26-4, 24th Mar. Regt., Unit R-1 Journal 15 June-13 July ’44, box 336, RG127, NA2. 14 Letter from Sgt. William O. Koontz to Mrs. Jane Broome, 28 Mar. 1945. My mother received many such letters from the men of my father’s company after his death. 15 Author’s interview with William A. Crane, 23 Oct. 1997, San Antonio, TX. Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 7 happy to be so. You tell our boy that his daddy is too mean to get hurt. Hope and pray that things are going all right with you sweetheart. Your picture is with me always.” Still pushing north, my father was slightly wounded on 27 June, earning a Purple Heart.16 Several days later, according to his citation, he “organized and coordinated an attack with infantry units to bring up his 37-mm. gun platoon, outflank a hostile position and capture it.”17 Sgt. James L. Herndon characterized his sense of Saipan as “American marines, wounded and bandaged, coming off the front line; dead Japanese; the stench of death in the air; destroyed aircraft; the ever-present flies; having to eat with mosquito netting covering our bodies; sleeping on cold, wet ground.” By the end of June, the 4th Division had suffered 4,347 casualties, close to a quarter of its strength, but the struggle continued. Some days later, according to his citation, my father, …acting on his own initiative.…[he] personally took a 75-mm. selfpropelled gun and, bringing effective fire to bear on Japanese holed up in inaccessible caves, successfully attacked and enabled the infantry to advance. Daring and courageous in his determination to close with the enemy at every opportunity, Major Broome carried out many hazardous reconnaissance missions under every type of enemy fire and, by his brilliant combat tactics and indomitable fighting spirit, aided essentially in the success achieved by our forces.18 By D+23 — 8 July — the day before organized resistance on Saipan ended, the 4th Marine Division was winning the “Marpi Point Marathon.” This was a race for the rocky northern tip of the island, soon to become infamous for mass suicides. On that day the 2nd and 24th Marines were to push across the plain on the northeastern edge of the island skirting the dominating heights of Mt. Marpi and heading for the sea. The Marine Corps's account of this action notes that in order to allow the 1st Battalion, 24th Marines to move ahead with all available men, Major Broome 16 Citation signed by Maj. Gen. Julian C. Smith. 17 Citation signed by Lt. Gen. Holland M. Smith, in possession of author; USMC Temporary Citation signed by Lt. Gen. H.M. Smith awarding Maj. Roger G.B. Broome the Navy Cross. Official copy in possession of the writer. The wording of the two citations differs, but not significantly. See also Unit Report 1812 hrs., 6 July 1944, file A26-4, 24th Mar. Regt. Unit R-1 Journal, 15 June – 13 July 1944, box 336, RG127, NA2. 18 Citation signed by Lt. Gen. Holland M. Smith. 8 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 “volunteered to assume, with two 37mm guns and a few riflemen, a position from which to protect the right flank as the unit swept to the coast.”19 The account continues that once the infantry had departed …Broome’s isolated position was rushed by a numerically superior group of Japanese. During the skirmish, the 37mm crews fired their pieces at ranges of 10 to 20 yards, taking up the brief slack between rounds by throwing grenades and firing small arms. For a time the issue was in doubt, but the Marines held. This exceptional employment of a weapons unit was necessary and effective in this situation.20 It was shortly after this action that my father, his executive officer Captain Loreen Nelson, and Pfc. Crane were hit by machine gun fire in a firefight with a number of Japanese dug into a cave.21 The next day, 9 July, the island was declared secure. The cost of victory on Saipan was high: there were some 16,000 total American casualties including dead, wounded and missing. This was close to the strength of an entire marine division. The 24th Marines lost 1,389 men killed or wounded, more than either of the other two regiments of the 4th Division, and their loss of 75 officers was also the highest. Within five months, however, squadrons of B-29 bombers took off from the Marianas to bomb Tokyo. Although the end was more than a year away, the capture of Saipan was a vital turning point in the war. Looking back, Gen. Holland Smith, the Task Force commander, proclaimed Saipan “the 19 Maj. Carl W. Hoffman, Saipan: The Beginning of the End, 239. Curiously, no mention is made of the whereabouts of the 37mm platoon commander. 20 Hoffman, Saipan, 240. 21 R.A. Tenelly, “Major’s Rescue,” 27 September 1944. This is a typewritten account in the writer’s possession bearing the identification “#312” and written by Staff Sergeant Dick Tenelly of Washington, D.C., a Marine Corps combat correspondent, formerly of the Washington Daily News, (hereafter “Major’s Rescue”). Tenelly’s account, apparently, was based largely on information from Gunnery Sgt. William O. Koontz, who came on the scene after the action had begun. This account is corroborated by writer’s interview with Pfc Crane who was with Maj. Broome and Capt. Nelson and was also severely wounded. See Kathleen Broome Williams, “That Wasn't Bravery, Hell, I was Scared to Death: The Story of Marine Pfc. William A. Crane,” Naval History 15, No.5 (October 2001). See also, Leckie, Strong Men Armed, 334-36, for a strikingly similar ambush of Lt. Col. Justice Chambers, 25th Marines, 4th Div. (Medal of Honor winner on Iwo Jima), and Evans Carlson. Even experienced fighters were not immune from surprise, illustrating the difficulties faced by inexperienced leaders such as Roger Broome. For a similar account in which Lt. Col. Rathvon “Tommy” Tompkins “…risked his life to make a hasty reconnaissance of the front lines,” and was awarded the Navy Cross for the subsequent successful action see: Goldberg, D-Day in the Pacific, 108. Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 9 decisive battle of the Pacific offensive.” The Japanese may well have agreed. Radio Tokyo marked the loss of the island by declaring a national week of mourning. My father was extricated from the battlefield and was flown to U.S. Naval Hospital #10 in Hawaii, overlooking Pearl Harbor, where he remained until September. A medical report explains the nature of his injuries: He had been shot through the left hip by an enemy rifle bullet [that shattered the hip and femur and paralyzed his bladder and rectum]. Examination showed him to be critically ill…with a small wound of entrance over the sacrum, and a very large, foul, destructive wound of exit on the left thigh. On 30 July…a guillotine amputation was done at the hip. After a stormy convalescence he is making a gradual recovery. Today, he is able to travel. Because he is incontinent, he should travel via air, with an escort.22 22 Record of Service, RGBB/OMPF, NPR; Report of Medical Survey, US Naval Hosp. Aiea Heights, T.H., 5 Sept. 1944, Official Records 2, RGBB/OMPF, NPR. Additional details are from the Report of Death, Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, Navy Department, 15 Feb. 1945, Official Records 2, RGBB/OMPF, NPR. 10 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 From Hawaii my father was flown to Bethesda Naval Hospital in Maryland, arriving on 20 September, the day before I was born in Virginia, a hundred or so miles away.23 He clung to life for another four months in increasing pain, finally succumbing to complications from his wounds. He died on 18 January 1945.24 The war left some 183,000 American children without fathers.25 Some fathers did not have choices about their military service but many, like my father, did. And they served willingly. “My father did his honor thing,” one war orphan observed looking back. “He didn’t have to go. You know how it is to hear that? My father could have kept out of combat.”26 Although my father’s letters make clear how much he cared for my mother and for my brother and me, it was not enough to stop him from fighting the way he wanted to: in the front lines. In telling this story I have had to take the measure of a lost life and the price exacted by war. Although two Purple Hearts and a Navy Cross for valor are testament to my father’s warrior spirit, I have had to let go of the one-dimensional 23 RGBB/OMPF, Official Records 2, Dispatch from NAVHOSP TREAUREISLAND to NATIONAL NAVMEDCEN BETHESDA, 21 Sep. 1944. 24 USNAVHOSP Bethesda to SECNAV, 18 Jan. 1945, Official Records 2, RGBB/OMPF, NPR. 183,000 war orphans statistic is from Jane Mersky Leder, Thanks for the Memories: Love, Sex and World War II (Dulles: Potomac Books, 2009), 140. Other sources give the same number. 25 The 26 Calvin L. Christman, ed., Lost in the Victory (Denton, TX: University of North Texas Press, 1998), 104. Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 11 war hero of my childish imagination. Instead, I have come to embrace the intelligent, opinionated, complex, and sometimes difficult man I found. I still do not understand everything about why my father knew he had to fight. But I have found what I was looking for. The words of two of my father’s very dear friends help explain. “I shall always remember Roger’s courage,” John Reilly wrote to my mother when he heard of my father’s death: I believe it’s one of the most glorious things I have ever seen. I am no witness to his physical courage to any large degree; of that there is abundant evidence. But of his moral courage during his last six months I saw enough to make me know that he was of the stuff of which true heroes are made. This can be but slight consolation to you now; but what better or finer thing can you have to tell your children of their father in the days to come? “His was no empty gesture,” wrote Louisa Morton, “he knew exactly what he was fighting for.”27 In the end, that is enough for me. --Kathleen Broome Williams is the Director of General Education and professor of history at Cogswell Polytechnical College in Sunnyvale, California. Her published work includes Secret Weapon: US High-frequency Direction Finding in the Battle of the Atlantic (Naval Institute Press, 1996); Improbable Warriors: Women Scientists and the US Navy in World War II, (Naval Institute Press, 2001), winner of the History of Science Society’s Women in Science award in 2005 and the North American Society for Oceanic History’s John Lyman award for U.S. Naval History in 2001; and Grace Hopper: Admiral of the Cyber Sea (Naval Institute Press, 2004), winner of NASOH’s John Lyman award for biography/autobiography in US Naval History (2004). She has just completed a memoir about her father, a World War II Marine, forthcoming from the Naval Institute Press in 2013, and is presently at work on a new naval technology project. 27 These two quotes are from among the many letters my mother received after my father’s death, all of which are now in my possession. 12 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 Beyond the Water’s Edge: Investigating Underwater Wrecks from the Battle of Saipan By Jennifer McKinnon, PhD Flinders University and Ships of Exploration and Discovery Research, Inc. [email protected] Abstract: The importance of investigating WWII wrecks in the Pacific cannot be overshadowed by the more readily visible and identifiable remains of war on land. The waters surrounding the Pacific Islands, in particular the Marianas, are littered with clues about WWII from individual military acts to small-scale unit movements. Many of these sites are not susceptible to the same interference or development as sites on land. As a result they are better preserved and can provide more information to elucidate the history of the war. A project investigating shipwrecks, aircraft wrecks, and submerged vehicles from the Battle of Saipan has been underway for the past three years. The results of this archaeological and historical research suggest there is clear, tangible evidence of individual acts, unit movements and large-scale tactics hidden beneath the waters. This paper provides examples of what we can learn about the Battle of Saipan beyond the water’s edge. Introduction The importance of investigating underwater wrecks related to World War II (WWII) in the Pacific cannot be overshadowed by the more readily visible and identifiable remains of the war that exist on land. The lagoons and waters surrounding the Pacific Islands, and in particular the Marianas, are littered with clues about WWII, from individual military acts to small-scale unit movements. Many of these sites are not susceptible to the same interference or development as sites on land, and as a result, are better preserved and can provide more information to elucidate the history of the Battle of Saipan (1944). A project to investigate and record shipwrecks, aircraft wrecks, and submerged assault vehicles from the Battle of Saipan has been underway for the past three years. Conducted by archaeologists from Flinders University (Adelaide, South Australia) and Ships of Exploration and Discovery Research, Inc., a non-profit organization in Corpus Christi, Texas, the project was partially funded through a United States (U.S.) National Park Service American Battlefield Protection grant. Research consisted of intensive survey and recording of over 25 underwater sites in Saipan’s lagoon and the results of this archaeological and historical research suggest that there is clear, tangible evidence of individual acts, unit movements and Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 13 large-scale tactics hidden beneath the waters. This paper will provide examples of what we can learn about the Battle of Saipan beyond the water’s edge. Battlefield Seascapes A seascape is more than just an extension of the landscape as a unit of study – seascapes are about how sea and culture influence each other (Gosden and Pavlides 1994; McNiven 2003). It includes natural features such as lagoons, reefs, channels, and coral growth, as well as cultural features such as human-made channels, navigational beacons, shipping routes, and wrecks. Thus the battlefield seascape includes all of the natural and cultural features that relate to the specific context of a battle. Part of the project to investigate underwater archaeological sites associated with the Battle of Saipan included examining the seascape and landscape in a holistic way, considering both the natural and cultural features that influenced decisions from the top down to the individual, and in turn how they were manipulated for the specific purposes of winning the battle. The following is a brief description and appraisal of some of the features and actions identified in the seascape. Figure 1 shows the distribution of sites investigated and identified in relation to the island and the landing beaches. Interestingly, most of the underwater sites are not located in the landing beach areas where one might expect them; instead they are in the deeper waters of the central portion of the lagoon. A lack of sites along the landing beaches may be the result of post-battle clean-up and development, as these are popular resort beaches and rusting hunks of metal would have been seen as both unsightly and dangerous. Nevertheless, the sites that have been identified in the area of the landing beaches are tanks and landing craft – the very vehicles used in the invasion. Further to the north is where many of the aircraft wrecks and shipwrecks are located. Given the location of the sea plane base north of the village of Garapan, it comes as no surprise that the remains of sea planes are found in the general vicinity. These include a Japanese Kawanishi H8K (code named “Emily”) located just northwest of the sea plane ramps and a Japanese Aichi E13A (code named “Jake”), as well as a U.S. Martin PBM Mariner and a U.S. PB2Y Coronado located just to the west. 14 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 Figure 1 The distribution of archaeological sites investigated (Courtesy of Ships of Exploration and Discovery, Inc.; Map by Rachel Katz). Marianas History Conference 2012 ăƒť 15 Aircraft wrecks are difficult to characterize particularly because they quite literally fall out of the sky and land where their terminal velocity takes them. For archeologists it is difficult to confirm the movements of an aircraft at the time of its loss so it is complicated to address its association. Unless a positive identification via serial numbers and corresponding historical documentation on its activities exist, the exact circumstances of an aircraft’s mission can only be pieced together via archeological evidence. Such is the case with a TBM Avenger which lies inverted with its landing gear extended in 10 feet of water on the fringing reef (Figure 2). Very little of the original fabric remains due to the highly active environment in which it sits. Questions arise as to why it is on the reef and why its landing gear is engaged? Was it attempting a carrier landing just outside the reef when it lost engine control, ran out of fuel or was shot down? Figure 2 TBM Avenger located on reef (Courtesy Ships of Exploration and Discovery, Inc.; Photo by Valeo Films). In the case of the four sea planes (Aichi E13A, PBM Mariner, Kawanishi H8K and PB2Y Coronado), it can be said with near certainty that they were linked to the location of the sea plane ramps. A U.S. report (U.S. Air Force 1944:6) pertaining to a May 1944 aerial reconnaissance mission just prior to the battle reveals that several Aichi E13A and Kawanishi H8K were located at the sea plane base – two of which are represented in the archaeological record. In addition to the four planes mentioned, the debris field in the water surrounding the sea plane base is significantly comprised of parts associated with sea planes. 16 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 Shipwrecks in the lagoon are equally telling about the battlefield seascape, the activities they were engaged in and the reasons for which they came to grief. The Japanese freighter (presumably Shoan Maru) and the possible Japanese auxiliary submarine chaser were both moored in the harbor and known to have been hit and disabled during pre-invasion air strikes. Archaeological investigation has revealed that the disarticulated condition and the locations of these shipwrecks corroborate these historical accounts. The existence of several Japanese Daihatsu landing craft scattered in the waters just northwest of Garapan may in fact represent the remnants of a specific engagement. On 18 June 1944, Japanese forces attempted a counter-attack from the naval base at Tanapag Harbor. Japanese troops were loaded onto 35 barges and sent southward from Garapan toward the U.S. landing beaches. The U.S. Destroyer Phelps, with a contingent of landing craft gunboats and amphibian tractors intercepted this fleet, sinking 13 and deterring the rest (www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/ USN/USN-Chron/USN-Chron-1944.html). While this account describes barges, it is likely that they are referring to landing craft and that the landing craft identified during the archaeological survey may be those involved in the unsuccessful counter-attack. The site of a LVT (A)-4 located near Garapan may also be linked to a discrete event or engagement. LVTs were called upon to deliver supplies and ammunition to the troops fighting on the front lines of Tanapag Plains by approaching from the water directly (Bartholomees 1948:8-13). They also evacuated casualties via water from the area of the attack (Bartholomees 1948:11-13). The location of the LVT (A)-4 in Tanapag Lagoon, near where the battle at Tanapag Plains occurred, may represent one of those vessels used in the support effort. Alternatively, another skirmish that involved LVTs occurred on 13 July 1944, when U.S. forces staged a miniature amphibious landing on Mañagaha Island in Tanapag Lagoon (Bailey 1976:180). Marines from the 6th Marine Division attacked the island using five LVT (A)-4s, leading the way for an additional 25 LVTs (Bailey 1976:180). Thus the LVT (A)-4 documented during this project may have been involved in the battle for Mañagaha Island. The mapping of the battlefield seascape can be a useful exercise as it allows researchers to more fully understand the events that occurred in the air and on land, as well as in the water. It completes the picture and provides additional Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 17 complimentary information about the use of the sea which played a crucial role in the War in the Pacific and particularly the Battle of Saipan. By looking at the complete set of sites within their landscape and seascape we can see patterns of activity as well as identify and explore discrete, isolated events. Individual Acts and Unit Movements Identifying the individual and small groups that are often not part of the bigger history, is an area where archaeology can make a serious contribution to the historical narrative. Often the individual is left out of government documents and can only be found in memoirs and diaries. However, archaeology provides a useful tool for identifying specific behaviors and sometimes even illuminates the mindset of individuals, thus allowing researchers to build a more nuanced understanding of the battlefield. One example of this can be seen in the archaeological investigation of a LVT (A)-4 site. Historical accounts relate LVT crews modified their vessels prior to combat in order to prolong their lives and the lives of their vehicles (Barker 2004:253; Bailey 1976:163-168). Because these vehicles and men were often the first line of invasion and therefore the subject of the most intense enemy fire, they had to be cautious and take steps to ensure their vehicles were capable of taking on such a task. Crews learned from previous battles in the Pacific what modifications would increase their chances of survival. In Saipan, archaeological investigations of one LVT (A)-4 indicate that the crew did in fact modify their vessel in several ways (Arnold 2010). One example of this was the addition of sheets of steel boilerplate on the bow to reinforce and protect it from sharp coral and small caliber rounds. This information was gained through measuring the metal with calipers and comparing its thickness with manufacturing specification data. Another modification came in the form of a makeshift armor shield for the .50 caliber machine gun mount in the turret (Figure 3). This modification provided protection to the operator and ensured that his head was not exposed when delivering fire. Another firepower-related modification came with the addition of a .30 caliber coaxial machine gun to the area in front of the radio operator’s seat. This allowed for an increase in frontal attack and suppressive fire during beach invasions. The addition of this machine gun and the other features appeared on later production models and is perhaps a direct result of the modifications made by LVT crews in Saipan. In fact, these modifications proved so successful that they were incorporated into a later LVT model which became known as the “Marianas Model” (Mesko 1993:30). 18 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 Figure 3 LVT (A)-4 showing the armor shield and .30 caliber machine gun mount (Courtesy Ships of Exploration and Discovery, Inc.; Photo by Mike Tripp). Marianas History Conference 2012 ăƒť 19 Archaeology can also reveal information about discard behaviors. For example, the U.S. military established guidelines concerning what to do in the event that an LVT was no longer serviceable. The Army’s technical manual for LVT (A)-4s outlines the proper steps for the evacuation of equipment and destruction of the vehicle to prevent enemy use (Department of the Army 1951:565-569). Through a careful examination of the vehicle and this manual, archaeologists can determine if individuals or units complied with the rules or otherwise. For instance, the manual states that during the process of disposal one should place a “3-pound charge against the right fuel tank between the engine and bulkhead” (Department of the Army 1951:568). While the bulkheads and support beams for the turret of the LVT (A)-4 might have collapsed due to natural factors, the possibility exists that these impacts are a result of the disassembling procedure outlined in the manual. This disposal method may have caused the bulkhead to collapse under the turret and resulted in the lateral supports giving way under the weight of the turret. Further, the LVT turret is stripped of the Howitzer gun, sighting optics, transverse mechanics and firing controls. The removal of these items during the disposal process is explicitly stated in the manual; “All items of sighting and fire control equipment, including such items as periscopes, telescopes, and binoculars, are costly, difficult to replace, yet relatively light; hence, whenever practicable, they should be conserved and evacuated rather than destroyed” (Department of the Army 1951:565-569). Other support for the disarming and disposal pattern includes the lack of equipment present in the engine compartment such as valve covers and cylinder heads which would need to be manually removed. This is further evidenced in the missing splashguards, as the fender assembly appears to have been cut in order to easily remove the splashguards on both sides. Another indication of disabling and discard are the presence of holes located in a weak point in the pontoon (i.e. near the step pockets). These holes may have been caused by placing explosives inside the pontoon or possibly by large caliber weapons. Again both of these methods are outlined in the disposal process of the manual (Department of the Army 1951). It can be assumed that the large portions of missing deck are the result of salvage efforts rather than battlefield scars. A direct hit by enemy fire would have caused damage resulting in jagged, rough and inconsistent edges. The LVT displays none of these characteristics in the areas where the metal is no longer present. Further, 20 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 the missing areas of the cab may have been cut away to increase access to salvage the LVT’s machinery. Again, it takes a careful examination of the underwater remains and their fragments to move beyond the bigger history of the war and battle to identify individual’s actions and behavior. However, these are the details that bring the events of the battle to life and penetrate the minds of those who we hope to engage. The value of studying these fragments cannot be simply condensed to what they can add to the bigger story – their contribution lies in reminding us of the existence of other stories that have not yet been captured in the documentary evidence. Site Identity: Filling the Gaps The Battle of Saipan has left us with an overabundance of sources in multiple languages that are studied by a range of academic disciplines. The question is, can the archaeology of such a documented event contribute to this discourse? As mentioned previously the study of aircraft wrecks is complicated because the details of particular sorties and exact locations of crash sites are not so straightforward. As such, archaeological investigations can help to identify aircraft, reveal the cause of a crash and in some instances elucidate what happened to the crew. This can be significant in terms of its ability to include families and survivors by putting these crashes into context and providing closure to a painful experience. Thus, the archaeology of aircraft has the ability to personalize history (Holyoak and Schofield 2002). Over the course of the project a few of the unknown wrecks in the lagoon have been positively identified through a combination of careful archaeological examination and historical research. An aircraft wreck that was first recorded in 1984 (Pacific Basin Environmental Consultants 1984:12-13) and visited again in 1990 (Carrell 1991:508), was re-examined during this project. Preliminary investigations in 1984 postulated that the remains were of a Japanese aircraft (Type 99 2EFB “Cherry”). However during the recent survey the site was positively identified as a U.S. aircraft (Martin PBM Mariner). The Martin PBM Mariner was a U.S. flying boat used in offensive campaigns in several regions of the world during WWII. Mariners were involved in all major campaigns in the Pacific, including the Battle of Saipan, where they participated in attacks on Japanese submarines, freighters and aircraft (Hoffman 2004:xiii). They were particularly important in the post-battle activities in Saipan and Tinian as they were used to retrieve downed Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 21 airmen from B-29 missions. Due to their large fuel tanks they had a capacity to travel long distances and patrol the seas – these were known as “dumbo missions.” One of the characteristics that led to the identification of the aircraft wreck as a Martin PBM Mariner included the configuration of the aircraft’s dihedral wing (Figure 4). Though many types of sea planes were used in the Pacific Theater, few featured this angled wing type. Ultimately measurements of key features such as wingspan supported the identification. In addition, the models of gun turrets on the site matched with gun turrets typically used in Mariners and confirmed the final conclusion that this aircraft is a Mariner flying boat. Figure 4 Martin PBM Mariner, note dihedral wing (Courtesy Ships of Exploration and Discovery, Inc., Photo by Valeo Films). Another recently located aircraft wreck is likely the remains of a U.S. PB2Y Coronado. Though this site was previously unknown to archaeologists, it was found with the aid of local captains who have known its location for years. After carefully mapping the site and reviewing all relevant data, the identification has been tentatively suggested as a PB2Y Coronado. This identification was made based on the windscreen configuration and several unique characteristics such as port hole placement along the hull of the aircraft. Further, English language control panels and serial numbers support the identification of a U.S. plane. The identification of these aircraft wrecks and the details of the wrecking event that can be gleaned through the archaeological record provide a starting point for piecing together the fragmented record of aerial engagement during the Battle of Saipan. Additional historical research has shown that it is likely that the units and individuals involved in these wrecks will be revealed, and in some instances answers may be provided to those who are still seeking information about those they lost. Post-Battle Activities Intensive post-battle activities in the 1940s and 1950s, and even today’s activities of progress and development, had and have long-term effects on the material remains of the battle. The disappearance of this material culture has great influence on the stories that can be told about the past. If these remains vanish, the memories of the battle may also disappear. Of course, there will always be the written records, but it 22 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 is important to recognize the close connection between the material objects and the memory of the event. During the post-battle clean up of the harbor, much of the wreckage from the war was salvaged and removed, particularly if it was a hazard to navigation or development. Specific examples of these activities can be seen in the archaeological record and often can compound the difficultly of the identifying, mapping and understanding of sites. For example the Japanese freighter (presumably Shoan Maru) was cut down to the waterline because it was considered a navigational hazard (Carrell et al. 2009:377). Evidence of salvage cuts can be seen throughout the site in the form of straight weld cuts and disarticulated plates of hull and decking lying around the site. Another activity that altered sites in Saipan occurred from 1949 to 1962 when the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) had control over much of the northern half of the island. Under the cover of the U.S. Navy, a CIA facility known as the Naval Technical Training Unit was established whose primary mission was to provide training in communications, counter-intelligence, psychological warfare techniques, and sabotage including the use of explosives (Lansdale 1961:649). The remains of Shoan Maru were reportedly used for explosives training by this organization. Today the Japanese freighter site is disarticulated due to the effects of explosives and salvage efforts. However the major elements such as the engines and boilers, steering gear, and superstructure are located in the general area of their original position. Nevertheless, piecing the “jigsaw puzzle” back together is difficult when pieces are missing or reshaped. Another site that shows signs of post-battle salvage and demolition is the remains of a possible Japanese auxiliary submarine chaser. It was also reported to have been impacted during post-battle clearing for salvage and navigation hazards, which further complicates the wreck’s identification (Southeastern Archaeological Research, Inc. [SEARCH] 2008:67). According to NOAA navigation chart 81076, the ship lies in an area that was cleared to a depth of 10 ft (3.04 m). The site’s location and extensive destruction to the site suggests it may also have been used in the 1950s for demolition training by the CIA. Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 23 Signs of demolition are obvious on this site; in fact, the entire aft portion of the ship is missing. No engines, boilers or any of the stern section components such as the steering mechanism are present. It is possible that the upper deck of the bow also has been cut away from the vessel. Thus it is easy to see that this site has been heavily impact by post-battle activities. A second site located nearby and identified by Southeastern Archaeological Research (SEARCH), Inc. in 2008 may in fact be the remains of portions of the aft end of the vessel. Located on the opposite side of the channel to the submarine chaser this site includes large portions of hull plating that match the type of construction on the auxiliary submarine chaser. Another possibility is that this could be the site of a second auxiliary submarine chaser known to have sunk during the battle. However without locating the second site or matching exact pieces of hull planking, it will be difficult to determine their identity further. Yet another mystery is the site an Aichi E13A “Jake.” While no historical records of intentional disposition of the Aichi E13A have been located to date, archaeological evidence suggests that this aircraft may have been intentionally deposited on the seabed rather than a victim of an in-air disaster. To start, the plane is remarkably intact, which is inconsistent with an aircraft that has crashed due to a disabling or malfunction in the air. Additionally there are clues that point to a deliberate disposal. For example, what appear to be exit points for bullets can be found near the tail of the aircraft. Because of their location in the tail section where there is an absence of operational machinery, the bullet holes do not appear to have caused any substantial damage to the aircraft that would have resulted in its sinking or crashing (Figure 5). Typically, when aircraft sink they proceed nose first due to the weight of the engine. If this aircraft was purposefully sunk, it is possible that it did not initially sink when placed in the water due to air pockets remaining in the tail. Bullets might have been shot at the aircraft’s tail in order to hasten the disposal and sinking of the plane. A similar process was utilized during the “scuttling” of a PBY Catalina Flying Boats off Rottnest Island, Australia where tomahawks were used to create holes in the side of the aircraft to assist in its sinking (McCarthy 1997:7). While this remains a working hypothesis there is other evidence to suggest possible intentional disposal. Aft of the bullet holes, a small section of crimping is also present on the tail. It is suspected that this could be due to lifting the aircraft on or off a vessel or towing it with the use of a chain or rope. As the aluminum 24 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 Figure 5 Aichi E13A showing bullet exit point (top) and crimped section of tail (bottom) (Courtesy Ships of Exploration and Discovery, Inc.; Photos by Sam Bell). Marianas History Conference 2012 ăƒť 25 alloy that comprises the aircraft exterior is made of malleable material, a large chain or rope could easily create the crimping noted on this aircraft wreck. Further, adjacent to the Aichi E13A is an unattached section of landing gear that could not be associated with the aircraft, as the Aichi E13A was a float plane and did not have landing gear. As the landing gear is fairly large, it is suspected to be from aircraft of substantial size, yet circle searches on site did not uncover any additional aircraft parts that may be associated with the landing gear. Nevertheless, its presence on site adds to the hypothesis that this area was used as a dumping ground for discarded aircraft parts. Disposal practices were often scattered in post-battle scenarios, and detailed records of these disposals are sparse; however, the intentional sinking of surplus or damaged aircraft can be documented in the archaeological record and is a useful avenue of future research, particularly with regards to post-battle activities (Veronico et al. 2000:11). Conclusion The archaeology of the underwater battlefield provides a complimentary narrative to the terrestrial battlefield and offers a more holistic way of telling the history of the Battle of Saipan. It recognizes that objects and material culture accomplish more than just filling in the details â€“ they elucidate smaller stories such as individual actions and engagements and speak of aspects that were important in the everyday life of the participant. Finally, it reminds us of what is still out there to be uncovered and that objects can evoke strong impressions and generate reflection on a subject that includes both violence and valor. References Arnold, Shawn 2010 Investigations in Invasion Innovation; The Archaeological and Historical Investigation of a WWII Landing Vehicle Tracked in Saipan. MA Thesis, Flinders University. Bailey, A.D.M.U.R. 1976 Alligators, Buffaloes, and Bushmasters: The History and Development of the LVT through World War II. Electronic document, http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/ ref/Gators/index.html, accessed 4 March 2011. Bartholomees, J.B. 1948 Operations of the 773D Amphibion Tractor Battallion (Attached to the 27th Division) in the Operation of Tanapage Plains, Saipan 7-8 July 1944 (Western Pacific Campaign). The Infantry School Fort Benning. 26 ăƒť Marianas History Conference 2012 Barker, D. L. 2004 Hitting the Beaches: The First Armoured Amphibious Battalion in World War II. The Reprint Company, Spartanburg, South Carolina. Carrell, T. L. (editor) 1991 Micronesia Submerged Cultural Resources Assessment. National Park Service, Santa Fe, New Mexico. Carrell et al. 2009 Maritime History and Archaeology of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Submitted to the CNMI Department of Community and Cultural Affairs, Division of Historic Preservation. Ships of Exploration and Discovery Research, Inc. Texas. Department of the Army 1951 Tracked Landing Vehicle MK 4 (LVT [4]), Tracked Landing Vehicles (Armored) MK 4 (LVT [A] [4]) and MK 5 (LVT[A] [5]). Department of Army, Washington, D.C. Gosden, C. and C. Pavlides 1994 Are Islands Insular? Landscape vs. Seascape in the Case of the Arawe Islands, Papua New Guinea. Archaeology in Oceania 29(3):162-171. Hoffman, R. 2004 The Fighting Flying Boat: A History of the Martin PBM Mariner. Naval Institute Press, Annapolis. Holyoak, V. & Schofield, J. 2002 Military Aircraft Crash Sites. Archaeological guidance on their significance and future management. English Heritage. London. Lansdale, E. G. 1961 Excerpts from Memorandum from Brig. General Edward G. Lansdale, Pentagon expert on guerrilla warfare, to General Maxwell D. Taylor, President Kennedy’s military advisor on Resources for Unconventional Warfare, SE Asia. July 1961. The Pentagon Papers, Gravel Edition, Volume 2:643-649. McCarthy, M. 1997 The ‘Black Cats’ Report into the feasibility of locating, raising and conserving one of the four lend-lease PBY Catalina Flying Boats scuttled off Rottnest Island in the years 1945-1956. Manuscript on file, Western Australian Maritime Museum, Freemantle, WA. McNiven, I. J. 2003 Saltwater People: Spiritscapes, Maritime Rituals and the Archaeology of Australian Indigenous Seascapes. World Archaeology 35(3):329-349. Mesko, J. 1993 AMTRACS in Action. Squadron Signal Publications, Inc. Carrollton, Texas. Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 27 Pacific Basin Environmental Consultants 1985 Underwater Survey of Tanapag Lagoon for Historic Properties. Submitted to the Community and Cultural Affairs, Historic Preservation Office by Pacific Basin Environmental Consultants, Guam. Southeastern Archaeological Resources, Inc. 2008 Archaeological Survey of Tanapag Lagoon Saipan, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Submitted to the CNMI Department of Community and Cultural Affairs, Division of Historic Preservation. Southeastern Archaeological Research, Inc., FL. U.S. Air Force 1944 Military Intelligence Photographic Interpretation Report #68, 573. On file, National Archives and Records Administration II, College Park, MD. Record Group 341, Entry 217. Veronico, N. G., K and S. Thompson 2000 Military Aircraft Boneyards. MBI Publishing Company, Osceola, WI. --Dr. Jennifer McKinnon (Masters 2002, PhD 2010) is a Lecturer in the Department of Archaeology at Flinders University, South Australia, Australia where she has taught since January 2006. Prior to teaching at Flinders, McKinnon worked for two years as a Senior Underwater Archaeologist for the Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research in Tallahassee. McKinnon has archaeological interests above and below the water and has been conducting research in Saipan on the underwater remains of the Battle of Saipan as well as conducting a feasibility study on the archaeological potential for Spanish colonial archaeology. She recently helped develop a World War II Maritime Heritage Trail on the Battle of Saipan in conjunction with the Historic Preservation Office and Coastal Resources Management Office. The trail project was funded through a grant from the National Park Service American Battlefield Protection Program. McKinnon is continuing her work in Saipan and is currently developing a 3D underwater interpretive film of the heritage trail and writing a conservation management plan for the WWII wrecks. 28 ăƒť Marianas History Conference 2012 Constructing Rota’s World War II Landscape: The Chudang Palii Japanese Defensive Complex By Edward Salo and Geoffrey Mohlman Southeastern Archaeological Research, Inc. (SEARCH)1 [email protected] Abstract: At the request of the Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands and with funding from the National Park Service, SEARCH completed an archaeological survey of the Chudang Palii Japanese World War II Defensive Complex on Rota Island. Rota was a Japanese possession during World War II, and fortified for a possible US invasion that never occurred. The complex is composed of 133 historic features, including antiaircraft guns, unexploded shells and bombs, tunnels, walls, enclosures, sake bottles, a teapot, and a rice bowl. This paper discusses the archival research and fieldwork used to create an innovative and exciting report for the documentation and analysis of this defensive complex. The report forms the foundation for future planning decisions for the complex as well as the first step in the public interpretation of the site. Introduction Southeastern Archaeological Research, Inc. (SEARCH) of Newberry, Florida, conducted a survey of the Chudang Palii Japanese World War II Defensive Complex (Site 1021-9) in the Mananana Region of Rota from May 21, 2011, to June 5, 2011, under contract to the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Department of Community and Cultural Affairs, Division of Historic Preservation (DHP). A portion of the defensive complex was originally documented by Swift et al. (1992). The 1992 archaeological survey encountered a well-preserved Japanese defensive complex consisting of caves, tunnels, trenches, terraces, and stone walls. In late 2007, the Historic Preservation Office (HPO) conducted a brief reconnaissance of the area and confirmed that Site 1021-9 extends beyond the 1992 survey boundary. Based on discoveries made during the 1992 survey and 2007 visit, the HPO designated a survey boundary for identification and documentation of archaeological resources for the World War II–era Imperial Japanese defensive complex. The designated boundary extends both east and west of the previously documented resources and includes an area of approximately 32 hectares (79 acres). The SEARCH project was funded by a Historic Preservation Grant administered by the National Park Service (NPS). This paper is drawn from the 1 Edward Salo and Geoffrey Mohlman are Architectural Historians at SEARCH. Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 29 research, fieldwork, and report completed for the DHP by SEARCH. It has two primary sections, with the first portion of the paper being a historic context of Rota, chiefly of the World War II era, and the second half presents the fieldwork findings and analysis.2 The Past: Rota Historic Context The history of Rota illustrates the islandâ€™s role in the larger geo-political arena. This history will first briefly discuss the colonial history of Rota, then discuss the Imperial Japanese fortification of the island and how that illustrated the changes in Japanese military tactics. We will then discuss American attacks on the island to support the American invasion of Guam and Saipan, and finally the surrender of Rota and its post war history. Colonial History of Rota For nearly four centuries after initial European contact, the Mariana Islands were a colony of Spain. Erupting in 1898, the Spanish-American War had repercussions for the Marianas. The small Spanish garrison on Guam was unaware that a war was underway; therefore, US ships under Commodore George Dewey easily took the island in 1898. Dewey made no attempt to secure Rota, Tinian, Saipan, Pagan, and other smaller islands. In the 1899 treaty ending the war, Spain relinquished Guam to the United States while the other northern islands remained under Spanish rule. Within the same year, however, Spain sold its remaining Marianas possessions, along with the Carolines, to Germany for $25 million, ending nearly four centuries of Spanish rule in the region. In the coming decade and a half, the Germans made significant infrastructural improvements in the Northern Marianas, but the Japanese, who came to control 90 percent of trade with these islands by 1905, presented a sustained threat to German power. World War I, though fought on distant shores, altered the fate of the northern, or German, Marianas. With the outbreak of the war, Germany became consumed with affairs in Europe, and as a consequence, the German Marianas were left defenseless. Driven by imperial aspirations and justified by its alliance with Great Britain, Japan moved to take advantage of Germanyâ€™s inattentiveness. In 1914, Japan occupied the German Marianas without resistance from Germans stationed there (Russell 1984). 2 The authors would like to thank Mertie Kani, Eloy Ayuyu, and Ronnie Rogers for their invaluable assistance with this project. Without their untiring work and assistance, the Chudang Palii Japanese World War II Defensive Complex might have been relegated to the dustbin of history. Thank you. 30 ăƒť Marianas History Conference 2012 Increasingly militaristic and expansionist, Japan sought to strengthen its presence in the Pacific in the 1930s. Japan lost its mandate over the Marianas and neighboring island groups in 1933 after Japan withdrew from the League of Nations. Now that their jurisdiction was de facto, the military moved to fortify the islands. Aslito Airfield, located on the south end of Saipan, and a seaplane base at Flores Point (northeast of Garapan) were constructed in the 1930s. Barracks, ammunition storage, air raid shelters, and facilities preparatory for an offensive war were installed elsewhere on Saipan in 1941 (Russell 1984). The Evolution of Imperial Japanese Island Defense Strategy Shortly after the December 7, 1941, attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, the Japanese initiated air attacks over Guam, which they had been monitoring since November. With this prize under its belt, the Japanese Imperial Army and Navy were able to mount aggressive operations with success across the Pacific in the early years of the war (Rogers 1995; Rottman 2004). Because of the nature of the Japanese Empireâ€™s newly acquired strategic holdings in the Pacific Ocean, including the Marianas, the Japanese military developed a strategy to defend the islands against possible invasion. Before the successful invasions by the US military in 1943 and 1944, the Japanese military believed that the only way to defend an invasion of an island was to stop the invaders before they reached the beaches (War Department 1944:140). Because of conventional wisdom that saw the apparent difficulty of an amphibious invasion, Japanese coastal defense doctrine during the early part of World War II relied on an offensive strategy of attacking the invaders by setting up fortifications along the beach to stop invasions before they could reach inland (War Department 1944:140). Because of the different terrains encountered by the Japanese on the different islands, the Army did not establish a uniform pattern of defense structures, but organized them to conform to the surrounding terrain and tactical needs (War Department 1944:155). US military intelligence described the Japanese tactics for defending volcanic islands such as Rota in the following manner: The defense of volcanic islands consists of beach positions, heavy naval guns up to 12-inch size, and mobile reserves. Beach defenses consist of observation posts, strong points, and obstacles, but these are not to be considered a perimeter defense. Large-sized units are held as reserves and are employed in counterattacking at threatened points. The defenders have the advantage [sic] of dominant observation, knowledge of the terrain, and large amounts of supplies. In addition to this, they Marianas History Conference 2012 ăƒť 31 have maneuver room, and if driven into the hills are quite capable of carrying out harassing operations for long periods. Airstrips are located on the volcanic island bases, and both land-based and naval aircraft are used in the defense. Anti-aircraft artillery is used in the defense of harbors and landing fields. Army troops, as well as Special Naval Landing Forces, are likely to be encountered on these bases (War Department 1944:128). Examinations of the Japanese defenses on Saipan, Tinian, and Guam illustrate this reliance on beach and coastal defenses. Swift et al. (1992:12) argue that the Japanese garrisons on these islands had no fallback positions, there was no plan for counterattacks, and the Aslito Airfield (Saipan) was undefended against ground troops. The defenses on Rota were different than those found on the other Mariana Islands. One reason for this change in defensive tactics was that the reliance on beach and coastal defenses did not work. Swift et al. (1992:12) observe that on Rota the Japanese constructed a defense network using the interior cave systems in the upland terrace areas, including the Chudang Palii Japanese World War II Defensive Complex (Site 1021-9) project area, rather than relying solely on the construction of coastal defenses. Crowl (1960:63) suggests that one reason for the different defense strategy at Rota was that the Japanese had more time for defense development on Rota. Since the island was not invaded in the summer of 1944, the Japanese had until September 1945 to develop the defensive fortifications. Crowl states that the Japanese would use a defense strategy similar to that seen at Rota during the invasions of the Pacific islands of Iwo Jima and Okinawa, which both resulted in massive loss of American lives (Moore and Hunter-Anderson 1988:25). Most likely the defenses at Rota were constructed differently for several reasons. First, because of a lack of landing beaches, the Japanese could locate the defenses elsewhere. Second, after it became apparent that the Americans would not invade the island, the Japanese could focus on anti-aircraft defenses and utilize the natural caves of the ridgeline for added protection. Third, because of a lack of materials and military personnel after the US invasions of Guam and Saipan in 1944, the Japanese garrison at Rota had to utilize local materials and whatever ideas and skills it had on the island to craft the new defenses. These three reasons resulted in the construction of defenses that differed from the typical pre-1945 Japanese doctrine but met the needs of the defensive force. 32 ăƒť Marianas History Conference 2012 The Development of the Defense at Rota To oversee the defense of the Marianas, the Imperial Japanese Navy established the 5th Special Base Force. Realizing the American strategy, Imperial Japanese Navy officials commenced a large airbase construction program in the Marianas and Caroline Islands, including the construction of one airfield at Rota. By March 1944, the defensive plans were expanded. The Imperial Japanese Central Pacific Area Fleet issued an order “to build rapidly a large number of bases so as to make possible the immediate development of great aerial strength” (Crowl 1960:61). The airfield at Rota, located on the northern plateau, north of Sinapalo village, was to be able to handle 48 planes and be supported by integrated land fortifications, antiaircraft positions, and plane shelters (Crowl 1960:60–61). To support these new troops, the Japanese constructed fortifications to defend Rota. Rota’s defenses included emplacements along the coast with secondary positions behind the beach defenses and along the inland cliff lines. The standard Japanese fortifications in the Mariana Islands included “concrete and rock pillboxes, gun emplacements in caves, and other defensive features such as concrete air raid shelters and bunkers” (Moore and Hunter-Anderson 1988:127). As part of the defense of islands, the Japanese utilized dual-purpose guns for both anti-boat and anti-personnel missions as well as for anti-aircraft defense. The Type 10 (1921) 120-mm dual-purpose gun, probably manufactured in Japanese arsenals, was one of the most widely used on smaller islands. The Japanese military usually mounted Type 10 guns on a concrete pedestal that had a large base plate buried in the floor of each gun pit to provide a stable foundation (War Department 1945:93, 95). Remains of a similar set up were identified at Chudanf Palii. In addition to the Type 10, the Japanese mounted three Type 96 (1936) twin-mount 25-mm antiaircraft and anti-tank automatic cannons at Chudang Palii. The natural limestone caves were used by the Japanese as well as the residents of Rota for shelters. For example, Jiro Takemura, a Japanese national who was employed with Rota Sugar manufactory in 1937 and later served as the head of the Japanese civilian stockade on Rota after the war, stated that the Accountants’ Department of the Imperial Japanese Navy Defense Force was headquartered in the Pali’i tunnel (Dixon et al. 2002:B-5). The location of the defensive fortifications along the ridge is in keeping with the standard operating procedure of the Imperial Japanese military. Caves were used primarily for defensive fortifications by the Japanese forces, as well as for water sources, places of refuge by the civilian Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 33 A Type 10 (1921) 120 mm dual purpose gun (left) and a Type 96 (1936) twin-mount 25 mm anti-aircraft and anti-tank automatic cannon (right), both located at Chudang Palli. population, and hiding places by Japanese stragglers following the war. The Japanese military forces excavated numerous artificial caves, which vary widely in extent, design, and engineering. They also modified many natural caves for wartime use. For example, on Guam most of the caves were part of the defensive fortifications installed to repulse the American invasion, and were typically converted into pillboxes and gun emplacements (Taboroši and Jenson 2002). In addition to the larger fortifications, the Japanese forces booby-trapped the caves in Rota as part of the island defense. Archaeological studies have identified “numerous strategically placed boreholes filled with picric acid, a highly sensitive bulk explosive detonated by heat, shock, or friction, whose trigger mechanism has deteriorated” (Taboroši and Jenson 2002). Aerial reconnaissance of Rota carried out by the US Marine Corps on August 18, 1944, examined the high lands including the Chudang Palii Japanese World War II Defensive Complex (Site 1021-9) project area (HQ 21st Marines 1944:2–3). The report described the terrain as “rugged and precipitous containing the key terrain of the island in the high plateau at TA 155, 156, 143, 144, and 145” with a good road (probably the oxcart road) that runs over the plateau to the airstrip to the west. Interestingly, the Marines located no enemy activity in the area, but did receive some anti-aircraft fire from guns to the east (HQ 21st Marines 1944:2–3). The absence of identifiable fortifications in the project area in August 1944, further supports the idea that the fortifications in the project area were constructed in late 1944 or 1945 since they were not identified during the reconnaissance run. Since the Chudang Palii Japanese World War II Defensive Complex (Site 1021-9) had 25mm and 120-mm cannons that were both capable of anti-aircraft fire, one would 34 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 have expected them to fire on the Marine reconnaissance aircraft if they were operational. Unlike the larger islands of the Marianas, Rota was not initially heavily fortified by the Imperial Japanese military during World War II. On December 9, 1941, the Japanese Guam Invasion fleet from Haba Jima and Saipan rendezvoused at Rota; however, none of the forces occupied the island (Rottman 2002:394). The size of the Japanese occupation force present on Rota after the start of World War II is under debate. Moore and Hunter-Anderson (1988:19) indicate that there was little information concerning the size and makeup of the Japanese garrison at Rota prior to 1944. However, Peck (1986:5) suggests that there were only six Japanese soldiers on Rota in January 1944. Moore and Hunter-Anderson (1988:19) disagree with this low number because the construction of the military airfield would have required a larger military engineering detachment than six soldiers. Using information provided in Crowl (1960:60), Moore and Hunter-Anderson (1988:19) and Denfeld (1997:129) estimate that there were less than 3,000 Japanese troops on Rota in June 1944. These troops and supplies that arrived in June were the last reinforcements to reach Rota prior to the Japanese surrender (Moore and Hunter-Anderson 1988:19). The islands of the Marianas were seen as points in a larger patrol network and did not require Japanese Army troops for their defense. After the fall of the Marshall Islands, the Japanese military began to reinforce the Mariana Islands. The importance of protecting the Mariana Islands was illustrated when Japanese leaders stated that “the Mariana Islands are Japan's final defensive line. Loss of these islands signifies Japan’s surrender” (Shaw et al. 1966:442). US Marine Corps intelligence indicated that before February 1944 the Imperial Japanese Navy was in charge of the defense of Guam and the other Mariana Islands. The intelligence also indicated that the 54th Guard Unit (KEIBITAI; 警備隊) was the nucleus of the defense of Guam, so it is possible that a similar situation existed on Rota (HQ, Fleet Marine Force Pacific 1944:43). Naval documents show that elements of the 56th Guard unit (KEIBITAI; 警備隊) were located at Rota and Tinian. Guard units were naval units that served as the “nuclei for the defense of the area in which they are located” (CinCPac-CinCPOA Bulletin 11-45:3, 9–10). In addition to the 56th Guard Unit, the Imperial Japanese Navy had the 223rd Construction Battalion (SETSUEITAI; 設営隊) located at Rota and Saipan. Like the Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 35 US Navy Construction Battalion (Seabees), the Japanese construction battalions were “highly mobile independent units, fully equipped for major construction tasks” (CinCPac-CinCPOA Bulletin 11-45:18). The Japanese construction battalions were often assigned to fleets, which used them to construct airfields and field fortifications on islands such as Rota (CinCPac-CinCPOA Bulletin 11-45:18–19). US Navy intelligence reported that Imperial Japanese naval ground troop units, such as those present on Rota, cooperated with the Japanese Army in organizing and manning defensive operations. However, after the Marianas campaigns of June 1944, the Imperial Navy decreased the use of naval ground units, probably because of the serious losses they suffered in the Gilberts, Marshalls, New Guinea, and the Marianas (CinCPac-CinCPOA Bulletin 11-45:1). The South Marianas Area Group Headquarters received the 6th Expeditionary Force, which sailed from Pusan and reached Guam in late March. This unit totaled about 4,700 men drawn from the 1st and 11th Divisions of the Kwantung Army. However, in June 1944, the Japanese reorganized the 6th Expeditionary Force creating the 48th Independent Mixed Brigade (IMB) under the command of Major General Kiyoshi Shigematsu, and the 10th Independent Mixed Regiment (IMR) commanded by Colonel Ichiro Kataoka. On June 23, the 1st Battalion of the 10th IMR (the former 2nd Battalion, 1st Infantry Regiment, 1st Division) plus one company of the 3rd Battalion, 1st Field Artillery Regiment, and the 3rd Company, 1st Engineer Regiment (all former units of the former 1st Division) were relocated to Rota to reinforce the island (HQ, Fleet Marine Force Pacific 1944:45). The Army also planned to send the 3rd Battalion, 18th Infantry Regiment from Guam to Rota as a counter-invasion force; however, because of US maritime patrols, the regiment never left Guam (Rottman 2002:393–394). Shaw et al. (1966:444) state that while the 1st Battalion, 10th IMR was located on Rota, because it could be transported to Guam by barges, several orders of battle have the unit on both islands. To garrison the island, the Japanese military placed the defense of Rota under the 29th Division on Guam. On June 23, 1944, the 1st Battalion, 10th IMR was tasked with garrisoning Rota. Also, the Imperial Navy had a detachment of the 56th Guard Unit headquartered on Tinian and Rota. After the loss of Tinian, the units from the 56th were absorbed by the 41st Guard Unit on Truk. It is believed that units from the 56th Guard Unit constructed most of the cliff defense on Rota (Denfeld 1997; Rottman 2002:393–394). 36 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 Following the American invasion and occupation of the Marshall Islands in 1944, Japanese civilians on Rota were evacuated to Japan, and over 2,000 Japanese troops were stationed on the island to prepare defenses against an invasion. A headquarters for the Japanese commander, Major Shigeo Imagawa, was located on the high ground of the island near Sabana. The defensive construction program included the development of a large series of caves connected by tunnels in the Ginalangan cliffs and farther south above Songsong village, where a cave was built to house a hospital. There were also tunnel and cave systems reportedly developed in other places on the island, including under the Japanese airfield, which is the main Rota Airport today (Gaddis 2004:50). During one of the air battles over Rota, Zenji Abe, a Japanese Naval aviator, crashed on Rota. After the war, Abe described how the Navy could not rescue him because all the airlines and sea lanes were controlled by the Americans. Because he was the highest-ranking naval officer on the island, he found himself in command of the 1,600-man naval garrison for 14 months until the surrender of the island in September 1945. Abe commented that the army garrison of 700 troops was under an Army Major (Abe 1994:53–54). Abe did not comment on the defenses on the island or the status of the troops. Based on prisoner-of-war interviews, the US military believed the cliff line fortifications near Sinapalo were garrisoned by naval personnel. The infantry battalion, commanded by Major Tokunaga, was headquartered at Taruka (on the north coast near Teteto), and Navy Lieutenant Onizuka had his headquarters in Rota village (Songsong) (Hunter-Anderson et al. 1988:23). US Attacks on Rota in Support of Operation FORAGER and After (1944-1945) In late 1943, the United States began planning for the capture of the Mariana Islands. However, the US military did not have accurate intelligence on the Mariana Islands, including Rota, until late February 1944, when carrier strikes were ordered against the islands (HQ, Fleet Marine Force Pacific 1944:1). A Marine Corps intelligence report from April 1944 stated, “There are no known major defenses on the island, but caves in the rocky cliffs could contain defense positions not disclosed by last photographs made in February. Its only value is for an observation post or gun mounts” (Intelligence Section, Fifth Amphibious Force 1944). While there were no defense positions observed, the intelligence section warned that there probably were some fortifications on Mount Tapingot (Wedding Cake Mountain), and that the Japanese were probably constructing some on the island. Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 37 Although Rota was not invaded, the US military did conduct air raids on the island from June 1944 until the end of the war to neutralize the airfields and airpower on the island. During Operation FORAGER, part of the plans of the Navy’s Fifth Fleet included “an initial attack by carrier-based air forces on SAIPAN, TINIAN, ROTA, GUAM and PAGAN for the purpose of destroying enemy aircraft and air facilities in these positions” (United States Fleet 1944:74-7). On the first day of the attack (June 11), Fast Carrier Task Force launched strikes against Saipan, Tinian, Guam, Rota and Pagan. The targets of these raids were aircraft and associated facilities, the ships, the anti-aircraft batteries, the coast defense weapons, cane fields. Airstrikes continued through the rest of the months of June and July in an effort to destroy any aircraft on the island and to neutralize the airfield (United State Fleet 1944:74-9). While the mission of the navy was to neutralize the Japanese forces on Rota, they lacked some of the necessary weapons to destroy the fortifications (United States Fleet 1944:74-30-31). For a while it appeared that the bomb runs to Rota were routine, because the enemy anti-aircraft fire initially was feeble; however, the Japanese anti-aircraft gunners began to hit the raiding US planes. Some of the US planes managed to return to their base, and others were shot down outright (Garand and Strobridge 1971:428–429). With the withdrawal of the Japanese fleet from the Marianas, the threat to US forces there was sharply reduced, and it became possible to return parts of the Fast Carrier Task Force to the Marshalls for replenishment. The arrival of Army P-47s at Saipan, together with the escort carriers in support there, made few strikes necessary at Saipan by fast carrier planes (US Strategic Bombing Survey 1946:215-216). By January 1945, the US military estimated that 4,000 Japanese troops manned the defenses of Rota. However, the G-2 reported that US forces usually encountered no anti-aircraft fire from Rota. Allied pilots conducting attacks on Rota during the first week of January 1945 indicated that the runway remained inoperable and other military targets on the island had been destroyed (US Army Forces, Pacific Ocean Areas, G-2 1945). In keeping the enemy airstrips on Rota and Pagan Islands in daily disrepair, the Corsairs of MAG-21, acting as fighter-bombers, played a vital part in protecting the new B-29 Superfortress bases on Saipan, Tinian, and Guam from enemy air action (Garand and Strobridge 1971:429). 38 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 The Surrender of Rota After the dropping of the two atomic bombs in early August 1945, the Empire of Japan surrendered on August 15, 1945 (the time in Tokyo), leaving Rota one of several isolated Japanese garrisons scattered throughout Micronesia. The US military began dropping leaflets urging the isolated Japanese garrisons to surrender (Poyer et al. 2001:252). On August 26, 1945, the USS Currier and the USS Osmus (both Buckley-class destroyer escorts) sailed to Rota to conduct preliminary negotiations with the Japanese commanding officer, Major Imagawa, for the surrender of the garrison (Hunter-Anderson et al. 1988:33). On September 2, 1945, Major Imagawa and Zenji Abe surrendered the Japanese Imperial Forces to Colonel H. N. Stent, USMC, the representative of the Island Commander Guam, aboard USS Heyliger (John C. Butler-class destroyer escort) off Rota Island. The US forces found 2,651 Japanese Army troops, 13 Japanese naval enlisted men, and one naval officer, as well as a civilian population of 5,562 persons, divided among 1,019 Japanese, 3,572 Okinawans, 181 Koreans, and 790 native Chamorros (Abe 1994:54; US Department of Navy 1946:177). On September 3, 1945, 605 members of the 9th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Battalion (USMC) landed by Landing Craft, Tank (LCT) on Rota to occupy the island. Colonel Gale T. Cummings was appointed the temporary island commander (Tyson 1977:122). The Marines continued to occupy the island until September 29, when they transferred control of the island to a small naval force of 424, including two Navy officers, two Navy enlisted men, five Marine enlisted men, and five Guamanian policemen. One month later, the occupation forces were reduced to a Naval Military Government Unit alone, consisting of three officers and 30 enlisted men (US Department of Navy 1946:177–178). To aid in the construction and repair work of the island, the Navy sent one company of the 48th Construction Battalion (Seabees) to Rota for a few weeks during September and October 1945 (Bureau of Yards and Docks 1947:416). The 300 Seabees began repairing the Rota Airstrip on September 4. By September 26 the strip was open for emergency landings, and the final repairs to the runway were completed on October 1. By the start of the next month, the Seabees had expanded the runway to 5,000 feet and flights were scheduled between Guam and Rota every other day (US Department of Navy 1946:178). US forces found that the isolation of Rota had caused difficulty among the civilian population, as well as among the Japanese military personnel. While the civilian population of Rota was in relatively satisfactory health, they lacked proper clothing and imported food. Because of the regular bombing of the island by US forces, the Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 39 people lived in the caves. The Japanese national, Jiro Takemura stated that a large shelter called Mangan-yama was located between Rubok and Kamisuiden. The natural limestone cave held approximately 800 people, and other smaller caves were also used (Dixon et al. 2002:B-5). Coinciding with the arrival of the Americans, the people were gradually relocated back to their former village sites and cultivated areas. The Americans also provided surplus military clothing to the population (US Department of Navy 1946:177). Toward the end of October 1945, the US Commercial Company requested the Military Government’s approval to study the possibilities of developing the phosphate, bauxite, and manganese deposits on Rota (CINCPAC 1946:178). In 1947, President Harry S. Truman’s Executive Order No. 9875 of July 18 “delegated authority and responsibility for the civil administration of the trust territory to the Secretary of the Navy on an interim basis” (Truman 1947). Later that year, a committee of the Secretaries of State, War, the Navy, and the Interior recommended that administrative responsibility for the trust territory be transferred to a civilian agency. On July 1, 1951, Truman approved that transfer of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands to the Department of the Interior (Truman 1951). Although the islands were a trust territory, because of their strategic significance the Northern Mariana Islands remained under military control until 1961 (US Census Bureau 2000). In 1962, President Kennedy signed Executive Order 11021, which placed all the islands solely under the Department of the Interior. The Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas (CNMI) was formed on November 3, 1968 (Gaddis 2004:51–52). The Present: In-depth Interior Defensive Complexes on Rota While much has been written about the changing Japanese doctrine of island defense from destroying the enemy at the beach to one of an in-depth system, less research has focused on how the interior portion of the in-depth defensive system was implemented by the troops, sailors, and their commanding officers (COs) on the ground (Denfield 1988, Denfield 2002, Moore and Hunter-Anderson 1988, Peck 1984, Rottman 2003, Swift et al. 1992). Rottman (2003:14) noted that there is variability in Japanese defensive position design and construction, and that local initiatives were the rule rather than the exception. While there may be local (island) standardization in design and materials used, the standardization was based upon five basic elements: (1) material shortages, (2) types of available materials, (3) weather conditions, (4) preferences and concepts of local COs, and (5) skills of the available military personnel. Both Rottman (2003:14) and Denfield (2002:1) note that in spite of the variation caused by the above mentioned factors, that defensive 40 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 position designs remained basically the same, tempered by materials used, terrain, and individual decisions made by local COs. Rota is unique in the Marianas, having two such interior defensive networks forming what has been termed a “Maginot-line type” fixed defensive system (Peck 1984:20). In an unsourced Japanese military document quoted by Peck (1984:20): Initially the [Rota] garrison had attempted to strengthen the island’s beach defense in order to meet the enemy at the water’s edge. With the fall of Guam in August 1944, however, it was obvious that such measures were futile. The mainline of resistance was, therefore, pulled back 60 to 300 yards from the beaches and construction began that month on a series of tunnels which were to connect its various segments. Because of the hardness of the rocky soil, the work was very slow at first, averaging not much more than three meters a day. Work was speeded up with the use of dynamite obtained from the South Seas Development Company and from explosives extracted from unexploded enemy bombs. At As Manila 3 the garrison was able to take advantage of a natural cave to build a recessed fortification. By war’s end over 3,300 meters of tunnels 4 had been excavated, most of which could withstand the force of up to 250 kiloton bombs. Questions that this paper will try to address include what types of defensive properties were constructed, who constructed them, how were they constructed, what materials were used, where were they constructed, and was there an overarching plan the Japanese military used to implement that system as the tides of war dramatically turned against them in 1944 and 1945. Ginalangan Defensive Complex The first comprehensive study of an interior defensive system in the present-day Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Islands (CNMI) was done by Darlene R. Moore and Rosalind L. Hunter‐Anderson (1988) who surveyed the Ginalangan Defensive Complex on Rota. The project area consisted of approximately 25 hectares (62 acres) in northern Rota along the limestone cliff line known as Ginalangan, which forms the southern boundary of the northern plateau near Sinapalo Village (Figure 2). The survey resulted in the documentation of the 3 Peck (1984:24) speculates that “As Manila” is an error, and the author is referencing Ginalangan. 4 Peck (1984:24) assumes that the 3,300 meters is in reference to all tunnels constructed on Rota, not just those at Ginalangan. Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 41 Ginalangan Historic District, which consists of 13 property types in 9 Japanese World War II complexes and 9 isolates. The complexes are located along different places along the limestone cliff line, with Complexes 1, 2, and 3 situated along the cliff line or at the base of the cliff near the central portion of the district. A plateau below Complexes 1, 2, and 3, holds eight of the isolates, including three revetments 5, two vehicles, and three water tanks. Along the southern part of the district are Complexes 4 and 5 along with one isolate. The northwestern part of the district is composed of Complexes 6, 7, and 8 and Isolate 7 along the cliff line or at the base of the cliff. Complex 9 is located at the top of the cliff line. The complexes and isolates are made up of more than 104 individual features and a rich collection of artifacts, including bulwarks, caves, concrete slabs, pillboxes, live and spent ammunition, rakes, shovels, dishes, small glass medicine jars, glass bottles, shoes, sinks, and toilets. Chudang Palii Defensive Complex A second interior defensive system on Rota has also been documented, located approximately 2000 meters due west of the Ginalangan Defensive Complex. The Chudang Palii Japanese World War II Defensive Complex is a 31-acre complex6 located in the Mananana Region of Rota and extends for over a kilometer along the base of Chudang Palii, a prominent limestone bluff. The complex is located between 300 and 400 meters elevation along the north side of Mount Sabana, which reaches a maximum elevation of approximately 500 meters. The road to Sabana (Highway 11) partially bounds the complex on the north and east sides. This defensive complex is characterized by limestone plateaus and escarpments. Chudang Palii, a limestone escarpment, defines the complex and consists of a steep limestone cliff that rises 20 to 90 meters on the upper portion, which gives way to a steep to moderately steep talus slope. The base of the talus slope terminates on a lower plateau. The complex is enveloped by limestone jungle, with the very southeastern edge of the complex dominated by dense grasses, typical of former Japanese-era agricultural fields. 5 Moore and Hunter-Anderson (1988:38) define a revetment as “a free-standing, open-ended stacked rock wal1 enclosure, forming a rough “U” or square shape in plan. Use of revetments was for protection of large equipment and fuel. Wall height varies from 1.3m to 1.9m; wall width ranges from.50m to 1.5m. Areas vary from 12sq.m to 50.0sq.m. 6 The 31-acre defensive complex is only a portion of the 79 acres that were surveyed as part of the survey reported by Mohlman et al. (2011). 42 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 Chudang Palii Ginalanga Chudang Palii and Ginalangan Japanese World War II Defensive Complex locations. The Chudang Palii Japanese World War II Defensive Complex project area from the road to Sabana (Highway 11) with Chudang Palii shown in the background. Approximately 1,400 meters long and 100 meters wide, the defensive complex is composed of 131 features. Of those 131 features, 118 are organized into 11 spatially discrete areas (these areas are similar to Moore and Hunter-Anderson’s [1988] “complexes”) and 13 features not clearly organized into discrete areas. The majority of features are clustered in the western 1,000 meters of the complex, with a 250 meter gap before the last set of features are encountered. The complex consists of anti-aircraft guns, dry-laid rock walls, tunnels, enclosures, terraces, ramps, ammunition clusters, and multiple Japanese glass sake/beer bottles.7 7 The proliferation of sake/beer bottles is explained by Rota’s sugar mill being converted to a distillery by the Japanese (Peck 1986:8). Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 43 Figure 4. A ramp (top) and tunnel entrance (bottom) are two examples of the property types at Chudang Palii Property Types Between Ginalangan and Chudang Palii, researchers classified 23 Japanese military defensive property types (Figure 4; Table 1). At Ginalangan, Moore and Hunter‐ Anderson (1988) noted 13 different property types, including bulwarks, caves, concrete slabs, parapets, pillboxes, pits, revetments, rock‐faced terraces, stone steps, stone wall enclosures, stove bases, vehicles, and water tanks. In total, over 300 meters of rock‐faced terraces, 400 linear meters of tunnels and caves, a 150‐meter‐ 44 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 long stone and cement parapet, 27 enclosures, 11 stone and concrete bulwarks, 6 series of steps, 4 concrete pillboxes, 4 concrete water tanks, 4 stone revetments, 3 concrete slabs, 3 pits, 2 large vehicles, and a possible cement and rock stove base were noted. Associated with these property types were a variety of artifacts, including live and spent ammunition, rakes, shovels, picks, pry bars, motors, generators, pumps, pipes, batteries, metal and ceramic pots, dishes, small glass medicine jars, glass bottles, soap dishes, shoes, sinks, and toilets. At Chudang Palii, 15 property types were identified, including 27 walls (one wall not included in this 27 is classified as a “parapet”), 27 caves and tunnels, 13 enclosures, 10 terraces, 9 overhangs, 7 stairs, 5 ramps, 5 anti-aircraft guns, 4 trenches, 4 depressions, 2 berms, 2 platforms, 1 bulwark, 1 chamber, and 1 rock shelter. Chudang Palii’s artifact assemblage was considerably smaller with significantly less diversity vis-à-vis Ginalangan, and included numerous glass sake/beer bottles, spent ammunition, rice bowls, pipes, corrugated tin, the head of a pickax, a tea pot, and a naval insignia from a uniform. Table 1. Japanese Military Property Types Property Type Present in Ginalangan Number of occurrences in Number of occurrences Present in Chudang Palii Ginalangan in Chudang Palii Anti-Aircraft Guns 0 Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 45 Laborers The historical research and physical evidence does not provide a clear answer as to who built the defensive networks on Rota. According to Rottman (2003:15), local laborers were typically used for constructing support facilities, chopping wood, and transporting materials throughout the Japanese Pacific Empire during World War II, but Japanese military personnel were responsible for constructing fighting and defensive positions. During the war, Rota was inhabited by four distinct groups, including the Imperial Japanese Army; the Imperial Japanese Navy; Japanese, Okinawan, and Korean civilians; and local Chamorros, with different sources attributing military construction projects to one or more groups. Several sources indicate that the Japanese military used primarily local Chamorros for labor on the military construction projects (Moore and Hunter-Anderson 1988; Peck 1986, 1988; Petty 2001). In the Marianas, the Japanese military usually required that each household provide one person per day to the construction efforts (Hunter‐Anderson et al. 1988:18). Antonio Borja, a native Tinian merchant marine, was conscripted into the Japanese Army at Rota and forced to dig tunnels for cannons. Borja commented the work schedule was from seven in the morning until midnight, six days a week for 18 months (Petty 2001:62–63). Peck (1986:6) noted that beginning in 1944, the majority of Rota’s able-bodied Chamorro men were enlisted to work on the island’s defenses. Peck put the number of able-bodied men on Rota at 26, since the majority of Chamorro men had been relocated to Guam, Tinian, and Saipan to work on military projects on those islands. Given that the U.S. liberated 790 Chamorros on Rota at the end of the war, 26 may be an understatement. The men worked seven days a week on military projects, from sunup to sundown. Manual M. Ogo, a Chamorro who lived on Rota throughout the war, noted that Chamorro men were involved in the construction of a tunnel under Tatacho Village, and other tunnels under Songsong Village, Ginalangan, Tatgue, Agusan, and Machong (Peck 1986:6). Ogo’s first conscripted construction duty was stringing telephone lines from one military post to another on the island.8 Along with other Chamorros and Japanese soldiers, Ogo dug up pengua trees and assembled them into faux anti-aircraft guns along the beaches to fool the American military, a Japanese tactic done on other islands throughout the Pacific. In December 1944, Ogo was reassigned to dig a tunnel 8 White ceramic insulators were found in and around the Chudang Palii defensive complex, the possible last vestiges of these telephone lines as the copper telephone wires were removed by residents shortly after the war was over (Peck 1988:6). 46 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 under the Tachao military camp. The tunnel was to hide the Japanese soldiers and to assist in defending the camp. Jiro Takemura, a Japanese civilian who worked on Rota from 1937 to 1946, mentioned laborers involved in World War II military construction during an interview as part of a cultural resources survey of Highway 100. Takemura noted that there were three anti-aircraft cannons on Rota, with only one remaining today (Dixon et al. 2002). These cannons might be in reference to the 140mm anti-aircraft gun and the associated anti-aircraft bunkers located along Highway 100 facing Sasanhaya Bay. Takemura stated that the bunkers for these cannons were expanded natural caves. Takemura noted that the Nishio corps of the Navy Defense Guard Forces arrived on Rota in March 1944, and they were responsible for having built parts of the cannon foundations at the Rota phosphate factory and having assembled the parts in a cave. In notes added to the interview with Takemura, Wakako Higuchi, the interviewer, acknowledged that the Japanese military were responsible for the expansion work done in a cave utilized by the Accountantsâ€™ Department of the Navy Defense Force Headquarters. Japanese civilians did utilize caves as shelters during air raids, but neither Higuchi nor Takemura elaborated if the civilian utilized caves were constructed by civilians or military. The only mention of Japanese civilians and Chamorros involved in military construction was for the building of the air field. Peck (1986:9) noted that 400 Japanese civilians were impressed into labor shortly after January 1945, growing sweet potatoes and harvesting coconuts, mangos, bananas, and African snails to feed the starving population of Rota. Given the extent of defenses on the islands, particularly at Ginalangan and Chudang Palii, it is assumed that both Japanese military and Chamorros were involved in their construction. The qualitative differences between the two may reflect the lack of available building supplies and the use of military personnel and civilians not schooled in Japanese military engineering at Chudang Palii versus Ginalangan. Construction techniques and materials Both the physical evidence and historical records provide fairly clear evidence that the defensive networks required considerable manual labor, supplemented with tools and some dynamite, but probably no fuel or electric-powered equipment, and utilized the materials at hand, possibly appropriated by the military from other areas of the island or from the earth and rocks available at the construction sites. Marianas History Conference 2012 ăƒť 47 More the norm then the exception, the Japanese military made extensive use of locally available building materials to construct fortifications throughout the empire (Rottman 2003:24). Japanese military-issued construction materials such as concrete and steel typically went to command posts, communication centers, and coast defense gun positions, with nearly everything else constructed of readily available materials. Dry-laid limestone rock wall (above) and pickax head (below) found at Chudang Palii. 48 ăƒť Marianas History Conference 2012 In the Marianas, the Japanese funneled imported building materials to Guam, Saipan, and Tinian, and once supply lines were cut in June of 1944, the Japanese military on Rota utilized whatever was at their disposal to construct its defenses (Moore and Hunter-Anderson 1988:127). What is common to Ginalangan and Chudang Palii, is that both were primarily constructed by hand utilizing mostly locally available materials, particularly earth and limestone rock. Both complexes have dry-laid limestone rock walls (referred to as “stacked” in Moore and Hunter-Anderson 1988), meaning that no mortar was used to bind the rocks together, and there is no overall bond pattern within the wall matrix. These walls were assembled by hand. Similarly, ramps at Chudang Palii were created from parallel dry-laid limestone rock walls with earth and small limestone pebbles filling the interior. Revetments at Ginalangan were made from stacks of rocks, while depressions and pits at both complexes had small rock stacks offering some protection to the occupants. Despite both having dry-laid walls, Ginalangan has much more concrete, rebar, metal, and wood in its overall material composition than Chudang Palii, showing a greater degree of imported materials and available construction resources; whereas, Chudang Palii has almost no evidence of imported building materials. According to Lewis Manglona, a Rota native who witnessed the construction of the island’s defensive networks while in his late 30s, the qualitative difference in construction techniques and materials between Ginalangan and Chudang Palii (referred to as the Finafen area) is due to Chudang Palii being constructed late during the war “when panic and exhaustion ruled the way things were constructed” (Peck 1984:24). In both complexes, hand tools were documented, with the head of a pickax and a pulley found in Chudang Palii while pry bars, picks, rakes, shovels, chains, pulleys, pulley clamps, and a lug wrench were found in Ginalangan (Moore and HunterAnderson 1988:42, 124). The tools were not only used in constructing the walls, terraces, tunnels, caves, etc., but also they were used in assembling the guns. In Chudang Palii, Manglona noted that one 120mm and one 25mm anti-aircraft gun were lowered by cables and winches to their caves from the upper plateau (Peck 1984:24). One historic account notes that more than 3,300 meters of caves and tunnels existed on Rota by the conclusion of the war, weaving their way like tapeworms Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 49 throughout the island and both complexes. Digging by hand would have been slow going, and according to Peck (1984:20), the Japanese military used dynamite from the South Seas Development Company and explosives taken from unexploded American bombs to assist in tunnel construction. Peck (1984:20) also noted that existing natural caves were augmented and enhanced as recessed fortifications. After interviewing Manual M. Ogo about his experiences of digging a Japanese military tunnel in Rota during the war, Peck (1986:7) wrote: The work was brutal and painful, for the tunnel was being hand-chiseled inch by inch through solid rock; and it demolished its workers in short order, for the coral dust suffocated them and brought on uncontrollable attacks of coughing and breathlessness. The heat in the tunnel was intolerable and the pressure for haste unrelenting. Like Rota, the Japanese Imperial Army and Navy extensively used caves on Peleliu (Denfeld 1988:37-38,97-102). The cave/tunnel system on Peleliu was studied by the US military, providing a cave typology (Table 2). The caves are named by their shape corresponding to a letter of the alphabet. Additionally, different cave types were built by the Japanese Imperial Navy, the Japanese Imperial Army, or both, allowing for caves/tunnels on other islands to be identified and assigned to different branches of the Japanese military. Who designed and built the caves – Imperial Japanese Army, Imperial Japanese Navy, conscripted local Chamorros – is not fixed. According to a 1983 study of the Ginalangan complex, the observed “caves conform to official Japanese Naval tunnel standards (of the Suidatai Unit) with ‘U’ shaped tunnels functioning as combat and shelter areas and ‘L’ shaped tunnels for housing generators, mortars, and 75 mm guns” (Peck 1984:24). The Navy design and building of the complexes is also supported by (Denfeld 1997 and Rottman 2002), who believe that the Navy’s 56th Guard Unit was heavily involved in building the island’s defenses. However, only 17 of the 66 caves in Gingalangan and Chudang Palii fit into one of the Peleliu cave typologies. Ten of the 17 are exclusively Army, while the remaining seven were styles built by both the Army and the Navy. The remaining 49 caves appear to fit none of the designs. While some of the caves/tunnels in Chudang Palii were definitely constructed from whole cloth, many of the caves/tunnels appear more augmented than completely constructed as evidence by their not following any of the Imperial Japanese Navy or Army standardized cave designs. The lack of an apparent standardized design may 50 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 Table 2. Japanese Military Cave Types Cave Type Army/ Navy constructed Natural, augmented, or ambiguous shape Unknown Tactical Floors leveled, flooring sometimes provided, and protection added at the mouths such as oil drums filled with coral stone Table adapted from Denfeld (1988:37). also indicate the lack of formal training by the builders, the lack of resources to design complex tunnel systems, or a combination of the two. It appears that if either the Japanese Imperial Army or the Japanese Imperial Navy had a hand in the design and construction of the tunnels at both complexes, this hand did not have as tight of a grip in design as it did in forcing laborers to construct the caves. Location By its very nature, an in-depth interior defensive network was located on the interior of an island. However, the geography of the island, the supplies and materials available to local commanders, and the amount of time between the decision to build the network and the US invasion dictated the how, where, what, and the why of the networkâ€™s location. Inaccessibility and camouflage were two very important deciding factors in the placement of Japanese defensive positions (Rottman 2003:15-16), and Chudang Palii and Ginalangan had both. Both defensive complexes are located in the interior of the island, along the ridgeline of limestone cliff faces, camouflaged by a thick jungle blanket (Denfield 2002:12,40; Mohlman et al. 2011:2; Moore and Hunter-Anderson 1988:32-33). Much of the western edge of Chudang Palii is characterized by large limestone crags, making an assault from the Marianas History Conference 2012 ăƒť 51 west treacherous for any invader. Anti-aircraft guns and cave positions constructed into the side of a not quite sheer limestone cliff face made it difficult to attack from above or below. The Ginalangan and Chudang Palii cliff and jungle areas were important natural features in the establishment and development of the defensive complexes, providing aerial camouflage, ground defensive positions, and excellent views of the southern and north-central coastlines as well as the present-day Rota airport, built partly atop the World War II-era Japanese airfield (Moore and Hunter-Anderson 1988:32). At its closest point, Ginalangan is approximately 850 yards from the shore while Chudang Palii is 2,300 yards from the shore. Both complexes are considerably further away from the Rota shoreline than the unsourced Japanese military document quoted in Peck (1984:20) had stated; it had noted Rotaâ€™s interior defensive positions were placed anywhere from 60 to 300 yards from the beaches. It is not clear if this Japanese military document was referencing Ginalangan and Chudang Palii, or some other unidentified defensive positions. As to elevation, Ginalangan is located between 200m and 250m elevation, while Chudang Palii is located between 300m and 400m elevation. While elevation is clearly an important aspect of location, the elevation has a difference anywhere from 50m to 150m, and neither are located on the highest elevation on the island which is Mount Sabana at 500m where the Japanese command post was located. The jungle is an often lamented aspect of cultural resource survey work in the Marianas, but the jungle was a very important aspect of location for the defensive networks. The Japanese were known for their effective use of camouflage, hiding personnel, equipment, and guns with natural materials used to thwart even veteran invaders (Rottman 2003:41). Aerial photographs of Rota from 1944 and 1946 show that both complexes were wrapped in jungle, with neither readily visible to US aerial reconnaissance. A 1944 US target map made from aerial photographs shows little activity at either complexes, either indicating that neither had been completed or that the jungle proved to be an effective canopy concealing Japanese construction activities (Moore and Hunter-Anderson 1988:20). 52 ăƒť Marianas History Conference 2012 Limestone jungle at Chudang Palii. Note Eloy Ayuyu in foreground and Geoffrey Mohlman in background. Overarching Japanese Plan From the two complexes, is there a discernible method to the madness in the construction and design of interior defensive networks on Rota from 1944 to 1945? While researchers classified 23 Japanese military defensive property types between the two complexes, only nine property types were documented in both: artifacts, bulwarks, caves/tunnels, enclosures, parapets, pits/depressions, stone steps, terraces, and walls. It should be noted that 37mm, 75mm, and possibly 120mm guns were noted at Ginalangan (Peck 1984:23), but they were not found by Moore and Hunter-Anderson (1988) and not included in this analysis. As to materials used, both complexes utilized local resources including existing caves, limestone rock, and earth fill to construct their defensive systems. While Ginalangan did have limited use of imported building materials, including concrete and steel, this appears to show that Ginalangan was started before Chudang Palii when such materials were available. Hand tools, winches, cables, and some explosives were utilized in the construction of both complexes, but it was manual labor, without the assistance of fuel or electric-operated equipment, that supplied the energy required to build the system. Oral history interviews indicate that Chamorros were forced to build many of the defensive positions, including tunnels, throughout Rota, but given the small size of the able-bodied male Chamorro population and the larger Japanese military, particularly Army, presence, it is assumed that both Japanese military and Chamorros were involved in the construction efforts. It seems unlikely that there was a formalized plan, including engineering or architectural drawings, to Marianas History Conference 2012 ăƒť 53 implement and guide the development of the defensive complexes beyond possible rough field sketches. Roughly only 26 percent of the caves in Ginalangan and Chudang Palii fit into the Peleliu Japanese military cave typology, indicating that this formalized Japanese military design system was not extensively used in the Rota complexes. However, both complexes utilized the cliff lines and jungles to their greatest advantage, similar to other Japanese interior defenses on Peleliu, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa. Despite lacking engineering drawings, this does not preclude fundamental Japanese defensive doctrine from influencing gun emplacements, pill box locations, or trench networks, but more research will need to be done on the individual components, their placements within the overall complexes, and their relationships to each other to better understand this influence. The Future: Public Outreach The documentation of both the Ginalangan and the Chudang Palii Japanese World War II Defensive Complexes were completed for the CNMI Division of Historic Preservation as part of its efforts to identify and protect significant archaeological, historic, and cultural resources. Chudang Palii was listed in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) on May 1, 2012. To continue with this effort, it is recommended that Ginalangan also be listed in the NRHP. The Chudang Palii Japanese World War II Defensive Complex (Site 1021-9) offers a significant opportunity for CNMI in general, and Rota particularly, to tell the important story of Rota during World War II. Combined with other World War II sites spread across the island, ranging from the 140mm Naval Gun along Route 100 (Site RT-5-42) to Ginalangan, Chudang Palii has the ability to add to the collective Rota story told to tourists and locals alike (Gaddis 2004:77â€“82). For the Ginalangan Historic District, Moore and Hunter-Anderson (1988:128) recommended developing a portion of the complex as a park, including interpretive trails, maps, and signs. Moore and Hunter-Anderson (1988:129) also recommended providing guided tours through these areas. With the exception of the 120mm gun located adjacent to the road to Sabana, such public visitations to Chudang Palii are not recommended. This is due, in part, to the unstable nature of the majority of the features since they have no reinforcement or binding mortar to hold them together. Even during the limited clearing done to identify and photograph features for the present survey, loose rocks regularly dislodged from wall matrixes. Additionally, the landscape does not afford itself to visitation by tourists or the casual visitor. 54 ăƒť Marianas History Conference 2012 Public outreach recommendations for Chudang Palii include several approaches: 1. Presently, a sign exists at the 120mm gun located adjacent to the road to Sabana. An additional sign should be established at the gun site discussing the complex to compliment the sign already present. 2. A brief (less than five minutes) podcast could be developed that discusses Chudang Palii. The podcast could be linked to the Historic Preservation Office website, from which tourists and residents could download it prior to visiting the site. It is envisioned that the podcast would be one of many developed for all signed sites on Rota. Each sign could be numbered, and each podcast would have the corresponding number so that visitors could easily jump to a podcast associated with a particular sign. 3. Develop a page on the HPO website that provides information about Chudang Palii. A Quick Response (QR) code (a matrix barcode) could be affixed to the extant sign, and anyone with a smartphone that has a reader application could scan the code, which takes the user to the HPO website, where he or she can view the information. Eventually, web pages could be developed for all sites on Rota with corresponding QR codes attached to each sign, providing a virtually limitless supply of additional information for tourists and residents. 4. Beyond the sign, two other places on Rota provide the perfect opportunity for public interpretation of the Chudang Palii Japanese World War II Defensive Complex. a. The first is the Rota International Airport where a Rota cultural and natural sites display already exists. Information regarding Chudang Palii should be added to the display. b. The second place for public interpretation on Rota is the HPO. Like the Rota International Airport, the local HPO has displays regarding the cultural resources on Rota. Schoolchildren and community members visit the HPO, and this is an excellent opportunity to provide the larger Rota community with information regarding the Chudang Palii. Along with a display about Rota during World War II, a complimentary handout about the complex could be produced – such as a postcard with an image on the front and historical information on the back. Such postcards also can be made for other visitor areas and sites, creating a postcard “tour” of Rota. These postcards could be provided at the HPO, the airport, and other locations on Rota. 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VF 31 n.d. The Missions Flown by Air Group 31 from January 1944 through August 1945. Electronic document. VII Bomber Command 1944 Seventh Air Force, Army Air Forces, Pacific Oceans Area, Organization History, August and September 1944. On file, Air Force Historical Research Agency, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama. 1944 Handbook on Japanese Military Forces. Technical Manual TM-E 30-480. September 15. 1945 Japanese Defense Against Amphibious Operations. Special Series No. 29. February. 1947 World War II: A Chronology. War Department Special Staff, Historical Division. Weinberg, Gerhard L. 1994 A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 60 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 www.aviationarchaeology.com n.d. USN Overseas Loss List by Month, December 1941 through August 1945. Electronic resource. --Edward Salo, Ph.D. has worked as an architectural historian in Florida and the Southeastern, the Southwest, the MidAtlantic region, the Caribbean, the Pacific Islands, and Japan. He has conducted all phases of historic architecture surveys in accordance with state and federal laws and assessed resources in accordance with National Register of Historic Places eligibility criteria. Salo's dissertation, “Crossing the Rivers of the State: The Role of the Ferry in the Development of South Carolina, ca. 1680-1920s” was a multi-disciplinary study of the maritime history of the state. He has also conducted research on topics including the New Deal, Cold War history, and the US Space Race. Salo multiple large-scale projects that include county, state, region, and nationwide surveys, as well as the preparation of preservation management documents, and National Register nominations. His research on historic structures has included bridges, plantations, historic roads, Revolutionary War and Civil War fortifications, airfields, canals, world's fair sites, industrial resources, and military installations. In response to the recent MC252 oil spill, Salo served as a co-principal investigator for the ethnographical study of the coasts of Alabama and Florida to identify traditional cultural properties. He has authored or co-authored more than 250 technical reports, and is the recipient of several awards. Geoffrey Mohlman, M.A. leads the SEARCH Architectural History Division and is responsible for all phases of historic architecture surveys and assessments according to National Register of Historic Places eligibility criteria. Mohlman has extensive experience with Sections 106 and 110 of the National Historic Preservation Act, and an understanding of current program alternatives including program comments and standard treatments. He has conducted multiple largescale projects that include county, state, region, and nationwide surveys, including an inventory of Navy-owned National Historic Landmarks. He has worked across the Pacific, the Mid-Atlantic, Southeast, and the West Indies. Mohlman develops management plans and agreement documents Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 61 including ICRMPs, Users' Guides, PAs, MOAs, and MOUs. He has received training in standard treatments and program alternatives. Mohlman conducts HABS/HAER/ HALS documentation that includes large format photography, measured drawings, and High Density Laser Scanning, and he is an expert at developing creative mitigation alternatives. He provides embedded historic preservation compliance support to agencies and installations nationwide. 62 ăƒť Marianas History Conference 2012 Archaeological Investigations of World War II Era Japanese Seaplane Base at Puntan Flores, Island of Saipan, CNMI By David G. DeFant Southeastern Archaeological Research Inc. (SEARCH) [email protected] Abstract: Recent archaeological survey and monitoring investigations undertaken in conjunction with a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency program to clean-up diesel fuel contamination in and around the Commonwealth Utility Corporation’s (CUC) Power Plant facilities at Puntan Flores, Island of Saipan, Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Islands (CNMI) have recorded previously unidentified features related to the Japanese Seaplane Base constructed in 1934-35. Construction and expansion of this seaplane facility represents a significant milestone in the militarization of the Japanese Mandated Territories and the role of this facility during World War II is important piece of Saipan’s history. This paper will summarize the history of this facility and relate the documentary information with both previously identified and recently identified archaeological features. Introduction In 2011, Micronesian Archaeological Research Services (MARS) and ARCGEO Inc. undertook archaeological survey and monitoring investigations in conjunction with a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency program to clean-up diesel fuel contamination in and around the Commonwealth Utility Corporation’s (CUC) Power Plants 1 and 2 located within the Lower Base Industrial Park, Puntan Flores, Island of Saipan, Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Islands (CNMI) (DeFant 2011 and 2012). These investigations uncovered previously unrecorded features associated with the World War II Era Puntan Flores Japanese Seaplane Base. Construction and expansion of this Seaplane facility in the years before WWII represents a significant milestone in the militarization of the Japanese Mandated Territories and the role of this facility in that War is important piece of Saipan’s history. Background The island of Saipan is located approximately 1,412 mile (2,273 km) southeast of Japan within the Mariana Islands archipelago (Figure 1). The island measures c. 13 miles (21 km) long and 4 miles (6.5 km) wide, with an overall area of c. 46 square Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 63 miles (122 km2). The ruins of the Japanese Seaplane Base on Saipan are located on Puntan Flores along the island’s northwestern coastal plain (Figure 2). Puntan Flores is immediately north of the Puerto Rico Port facility and immediately seaward (west) of the Sadog Tasi area. Most of what was once the seaplane base is today home to CUC’s Power Plants 1 and 2. The North Seaplane Ramp is currently used for boat construction and the South Seaplane Ramp is used by a tourist boat excursion company. Figure 1. Location Map of Saipan (Courtesy of Barry Smith) 64 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 Figure 2. Location of Puntan Flores Japanese Seaplane Base (USGS Quad) The following summary of relevant documentary sources is almost exclusively derived from U.S. published sources and archives. Documentary research regarding the history of the Puntan Flores project area was conducted within the CNMI-HPO library, the CNMI Archives at the Northern Marianas College, the Micronesian Area Research Center at the University of Guam, and the MARS Office library. Travis Takashi Miyagi also reviewed the National Archives of Japan and the Japan Center of Asian Historical Records. Unfortunately no relevant information was identified within the Japanese archives. The historical sources cited in this article are thus largely confined to U.S. sources and particularly U.S. Military Intelligence sources. This data is therefore not only incomplete, but also severely limited to a narrow perspective that was both indirect and heavily biased. Largely missing from this documentary research is the data and perspective of not only the Japanese who constructed and used the Puntan Flores facility but also the Chamorro and Carolinian inhabitants of Saipan who participated in the construction and maintenance of this facility. Further investigation of Japanese documentary sources relevant to the Puntan Flores Base and the role of Saipanâ€™s indigenous population should be regarded as a high priority for future research efforts. Marianas History Conference 2012 ăƒť 65 Japanese commercial enterprise on the Island of Saipan and the rest of the Northern Marianas Islands started in the late 19th Century and continued during the German administration of the islands between 1899 and 1914. By 1910, most of the commercial traffic through the Saipan’s port was Japanese. Japanese military forces took possession of the Northern Marianas from Germany during World War I and the islands were governed by a Japanese Naval Administration until 1922 when a Japanese civilian government was established in accordance with a League of Nations Mandate (Clyde 1935:66; Peattie 1988:64; Russell 1988:13). Japanese control of the Northern Marianas Islands continued until their seizure by American Military Forces in 1944. The 1920s witnessed the rapid development of the islands by Japanese economic interests; particularly the Nan’yo Boeki Kabushikigaisha (South Sea Trading Company or NKK) under the direction of Japanese entrepreneur Matsue Haruji. Sugar cane production was the backbone of this economic boom and its development was included the large-scale Japanese immigration to the islands (Higuchi 2012). By 1938, 59,000 Japanese, mostly Okinawan, had immigrated to the Northern Marianas Islands in comparison to only 200 foreigners during the German Administration (Yanaihara 1940:31). During the late 1920s and 1930s, significant portions of Saipan’s northwestern coastal plain were incorporated into the growing Japanese sugarcane plantation industry. These developments included the construction of a narrow-gauge railroad line inland of the shoreline. Before 1935 there is no information directly related to the utilization of Punton Flores. Although Bowers’ (1950:Fig.41) ca. 1930 land-use map indicates that the coastal plain immediately inland of Punton Flores consisted of ‘native farm areas’. In 1933 the Japanese Foreign Minister walked out of a League of Nations assembly, in at least partial reaction to Western press stories that suggested that construction of the Aslito airport facility on Saipan and improvements to Saipan’s port facility were intended to militarize the island in contradiction to the League’s mandate stipulations (Peatte 1988:243). This event according to Peatte (1988:243-245) set forth a chain of events that led Japan to formally withdraw from the League and the Washington Naval Treaty a few years later. It also heralded a period of rapid infrastructure development in the Japanese Mandated Territories that included dual purpose civilian and military projects. 66 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 Published sources, including Crowl (1960:54) and Denfeld (1997:7), state that construction of the Japanese seaplane base at Puntan Flores started in 1934 and was completed in 1935. However, Higuchi (Personal Communication 2012) has discovered a Japanese documentary source that indicates construction began much earlier. These sources include a photograph of the Puntan Flores Seaplane Base under construction that is dated 1931. Peattie (1988: 248) suggested that construction was likely the primary responsibility of the civilian authorities with assistance from Japanese military engineers. Higuchi (2012:10), on the other hand, believes that the NKK civil engineers constructed the seaplane facility on behalf of the Japanese Navy. The Chamorro and Carolinian inhabitants of Puntan Flores were likely relocated to Garapan before commencement of construction. It is also likely that Saipanâ€™s indigenous population participated in the construction of this base and worked on this base following its completion. According to Peattie (1988: 248), the Japanese constructed similar seaplane bases in 1934 in both Yap and Palau. According to Higuchi (Personal Communication 2012) the Puntan Flores Seaplane facility was referred to in Japanese sources as either the Sadog Tasi or Tanapag Seaplane Field. No documentary sources were identified regarding the function and nature of the Puntan Flores Base before 1941. It can, nevertheless, be inferred that this facility was constructed to serve both a military and civilian function. For most, if not all, of the 1930s the Puntan Flores Base exhibited the Northern Seaplane Ramp. The Southern Seaplane Ramp appears to have been added in 1940 or 1941 (Higuchi Personal Communication 2012). Starting in 1935, the Puntan Flores Seaplane Base was irregularly used by Kawanishi H6K Type 97 seaplanes operated by the civilian airline Dai Nippon Koku K.K. (Greater Japan Airlines) (Spennemann 2000). Regular service between Saipan, Yokohama and Palau was established by late 1938 or early 1939. This civilian air service continued following the beginning of the Pacific War in 1941 and included a regular Yokohama-Saipan-Chuuk-Ponape-Jaluit route. There is no indication that military aircraft were permanently based at Puntan Flores before 1939, nevertheless, it is likely that Japanese seaplanes at least periodically used this facility during this period. Between 1939 and 1940, the Japanese Military started formal militarization of its Micronesian possessions (Peattie 1988). This process likely included the permanent Marianas History Conference 2012 ăƒť 67 stationing of military seaplanes and expansion of the base facilities. By 1941 the Puntan Flores base was comprised of sixty-five buildings including two seaplane ramps, steel hangers, shops, semi-underground ammunition magazines, barracks, warehouses, and nine air raid shelters (Denfeld 1997:7,9). On December 8, 1941, seaplanes planes from the Puntan Flores base participated in a bombing attack on the Island of Guam (Denfeld 1997:11). These aircraft were likely four-engine Kawanishi H6K Type 97 (Allied code-named “Mavis”) seaplanes (Figure 3) and/or Aichi E13A (Allied code named “Jake”) single engine seaplanes (Figure 4). Over the next few years, Saipan served as a staging area for Japanese troops, ships, and planes (Russell 1988:19). The total number of Japanese Military personnel on the island was likely no more than a few hundred. On February 12, 1943, six four-engine seaplanes from the Puntan Flores Base flew out of Ponape on a bombing raid on the American base at Roi-Namur (Peatte 1988:278). With the fall of the Marshall Islands in early 1944, Saipan and the rest of the Marianas were rapidly fortified and the Japanese garrison was increased to over 30,000 troops (Russell 1988:20). Figure 5 is a U.S. Military targeting intelligence map of the Puntan Flores Seaplane Base presumably based upon aerial photography and prepared before the June 1944 invasion of Saipan (Joint Intelligence Center 1944). These aerial photo interpreted features include thirty-five structures, including two steel frame hangers, a radio tower, anti-craft batteries, machine gun emplacements, bath houses, a recreation hall, barracks, repair shops, sentry posts, and various other command and support buildings. The Imperial Navy’s new four-engine Kawanishi H8K Type 2 (Allied named “Emily”) (Figure 6) was likely deployed to the Puntan Flores Base immediately following its introduction in 1942. This four-engine long-distance patrol and attack seaplane supplemented the less heavily armed Kawanishi H6K (”Mavis”) seaplanes. U.S. Military interpretation of aerial photographs taken immediately before the June 1944 invasion of Saipan (quoted in McKinnon and Carrell 2011) indicate that at time the Puntan Flores Base contained ten Kawanishi H8K (”Emily”) seaplanes, eight Aichi E13A (”Jake”) single engine seaplanes, and three Kawanishi H6K (”Mavis”) seaplanes. Recent underwater archaeological investigations have identified a submerged “Emily” approximately 1,500 m northwest of the Puntan Flores seaplane ramps and a submerged “Jake” approximately 3,000 m west of the seaplane ramps (McKinnon and Carrell 2011). 68 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 Figure 3. Photo and Diagram of “Mavis” Seaplane Figure 4. Photo and Diagram of “Jake” Seaplane Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 69 Figure 5. Map of Puntan Flores Japanese Seaplane Base (Joint Intelligence Center 1944) Figure 6. Photo and Diagram of “Emily” Seaplane 70 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 Starting in early 1944 carrier-based planes of the U.S. Navy’s 58th Task Force conducted aerial bombardment and strafing of Japanese Military positions on Saipan. These attacks focused upon Aslito Airfield in the southern portion of the island and the Puntan Flores Seaplane Base along the northwestern coastline. In June 1944 Puntan Flores was defended by the Special Naval Landing Force and 5th Base Force under the command of Admiral Nagumo who had his headquarters at the seaplane base (Denfeld 1997:23,26). On the ridge 3,000 yards east of the base there were positioned three Type 10 88 mm and two Type 10 120 mm antiaircraft guns. These weapons were destroyed during pre-invasion bombardment of the island (Denfeld 1997:27). On June 15, 1944, the American invasion of Saipan started with the landing of amphibious assault teams on the southwestern beaches. American Marine and Army forces quickly overran the Aslito Airfield facility and then slowly moved northward across the rugged well defended terrain that dominates the central portion of the island. In the early morning of June 18, 1944, soldiers of the Japanese Army’s 1st Battalion, 18th Infantry boarded 35 barges at the Flores base with the intention of landing behind the U.S. lines to the south. This attempt was interrupted with fire from U.S. warships. Thirteen barges were destroyed and the surviving barges returned to Puntan Flores (Denfeld 1997:60). McKinnon and Carrell (2011:92) have proposed that two submerged Japanese Daihatsu landing craft located approximately 2,000 m west of Puntan Flores are likely associated with this event. Following intense bombardment of the Puntan Flores Seaplane Base by American aircraft, warships, and infantry artillery units, the Base was captured by elements of the 27th Infantry Division on July 4, 1944. Remaining Japanese forces retreated northward to form a defensive perimeter in the Tanapag area. The Island of Saipan was finally declared secured on July 9th. Within days of its capture U.S. construction battalions began converting the Puntan Flores base into a U.S. seaplane base (Crowl 1960:442) (Figure 7). This base was officially named U.S. Tanapag Naval Air Base (NAB) which constituted part of the sprawling Camp Calhoun complex which represented a massive logistical supply depot supporting the U.S. war efforts elsewhere in the Pacific. A map of Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 71 Figure 7. Aerial Photo Puntan Flores Base Circa. 1945 (CNMI HPO Library) Figure 8. Photo and Diagram of “MARS” Seaplane 72 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 Saipan based on 1949 aerial photographs (U.S. Army 1952) indicates that a large complex of structures were located along the coast from Puntan Flores north towards Tanapag. The Tanapag NAB facility included aircraft overhaul shops, an accessory overhaul shop, line maintenance facilities, sixty-four seaplane moorings, a traffic control operations tower, and a pistol range (U.S. Army Forces Middle Pacific 1946). Four engine “MARS” seaplanes were used by this base (Figure 8). The base commander, Captain Henry T. Stanley, was a naval aviator who received his wings in 1917 and in 1949-1950 he received the Gray Eagle award for the longest serving naval aviator at that time (Duane Colt Denfeld Personal Communication 2012). The seaplane base was closed in 1949. Saipan was administered by the U.S. Navy until 1951, when it became part of the U.S. Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands administered by the U.S. Department of the Interior. In 1978, the Northern Marianas Islands were given Commonwealth status by the U.S. Congress. Between 1952 and 1962, the Puntan Flores base was used by the U.S. Navy Technical Training Unit (NTTU). It was likely at this time that the area became known as Lower Base. The NTTU command facilities were located above Puntan Flores in the area today known as Capitol Hill. The NTTU is widely believed to have been a Central Intelligence Agency organization involved in the training of Chinese Nationalists guerrillas. In 1970 the Puntan Flores area became the Lower Base Industrial Park (Denfeld 1997:215). In addition to power generation facilities this industrial park eventually contained several government offices, private businesses, and a number of garment factories. Archaeology of Puntan Flores Japanese Seaplane Base The Puntan Flores Japanese Seaplane Base (designated CNMI Site No. SP-1-15-7-0106) was initially investigated in 1987 by personnel from the CNMI Historic Preservation Office. These investigations resulted in the identification of fourteen features including air raid shelters, seaplane ramps, storage bunker, pillbox, cistern, ammunition storage structures, and a destroyed seaplane. Unfortunately, the only remaining copies of this report were destroyed in a fire in 1993. Only a few site forms on file with the CNMI Historic Preservation Office survived (CNMI HPO 1987). Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 73 Figure 9. Photo of Diesel Fuel Cleanup In July 2011, ARCGEO Inc. and Micronesian Archaeological Research Services (MARS) undertook an archaeological assessment of a proposed U.S. Environmental Protection Agency program to cleanup diesel fuel contamination in and around the CUC Power Plants 1 and 2 located on Puntan Flores (DeFant 2011) (Figure 9). ARCGEO and MARS subsequently conducted archaeological monitoring of the contamination cleanup excavations between September 21, 2011, and November 15, 2011(DeFant 2012). The investigations conducted by DeFant (2011; 2012) were largely limited to the contamination remediation excavation areas and consequently did not include the full extent of the Japanese Seaplane Base. Nevertheless, these investigations did identify number features related to this facility both exposed upon the current ground surface and buried underneath the power plant complex. Figure 10 illustrates the backhoe excavated trenches and test pits monitored during the diesel fuel remediation project and Figure 11 illustrates the Japanese Seaplane features identified. The identification of Japanese constructed features, as opposed to post-1944 American features, was particularly challenging. Many of the surviving Japanese structures are easily identifiable due to their similarity with other structures of a 74 ăƒť Marianas History Conference 2012 Figure 10. Map of Trenches and Test Pits Monitored by DeFant (2012) Figure 11. Map of Japanese Military Features Identified Marianas History Conference 2012 ăƒť 75 similar origin. For example, Japanese Military air raid shelters, cisterns, and bunkers at Puntan Flores are virtually identical to extant Japanese structures at Aslito Field on Saipan (Denfeld and Russell 1984). These Japanese Era structures are also relatively easy to identify given the common use during this period of an extremely coarse concrete aggregate covered with a fine concrete veneer and the use of smooth rebar reinforcement as opposed to the ribbed rebar used by the Americans. However, the differentiation of Japanese versus American origins for the seaplane ramps, apron ways, floors, and drainages was more difficult to discern. Superficially the Japanese and American concrete used in these infrastructural features appears virtually identical in color and texture. The Japanese apron ways and seaplane ramp surfaces do nevertheless exhibit a greater degree of erosion representative of their greater age and utilization. Moreover, under magnification the American concrete has a glassy appearance while the Japanese concrete has a pronounced fine grained sandy appearance. Japanese Seaplane Base related archaeological features identified during the investigations conducted by DeFant (2011; 2012) include the North and South Seaplane ramps with associated apron ways, an air raid shelter, a concrete above ground cistern, a concrete pad apparently used as a tie-down for a radio antenna, a subsurface foundation feature related to the North Seaplane Ramp seawall, four concrete drainage features, an ammunition or fuel storage structure, the floor of the North Ramp aircraft hangar, buried portions of the seawall between the ramps, a beer bottle dump feature, an unidentified structural foundation, and a scatter of displaced concrete structural elements. The North and South Seaplane Ramps measure approximately 152 m (500 ft) long by 42 m wide (138 ft) (Figure 12). Extensive repairs to these features presumably by the U.S. Military are evident. The base of the North Ramp was significantly widened by the U.S. Military within a year of capturing the base. Portions of the original Japanese apron ways that extended from the ramp to the hanger facilities are preserved intermittently around the modern power plant facility and between Power Plants 1 and 2 in particular. The Japanese Air Raid Shelter measures 19 m (62 ft.) long, 3.05 m (10 ft.) wide, and 2.0 m (6.5 ft.) high (Figure 13). This structure appears identical to the Japanese Air Raid Shelters preserved at Aslito Field on Saipan. The configuration of this air raid shelter corresponds with what Denfeld (1981:87) described as a Japanese Naval Airfield Shelter. These concrete reinforced structures exhibited three 25 mm thick 76 ăƒť Marianas History Conference 2012 Figure 12. Photo of North Seaplane Ramp (looking west) Figure 13. Photo of Air Raid Shelter (looking east) Marianas History Conference 2012 ăƒť 77 Figure 14. Photo of Cistern (looking east) Figure 15. Photo of Fuel Bunker (looking southwest) 78 ăƒť Marianas History Conference 2012 steel doors with gas locks and observation ports. The Japanese Cistern (Feature 4) is located approximately 4.4 m (14.4 ft) south of the Air Raid Shelter (Feature 3). This circular above ground cistern measures 5.0 m (16.4 ft) in diameter and is 2.35 m (7.7 ft.) high (Figure 14). Both the air raid shelter and the cistern exhibit numerous pock marks indicative of .50 caliber machine gun strafing by attacking U.S. Military aircraft. A Japanese concrete bunker is located approximately 230 m (755 ft.) east of the South Seaplane Ramp. This reinforced concrete structure measures approximately 18 m (60 ft.) long, 12 m (39 ft.) wide and 4 m (13 ft.) high (Figure 15). A set of detailed plan and profile illustrations of this structure dated July 20, 1944, identify it as a gasoline storage building (Figure 16) (CNMI HPO 1987). Originally this building was buried under soil for either camouflage or protection from air attacks. The U.S. Military converted this building into a base for their control tower structure (Figure 17). This structure is currently used for storage of CNMI government records. Figure 16. 1944 Diagram of Fuel Bunker (CNMI HPO 1987) Marianas History Conference 2012 ăƒť 79 Figure 17. Photo of Fuel Bunker Circa. 1944 (looking southwest) Approximately 17 m (55.8 ft.) west of the cistern an irregular piece of concrete, designated Feature 1, was exposed upon the ground surface. This feature measures 3.1 m (10.2 ft.) by 2.4 m (7.8 ft.) (Figure 18). A thick iron hook is set into the concrete near the center of the concrete. The exposed concrete is of a similar color and texture to that exhibited by the Japanese seaplane ramp and cistern feature. A map of the Japanese Seaplane Base (see Figure 5) and aerial photos of the Japanese base published in Life Magazine (Life Magazine 1944) indicate that a radio tower was constructed in this area as part of the Japanese Seaplane Base. This feature was consequently identified as most likely a tie-down for this antenna. Figure 19 illustrates the location of this feature in relation to the air raid shelter and cistern. 80 ăƒť Marianas History Conference 2012 Figure 18. Photo of Concrete Antenna Tie-down (looking west) Figure 19. Photo of Concrete Antenna Tie-down (foreground) Marianas History Conference 2012 ăƒť 81 Feature 2 represents a still functioning north-south drainage feature that runs approximately 140 m (559 ft.) from the edge of the apron behind the North Ramp to an outfall along the south side of the South Ramp. Significant portions of this drainage feature have been paved over. This feature consists of a concrete lined trench covered with removable concrete covers that on average measure 48 cm long, 46 cm wide, and 25 cm thick (Figures 20 and 21). A 10 cm metal pipe runs from the north end of this drainage feature west to the seawall between the two seaplane ramps. Features 3 and 4 are east-west and north-south running segments of drainage located approximately 50 m (164 ft.) east of Feature 1 along the apron that extended inland of the South Seaplane Ramp. Feature 5 is an east-west running drainage located approximately 35 m (115 ft.) south of Feature 4 and extending inland from an outfall south of the South Seaplane Ramp. All of these drainage features appear identical in construction. The full extents of Features 3, 4, and 5 could not be determined since they were either destroyed or covered by modern power plant facilities. The concrete drainages discussed above are remarkably simple yet, wellengineered, and resilient structures features that would have been every effective in channeling rainfall off of the extensive apron ways. Apparently this drainage system was used by U.S. Tanapag NAB Seaplane facilities following the invasion of Saipan in 1944 and continued to be at least partially functioning in the years since. Feature 6 is a small exposed portion of the seawall that links the North and South Seaplane Ramps. The remainder of this seawall is likely preserved underneath fill that has been deposited in this area. Feature 7 is a subsurface pit exposed in both the east and west walls of a diesel fuel recovery remediation that crossed the apron way near the current base of the North Seaplane Ramp. This feature measured approximately 1 m wide and 1.5 m deep (Figure 22). This pit was filled with broken pieces of concrete similar in material and shape to the blocks that form the Japanese wall that defines the margins of both seaplane ramps. Similar pieces of concrete were also noted in the same diesel fuel remediation trench located approximately 25 m (82 ft.) to the north. Comparison of aerial photos taken of the Puntan Flores Base before and after the U.S. invasion in 1944 indicates that the U.S. Military widened the base of the North Seaplane Ramp in this vicinity. It is therefore possible that Feature 7 represents the 82 ăƒť Marianas History Conference 2012 Figure 20. Photo of Drainage Feature (looking south) Figure 21. Photo of Drainage Feature (looking west) Marianas History Conference 2012 ăƒť 83 Figure 22. Photo of Pit Feature (looking east) Figure 23. Photo of Displaced Pieces of Seaplane Ramp 84 ăƒť Marianas History Conference 2012 foundation of the wall that ran along the northern edge of this ramp during the Japanese era. Figure 23 illustrates several displaced pieces of the seaplane ramp wall there were discovered in a trench approximately 15 m north of Feature 7. Feature 8 represents a portion of a concrete floor discovered underneath CUC Fuel Tank 101 following its removal. This floor extends over only the southern portion of the fuel tank foot print and consists of individual adjoining concrete slabs measuring 1.9 m by 1.7 m (Figures 24 and 25). A core test of this concrete feature indicated that it is 24 cm thick. The concrete constituting this floor is identical to samples examined from other Japanese Era features at the site. Considering the location of this feature it appears to represent a portion of the northern side of the Japanese metal hanger structure located behind the North Seaplane Ramp. According to aerial photo interpretation of this structure it measured approximately 120 ft. (36 m) by 120 ft. (36 m) (Joint Intelligence Center 1944). Figure 24. Photo of Hanger Concrete Floor (looking north) Marianas History Conference 2012 ăƒť 85 Figure 25. Photo of Hanger Concrete Floor (looking west) Feature 9 is an unidentified concrete structure identified 65 cm below ground surface in a diesel fuel remediation test pit approximately 28 m (92 ft.) southwest of Feature 8. This concrete feature measures approximately 1.3 m long, 55 cm wide, and 60 cm high (Figure 26). This feature extends into the south wall of the excavation and appears to be a foundation for a structure. It is possible that this feature could represent a foundation located at the southwest corner of the Japanese Hanger structure associated with Feature 8. The distance between this feature and the northern edge of Feature 8 is approximately 36 m which is the estimated width of this structure. Feature 10 is a concentration of Japanese bottles recovered from a diesel fuel remediation trench approximately 35 m (115 ft) south of Feature 8 and 26 m (85 ft.) east of Feature 9. A total of 15 bottles were recovered from approximately 1 m below ground surface. It is assumed that these bottles were buried in a trash pit although no such feature was identified. Of the 15 bottles recovered nine appear to be beer bottles embossed with “KIRIN BREWERY CO, LTD” (Figure 27); three are Dainippon Brewery Co. Ltd. Beer bottles; two are milk bottles embossed with “守山文化牛乳-Shuzan Bunka Gyunyu” (Shuzan Culture Milk) and 意匠登録- Isho Toroku (Design Right). One bottle is embossed with “レートフード-Reeto Fuudo” on one side and “LAIT FOOD” on the other side. 86 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 Figure 26. Photo of Unidentified Feature (looking south) Figure 27. Photo of Japanese Kirin Beer Bottle Marianas History Conference 2012 ăƒť 87 In addition to the features mentioned above, the northern shoreline of Puntan Flores exhibits the scattered displaced concrete structural remains representative of one or more structures. One of appears to have been a small fortified structure likely to have been used for either observation or light arms defense. Conclusions The archaeological investigations summarized above included only a very limited portion of what originally constituted the Japanese Seaplane Base at Puntan Flores. The features identified include only those obvious structures (i.e. seaplane ramps, apron ways, air raid shelter, cistern, fuel bunker, drains) in the immediate vicinity of CUC Power Plant facilities and those buried features uncovered during the limited diesel fuel contamination excavations illustrated in Figure 10. Without question many more features associated with this base are located to the east of this study area as well as underneath the existing power plant facilities. What the investigations conducted to-date illustrate is that a significant portion of this historic site has survived. Further effort should also be directed towards locating Japanese documentary sources related to the Puntan Flores Seaplane Base. The majority of the documentary sources cited in this article come from U.S. Military Intelligence sources that are incomplete particularly in regard to the period before 1944. These future research efforts should also include an effort to elaborate on the role of Saipanâ€™s indigenous population in the construction and maintenance of the seaplane facility. The high quality of construction evident in the features associated with the Japanese Seaplane Base at Puntan Flores are in sharp contrast to the hastily built, expedient, fortifications that the Japanese Military constructed on Saipan starting in early 1944 (Denfeld 1988). The U.S. Navy forces that occupied Puntan Flores beginning in 1944 obviously recognized the quality of this construction, despite the damage from repeated bombardment, and chose to repair and use as much of these Japanese facilities as was possible. The Puntan Flores Japanese Seaplane Base played a significant role in both the 20th Century history of Saipan and the WWII Pacific War. It is hoped that further investigations will be conducted to identify extant features associated with this site and if possible preserve them for possible interpretive development. Interpretive development of the seaplane ramp features, air raid shelter, cistern, and bunker 88 ăƒť Marianas History Conference 2012 structures is strongly recommended given the importance of this site to the people of Saipan and the potential for heritage tourism on Saipan. Acknowledgements In conducting the archaeological survey, monitoring, and feature recording fieldwork tasks associated with the Puntan Flores investigations I had the pleasure of working with Archaeologists Travis Takashi Miyagi and Tsutomu Miyagi of ARCGEO. Susan Camacho of ARCGEO and Judy Amesbury of MARS were also of great assistance in supporting our fieldwork endeavors. Environmental Protection Agency on-Scene Coordinators Michelle Rogow and Chris Reiner were very supportive of our work and were of invaluable assistance. I’d also like to thank EPA Hydrologist Dr. Terrence Johnson. Bryan Chernick, Pam Marcyes and the entire crew of Environmental Quality Management, Inc. were also of tremendous assistance with the fieldwork investigations. Adam Smith and Chis Myers of Ecology & Environment, Inc. provided GPS data for the features identified. In researching the documentary history of the Puntan Flores Base, I am particularly indebted to Duane Colt Denfeld, Historian with Fort Lewis Army Base, who took the trouble to search his files and send me invaluable information regarding the Japanese and American Seaplane Bases. I would also like to thank Wakako Higuchi, who generously shared with me her research regarding the Puntan Flores Seaplane Base. Travis Takashi Miyagi described and translated the Japanese bottles recovered and Darlene Moore of MARS analyzed the prehistoric pottery recovered. Juan Diego Camacho and Mertie Kanai of the CNMI Historic Preservation Office generously shared their information regarding the history of the Puntan Flores area and provided me with copies of informative photographs included in their files. Max Simian of CUC provided a great deal of information regarding the Japanese Era features at Puntan Flores and also shared some historic photos of the area. Scott Russell of the CNMI Humanities Council, Sam McPhetres of Northern Marianas College, Jason Burns of SEARCH, and Geoffrey Mohlman of SEARCH were also of assistance in this research. References Bowers, N.M. 1950 Problems of Resettlement on Saipan, Tinian, and Rota. Ph.D. Dissertation. University Microfilms. Ann Arbor, Michigan. Clyde, P.H. 1935 Japan’s Pacific Mandate. Chapters 9 and 10, pp. 133-158. Port Washington, New York: Kennikat Press, Inc. Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 89 CNMI HPO 1987 Site SP-1-15-7-0106 CNMI Site Register Forms. On file with CNMI Historic Preservation Office, Saipan. Crowl, P.A. 1960 Campaign in the Marianas. Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, United States Army. DeFant D.G. 2011 Archaeological Assessment Report, Petroleum Contamination Remediation Project, CUC Power Plants 1 and 2, Lower Base, Island of Saipn, CNMI. ARCGEO report on file with CNMI Historic Preservation Office. 2012 Archaeological Monitoring Report, Petroleum Contamination Remediation Project, CUC Power Plants 1 and 2, Lower Base, Island of Saipan, CNMI. ARCGEO report on file with CNMI Historic Preservation Office. Denfeld, D.C. 1992 Japanese World War II Fortifications and Other Military Structures in the Central Pacific Micronesian Archaeological Survey Report Number 9 Division of Historic Preservation Saipan. 1997 Hold the Marianas: The Japanese Defense of the Mariana Islands. White Mane Publishing Company, Inc. Shippensburg, PA. Denfeld, D.C., and S. Russell 1984 Home of the Superfort: A Historical and Archaeological Survey of Isley Field. Micronesian Archaeological Survey. Higuchi, W. 2012 Nan’yō Kōhatsu in the Marianas: The Sugar Industry during the Japanese Administration. Paper delivered at the First Marianas History Conference held on June 15-16, 2012 on the island of Saipan, CNMI. Joint Intelligence Center 1944 Bulletin JP-13, 66-44, Target Survey Saipan, Pacific Ocean Area. Life Magazine 1944 Published and Unpublished photographs of Tanapag Japanese Seaplane Base taken in June 1944. Gettyimages. McKinnon J. and T.L. Carrell 2011 Saipan WWII Invasion Beaches Underwater Heritage Trail National Park Service, American Battlefield Protection Program, Washington, DC. Peattie, M.R. 1988 Nan’yo: The Rise and Fall of the Japanese in Micronesia, 1885-1945. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press. 90 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 Russell, S. l988 A Land Use History of Punton Muchot, Puerto Rico and Saddok Tasi Areas, Saipan, Northern Mariana Islands. Spennemann, D.H.R. 2000 Japanese Sea Plane Operations in the Marshall Islands. Johnstone Centre of Parks, Recreation and Heritage, Charles Sturt University, Albury. This article first appeared in the Marshall Islands Journal on 25 December 1992. United States Air Force 1944 Military Intelligence Photographic Interpretation Report #68, 573. On file, National Archives and Records Administration II, College Park, MD. Record Group 341, Entry 217. United States Army 1953 Special Photographic Map of Saipan (1:20,000 scale). Prepared by the 64th Engineer Battalion, based on photographs taken in 1949. US Army Map Service. Map on file at the Hamilton Library, University of Hawaii and the CNMI-HPO Office on Saipan. U.S. Army Forces Middle Pacific 1946 Base Facilities, Vol. 1, Guam, Saipan, Tinian, Iwo Jima. United States Geological Survey (USGS) 1984 Topographic Map of the Island of Saipan, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Unitied States Department of the Interior Geological Survey. Yanaihara, T. 1940 Pacific Islands Under Japanese Mandate, A Report in the International Research Series of the Institute of Pacific Relations. London and New York: Oxford University Press. Marianas History Conference 2012 ăƒť 91 --David G. DeFant was born and raised in Michiganâ€™s Upper Peninsula along the southern shore of Lake Superior. DeFant has been involved in archaeological research for over 35 years, including 24 years living and working in Micronesia. He received his BA from Northern Michigan University, an MA in Anthropology/Archaeology from Western Michigan University, and completed his class work and qualifying exams for a PhD in Archaeology at Southern Illinois University. He served as chief archaeologist for the government historic preservation programs in the Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Islands, the Republic of Palau, and American Samoa. His experience also includes archaeological investigations in Michigan, Illinois, Mississippi, Arkansas, South Dakota, Guam, Rota, Saipan, Tinian, Palau, Diego Garcia (Indian Ocean), and Okinawa, Japan. Since November 2011, DeFant has served as Principal Investigator and Office Manager for Southeastern Archaeological Research Inc. (SEARCH) on Guam. 92 ăƒť Marianas History Conference 2012 Indigenous Memories of the Japanese Occupation and the War in Guam By Ryu Arai Graduate School of Social Sciences, Hitotsubashi University, Tokyo, Japan [email protected] Currently there are several memorial services and ceremonies for the victims of the Japanese occupation and World War II (WWII) in Guam every July. For instance, there are memorial services at Manenggon Valley, the site of a Chamorro concentration camp, and the celebratory events of “Liberation Day”. On December 8, 1941 Guam was bombed by Japanese military aircraft. Two days later Japanese military forces landed, overtook and occupied Guam. The Japanese occupation of Guam lasted for two years and eight months. Then on July 21, 1944, U.S. forces landed on Guam and the battle for Guam began. In post war Guam, “July 21” became the day where the “liberation” of Guam from the Japanese occupation is celebrated. In this presentation, I will outline the indigenous memories of the Japanese occupation and WWII in Guam. I will also examine the representation of these memories in various events and survivors’ stories. Specifically, I would like to pay particular attention to the way memories of the Japanese occupation and the war are passed down through these events and stories. For that reason, it is important to take into account the political circumstances in post war Guam. These circumstances have had an effect on current war memories. An analysis of the political relations between Guam and the U.S. is also significant for observing the representation of the Japanese occupation and the war in Guam. First of all, I will explain the circumstances of Chamorros in the end of the Japanese occupation and the war. In the last days of the Japanese occupation, Japanese forces were gradually forced into a corner because the war turned against Japan. The situation of the Japanese troops in Guam was also getting worse, which brought about brutalities and atrocities toward the indigenous people of Guam. Japanese soldiers took food from Chamorro people to feed the troops, and Chamorro people were forced to move to concentration camps set up by the Japanese military forces. In books about the general history of such as “Guam, A Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 93 Complete History of Guam,” “Destiny’s Landfall” and “Guahan Guam”, authors said that most Chamorros were forced to walk a very long and rugged way to concentration camps 1. Manenggon Valley was the one of the major camps. Moreover, at Tinta, Faha, Fena, Chagui’an and other places, pro-American Chamorros and other young Chamorro men were killed by Japanese forces because of the potential threat of secret communication with U.S. forces. The Japanese military headquarters in Guam could not communicate with the Japanese forces in Saipan during that time. U.S. forces would be upon them soon and they became nervous about the landing of the U.S. military forces. That’s why the brutalities and atrocities by the Japanese military forces occurred frequently in the end of the occupation. On July 21, 1944, the U.S. military forces landed on Guam and then the battle against the Japanese military forces continued for about 20 days. The U.S. forces “reoccupied” Guam on August 10, 1941. As I explained above, memorial services and ceremonies take place in Guam every July since WWII was over. As an example of the memorial services given for the people who suffered and died in the Japanese occupation of Guam and the war I would like to describe the Manenggon Memorial Service. I visited Guam in July 2011 and observed memorial services and ceremonies including the one at Manenggon. Two important points for considering how the passing on of war memories come to mind. Firstly, I want to describe the people who took part in the memorial services which may be reflected by the society on Guam. A variety of participants were there, such as the survivors of the Manenggon concentration camp, senators of the Guam Legislature, U.S. military officers, Japanese officials and voluntary Japanese who live in Guam, and many others. I thought it remarkable that such a variety of people participated in the memorial for Chamorros who suffered and died in the concentration camp. The memorial service consisted of several parts including a torch lighting, reflections by survivors, a memorial mass, laying of wreaths and other such things. 1 Carano, Paul & Sanchez, Pedro C., A Complete History of Guam, the Charles E. Tuttle, 1964, pp. 286-288.; Sanchez, Pedro C., Guahan Guam: The History of our Island, Sanchez Publishing House, 1987, pp.220-223, pp.227-228.; Rogers, Robert F., Destiny’s Landfall: A History of Guam, University of Hawai’i Press, 1995, pp.171-172. 94 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 Manenggon Memorial Service Manenggon Memorial Service Marianas History Conference 2012 ăƒť 95 It is notable that the Consul General of Japan and other Japanese voluntary groups attended the memorial service in recent years. Secondly, I will describe the reflections of the survivors who experienced the internment at Manenggon. The service took place exactly where the Chamorro people suffered so they spoke about their experiences in the same place where it happened. It would be easy for survivors to recall their own situation in those days but in their narrative during the memorial service they spoke of the experiences of many people who were at the camp showing that these memories are being passed down. When we listened to them telling their stories in front of an audience, it helped turn our thoughts to the real experiences behind the narrative. As the example above shows, all sorts of practices were done with regard to preserving and passing on war memories in Guam. In addition, I would like to describe the representation of “Liberation Day” in Guam, especially the Liberation Parade. In post war Guam, “July 21” became the day to celebrate the “liberation” of Guam from the Japanese occupation. A big parade is held, and quite a number of people take part in the event. There are themes of the celebrating “Liberation Day” every year, for example, the theme of 2011 Liberation Day is “Our Man’amko…Our Legacy”2 . Here is a list of others from recent years: Year 2 “Man’amko” is Chamorro language, and it means the elder in English. 96 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 Guam Liberation Day Parade Float in the Guam Liberation Day Parade Marianas History Conference 2012 ăƒť 97 There are a variety of floats in the parade, and it is also significant to remark all kinds of people participated in the Liberation Parade such as the survivors who suffered in the occupation and the war, the Governor and senators of Guam, the personnel of Guam National Guard and the U.S. military forces, the personnel of government agencies and other groups and people. In particular, it is interesting to take notice of the “Liberation Queen”. I suppose that the “Liberation Queen” is not just a winner of a beauty contest because the candidates of the contest often join the memorial services and ceremonies as to the occupation and the WWII in Guam. It suggests that there might be some kind of relationship between the contest and the passing on of war memories. In conclusion, I would like to point out that the surviving war memories could be influenced by the political circumstances of Guam particularly given the fact of the large presence of U.S. military forces on Guam. As I mentioned before, the personnel of Guam National Guard and the U.S. military forces take part in the memorial services for Chamorros who suffered and died in the wartime and the events of “Liberation Day”. On the one hand, U.S. troops might be seen as “the liberator” in Guam, but on the other hand, they took about one third of the island from the Chamorro people to use as military land soon after the war. U.S. Navy and Air Force bases have continued to occupy the land of Chamorros until now. In short, we can’t know the issue of surviving war memories in Guam without paying close attention to the U.S. military forces still on Guam. In addition, more examples are needed to better analyze preserving and surviving war memories in Guam in a future study as there are complicated circumstances involved in this issue. 98 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 --Ryu Arai was born in Nagano Prefecture, Japan in 1988. Arai is a Masterâ€™s graduate student at Hitotsubashi University in Japan studying Pacific history, U.S. history and Japanese modern history. In March 2010, Arai received a BA in social sciences at Shimane University in Japan, and was admitted to Hitotsubashi University in April 2010. Arai has conducted research about the indigenous memories of the Japanese occupation and the Asia-Pacific War on Guam, examining Chamorro perspectives toward the occupation and the war. As an undergraduate student at Shimane University, the consideration was about the relation between Guam and Japan, but it is not enough to understand the situation on Guam during wartime and the postwar period. Therefore, Arai will also discuss the tripartite relation between Guam, Japan and the United States. Marianas History Conference 2012 ăƒť 99 100 ăƒť Marianas History Conference 2012 “The Scene of Liberation” By Michael Lujan Bevacqua University of Guam [email protected] HACHA – We Are War Stories “We are shaped by war stories” is the beginning line of Chamorro writer Victoria Leon Guerrero’s short story Of a Tree of People. It is a statement that illustrates well the position of Chamorros today in relation to both their history and the United States.1 World War II is the most traumatic and impactful event in recent Chamorro history. Analyzing it can help us understand so much of the ways that Chamorros exists today. The past 114 years of Chamorro history are divided into two epochs “antes di gera” and “despues di gera”2 attesting to its primacy in shaping how Chamorros see the present and the past. World War II thus becomes “the war” and can be invoked as a single word reply to answering any number of Guam history questions related to land, military service, military bases, the Chamorro social calendar, Chamorro identity and the identity of Guam itself. This importance of this historical moment does not however necessarily lead to a nuanced understanding of it. As such World War II in Guam continues to be the most researched, most recalled, most recounted, but as I would argue, the least understood moment in Guam history. As an object of history it is something that is hypervisible and hypervisceral, eliciting a flood of emotions and responses arranged in a very narrow spectrum. Hypervisibility refers to the how the representation of something can appear to be secure and obvious, and that it feels as if interpreting it in an alternative way is surely impossible.3 This is the paradox that so many communities face about their relationships to the foundational events that create them. While there is a constant need to return to the event, to understand it and to connect it to the present moment, there is also a need to not analyze it too much; because of the ways it may conflict with the 1 Leon Guerrero, V. (2008). Of a Tree of People. Unpublished Master’s Thesis: Mills College. 2 Vicente M. Diaz, “Deliberating “Liberation Day”: Identity, History, Memory and War in Guam,” Perilous Memories: The Asia Pacific War(s). T. Fujitani, Geoffrey M. White and Lisa Yoneyama Eds., (Duke University Press, Durham, North Carolina, 2001). 3 Yen Le Espiritu, “The ‘We-Win-Even-When-We-Lose’ Syndrome: U.S. Press Coverage of the Twenty-Fifth Anniversary of the ‘Fall of Saigon’,” American Quarterly, (58:2), June 2006, 329-352. Natalia Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 101 identities that people accept as natural today.4 While Leo Tolstoy did once note “Happy people have no history” the argument that ignorance can be bliss only extends so far. The downside to a lack of knowledge or understanding of one’s history is that it can leave you vulnerable and weak for manipulation. Those who don’t know where they come from are easily susceptible in believing whatever historical narrative best fits with their historical expectations. In Guam, I would argue that Chamorros exist in one such relationship to their World War II history. It is something that is constantly discussed and invoked, but because of the way it is not truly understood people often find themselves only celebrating or remembering certain aspects and completely missing others. This leads to a very skewed representation of the World War II experience, in particular Liberation Day, which leads to the contemporary identities of Chamorros being skewed as well.5 In order to achieve a greater understanding of the relationship between World War II as a historical event and Chamorros today, we must go beyond the recounting of events and the collecting of interviews. We must go past the sorts of methodologies that treat it as just a simple historical happening. We must extend the analysis into the realm of unintended effects and unexpected influences. We have to instead see it as something hegemonic, or something that has risen to the point where we do not only influence it, but it can be considered to have a force of its own. For an event such as World War II in Guam we need to perceive the network of discursive ties that don’t only affect those who were present at that time, but can continue to shape the meaning for generations after. In this essay I would like to analyze Guam’s liberation or the American reoccupation in 1944 as not just any historical moment, and not even just as a historical moment that is very significant, but rather one that achieves a new level of ideological salience in Chamorro life. I would argue that the American return to Guam in 1944 has become central in the ways in which political and identity based articulations amongst Chamorros are determined. It is for that reason that I like to refer to a certain stereotypical or prototypical image of July 21st, 1944 as not just any moment, but rather a scene, or to be precise a scene of liberation. As such it is 4 Ernest Renan, “What is a Nation?” The Nation and Narration, Homi K. Bhabha (ed). (London: Routledge, 1990), 8-22. Homi K. Bhabha, The Location of Culture, (London: Routledge, 2004). 5 Michael Lujan Bevacqua, These May or May Not Be Americans: The Patriotic Myth and Hijacking of Chamorro History on Guam, (M.A. Thesis, University of Guam, 2004). 102 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 something which goes far beyond simply influencing Chamorros or creating in a historical sense who they are today, but actually help provide the limits for their identity and their ability to see the past, present and future. HUGUA – Meet Me in Mannengon The scene in question is a familiar one to most on Guam. It has been recounted in so many ways and through so many voices. Each year in the month of July, the island cobbles together the scattered memories of thousands of Chamorro survivors to re-create this emotionally charged scene. It is one that few can leave behind without feeling affected in some way, especially for those whose family members experienced it. I find the most comprehensive description of it comes from Chamorro scholar Laura Souder Betances in her article “Psyche Under Siege,” Drenched by heavy rains, up to their ankles in mud, heads bowed low, spirits sagging, the Chamorros at Manengon, Maimai, Tai, Talofofo, and Inarajan were desperately clinging to a last ray of hope. In the silence of the night, Pete Rosario began to sing several lines of a song he had composed – ‘Sam, Sam, my dear Uncle Sam, won’t you please come back to Guam.’ It was 1944; the Japanese Imperial Forces had occupied Guam for nearly three years. The brutalities and atrocities of a cruel war on an innocent people had taken their toll…The Japanese herded Chamorros in long arduous marches into concentration camps. Many died. Exhausted, vulnerable, weakened by malnourishment and disease, the Chamorros waited like sheep. Prayers were answered in that rain-soaked month of July with the second coming of dear old Uncle Sam. Sam came back with thousands of troops to reclaim ‘our land’ for democracy. The joys of ‘liberation’ were sweet. Chamorro survivors of World War II embraced all that was American with overwhelming gratitude and profound respect. Uncle Sam and his men were worshipped as heroes, and rightfully so. No one who lived through the tyranny of the Japanese occupation went unscathed. Survival became synonymous with American Military Forces. …Uncle Sam brought freedom from the Japanese. Yes, he brought food to the hungry: K-rations like spam, corned beef, cheese, pork and beans, bacon, powdered eggs, and powdered milk – some of which have become island staples. Yes, he brought medicines to the sick and rebuilt the hospitals and clinics to minister to the health needs of the people. Yes, he Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 103 brought clothes to the needy through the American Red Cross, a welcome relief to most whose only wardrobe consisted of the clothing on their backs. Yes, he provided shelter to the homeless, first pup tents and Quonset housing, and then wooden houses with tin roofs. Yes, he built schools and provided jobs.6 Not all Chamorros experienced the liberation of Guam in the same way. The majority of Chamorros were taken to Mannengon and other concentration camps, but the point of this analysis is not to deal with the specific historical details. A scene is not a historically accurate depiction of a moment, but a combination of discursive forces and historical fragments that creates something that becomes more real than the historical reality. Even if a Chamorro in World War II was not given Spam or powdered milk by US Marines and was not taken to a concentration camp and then looked into the faces of beaming, larger than life liberators, the moment of Chamorro desperation and American liberation described above still holds sway over their memories and their identities. Even for those who weren’t there, this particular moment feels the most real and the most potent, even if it wasn’t how your grandparents or parents experienced it or oversimplifies things greatly. TULU – Chatliberation Day - June 20, 1898 In order to better understand the ways in which a particular moment, such as July 21st, 1944 might become elevated into a scene, we can compare it to other historically important moments in Guam History. The two most likely contenders would be first the American takeover from Spain in 1898 and the passage of the Organic Act in 1950. In this context we should recall that an event is only as important as the discourse that surrounds it. If something happens but no active discourse forms to give it permanence, then even if a gathering of historians might judge it to be significant, the potential meaning will be stifled. It may to most people, mean little or nothing and have no effect on how they understand or navigate the world. Both the Spanish American War and the Organic Act passage are moments that you could argue are more significant in the formal process by which Chamorros become part of the United States. The first event is when the territory of Guam is first acquired by the United States. The second is an event whereby Chamorros, 6 Laura Torres Souder, “Psyche Under Siege: Uncle Sam, Look What You’ve Done to Us.” Sustainable Development or Malignant Growth? (Suva, Fiji. Marama Publications, 1994), 193-194. 104 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 who had been US nationals with no rights, governed by an autocratic US military regime for close to 50 years were at last afforded US citizenship and a local civilian government. They represent the beginning and the end of the American colonial period of Guam History, an era where the United States Navy ruled the island through an autocratic one-man regime and Chamorros had no rights and were subject to any whim of a Naval Governor.7 In the first 50 years of American control over Guam the 32 months of Japanese occupation and the devotion that Chamorros felt for the United States were exceptional feelings. In truth Chamorros regarded the United States with a cautious distance, understanding clearly that while their colonizer could offer them some things, it was not offering them inclusion, it was not offering them a chance to be Americans.8 While both of these events are foundational in terms of creating the relationship that Chamorros have with the US today, the amount of discourse that exists to sustain their significance pales in comparison to that of World War II. The Organic Act has no holiday for it and there was never any concerted attempt to gain the oral history of Chamorros who experienced the American takeover in June of 1898. In everyday speech, neither of these events carries the same rhetorical weight as Liberation Day. They are both regarded as significant, but Chamorros are not familiar with the actual structure of these events, while they can easily recount the suffering of their ancestors in concentration camps, their tears drowned by the rain, waiting for America’s return. In his article “Red, Whitewash and Blue: Painting Over the Chamorro Experience” former Guam Congressman and scholar Robert Underwood discusses how part of the elevation of Liberation Day to such an important event in Guam History is due to the fact that it provides both vibrantly positive group meaning (Chamorros as a people suffered and survived together) as well as exciting heroic meaning (Chamorros are heroes because they survived and didn’t give up hope).9 The fact that Chamorros can claim to have participated in World War II and Liberation Day is the fundamental difference between the Spanish American War and the passage of the Organic Act. 7 Robert Rogers, Destiny’s Landfall A History of Guam. (University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, 1999). 8 Penelope Bordallo Hofschneider, Campaign for Political Rights on the Island of Guam, 1898-1950. (CNMI Division of Historic Preservation, Saipan, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, 2001). 9 Robert Underwood, “Red, Whitewash and Blue: Painting over the Chamorro Experience,” Pacific Daily News, 17 July 1977, 6-8. Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 105 Both of these are unilateral expressions of power and meaning. The US acted and Guam was changed as a result. The events do not create the impression of Chamorros being a true and active part of the United States, but instead reinforce the idea that they are an object of American power; or in other words, just a territory to be governed and managed. They are inspiring moments only if you assume that the goal of Chamorro life is to be somehow attached to the United States, in whatever way possible. Outside of this there is not much to celebrate. World War II offers a very different set of discursive variables that can allow Chamorros to feel as if they made important contributions and that they should be recognized by others for their suffering and endurance. Chamorros are heroic, Americans are heroic, it is like an action movie in which romance happens to quickly so fast, it is objectively almost silly to watch, but is so conventional and in a way understandable because of the intensity of their short lived love.10 Given the comfortable way in which Chamorro sees themselves as inseparable from the United States, it feels almost lurid to recall how it was not always so. As Robert Underwood reminds us in his article “Teaching Guam History in Guam High Schools,” “The Chamorro people were not Americans, did not see themselves as American-in-waiting, and probably did not care much about being American.”11 Chamorros overcame this pre-World War II reticence for many reasons. In this context what is central is the narrative that they supported the United States in its liberation of Guam, and that their loyalty empowered and aided in the efforts. This means that there is a very clear and very inspiring place for Chamorros in the commemoration of World War II. They were not mere bystanders or cheerleaders, but they were serious, albeit minor actors. Chamorros suffered, power was exercised upon them, but this trauma could also be transformed into “sacrifice” and it could be used to argue that Chamorros had given up their very lives for the United States. This aspect allowed Chamorros to use their war experiences to draw attention to themselves in ways the other two events disallow. Chamorros could invoke their suffering gi i Tiempon Chapones and insist on being respected or recognized. Underwood further argues that this patriotism and loyalty became a “hammer” 10 Bevacqua, These May or May Not… 11 Robert Underwood, “Teaching Guam’s History in Guam High Schools,” in Guam History Perspectives, ed. Lee Carter, Rosa Carter, William Wuerch (University of Guam, Mangilao, Guam, 1997), 7. 106 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 through which Chamorros could obtain political rights and access to US Federal programs.12 Because they were loyal and suffered for the US they deserved to be treated more favorably than just any backwater colony. Elite Chamorros, business, political and social leaders worked hard to ensure that the return of the US military in 1944 was remembered in a particularly patriotic way, and few Chamorros publicly chose to challenge that.13 FATFAT– The Chenchule’ Fallacy Thus we come to the present moment where Liberation Day is a collage of parades, carnivals, beauty queens, community pride, family barbecues and local reason #1 why someone on Guam might be proud to be an American. This centralization of this historical moment in the forming of contemporary Chamorro identity has numerous effects, some of which are more obvious than others. The power of commemoration is that it can force a community to constantly return to a historical moment and eventually that moment will achieve a certain venerable force simply because it exists. People will respect it and commemorate simply because they are expected to; this holiday, this memorial exists and so it must be important. The way that a historical moment is wrapped in discourse is so important however, in helping shape what sort of identity based assumptions people take from that event, even when they are not actively commemorating it. As already stated, the key is not the event itself, but always the discourse that gives it meaning.14 If for example July 21st of each year was celebrated by the island as “reoccupation day” then it could clearly be important, but the method of commemoration would most likely change. Instead of it being an event where the United States triumphantly returns to save the Chamorro people, it would be an event that recognizes how the US return was predicated primarily on defeating the Japanese and reacquiring their territory of Guam. If this was the case it is possible that Reoccupation Day would still compel Chamorros to assume identities that are “grateful” but most likely not ones that are “loyal.” 12 Patchen Markell, Bound by Recognition, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003). 13 Underwood, “Red, Whitewash and Blue…” 14 Keith Lujan Camacho, Cultures of Commemoration: The Politics of War, Memory and History in the Mariana Islands, (Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Hawai’i, Manoa, 2005). Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 107 To paraphrase Chamorro Studies scholar Vince Diaz, Liberation Day is covered with a “thick veneer” of meaning.15 On the surface it appears to be a very simple celebration. This is only true however at first glance. When one looks more closely it is difficult not to see the mass of complexity and contradiction in the event and how it is commemorated. The problem however is that the simplistic veneer often helps keep the event unanalyzed. The enthusiastic ways in which Chamorros celebrate Liberation Day obscure much about the nature of the event itself. As Chamorros are not forced to celebrate the day or compelled by any outside force to remember July 21st 1944 in a certain way, it is easy to assume that it is unnecessary to give it any extra critical thought. Chamorros are willing, gleeful participants in this commemoration, what is there is analyze when clearly the thousands that show up for each parade are the answer? In her article “Psyche Under Siege” Laura Souder Betances argues that Chamorros become attached to the US and to Uncle Sam through their war experience by integrating their experiences into their existing cultural beliefs dealing with reciprocity. For her the return of the US was understood through the Chamorro concept of chenchule’. According to Guampedia, the most comprehensive online resource for information on Chamorro and Guam history: Chenchule’ refers to the intricate system of social reciprocity at the heart of ancient and contemporary Chamorro society. Chenchule’ is a support system of exchange in which families express their care and concern for each other, as well as a sense of obligation to each other while working together to help each family meet its needs. It signifies the core Chamorro value of mutuality expressed in innumerable ways and is meant to sustain the integrity of the Chamorro family and community. Chenchule’ is further rooted in the core value of inafa’maolek that promotes interdependence within the community so as to provide for the well-being of the whole, rather than that of the individual.16 15 Vicente M. Diaz, Repositioning the Missionary: Rewriting the Histories Colonialism, Native Catholicism, and Indigeneity in Guam, (Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2010), 27. 16 Kelly G. Marsh, MA and Julian Aguon, ' Chenchule’: Social Reciprocity', referenced August 1, 2012, © 2009 Guampedia™, URL: http://guampedia.com/chenchule/ 108 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 This definition gives us a sense of the epistemological underpinnings of chenchule’, but the Department of Chamorro Affairs in their Hale’-ta series, provides a much more direct characterization. Chenchule’ refers to “assistance given to a person or family in the form of money or appropriate items for the occasion.”17 Chenchule’ is something that follows Chamorros as they conduct their social lives. It is a living memory of aid given and received in times of scarcity and plentitude that is meant to help sustain the relationships between people. If you help a neighbor or a relative clear a field for planting, at some point in the future there is an expectation that this action will later be reciprocated in some way. The focus of this system is not on the debts however, but the need to maintain the relationships between the actors and benefactors. In this way it might seem appropriate to invoke the metaphor of chenchule’ in order to understand why Chamorros invest so much energy in commemorating and celebrating Liberation Day. The return of the Americans in 1944 was a gift through which Chamorros and the United States establish a clear reciprocal bond that endures up until today. Liberation Day was such a massive form of help that it might appear to break the system. The favor was so enormous and monumental that it was a debt that could not be repaid through the simple clearing of lands, the thatching of a roof or a check in an envelope at a christening. It required so much more. In the years since World War II, Chamorros appeared ready and willing to give up everything in order to satisfy this debt. In exchange for their salvation from the Japanese, Chamorros dramatically changed themselves and their island in order to maintain this new relationship. They started to give things up in order to prove their Americaness. Language, land, culture, life, family, were amongst the many things that were sacrificed on the altar of postwar Americaness. The problem with the explaining of Liberation Day and its influence on postwar Guam through the context of chenchule’, is the misleading way it confuses the concept. Chenchule’ is not akin to owing your entire life and being to someone. It is not the sort of debt in which another owns your life. Although some people strive for proportionality in their chenchule’ exchanges, it is not necessary. If someone saves your life, it does not mean you owe him or her your life. If someone gives you a thousand dollars it is not as if you must pay back the exact amount. The 17 Department of Chamorro Affairs Research, Publication, and Training Division. Chamorro Heritage: A Sense of Place; Guidelines, Procedures and Recommendations For Authenticating Chamorro Heritage. Hagåtña: Department of Chamorro Affairs Research, Publication, and Training Division, 2003. Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 109 chenchule’ system creates equals through the exchanges, even if one is richer or more fortunate than the other. The gifts that one gives do not make them better, even if they are superior or exceptional. And at the same time the ability to give a massive present does not make the recipient subordinate. There are exchanges of money, resources and aid, but the connections and not the power relations are the focus. It is not meant to make you forever indebted, in the sense of chaining you to a particular gift, but rather that the regular reciprocating of gifts will establish an enduring tie that will hopefully bind families together even unto the next generation. If we examine the ways in which Liberation Day is articulated, and what it means for Chamorros and their attachment to the United States; the way it is cited by Chamorros as being the reason for military service, patriotism, loyalty and fear of decolonization, we that a particular gift and a particular debt endure and that the relationship is not allowed to move past it, even multiple generations later. The idea that Chamorros would somehow eternally be indebted to the US is an affront to the idea of chenchule’. If we were the translate the enormity of the Liberation Day chenchule’ metaphor into more everyday interactions, it would akin to someone helping you at a party and they help you so much that you decide to abolish your own family and become part of theirs. In concluding this section although chenchule’ can help us understand some parts of the power that Liberation Day has over Chamorro life and their identities, it is still insufficient and potentially misleading. LIMA – Ma Satba HIT pat Ma Satba HAM After having established the importance of this moment and reviewed some of the literature that has helped us understand it over the years, we can now start to analyze it as a “scene.” The notion of a scene comes from psychoanalysis.18 It is something first articulated by Sigmund Freud in his attempts to describe the ways in which people experience certain foundational moments in their growth, and that their identities will remain attached to that scene even after it is far in their past.19 A scene is not a literal moment, but rather the way in which a certain particular historical moment achieves a certain valorized character and can end up feeling 18 Sigmund Freud, The Interpretation of Dreams, (Madison, NC: Empire Books, 2011). 19 Slavoj Zizek, Looking Awry: An Introduction to Jacques Lacan through Popular Culture, (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991). 110 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 more real than the reality of the history it is meant to represent. It becomes reduced to a series of elements that draw people into them, even if they didn’t experience them themselves. The scene remains hegemonic in the sense that it plays a central role in structuring meaning for subjects that are attached to it. As such it is always something that you are required to return to and you are unconsciously compelled to articulate your identity in relation to that scene. The way that scene is understood and interpreted become the spectrum from which you can act in reasonable and rational and irrational and maladjusted ways. Even though it happened several generations ago, there are ways that you could argue it is still here with us and that Chamorros are forced to constantly refer to that scene in order express themselves and make statements which those around will interpret as acceptable.20 I first began to consider the effects of this historical moment as more than just a moment after an exchange I had with an elderly Chamorro man, a survivor of World War II. While talking about his experiences of surviving the war and his gratitude to the US he made a seemingly normal statement about the US saving him and other Chamorros, “Ma satba hit.” Translated, it means, “they (the Americans) saved us (from the Japanese).” This sort of sentiment is common, it is a common mantra from those who experienced Japanese brutality and looked upon the arriving American troops as saviors. But there is one interesting feature of this statement that may go unnoticed by most, and allows me to consider it what psychoanalysts call a sinthome. A sinthome, according to Lacanian Psychoanalyst Slavoj Zizek is a statement that functions in the same way a capstone holds up a structure. The statement far more than simply expressing the structure of an ideological formation, actually provides a narrative pointing in stitching it together.21 As such, “ma satba hit” reveals far more than it seems. In Chamorro the “us” pronoun is either inclusive and exclusive. For example, in the sentence “they saved us,” the “us” can be either exclusive ham, which means “us, but not you (the person you are speaking to),” or the inclusive hit, “us, including both of us.” The fact that this war survivor used the inclusive pronoun, saying that America saved both him and me, reveals something about the way that history, or rather 20 Robert Underwood, “Consciousness and the Maladjusted People of Guam,” Chamorro SelfDetermination. Laura Souder, Robert Underwood, eds. Hagatna, Guam, Chamorro Studies Association, 1991. 21 Slavoj Zizek, The Ticklish Subject: The Absent Centre of Political Ontology, (London, Verso, 1999), 176. Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 111 particular moments or scenes from history, do not remain so, but in fact structure, or hegemonize, the possibilities of the present. It speaks to the way the present must somehow return to that moment in order to find meaning. I wasn’t there, I wasn’t literally saved, but the moment doesn’t just remain in the past, it extends out to give meaning to even those who came decades and generations later. Even if I don’t claim to be attached to the scene, Guam today nonetheless sees me as connected to it and defined by it. GUNUM – Subject/Object Relations The scene itself can be reduced to two basic subject positions. There is the Chamorro, the passive victim of war. The destitute barely subject who can do nothing else but wait for sustenance, wait for salvation. Towering above this Chamorro is the United States Marine, the soldier. He beams with power, with prowess, with authority and agency. His uniform is covered not just in sand, mud and blood, but also stained with glorious ideals like freedom, democracy. He brings to Guam so much that is not just appreciated, but by the rules of the event itself is necessary. As Souder notes, he does not just bring with him, the tools which make life possible, as the soldier, the military is survival, he brings with him life.22 There is no life without him. The Chamorro was heroic during the war, and suffered and endured in their own quiet ways, but in this moment they are defined primarily through their ability to receive the great gift of freedom from the United States. Their only real act in this moment is their ability to see the United States and to recognize its liberating ability. Chamorro doesn’t appear to hold much agency other than to witness American greatness, be loyal to it and receive its gifts. The US, most prominently through the image of the soldier continues to liberate Guam. Everything that is perceived to “come from” the United States can be seen and felt through this lens. The Spam, cigarettes and powdered milk of long ago become the 8,000 Marines, federal receiverships and food stamps of today. The limiting factor of this relationship is that is deprives the suffering Chamorro of any agency. The problems that Chamorros face, whether they be Japanese occupation, economic downturns, political corruption, etc. are all viewed as things best fixed 22 Souder, “Psyche Under Siege…” 112 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 through US intervention. Every potential problem can be solved through increased loyalty to and assistance from the US.23 This sort of assumption is understandable given that the Chamorro possesses little to nothing according to the scene of liberation. It has rags for clothes, hunger, sadness, desperation and a fierce devotion to the US. It offers little, solves little. It is no wonder then that Chamorros rushed in postwar Guam to offer up anything and everything to the US as a sacrifice, hoping to expedite their Americanization. FITI – Displacism One way in which we could see this dynamic clearly was in the way in which Chamorros for years struggled to “objectively” understand the most recent proposed military buildup to Guam. As announced in 2010, the buildup would consist of the transfer of 8,000 Marines and their 9,000 dependents from Okinawa to Guam, the stationing of an Army Missile Ballistic Defense Task Force, and the construction of a berth of nuclear powered aircraft carriers in Apra Harbor.24 Every piece of evidence about it indicated that it would either be mixed in terms of its overall effects on the island, or cause serious social, environmental and economic problems.25 In other words all studies that took the buildup seriously indicated that it was absolutely not a golden ticket. Yet Chamorros had difficulty taking this position publicly because of the pull of that scene of liberation. According to that scene, what the US gives, especially in the form of the military, saves. It cannot be bad since it gives and sustains life. Chamorros who would probably not benefit in any direct way from the buildup nonetheless felt compelled to support and praise it as something that would make economic dreams come true for the island. It was almost a surreal coincidence that the Marines who are slated to be transferred to Guam include the 3rd Marine Expeditionary Force famous for liberating Guam. A power of the scene is that every potential military increase can be made to feel as if it is those same Marines. Every buildup can be interpreted as similar to that of 23 Michael Lujan Bevacqua, Everything You Wanted to Know About Guam But Were Afraid to Ask Zizek, (M.A. Thesis, University of California, San Diego, 2007). 24 Department of Navy and Department of Army. The Record of Decision for Guam and CNMI Military Relocation including Relocating Marines from Okinawa, Transient Nuclear Aircraft Carrier Berth, Air and Missile Defense Task Force. September 2010. 25 Michael Lujan Bevacqua, “Manmachalapon: The Breakdown of Guam’s Military Buildup,” a paper presented at the 2010 University of Guam CLASS Research Conference. Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 113 1944, just with different targets (Chinese, ecnomic hard times). And each has the potential to be welcomed as necessary and life-saving in the same way. One haunting dynamic from this scene is the notion that the Chamorro is now fundamentally incomplete; that it cannot and can never again exist on its own. It must always exist as a shadow of the United States. Throughout my research amongst Guam Chamorros and their conceptions of decolonization this notion was very paramount.26 Even though the US has figured in a very small percentage of the existence of Chamorros, their presence appears to have colonized almost every inch of the Chamorro psyche. The rhetoric of one famous Chamorro politician and activist Francisco Baza Leon Guerrero shows this change. In 1937, while testifying before a Congressional committee in Washington D.C., he argued that while Chamorros enjoyed having a strong relationship to the US they could easily sustain themselves as they had for thousands of years.27 He noted that while the world had changed, the land was still the same. After experiencing the trauma of World War II, Leon Guerrero’s opinion seemed to change. In his postwar testimony to the US Congress he argued very famously that “the only ‘ism’ on Guam is Americanism.” He did say this explicitly in order to assert that there was no other ideological “ism” such as Communism contesting Guam, but this statement can be considered a sinthome in terms of expressing a structural change in discourse during that era. The statement reveals that there is only on true force in Guam after the war, and that is the United States. Beyond him arguing that Communism was not a force in Guam, he was indirectly arguing that the Chamorro had lost its presence in the island as well. No longer was the Chamorro something that could exist on its own, it had now been engulfed by the United States and now needed the United States in order to survive. Chamorros existed as a people and as a society for thousands of years before the US ever existed. Even after Spanish colonization where they were forced to give up significant aspects of their culture and experience very traumatic changes, they continued to assert a minimal distance between themselves and their three successive colonizers (Spain, the US and Japan). Since World War II however, due as I would argue to the hegemonic status of this scene of liberation, that ability to 26 Bevacqua, Everything You Wanted to Know… 27 Mike Phillips, “Land,” from, Political Status Education and Coordination Commission, Kinalamten Pulitikat: Sinenten I Chamorro: Issues in Guam’s Political Development: The Chamorro Perspective, (Hale-Ta Series, Hagatna, Guam, 1996), 5. 114 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 perceive colonialism and to understand the colonial difference has been washed away.28 GUALO – Screaming Impossibilities The relationship between the Chamorro and the US that is derived from this scene is not equal, but constantly slides downward. The Chamorro doesn’t have a mature, objective relationship with the US, but one that is constantly riddled with fear of losing the US. This scene becomes problematic and more clearly limiting when we began to think about it in the context of decolonization, or Guam achieving a more equitable and fair political status. This scene deprives the Chamorro of agency, it creates the feeling that Chamorros don’t have such rights to decolonization, that they couldn’t do it, that they shouldn’t do it. As the Chamorro is incomplete, the scene itself and the relationship it proposes between the US and Guam supplies the consistency for the existence of the Chamorro, then by default there is no Chamorro without these liberators, no possibility for it without the United States. In discussions of decolonization this limit becomes very apparent in the ways in which decolonization is associated with suicide, and the possibility of anything outside of the United States is aligned with death and nothingness.29 Given the scene itself, no other agents, no other possibilities seem to be allowed. To imagine Guam without the United States means to erase the soldiers from this image, and with them the gifts that they bear, the life and the survival they represent. It means to leave the Chamorro wallowing in destitution, starvation, disease. It means to sentence the Chamorro to a horrible death. Decolonization must therefore be resisted as the antithesis to life. Sometimes this resistance takes the form of assuming the meaninglessness of the local. Where the particularity of the local is bared for all to see as being incomplete, and to rely on the Chamorro alone, Chamorro culture, history and other objects is not enough to live, to survive. To this end, in discussions about decolonization Chamorros resistant to it in any form, will make clear the necessity of the United States by 28 Partha Chatterjee, The Nation and its Fragments: Colonial and Postcolonial Histories, (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1993). 29 Fred Garcia, “Decolonization Movement…A Suicide,” KUAM Community Commentary, http:// www.kuam.com/interact/communitycommentary/articles/fredgarfanhasunet-12200301.asp, 20 December 2003. Site Accessed 20 May 2009. Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 115 revealing the Chamorro without the United States as pathetic, as simple, as backwards, as static. This resistance leads to the most tragically hilarious constructions. In my Masters Thesis in Ethnic Studies I conducted numerous interviews with Chamorros in California and Guam on the topic of decolonization, and this dynamic of decolonization = suicide or being an impossible thing was constantly reiterated. For one Chamorro, decolonization, the possibility of a life not inevitably dependent upon the United States was ridiculous because the running of the island would therefore amount to partying and cooking meat on grills. “Are we going to run this island by barbecuing? By throwing fiestas?”30 Guam cannot be run on barbecue alone, and apparently for this gentlemen a Chamorro apart from the United States is a barbecuing subject. These constructions read like anthropological inventories of artifacts and practices. The potentially decolonized Guam and Chamorro is quickly attached to some ancient object and that object is therefore shown to be unequipped to deal with the realities of modern life. As one young Chamorro explained to me, “We were a proud people, who understood the land and the sea. But umbree ga’chong, how are you gonna fight terrorists with a fishing spear? Or with a fosinos? We can’t do it on our own.”31 In other instances the absence of America reduces Guam to literal chaos. During discussions I have heard the most interesting paranoid fantasies about what would take place if America left Guam. They range from Chamorro governors selling drugs through government offices and ruling the island like dictators to communist China invading the day after the Americans leave. It is only the constant returning/ arriving of the Americans which keeps this chaos of war and breakdown of social order from coming about. Sometimes however, the articulations aren’t laughable, but traumatically simple, such as this statement by an elderly Chamorro, “Lahi-hu, without America, we’re nothing.”32 30 Fulanu, Interview with Author, Inarajan Fiesta, Inarajan, Guam, 6 May 2004. 31 Fulanu, Interview with Author, Cup & Saucer, Hagatna, Guam, 9 June 2004. Umbree ga’chong: “C’mon friend.” Fosinos: An indigenous gardening tool, used for weeding, picking fruit or breaking up dirt clods. 32 Adolf Sgambelluri, Personal Communication, PDN Building, Hagatna, Guam, 2 December 2002. Lahi-hu: “my boy.” 116 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 SIGUA – Colonizer and Child Decolonization in this scene of liberation is an impossibility. The Chamorro becomes trapped in a type of colonial logic, one famously illustrated in a prewar image “Most Like His Dad Everyday.” The image comes from The Guam Newsletter, Guam’s first newspaper published by the United States Navy. In the image we find Uncle Sam standing tall, dressed in his typical American flag suit and hat. Beisde him is a dark, ambiguously sexed Chamorro child, in a generic white dress. The height of the Chamorro and Uncle Sam is almost equal but only because the Chamorro is standing atop a pile of blocks. These blocks represent America’s colonization of Guam and civilizing of the Chamorro. On them you find the words describing the great achievements that the United States has brought to the people, such as utilities, telephones, sanitation, etc. Uncle Sam stands atop a single thin block that brags about his mastery over “advancement.” The intent of the image is to portray that the United States had accomplished much in molding the Chamorro, and that it was possible one day it could measure up to and be equal to the United States.33 Within this representation there is a hidden colonial logic. Although the comic is predicated on illustrating how the Chamorro is progressing and “moving up” and becoming more like the United States, the imagery itself indicates that the Chamorro is actually frozen in time and has been robbed of its ability to grow and evolve. The Chamorro can only change through what Uncle Sam provides him. Its Americanization is not connected to any internal process but is dependent upon it been given more blocks, more gifts to bring it higher. The scene of liberation possesses a similar structure. The Marine can enter and leave the scene, as the moment existed based on the assumption of his ability to arrive and to save. The Chamorro is afforded no such luxury. The ability for the Chamorro to move lies with the colonizer, as he leads so the Chamorros can change. As decolonization is meant to be a fundamental movement stemming from the colonized it is something that this scene is meant to disallow. As a political being the Chamorro is grossly incomplete; its existence kept secure and solid by the presence of the US. In an ironic fashion the Chamorro in the scene of liberation is reduced to the lump of brown flesh that prewar Naval Governors would refer to in their reports; docile, lazy, free from desire for progress 33 Anne Perez Hattori, Colonial Dis-Ease: US Navy Health Policies and the Chamorros of Guam, 1898-1941, (Honolulu, University of Hawai’i Press, 2004). Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 117 or change.34 The prewar Naval governors argued Chamorros had no ability to changes themselves or improve themselves and that it would have to be America who would do it for them. The scene of liberation is the watershed moment in Chamorros accepting this colonial premise, in giving up their alterity and autonomy as a people and accepting the colonial lie that they are impossible without their colonizer. MANOT’FULU – Guaha leche, guaha Spam…lao taya’ decolonization… The scene of liberation engulfs the colonized and is a moment where decolonization is meant to die as it is a process whereby Chamorros are meant to have at least one right, one shred of existence that cannot be accounted for by the beaming liberator. It is a choice that the world agrees they have inherently, whether or not their colonizer wants to admit it or not and sometimes even despite the fact that the colonized don’t want to accept it.35 The decolonizing impulse is rooted in the idea that the colonized still exists in some way outside of the colonizer. It requires not just a feeling of loathing and disgust for the colonizer, but a positioning of oneself beyond what his imperial ideology accounts for.36 That is where the colonized can finally perceive the possibility of decolonization. Depending on the situation the colonized may see themselves as capable of much or capable of little, but the scene of liberation requires that they see what they have only through their relationship to the US, and that to choose otherwise is akin to choosing death over life, starvation over full bellies, desperation and suffering over comfort and prosperity. The most intriguing way that this manifests is how the Americanization that Chamorros on Guam feel does not make them feel as if they deserve to be full Americans. Despite the loyalty and devotion that Chamorros feel for the US there is little to no movement on Guam for the island to become a state or become a full, respected and recognized member of the union they love so much and choose to 34 Governor of Guam, Annual Report, 1904, 2-3. 35 United Nations Fourth Committee, Delegates Urge Eradication of Colonialism during Second Decades, As Fourth Committee Urges Debate, http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2004/ gaspd284.doc.htm, 4 October 2004. Site Accessed 15 January 2010. 36 See Chapter 8, Michael Lujan Bevacqua, Ghosts, Chamorros and Non-Voting Delegates: GUAM! Where the Production of America’s Sovereignty Begins! (Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, San Diego, 2010). 118 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 fight and die for in such high numbers.37 The scene explains this as well. Although you could argue that Chamorros acted heroically and very bravely during World War II and did much to save themselves, the scene requires you to acknowledge that all of this is dependent upon the US returning to provide the full liberation. The small acts of resistance and endurance are nice and inspiring, but as one Chamorro survivor noted in an interview, “Without the US coming back, Chamorro resistance is futile.”38 Even should the colonized make a choice to become part of the colonizer that also requires a shred of agency the scene doesn’t admit to. It requires that the Chamorro be able to act to take the place of the American, even should the American themselves not want it. It requires the Chamorro to be able to understand what is best for themselves and taken on the responsibility of liberating themselves. Guam has reached a point in its existence where the current colonial relationship cannot take it any further. The handouts can support it, but they cannot help it grow, they cannot help it move to a different level. Chamorros from Guam today find themselves in a position that is no longer supposed to exist. They live somewhat comfortably in what is left of formal colonialism in the world. The scene prevents them from perceiving the need or the possibility to change things. Manot’Fulu – A New Scene In his Thinking Out Loud series that Robert Underwood gave to commemorate the end of his term as a non-voting delegate for Guam in Congress, he made a very important argument that few people have taken seriously in the 10 years since. He argued that the Chamorro patriotism that bloomed so ferociously in the constant cultivating of that Chamorro war experience has taken Guam far by territorial standards, but is simply no longer effective.39 The patriotism of Chamorros may at once have been unique or exceptional but now it is expected and commonplace and so trotting out before the US Congress the glorious bodies that Chamorros 37 Michael Lujan Bevacqua, “The Exceptional Life and Death of a Chamorro Soldier: Tracing the Militarization of Desire in Guam, USA,” Militarized Currents: Toward a Decolonized Future in Asia and the Pacific, Setsu Shigematsu and Keith Lujan Camacho (eds.), (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2010). 38 Jeff Barcinas, Personal Communication, Dulce de Nombre de Maria Cathedral, Hagatna, Guam, 17 October 2008. 39 Robert Underwood, Uncle Sam, Sam, My Dear Old Uncle Sam, Won’t you Please Be Kind to Guam. Thinking Out Loud Lecture Series. 20 August 2003, University of Guam, Mangilao, Guam. Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 119 have sacrificed for the US is by now passé. He argues that for decades Chamorros would go to Washington D.C. and sing “Sam, Sam My Dear Uncle Sam Won’t You Please Come Back to Guam,” but today a new song, one which is not built upon their war experience is needed to take Chamorros and Guam any further.40 I would argue that Chamorros also need a new scene from which to understand their identities as well. One which does not commit them to a terribly unequal relationship with the US, but one which will allow them to see themselves as deserving a chance to evolve politically, and will help them see the long-term need for decolonization. 40 Robert Underwood, Harmonizing With Uncle Sam: A New Rap or a Swan Song. Thinking Out Loud Lecture Series. University of Guam, Mangilao, Guam. 31 August 2003. 120 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 --Michael Lujan Bevacqua is an academic, artist, writer, activist and blogger. He teaches Guam and World History at the University of Guam and his research revolves around theories of decolonization and resistance in Chamorro history. Bevacqua is the chairman for the Independence for Guam Task Force and a cofounder of the Chamorro activist group Famoksaiyan, which organized the first ever progressive Chamorro conference in the continental United States in 2006. He has a weekly column in The Marianas Variety “When the Moon Waxes” where he writes about self-determination, Chamorro language revitalization and i famagu'on-na. His thoughts can be most frequently found on his blog “No Rest for the Awake Minagahet Chamorro,” which he first started in 2004. Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 121 122 ăƒť Marianas History Conference 2012 Amelia Earhart in the Marianas: A Consideration of the Evidence By Thomas F. King [email protected] Thomas A. Roberts [email protected] and Joseph A. Cerniglia [email protected] Abstract: Ever since the 1937 disappearance of American aviation pioneers Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan – or at least since World War II, rumors have been rife about their appearance in Japanese custody on various Micronesian islands, particularly Saipan. We examine the evidence brought forth by various authors for different “Saipan Custody” hypotheses and present an assessment of the likelihood that any of them represent what actually happened to Earhart and Noonan. The Mystery One of the abiding historical mysteries of the twentieth century in the Pacific is that of “what happened to Amelia Earhart.” Earhart, a pioneer in American aviation, and her equally pioneering navigator Fred Noonan, disappeared on July 2nd 1937 en route from Lae, New Guinea to Howland Island in their two-engine aluminum Lockheed Electra 10E, during an attempt to circle the globe at the equator. Earhart’s last generally accepted radio message, received at Howland by the US Coast Guard cutter Itasca waiting offshore, indicated that she believed she was somewhere along a line bearing 157o –337o, generally referred to as a “line of position” (LOP), running through the island’s charted location. Earhart said they were flying “on line north and south.” After their loss a vigorous search failed to find them, and in the decades since a number of hypotheses have been advanced for what happened to them. Among the best known hypotheses is a set of overlapping propositions that they were captured somewhere in the Micronesian islands then under Japanese administration, and incarcerated on Saipan (or in one account Tinian) where in most accounts they died or were executed and were then buried1. In this paper we 1 A few stories have Earhart at least surviving the war and returning to the U.S.. We examine these stories only to the extent they bear on Earhart’s/Noonan’s presence in the Marianas. Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 123 attempt a systematic description, analysis and critique of the eight stories that in various configurations constitute the “Earhart-in-the-Marianas” hypothesis. Figure 1: Main Locations Referred To (Source: Google Earth) The Authors In the interest of full disclosure, we acknowledge that we are active participants in the work of The International Group for Historic Aircraft Recovery (TIGHAR), which for the last 24 years has been collecting and analyzing evidence related to what we call the Nikumaroro Hypothesis – that Earhart and Noonan landed and died on Nikumaroro in the Phoenix Group, Kiribati. We think that the historical, archaeological, and other data we have collected strongly suggests that the Nikumaroro Hypothesis is correct. This fact will probably cause some proponents of Earhart-in-the-Marianas to reject the analysis reported here out of hand; we can do nothing about this. We can only assure readers that we have tried very hard to prepare this paper with open minds, and we ask that it be read in the same spirit. The Sources In preparing this paper we have reviewed all the books we could find positing that Earhart and Noonan were in the Marianas, together with a number of media accounts, letters, emails and manuscripts filed with TIGHAR; these sources are discussed below. Boundaries on Our Research We have limited our consideration to those stories that have Earhart and Noonan spending some time on Saipan and/or Tinian as captives of the Japanese. We have 124 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 not dealt with stories about their capture and death in the Marshall Islands or Chuuk except where these stories involve their transport to Saipan. We have not considered those that put them in New Guinea or New Britain, or with those that have them being taken straight to Japan. Nor have we considered those notions that do not feature incarceration at all – for example the Nikumaroro Hypothesis or the hypothesis that Earhart and Noonan splashed down in the Pacific and sank. The Eight Stories What we call the Earhart-in-the-Marianas Hypothesis is reflected in eight interrelated stories, though not all proponents of the hypothesis subscribe to all eight in all respects, and some more or less contradict others. The eight stories are: • That Earhart and Noonan flew their Electra 10E directly to Saipan from Lae, New Guinea; • That Earhart and Noonan landed elsewhere in Micronesia and were brought to Saipan; • That the Electra was at Aslito Airfield (now Saipan International Airport); • That Earhart (and in some versions, Noonan) was incarcerated at the Garapan jail; • That Earhart was incarcerated or otherwise kept elsewhere on Saipan; • That U.S. Military personnel found physical evidence of Earhart on Saipan and elsewhere in Micronesia; • That Earhart and Noonan died or were executed on Saipan or Tinian, and were buried there; and • That the U.S. government covered up the facts of the matter. Below, we will examine each of the eight stories. Earhart and Noonan Flew to Saipan The Story and its Evolution: There are several versions of the story that Earhart and Noonan flew the Electra directly from Lae, New Guinea to Saipan. Paul L. Briand, Jr. published his account in his 1960 book Daughter of the Sky, The Story of Amelia Earhart. It is based on the eyewitness account of former Saipan resident Josephine Blanco Akiyama, who said that as a young girl she saw a silver plane fly over and later saw a Caucasian couple surrounded by Saipanese. She said the two were led away by Japanese soldiers, that shots rang out and the soldiers returned alone. Briand concluded that Ms. Akiyama had seen Earhart and Noonan; his book proposes that problems with navigation equipment during the night Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 125 resulted in Earhart turning north instead of flying east, and that Noonan, either incapacitated or asleep, failed to correct the error. When the sun rose, Briand posits that they looked for land and saw Saipan. Being out of fuel, they ditched in the harbor at Tanapag, where they were captured by the Japanese and executed as spies. Another version of the story was published in 1969 by Joe Davidson in Amelia Earhart Returns from Saipan. Davidson recounts the efforts of a group of investigators from the Cleveland, Ohio area led by Donald Kothera. They first tried to find an aircraft Kothera had seen on Saipan after the war, and which he thought, in retrospect, might have been Earhart’s, but also recorded the stories of residents. Davidson’s version of the “flew to Saipan” story was derived largely from the eyewitness account of Antonio Diaz, who said that in 1937 he was directed by the Japanese to help move a plane that had crashed into some trees near Tanapag Harbor at about 3:00 in the morning. Kothera and his colleagues showed Diaz pictures of Earhart and Noonan as well as the Electra; he said he thought they looked like the people and plane he had seen. Diaz said he thought the plane, which was not badly damaged, had been loaded on a ship in the harbor but he did not know what had happened to the fliers. A third version of the story was told by Thomas E. Devine in his 1987 book Eyewitness: The Amelia Earhart Incident, and repeated in 2002 with elaboration in With Our Own Eyes by Mike Campbell (with Devine). Devine – a self-identified eyewitness to the Electra’s presence and burning at Aslito Airfield in July 1944 (See below), believed that weather and radio problems produced miscalculations that sent the plane north rather than east. Devine was convinced that Earhart and Noonan flew directly to Saipan, where they were captured and killed; Campbell seems a little less sure, and devotes considerable space to considering the alternative that the plane came down in the Marshalls and was brought to Saipan by the Japanese (See below). The Evidence As noted, Paul Briand’s primary evidence is the account of Josephine Blanco Akiyama, who said that as an eleven-year-old girl she saw a plane go down in Tanapag harbor, from which came a tall man and a woman with short hair and dressed like a man, the first westerners she had ever seen. In 1946 she related the story to her employer, a dentist for whom she worked; it made news in 1960 when it was published in the San Mateo (California) Times. Briand concludes that the 126 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 “American woman and her tall male companion could have been none other than Earhart and Fred Noonan” (Briand 1960;196). Joe Davidson mentions Ms. Akiyama’s story, which has the Electra ditching in Tanapag Harbor around noon, but he concentrates on the eyewitness testimony of Antonio Diaz, who has the plane landing near the beach at around three o’clock in the morning. Diaz said he did not see the plane land but the fliers were “one man and one woman wearing a jacket and pants.” He said their Japanese captors identified them as Americans, that they were not injured in the landing, and that he had no knowledge of what happened to them. He said the plane was hardly damaged except that it crashed into some trees, and he was engaged to help build a coral road to transport the plane from where it crashed to the harbor. This work, he reported, took two weeks, and the plane was then loaded aboard a ship. He said he was told that it was taken to Japan. The recollections of Antonio Diaz are the only reported evidence for this story. The initial evidence for Devine’s version of events comprises his own recollections, which feature learning that the Electra was in a locked hangar at Aslito Field in July 1944, then seeing it in the air, and then seeing it on fire near the hangar. He said he clearly saw the plane’s serial number, NR 16020, which became “etched in my memory.” He also reported being told about, and seeing, a gravesite said to be Earhart’s and Noonan’s. Some two dozen corroborating eyewitness and other accounts are presented in Campbell’s book. Neither Devine’s nor Campbell’s book provides evidence for the confusion aboard the Electra that Devine thought brought it to Saipan. Apparently Devine took the fact that he recalled seeing it there in flying condition as prima facie evidence that it had been flown there. Earhart and Noonan Were Captured Elsewhere and Brought to Saipan The Story and its Evolution: In late 1960, the Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI) assigned a Special Agent, Joseph M. Patton, to evaluate the Earhart-in-the-Marianas stories about which investigators from the mainland were starting to inquire. Patton interviewed a number of people on Saipan, including members of the family of Josephine Blanco Akiyama and people who had held positions of authority during the Japanese administration. He concluded that: A preponderance of hearsay evidence, and the statements of people who were in the area in 1937, failed to indicate that Subject (sic: Earhart) crashlanded her airplane on Saipan, or that she was buried at Saipan. The hearsay evidence advanced by two informants set forth supra: Jesus Salas and Jose Villagomez, Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 127 tended to indicate that the Japanese at Saipan had known at least the approximate location of Subject’s crash to have been in the Marshall Islands (Patton 1960:9). In The Search for Amelia Earhart, published in 1966, Fred Goerner began with Josephine Blanco Akiyama’s story, but after years of study came to believe that Earhart had come down and been captured in the Marshalls. Navy veterans told him a story they had heard from a trusted Majuro schoolteacher named Elieu Jibambam, who had heard it from a Japanese friend named Ajima. Some time before the war, Jibambam said Ajima had told him, a white woman flier had run out of gas and landed between Jaluit and Ailinglapalap. Goerner concluded that she landed at nearby Mili Atoll. The story said a Japanese fishing boat picked her up and took her to Jaluit, whence she was taken to Kwajalein and then to Saipan. Mr. Jibambam apparently told this story as early as 1944 to U.S. Navy Lt. Eugene T. Bogan (No author 1944; Goerner 1966:163-5). Goerner believed that Earhart was on an “unofficial” spy mission and had flown over Chuuk (then known as Truk) before heading toward Howland. He says that the Electra was fitted with extra-powerful engines that would permit her to travel this extra distance in the allotted time. He surmises that when she was unable to find Howland, she headed northwest hoping to reach the Gilberts, but ended up in the Marshalls where she ditched. According to Joe Klaas, as set forth in his 1970 book Amelia Earhart Lives, the Electra was shot down by the Japanese at Orona (then called Hull Island) in the Phoenix group on July 2, 1937. Like Goerner, Klaas and his primary source, retired Air Force officer Joe Gervais, hypothesize that Earhart flew over Chuuk on a spy mission and then flew toward Howland. Klaas posits that they went to the Phoenix Islands looking for Kanton (then known as Canton Island) with its improved runway, where they could land safely and lie low while the Navy searched for them – at the same time checking out the Marshalls to see whether the Japanese were fortifying them. But the Japanese, he proposes, had an aircraft carrier in the Phoenix Islands, and shot the Electra down near Orona. They were captured at Orona and eventually taken to Saipan. Klaas goes beyond Goerner in proposing that Earhart was flying a more advanced aircraft than the Electra. He suggests it could have been a secret copy of the new XC-35, which Lockheed flight-tested in May 1937. The XC-35 had a pressurized fuselage and would have been able to fly higher and faster than the Electra. 128 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 In 1985, Vincent Loomis published his version of Earhart’s capture at Mili Atoll: Amelia Earhart, The Final Story. His scenario is based on an analysis of her final flight by Paul Rafford, Jr. Rafford concluded that Earhart was blown off course toward the north during the night as she flew toward Howland Island after passing over Nauru. When she reached the 157-337 line of position she was well north of Howland, which she was unable to locate after searching along the line for about an hour. She then flew back toward the west expecting to find one of the Gilbert Islands, but she was farther north than she thought and her course took her to Mili Atoll in the Marshalls. She ditched the aircraft near one of the islands and was captured by the Japanese. They took her and Noonan to Saipan in a fishing boat. The Loomis version differs from the others in that he does not hypothesize spying or secret aircraft modifications or substitutions. Rafford does posit that before departing Lae, Earhart changed her intended route of flight slightly to pass over Nauru, because Noonan allegedly had been drinking (Loomis 1985: 8) and could not be relied upon to navigate during the first portion of the flight (Loomis 1985: 97-99; 116). He speculates that Earhart was able to get to Nauru without Noonan’s help, and then flew toward Howland. By the time they were getting close to Howland and needed to know whether they had reached the 157-337 line of position, he has Noonan sober and able to do his job. He assumes they determined that they were on the line, but that unknown to them, the wind had blown them about 150 miles north of Howland. From there they flew westward and ended up at Mili Atoll when their fuel ran out. Three years after Loomis published his account, T.C. “Buddy” Brennan III published Witness To The Execution: The Odyssey of Amelia Earhart. Brennan has Earhart and Noonan crashing and being captured at Mili Atoll and brought to Saipan, where late in the war Earhart, at least, was executed and buried. Randall Brink also subscribed to the Mili Atoll story in his 1994 book, Lost Star, The Search for Amelia Earhart. Brink has Earhart on a spy mission for the U.S. government, flying a new aircraft with secret cameras. More powerful than the Electra, it was capable of flying from Lae to Chuuk and on to Howland. Even though the plane had advanced direction-finding capability, and thus should have been able to locate the Itasca, at some point Earhart turned back, wound up in the Marshalls and ditched at Mili. Earhart and Noonan were captured by the Japanese and put aboard the Japanese ship Kamoi. They were taken to Jaluit and then to Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 129 Kwajalein. From there they were flown to Saipan. Brink contends they were held on Saipan for a time but were eventually imprisoned elsewhere. He does not believe the Japanese would have executed Earhart, but offers no conclusions about her ultimate fate. In his 2002 With Our Own Eyes: Eyewitnesses to the Final Days of Amelia Earhart, Mike Campbell provides a fairly comprehensive summary of the Marshall Islands stories, but in the end expresses uncertainty in the face of his mentor Thomas Devine’s conviction that Earhart and Noonan flew directly to Saipan and landed there. The possibility that Earhart was engaged in a mission to spy on Japanese activities in Chuuk is alluded to by several of the authors, though most make little of it. A “special section” of the online “CNMI Guide” (No author, n.d.) summarizes many of the eyewitness and other informant accounts discussed elsewhere in this paper, and implies that Earhart and Noonan might have been captured at Chuuk and transported to Saipan. The Evidence The evidence cited for the various versions of this story mostly comprises informant testimony, some by eyewitnesses, but much of it second- or thirdhand. In some cases, authors say that documentary evidence exists to support their assertions, but we have been unable to confirm the existence of such documents. Patton’s information came from two informants on Saipan: Jesus Salas and Jose Villagomez. Patton said Salas told him that while imprisoned in Garapan he had overheard Japanese police talking about “a white woman’s airplane crashing at or near Jaluit Atoll” (Patton 1960:8). Sheriff Manuel Sablan told Patton that Villagomez had told him that he had overheard a similar conversation (Patton 1960:6). Goerner collected a number of anecdotal accounts about white people in Japanese custody on Saipan before or during the war. He also spoke with a former Lockheed employee who told him he had helped modify the Electra to house secret cameras in the lower fuselage, and that more powerful engines and more fuel capacity were added. Goerner spoke directly with Elieu Jibambam, who said he had not seen the fliers himself but his good friend Ajima had seen them captured in the Marshalls. Goerner said that in 1964 he saw State Department files that convinced him the Electra’s engines were more powerful than the 550 horsepower Wasps with which it was originally equipped, and that Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz told him that 130 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 Earhart had gone down in the Marshalls. In Washington he tried unsuccessfully to confirm some of Devine’s stories about seeing the Electra on Saipan. After his time in Washington, he and his colleagues sat down and reached a consensus regarding Earhart’s fate. Based on what they considered a preponderance of the evidence, they concluded that Earhart and Noonan were on a spying mission over Chuuk and had gone down in the Marshalls where they were captured. It is difficult to determine why Klaas thinks Earhart was shot down near Orona. The island is close to the 157-337 line of position through Howland, but so are other islands in the Phoenix group. His book includes three frames from what he identifies as U.S. Navy 16mm footage taken near Orona in 1937, which he says show a Japanese flag flying over aircraft wreckage. His book also includes photos of the wreckage of a plane owned by Earhart’s friend and colleague Paul Mantz that crashed in Southern California; Klaas argues that this was Earhart’s original Electra – the one he proposes was secretly replaced with the XC-35. Klaas cites the eyewitness testimony of various Saipan residents to establish Earhart’s and Noonan’s presence there. These sources are mainly those referenced by other researchers. However, he discounts reports that Earhart and Noonan were killed or died on Saipan. The evidence in support of the Loomis hypothesis is largely different from the others. Loomis bases his assessment on the work of Rafford, a navigation expert who shows how the Electra could have been blown about 150 miles north of Howland, and from there could have flown westward to the Marshalls. Loomis cites the eyewitness testimony of Marshallese who said they saw the Electra ditch near one of the Mili Atoll islands. He also recounts a story told by Bilimon Amaran, who was a medical corpsman in the Japanese Navy before and during the war. Amaran said he treated an injured male flier aboard a Japanese cargo ship at Jaluit. He says there was a female with the man and the plane they had been flying, with one wing broken, was on the afterdeck of the ship. Amaran did not know what happened to the fliers after he saw them, but other witnesses cited by Loomis said they saw them on Saipan and thought that they had died there. To support his belief that Earhart considered Noonan an unreliable navigator on the Lae-to-Howland leg, Loomis relates Lae radio operator Harry Balfour's reported recollections that Noonan “was on a bender” during the three-day layover in New Guinea, and “was put on board with a bad hangover ...” Loomis links this report with the fact that Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 131 “(w)hen her husband's last wire arrived at Lae, querying Amelia about the cause of the delay, she wired back a terse ‘Crew unfit.’” (Loomis 1994:8) The evidence cited by Buddy Brennan in his 1988 book begins with his visit to the Marshall Islands in 1981. Brennan was a Houston businessman and veteran of Korea and World War II; he visited Majuro hoping to recover and restore old Japanese airplanes. There, he met a Mr. Tanaki, who told him that a friend who had worked on the crew of the Japanese patrol ship Koshu said the ship had been sent to find “the American airplane that crashed.” Brennan thought that the airplane must have been Earhart’s, and after some study he returned with a team to the Marshalls. On this visit, additional interviews led him to focus on a spot between Mili Atoll and Jaluit rather than on Majuro as the place where islanders first spotted the Electra. From there, his informants told him, the airplane’s crew were taken to Kwajalein, then Chuuk, Saipan, and, ultimately, mainland Japan. Brennan later discarded the notion that the captives were taken to Japan, instead concluding that they ended their days on Saipan. Brennan cites much of the same eyewitness testimony reported by others, but also puts considerable weight on secondhand or generalizing statements by authoritative people in the Marshalls. His faith in these statements is apparently based on the conclusion that the individuals involved “couldn’t possibly have collaborated” with one another. Among others, Brennan quotes Oscar de Brum, then First Secretary to the President of the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI), as saying that “there’s no question they went down in the Marshalls” (Brennan 1988:76). Randall Brink’s account of the Earhart disappearance is closest to that of Goerner. However he also says he had input from people associated with substituting a different aircraft for the Electra and installing advanced radio and direction finding capability. Brink quotes a number of post-loss radio receptions reported by amateur radio operator Walter McMenamy to suggest that Earhart broadcast for several days after landing in the Marshalls. McMenamy reported hearing Earhart broadcasting as she was captured by a Japanese officer of whom she said, “He must be at least an admiral” (Brink 1994:151). Brink presents a photograph taken over Taroa in the Marshalls in 1944 that he says shows the Earhart plane, missing one wing, sitting on a concrete revetment (Brink 1994: unnumbered page after page 160). He cites several of the witnesses quoted by other researchers who reported seeing Earhart and Noonan on Saipan but contends that none ever reported seeing 132 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 them executed. He does not believe they died on Saipan but provides no evidence to support this conclusion. Mike Campbell’s book provides a useful summary not only of the sources cited in other books, but of a number of less well-known stories as well. These include a 1989 verbatim transcript of Bilamon Amaron’s story, published in the February 1996 Amelia Earhart Society Newsletter by Joe Gervais and Bill and John Prymack, along with a number of more or less corroborative stories collected by Gervais, Prymack, Loomis, Joe Klaas and others, previously published in the Newsletter or in other on-line sources. He gives considerable attention to a 1993 letter from Fred Goerner to J. Gordon Vaeth, in which Goerner expressed reservations about Amaron’s account and raised concerns about how Marshallese and other Micronesian eyewitness stories may have been tainted by repeated questioning. Goerner’s letter also provides some background to Nimitz’s statement, which was apparently based on something the admiral was told by his close friend Capt. Bruce L. Canaga. Interestingly, according to Campbell, Goerner said Canaga had described an abortive 1938 plan by the Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI) to use the excuse of seeking to determine Earhart’s fate as cover for an infiltration of the Marshalls (Campbell 2002:157). The highly speculative “special section” of the online “CNMI Guide” (No author, n.d.) cites only one piece of actual evidence – the message received from Earhart by Lae at 07:18 GMT, when she reported she was some 740 nautical miles (roughly 850 statute miles) away; the unidentified author says this message should not have been audible at Lae, suggesting that Earhart was not where she said she was (and by implication, was en route to Chuuk). The Electra Was at Aslito Field The Story and its Evolution: The story that Earhart’s Electra was at Aslito Field in 1944 was first propounded in 1987 by Thomas E. Devine in Eyewitness: The Amelia Earhart Incident. According to Devine, he came ashore on Saipan in July 1944 as the top NCO in the 244th Army Postal Unit and went with his commanding officer to Aslito Field shortly after their arrival. There, he said, they encountered a group of enlisted men, evidently on guard duty outside a hangar. Their commander seemed military but wore a white shirt open at the collar. Devine said he overheard conversation indicating that Amelia Earhart’s plane was inside the locked hangar. He said he asked one of the Marine guards if this was true and received confirmation that it was. Devine said he Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 133 later realized that the man in the white shirt was Secretary of the Navy James V. Forrestal. Devine recalled that later in the day he met one of the Marine guards, who said, “They’re bringing up Earhart’s plane” but then changed the subject. A few hours later, Devine said, he saw a civilian plane fly over, with two engines and double tail fins. Devine said he could clearly read the plane’s identification number: NR 16020, which he did not at the time know to be the number on Earhart’s Electra. After dark, Devine said, he and another member of his unit surreptitiously returned to Aslito, which he had been told was “off-limits.” Here he says he saw the plane that had flown over. He said they walked up to it, tried unsuccessfully to get inside, and again saw the NR 16020 number on the tail. He said he saw about a dozen cans of fuel nearby. After returning to his bivouac, Devine said he heard a muffled explosion at Aslito Field. Going to a vantage point, he said he could see a blazing fire; he concluded that the plane he had visited earlier was now aflame. Devine was convinced that the plane, although not destroyed, was burned to make it impossible to identify it as Earhart’s. All this happened, Devine said, on his first day on Saipan in mid-July 1944. He kept the matter to himself until 1962, when he sought permission to visit Saipan and unearth Earhart’s and Noonan’s remains – whose location he thought he knew based on what he had been told by an Okinawan woman. In trying to convince the Navy that he had valuable information, he recounted what he said he had seen at Aslito Field, and later built Eyewitness based on this story and his pursuit of Earhart’s grave. The Evidence When Devine published his book in 1987, his version of events at Aslito was the only evidence that they had occurred. In Eyewitness, Devine closes with a plea for anyone to contact him who might be able to confirm what he reported, even if “you merely hold memories in the shadows” (Devine 1987:179). This appeal produced a number of responses, notably from Henry Duda. Duda had been on Saipan in 1944 as a PFC in the 2nd Marine Provisional Rocket Detachment and said he had seen a man who others identified as Forrestal (Campbell 2002:16). Duda became a vigorous supporter of Devine’s efforts to solicit more eyewitness accounts from 134 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 former servicemen. Some two dozen accounts were published in 2002 by Mike Campbell (with Devine), in the book titled With Our Own Eyes. Some of these accounts related to Earhart’s and Noonan’s putative graves and other aspects of Devine’s overall story, but several men reported seeing a civilian airplane at Aslito or in the air. Some of the accounts are quite vivid and detailed, and some servicemen report recognizing or being told that the aircraft was Earhart’s. Earhart Was at the Garapan Prison The Story and its Evolution However she got there, and whether or not the Electra was on Saipan, there are reports that Earhart was incarcerated in the prison at Garapan. In at least one story Noonan was there as well. Goerner reported that Jesús Salas, a farmer on Saipan and presumably the Salas interviewed by Patton, was put in Garapan prison in 1937 and remained there until U.S. Marines released him in 1944. He told Goerner that a white woman was placed in a cell next to his for a few hours in 1937. He said his guards told him that she was a captured American pilot. Salas said he saw her only once, but his description was similar to those given by others on Saipan for the American woman. He recalled that after a time the woman was removed to a hotel in which the Japanese kept political prisoners. Loomis spoke with Florence Kirby and Olympio Borja on Saipan in 1979. They told him that their grandfather had been imprisoned for three months in 1937 in a cell that was not far “from the one that was said to be occupied by the American woman pilot” (Loomis 1985:94). Loomis visited the ruins of the prison and saw the cell that tourists are told is the one in which Earhart was held. In 1981 Loomis returned to Saipan and spoke with Ron Diaz, then sixty-five years old. Diaz said he had seen “a white woman in the back of a truck with Japanese men with her” (Loomis 1985:110). He did not recall seeing a white man with her. He said he had been told by friends that the woman had been taken from the water, and that he was also told she had been taken to Garapan prison. Loomis reports that Ana Villagomez Benavente of Saipan said that while visiting her brother at Garapan prison, she saw an American woman captive there. “She was an American ... I saw her at least three times” (Loomis 1985:132). Ms. Villagomez Benevente also said she washed clothes for the woman while she was housed at a hotel in Garapan City. In the apparently verbatim 1977 transcript of an interview with Ms. Villagomez Benavente by Fr. Arnold Bendowske, she reports Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 135 washing clothes for the woman during her hotel residence, but refers to the jail only when rather aggressively led to do so by her interviewer (Bendowske 1977: 14-15) The June 10, 1992 Bangor (Maine) Daily News published a story about former Navy nurse Mary Patterson, who was stationed on Saipan in 1946 and reported being told by an unidentified Chamorro informant of an American woman and man who were held and tortured at the Garapan prison (Curran 1992). The Evidence The evidence for Earhart’s presence at the Garapan prison comprises stories by first- and secondhand informants as discussed above, bolstered by one piece of semi-documentary data and one piece of “hard evidence.” The semi-documentary evidence is discussed in print most recently by Mike Campbell, though it has been reported elsewhere. Campbell writes that in 1975 Thomas Devine received information from a Chicago-based Earhart researcher named William Gradt, who among other things provided “a copy of a photograph of etchings found on a wall inside a cell in the Garapan prison.” The illustration of these etchings in Campbell’s book is apparently a tracing; it shows what appear to be a conjoined “A” and “E” surrounded by obscure markings that look to the authors like eroded Japanese characters but have been interpreted by one of Campbell’s correspondents as symbols consistent with Earhart’s astrological chart and presumed situation (Campbell 2002:90-95). Campbell says that Devine saw the inscription but made nothing of it until contacted by Gradt. The senior author of this paper made a cursory search for it in 2004 but could not find it and was told that it had deteriorated. The “hard” evidence is a small steel door, with “A. Earhart” and the date “July 19 1937” carved into it. According to Campbell (2002:98-102) as well as a letter Ms. Deanna Mick wrote to the National Air and Space Museum’s Thomas Crouch on April 4, 1994, and 2012 correspondence with the senior author, it was given to Ms. Mick by Saipan resident Ramon San Nicholas when Ms. Mick and her husband returned to the mainland after running a charter air service they had set up in 1978 on Saipan (c.f. Mick 1994; Campbell 2002:98-9). Devine apparently regarded the door as evidence that Earhart was imprisoned at Garapan, identifying it as having covered a small rectangular food service opening let into the barred front of a cell. 136 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 Earhart Was Held Elsewhere on Saipan The Story and its Evolution: Various authors report that Saipan residents saw a white woman flier in Japanese custody before the war without specificity about where she was held. The recollections of several people, however, have her housed in the Kobayashi Royokan Hotel in Garapan City. In summary, the story is that sometime in 1937 a white man and woman were brought to the Japanese military police headquarters in Garapan for questioning. From there the woman was taken to the Garapan prison, while the man was taken to the Muchot Point military police barracks. After only a few hours at the prison, the woman was taken to the hotel, which had been taken over in 1934 by the Japanese to house political prisoners. The Evidence The evidence for the presence of Earhart at the hotel is anecdotal. Several witnesses have been quoted by multiple sources as outlined below: Matilde (Fausto Arriola) Shoda San Nicolas lived with her parents in a home adjacent to the hotel in 1937 and 1938. She said she saw the white woman many times as she walked in the yard. She thought the woman had been at the hotel several months. Near the end of her stay the woman seemed to be ill and often visited the outhouse in the yard. Then Ms. San Nicolas saw the woman no more, and was told by a servant from the hotel that she had died of dysentery. Shortly before the woman died, she gave a gold ring with a white stone to Ms. San Nicolas’s sister but it was lost after the war. This version of the story with minor variations is reported by Goerner, Davidson, Klaas, Loomis and Devine. Several of the investigators spoke with Ms. San Nicolas personally, and Fr. Arnold Bendowske had a verbatim transcript made of his 1977 interview with her (identified as Matilde Fausto Arriola). When Goerner in 1961 showed her photos of fifteen different women clipped from magazines and newspapers, he reports that Ms. San Nicolas “unhesitatingly chose the likeness of Earhart. She reportedly said, ‘This is the woman; I’m sure of it, but she looked older and more tired’” (Goerner 1966:101). José Pangelinan said he had seen the American man and woman on Saipan before the war. He said the man had been held at the military police stockade area while the woman was held at the hotel. He said that the woman had died of dysentery and the man had been executed the following day. He had not witnessed either death, but had been told by Japanese that the two had been buried together in an unmarked grave. Goerner interviewed Pangelinan; Klaas and Devine also relate his version of events. Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 137 Ana Villagomez Benavente earned money by doing laundry for the people held in the hotel. She said she saw the white woman “upstairs on the veranda” but was given the laundry by the “landlords.” After a time there was no more laundry from the woman, and Ms. Villagomez Benavente was told that she had been taken elsewhere. Both Loomis and Devine include versions of Ms. Benavente’s story in their books, and Fr. Bendowske’s transcripts include an interview with her. Joaquina M. Cabrera also did laundry for the Japanese and the prisoners at the hotel. Her story as documented by Goerner: “One day when I came to work they were there ... a white lady and man. The police never left them. The lady wore a man’s clothes when she first came. I was given her clothes to clean. I remember pants and a jacket. It was leather or heavy cloth, so I did not wash it. I rubbed it clean. The man I saw only once. I did not wash his clothes. His head was hurt and covered with a bandage, and he sometimes needed help to move. The police took him to another place, and he did not come back. The lady was thin and very tired. Every day more Japanese came to talk with her. She never smiled to them but did to me. She did not speak our language, but I know she thanked me. She was a sweet, gentle lady. I think the police sometimes hurt her. She had bruises and one time her arm was hurt. She held it close to her side. Then, one day...the police said she was dead with disease” (Goerner 1966:239). Klaas and Devine include references to Mrs. Cabrera’s story. Antonio G. Cabrera lived on the main floor of the hotel in 1937. He reported seeing the white man and woman there, under surveillance by the Japanese. He said they were only there for about a week and were taken away. He recounted his story to Joe Gervais in 1960, as documented by Klaas. U.S. Military Personnel Found Physical Evidence of Earhart The Story and its Evolution: Several U.S. military personnel involved in the taking of Saipan and other Micronesian islands reported finding physical items whose existence was consistent with the belief that Earhart was captured by the Japanese on Saipan or at least held there. Some Marines and GIs reported finding photographs of Americans, including Earhart, sometimes displayed on walls of buildings abandoned by the Japanese on Saipan and other islands; one described finding a map marked with her intended course of flight. Others described finding photos of Earhart on the bodies of dead or living Japanese soldiers. Robert Wallack, a Marine who took part in the invasion 138 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 of Saipan, reported finding an attaché case in Garapan containing papers that appeared to him to be related to the world flight. Others reported finding a suitcase and an Earhart diary on Kwajalein, where some stories have Earhart being taken after she ditched in the Marshalls and before she was taken to Saipan. The Evidence Although the items described are tangible artifacts, almost none can now be found, so the available evidence for the “found objects” stories is largely anecdotal. Reports of such items are summarized below: In 1960, Briand reports the “rumor” that “in July of 1944, during the invasion of Saipan ... the Marines found in an abandoned Japanese barracks a photograph album filled with snapshots of Amelia Earhart in her flying clothes. It is known that Earhart carried a camera with her on the world flight but not that she was carrying a photograph album filled with pictures of herself” (Briand 1960:191). Goerner, in his 1966 book, reports that several GIs wrote to him after his trips to Saipan were publicized. Harry Weiser of New York was on Saipan during the invasion. He reported finding a small snapshot of Earhart tacked to one wall of a Japanese house. Weiser took the photo and some larger publicity prints of American actors. The photo of Amelia was published in the New York Daily News in November 1961. It turned out to have been taken in Honolulu in 1937 (Goerner 1966:169-70). Why it was found on the wall on Saipan is unknown. Frederick Chapman of New York wrote to Goerner to say that he had seen snapshots of Earhart on Saipan during the invasion and thought that some of his buddies might still have some (Goerner 1966:172). Ralph R. Kanna of New York was involved in interrogating prisoners during the Saipan invasion. He said that one prisoner had in his possession a photo, not a magazine clipping, which showed Earhart standing near Japanese aircraft on an airfield. Kanna said the photo was forwarded through channels to the Intelligence Officer. According to Kanna, the prisoner said that the woman in the picture had been captured along with a male companion and both had been executed (Goerner 1966:172). Robert Kinley of Virginia wrote to Goerner that he had found a photograph of Earhart with a Japanese officer tacked on a wall on Saipan. He said he had lost the Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 139 photo in July 1944 when he was wounded. He recalled that the photo showed Earhart standing in an open field with a Japanese soldier, and he thought that the latter was wearing some kind of combat or fatigue cap with a single star in its center (Goerner 1966:186-7). W.B. Jackson of Pampa, Texas told Goerner that, “in February 1944, on the Island of Namur, Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands, three Marines brought a suitcase from a barracks. They reported that the room they had found it in was fitted up for a woman, with a dresser in it. In the suitcase they found a woman’s clothing, a number of clippings of articles on Amelia Earhart, and a leather-backed, locked diary engraved 10-Year Diary of Amelia Earhart. They wanted to pry open the diary but when Jackson explained who Amelia was, how the government had searched for a trace of her, and that this should be taken to Intelligence, they closed the suitcase and started toward the Regimental Command Post with it. That is the last Jackson saw or heard of it” (Goerner 1966:277-8). In 1994 Randall Brink published the account of Robert E Wallack of Connecticut who was a Marine on Saipan in 1944. In Garapan, Wallack said he entered what may have been a Japanese Government building. He found a locked safe, which he and others blew open with explosives. “After the smoke cleared,” he said, “I grabbed a brown leather attaché case, with a large handle and a flip lock. The contents were official looking papers, all concerning Amelia Earhart, maps, permits and reports apparently pertaining to her around-the-world flight. I wanted to retain this as a souvenir, but my Marine buddies insisted that it may be important and should be turned in. I went down the beach where I encountered a naval officer and told of my discovery. He gave me a receipt for the material, and stated that it would be returned to me if it were not important. I have never seen the material since” (Brink 1994:159). This account also appears in Campbell’s 2002 book and in a statement by Wallack in the Smithsonian Institution’s Veteran’s History Project (Wallack n.d.). At least two reports documented in TIGHAR’s files do not appear to have been published elsewhere: The New Hampshire Sunday News on July 14, 1991 reported that the discovery of an old newspaper clipping on Earhart’s disappearance had motivated 70-year-old exMarine Ivan George Gibbs to remember finding an area on Saipan – during the “mopping-up” phase of the 1944 invasion – that was littered with Japanese ledger 140 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 books and human bones, including a small diary that Gibbs and another Marine concluded was Earhart’s. Gibbs said they gave it to a Marine colonel and never saw it again. The contents of the diary were not reported in the Sunday News (Hammond 1991). In a letter to the Smithsonian Air and Space Museum’s Thomas Crouch dated March 20, 1992, Raymond Irwin, a veteran of the Saipan invasion, described finding a small dugout at Aslito containing a map he thought might be associated with Earhart (Irwin 1992). He included a photocopy of the map with his letter, which Dr. Crouch shared with TIGHAR. The map depicts the western Pacific and shows the boundaries of Japan’s League of Nations Mandate, labeled in Japanese. It is handmarked with an “x” at the approximate location of Howland Island. A handwritten note by Mr. Irwin says that on the original, there is a mark “by the Japanese who put in the route track and Japanese writing in blue ink.” (Irwin 1992). The blue ink did not reproduce in the photocopy. Mr. Irwin also enclosed a photocopy of an armband marked with Japanese characters, and said he had also found flags and photographs. Earhart and Noonan Were Executed (or Died) and Were Buried on Saipan or Tinian The Story and its Evolution There are several variations on the story that Earhart and Noonan died or were killed on Saipan (or Tinian) and were buried there. Briand says they were shot but does not indicate how or where they may have been buried. Brennan reports Earhart’s execution by firing squad. Others say that Earhart died of dysentery, that Noonan was beheaded, and that they were buried individually or in a common grave. Various locations of the putative gravesite have been identified by informants, and some of them have been excavated with both positive and negative results. The Evidence Briand reports that Josephine Blanco Akiyama told him she saw a man and a woman dressed like a man in Japanese custody at Tanapag Harbor. “The American woman who looked like a man and the tall man with her were led away by the Japanese soldiers. The fliers were taken to a clearing in the woods. Shots rang out. The soldiers returned alone.” (Briand 1960:194) There is no mention of burial. During his first visit to Saipan in 1960, Goerner interviewed over 200 Saipanese; the testimony of thirteen of them could be “pieced together” to support Ms. Akiyama’s story. None of these accounts supported the Briand version that the Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 141 white fliers had been shot. None of the Saipanese said they knew what had finally happened to the mysterious white people, but “several felt that either one or both of them had been executed.” (Goerner 1966: 49) Prior to his second visit, Goerner heard from Thomas Devine, who related the story (later recounted in his own book) that he said he had heard regarding the grave of a white man and woman who “came from the sky a long time ago” and were killed by the Japanese (Goerner 1966:69). Devine supplied Goerner with photos from Saipan and detailed maps indicating the purported gravesite. Goerner’s attempts to follow Devine’s directions and to recover the remains during his second visit are described elsewhere in this paper. He located teeth and bone fragments which he sent to the U.S. for evaluation. On his second trip Goerner also spoke with Matilde Shoda San Nicolas who related her story about the white woman who had been held in the hotel and had reportedly died of dysentery. He spoke with José Pangelinan, who said he had seen the man and woman, but not together. He also said that the woman had died of dysentery, but that the man had been executed. They were buried together, he said, in an unmarked grave outside the cemetery south of Garapan City. He had not witnessed any of this but had heard of the events from the Japanese military. He said that the exact gravesite was known only to the Japanese. After his return to California, Goerner was contacted by Alex Rico, who told him of acting as an interpreter on Saipan while there as a Seabee in 1944 and 1945. He said that several Saipan residents told him that the Japanese had bragged about capturing “some white people” and bringing them to Saipan where they were buried “near a native cemetery.” He indicated that there were two native cemeteries; he was not sure which one was referred to. On his third trip to Saipan Goerner spoke with several Saipanese, including some he had talked with before, who repeated vague stories they had heard from others that the two fliers had died or had been killed and buried somewhere near a cemetery in or near Garapan. According to Davidson’s account, in 1967 Vincente Camacho showed Donald Kothera and his colleagues from Cleveland three photos said to depict the gravesite identified as Earhart’s. The investigators then spoke with Anna Magofna who related that while coming home from school one day when she was seven or eight 142 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 she saw two white people digging outside a cemetery with two Japanese watching them. “When the grave was dug, the tall man with the big nose, as she described him, was blindfolded and made to kneel by the grave. His hands were tied behind him. One of the Japanese took a samurai sword and chopped his head off. The other one kicked him into the grave.” (Davidson 1969: 104) She did not mention the death of the woman, but she knew the location of the grave. She took them to the site when they returned to Saipan in 1968; they excavated and recovered burned and unburned human bones that they sent to the Ohio Historical Society for analysis. Loomis repeats the story that the white woman being held at the Garapan hotel died of dysentery in mid-1938 as related to him by Matilde San Ramon. Thomas Devine reports that in 1944 an Okinawan woman showed him the purported gravesite of the white man and woman who were killed by the Japanese several years before. The woman also said she knew where other Americans had been buried; a translator told Devine that she appeared to want favors from the Americans for providing this information (Devine 1987:63). Despite the stories they had collected in the Marshalls about Earhart and Noonan being taken to Japan, in the second phase of his investigation Buddy Brennan and his team became convinced that Earhart had been executed on Saipan late in the war. According to Brennan, a Chamorro woman named Nieves Cabrera Blas said that she had personally witnessed Earhart’s execution by firing squad. She said Earhart had been blindfolded, but the blindfold was torn away as a gesture of respect before she was shot over an open grave and hastily buried. Blas showed Brennan the location2, where his team then excavated with a backhoe and turned up a piece of cloth that Ms. Blas interpreted as the blindfold she had seen (Brennan 1988:146-7) According to Brennan’s associate Mike Harris (2002), the location was “obviously a dump area,” containing animal bones, medical ampules, and aircraft pieces. One story suggests that Earhart and Noonan were buried on Tinian. Mr. St. John Naftel, of Montgomery, Alabama, was a Marine gunner on Tinian after it was taken from the Japanese in 1944. He reported being shown a set of graves where he was led to believe that Earhart and Noonan were buried after being executed. In 2003 2 Scott Russell, who observed the excavation, said it was in the middle of a parking lot at Lower Base. Mike Harris said he thought they had dug in the wrong place. Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 143 he returned to the island accompanied by then-U.S. Navy archaeologist Jennings Bunn and relocated the site he had been shown. The site was then excavated by archaeologists under the direction of Michael Fleming and Hiro Kuroshina without finding evidence of graves (Bunn et al n.d., Frost 2004; King 2004). In a 1999 letter to TIGHAR, Mrs. John Doyle recounted her husband’s story that in 1949, as a member of the 560th Composite Service Company, he visited a church on Saipan where a priest showed him an unmarked grave in a small cemetery that he said was where Earhart was buried. According to Mr. and Mrs. Doyle, the priest said Earhart had been buried there “to hide her body from the Japanese” (Doyle 1999). In 1996, an article in the Pacific Daily News (Whaley 1996) reported the story of Ted Knuth, who said he had been an agent for the American Office of Strategic Services (OSS) on Saipan before and during the 1944 invasion. Knuth reportedly said that “he was sleeping under a tree when a Chamorro man jumped out and led him to an area behind enemy lines,” where he showed him the graves of two “white people” and “gave an exact description of Earhart and… Noonan” as well as of the Electra. Scott Russell, then with the CNMI Historic Preservation Office, was quoted in the same article, commenting that he and his colleagues had talked with Knuth and “(h)e told some fairly outlandish stories.” Some detail on Knuth’s story was recorded by William Stewart (1996; also see Stewart n.d.). George Gibbs, in his 1991 recollections referred to above, reported that the area littered with ledger books where he and another Marine found a diary they thought was Earhart’s also contained the skeleton of a woman without a head (Hammond 1991). In a letter to the editor of a newspaper in Tampa, Florida dated October(?)12, 19913, Edward Lauden, an Army combat photographer on Saipan in 1944, says he was directed to photograph a small clearing just north of Garapan that contained several Japanese grave markers. He reports that his film was then taken from him by officers, whereupon the markers were removed, the area doused with gasoline and burned and then bulldozed. An officer then cautioned him to forget what he had seen, and when he asked what it was all about, the officer whispered “Amelia Earhart” (Lauden 1991). 3 We have only a clipping with the handwritten labels “Tampa, Fl” and “10(?)/12/91 144 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 In summary, the evidence for Earhart and/or Noonan dying and/or being buried in the Marianas consists of a number of eyewitness and secondhand accounts, together with a piece of cloth interpreted as a blindfold and two collections of human bones. The accounts variously have the woman identified as Earhart dying of dysentery and being executed by firing squad, while the man identified as Noonan is executed either by firing squad or beheading. A U.S. Government Cover-Up The Story and its Evolution Visiting Saipan in 1960 to investigate the stories of Josephine Blanco Akiyama and others, Fred Goerner found himself confronted with official denials and noncooperation, and suspected that the government knew more than its representatives were willing to acknowledge. He outlined some suspicions, in relatively measured fashion, in his 1966 book. Randall Brink, who posited that they were on a secret spying mission with a newly designed, government-provided airplane, asserted that the government holds extensive files on what really happened to Earhart and Noonan that remain secret to this day. Other researchers make similar claims. Joe Klaas and Joe Gervais offer a complex version of the cover-up hypothesis, in which Earhart and Noonan were engaged in a spy mission and survived the war, returning to the U.S. under government protection. They propose that Earhart took on the identity of Irene Bolam, while Noonan ended his days in a mental hospital in New Jersey. Klaas and Gervais did not initially suspect a government cover-up, but say that the State Department was concerned in 1960 about the effect their interviews might have on U.S.-Japanese relations (Klaas, 1970:92). Then they say they learned that the Defense Department had a classified file on Amelia Earhart and heard from a friend at the Pentagon that Ambassador Douglas MacArthur and officials at the State Department were “all worked up” about their investigations (Klaas 1970:103-104). Their suspicions were heightened, they say, when a member of the USS Colorado’s crew who participated in the Earhart search declined to answer a question about searching in areas unreported by the press at the time, claiming that the information was classified (Klaas 1970:114). Klaas and Gervais concluded that if Earhart had been captured by the Japanese, both the Japanese and U.S. governments would have kept the matter hidden – the Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 145 Japanese fearing reprisal for a military buildup forbidden by their League of Nations mandate, and the U.S. being unwilling and unable in 1937 to fight a war with Japan. (Klaas 1970:136). Klaas and Gervais went on to postulate that much of the U.S. Navy’s search for Earhart was in fact a cover for collecting information on Japanese military buildups in the Mandate, that the Japanese, having captured Earhart, tried to use her as a pawn in blackmailing the U.S. during World War II, and that the U.S. refused the Japanese gambit and abandoned Earhart to her fate. But Earhart, they say, survived her captivity because of her political value as a bargaining chip and was ultimately rescued by her friend and colleague Jackie Cochran at the close of the war (Klaas 1970:231). It was in exchange for Earhart, they say, that Emperor Hirohito was allowed to remain on the throne (Klaas 1970:230-231). They go on to propose that successive U.S. presidents up to the time of their book’s publication had maintained the cover-up for reasons of political expediency. Vincent Loomis did not believe in a government cover-up, but one of his sources, navigator Paul Rafford, hints at a conspiracy in his own 2006 book, Amelia Earhart’s Radio: Why She Disappeared. Rafford reports that Firman Gray, an engineer on Earhart’s aircraft, was quoted in a 1992 book (Kennedy 1992) as saying that he took two R1340 engines to Indonesia and installed them on the Electra. “If it happened,” Rafford wrote, “it was pre-planned by someone. If so, by whom?” (Rafford 2006:61-63). He also reports that Mark Walker, a Pan American copilot flying out of Oakland at the time of Earhart’s world flight, said he heard Earhart say, “This flight isn’t my idea. Someone high up in the government asked me to do it” (Rafford 2006: 25). Rafford comments that whether or not Earhart was spying, her disappearance in the Pacific “would have given our Navy an excellent chance to update its midPacific charts in time for World War II.” He speculates that Earhart and Noonan could have secretly landed on Kanton Island where he assumes people were stationed to take care of them until the Navy, having completed its survey, “was ready to find them” (Rafford 2006:117). He expresses the suspicion that Earhart’s failure to communicate with the Itasca during the last leg of her flight may have been intentional; there were, he says, so many missed opportunities for two-way communication as to suggest that the communications failures were willful, not 146 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 accidental (Rafford 2006:116). As another indicator of a government plot, he quotes Secretary of the Treasury Morgenthau as saying after Earhart’s disappearance that she “absolutely disregarded all orders” (Rafford 2006:117). Thomas Devine provides what may be the most dramatic expression of the coverup hypothesis, asserting that he saw the Electra destroyed at Aslito by American forces at the direction of Secretary of the Navy Forrestal, and that the government has taken many steps since 1944 to assure that what happened will never be known. He and Mike Campbell, in Campbell’s 2002 book, describe in some detail the roadblocks that Devine believes the government has thrown in the way of his investigation. He raises the possibility that Forrestal’s untimely death and the seeming disappearance of some eyewitnesses are related to the cover-up, and posits President Roosevelt’s personal involvement in the conspiracy. Devine, Campbell and others say or imply that the seeming disappearance of the briefcase said to have been found by Robert Wallack and the Earhart-related photographs and documents reportedly found by other U.S. military personnel is further evidence for such a conspiracy. The reason for the cover-up, according to most proponents of the idea, is that Earhart was engaged in a spy mission and the U.S. did not and still does not want this fact to be disclosed. Devine and Campbell posit a somewhat more elaborate geopolitical rationale, proposing that the U.S. government, and notably Secretary Forrestal, were intent on forging a U.S.-Japan alliance against the Soviet Union after World War II and wanted to avoid the public outcry against Japan that would be occasioned by the revelation that the Japanese had captured and murdered Earhart. The Evidence The available evidence for the cover-up hypothesis is derived from eyewitness accounts and stories of non-cooperation, obfuscation, and suspicious-seeming behavior by government agencies. Devine in particular describes a number of activities by government and ex-government personnel that – if they occurred as he describes them – would raise almost anyone’s suspicions. For instance, Devine says that shortly after receiving his orders to return to the U.S. from Saipan in 1945, he was approached by a man he took to be from the Navy, who told him he was to return by air rather than by ship with the rest of his unit. The “Navy man” told him to abandon his barracks bags, as he would not be Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 147 needing them. An argument ensued, during which the Navy man said: “They’re waiting for you. You know about Amelia Earhart.” Eventually Devine, the Navy man, and Devine’s bags were driven to the harbor, where the Navy man told Devine to get aboard a PBY4 for the flight to Hawaii. Devine refused to board without orders, whereupon “my escort turned and started running up a nearby hill. I looked at the seaplane and the unfriendly, silent man on the dock – apparently the pilot – and muttered, ‘The hell with this,’ and I quickly dragged my barracks bags to the road and hitched a ride back to the replacement depot’” (Devine 1987:64-6; Devine in Campbell 2002:75). Devine returned to the mainland by sea with his unit, and apparently suffered no ill consequences, but he recounts a number of other strange encounters with government officials, suddenly silent eyewitnesses, and interactions with possible intelligence personnel in the course of his later investigations. Critique The Five Pieces of “Hard” Evidence There are five pieces of “hard” physical evidence that have been or could be taken to support the Earhart-in-the-Marianas hypothesis in varying degrees: Deanna Mick’s door, Buddy Brennan’s blindfold, several airplane parts, two collections of human bones, and Raymond Irwin’s map. The Door The small steel door with the words “A. Earhart” and the date “July 19 1937” inscribed on it was reportedly given to Ms. Deanna Mick by the late Ramon San Nicholas when Ms. Mick and her late husband left Saipan (Mick 1994; Campbell 2002:98-9). At our request and working from a full-scale tracing that Ms. Mick included in her 1994 letter to Dr. Tom Crouch of the Smithsonian Air and Space Museum, Scott Russell of the CNMI Humanities Council made a cardboard template of the door and tried to match it to the apparent food service hatches on the surviving cells in the Garapan jail. He found that the door perfectly matched the openings in all six northernmost cells in the sixteen-cell main cellblock, so it appears to be a legitimate artifact of the Japanese jail (Russell 2012). In 2012 email correspondence with the senior author, Ms. Mick reported that the hinges appeared to be snapped off, not cut with a hacksaw (Mick 2012). This suggests that the door was broken off the cell front after it became rusted to the point at which it would 4 Campbell says this was “a PB4Y seaplane,” but the PB4Y was not a seaplane, so presumably he means a Consolidated PBY Catalina. 148 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 no longer swing on its hinges. Only then would moving it back and forth snap it off. We see two reasons for thinking that the door was not inscribed by Amelia Earhart, or any inmate at the jail. 1. The inscription would apparently have been on the inside of the door, consistent with being made by an inmate, but every time the door was opened, the inscription would have been displayed to those outside. Thus it could not have been made in secret, so if it was made by an inmate, it must have been with the acquiescence of the jailers. This may be what happened, but it seems implausible. 2. The inscription is not just scratched; it is rather deeply cut into the metal. This suggests use of tools that it seems unlikely an inmate would possess. According to Ms. Mick, Mr. San Nicholas presented the door to her because she was the second female pilot to fly through the Marianas – Earhart ostensibly being the first. We think that on balance it is most likely that Mr. San Nicholas removed the door from the jail and made the inscription as a gently joking way of honoring Ms. Mick. The Blindfold Buddy Brennan and his colleagues found what he and his informant, Ms. Nieves Cabrera Blas, interpreted as Earhart’s blindfold about 7.5 feet deep at the site where Ms. Blas said she had seen a woman Brennan presumed to be Earhart executed and buried. They reported finding no human bones; Brennan speculated that soil chemical and microbial conditions were such that the woman’s bones had not been preserved while the “blindfold” had (Brennan 1988:146-7; Sallee 1986). The cloth may represent a blindfold, but it also could represent many other things. Before the 1944 invasion, Garapan was a substantial town whose residents wore clothes and used cloth for other purposes. The town was massively bombarded in 1944, creating many opportunities for pieces of cloth (among other things) to collect in holes and get buried. Mike Harris, who says he worked with Brennan, describes the location as a dump area (Harris 2002). Brennan’s excavation apparently was not conducted using archaeological methods, and he presents no record of the stratigraphic position in which the cloth was found. If the cloth was indeed associated with a human body buried at the site, one would expect at least some bones to have survived (to say nothing of the deceased’s clothes). Soil Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 149 conditions on the west side of Saipan are actually fairly conducive to the preservation of bones; burials have been recovered in the area from as early as the Pre-Latte period, two to four thousand years ago. The only reason to think that the cloth might be a blindfold appears to be that according to Brennan, Ms. Blas identified it as such. Airplane Parts When he visited Saipan in 1960, Fred Goerner pulled a generator and other aircraft parts from Tanapag Harbor and took them to California. The generator closely resembled one that had been installed on the Electra. It was disassembled and found to match the Electra’s Bendix model “perfectly in every respect” according to Paul Mantz, who had installed the generator on Earhart’s plane (Goerner 1966:65). However, when Goerner sent the generator to Bendix for evaluation, the company’s specialists found sufficient discrepancies in its details to satisfy them that it had not been manufactured by Bendix. They identified it as a Japanese generator apparently copying a Bendix design (Goerner 1966:67). In 1968 Don Kothera and his colleagues visited Saipan to search for the fuselage of a civilian aircraft Kothera recalled seeing there as an 18-year-old Navy man in 1946. After several days of hacking through the jungle in the area where he recalled seeing the plane, and getting help from a local resident who knew the island well, they found the location where Kothera thought the fuselage had been twenty-two years earlier. They located “six screw type aircraft tie-downs” and some plane parts. They picked up some of the airplane parts with numbers stamped on them. Back on the mainland, Kothera’s group found that the numbers on the parts they had collected could not be tied to any specific aircraft. Chemical analysis by Crobaugh Laboratories of Cleveland, Ohio indicated four percent copper in the alloy, and Alcoa Aluminum Co. advised that neither the Germans nor Japanese used copper in their aluminum alloys; they used the more readily available tin. The conclusion was that the aluminum airplane parts had been made by Alcoa prior to 1937 (Davidson 1969:118). Although the parts may well be of American origin, this does not mean they were from Earhart’s Electra. By the time Kothera saw the fuselage in 1946, Saipan had been in American hands for two years; a great many American aircraft had been on and over the island. It is possible to imagine that Kothera’s fuselage represented the Electra hidden away after the plane landed on or was brought to the island, but it could also have been the discarded carcass of an American military plane. 150 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 Bones On his second trip to Saipan in 1961, Fred Goerner attempted to locate the gravesite described to him by Thomas Devine. Based on photos provided by Devine, Goerner found what he believed to be the cemetery Devine had described near the purported gravesite, but noted that some of the directions provided by Devine were incompatible with the cemetery’s actual layout. Doing the best he could with the directions, Goerner selected a fifteen by fifteen foot plot and began digging there. He and his workers went down nearly five feet and found nothing. Next he selected a location a little farther west; that site yielded nothing but an unexploded hand grenade, which was carefully disposed of. The third try was a few yards closer to the graveyard. They found bones about two and a half feet down. Screening the soil from the hole, they found a total of seven pounds of bones and thirty-seven teeth, which they thought represented two individuals, a man and a woman (Goerner 1966: 107-11). Goerner obtained permission from Muriel Morrissey (Earhart’s sister) and Mary Bea Ireland (Noonan’s widow) to have the bones and teeth analyzed. They were delivered for evaluation to Dr. Theodore D. McCown, a well-qualified physical anthropologist at the University of California, Berkeley. McCown concluded that the bone fragments and teeth were from four or more individuals, and probably represented the “secondary interment of the fragments of several individuals.” The hypothesis that these were the remains of Earhart and Noonan was thus not supported (Goerner 1966: 177-84). In 1967, Don Kothera and his group recovered almost 200 bone fragments, most of them cremated, from the site adjacent to the cemetery shown them by Anna Magofna. The bones, together with a dental bridge and an amalgam gold tooth filling, were analyzed by Martha Potter and Dr. Raymond Baby (pron. “Bahbee”) of the Ohio Historical Society, who concluded that the roughly 188 cremated bone fragments, representing an ulna, a fibula, one or more femurs, ribs, vertebrae, and bones of the hands and feet, “are those of a female, probably white individual between the anatomical ages of 40-42 years,” with “an age of 40 years” being “probably more correct.” They identified the single unburned bone, part of the frontal bone of the cranium, as representing “a second individual, a male” (Baby and Potter 1968). Upon Baby’s death in the late 1970s, the bones were apparently lost (Kothera & Matonis[?] n.d.), and their whereabouts remain unknown (PotterOtto 2012; Snyder 2012). Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 151 The lee side of Saipan, where all the excavations for Earhart’s and Noonan’s bones have taken place, was densely occupied in pre-contact times (c.f. Russell 1998; Butler & DeFant 1991), and human burials are commonly found in pre-contact archaeological sites on the island. Considering the disturbance of such sites during the Japanese development of the island, and the presence of 20th century cemeteries that then experienced considerable bombardment and other disturbances during the 1944 invasion, the presence of human bones almost anywhere is no surprise. In addition, both sets of bones are reported to have been found in the vicinity of historic cemeteries and, in the case of Kothera’s bones, a crematorium (Kothera & Matonis[?] n.d.), which had also presumably experienced disruption by the 1944 bombardment. Potter’s and Baby’s identification of the cremated remains as those of a “white” female is intriguing, but it should be recalled that Saipan had a substantial European population during the German period (1899-1914; see Russell 1984; Spennemann 1999); it is unclear whether the crematorium that may have produced the bones now lost in Ohio pre-dated the Japanese period. Even if it did not, the presence of osteologically European people on Saipan during the Japanese period would not be entirely surprising; besides traders passing through and missionaries remaining from the German period, there had been genetic mixing between Europeans and Micronesians since at least the mid-nineteenth century, producing a mixed-race population that survived into and through the Japanese period. In summary, the bones recovered by Goerner were identified as those of several disarticulated individuals, none of whom it seems reasonable to think was Earhart or Noonan, while those recovered by Kothera’s team could be those of Earhart and Noonan but could also quite plausibly be those of other people. The gold bridge and filling found by Kothera’s group could have belonged to Earhart or Noonan or to any number of Micronesian, German, Spanish or Japanese residents of Saipan; without relevant dental records it would be impossible to link them to specific individuals even if they could now be found. The Map As discussed above, Raymond Irwin’s 1992 letter to Thomas Crouch included a photocopy of a map he said he had found in a dugout at Aslito Field in 1944. The original of the map may be in the possession of Mr. Irwin’s family; Mr. Irwin passed away in 2010. The original map was apparently marked with blue ink, which did not reproduce in the photocopy; according to Mr. Irwin, the markings indicated the location of Howland Island and a “route track,” presumably Earhart’s. All we can tell by looking at the photocopy is that it does depict the Japanese mandate, and 152 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 that the labels for island groups are in Japanese. Also enclosed in Mr. Irwin’s letter was a photo of a Japanese military arm band, and he reported seeing Japanese flags and photos. If marked as Mr. Irwin reported, the map would suggest that someone in a military capacity at Aslito was interested enough in Howland Island and Earhart’s route to mark them on a map. This is not surprising; the Japanese were certainly aware of Earhart’s flight, and reportedly searched for her. The map is thin evidence of her presence in the Marianas, however. Credibility of Flying to Saipan from Lae Four authors argue that Earhart piloted the Electra to Saipan. None asserts that she was on a spying mission and purposely flew into Japanese-controlled territory. Three (Briand 1960, Devine 1987, Campbell 2002) speculate that various problems led to huge navigation errors, and she flew to Saipan without really knowing where she was. Davidson simply accepts that she flew to Saipan without trying to explain how it happened. Campbell accepts that Earhart and her Electra could have reached Saipan in other ways, but his primary source, Devine, is sure that Earhart piloted her plane to the island. To accept the “flew to Saipan” premise, one has to explain how this could have happened given that Saipan is almost due north of Earhart’s takeoff point at Lae and she was trying to fly east to Howland Island. Earhart departed Lae at 10:00 in the morning local time (00:00 Greenwich Mean Time [GMT]5). As she flew eastward toward Howland in daylight, she should have been able to see where she was for the first several hours using maps at her disposal, and she successfully radioed position reports to Lae indicating that she was on course for Howland Island. Her last report received by Lae indicated that she was near the Nukumanu Islands, about 900 miles east of Lae, after flying for a little over seven hours. Up to that point, just as night came upon them, things seemed to be going well. What could have happened next to make them fly northwest from their last reported position, winding up at Saipan? Briand suggests that something completely disorienting happened after this last radio report. He speculates that the Electra’s compasses “tumbled” during the night and that Noonan’s chronometers lost their calibration. He proposes that Noonan was unable to get any fixes during the night, so they were flying blind. By the time 5 We use GMT here to minimize confusion, with references to “local” time where needed for clarity. Lae time is 10 hours ahead of GMT, while the Itasca was using GMT minus 11.5 hours. Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 153 the sun came up in the east as they were flying northwest, they had to know they were completely lost. When they finally saw land, after some 26 hours of flight, their fuel ran out and they ditched in the harbor at Tanapag. Briand acknowledges that the Itasca heard transmissions from the Earhart plane early that morning. He does not account for the fact that there was nothing in her messages to suggest the problems that he attributes to the flight – that in fact the messages indicated that she thought she was on track and close to Howland. Devine suggests that the “hair-raising” takeoff from Lae may have adversely “affected the compass and delicate robot pilot, causing the Electra to stray from its intended course.” He suggests that Noonan may have injured his head during the takeoff and that Earhart would have used the error-prone Sperry Robot Pilot to control the plane while she crawled to the rear of the plane to attend to Noonan’s injuries. But if this had happened, would Earhart not have simply returned to Lae, to fly another day? Devine would have us believe that she flew on, making periodic radio reports to Lae that everything was going well. Devine cites other factors that could have helped to disorient the flight crew – radio problems, the need to avoid rain squalls about 250 miles east of Lae, and the need to pump fuel manually each hour from the auxiliary tanks to the wing tanks, during which time the plane was presumably controlled by the auto-pilot. All these factors may have been in play, but the fact remains that Earhart reported good progress as of the time of the last transmission received by Lae, when the position she reported indicated that they should have been about 900 miles to the east. None of the radio messages to Lae indicate that Noonan was injured on takeoff, and the content of two messages, saying that “everything (is) OK” seems inconsistent with the notion that Noonan was disabled. Another consideration that undermines the “Earhart flew to Saipan” premise is that receipt of radio transmissions was documented by the Itasca as the Electra should have been approaching Howland Island. All of the authors (Briand 1960, Davidson 1969, Devine 1987, Campbell 2002) acknowledge and discuss these receptions to some extent. Table 1 below presents the documented receptions at Lae by Harry Balfour and at Howland Island by Leo Bellarts and other radio operators aboard the Itasca. The “S-n” code represents the reported strength of the signal, with S-1 being very faint and S-5 being loud and clear. 154 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 Date/Time 7/2, 04:18 GMT (14:18 at Lae) Where Received Frequency Lae (Balfour) Message Height 7000 feet, speed 140 knots … 6210 kHz everything OK 7/2, 05:19 GMT (15:19 at Lae) Lae (Balfour) Height 10000 feet position 150.7 E 7.3 S cumulus clouds everything OK 7/2, 07:18 GMT (17:18 at Lae) Lae (Balfour) Position 4.33 S 159.7E height 8000 feet over cumulus clouds wind 23 knots 7/2, 14:15 GMT (02:45 on Itasca) Itasca Bellarts reported “Heard Earhart plane but unreadable thru static” 7/2, 15:15 GMT (03:45 on Itasca) Itasca Stronger reception: Will listen on hour and half on 3105 (very faint, S-1) 7/2, 16:23 GMT (04:53 on Itasca) Itasca 3105 kHz Bellarts reported “Heard Earhart (part cldy)” Bellarts: “Wants bearing on 3105 // on hour //will whistle in mic.” About 200 miles out. (S-3) Please take bearing on us and report in half hour. I will make noise in mic. About 100 miles out. S-4 KHAQQ calling Itasca. We must be on you but cannot see you. But gas is running low. Been unable to reach you by radio. We are flying at 1000 feet. (Strong, S-5) KHAQQ calling Itasca. We are drifting (circling, listening?) but cannot hear you. Go ahead on 7500 with a long count either now or on half hour. (Strong, S-5) 7/2, 17:44 GMT (06:14 on Itasca) Itasca 7/2, 18:11 GMT (06:41 on Itasca) Itasca 7/2, 19:12 GMT (07:42 on Itasca) Itasca 7/2, 19:28 GMT (07:58 on Itasca) Itasca 3105 kHz Itasca KHAQQ calling Itasca. We received your signals but unable to get a minimum. 3105 kHz Please take bearing on us and answer 3105 with voice. (Strong, S-5) Itasca KHAQQ to Itasca. We are on the line 157 337. We will repeat message. We will 3105 kHz repeat this on 6210 kilocycles. Wait. … We are running on line north and south. (Very strong, S-5) 7/2, 19:30 GMT (08:00 on Itasca) 7/2, 20:13-20:15 GMT (08:43- 08:45 on Itasca) Table 1: Radio Messages Received from Earhart, July 2nd 1937 Between 04:18 and 07:18 GMT, messages were received at Lae on Earhart’s daytime frequency, 6210 kHz. At 14:15 GMT the Itasca began to pick up transmissions from the Electra on her lower nighttime frequency of 3105 kHz. The latter signals were initially very faint, but became increasingly strong over the following hours. This suggests that she was steadily drawing closer to Itasca and Howland Island. Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 155 Beginning at 17:44 GMT, Earhart’s messages were clearly understood aboard Itasca. There is nothing in their content to suggest disorientation or problems with her navigational tools. She apparently thought she was closing on the island and wanted the Itasca to take a bearing on her and help guide her in. This is clearly incompatible with the “Earhart flew to Saipan” scenarios, as is the fact that the signals were growing stronger, not weaker as they should have been (if they could be heard at all) if the Electra were traveling northwest, diagonally away from the Itasca. At 19:12 GMT, Earhart says, “We must be on you but cannot see you.” This presumably means that she thinks she is on or near the line of position (LOP), 157o-337o, through Howland Island. As she flew eastward, whether she was north or south of Howland, her closest approach to the Itasca would have occurred when she was within a few miles of that line. In fact, the subjective assessment of the radiomen on the Itasca was that her messages were loud and clear for an hour prior to 19:12 GMT and for an hour afterward. The transmission heard at 17:44 GMT was audible (fairly good); Earhart said she thought she was “about 200 miles out.” If Earhart was on or near the LOP at 19:12, it had taken her 19.2 hours to fly the 2556 miles from Lae to Howland, which translates to an average ground speed of about 133 miles per hour. She had flown for 1 hour and 28 minutes since her 17:44 (”200 miles out”) transmission, which would correspond to about 195 miles traveled. So her minimum distance from the Itasca when her first “fairly good” transmission was heard was 195 miles. If we suppose that winds blew her off her intended course laterally by as much as 150 miles 6 during the night, she could been have about 250 miles away from the Itasca at 17:44. Thus Earhart would have to have been within about this distance from the Itasca when she was first heard clearly. When she was farther away (as she was earlier in the morning), her messages would be and were fainter; as she got closer, her received signal strength would have increased and did increase. The content of Earhart’s transmissions indicates that one of two conditions had to exist. Either she thought she was closing in on Howland that morning, or she was trying to deceive her listeners into thinking she was. Radio science suggests that she not only thought she was close to Howland but in fact was close to Howland. Figure 2 below is based on an analysis prepared by LCDR Robert Brandenburg, 6 This is a worst-case estimate, assuming a 12 mph cross-wind for twelve hours, rounded up to 150 miles. 156 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 USN (Ret). His propagation analysis was performed using the ICEPAC model, developed by the Institute for Telecommunication Sciences at the U.S. Department of Commerce (ITS n.d.; Brandenburg 2012). The exact relationship is not as important as the basic shape of the curve: The strongest signal from the Electra would be received by the Itasca when the aircraft was between 100 and 250 miles distant; the Electra would have to be within about 250 miles of the Itasca to be heard clearly; and signal strength (likelihood of reception) on 3105 kHz drops off steadily at distances greater than 250 miles. Figure Two: SNR with Distance. Source: Robert Brandenburg In order to accept the “Earhart flew to Saipan” proposition, one has to believe that transmissions from the Electra were received loud and clear by the Itasca even though the Electra was over two thousand miles away to the west. One also has to believe that the signals grew progressively stronger as the Electra got farther away to the northwest. This is incompatible with radio propagation science, to say nothing of common sense. While it is possible for some signals to radiate in such a way as to be received at great distances while they are not received closer to the source, this phenomenon would not produce a pattern in which signals grew steadily stronger the farther away the transmitter became from the receiver. Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 157 Credibility of Capture Elsewhere Five authors assert that Earhart was captured elsewhere and transported to Saipan. The scenarios are different from one another, but share some similarities, so some data that bear on the credibility of one apply to others as well. Goerner’s scenario was the first published. It suggests, as do others, that Earhart’s Electra had engines which had been switched so that she had more power (and speed) available than she needed to get to Howland directly from Lae. This change was necessary to permit her to fly north to Chuuk and then eastward to Howland in the time allocated for the Lae-to-Howland leg. Goerner asserts that with the hypothetical improved engines and the detour over Chuuk the Electra would have had “a four- to six-hour reserve of gasoline should Howland prove a difficult landfall” (Goerner 1966:315). Goerner states that the “Electra’s power had been publicized as twin 550-horsepower Pratt & Whitney Junior Wasp engines.” In fact, the Wasp Junior was rated at only 450 horsepower, and Earhart’s plane was delivered in July 1936 with 550 hp Pratt & Whitney R1340 S3H1 “Wasp” engines. All Lockheed 10Es came equipped with these engines; it was the earlier 10A that carried Wasp Juniors. Be this as it may, the engines with which Earhart’s plane was equipped were rated at 550 horsepower. Neither Goerner nor anyone else has produced tangible evidence that they were changed after the plane’s delivery. The distance from Lae to Howland is 2556 miles. The distance from Lae to Chuuk is about 950 miles and from Chuuk to Howland about 2220 miles, for a total of about 3170 miles. This assumes point-to-point flying without any “spying time” over Chuuk Atoll. Earhart and others involved in planning the flight anticipated that the Electra Earhart was understood to be flying would take about 18 to 20 hours to reach Howland directly from Lae, depending on the headwinds encountered. This corresponds to a ground speed of from 128 to 142 miles per hour. The Electra (with a maximum fuel capacity of 1151 gallons) was reportedly loaded with 1100 gallons of fuel at Lae (Gillespie 2006:77). According to Lockheed data that fuel should have lasted for 24 hours if the Electra’s airspeed was 153 mph and 27 hours at an air speed of 136 mph (Gillespie 2006:78). If the engines powering the Electra were more powerful, the fuel economy would be lower. In any event, flying the aircraft faster would consume the fuel at a higher rate. Assuming a 15 mph headwind over the 2556 miles directly from Lae to Howland, and a 19.2-hour flight time, we compute an average ground speed of 133 mph or an airspeed of 148 mph. If the plane could stay aloft for 24 hours, there would have been approximately a 158 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 4.8- hour fuel reserve when they reached the LOP through Howland. This is a reasonable 20 percent reserve. Assuming that the route was from Lae to Chuuk to Howland without increasing airspeed or fuel consumption rate but reducing the assumed headwind to 10 mph, the 3170 miles would take 23 hours at a ground speed of 138 mph. This would result in a one-hour fuel reserve at Howland, not the four to six hours claimed by Goerner. If the Electra was flown faster, so that it could reach Howland in about 20 hours, at a groundspeed of about 158 mph and an air speed of 168 mph, it would be able to stay aloft for 21.6 hours. This means that at Howland it would have about 1.6 hours of fuel in reserve. The more powerful engines postulated by Goerner would use fuel at a faster rate and any reserve would surely be less. This assessment shows that there would have been a very small fuel margin if Earhart had attempted such a route. To follow such a plan, with such a small fuel reserve, would have been foolish even for a pilot as inclined to risk-taking as Earhart. Goerner indicated that he thought the flight from Chuuk toward Howland encountered stormy weather and Noonan was unable to get a position fix. However, Earhart’s S-3 radio message at 17:44 GMT saying she was 200 miles out indicates that she thought she knew how far from the LOP she was. Unless this was merely a guess, it had to be based on an observation by Noonan. Goerner would have her more than 400 miles away at the time of her “200 miles out” transmission, but as discussed above, when she was more than 400 miles from the Itasca, her radio transmissions could not have been heard clearly, if they could be heard at all. Goerner proposed that Earhart turned back toward the northwest shortly after her last transmission on 3105 kHz at about 20:15 GMT. She would have been somewhere near the LOP through Howland at that time, at least 750 miles from Mili Atoll. Yet Goerner had her ditching at Mili about two hours later. Even with a tailwind, it would have taken something in excess of four hours to reach Mili from the vicinity of the LOP. Earhart and Noonan would have been in the air for more than 24 hours, but at the speed Goerner assumes they were flying, they would have run out of fuel much sooner. In short, unless we assume that the Electra carried more fuel than the records indicate the plane could hold, and that its radio was capable of generating a signal recorded by Itasca at S-3 when more than 400 miles away, Goerner’s hypothesis does not hold together. Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 159 Based on other data, Goerner seems to have reached the same conclusion himself. In 1989 he wrote: “I truly believed the north of course theory was the most probable when I wrote The Search for Amelia Earhart in 1966, and I chose Mili as the most logical landing place. Through the assistance of Dr. Dirk Ballendorf, who was Deputy Director for our U.S. Peace Corps activities in the Pacific, I was able to disabuse myself of that notion” (Goerner 1989). In Amelia Earhart Lives, Joe Klaas also contends that Earhart had an enhanced version of the Electra in order to fly the Lae to Chuuk to Howland route. He suggests that it could have been the XC-35, a pressurized fuselage aircraft designed and built by Lockheed and first flown on May 7, 1937, about two weeks before Earhart departed on her second world flight attempt. It seems to us unreasonable to believe that such an untested aircraft, contracted for by the military, would have been sought by Earhart or turned over by the military or Lockheed for the world flight. Furthermore, Earhart’s plane was serviced at several locations on the world flight. One of these locations was Lae, where Guinea Airways operated and maintained an Electra of its own. There is no record that Guinea Airways personnel noticed any significant differences between Earhart’s aircraft and theirs. Klaas’ assertion that Earhart was able to fly north to Chuuk and then southeast toward Howland on 1100 gallons of fuel has the same fuel reserve problems as does Goerner’s contention, exacerbated by the fact that Klaas has her flying even farther south, heading for Kanton Island in the Phoenix Group. The total distance from Lae to Chuuk to Howland to Kanton is approximately 3600 miles. Assuming a 10 mph headwind as above and flying at the lower air speed of 148 mph (ground speed of 138 mph) it would have taken 26 hours to make the trip, with about 25 hours worth of fuel. If she flew faster, as Klaas suggests, she would have to fly for 22.8 hours at an air speed of 168 mph (ground speed of 158 mph) to cover the distance. Her fuel burn rate at the higher speed would have exhausted her fuel in about 21.6 hours. If circumstances were extremely fortunate (e.g., the prevailing winds were favorable), the flight might have been completed with the available fuel. But to plan such a flight, without any fuel reserve and hoping for favorable winds, would have been suicidal. Klaas has the Electra shot down by a fighter from the Japanese aircraft carrier Akagi not far from Kanton Island. He asserts that the plane crash landed at Orona (Hull Island) in the Phoenix Group on the morning she disappeared, July 2, 1937. He has her taken aboard the Akagi and eventually transported to Saipan. In his 160 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 book, Klaas includes photos of the purported Electra wreckage on Orona with a Japanese flag flying over it (Klaas 1970: photo on unnumbered page before page 117). He says these photos were taken by the U.S. Navy when the USS Colorado approached the Island in early July. However, according to the Colorado’s records – which do not mention photographing airplane wreckage or a Japanese flag at Orona – a plane from the Colorado landed in the lagoon at Orona on July 10 and the pilot spoke with the British plantation manager, John Jones. Jones is reported to have said he had heard nothing of the missing aircraft and aviators. Orona is not a very large island7. It is hard to imagine that the island’s inhabitants would have failed to notice one aircraft shooting down another in the vicinity or airplane wreckage on their island with a Japanese flag flying over it. According to the Colorado’s pilot, Jones said that for most of the islanders the Colorado’s seaplane was the first aircraft that they had ever seen (Lambrecht 1937). The frames shown in Klaas’ book appear to us to show many birds flying in front of what may be an island; we cannot identify anything else. In short, there is no apparent evidence to support the Klaas scenario, and many of his conjectures are contradicted by generally accepted data. For example, Klaas asserts that Earhart’s Model 10E Electra was swapped for another aircraft with better performance characteristics. While Earhart took off in the other plane, her Electra stayed behind, under the control of Paul Mantz. Klaas suggests that there were a number of bogus transactions through which the original plane was laundered. A Lockheed plane with serial number N16020 crashed at Fort Irwin in Southern California in December 1961; Klaas cites this as proof that Earhart’s original Electra was not used on the world flight. However, there is a simpler explanation for the coincidence of tail numbers, and good evidence that the Fort Irwin plane was not Earhart’s. Earhart’s plane was a Lockheed Electra Model 10E Special, constructor’s number 1055, serial number NR16020. According to the Civil Aircraft Register – United States, a detailed register of U.S. civil aircraft, the plane that crashed at Fort Irwin was a military version of the Model 12A Electra Junior, constructor’s number 212-13, flown by the Royal Canadian Air Force. It had a number of designations over the years: NC18955; NC18955; CF-BQX; RCAF7642; NC60775; N60775; and finally N16020 (Golden Age n.d.). Reportedly, in 1958 Paul Mantz owned the aircraft and got it relicensed as N16020 in memory of his late friend Amelia Earhart (TIGHAR 2001). The Model 10E and Model 12 plane types were very different. The Model 10 was a ten7 Navigate to “Hull Island” on Google Earth for a first-hand view. Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 161 passenger model. The Model 12 carried six passengers. In his book Klaas includes a photo of an exhaust manifold plate from the crashed aircraft he asserts is Earhart’s, but the plate clearly indicates that it was from a model 12A (Klaas 1970: photo on unnumbered page before page 117). In 1985 Vincent Loomis published Amelia Earhart, The Final Story in which he adopted Paul Rafford’s analysis of Earhart’s disappearance. This scenario requires no spying mission or a secret aircraft upgrade to get the Electra to Mili Atoll. According to Rafford’s hypothesis, Earhart tried to fly toward Howland essentially as planned. When they were approaching Howland, he thinks that Noonan was able to get a sun shot; this provided the basis for Earhart’s message to the Itasca when they thought they were about 200 miles from the LOP. Rafford and Loomis propose that at this point Earhart detected nothing amiss and continued toward the LOP, but in fact a “southeasterly wind she was unaware of” had blown her northward during the night, so when they reached the LOP they were actually about 150 miles north of the Itasca (Loomis 1985: 117). On its face this scenario seems plausible. It is compatible with the reported radio receptions by the Itasca. The aircraft performance characteristics fit the scenario up to this point. The only questionable assumption is that there were southeasterly winds of which Earhart was unaware. In fact, the information Earhart had when she departed Lae included the prediction of wind speeds of between 15 and 20 knots from the south-southeast. Earhart should have factored these predicted winds into the course she chose as she flew toward Howland. If the winds were as predicted, and Earhart/Noonan correctly accounted for them in their planning, they would have arrived over Howland when they reached the LOP. An alternative analysis of the effects of prevailing winds on the Electra has been performed by Randall S. Jacobson (nd). Applying a set of defined constraints explained in his article, and assuming that Earhart planned her flight based on the predicted weather, he conducted a Monte Carlo simulation using the best weather data available for the flight path, including data of which Earhart was unaware. Jacobson concludes that “Earhart was experiencing 26 knot winds from roughly 58 degrees, rather than the 18 knot winds from 68 degrees as forecast.” As a result he proposes that she would have reached the LOP south of her intended course, rather than north as required by the Rafford/Loomis hypothesis. 162 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 But assuming that Rafford is correct, could the Electra have reached Mili Atoll with the available fuel? Rafford believed that at 20:15 GMT, Earhart was about 150 miles north of Howland on the LOP and turned westward, thinking she would fly back to the Gilberts. However, since she was farther north than she believed, she was actually flying toward Mili Atoll. Rafford says she picked up a tailwind of 15 miles per hour as she flew westward. She was about 750 miles from Mili when she left the LOP. If her airspeed was 148 miles per hour, a 15 mph tailwind would have resulted in a ground speed of 163 miles per hour. At that rate it would take 4.6 hours to reach Mili. They would have reached Mili about 25 hours after taking off from Lae. An air speed of 148 mph should have permitted her to stay airborne for about 25 hours. If the Rafford scenario applies, she would have run her tanks dry just as she arrived at Mili. In summary, for the Rafford/Loomis hypothesis to be true, the prevailing winds must have been as Rafford suggests and not as Jacobson’s data indicate. Moreover, Earhart and Noonan must have not used the weather data available to them effectively in plotting their course. If these factors all fell into place, it appears possible for the Electra to have run out of fuel as it approached Mili Atoll. Buddy Brennan’s 1988 version of the captured-in-the-Marshalls hypothesis is based largely on interviews with the same informants cited by other authors. However, he also gives considerable weight to secondhand testimony by Marshallese political leaders like Oscar DeBrum and John Heine. According to Brennan, for instance, DeBrum said “there’s no question they went down in the Marshalls” (Brennan 1988:76). By the time Brennan collected such statements of opinion, some fifty years had passed since the time Earhart and Noonan might have been seen landing and being captured. Many people had been interviewed by many investigators, and there had been much time for the development of generally agreed-upon stories (See Implications of Group Opinion below). Randall Brink published his book, Lost Star, The Search for Amelia Earhart in 1994. Like Goerner, he asserts that Earhart was on a spy mission and flew north to Chuuk and thence toward Howland. He outdoes Goerner and Klaas in the upgrades he attributes to her aircraft, saying that while the Electra was supposedly being repaired in Burbank following the crash in Hawaii 8, another, more capable aircraft was substituted. He thinks this aircraft was fitted with surveillance cameras and enhanced direction-finding capability. Brink cites personal input from people 8 For a recent description and analysis of this crash, see Gillespie 2006: Chapter 3. Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 163 whom he says were involved in making these changes, but he presents no photos or other corroborating evidence. We see nothing in the many photos taken during the world flight that supports Brink’s assertions. As with the changes to the Electra that Klaas proposes, none of the people who serviced the aircraft during the world flight are reported to have substantiated any of Brink’s contentions. Brink bases his conclusions about a “government conspiracy” on what others might see as innocuous circumstances. The U.S. assisted the Earhart flight; to Brink this proves that she was on a government mission. The decision after the crash in Hawaii to fly east rather than west to Brink was made not because of weather conditions but to facilitate spying. To Brink, Earhart kept her departure on the second attempt quiet to avoid press scrutiny of the substitute aircraft. None of these suppositions has been substantiated. Brink observes that in Last Flight, Earhart mentions that one of Lockheed’s maintenance specialists, F.O. Furman, was available in Bandoeng to do an overhaul on the Electra’s engines. Brink asserts that the engines did not need to be overhauled in Bandoeng, so Furman must have been there to “service the secret cameras and other special equipment” (Brink 1994:130). But if Furman was there in secret as part of a spying scheme, why would Earhart mention him in Last Flight? According to Brink, Earhart’s enhanced aircraft was equipped with “secret longrange low- frequency DF (direction-finding) equipment” to facilitate communication with the Itasca and enable them to home in on the Itasca’s transmissions. When Earhart and Noonan were hundreds of miles from the Itasca, Brink asserts that they could have flown to the Itasca which was transmitting every few minutes. If this were so, why did they turn toward the Marshalls rather than flying directly to Howland? According to the rough map included in Brink’s book (Brink 1994:6-7), the Earhart aircraft was never closer than about 480 miles from Howland Island. However, the Electra’s 3105 kHz transmissions were heard clearly from 17:44 to 20:15 GMT, which should not have been possible if the plane was more than 480 miles from the Itasca. 164 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 The limitations imposed by the 1100 gallons of fuel aboard the aircraft apply to Brink’s scenario as well as to the others. Based on Brink’s map, Earhart might have had enough fuel to get to the Marshalls, but only if she never got close to Howland. Brink says the plane was forced down at Mili Atoll on July 2, and that she broadcast SOS messages until she was picked up by the Japanese on July 5. But unless the right engine of the Electra could be run to power the radio, Earhart would only have been able to transmit for a short time; three days worth of messages would be out of the question. The messages were reported by Walter McMenamy of California, whom contemporary analysts identify as not a credible source (Gillespie 2006:123-5). Brink says the Japanese took the fliers and the aircraft away on the freighter Kamoi. Earhart and Noonan, he says, were taken to Saipan while the plane was left on the island of Taroa, where Brink says it is pictured in a reconnaissance photo included in his book. The photo can be interpreted in a number of ways, but a systematic archaeological survey of Taroa has not revealed an Electra (Adams 1998). It is possible for the Electra to have made it to Mili, and if the Japanese captured Earhart there they might well have taken her to Saipan. However, Brink’s elaborate scenario to get her to Mili is made up mostly of speculation based on very thin informant testimony. Finally, the evidence cited by the “special section” of the online “CNMI Guide” (No author, n.d.) – that the message received from Earhart by Lae at 07:18 GMT should not have been audible, appears to reflect an understandable confusion on the part of the section’s unidentified author. It is true that, as discussed above, messages on Earhart’s relatively low nighttime frequency of 3105 kHz should not have been audible over the almost 900 miles between Lae and Earhart’s reported location along her course toward Howland Island, but her radio had sufficient power to be heard over such a distance on her higher daytime frequency of 6210 kHz, and it is on this frequency that the 07:18 GMT message is documented to have been received. Credibility of the Electra and Forrestal at Aslito The Electra at Aslito is one of the strangest stories associated with the Earhart disappearance. Until Thomas Devine published his account in 1987, he was the only person known to have asserted it had happened. After his book was Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 165 published, and he appealed for others to step forward with their recollections, other people who were on Saipan in 1944 voiced support for his story. If the Electra had been on Saipan in flying condition in 1944, it could have gotten there in either of two ways. 1. It could have been flown there by Earhart from Lae, as Devine maintained. As discussed above, this scenario is contradicted by the evidence of Earhart’s radio transmissions received by Itasca. 2. It could have been brought there by the Japanese after having come down in the Marshalls or elsewhere. This scenario is plausible, but if the plane crashed, was damaged in landing, or spent much time in the water it would require that the Japanese invest a good deal of effort in recovering it and returning it to flying condition. It is difficult to imagine why they would make such investment, particularly if they planned to conceal the airplane’s existence. The circumstances under which Devine told his story do not inspire confidence. There is no evidence that he reported his experiences on Saipan until Goerner’s investigation began to gain notoriety. At this point he reported his gravesite story – but not his Electra-at-Aslito story – to Goerner, the press, and the Navy. It was his story of being shown graves said to be those of Earhart and Noonan that Patton investigated for the Office of Naval Intelligence, concluding that it was not credible (Patton 1960:9). In 1962, apparently frustrated that officials were not taking him seriously, Devine told the Navy about seeing the Electra on Saipan. He then accompanied Goerner to Saipan in November 1963 and said he found the gravesite he was looking for, but told no one about it, apparently intending to return to the island and recover the remains himself. This sort of behavior does nothing to build Devine’s credibility. Devine’s assertion that the Electra’s burning was carried out under the direction of Secretary of the Navy James V. Forrestal has been carefully investigated by longtime Earhart researcher Ron Bright. Bright found no evidence to support the premise that Forrestal was on Saipan during the time frame in question (at most a few days into the American landing), and ample evidence that he was elsewhere. Unless the records of Forrestal’s whereabouts have been doctored, it appears that Forrestal could not have been on Saipan during the time claimed by Devine (Bright 166 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 2002). The corroborative testimony of other American military eyewitnesses was collected under conditions that render it suspect as well (See “Reliability of Eyewitness Testimony” below). Credibility of Execution and Burial All the stories of Earhart’s and/or Noonan’s execution (or in some Earhart stories, death due to dysentery) are derived from the testimony of eyewitnesses and other informants. They typically describe a man and a woman who are seen on Saipan together or by themselves, after which one or both are in some cases seen executed while in others their execution, or death by natural causes, is reported based on hearsay. In some cases execution is by firing squad, or at least by massed gunfire, while in others it is by beheading. It is difficult to imagine a single coherent story embracing all these disparate accounts, let alone to connect such a story with any confidence to Earhart and/or Noonan. That the Japanese executed people is certain; whether any of those people were Earhart or Noonan is another matter. Some of the putative Earhart and/or Noonan graves that have been excavated on Saipan have produced suggestive things – the blindfold in the case of Brennan’s excavation, bones in the case of Goerner’s and Kothera’s. As discussed above, however, none of these pieces of “hard evidence” can be linked with confidence to Earhart and Noonan. The site of the reported graves on Tinian was intensively excavated by archaeologists in 2004, under the eye of the key eyewitness, Mr. Naftel, and no bones or suggestive artifacts were recovered (Bunn et al n.d.; Frost 2004; King 2004). Reliability of Eyewitnesses and Other Testimony All eight of the Earhart-in-the-Marianas stories are grounded in anecdotal written and oral history; that is, the major evidence on which they are based consists of people’s recollections. Most fall into two categories: Micronesian stories: these are the recollections of Chamorro or Carolinian residents of Saipan or Tinian, or of Marshallese, usually delivered orally to and recorded by non-Micronesian Americans. U.S. Military stories: these are the recollections of U.S. military personnel, mostly participants in the 1944 conquest of the Marianas, of what they say they recall seeing, hearing, finding, or being told by others. Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 167 A very few stories are derived from non-military American sources, and one story reported by Campbell (2002:103-06) is from a Japanese informant. The reports that are most impressive to most readers are those of eyewitnesses: people recounting what they say they actually saw, usually in 1937 on the part of Micronesian informants and 1944 on the part of U.S. military personnel. If these people are not lying – and how could they all be? – then an unbiased reader may reasonably conclude that what they say is true. A problem that confronts some of the authors who have published Earhart-in-theMarianas hypotheses is that eyewitnesses have sometimes provided contradictory testimony. Some Micronesian informants, for instance, describe a plane with a woman and man in it landing on Saipan, while others have the man and woman, and sometimes the airplane, brought to Saipan from elsewhere, in some stories after landing on or near various different islands in the Marshalls. This problem is typically addressed simply by rejecting some stories and accepting others. This acceptance and rejection is often couched in very unambiguous terms. Those whose stories are rejected are taken to be Japanese collaborators, participants (knowing or not) in a U.S. government cover-up, or simply not to be trusted. Adjectives like “incredible” are sometimes used in references to accounts that a given author does not want to accept. Those whose stories are accepted are explicitly or implicitly identified as credible, knowledgeable, and without bias. Patton’s 1960 report is sometimes cited as a well-researched official repudiation of the eyewitness testimony of Josephine Blanco Akiyama and others, but proponents of Earhart-in-the-Marianas stories justifiably point to some core inconsistencies in Patton’s analysis. Notably, the two stories he accepts as perhaps containing elements of truth – those pointing to Earhart’s crashing in the Marshalls – are in many ways flimsier than those of Akiyama and others; both report only hearsay, and one reports it only secondhand. Patton also exhibits some preference for the negative testimony of people in authority (e.g. Sheriff Sablan) over the positive testimony of individuals in less official positions – an understandable bias in a government investigator, but nevertheless one that dilutes his own reliability. We have no basis for saying that any alleged eyewitness or other informant is or is not credible. For the purposes of this paper, we assume that all such informants were telling what they believed to be the truth, though perhaps shaded in some cases to meet what they understood to be social expectations. However, this does 168 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 not lead us to assume that any informant described “objective” reality – that is, reality as it might be perceived by another party. There are good reasons to view all the eyewitness and other informant stories with skepticism, even while accepting the honesty and good will of those who have told them. In the last fifty years, there has been great psychological interest in the reliability of memory, and a good deal of research on the subject – notably including the memories of eyewitnesses. Much of this interest and research has been stimulated by growing concern in legal and law enforcement circles about the conviction of innocent people by courts of law based on eyewitness testimony. Much has also been stimulated by concerns about the conviction and imprisonment of parents based on the uncorroborated stories of adult children who say they have recovered long-suppressed memories of childhood abuse. Elizabeth Loftus of the University of Washington is perhaps the best known and most widely published researcher in this field; her 1979 book Eyewitness Testimony (2nd edition 1996) is probably the most widely available generally accessible text on the subject, though many other scholars around the world have studied and published in the field. What these studies tend to show is that memory is a highly malleable phenomenon; our memories can be significantly transformed by influences from outside our heads – notably by the suggestions of interviewers. As Loftus puts it: “A growing body of research shows that new, postevent information often becomes incorporated into memory, supplementing and altering a person’s recollection. New ‘information’ can invade us, like a Trojan horse, precisely because we do not detect its influence” (Loftus 1996:vii) In one experiment Loftus reports – one of many, and often replicated – a group of individuals is shown a short film of an automobile accident involving a white sports car on a country road. After a period of time engaged in other activities, the subjects are asked a series of questions. Among these, for some of the subjects, is the question: “How fast was the white sports car going when it passed the barn?” In fact, there was no barn in the film, but a substantial percentage of the subjects accepted the suggestion that there was, and offered ideas about how fast the car was going when it passed it. When questioned a week later, more than seventeen percent of those previously asked about the barn “recalled” seeing it – it had apparently become firmly embedded in their memory of the film – while only three percent of those not previously asked about it thought they had seen it (Loftus 1996:60). Experiments of this kind have now been performed quite often, by a Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 169 number of researchers, and leave little doubt that the memories of eyewitnesses can be changed without their being aware of it, and without any necessary intent on their part to deceive. Even word choice by a questioner can influence memory. In another experiment, subjects view a film showing a two-car auto accident. They are then divided into two groups and asked about things seen in the film. In the list of questions asked of one group is: “Did you see a broken headlight,” while in the other group’s list the question has been slightly rephrased: “Did you see the broken headlight?” In fact no broken headlight appeared in the film, but “(w)itnesses who received the questions using ‘the’ were much more likely to report having seen something that had not really appeared in the film” (Loftus 1996:95-6). Similarly, subjects asked how fast they thought two cars were travelling when they “smashed” into each other tended to give much higher estimates than those asked about the cars’ velocity when they “hit” each other. Even more interestingly, those in the “smashed” group were more likely than those in the “hit” group to answer affirmatively when asked several weeks later whether they saw any broken glass in the film – which in fact showed no broken glass (Loftus 1996:77-8). What research by Loftus and others has repeatedly shown is that people’s memories can change over time in response to external and internal stimuli, and that people can come quite seriously to believe that they recall things that are different from what they originally saw and stored in memory. Altered memories can be as vivid, and as firmly and honestly believed in, as “pristine” memories. Grounded in studies like those reported by Loftus and other psychologists, law enforcement and judicial bodies around the world have established guidelines for interviewing witnesses, hoping to minimize the potential for tainting their memories. In 1999, for instance, the National Institute of Justice in the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) published Eyewitness Evidence: a Guide for Law Enforcement (DOJ 1999), which lays out extensive guidelines for police officers, “911” operators, attorneys and others. One guideline appears over and over, applied to almost every situation: “Use open-ended questions (e.g., “What can you tell me about the car?”); augment with closed-ended questions (e.g., “What color was the car?”) Avoid leading questions (e.g., “Was the car red?”) (DOJ 1999:15, emphasis added). 170 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 With reference to the above guidelines, consider the following notice, published in the November 1993 issue of Leatherneck magazine by Henry Duda (as reported in Campbell 2002:24): “C’mon, Marines. Let’s bring out the truth. During the invasion of Saipan, I, and other Marines, as well as Army and Navy personnel, became aware of considerable material and information that Amelia Earhart, her navigator, Fred Noonan, and their airplane had actually landed on Saipan during her 1937 around-the-world flight, rather than the generally accepted assumption that they had gone down at sea. I wish to contact any additional Marines who may have information, especially those who were on guard duty, where her plane was found in a Japanese hangar at Aslito Field.” We mean no criticism of Mr. Duda for publishing this notice, but was it not a leading question? It amounts to: “Did you experience anything during the invasion of Saipan that you would connect with Earhart, Noonan, and/or their airplane – which was found in a Japanese hangar at Aslito Field?” This sort of questioning pervades the record of eyewitness testimony elicitation on which the Earhart-inthe-Marianas stories are largely based. To judge from the psychological literature, it would seem almost made to order for the inadvertent creation of false memories. The possibility of false memory creation exists with respect to both major populations of Earhart-in-the-Marianas eyewitnesses: veterans of the U.S. military and Micronesian residents of Saipan, Tinian, and the Marshall Islands. With respect to military veterans, it is striking that most memories relating to Earhart, Noonan, the Electra, and such related phenomena as photographs and paper-filled briefcases surfaced a dozen or more years after the 1944 invasion. Many were not reported until the 1990s, in response to inquiries by Duda, Devine, and others. It is not difficult to imagine a veteran of the invasion, looking back on a very exciting, frightening, confusing, perhaps heroic, perhaps traumatic period in his life, and finding gaps in his memory, things to wonder about. Reading an appeal like Duda’s, or a book like Goerner’s, Briand’s, Brennan’s or Devine’s, he may begin sifting and re-sifting his memories. This may reveal original, pristine recollections, but it may equally well create opportunities for the equivalents of barns and broken headlights to filter in. The more these memories are then shared, the more opportunities are created for their development in minds that did not previously contain them. With regard to Micronesian people recovering memories of 1937, there are additional complications. First, there is some evidence (albeit as anecdotal as the Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 171 rest of the stories) that some American servicemen actively sought Earhart as they advanced through the islands of Micronesia. Marine veteran Robert W. Reeves, in a handwritten 2002 note to TIGHAR, said: “While we were heading to Roi Namur in the Marshalls, the powers that be issued each and every one of us guys that were going to be doing the fighting a little map maybe a little smaller than this page. On it were known locations of pillboxes, ammo dumps, HQs, prominent buildings, trenches, all that good stuff. I was interested in taking real estate by killing off the occupants, and reading maps was not a big point with me. But it was obvious that whoever made up that map knew the whole place backwards and forwards and even us kids with little savvy knew that someone, somewhat, had done a pretty good job for us guys going in. In the Marines, then, 1944, Amelia Earhart was considered by the guys in the ranks as another beloved member of the Marine Corps. We were all set in our minds by somebody that this woman was risking her all to help us Marines. How else do you account for the good info on our maps at a time when the Marshall Islands were as remote and unreachable for all practical and impractical people as Uberus(?) up in the sky? I also was on Saipan where every man jack of us, I believe, kept our eyes open for signs of that beloved female hero, her navigator, & her craft. “Scuttlebutt” came down or through the ranks that the natives said she had been on the island (alone?) in custody of Japanese Army.” Writing to the Admiral Nimitz Museum in 2000, Navy veteran John G. O’Keefe described his PT Boat’s skipper directing his men to be on the lookout for Earhart on Emirau Island north of New Ireland: “Lt. Josey emphasized that we were to be vigilant for evidence of Amelia Earhart. This was of great interest to me. As a young man not even of age when the war began, I had grown up with Amelia Earhart, Charles Lindburg and Wiley Post as heros” (O’Keefe 2000 files). Similarly, Marine veteran William Dunlap, in a handwritten note from 1989 filed with TIGHAR, said: “Every island we landed on during WWII rumors abounded about some evidence relating to the Earhart mystery.” If Marines, soldiers and sailors were inquiring about Amelia Earhart as they fought their way through Micronesia in 1943-44, it is unlikely that they followed the 1999 DOJ guidelines. It is expectable and understandable that they would have asked very leading questions. The Micronesian people they encountered had themselves gone through – and were going through – a period of intense emotional upset, and many were experiencing extreme privation and disorientation. After decades of 172 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 structured Japanese rule they found themselves in a state of confusion, uncertainty and utter dependence on the American conquerors. There would surely have been strong motivation to tell the frightening newcomers what they seemed to want to hear, and show them what they seemed to want to see. We cannot know how all this would affect the creation and reconstruction of memories among Micronesian informants, but the opportunity would surely exist for false memories to develop. Micronesians may also have gained the impression that some benefit (cigarettes? candy? food? not being killed?) might result from satisfying the Americans’ curiosity, which could account for some stories of Micronesian people accosting Americans and offering to show them the woman pilot’s grave or tell them stories about her imprisonment. It is hard to understand why local people would be so intent on telling or showing Americans such particular things if there were not some perceived benefit in doing so. After the War, the reports of Micronesian people recounting Earhart stories thinned out until 1960, when Josephine Blanco Akiyama publicly told the story that initially informed researchers like Briand and Goerner. Now a new wave of Americans arrived in the Marianas asking about Earhart, none of them aware of the guidelines that would be developed fifteen to twenty years later based on the research of psychologists like Loftus. There is every reason to suspect that they too asked leading questions and inadvertently cultivated false memories. Consider, for example, this excerpt from the transcript of an interview with Matilde Fausto Arriolo carried out by Fr. Arnold Bendowske in November 19779: Fr. Arnold: First of all, you recall that you told Fred Goerner about the story on Amelia Earhart? Matilde: I don’t know, Father, what the name of that man was. Fr. Bendowske goes on to say that he is interviewing Ms. Arriolo at the request of Admiral Carroll, formerly on Guam but now in Washington, and that the tape will probably go to the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). He goes on: I mentioned to the Admiral at that time your name because you saw Amelia Earhart yourself. Matilde: I did not know her name when I first saw her. She did not mention her name nor who she was. Fr. Arnold: What year was this? 9 Fr. Bendowske’s interviews were relied upon by Goerner, Loomis, and Devine, and are alluded to by others. Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 173 Matilde: I believe it was 193- Fr. Arnold: Was it 1937 or 1938? Do you recall? Matilde: At the moment I don’t seem to be able to pin down the exact year. You know, I was sick recently and maybe that has impaired my memory, my powers of memory. Fr. Bendowske’s performance is virtually a textbook case of leading the witness. He begins by announcing his assumption that Ms. Arriolo saw Amelia Earhart, ignores her protestation that she did not know whether the woman she met was Earhart, and proceeds to supply her with the approximate date when he supposes the meeting occurred. Almost certainly a Catholic, Ms. Arriolo probably regards Fr. Bendowske as an authority figure, and he enhances the seriousness of his investigation by implying that the military or US intelligence are interested in her testimony. Under the circumstances, it would be surprising if Ms. Arriolo did not start remembering that she saw and talked with Amelia Earhart, regardless of whether she ever did. Asking leading questions is not the only interviewer practice that may have skewed the testimony of interviewees; the opportunity to profit from the “right” kind of testimony also seems to have existed in some cases. Loomis, for example, reports that he offered two thousand dollars to anyone who would help him locate a metal box that he believed might have been buried by Noonan on Mili Atoll (Loomis 1985: 91-92). Although we have found no accounts of the practice, it seems likely that GIs and Marines sometimes compensated their Earhart informants at least with things like candy, cigarettes, and Cokes. None of the above proves that Matilde Fausto Arriolo, Josephine Blanco Akiyama, or other Micronesian people did not see Amelia Earhart, that Thomas Devine did not see the Electra at Aslito, or that Robert Wallack did not find Earhart’s briefcase. We do think it suggests that eyewitness testimony is by no means infallible, especially when it is collected by untrained people with their own agendas. Interrogation across Cultural Boundaries General differences in communication style also need to be considered in judging the reliability of informant testimony as a source of “objective” data. In his wellknown work, Beyond Culture (Hall 1976), Edward T. Hall arrayed the communications styles of different societies along a continuum from “low context” to “high context.” Low-context societies – typified by those of the United States and 174 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 some western European countries – tend to value the use of language to convey information, focusing on the specific subject at hand. Higher context societies use language in ways that may reflect a range of social contexts besides that of transferring data from one person to another about a specific subject. The speech of a person in a high-context society is likely to reflect status relationships and social expectations at least as much as it reflects the “objective facts” valued by a low-context speaker. Raymond Cohen (1997) has shown how communication breakdowns between high and low-context negotiators have caused costly and sometimes fatal errors in international diplomacy. Micronesian societies tend toward the high-context end of Hall’s continuum. A speaker is likely to be at least as concerned about how what he or she says will affect relationships with others – including the person spoken to but also including one’s family members, the leadership of one’s social group, and the members of subgroups to which one belongs or which one respects (e.g. elders, navigators, women) – as he or she is about communicating “facts.” This complexity tends to be lost on a low-context interlocutor. All the Earhart researchers whose work we have examined have been from a lowcontext society – the United States – and even an investigator as experienced as Fred Goerner appears to have had relatively little contact with people from highcontext cultures before coming to Micronesia. So an Earhart researcher might ask a direct question and assume that the response represented a direct, “truthful” answer; the person being questioned, however, would very likely respond based on what he or she thought appropriate in a variety of contexts unknown to the investigator. What answer was proper given the status of the interviewer as understood by the interviewee? What answer would be the most polite, and helpful to the interviewer? What answer would the village or island chief think appropriate? What answer might produce maximum benefit for one’s lineage or dependents, and minimize risk to them? This does not mean that the high-context informant would lie, but that he or she would be likely to shade the truth (as he or she understood it) to meet social expectations. Implications of Group Opinion Some Earhart-in-the-Marianas researchers cite what they take to be a broad consensus among Micronesian informants as evidence that the stories reported by such informants must reflect the truth about Earhart’s and Noonan’s fate. Exactly Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 175 how much of a consensus might exist is rarely reported; for example, in 1960 Joe Gervais (via Klaas) summarized: “Many people remember a plane crash. Many people remember an American woman and an American man apparently being held prisoner. Some say they were executed. Some say the woman died, apparently of dysentery, and the man was executed. Some say they were taken away to Japan” (Klaas 1970: 121). It is uncertain how much of a consensus actually existed at the time most of the Earhart-in-the-Marianas investigations began. For example, in 1960 Fred Goerner interviewed over 200 people on Saipan, only 13 of whom said they knew some portion of the story told by Josephine Blanco (Goerner 1966:48). Nevertheless, it is fair to say that the notion that Earhart and Noonan ended their journey and lives in the Marianas has gained a following among residents. Similarly, some consensus has developed among groups of U.S. military veterans, as shown especially in Campbell’s 2002 book. Many people remember being told stories or having experiences that they can relate to Earhart and Noonan. Some recall being told about their landing, some about their imprisonment, some about their execution and burial. Some recall finding things, or being told of such discoveries, and some recall the Electra at Aslito or flying over the Saipan battlefield. As discussed below (”A Core of Truth?”), this sort of group agreement may reflect some kind of historical reality, but it also may reflect the importance of consensus per se as a cultural value. Particularly in Micronesia, but elsewhere as well, consensus is something that people think worth seeking and achieving for its own sake. Although particularly characteristic of high-context societies like those in the Pacific Islands, the desire for consensus seems to be widespread. In a 1977 experiment-based study testing generalizations by Norman Maier (1950), Irving Janis (1972) and others, the social psychologist Matie L. Flowers concluded that “in all groups a pressure toward consensus prevails unless the leader deliberately counteracts such pressure by encouraging diversity of viewpoints” (Flowers 1977:889) In other words, there is a natural tendency in any social group to form consensus. Consider first how this tendency toward consensus might affect a group of U.S. servicemen during World War II. Imagine that some of the group’s formal or informal leaders become convinced that Earhart is somewhere on the islands they are invading, helping them and hoping to be saved. It is unlikely that such a group’s leaders would “encourage diversity of viewpoints;” more likely, they would 176 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 encourage unanimity of purpose – “Let’s find Earhart, using whatever means are necessary,” including the forceful questioning of Micronesians they encountered. Positive results – be they stories of women in captivity, found objects, or executions and graves – would be preferred by the group over negative data. Now consider veterans of World War II in the Pacific, approached long after the war by an articulate fellow-veteran like Devine or Duda, who is leading a quest for information on specific events like the Electra at Aslito or reports of Earhart’s imprisonment. Drawing on the oral history of Studs Terkel (1985), the neurologist Oliver Sacks refers to: “… countless stories of men and women, especially fighting men, who felt World War II was intensely real – by far the most real and significant time of their lives – everything since as pallid in comparison. Such men tend to dwell on the war and to relive its battles, comradeship, moral certainties and intensity” (Sacks 1998:31). Among such men, receiving what amounts to a “call to arms” from someone asserting leadership as Duda did – “C’mon, Marines, let’s get the truth out!” – is likely to leave little doubt about what kind of consensus is expected. “Yes, we did experience things that now, in light of what the leader tells us, make sense as evidence of what happened to Earhart.” With respect to Micronesian eyewitnesses and other informants, consider first the period when the islands are being conquered. People are concentrated in camps, under the complete control of Americans. If some of these authority figures start asking them questions about Earhart and Noonan, and especially if they reward “positive” responses, it is to be expected that a “collective memory” would begin to develop, unless such development was discouraged by local leadership – which would have no plausible reason to do so. Over time, there is no reason we know of that such a collective memory would not persist; there is no evident reason for the leadership in the Marshall Islands or elsewhere to, in Flowers’ words, “encourage diversity of viewpoints” on what might have happened to Earhart and Noonan. By the 1980s, when Brennan and others were collecting stories, it appears that a collective memory had developed at least in the Marshall Islands. Brennan quotes Oscar de Brum, then First Secretary to the president of the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI), during a flight to Majuro: “Oh, there’s no question they went down in the Marshalls. Lots of people saw them. The Japanese hustled them off somewhere – probably their headquarters on Saipan.” (Brennan 1988:76) Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 177 Brennan’s son remarks on the unanimity he perceives in the Earhart stories coming from people on Majuro whom he assumes could not possibly have known one another or “collaborated” (Brennan 1988:119). But in fact, “collaboration” is what people in Micronesia routinely do. The tendency to seek consensus on matters of concern is well known and extensively documented in Pacific island societies (See Petersen 2009, LaBelle n.d. for recent treatments) and indeed throughout much of the non-Euroamerican world (c.f. Hall 1976, Cohen 1997, and see above). Moreover, the formal and informal sharing of stories – that is, oral tradition – is a fundamental aspect of human behavior in any traditional society. Loomis observed this sort of sharing in the Marshalls, noting that residents “obviously shared their news rapidly…(as) a form of entertainment” (Loomis:1985:91). His experiences also seem to reflect the role of leadership in reaching consensus; he describes how during breakfast with a Marshallese political leader and his local group, “with the senator’s blessings placed upon us at the meal we were able to seek out others who had heard the story of the ‘lady pilot’” (Loomis 1985:85). The role of leaders in establishing what constitutes the collective memory is also reflected in Brennan’s reported experiences. Brennan reports then-RMI President Amata Kabua telling him that the Alabs (chiefs) of individual islands would be sought out by island residents for advice on whether they should share what they knew (Brennan 1988:75). Brennan grasped the fact that the Alabs’ leadership was critical to people’s decisions about sharing information with questioners from outside the group. As a result, he was very keen to befriend the local Alab as a prelude to any discussions with local residents on Majuro (Brennan 1988:80). Applying Flowers’ generalizations and what we know about traditional Pacific island consensus- building and storytelling, we think it likely that the social environments of the various informants encouraged agreement both on the content of stories and on what “facts” should be reported. Whether what was reported was actually “factual” in some absolute sense may have been less important to informants than the stories’ relevance to the fulfillment of social expectations. Intercultural Misunderstandings It would be easy for the various Earhart researchers – none of them trained ethnographers – to have misinterpreted some forms of social interaction typical of Micronesian societies. These include what Petersen calls “avoidance behaviors” and 178 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 “disinclination to initiate interactions” (Petersen 2009: 172-173). A reluctance to share stories, and particularly to volunteer them, is sometimes interpreted as reflecting fear triggered by memories of Japanese occupation and knowledge that former policemen who had worked for the Japanese still lived on the island, or as evidence of guilt by association with Earhart’s or Noonan’s fate. However, viewed with reference to the cultural values outlined by Petersen and others, it is also possible to believe that reluctant informants were simply seeking to avoid getting involved in the researchers’ enterprises by dodging or terminating conversations in the most respectful, polite ways they could. The Earhart researchers also had no basis for understanding that, in Petersen’s words, “Micronesians as a general rule…do not like to say no” (Petersen 2009: 207) – particularly to people regarded as deserving respect or as being in need. Confronted by assertive American researchers asking specific questions about something that may or may not have happened years or decades earlier, it would not be surprising if Micronesian informants gave affirmative responses in preference to neutral or contradictory ones. Providing such answers to people so evidently in search of them might have been construed by some informants as simply being hospitable, taking care of people who were viewed as “strangers in need” and “travelers” (Petersen 2009: 209). Although some Earhart researchers seem to have understood the need for knowledgeable local people to guide them, there is little evidence that any of them have gone to much trouble to familiarize themselves with island cultures, societies, or communication styles. Joe Gervais’ approach to interaction with Micronesians seems to have been to work through the local chief of police, Quintanilla (Klaas 1970: 74ff). Buddy Brennan took the trouble to “bone up on their laws” and “read more on the islands and people” (Brennan 1988: 71), but it is not clear just what this amounted to. Loomis recognized the importance of obtaining a translator who understood “both the language and the customs” (Loomis 1985: 88) but does not report studying either one himself. In short, it is reasonable to posit that a kind of cultural myopia has influenced and hampered the efforts of the American Earhart researchers in the Mariana and Marshall Islands. The subject of cultural myopia has never been an easy one to analyze, but we suspect that it was an influence on the research we examined. This is a subject that could benefit from further study. Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 179 A Core of Truth? The fact that we should not uncritically accept the eyewitness testimony – to say nothing of the second- or thirdhand stories – on which the Earhart-in-theMarianas hypothesis is based does not necessarily mean that there is no truth behind them. Just as there seems to have been a real Trojan War of some kind upon which the Homeric epics were based, there may well be incidents that really happened lying at the core of the stories about Earhart-in-the-Marianas. One such reality may be that Earhart and Noonan, and perhaps the Electra, actually did find their way to the Marianas – that is, some version of the basic Earhart-in-the-Marianas story may actually be true. But are there ways to account for the stories as anything but fables if Earhart and Noonan did not wind up in the Marianas? We think there probably are, and suggest that pursuing them might elucidate a rather veiled period in Pacific history. If we set aside the specific identifications of Earhart and Noonan – most of which are suspect due to leading questioning by Americans – the stories of Micronesian informants can be summarized as accounts of six incidents: 1. An ethnically European man and woman were seen in Japanese captivity, perhaps taken out of an airplane that landed or crashed in or near Tanapag Harbor. 2. An ethnically European man was cared for by a medic in Jaluit, possibly after an airplane crash, possibly in the company of an ethnically European woman. 3. An ethnically European man was executed by the Japanese. 4. An ethnically European woman was imprisoned for a time in the Garapan prison. 5. An ethnically European woman lived for a time under some sort of house arrest in the Kobayashi Royokan Hotel. 6. An ethnically European woman was executed or died, perhaps of dysentery. It is not too difficult to imagine ways that the above six statements could reflect things that really happened in the late 1930s or early 1940s in the Marianas, but that did not involve Earhart and Noonan. The Japanese had governed Micronesia since 1914; prior to that time, the Marshalls, Carolines, and Marianas but for Guam were colonies of Germany, and before that they had all been putative colonies of 180 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 Spain. German, Spanish, and other European missionaries were established in Micronesia before the Japanese mandate was put in place, and presumably at least some of these remained through the period of Japanese administration. Other Europeans may have settled in Micronesia during the period between the world wars; for instance, apparently some White Russian families made their way to Yap after fleeing the Bolsheviks (Palomo 2002; Petty 2001; Ranfranz 2012). In the late 1930s, when Japan began active preparations for war, it is reasonable to imagine that these small European populations would come under suspicion and in some cases be brought to centralized locations for interrogation and internment. Some of them might have been flown to Saipan aboard seaplanes, landing in Tanapag Harbor, and housed as “political prisoners” in the Kobayashi Royokan hotel. Once the Japanese captured Guam and islands in what are now Kiribati and Tuvalu –then the British Crown Colony of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands – additional ethnic European political prisoners may have wound up on Saipan. Passing merchant ships were another source of ethnic Europeans in Micronesia. For example, in his 1993 letter to Vaeth, Fred Goerner, casting a critical retrospective eye on his own “captured in the Marshalls” hypothesis, advanced a plausible non-Earhart-related basis for Bilamon Amaron’s eyewitness story. Goerner said that in U.S. Navy records he had found an account of the Motorship Fijian, which exploded near the Marshall Islands in 1937. The Fijian’s crew – mostly Asian but with eight Norwegian officers – escaped and were rescued by the Sjiko Maru, which took them to Jaluit. There the injured received medical treatment (perhaps from Amaron) before they were all taken to Yokohama via Kosrae, Pohnpei, Chuuk and Saipan (Goerner 1993 quoted in Campbell 2002:158). In short, there are ways for ethnic Europeans other than Earhart and Noonan to have found themselves in the Marianas as unwilling guests of the Japanese. Let one such guest be a woman, and the stage would be set for Chamorro and Carolinian residents to have experiences that, with prompting by eager American questioners, could become Earhart sightings. Both Goerner (1966:80) and Klass (1970:Chap 11) mention Americans who were executed on Saipan and could have been confused with Earhart and Noonan. The source of all the stories is the same, the policeman Jesus DeLeon Guerrero, sometimes known as Kumoi, to whom Goerner assigned the pseudonym Francisco Galvan. According to Klass, Guerrero reported that two American flyers, both male and presumably military, were shot down in 1942, imprisoned for a time, and then Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 181 beheaded. Patton (1960:8) mentions that one of his informants, Jesus Salas, provided accurate information about the place of burial of “two American Military pilots.” The pilots’ execution could be the basis for stories of “Noonan’s” beheading, and their graves might be those identified by various informants as those of Earhart and Noonan. According to both Goerner and Klass, Guerrero also said that a woman of mixed Japanese-Caucasian ethnicity, born in Los Angeles, was hanged as a spy after being imprisoned for some two months. Goerner says Guerrero described the woman as beautiful and well-dressed – the same words used by Ana Villagomez Benevente in her interview with Fr. Bendowske to describe the woman at the hotel (Bendowske 1977: 10). In Fr. Bendowdske’s transcripts too, Matilde Fausto Arriola says that her mother identified the American woman with whom she interacted as “(j)ust a little bit of a mestiza” – that is, of mixed ethnicity (Bendowske 1977:6). Despite Fr. Bendowske’s vigorous and semi-successful leading of both witnesses to identify the woman as Earhart, their descriptions are very consistent with Guerrero’s of the mysterious well-dressed American woman. The Wallack briefcase story and other accounts of document discoveries could also be more or less true without necessarily indicating an Earhart presence in the Marianas. Earhart’s flight had received widespread news coverage, and it is far from inconceivable that a Micronesian or Japanese resident on Saipan – perhaps a schoolteacher or journalist – would have collected news clippings and other documents relating to the flight. We have no way of judging the likelihood of such a scenario, but it is certainly not implausible. An Earhart photo, or even a briefcase full of papers dealing with Earhart, does not necessarily mean that Earhart was ever in the Marianas. The story by Devine and others of the Electra at Aslito, and its destruction at the direction of Secretary Forrestal, is so vivid and dramatic that it seems to defy a simple, non-Earhart explanation. But in view of the experiments by Loftus and others demonstrating the malleability of eyewitness memory, such an explanation is not unimaginable. Japan had both civilian and military cargo and passenger aircraft – including Lockheed 14 Super-Electras as well as such Electra look-alikes as the Tachikawa Ki.54c, Kawasaki Ki.56, and Kawasaki Type LO (Dave’s Warbirds n.d.) – and it is not inconceivable that one of them might have been at Aslito in 1944. The similarity of such an aircraft to Earhart’s, if found in a hangar at Aslito, would very likely have generated rumors and motivated U.S. military officers to place it under guard. Denfeld and Russell (1984:9) report that Naval Technical Intelligence recovered 24 intact Japanese aircraft at Aslito, but they do not report the types. 182 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 Most of those they illustrate (p. 11, Fig. 4) appear to be fighters, but only about six of the planes can be clearly seen. They report that the aircraft were removed by the intelligence service, but do not report what happened to them. This is a question that would benefit from further research, but it appears to be possible that an aircraft resembling Earhart’s – but not Earhart’s – was at Aslito for Devine and others to observe. As for Devine’s recollection of the plane’s burning, it is reported that during the Battle of Saipan, shortly after Aslito was secured, a Japanese Zero from Guam unknowingly landed there, was fired upon by American forces, and crashed at the end of the runway (Pacific Wrecks 2012). Did Devine, after seeing a civilian aircraft at the field, also see this crash, and did his memory over the years compress the events and associate the plane that was destroyed with the one he saw under guard? Of course, we cannot say, but our point is simply that we can imagine the existence of facts at the core of Devine’s story without concluding that Earhart’s Electra was at Aslito. As for Forrestal’s presence, a detailed examination of Forrestal’s whereabouts during the relevant period provides no evidence that he was in the area (Bright 2002), but it is by no means inconceivable that some other authoritative man in a white shirt was present –perhaps from Naval Technical Intelligence – and that “scuttlebutt” was generated identifying him as Forrestal. What of the evidence for a cover-up? Much of this evidence is negative – for example, an alleged discovery like Wallack’s attaché case is turned over to higher authority and never seen again. Perhaps the discovered item was hidden away or destroyed to protect a secret, but perhaps it simply went missing in the fog of war. Much of the evidence involves examples of apparent government obfuscation, interpreted as designed to confuse or discourage investigators. Obfuscation, however, is almost inherent in bureaucratic transactions; this is one reason we speak of “bureaucratese.” Government agencies also reflexively resist sharing information, especially if – as is often the case – they are not really sure what information they have. And around the time that Briand, Goerner, Devine, Gervais and others were launching their investigations, the U.S. government was covering something up on Saipan – the use of the island as a base for covert operations training and for the launch of such operations against China (c.f. Russell n.d.). There was every reason for the Navy, Department of the Interior, and Central Intelligence Agency – all engaged in more or less intense interagency rivalry for Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 183 control of the island – to want Goerner and the others to abandon their investigations, or at least take them elsewhere (e.g. to the Marshalls). Again, Devine provides some of the most dramatic anecdotal evidence of a conspiratorial cover-up, but much of what Devine reports is so strange that one wonders whether he might have dreamed it. His encounter with the “Navy man,” quoted above, has a particularly dream-like quality – the Navy man appears but does not identify himself, tells Devine that he should leave his barracks bags because he will not need them where he’s going, invokes Earhart’s name, gets Devine as far as the harbor and the seaplane, and then turns and runs away. This all seems far more like a dream sequence than like the playing-out of a real-life conspiracy. But can dreams become memories? There does not seem to be a great deal of research into the subject, which is obviously a difficult one to investigate. Loftus (2012) suggested to us that we are unlikely to find much that will bear very directly on the question. There has been some relevant research, however (e.g., Christos 2003, Mazoni et al 1999) and it appears that the boundaries between dreams and memories are by no means rigidly defined. Conclusions The evidence for Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan in the Mariana Islands is almost exclusively anecdotal; such “hard” evidence as exists is very dubious as to its association with the famous flyers. Anecdotal accounts by Micronesian people of a woman in captivity, a man executed, a man and a woman executed, and a man and/ or woman buried were invariably collected under circumstances in which the generation of false memories cannot be discounted. Leading questions were asked, answers were in some cases supplied to informants, and there is every reason to suspect that at least in the 1940s informants expected rewards for “right” answers if not punishment for “wrong” ones. Micronesian informants, operating within the context of their own cultural values and modes of communication, cannot be assumed to have answered their interlocutors’ questions – even if those questions were carefully phrased – with what an American investigator would understand to be the “objective truth.” Most of the eyewitness and other accounts by American military personnel are subject to similar forms of unintentional manipulation, memory construction, and faulty interpretation. Although there may be kernels of truth in some or many of the stories, there are ways of accounting for them that do not involve the presence of Earhart and/or Noonan in the Marianas. 184 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 This is not to say that Earhart and Noonan definitely were not captured by the Japanese, imprisoned on Saipan, and/or executed and buried in the Marianas. Some version of the Earhart-in-the-Marianas story may be true. The evidence we have reviewed, however, gives us no serious reason to think that it is true. Some of the story’s variants – notably the premise that Earhart flew her Electra directly to Saipan – are contradicted by objective independent data, while others are grounded only in anecdotal evidence. And this evidence is tainted by the methods (or lack of method) involved in its collection, making it difficult if not impossible to judge its veracity. If we set aside the association with Earhart and Noonan, however, it is worth considering that the stories of an American woman in captivity on Saipan – quite detailed and consistent in Fr. Bendowske’s transcripts and the reported testimony of Jesus DeLeon Guerrero – may well reflect something that really happened, someone who really was imprisoned and executed. An effort to identify this shadowy person and reconstruct her story – without assuming that she must have been Earhart – could result in a valuable contribution to the history of Micronesia during the Japanese period and World War II. References Adams, William H. 1998 Archaeological survey of Taroa Island, Maloelap Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands. Micronesian Endowment for Historic Preservation, Saipan. Baby, Raymond, and Martha Potter 1968 Letter report dated November 12, 1868 to Donald Kothera. TIGHAR files. Bendowske, Fr. 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Curran, Jeanne 1992 A New Story About Amelia: Retired Nurse Believes Tortured End Came on Saipan. Bangor (Maine) Daily News, Wednesday, June 10, 1992. Dave’s Warbirds (Worldwide Web site) n.d. Japanese Aircraft of World War II. http://www.daveswarbirds.com/Nippon/ Japanese.htm, accessed May 10, 2012. Davidson, Joe 1969 Amelia Earhart Returns From Saipan. Nashville, IN, Unlimited Publishing. 186 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 Denfeld, D. Colt, and Scott Russell 1984 Home of the Superfort: an Historical and Archaeological Survey of Isely Field. Micronesian Archaeological Survey Report #21, CNMI Historic Preservation Division, Saipan. Devine, Thomas E, with Richard M. Daley 1987 Eyewitness: The Amelia Earhart Incident. Phoenix, AZ, Primer Publishers. DOJ (U.S. Department of Justice) 1999 Eyewitness Evidence: a Guide for Law Enforcement (https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ nij/178240.pdf, accessed 4-6-12). 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Traditional Dispute Resolution in Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia: Examples from the Literature. http://www.courts.state.hi.us/docs/CADR/ CADR_LaBelle_TraditionalDRinPacific.pdf, accessed April 22nd 2012. 188 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 Lambrecht, John 1937 Aircraft Search of (sic) Earhart Plane. Weekly Newsletter, USS Colorado, 16 July 1937. http://tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Archives/Documents/ Lambrecht's_Report.html, accessed May 6th 2012. Lauden, Edward 1991 Amelia Earhart. Letter to the editor of unidentified newspaper in Tampa, Florida dated October(?)12, 1991. Clipping in TIGHAR files. Loftus, Elizabeth 1996 Eyewitness Testimony. Cambridge, Harvard University Press. 2012 E-mail to Thomas F. King dated April 13, 2012. Loomis, Vincent with Jeffrey Ethell 1985 Amelia Earhart, the Final Story. New York, Random House. Maier, Norman R.F. 1950 The quality of group decisions as influenced by the discussion leader. Human Relations 3 (June 1950):155-74. Mazzoni, Giuliana A. L., Pasquale Lombardo, Stefano Malvagia, & Elizabeth F. Loftus 1999 “Dream Interpretation and False Beliefs,” Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 30(1):45-50, February 1999. Mick, Deana 1994 Letter and enclosures dated April 4, 1994 to Dr. Tom Crouch, Smithsonian Air and Space Museum, regarding door from Garapan prison. TIGHAR files. 2012 E-mail dated March 15 2012 to Thomas F. King regarding hinges of door from Garapan prison. No Author 1944 Earhart Tale Told by Pacific Natives. New York Times, March 22 1944, p. 3. n.d. Saipan and the Mystery of Amelia Earhart. CNMI Guide, http://www.cnmiguide.com/history/ww2/amelia/, accessed May 11, 2012. O’Keefe, John G. 2000 Letter dated March 7, 2000 to Joan Hubbard, Admiral Nimitz Museum, Fredricksburg, TX. Pacific Wrecks (Worldwide Web Site) 2012: Aslito Field. http://www.pacificwrecks.com/airfields/marianas/aslito/ index.html, accessed May 10, 2012. Palomo, Anthony 2002 Personal communication with Thomas F. King and Dr. Dirk Ballendorf, University of Guam, October 21 2002. Interview notes in TIGHAR files. Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 189 Patton, Joseph M. 1960 Earhart, Amelia; information re. location of grave of. Report made at IOCOMNAVMARIANAS, 9 pages plus attached photos and maps, cover memo signed by H.G. Hirschfield, Intelligence Officer. Petersen, Glenn 2009 Traditional Micronesian Societies: Adaptation, Integration and Political Organization. Honolulu, University of Hawai’i Press. Petty, Bruce 2001 Saipan: Oral Histories of the Pacific War. New York, MacFarland & Co. Polhemus, W.L. 1971 Howland Island: ETA Thirty Years and Thirty Minutes. Paper presented to the International IEEE Conference on Systems, Networks, and Computers, Oaxtepec, Morales, Mexico. Polhemus Navigation Sciences, Inc, Burlington VT (TIGHAR files). Potter-Otto, Martha 2012 E-mail dated March 26, 2012 to Thomas F. King re. bones from Saipan at Ohio Historical Society. Rafford, Paul 2006 Amelia Earhart’s Radio: Why She Disappeared. Orange, CA, the Paragon Agency. Ranfranz, Patrick 2012 The White Russian from Yap: Alex Tretnoff (excerpt from Petty 2001). In Missing Air Crew: The Search for the Coleman B-24 Crew. http://www.missingaircrew.com/yap/ MISSINGAIRIMAGE_YAP/YAP_ INTERVIEWS/Alex_RUSSIAN/opt/ index2.asp, accessed 4-17-12). Reeves, Robert W. 2002 Letter dated June 15, 2002 to TIGHAR. TIGHAR files. Russell, Scott 1984 From Arabwal to Ashes: A Brief History of Garapan Village, 1818-1945. Micronesian Archaeological Survey Report #19, Saipan, CNMI Division of Historic Preservation. 1998 Tiempon I Manmofo’na: Ancient Chamorro Culture and History of the Northern Mariana Islands. Micronesian Archaeological Survey Report #32, Saipan, CNMI Division of Historic Preservation. 2012 Email correspondence dated March 7, 2012, with attached photos to Thomas F. King regarding comparison of Deanna Mick’s door with probable food service openings in cells at Garapan prison. n.d. The Capitol Hill Complex: a Significant Cold War Site on Saipan, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Manuscript in preparation 2012. 190 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 Sacks, Oliver 1998 The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat, and Other Clinical Tales. New York, Simon and Schuster. Sallee, Rod 1986 Amelia Earhart Mystery Solved? Local Man Says Japanese Soldiers Executed Aviatrix in 1944. Houston (Texas) Chronicle 9/17/86, Section 1, p. 25. Snyder, David 2012 E-mail dated April 26, 2012 to Thomas F. King re. bones from Saipan at Ohio Historical Society. Spennemann, Dirk H.R. 1999 Aurora Australis: the German Period in the Mariana Islands, 1899-1914. Occasional Historical Papers Series #5, Saipan, CNMI Division of Historic Preservation. Stewart, William 1996 Letter dated February 13, 1996 to CNMI Historic Preservation Officer Joe Guerrero; CNMI Division of Historic Preservation files and TIGHAR files. n.d. The Mystery of Amelia Earhart: July 1st and 2nd, 1937. Undated printed map with text, CNMI Humanities Council files and TIGHAR files. Terkel, Studs 1997 The Good War: An Oral History of World War II. New York, The New Press. TIGHAR (The International Group for Historic Aircraft Recovery) 2001 January 7-13, 2001 TIGHAR Earhart Forum exchange at: http://tighar.org/ Projects/Earhart/Archives/Forum/Highlights121_140/highlights121.html, accessed May 10, 2012. Wallack, Robert n.d. Statement in the Smithsonian Institution’s Veteran’s History Project. See: http:// lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/vhp/story/loc.natlib.afc2001001.25605/pageturner? ID=pm0006001, accessed April 22, 2012. Whaley, Floyd 1996 Amelia Earhart Grave Claim Doubted by CNMI Officials. Pacific Daily News, May 1, 1996, p. 4. Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 191 --Thomas F. King holds a PhD in anthropology, with research in western North America and Micronesia. His career since the late 1960s has been devoted to environmental impact assessment and cultural heritage management, working with government agencies, indigenous communities, and nongovernmental organizations. From 1977 to 1979 he served as a consultant in archaeology and historic preservation to the High Commissioner of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, and since 1989 he has served as volunteer senior archaeologist on The International Group for Historic Aircraft Recovery’s (TIGHAR’s) Amelia Earhart Project. King has authored, co-authored, or edited ten textbooks, numerous journal articles, a novel and a non-fiction tradebook, and writes blogs at http://crmplus.blogspot.com/ and http:// ameliaearhartarchaeology.blogspot.com/. Thomas A. Roberts earned a PhD in Structural Engineering from University of California, Los Angeles, and worked in aerospace for forty years before retiring in 2004. Much of his career was spent with Lockheed Martin, most recently at the Skunk Works, performing and supervising structural analysis of aircraft modifications. Since his retirement Roberts has been a part-time consultant to the Skunk Works. While working for Lockheed he became interested in the puzzle of Amelia Earhart’s disappearance. He joined TIGHAR in 1995 and has participated in several expeditions, two to the island of Nikumaroro in search of clues to the Earhart mystery. Joe Cerniglia is an active researcher in The International Group for Historic Aircraft Recovery’s (TIGHAR's) Amelia Earhart Project, and has been fascinated since age ten with the Earhart mystery. He has been associated with the research and identification of artifacts recovered by TIGHAR from Nikumaroro Island. He has authored a research bulletin on TIGHAR's website and numerous research reports for TIGHAR's Earhart Project Advisory Council, of which he is a member. Cerniglia holds a BA in English from Dartmouth College and an MA in Journalism from the University of North Texas. 192 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 Soldiers and Civilians: US Servicemen and the Battle for Saipan, 1944 By Matthew Hughes Professor of History at Brunel University, London, UK [email protected] Abstract: This essay explores the treatment by US military forces of civilians during the battle for the Pacific island of Saipan in 1944, both Japanese and Korean migrants living on Saipan, and “native” islander Chamorro and Carolinian peoples. Saipan is a useful case study as it was the first central Pacific island on which American forces encountered large numbers of civilians. The literature on the Pacific war overlooks the impact of the war on non-combatant island populations, preferring to focus on the actual fighting. The article extends the boundaries of the military history of the Pacific campaign of World War II to include the experience of civilians, Thousands of civilians died during the course of the battle for Saipan and this article balances whether these deaths were the result of mass suicides, Japanese fanaticism, and Japanese maltreatment of their own civilian population, or the consequence of the actions of US forces. Introduction In the Second World War, when US Marines and soldiers landed on the Pacific island of Saipan on 15 June 1944, they were faced with a new challenge beyond defeating Japanese forces: how to deal with the up to 30,000 civilians who lived on the island, the minority being local Chamorros and Carolinians, the majority Japanese (mainly Okinawan) and Korean settlers, all of whom would now be caught up in the battle that would rage until 9 July, when US forces declared the island officially ‘secured.’ As a contemporary US military observer noted, these civilians were a ‘novel feature,’ as hitherto US troops had only encountered ‘scattered handfuls’ of local peoples, ‘semi-savages who had no special stake’ in the outcome of the war.1 Now, on Saipan, the US had to deal with civilians, an ‘unknown quantity’ and whose reactions to invasion ‘no one could predict.’2 ‘At best, if they remained entirely passive, they would still present a problem utterly alien to our experience 1 Frank Hough, The Island War (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1947), p. 227. 2 Ibid. Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 193 to date.’3 Moreover, this was John Dower has described as ‘war without mercy,’4 one supercharged with racism and stereotypes, a theatre of combat unmatched for its savagery, and which could preclude decent treatment of an enemy that was portrayed as fanatical, alien and simian-like. How would Marines, hardened by the battles on Guadalcanal and Tarawa, in which they took very few prisoners, react to large numbers of civilians, most of whom were ‘enemy,’ and who physically were indistinguishable from Japanese soldiers, especially as some civilians were in paramilitary units and many Japanese soldiers were not uniformly dressed? On Guadalcanal, when Marines had come across Japanese civilian labor on the island, what they called ‘termites,’ they shot many of them out-of-hand.5 As the Marines approached Saipan, ‘G-5’ civil affairs officers lectured them on the population of the island. The civil affairs officers organized arm bands for civilians – red for Japanese, red and white for Koreans, and white for ‘others’ – and prepared to land on D plus 2 to manage civilians, although as a post-battle USMC report recognized: ‘There was little of the civil affairs operation on Saipan of which the Americans could be proud. Censure should not be directed to any individual. The mistakes were collective, none were intentional.’6 The report concluded, aptly, ‘There is a natural difference of view point between the forces trying to conquer or annihilate enemy personnel and destroy all property which might be used by the enemy and forces trying to conserve property which might be beneficial to the alien enemy civilian population…Combat troops should be instructed in civil affairs so that the best interests of the United States are served. This indoctrination must start in the basic camps and service schools and not left to lectures or printed orders just prior to an operation.’7 Contemporaneous American accounts of Saipan and subsequent official and semiofficial histories, usually written by former servicemen, skate over the issue of the civilians’ experience of battle, preferring to focus on the glory, heroism and spectacle of the unfolding battle, understandable considering the authors and the 3 Ibid. 4 John Dower, War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War (New York: Pantheon, 1986). 5 Craig Cameron, American Samurai: Myth, Imagination and the Conduct of Battle in the First Marine Division, 1941-1951 (Cambridge: CUP, 1994), pp. 107-8. 6 Corps Civil Affairs to Commanding General (draft), 13 Aug. 1944 [sent 22 Sept. 1944], by D. Windner, in Enclosure K, p. 6, File Marianas Phase I (Saipan), RG127/370/318, USMC Geographic Files Saipan-Tinian, National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, MD, USA. 7 Ibid. 194 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 audience for which they were writing. Civilians either appear tangentially in a sanitized form with Marines and soldiers giving children sweets through the wire of a stockade or handing down a baby to safety. The exception is the mass suicide of Japanese civilians who jumped off Marpi Point on the northern end of Saipan at the end of the battle (or were shot by Japanese soldiers), and whose gruesome end was recorded, and presented as proof of an avoidable tragedy perpetrated by a fanatical opponent.8 Marine Corps publications such as Leatherneck and the Marine Corps Gazette from the period also discuss the special problem of civilians in five essays published prior to 1946.9 In all these accounts, written from a US perspective, civilian deaths were either unavoidable, suicides or attributable to the Japanese killing their own people. Is this true? A part of the small staff of the American civil affairs unit landed on 17 June, but it was some days before all the civil affairs men were ashore. They were, in effect, chasing the battle up the island, leaving the initial contact with civilians to the fighting troops. The Marines from the 2nd and 4th divisions, and the Army troops from the 27th Infantry Division which joined the battle later, initially concentrated civilians in the beach area, dangerous, unsanitary and without shade, but all that was available. As the troops pushed inland, a permanent camp was set up at the village of Charan-Kanoa, where the Americans triaged the civilians, dividing off and preferring the friendly Chamorros and Carolinians from the Koreans and Japanese (all of whom were repatriated after the war). Considering the exigencies of war and the Americans’ lack of experience of handling civilians in the Pacific battles, the treatment of these non-combatants was creditable. The issue was the passage of the civilians from the war zone to Chalan-Kanoa, and it is here that we find an explanation for why so many civilians perished on Saipan. While the Chamorros and Carolinians were willing to surrender to the advancing Americans, Japanese civilians feared the rape and abuse that they were sure would come their way if they surrendered. Japanese troops as they fell back fostered this fear and shepherded their people north up the island. In the last resort, Japanese soldiers killed their own people; indeed, even without soldiers around, parents 8 For instance, see ‘The Nature of the Enemy,’ Time (7 Aug. 1944) and Robert Sherrod, ‘Saipan: Eyewitness Tells of Island Fighting,’ Life (28 Aug. 1944), pp. 80-81. 9 David Dempsey, ‘Cave of Horror,’ Leatherneck 27/10 (Sept. 1944); Anon., ‘The Talking Jeep,’ Leatherneck 27/13 (Dec. 1944); Lewis Meyers, ‘Japanese Civilians in Combat Zones,’ Marine Corps Gazette 29/2 (Feb. 1945); Lewis N. Samuelsen, ‘Handling Enemy Civilians,’ Marine Corps Gazette 29/4 (Apr. 1945); Eugene Boardman, ‘Surrender Propaganda,’ Marine Corps Gazette 30/1 (Jan. 1946). Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 195 would kill their own children and their spouses, often cutting their throats; children would be bayoneted. One of the (very few) Japanese soldiers who wanted to surrender noted how the problem was not so much the Americans as escaping his own side. Amongst a mixed group, including a young girl whose parents had given her poison but she had lived, he heard American troops calling out: Their Japanese was a little shaky…but I feared that if I surrendered within sight of our own men during daylight I might be shot in the back…I couldn’t actively say, ‘Let’s surrender,’ because I was worried about what that young man might do…The American army was only a little ways off. ‘When I’m spotted by them,’ I thought, ‘I only have to raise my hands immediately’…I was making my way through the jungle when I heard, ‘Halt!’ An American soldier was pointing his rifle at me. I thought, ‘I’m saved!’ I looked back. Trailing me were that young woman and the middle-aged couple. I was questioned. ‘Are you a soldier?’ Yes, I said. An American sergeant ordered me to sit down…I was the sevenhundred-fifty-seventh military prisoner-of-war taken on Saipan. I surrendered on July 14. The American soldiers had been demons on the battlefield, ready to kill me in an instant. Now, here they were, right in front of my eyes. Relaxed. Sprawled on top of Jeeps, shouting, ‘Hey!’ Joking with each other. At that moment, Japanese forces fired at us from the mountains. The Americans started to fire back. I threw myself flat, in an instant. The women just stayed sitting where they were. Indifferent. Seemingly lost.10 Many civilians hiding with soldiers were not so lucky and died at the hands of their compatriots. In this sense, the Japanese authorities undoubtedly hold a major responsibility for civilian deaths as they, firstly, portrayed the US forces as savage, secondly, they forced civilians to retreat with the battle, and, finally, they killed many civilians who refused to kill themselves. Thus, famously, at Marpi Point, a sniper shot a woman holding her baby and who was running frantically to and from the precipice, undecided. At the same place, Japanese soldiers had children in circles throw live grenades like balls. All of this was made easier by Japanese notions of honor relating to surrender that civilians as well as soldiers seem to have imbibed. This is the traditional narrative such as it is, buttressed by accounts of honorable Marines and Army soldiers trying to avoid needless suffering and who were 10 Yamauchi Takeo, ‘Honorable Death on Saipan,’ in Haruko Taya Cook and Theodore F. Cook (eds), Japan at War: An Oral History (New York: New Press, 1992), pp. 290-91. 196 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 horrified by the carnage not just at Marpi Point but at so many caves that they came across, full of suicides, as they pressed, inexorably, north up Saipan. And it is a story with truth, but also with complication and, in some measure, the Americans were also responsible for civilian deaths. This was largely inadvertent but still cannot be blamed on the Japanese. Firstly, there is the issue of the tactical systems employed by American forces. As the Marines and soldiers pushed forward, they pressed up against an enemy who, to save itself from the Americans’ overwhelming firepower, dug down and sought sanctuary in dugouts and Saipan’s many caves. From these positions some hid and hoped; others, many or most perhaps, fought back. To overcome such opposition the Americans used grenades, explosive charges, gasoline and, above all, the flamethrower, the weapon that epitomizes the savagery of the Pacific war in a way that the machine-gun did for the Great War. (Napalm was also used for the first time in the assault on the neighboring island of Tinian.) Such a tactical system precluded discrimination; anyone hidden from view was a target – and within many caves there were a mix of soldiers and civilians. Local Chamorros and Carolinians even built underground bunkers to protect themselves and their families, buttressed with coconut logs, that would have been indistinguishable to advancing Marines and soldiers from Japanese defensive positions, into which a grenade or the nozzle of the flamethrower would be thrust.11 As mentioned, the Americans employed massive, sea, air and land firepower, smashing Saipan’s capital of Garapan, firing at anything that moved, and, of course, used at the fighting front to provide close support for their troops. This further precluded any discrimination between soldier and civilian. Nor was this helped by the tendency of civilians to wander into the US lines at night, perhaps doing so to escape the sights of Japanese snipers in their attempt to surrender, but provoking the typical reaction from nervous US troops fearful of night attacks of fire first and then see what had been hit. Too often, it was a group of civilians. Secondly, there was the issue of the language barrier, something linked to the tactical method just discussed. Many Chamorro spoke some Spanish (as well as some Japanese that they had learnt at school) but most of the civilians spoke nothing but Japanese or Korean. US forces had attached language officers, and these men had fitted up loudspeaker systems for use at the front and had printed 11 See the many Chamorro and Carolinian accounts in ‘We Drank Our Tears:’ Memories of the Battles for Saipan and Tinian as Told by Our Elders (Saipan: STAR, 2004). Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 197 surrender leaflets in Japanese and had these dropped behind enemy lines. But for the fighting Marine, up against a hidden enemy in fluid battlefield situations, they were invariably alone with whatever language skills they possessed. This favored the Chamorros as some Marines and soldiers spoke Spanish, and in the remarkable story (i.e., some of it seems to have been made up) of the Marine Guy Gabaldon who spoke Japanese you had a Marine who captured many prisoners as he appealed to the enemy in Japanese.12 But Gabaldon was atypical amongst ordinary US servicemen who spoke nothing but English. Thus, Marines or soldiers approaching a cave complex had the choice of going in to find out who was hidden therein, trying to talk the occupants into surrendering, or getting a flamethrower or satchel charge to deal with the problem, before moving on to the next minor battle. Many Marines and soldiers, especially after 9 July when tempers calmed, did try and use verbal persuasion but without speaking Japanese there was no way that the civilians would know what was being said to them. Thus, a Marine had a choice: either risk his life going into a cave, leave the cave alone which could be full of soldiers who could later emerge and attack the Americans in the back, or use blunt force and kill everyone inside. Unsurprisingly, the preferred tactical method was to ‘seal’ the cave. Marines’ and soldiers’ behavior could be kind or it could be cruel. Often, it was casual and indifferent. Thus, one Marine recounted to a mobile USMC field recording unit in situ how he and his comrades had seen a woman go into a cave. Their response was to throw in a smoke grenade and a couple of concussion grenades, the latter presumably designed for maximum impact in a closed environment.13 There was no interpreter present so they threw in some more grenades, a method unlikely to encourage the occupants of the cave to come out. Then, bizarrely, the sergeant of the unit said ‘come on out’ (in what language we do not know) whereupon scores of civilians emerged – but not all as some remained in the cave. Then an interpreter arrived who discovered that the civilians were a mixed group, not just Japanese but also Koreans and Chamorros. The whole process was chaotic, personally driven but, in this instance, ultimately rewarding; once the civilians were in the open, the Marines helped them and treated them humanely, sending them back to safety. 12 See the story in Guy Gabaldon, Saipan: Suicide Island (Privately Printed, 1990). 13 Recording of Marine F. Liddle, LWO 5442 Reel 27 Side A, Recorded Sound Reference Center, Library of Congress. 198 ・ Marianas History Conference 2012 Whether it is the Pacific islands in 1944 or Iraq today, Marines and soldiers are bound by rules and ‘standard operating procedures’ regarding the treatment of non-combatants. Involved in a full-scale war, Marines and soldiers in 1944, operating away from the gaze of the world media and with fewer complex regulations regarding the treatment of non-combatants, made personal choices in how they dealt with civilians. But whether it is the war on Saipan in 1944 or counter-insurgency today, life and death for the innocent so often depends on the decency and humanity of the fighting soldier, personal qualities developed by society, education and family rather than what a recruit learns in boot camp, and, ultimately, perhaps, individual strengths that cannot be taught anyway. --Matthew Hughes is Associate Professor of History at Brunel University, London, UK. From 2008 to 2010, he was the MajGen Matthew C. Horner Distinguished Chair in Military Theory at the US Marine Corps University, Quantico, Virginia. From 2004 to 2008 Hughes was the Editor of the Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research. His previous publications include “Palgrave Advances in Modern Military History” (2006) and “Losing the Peace” (2009). Currently, Hughes is working on a project examining the interaction between armies and civilians. His work on the battle of Saipan has been published in The Journal of Military History. Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 199 200 ăƒť Marianas History Conference 2012 Nicer than Planned: WWII-Era Quarters of the 502nd Bomb Group on Guam By Michael J. Church and Matthew J. Edwards HDR Environmental Guam [email protected] Abstract: How does the archaeological record of U.S. Army Air Force unit deployment compare to the primary documentary record regarding those units? Although contemporary documents say the 502nd Bomb Group had only 725 personnel at Northwest Field on Guam, far fewer than the 2078-man contingent normal for very heavy bomb groups like the 502nd, archaeological survey shows that the unit’s facilities were far in excess of those needed for 725 enlisted men and officers. In particular, archaeological survey indicates the 502nd Bomb Group was much more lavishly equipped than planned in terms of shower space and mess hall space. The 502nd Bomb Group stands in sharp contrast to the 331st Bomb Group at Northwest Field, which had quarters built almost exactly as planned. Archaeological survey demonstrates that at least some U.S. WWII-era units had considerable flexibility in deviating from official military plans when constructing their living quarters. Introduction How does the archaeological record of U.S. Army Air Force unit deployment compare to the primary documentary record regarding those units? Although contemporary documents say the 502nd Bomb Group had only 725 personnel at Northwest Field on Guam, far fewer than the 2078-man contingent normal for very heavy bomb groups like the 502nd, archaeological survey shows that the unit’s facilities were far in excess of those needed for 725 enlisted men and officers. In particular, archaeological survey indicates the 502nd Bomb Group was much more lavishly equipped than planned in terms of shower space and mess hall space. The 502nd Bomb Group stands in sharp contrast to the 331st Bomb Group at Northwest Field, which had quarters built almost exactly as planned. Archaeological survey demonstrates that at least some U.S. WWII-era units had considerable flexibility in deviating from official military plans when constructing their living quarters. Unit History The 315th Bomb Wing (Very Heavy) activated on 17 July 1944 with four very heavy bomb groups, the 16th, 331st, 501st, and 502nd. The 315th Bomb Wing deployed to Northwest Field on Guam in April 1945 with the mission of flying and supporting B-29 missions in the Pacific theater. When the units arrived on Guam, Navy Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 201 Seabees were building the Northwest Field runway and taxiway system, but the men of the Bomb Wing were responsible for constructing their own barracks and other facilities. A full USAAF Very Heavy Bomb Group had a complement of 2078 officers and enlisted personnel (Table 1) (Bowman, 1997). Presumably, the USAAF site development plans for the 331st and 502nd Very Heavy Bomb Groups were designed for a full unit. Our research has found no numbers for the as-deployment complement of the 331st Bomb Group. However, the 502nd appears to have deployed with far fewer personnel than standard. According to the 502nd Bomb Groupâ€™s newspaper, the Short Snorter, the unit left Grand Isle Army Air Field in Nebraska for Guam with only 689 enlisted men and 36 officers (Stone, 1946). That figure is only 35 percent of the full deployment figure for a Very Heavy Bomb Group. Table 1. Bomb Group Personnel Unit Full Bomb Group (Very Heavy) Rank Enlisted Total 725 Data Sources The data presented here has three main sources. The original April 1945 Bomb Group site development plans were obtained from the Air Force Historical Research Agency. The archaeological survey data for the 331st Bomb Group cantonment was obtained from the 2007 survey by Geo-Marine Inc. presented in the report, Results of Cultural Resource Inventories for Establishment and Operation of an Intelligence, Surveillance, Reconnaissance, and Strike Capability and the Deployment of Red Horse Squadron, Andersen Air Force Base, Guam by Marcus Grant et al. The archaeological survey data for the 502nd Bomb Group cantonment was obtained from the 2009 survey by e2M, Inc. presented in the report, Cultural Resources Survey of a Portion of Northwest Field and Sirena Beach at Andersen Air Force Base, Guam by Michael Church et al. 202 ăƒť Marianas History Conference 2012 Mess Halls Archaeological survey found that the 331st and 502nd Bomb Groups both had much larger than planned mess halls. Site development plans for both units called for T-shaped 1500-man consolidated mess halls totaling 8,800 square feet each. However, both the 331st and 502nd had much larger than planned mess halls. The mess hall actually built for the 331st Bomb Group was an H-shaped building totaling 12,600 square feet (three 100x42 sections). The H-shaped mess hall built for the 502nd Bomb Group was even larger, totaling 14,828 square feet. These figures mean that the mess halls for the two Bomb Groups were roughly half again as large as planned. There are many possible explanations. One is that the mess halls were used for a greater range of activities than planned and therefore needed to be larger than originally designed. Another possibility is that the units overbuilt their mess halls for the comfort of personnel. What is particularly interesting is that the 502nd Bomb Group, which had a smaller deployed complement, had a larger mess hall facility than the 331st Bomb Group. Unit As Built vs As Planned Mess Hall Space As Planned As Built Difference 14828 square feet 169% Showers Archaeological survey found that the shower facilities also do not match the site development plans. Showers for both units were built with very different footprints than planned, resulting in more shower space for bomb group personnel. As planned, shower facilities for each bomb group consisted of six 14-head 49x16 foot shower facilities for enlisted personnel, one five-head 23x16-foot shower facility for enlisted personnel with group headquarters, and two 18-head, 49x14-foot shower facilities for officers. Assuming a full complement of personnel, these figures would have translated into one showerhead per 12.8 officers and one showerhead per 20.4 enlisted men. Based on the square footage of planned buildings and the planned number of showerheads, each enlisted men’s showerhead occupied 57.0 square feet of built space and each officers’ shower head occupied 38.1 square feet of built space. Archaeological survey found that many of the shower facilities actually built for the 331st and 502nd had differed considerably from their planned footprints. Marianas History Conference 2012 ・ 203 In the 331st cantonment, the two officers showers were built as 48x20 buildings, not the planned 49x16 foot dimensions. Enlisted personnel showers were built in a range of sizes, and it appears that one of the 49x16 shower facilities was never built at all. In the 502nd cantonment, the five-head 23x14-foot 5-head Group HQ EM quarters shower was never built. The other shower facilities were built with footprints very different from planned. The result is that the total footprint of the shower facilities in the 331st's cantonment was appreciably larger than planned, especially for officers, and the shower facilities in the 502nd's cantonment were dramatically larger than planned when taking into account the unitâ€™s small actual size. Unit Rank Buildings 6 14-head 49x16 foot Enlisted 1 5-head Planned 23x14 foot 2 18-head Officers 49x14 2 40x20 2 20x20 Enlisted 56x20 502nd as 36x20 built 40x20 Officers 49x14 3 20x38 1 33x38 Enlisted 1 38x38 331st as 1 23x14 built Officers 2 48x20 Square feet of Showerhe Square feet/ Men/ Shower Square shower ads shower head head foot/man buildings 5072 89	i don't know
What legendary guitarist, rock star (having released 31 albums over his career), radio and TV host is known as The Motor City Madman	Rock Eyez Webzine - Music News Updated: Friday, July 19, 2013 MUSIC NEWS 07/17/2013 Asked about SLIPKNOT's plans to get back into the studio and make a new album following the 2010 death of bassist Paul Gray, Corey Taylor said: "We are talking about getting together next year and putting some new music together. Everybody's kind of getting some demos together right now. I've got about four or five songs that I'm working on. Joey's [Jordison, drums] got a ton of stuff. Clown's [Shawn Crahan, percussion] got a bunch of stuff. Jim's [Root, guitar] got some stuff, Mick [Thomson, guitar]… I mean, we all write so it's gonna take a lot of time to kind of get the madness under control. But right now that's the plan — to get together early next year and start throwing ideas at each other." SLIPKNOT has performed live over the past two years but has not recorded a new album since 2008's "All Hope Is Gone". SLIPKNOT mastermind/percussionist M. Shawn "Clown" Crahan spoke with Kerrang! magazine about the band's continued delay in recording a new studio CD. The SLIPKNOT co-founder explained: "We haven't written an album in five years because we wrote one, we toured it for two years, and Paul died, and it's been three years. What do you want from me? Nothing. When I come back, when we come back, it will be time, you will understand, we will understand, and it will be right. We'll be the first band that could be off for five years and come back like we never were gone. So that's what it's all about." TOOL drummer Danny Carey was interviewed this week by Loudwire and naturally the subject of a new album came up. Carey explained: "It's still the three of us [Carey, guitarist Adam Jones and bassist Justin Chancellor] right now and [we will be joined by singer Maynard James Keenan] soon, you know, just working on all our parts and working on our compositions together. Stylistically, we're trying to push things in different ways, but it always comes out sounding like TOOL no matter what we're trying to do. We're working everyday on it and it's going really well, so I'm hoping we'll get into the studio by the end of the year." Asked about a possible 2013 release date for the new TOOL CD, Careysaid: "I doubt it. Right now, since we haven't started tracking stuff at this point, it'll be hard. We could have the record finished by the end of the year — that's a possibility, but the logistics of getting it manufactured and getting the record company in line and all this stuff, I doubt we'll be able to get it out before Christmas. We'll see how it goes. Most likely, it'll be early 2014." TOOL has not released a new album since 2006's "10,000 Days". Jones recently told Revolver magazine, "It's unfortunate that we haven't put anything out in a while, but you know, we've changed as a band . . . We've become even more eclectic and distant, so getting things done and getting together is very hard." 5/3/2013 SLAYER guitarist Jeff Hanneman passed away at about 11 a.m. today (Thursday, May 2) near his Southern California home. He was 49.Hanneman was in an area hospital when he suffered liver failure. He is survived by his wife Kathy, his sister Kathy and his brothers Michael andLarry, and will be sorely missed. Hanneman — who in January 2011 contracted necrotizing fasciitis, likely caused by a spider bite, and has been undergoing surgeries, skin grafts and intense rehab since — spoke to U.K.'s Classic Rock magazine in the fall of 2011 about his recovery which has seen him sit out an entire two years' worth of touring with the band. Hanneman was kicking back in a hot tub with a couple of beers when noticed a spider bite him on the arm. "Didn't even feel it," he said. "But an hour later, I knew that I was ill." On his way to the hospital, "I could see the flesh corrupting," he recalled. "The arm was real hot. I got to the emergency room, and thank god the nurse knew straight away what it was. By chance, although it's pretty rare, she had seen a case a little while before. At that point, I was an hour away from death." Although the spider bite itself was not serious, it had caused bacterial infection in the deeper layers of the skin and tissues of the arm. "Unbelievably, the doctor was a SLAYER fan," said Hanneman, "First thing he said to me was: 'First I am going to save your life. Then I am going to save your arm. Then I am going to save your career.'" Hanneman underwent emergency surgery to remove the dead and dying tissue. The doctor was able to save the muscles and the tendons, but the guitarist had a large open wound on his arm. He spent the next two months in hospital, having extensive skin grafts and heavy doses of antibiotics to suppress the infection. "I had to learn to walk again," Hanneman said: "I hadn't stood up for a month, apart from anything else. The skin grafts were very painful and all the muscles and tendons in the arm where very weak. That was OK, though. I count myself lucky that the nurse and doctor knew right away what had happened to me, because things could have been a whole lot worse." 4/10/2013 "Led Zeppelin: Sound And Fury", a new digital book by photographer Neal Preston, will be published on April 15. The in-depth, illustrated digital coffee-table book is created and designed especially for iBooks, providing an unprecedented and comprehensive glimpse into the world of LED ZEPPELIN through the lens of the famed photographer. Blending images, interviews, and information to allow readers inside access into some of the greatest moments in rock history, "Sound and Fury"features hundreds of photos of the band from throughout their career (including over 100 that have never been seen before), audio introductions, written pieces, hi-definition video interviews, ephemera, commentary from contemporary artists, technical camera info, band discography, and more. "Sound And Fury" includes a written introduction by Stevie Nicks. Features include: "Led Zeppelin: Sound And Fury" is available for pre-order now at iTunes . 3/13/2013 Legendary rocker Alice Cooper recently spoke to RollingStone.com about his upcoming covers album, which he plans to start recording in December for a 2014 release. "We do a thing in our show, which is a tribute to Hollywood Vampires, my drinking club," Cooper explained. "And it was Keith Moon, John Lennon, Harry Nilsson, Micky Dolenz — a very eclectic bunch of drunks. Half of them are dead, so we do four songs in the show in tribute to them. We do 'Break On Through', 'Revolution', 'My Generation' and Jimi Hendrix's 'Foxey Lady'. I just kind of said, 'We've never done a covers album, let's think about that.' So [producer Bob] Ezrin and I are kind of bouncing it around right now." Asked what some of the wish-list songs are, Cooper said: "I would keep it right to about '73, '74. I don't want to just go anywhere. I want to keep it right in that sort of drunk era, so it's specific. I would say 'Break On Through', that's a really good rock track there. The other ones, think of it — Harry Nilsson, there's a lot of good stuff there that could be rocked out. I think of songs as being clay. Take a song like 'Jump Into the Fire' and take that to a harder level, and that'll work." British heavy metal legends IRON MAIDEN have released the following statement: "We are deeply saddened to report that Clive Burr passed away last night. He had suffered poor health for many years after being diagnosed with multiple sclerosis and died peacefully in his sleep at home." IRON MAIDEN bassist Steve Harris said: "This is terribly sad news. Clive was a very old friend of all of us. He was a wonderful person and an amazing drummer who made a valuable contribution to MAIDEN in the early days when we were starting out. This is a sad day for everyone in the band and those around him and our thoughts and condolences are with his partner Mimi and family at this time." Added MAIDEN vocalist Bruce Dickinson: "I first met Clive when he was leaving SAMSON and joining IRON MAIDEN. He was a great guy and a man who really lived his life to the full. Even during the darkest days of his M.S., Clive never lost his sense of humour or irreverence. This is a terribly sad day and all our thoughts are with Mimi and the family." Clive joined MAIDEN in 1979 and performed on the first three albums — "Iron Maiden" (1980), "Killers" (1981) and "The Number Of The Beast" (1982). Prior to that, he was a member of SAMSON, the band Bruce fronted before he, too, joined MAIDEN. IRON MAIDEN established the Clive Burr MS Trust Fund in 2002 to benefit Clive Burr. 3/10/2013 MÖTLEY CRÜE was forced to play an abbreviated set earlier today (Sunday, March 10) at Allphones Arena in Sydney, Australia during the band's tour with KISS and THIN LIZZY. CRÜE bassist Nikki Sixx writes on Twitter : "Sorry, Sydney, for a short set tonight but Vince [Neil, MÖTLEY CRÜE singer] had to be rushed to the hospital for internal pain. Will update you on his progress." Guitarist Mick Mars added: "Sydney, my apologies for a short set this evening. Vince had an attack of kidney stones. He went straight from the stage to the hospital." Original KISS drummer Peter Criss will receive the first "Man Of Courage" award from The Beauty Foundation For Cancer Care, a non-profit organization that serves to alleviate the physical, financial and emotional burdens patients and their families face while coping with cancer. The new honor will be named "The Peter Criss Man Of Courage Award" after this year. "I think it's wonderful that The Beauty Foundation is giving exposure to male breast cancer," Criss said. "The more aware that men become that this is not just a woman's disease, the more lives that will be saved." Now in its seventh year, The Beauty Ball is The Beauty Foundation For Cancer Care's largest annual fundraising initiative. The Beauty Ball will take place on Saturday, April 13 at Trump National Golf Club in Colts Neck, N.J., at 7:00 p.m. The event will include an evening of dancing and casino action, with cocktails and food served throughout the night. Tickets are $275 each and can be purchased online at this location . While some men feel embarrassed because of "this macho crap," Criss told CNN surviving breast cancer was actually a blessing. He was treated before the tumor could spread and said he was speaking about male breast cancer to raise the profile of this rare disease. Criss, who played drums for KISS and was known as "Catman," offered this advice to men who spot lumps in their breast: "Don't sit around playing Mr. Tough Guy. Don't say 'It's going to go away.' It might not and you might not see life anymore and how beautiful that is." Criss, who is currently working on a new rock album, told Reuters his bout with cancer had affected his songwriting. "My lyrics are not so deep and dismal," he said. 1/29/2013 ATTENTION WILLOW WISP FANS AND FUTURE CORPSES ALIKE!! We are urging you to help spread the word about our February 2013 tour.Please share the links below with your Friends and tell anyone you know about this MONSTER METAL EVENT!! Santa Ana: 11/03/2012 Original KISS drummer Peter Criss' memoir, "Makeup to Breakup: My Life In And Out Of Kiss", landed at position No. 7 on the New York Times "Hardcover Nonfiction" best-sellers list. The book arrived on October 23 via the Simon & Schuster imprint Scribner. An excerpt from "Makeup to Breakup: My Life In And Out Of Kiss", can be found at RollingStone.com . Criss wrote the 320-page hardcover book with the help of Larry "Ratso" Sloman. In a recent interview with "The Opie & Anthony Show", Criss revealed that a power struggle, with Gene Simmons and Paul Stanley on one side, and Peter and Ace Frehley on the other, led to his departure from KISS. "I could start feeling [Stanley and Simmons] wanting the power," he said. "The more we were going up the ladder of future and fame, the more it was kind of swaying to Mr. Simmons and Stanley. Ace and I were kind of not getting our musical [ideas] in. It's funny — I wrote the biggest hit the band [ever had] [the 1976 ballad 'Beth'], and meanwhile, I was kind of always getting put down for this stuff. So it was always a battle." According to Criss, he and Frehley were extremely close, which is why it was especially hurtful for the drummer to learn that Frehley was making more money when the farewell tour ended in 2000. "[It] broke my heart when [Ace] broke my heart," he said. "In the book, I tell the story, but towards the reunion, towards the end, I was devastated, man. I couldn't believe what went on. And it was again about the old M-O-N-E-Y. Money, money, money. Power, power, power. It never was enough for those guys." As previously reported, Criss will guest on the nationally syndicated radio show "Rockline" with host Bob Coburn on Wednesday, December 19 at 8:30 p.m. PT / 11:30 p.m. ET. Fans are encouraged to speak with Criss by calling 1-800-344-ROCK (7625). The show will be streamed on the "Rockline" web site for two weeks beginning the afternoon after the live broadcast. For more information, visit RocklineRadio.com . Legendary rocker Alice Cooper recently launched a new audio blog, "Me, Alice", at the web site of his radio show, "Nights with Alice Cooper". In a recent interview with the U.K.'s Independent, Cooper insisted that he and his band are "doing better tours now than we ever did." He added, "When I was 30, I was a mess. I was drinking a bottle of whisky a day. I did shows that weren't anywhere near as good as the shows I do now." Cooper, who calls himself a born-again Christian, also said that he believed the Bible was the literal word of God. "Yes, true each word," he said. "[God] has a plan for everybody. I look at my life and I think, 'How is it possible that I didn't die?'" The rocker also spoke about his live performance, saying, "I treat Alice in the third person, because I can't take him anywhere. He belongs on stage. But there was a gray area for quite a long time when I didn't know where I began and where Alice ended." He continued, "If you take the image away. I'm still in a bar band, because I've never grown out of it. I'll be the last guy who ever looks at the band and says, 'Turn it down'. But I love the character. I always say Alice Cooper's my favorite rock star. [My fans] don't want him to be human. They want him to be this otherworldly character." According to The Pulse of Radio, Jimmy Page confirmed that he's re-mastering all nine LED ZEPPELIN albums, with each set being readied as deluxe, expanded editions featuring, "extra music and bonus material." Page, who produced all of LED ZEPPELIN's live and studio albums, has served as the band's chief archivist and personally oversaw the re-mastering of the band's catalogue back in the nearly '90s. In Page's new interview with Mojo magazine, he explained, "There are a number of LED ZEPPELIN projects that will come out next year because there are different versions of tracks that we have that can be added to the album so there will be box sets of material that will come out, starting next year. There will be one box set per album with extra music that will surface." There has been no release date set for the box sets and it's not known whether the albums will be released at once or staggered, as was done by PINK FLOYD for their deluxe "Immersion" collections. Coming on November 19 will be LED ZEPPELIN's new live collection, "Celebration Day", which was recorded and filmed at ZEPPELIN's December 10, 2007 reunion show at London's O2 Arena. The concert film will be released on CD, DVD, and Blu-ray disc through Swan Song/Atlantic Records. 10/12/2012 METALLICA — one of the most influential and commercially successful rock bands in history, having sold 110 million albums worldwide and playing to millions of fans the world over — has just been confirmed as the Saturday (October 27) headliner for the 2012 Voodoo Music + Arts Experience. This marks the multi-platinum act's first local performance since 2008 and their first New Orleans festival appearance. METALLICA will fill the slot previously held by GREEN DAY. The band joins a lineup that includes previously announced headliners NEIL YOUNG & CRAZY HORSE and Jack White, along with JUSTICE, Skrillex, AWOLNATION,Nas, KASKADE, THE AVETT BROTHERS, DIE ANTWOORD, SILVERSUN PICKUPS, Gary Clark Jr. and many more. "We are excited to be part of our first ever Voodoo Music + Arts Experience," said METALLICA's Lars Ulrich. "Our good friends and fellow Bay Area residents GREEN DAY had to unfortunately cancel their plans to be there, so we are more than happy to fill in for them in our own unique way. We're hoping we can fill those very large shoes and do them proud." Celebrated as the final musical event of the U.S. music festival season, this year's Voodoo — Friday, October 26, Saturday, October 27 and Sunday, October 28 — will mark its 14th consecutive year. The Voodoo lineup annually features a variety of musical genres, which also reflects the cultural gumbo that defines this historic and beloved American city. "After a hectic few days — and sleepless nights — having METALLICA, one of the world's greatest bands agree to perform at Voodoo in the place of GREEN DAY, only two weeks before the festival, feels pretty surreal at the moment — like being part of rock and roll history in the making… something you will tell your grandkids about years from now," says Stephen Rehage, the founder/producer of Voodoo. "We are incredibly grateful to METALLICA and their management team for supporting us in this unprecedented manner. I am sure METALLICA's performance at Voodoo will be remembered for many years to come." Tickets, camping passes, and more information on the 2012 Voodoo Music + Arts Experience is available at this location . According to The Pulse Of Radio, Jason Bonham says that he was able to live out all of his LED ZEPPELIN fantasies when he performed as part of the band on December 10, 2007 at London's O2 Arena. Bonham, who's currently on tour with his critically acclaimed LED ZEPPELIN EXPERIENCE production, explained to the press earlier this week that after years of repeat viewing of the band's "The Song Remains The Same" movie featuring his father, the late John Bonham, it seemed to actually be coming true in the flesh. Bonham, who received raves for his 2007 performance, recalled the thrill of sitting behind the drums for his dad and playing the one-off gig. "I kept saying, 'I really am playing drums for LED ZEPPELIN!'" he said. "This really is something special, something I dreamed about all my life in a very strange way, But on the night, yeah, I remember there was one incident — and probably John [Paul Jones] won't remember it like I do, but I watched 'The Song Remains The Same' so many times that there was a look that I did with John in 'No Quarter', and I remember [thinking] 'I know! That was just like 'The Song Remains The Same'! He gave me the look!' And it probably wasn't for the same reason you did dad, but that was very, very special for me, honestly." "That was the 'Where are we' look," laughed John Paul Jones. "Yeah," replied Jason. POISON's Bret Michaels and TWISTED SISTER's Dee Snider will appear in the first-ever "All-Star Celebrity Apprentice", it was announced earlier today (Friday, October 12) on NBC's "Today" show. The new series will start shooting on Monday for a March 2013 premiere. One month after suffering a brain hemorrhage and just days after being re-admitted to the hospital for a warning stroke, Michaels won the title of"The Celebrity Apprentice" in May 2010, beating out actress Holly Robinson Peete. Michaels recently told CBSNews.com that he was honored to be a part of the NBC show. "It's such an amazing addition to my life and where it's gone," he said. "I think that winning 'Apprentice' was such an amazing amazing feeling,"Michaels added. "At the very end of ours, it came down to three people...Sharon Osbourne, myself and Holly Robinson Peete. And all three were fighting for three very personal causes. Holly's son with autism, Sharonfighting for colon cancer, which has affected her, and me with my diabetes... Passion supersedes everything. You can have as much arguing and fighting as you want but when people are actually fighting for a real cause close to their heart, then that makes it the best emotion to watch." Snider was fired from "The Celebrity Apprentice" in April but only after raising $325,000 for the March Of Dimes by winning a challenge. The TWISTED SISTER singer told Parade that he went out of his way to avoid arguing with the likes of Debbie Gibson and Arsenio Hall while vying for the "Apprentice" title. "I was terrible in [TWISTED SISTER]. I was the lead singer, so I was selfish and self-absorbed," Snider said. "I tried to learn from that and be a team player. I worked hard to play nice since I didn't in the past." 01. Bitten By The Wolf 02. Lighten Up (live in Chicago May 12, 2012) 03. Big Foot (live in Seattle June 6, 2012) 04. Last Temptation (live in Seattle June 6, 2012) 05. Something Going Wrong (live in Boston May 16, 2012) 8/04/2012 JUDAS PRIEST front man Rob Halford says that LAMB OF GOD singer Randy Blythe's five-week incarceration in the Czech Republic will result in a "colossal" new album from the Richmond, Virginia metal band. Blythe returned to the United States yesterday (Friday, August 3) after spending more than a month in a Prague prison in connection with the 2010 death of a fan at one of LAMB OF GOD's shows. The singer was accused of shoving a local fan off the stage during the group's May 2010 concert in the city. The man, who is said to have stormed the stage three times during the show, reportedly suffered a brain hemorrhage that resulted in his death nearly a month later. "I don't think anybody has the full story, only Randy does, and I'm sure he'll be bombarded by press soon to talk about what exactly happened," Halford told Loudwire . "My heart was with him, just like everyone else. It's very hard to be in a jail, especially in a foreign country. He was in there for over a month, right? It's very difficult. I'm just happy he's out now." Halford added, "I can't wait to hear him channel this into the music. Man that next LAMB OF GOD record is going to be like a nuclear bomb, because he's going to be venting. He needs to get this out of his system." The JUDAS PRIEST front man, who is currently on a break while the band prepares to return to the studio to resume work on a new album, also offered the following suggestion to Randy: "Go home, see all your loved ones and your family, do all the hugging and kissing and crying, and then get on the fucking road and just explode. Vent. Vent it all out. I know that as musicians that's what we do. I have a feeling that the next LAMB OF GOD album is going to be colossal from an emotional point of view." In 1990, JUDAS PRIEST became the focus of a high-profile lawsuit that charged the band with hiding subliminal messages in its music that led to the deaths of two fans. According to the Reno Gazette-Journal, other lawsuits at that time sought damages because of violent lyrics in music, but the JUDAS PRIEST case was one of the first to claim that subliminal messages hidden behind those lyrics caused the deaths of two young men. Guitarist Jeremy "Jinxx" Ferguson and bassist Ashley Purdy of Los Angeles theatrical rockers BLACK VEIL BRIDES joined Sebastian Bach on stage during his August 2 concert at Club Nokia in Los Angeles to perform a couple of songs. Commented Bach: "Words cannot describe how thankful and appreciative I am to the band BLACK VEIL BRIDES for helping me out in Los Angeles the other night. Jinxx came up on stage and kicked ass on a couple of tunes and looked incredible in his full stage regalia. Ashley came up on 'Youth Gone Wild'; it was totally great. These guys are such an awesome band and such true rockers and very good friends, too. Thank you so much Jinxx, Ashley and CC for coming to the show. I am proud to call you freaks my true rockin' brothers!" In an August 2011 interview, Bach said that BLACK VEIL BRIDES was one of several new bands that he enjoyed listening to, describing them as "like early MÖTLEY CRÜE wearing black leather, studs and teased up hair." He added in a separate interview, "I love the new record by BLACK VEIL BRIDES, 'Set The World On Fire'. I listen to it from the first song right to the last song and I love it! That's a great new album!" 7/30/2012 MINISTRY's management has released the following statement: "[On Saturday] July 28, 2012 [in] Paris [France at] 9:05 p.m. MINISTRY frontman Al Jourgensen collapsed onstage during the live MINISTRY performance and was rushed to hospital via ambulance where he was examined by numerous physicians and diagnosed to have had a full-system collapse due to extreme dehydration and heat exhaustion intensified by the lack of ventilation on stage at the venue. Doctors confirm via blood tests conducted that Jourgensen's alcohol blood levels were well below normal and no narcotics were found in his system. "As a result, MINISTRY has cancelled today's appearance at the L'Etaples, France Rock En Stock festival in order to allow Mr. Jourgensen a few days rest to recuperate and receive additional medical attention in Switzerland. Jourgensen fully intends to complete the remaining shows on the MINISTRY 'DeFiBriLlaTouR' European leg. "Jourgensen extends his most sincere apologies to his devoted Parisian fans who displayed so much love, respect and concern for him before and after the MINISTRY show." Said Jourgensen: "I will make it up to you, somehow. I love Paris, I love the Parisian people. I'm so sorry… but shit happens and the shit hit the fan for me last night." Jourgensen officially reformed MINISTRY last year after a three-year hiatus and released a new studio album, "Relapse", in March. KISS will release its 20th studio album, "Monster", on October 16 throughUniversal Music Enterprises. Described in a press release as a "12-track, straight-ahead rock 'n' roll album," the CD features collaborations among all four members — including co-founders Paul Stanley and Gene Simmons and longtime members guitarist Tommy Thayer and drummer Eric Singer — in an album that shows the band at the top of its game. "Monster" is the group's first studio album since the band's 2009 smash success, "Sonic Boom", and was also produced by Paul Stanley with Greg Collins at Conway Studios in Hollywood, California, and The Nook in Studio City, California. "Monster" represents KISS' nod to the music that first inspired them to pick up their guitars and flame-throwers and don makeup to entertain millions. The group goes back to their own beginnings with THE WHO-like "Freak", while Gene lives up to the title track's declaration on the raucous rock of"Back To The Stone Age" and the bludgeoning "The Devil is Me". Even guitarist Thayer takes a turn on his own with "Outta This World". a tribute to his KISS "spaceman" character, while drummer Singer provides the vocals (and the back story) for the arena anthem "All For The Love Of Rock & Roll". SLAYER bassist/vocalist Tom Araya recently spoke to Gary Graff of Billboard.com about the band's plans for the remainder of the year after it wraps its run on the Rockstar Energy Drink Mayhem Festival in early August. "We'll probably get together and start writing together and start making a new album," he said. "I think after [Mayhem] we'll just go back to the drawing board and take a look at what we've got and start putting it together. These days we're a bit more like, 'Let's see what comes out.' We don't chomp at the bit like we did in the early days. You just sort of have to let it happen and see what the end result is, and hopefully we'll like it...Everything we've done as a band has been like that — 'Wow, let's do it.' We know the outcome is going to be good." Regarding the status of guitarist Jeff Hanneman — who in January 2011 contracted necrotizing fasciitis, likely caused by a spider bite, and has been undergoing surgeries, skin grafts and intense rehab since — Araya said, "Jeff's had a long ordeal. He's working on his playing ability, and that's something that's gonna take some time. He's working on strengthening his arm and his ability to play. He can play, but it's not for an extended period of time. Like anything else when you have some kind of not only muscle damage but nerve damage, it takes a bit for a lot of your functions to come back. They're not going to come back and easy and quick." He added, "On this [latest tour] more than others it's dawned on me that he's not there. The audiences have been very favorable, capacity crowds, really good. I just kind of look out and think, 'Jeff, God, where are you? You worked 30 years for this. You should be here.' He should be enjoying this part of his career. I can't wait for him to (be back)." EXODUS guitarist Gary Holt is filling in for Hanneman on SLAYER's summer tour, which kicked off at the end of May at All Tomorrow's Parties in England. DEEP PURPLE keyboardist Jon Lord has lost his battle with pancreatic cancer at age 71. A message at his web site states: "It is with deep sadness we announce the passing of Jon Lord, who suffered a fatal pulmonary embolism today, Monday, July 16th at the London Clinic, after a long battle with pancreatic cancer. Jon was surrounded by his loving family. "Jon Lord, the legendary keyboard player with DEEP PURPLE co-wrote many of the bands legendary songs including 'Smoke On The Water' and played with many bands and musicians throughout his career. "Best known for his orchestral work Concerto For Group & Orchestra first performed at Royal Albert Hall with DEEP PURPLE and the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra in 1969 and conducted by the renowned Malcolm Arnold, a feat repeated in 1999 when it was again performed at the Royal Albert Hall by the London Symphony Orchestra and DEEP PURPLE. "Jon's solo work was universally acclaimed when he eventually retired from DEEP PURPLE in 2002." In addition to DEEP PURPLE, Lord played in WHITESNAKE — the band led by ex-PURPLE singer David Coverdale — from 1978 to 1984, having appeared on the albums "Trouble", "Lovehunter", "Ready An' Willing","Come An' Get It", "Saints & Sinners" and "Slide It In". Jon Lord is survived by his wife Vickie and two daughters — Amy and Sara. 6/29/2012 Adrenaline PR, which handles publicity for Richmond, Virginia metallersLAMB OF GOD, has released the following statement regarding the reports that the band's vocalist Randy Blythe was arrested yesterday (Thursday, June 28) in the Czech Republic and charged with manslaughter over an incident that happened more than two years ago: "LAMB OF GOD management will be issuing an official statement on Monday regarding the charges made against singer Randy Blythe. As no formal charges have yet been made and the case is only in the investigation stages, it would be premature to make an official statement filled with false truths or innuendos. "Having said that, management wished to address today one false piece of information that has been included in many of the news stories released so far. Under no circumstances was there a fight of any kind involved. This incident deals with a fan that three times during the concert jumped the barricade and rushed Randy during the performance. It is alleged that the third time, security was not able to reach him and that Randy pushed him back into the audience where supposedly he fell and hit his head. "Again, until the investigation is concluded this weekend, nothing more will be released, but clarity and the facts needed to be addressed on this one reported point which is totally inaccurate." The incident in question took place during the band's show at the Prague club Abaton in May 2010. When LAMB OF GOD arrived on Thursday to play a show at the Rock Café in Prague with SKELETONWITCH and ALL SHALL PERISH, the local police brought Blythe in for questioning. LAMB OF GOD's appearance at the venue was canceled later in the day. Randy's brother, Mark Blythe, told CBS-6 that he's awaiting further details and said the charge is "bogus and outrageous and will be dropped immediately." 6/24/2012 Zakk Wylde (BLACK LABEL SOCIETY, OZZY OSBOURNE) recently answered a number of fan-submitted questions via his official YouTube channel . When asked about former PANTERA drummer Vinnie Paul Abbott's recent comment that if PANTERA ever reformed, Zakk would be the man to replace the band's late guitarist — and Vinnie's brother — "Dimebag" Darrell Abbott, Zakk said. "My thoughts on the PANTERA thing… Everybody's been asking me about it now, too. Which is cool. I love [Vinnie Paul]. Rex [Brown, PANTERA bassist] I saw at my roast [in January]. It was great seeing Rex again. And Phil [Anselmo, PANTERA singer], I know. . . Put it this way, if the guys were ever to do that and they asked me to… Obviously, it would be to honor Dimebag's greatness and the band's amazing achievements. I mean, to me, as far as I'm concerned, if the guys were to do it, it would just be a celebration of everything they achieved and a celebration of Dime's life and Dime's greatness. So, of course, I'd be honored to play my fallen brother's stuff, without a doubt. And I know he'd be getting a kick out if it, too. That's for sure; he'd be laughing his ass off. But that's all up to the guys. So whatever… I'd always be there for them. Without a doubt." Speaking to Cindy Scull of the Dallas /Ft. Worth, Texas radio station 97.1 The Eagle Rocks back in March, Vinnie Paul stated about the possibility of a PANTERA "reunion" with Wylde filling in for Dimebag. "[Zakk] and my brother were so tight. If [a PANTERA reformation] ever were to happen, [Zakk] would be the guy [to step in for Dimebag]. But I honestly think, out of respect for my brother, we should just leave the 14 amazing years PANTERA had be. We're all happy doing our own thing. We have to continue living and do other things." Last month, former PANTERA singer Philip Anselmo was asked by Ned of the WGRD 97.9 FM radio station in Grand Rapids, Michigan about the likelihood of a PANTERA reformation with Wylde, "That's an interesting question," he said. "Well, look, before anything like that could possibly happen, Vince and I would have to actually be in the same room, we'd have to sit down, hash out whatever differences, demons… whatever… we'd have to hash it all out. And as far as Zakk Wylde goes, I'm not so sold on all that, because I think he and I have to sit down and hash some crap out. That day has not come yet, and [when] that day comes, I can comment further on it. As of right now, it's just talk." Former PANTERA bassist Rex Brown also addressed the possibility of Wylde taking Dimebag's place in a reformed PANTERA. He told the San Antonio Metal Music Examiner last month, "You know, we keep hearing rumors about a reunion with Zakk Wylde on guitar, and that is such bullshit. You can't replace my brother." 6/08/2012 According to The Pulse Of Radio, former Warner Bros. Records executive Ted Cohen alleges in a new LA Weekly interview that VAN HALEN guitarist Eddie Van Halen's first wife, actress Valerie Bertinelli, was at least partly responsible for the group's 1985 split with singer David Lee Roth. Cohen, who was an artist development director at the label during the band's early years, said that the arrival of Bertinelli in Eddie's life around 1980 began to drive a wedge between the guitarist and his band mates. Cohen said that Bertinelli believed that Eddie should receive the bulk of the credit for the band's success, with Roth being replaceable. Cohen disagreed, saying, "David was an integral part of the band's success. He was brilliant." Cohen added that Eddie began to distance himself from the rest of the band, although he claims that Eddie finally admitted to Cohen one night at a bar that marrying Bertinelli was a "terrible mistake." Although the couple stayed together for more than two decades, Cohen said it was no surprise that Roth returned to the group in 2007, two years after Eddie and Bertinelli divorced. Cohen said, "If Valerie had never appeared on the scene, David would probably have never been kicked out in the first place." Reps for both VAN HALEN and Bertinelli did not respond to L.A. Weekly's requests for a comment. Las Vegas metallers FIVE FINGER DEATH PUNCH have announced a suicide prevention initiative promoting the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline. In cooperation with the Lifeline, the band has filmed a public-service announcement, which will be placed on all broadcast, cable and web outlets interested in supporting the initiative. The PSA can be screened below. In addition, FIVE FINGER DEATH PUNCH has independently filmed a visually arresting video that accompanies the single release of "Coming Down", which will premiere on VEVO on June 12 at 9:00 a.m. Pacific. The final screen of the music video offers a call to action in sharing, "Don't ignore the chance to get help for you or someone you know who might be in crisis. Call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline now at 1-800-273-TALK (8255), suicidepreventionlifeline.org ." According to Ticketmaster.com, SLIPKNOT will headline the inaugural installment of their own festival, Knotfest, on Friday, August 17 at Mid America Motorplex in Pacific Junction, Iowa. Scheduled performers: 5/18/2012 VAN HALEN has abruptly postponed all tour dates after their June 26th show in New Orleans with no explanation. The band yanked more than 30 long-planned dates, including shows in Milwaukee, Detroit, Cleveland, Salt Lake City and El Paso. Local promoters United Concerts and AEG issued statements regarding some postponed shows to local media, including the Salt Lake Tribune and Las Cruces Sun-News, but no details have been offered yet about rescheduled dates or refunds. Most of the tour is promoted by Live Nation, whose reps wouldn't comment. The band's rep also had no comment. A source with knowledge of the tour tells Rolling Stone that VAN HALEN'S members "hate each other." Adds the source, "The band is arguing like mad. They are fighting." Scott Weiland has confirmed that he will reunite with VELVET REVOLVER and that the band is going to hit the road next fall. In an interview with ABC News, Weiland revealed that he is already writing with his old band mates and that they have moved past their petty differences. "They gave me a couple of songs and myself and Dave (guitarist Dave Kushner) and Duff (bassist Duff McKagan) are gonna be getting together for a song writing session next week," he explained. MY CHEMICAL ROMANCE guitarist Frank Iero has confirmed that the band is likely to commence recording on a new album next month. During an interview with The Aquarian, Iero said the band has written most of the songs for the album and is thrilled to put them down on tape. "It's going really well, actually. I'm really excited. I can't wait to start tracking. I think we're maybe a month away from the record button lighting up," he said of pre-production for the album. A concert DVD filmed on Alice Cooper's 1979 Madhouse Rock Tour, The Strange Case of Alice Cooper, is set to hit retailers on May 22. Cooper, in full shock-schlock garb, prowls the stage on several tracks from his 1978 album From the Inside including "School's Out," "No More Mr. Nice Guy," "I'm Eighteen" and "I Never Cry." The DVD "is a must watch for any Cooper fan. Taken from his tour in 1979, the DVD showcases Alice in his heyday, AC/DC are reportedly still at least a "year or two" away from releasing a new album, says guitarist Malcolm Young. In an interview with Classic Rock, Young says that singer Brian Johnson may have been too optimistic when he claimed that they would be finished sooner. "You know what Brian's like. He just says things and then walks away. It'll be a little while - a year or two anyway. I've been doing some jamming on some song ideas but I do that all the time, as do the rest of the band," Young explained. The band's last album was 2008's Black Ice and they released a live DVD AC/DC: Live At River Plate last year. He continued: "We are still working. But we had a long rest between Stiff Upper and Black Ice, so I think we need a couple of years to recuperate and work on it a bit more." 4/27/2012 A long lost unreleased duet between the late Kurt Cobain and wife Courtney Love entitled "Stinking of You" is now seeing the light of day. Fans can hear the song during rare footage of grunge's first couple which has been excerpted from the documentary Hit So Hard, a documentary about the life of former HOLE drummer Patty Schemel. In addition, Hole guitarist Eric Erlandson told Fuse TV that Cobain had been working on a solo album in the months before his death. "He was headed in a direction that was really cool," Erlandson said. "It would have been his White Album. That's really what he was going towards, a solo album but working with different people . . . I was really excited about some of the stuff he was working on. I got to see him play it in front of me. That's why I was really sad when he died. He was cut short. Who knows where this music would have gone? METALLICA will be part of a tribute to Ronnie James Dio and DEEP PURPLE on an upcoming compilation organized by Dio's widow, Wendy. Ronnie died of cancer in 2010 after a protracted battle. "We reached out to Wendy Dio about wanting to be a part of the Dio tribute that's getting put together," said METALLICA's James Hetfield in an interview with Metal Hammer magazine. Others mentioned for the project include Rob Halford, Sebastian Bach, Dave Grohl, Ian Gillan and Lemmy Kilmister. "I'm letting them pick what songs they wanna do in the way they wanna do it," Wendy told Artisan News. "We're circling the DIO and PURPLE catalogues and hopefully we'll come up with something that is worthy of these wonderful men," added drummer Lars Ulrich. The tribute is slated for a late 2012 release. Jack White will write, produce and perform the soundtrack to Disney's upcoming adaptation of The Lone Ranger, according to producer Jerry Bruckheimer. The new project serves as White's first film soundtrack. "Jack's an amazing songwriter with a unique style," Bruckheimer told Variety. "We're all very excited to have him on board." Johnny Depp is said to be "thrilled" that White will write the soundtrack. The release date for AEROSMITH's upcoming album has been pushed back from the spring to the fall. This means that the album will not be out in time for the launch of their "Global Warming" tour which begins June 16 in Minneapolis. AEROSMITH bassist Tom Hamilton, speaking with a radio station in St. John's, Newfoundland, said the album should be "just about done" in time for their Freshwater Suzuki Salmon Festival in Grand Falls Windsor on July 14. The release of ZZ TOP's first new album in nine years is being pushed back. ZZ TOP member Billy Gibbons explained that the delay was not the doing of the band, but instead was due to the insistence of producer Rick Rubin. "I guess the irony of the whole picture is that the band is wondering. Where is this thing?" Gibbons said to Noise11's Paul Cashmere. "When do we hear it? Rick's funny. We've been friends for as long as I can remember. Triple decades and this is the first time we have broken the mold as business pals." Gibbons did defend the producer, though, saying that the final product would probably justify the delay. Gibbons explained that Rubin "has a sense of intuition that can't be beat." "The only real directive was 'don't change much' and I said 'okay' and he said 'listen, if we stumble into something that's really insane and it works I'm going to keep it' and I said 'that's good.'" Meanwhile Gibbons is keeping himself busy with the launch of his new BBQ sauce. 4/13/2012 One of the most legendary, influential and enduring names in the history of rock music, SWEET will release a brand new studio album — their first since "Sweetlife" — on April 27. With worldwide album sales of more than 55 million copies, SWEET have notched 34 No. 1 smashes across the globe as part of a run of timeless hits that includes "Blockbuster!", "Hell Raiser", "The Ballroom Blitz", "The Six Teens", "Action", "Fox On The Run" and "Love Is Like Oxygen". Seen on "Top Of The Pops" on what felt like a weekly basis throughout the 1970s, their über-harmonious, multi-tracked guitar work and layered production was to provide inspiration to other acts such as QUEEN, the ELECTRIC LIGHT ORCHESTRA and, in later decades, DEF LEPPARD,MÖTLEY CRÜE and THE DARKNESS. Now comes "New York Connection". Recorded by original member Andy Scott (guitar and vocals) and his current lineup of Pete Lincoln (lead vocals and bass guitar), Tony O'Hora (guitar, keyboards and vocals) and Bruce Bisland (drums and vocals), the new album is a selection of material originally penned by other artists awarded the band's instantly recognizable thumb-print. As correctly predicted by BLABBERMOUTH.NET on April 11, Philip Anselmo (DOWN, PANTERA, ARSON ANTHEM, SUPERJOINT RITUAL) and legendary BLACK SABBATH/HEAVEN & HELL bassist Geezer Butler made special guest appearances at the third installment of Samson's "Metal Masters" series, which was held last night (Thursday, April 12) at the Key Club on the famed Sunset Strip in West Hollywood, California. Anselmo joined David Ellefson (MEGADETH), Mike Portnoy (DREAM THEATER), Frank Bello (ANTHRAX), Charlie Benante (ANTHRAX), Kerry King (SLAYER) and Chris Broderick (MEGADETH) to perform SLAYER's "Raining Blood" and "Angel Of Death" as well as the PANTERA classics "A New Level", "Mouth For War", "Walk" and "This Love". Butler then got up on stage with all the other musicians to close out the night with a cover of BLACK SABBATH's "Hole In The Sky" — complete with Anselmo on lead vocals. A new book spanning the career of legendary rocker Alice Cooper will be published on June 13 in the U.K., and September 1 in the USA via Omnibus Press. Titled "Welcome To My Nightmare: The Story Of Alice Cooper", it is written by Dave Thompson, who has many rock books under his belt. The book's official description: "Drawing from exclusive and unpublished interviews with a variety of names and faces from throughout Alice's career, the book follows Cooper's tale from his life growing up as a preacher's son in Arizona, through the early years of struggle in Phoenix and then Los Angeles, and then onto the roller coaster ride that has been the years since then. Includes interviews with original band mates Michael Bruce and the late Glenn Buxton, drummer Neal Smith, the late Frank Zappa, manager Shep Gordon and producer Bob Ezrin. Includes tributes and recollections from many of the artists who call Alice an influence — from THE DAMNED and THE CRAMPS, to WHITE ZOMBIE and GWAR. Session players and songwriters who have made their own contributions to the Alice story recall their days spent with this Prince of Hell-raisers. The result is a story that alternately thrills, shocks, surprises and delights. Includes full discography and bibliography." 3/29/2012 Original GUNS N' ROSES drummer Steven Adler says that the band's lead singer, Axl Rose, is driving the GN'R name "into the freakin' ground" by continuing to tour with a bunch of "hacks" that "shouldn't even be [called]GUNS N' ROSES." Although Slash recently confirmed that the original lineup of GUNS N' ROSES would not perform at its upcoming induction into Rock And Roll Hall Of Fame, the guitarist and Adler have both made it clear that they are not to blame ï¿½ and in fact would like to see it happen. "[Slash is] my brother. I know he's up to it," Adler told Loudwire in an interview conducted earlier today. "He wants to do it. I want to do it. Just from what I hear, Izzy [Stradlin]'s not gonna show up and Axl will probably want to play with his hack band ï¿½ his band of hacks. 'Axl and His Hacks' ï¿½ it shouldn't even be GUNS N' ROSES. He's just driving that name into the freakin' ground. 'Axl and His Hacks.'" Rose was ambivalent in a recent interview about the Hall Of Fame, and told Billboard.com in 2009 that he could never see himself playing with Slash again, saying, "One of the two of us will die before a reunion. However sad, ugly or unfortunate anyone views it, it is how it is." Adler told Loudwire, "My grandmother always said, 'Time heals all wounds.' Slash and Axl are one to each other. It's not like one of them slept with one of them's wives or anything ï¿½ and even that's forgivable after a while. There is no reason to be upset." The 27th annual Hall Of Fame ceremony will be held on April 14. In addition to GUNS N' ROSES, other artists being inducted include the RED HOT CHILI PEPPERS, the BEASTIE BOYS, the FACES/SMALL FACES, DONOVAN and LAURA NYRO. The ceremony will be taped for broadcast by HBO, which plans to air it in early May. The storage facility in Los Angeles which houses the Alice Cooper archives was broken into on March 27, along with three other storage units. A police report has been filed. Items missing include a large quantity of original vinyl records, a jacket, and the original sculpture which was used for the cover of the "Hey Stoopid" album. With multiple units broken into, it is not believed that Alice's archives were specifically targeted. If anyone sees anything suspicious or hears anything about these stolen items ï¿½ especially on the Internet or in Los Angeles ï¿½ contact [email protected] . The organizers of the U.K. edition of the Sonisphere festival have confirmed the cancelation of this year's event, which was due to take place July 6-8 at Knebworth House in Hertfordshire. The news first broke online last night when headliners QUEEN posted a message on their web site that their much-anticipated performance with"American Idol" alum Adam Lambert was being called off. By yesterday afternoon, however, all mention of the Knebworth show had disappeared from QUEEN's web site. Aside from QUEEN and Lambert's performance, the festival's bill also included KISS ï¿½ who has also performed with Lambert during the "Idol" Season 8 finale ï¿½ INCUBUS, THE DARKNESS and EVANESCENCE. Sonisphere was reportedly struggling to sell tickets for this year's edition of the festival, despite being one of the U.K.'s few remaining true rock events. Commented the organizers: "It is with very heavy hearts and much regret that we announce the cancellation of Sonisphere Knebworth 2012. Australia rock band JET has announced that they are breaking up after 11 years together. The band released three studio albums during their career and sold over 6.5 million records. "After many successful years of writing, recording and touring we wish to announce our discontinuation as a group," the band said in a statement. They continued: "From the many pubs, theatres, stadiums and festivals all across the world it was the fans that made our amazing story possible and we wish to thank them all. Thank you, and good night." The group, which consisted of brothers Nic and Chris Cester, Cameron Muncey and Mark Wilson, have promised that they will attempt to keep "their music, legacy and brand alive through new licensing, publishing, merchandise, re-records and releases". Their 2003 debut album Get Born, which contained the hit singles "Are You Gonna Be My Girl?," "Cold Hard Bitch" and "Rollover DJ," sold over 3.5 million copies alone. Their last album Shaka Rock was released in 2009. THE SMASHING PUMPKINS have announced that their seventh studio album, entitled Oceania, will see a release this summer, on June 18. The new album was produced by front man Billy Corgan. It has also been announced that the album will be put out by EMI, after they inked a deal to release the record with Corgan's label Martha's Music. Last December, Corgan described Oceania as the band's best album in over 15 years and their strongest work since their landmark 1995 release Mellon Collie & The Infinite Sadness. Black Sabbath guitarist Tony Iommi says he has had his last dose of chemotherapy treatment for lymphoma. Iommi broke the news in an update to his official website, telling fans he's happy for the milestone but still has a long way to go. "I've had the last dose of chemotherapy so hopefully my body will start to get back to normal soon," he wrote. "The steroids were the worst. I've now got three weeks of radiotherapy coming up which I'm told can be very tiring, so we'll see." Sabbath is currently working on a reunion album, and the band was planning to hit the road this year until news came of Iommi's diagnosis. The legendary rockers were recording in Los Angeles and moved tracking to the UK so that Iommi could continue to record while receiving treatment. "A big thanks to Ozzy and Geezer [Butler] for coming over to England, it was a big incentive for me, we managed to work most days and have some great new tracks," Tony 3/4/2012 Gene Simmons in a jam band? That’s right. For the first time in the legendary KISS icon’s long career, he’s operating not just without the makeup but without his KISS mates in a new all-star project FEATURING DEF LEPPARD singer Joe Elliot and former SKID ROW singer Sebastian Bach, former GUNS N’ ROSES stars Duff McKagan (bass), Matt Sorum (drums) and Gilby Clarke (guitar) and former DEEP PURPLE singer Glenn Hughes, among others. Plans were unveiled Thursday at a special afternoon press conference at the legendary Roxy club on Sunset Strip, and the great man with the long tongue was pumped up. “This is going to be a great time, a time for us to pay tribute to the fans,” Simmons said. “This is an important honor to step on sacred holy ground with a project like this, and all of it is for the fans. It harkens back to the old days of rock and roll, the Legends of Rock when Chuck Berry, Little Richard, all of them got together to put on the best show possible for the fans.” The only firm dates are ten scheduled concerts in South America and Central American in places like Brazil, Argentina, Peru, Costa Rica and Columbia, but the plan is to expand with more shows in Europe, then perhaps America, though details have not been finalized. “We’re trying to follow a great trend in rock and roll, and we’re going to have a great time,” Simmons said. “So stay tuned.” Sorum, one of the main organizers, said the plan is to shuffle musicians, particularly singers, and the plan is for a two-hour show featuring the biggest hits from everyone involved, including DEF LEPPARD’S “Pour Some Sugar on Me” and “Animal”, KISS’ “Rock and Roll All Nite”, SKID ROW’S I Remember You along with several GUNS N’ ROSES hits such as “Paradise City” and “Sweet Child O Mine” with Bach singing. “We’ll play all the biggest hits from each band,” Sorum said. “It’s going to be a good time. The hits will keep coming.” It’s a plum gig for Bach, who says he’s been “listening to KISS songs since I was 7 years old.” “It’s going to be one of the greatest rock and roll tours,” Bach said. “These are the best musicians in rock and roll, and I’ve known them all for a long time. The fans in South America are very passionate about rock and roll, and it’s going to be great.” McKagan conceded that most of players have been around a long time – maybe a little too long for some of them – but that’s a good thing. “If you look at who’s been doing something a long time, if you look at who is still around, they’re usually the best guys to hang with,” McKagan said. “I wasn’t the easiest one to get into the camp, but this is going to be great.” Hughes plans to sing the DEEP PURPLE classic “Burn”, among others, and the British singer said he is really looking forward to the tour. “It’s going to be quite a spectacle,” Hughes said. “For me, this collective of rockers is a fan’s dream come true. It’s a great lineup with players from a lot of great bands.” Others involved are: singer Ed Roland from COLLECTIVE SOUL, guitarists Steve Stevens from Billy Idol and Billy Duffy from the CULT and bassist Mike Inez from ALICE IN CHAINS Ronnie Montrose, who is best known as the guitarist of his self-named band MONTROSE, died Saturday. It is believed that the cause of death was prostate cancer, which he had been battling for the past few years, reports Greg Prato of Rolling Stone . "A few months ago, we held a surprise party for Ronnie Montrose's 64th birthday," a statement said on Montrose's official website . "He gave an impromptu speech, and told us that after a long life, filled with joy and hardship, he didn't take any of our love for granted. He passed today. He'd battled cancer, and staved off old age for long enough. And true to form, he chose his own exit the way he chose his own life. We miss him already, but we're glad to have shared with him while we could." Born in Denver, Colorado, Montrose got his first break when he was invited to play on Van Morrison's 1971 album, Tupelo Honey. Additional appearances on recordings by Herbie Hancock, Boz Scaggs, and the EDGAR WINTER GROUP soon followed before he formed his own band, MONTROSE, in 1973. In addition to the guitarist, the band consisted of a then-unknown Sammy Hagar on vocals, as well as bassist Bill Church and drummer Denny Carmassi. The band released one of rock's all-time great debuts that year, MONTROSE, which spawned hit songs like Rock the Nation, Bad Motor Scooter, Space Station #5,Rock Candy and Make It Last." Hagar, however, would only remain with the band for one more release (1974's Paper Money) before leaving the group. The band (with singer Bob James filling Hagar's spot) would put out a few more releases in the 70's before the guitarist put out an all-instrumental solo album, 1978'sOpen Fire. He went on to form GAMMA, which issued three albums between 1980 and 1983. From the Eighties onward, Montrose would alternate between issuing additional recordings from MONTROSE, GAMMA, and as a solo artist. Ronnie Montrose and Sammy Hagar appeared to eventually bury the hatchet, as the original MONTROSE line-up appeared on the singer's 1997 solo effort, Marching to Mars, for the song Leaving the Warmth of the Womb, and even played together again on stage several times afterwards. For the past few years, Montrose had played solo shows throughout the U.S. 3/3/2012 According to The Pulse Of Radio, GODSMACK front man Sully Erna will hit the road on a new run of solo dates starting in late March. Just four shows have been announced so far, with more to be confirmed shortly. Erna will tour to promote the release of "Avalon Live", his upcoming live DVD/Blu-ray that features the singer and an eight-piece band performing songs from his 2010 solo debut, "Avalon". A late April release for the disc is planned, although an exact arrival date has yet to be confirmed. Many fans feared when Erna announced his solo project a couple of years ago that it would mean the end of GODSMACK. But Erna told The Pulse Of Radio that nothing could be further from the truth. "For me, I didn't go off and do a solo thing because I was angry at my band," he said. "As an artist, I need both for balance. It's just creative, you know, juices that need to come out and I can't write some of the stuff I wrote for the solo record and fit it into GODSMACK's world. It doesn't work, it's not the same texture." The limited edition of "Avalon Live" will include the show, a documentary and behind-the-scenes footage on three DVDs, two CDs, a book, T-shirt, guitar pick, poster, incense, and a custom Sully Erna engraved metal box with a suede lining. There will only be 5,000 of the box sets produced. GODSMACK is currently recording an EP of cover songs that will accompany the release of the band's first live album later this spring. The group will hit the road on a co-headlining run with STAIND in April. Acclaimed extreme-metal drummer Tim Yeung (MORBID ANGEL, DIVINE HERESY, VITAL REMAINS, HATE ETERNAL) is available for private drum lessons within the Los Angeles area as well as studio work throughout the year, schedule permitting. He can also offer lessons while he is on the road. Interested parties can contact Tim at mailto:[email protected] . With the inspiration of a songwriting mother and artistic father, Tim began playing drums in 1990 at the age of eleven. Within a few short years he was recording demos and playing live shows within the local music scene in upstate New York. He attended Hochstein School Of Music in Rochester and got his first big break in 1997 when he joined the death metal band HATE ETERNAL. Now based in Los Angeles, Yeung has performed and worked with such national acts as ALL THAT REMAINS, HANK WILLIAMS III, NILE, VITAL REMAINS and DECREPIT BIRTH. His straddling of the extreme and mainstream is perhaps best reflected in his work with his band DIVINE HERESY, whose music features elements of extreme death metal as well as more mainstream genres. For more information, visit Tim's new official web site at TimYeung.com . According to the New York Post , FOREIGNER guitarist Mick Jones underwent aortoiliac bypass surgery at Mount Sinai Medical Center in Miami Beach, Florida on Monday and "already up and walking around." The procedure involves using a shunt to unite the aorta and iliac artery to relieve obstruction. "The surgery was more urgent because Mick had needed it for some time," a source said. Jones, 67, missed some of the shows on FOREIGNER's 2011 tour with JOURNEY and NIGHT RANGER due to illness. He was temporarily replaced at various shows by NIGHT RANGER guitarist Joel Joekstra and former ROD STEWART axe-man Bruce Watson. FOREIGNER's last studio album, "Can't Slow Down", came out in 2009. The band is scheduled to hit the road for another round of U.S. dates on March 1. Even though FOREIGNER has never fallen into the category of "critics' darlings," Mick Jones told The Pulse Of Radio that the band's album sales and ticket receipts prove that FOREIGNER has always struck the right chord with fans. "How can you complain about people listening, and hearing, and your music reaching so many people?" he said. "I think it's wonderful. It's a great achievement to have these songs having stood the test of time like this, you know, and getting the amount of play they still do." Samson, Hartke, Zoom, and Best Buy are pleased to announce the third installment of Samson’s Metal Masters series of instrument clinics, which will be held on Thursday, April 12th, at the Key Club on the Sunset Strip in Hollywood, CA. Doors will open at 7:00pm. Having surprised the audience at Metal Master 2 in New York City with surprise appearances by Philip Anselmo (PANTERA / DOWN) and Scott Ian (ANTHRAX), as well as a full ANTHRAX performance, Charlie Benante and Frank Bello (ANTHRAX), David Ellefson (MEGADETH), Mike Portnoy (ex–DREAM THEATER/ADRENALINE MOB), Kerry King and now Dave Lombardo (both of SLAYER) are back on the West Coast with an exclusive metal experience that’s bigger than ever. Artists will perform both individually and collectively, demonstrating their personal techniques and how they all come together to create the music that millions bang their heads to every day. “We’re extremely excited to be bringing the Metal Masters series back to the West Coast where it originated,” says Mark Menghi, Samson’s Director of Marketing. “And with the artists we have participating and the surprises we have planned, Metal Masters 3 is going to be the best one yet.” Tickets are available for $20 (first come, first served) at the Key Club’s box office, located at 9039 Sunset Boulevard, or at www.keyclub.com . With door giveaways and surprise guests, all should purchase their tickets early for this all ages event to witness the return of the Metal Masters. FEBRUARY 2012 2/28/2012 KING'S X front man Doug Pinnick has revealed that drummer Jerry Gaskill suffered a heart attack on February 25th. Pinnick posted through Facebook, "I need prayer warriors now. My friend Jerry Gaskil (drummer of KING'S X) suffered a heart attack last night, he was operated on and is in stable condition at the time. Asking for prayers for his complete healing and ask you all to be in agreement in Christ. Thank you friends." Hours later Pinnick updated the situation by saying, "Julie said Jerry woke up pulling chords out, she says he's feisty! That's a good sign! Thanks everyone for prayers and good vibes, it can only get better now." In light of the current situation, all of the band's previously announced tour dates have been canceled. The band was scheduled to start a three week mini tour on March 28th in Austin, Texas. 2/23/2012 MOTÖRHEAD front man Lemmy Kilmister is urging fans not to buy a new box set priced at more than $600. "Unfortunately greed once again rears its yapping head," said Lemmy, according to CNN. "I would advise against it even for the most rabid completists!" The collection in question, The Complete Early Years Box Set, includes all eight of the band's early albums, as well as handful of singles and other goodies, such as posters and a photo book. "MOTÖRHEAD have no control over what's done with these early songs, and don't want fans to think that the band is involved in putting out such a costly box set," the band said, washing its hands of the matter The time has come for the ultimate convergence of Rock’s finest from the Midwest. REO SPEEDWAGON, STYX and Ted Nugent will join forces for The Midwest Rock ‘N Roll Express 30-date U.S. tour. Rolling out May 1st in Hidalgo, TX, tickets for various cities will go on sale starting February 22nd. “Forget all those TV shows with glee clubs singing Rock songs,” exclaims STYX guitarist/singer James “JY” Young. “It’s time for mega-Platinum Illinois bands STYX and REO SPEEDWAGON in a battle to the end of the Mayan Calendar with the Motor City Madman!” "I am a Midwest boy, born and raised with Midwest values,” continues REO SPEEDWAGON singer/guitarist Kevin Cronin. “In the Midwest we work hard, play hard, and rock hard. I am proud to join my brothers in STYX and Ted Nugent to celebrate Midwest rock 'n roll and represent the greatest rock fans in the world. I am ready to climb aboard the ‘Midwest Rock 'n Roll Express!’ Rock On baby!" As STYX singer/guitarist Tommy Shaw proclaims, “It's gonna be a Twang Fest of screaming guitars and big, sing-along choruses that continue to be the soundtrack for the misbehavior of our collective fan base. In other words, a real good time.” Ted Nugent couldn’t agree more. “The heart and soul of American R&B&R&R has always gushed forth from the heartland of America. REO, STYX and The Nuge have always celebrated the power of our special music and on the mighty ‘Midwest Rock ‘n Roll Express,’ the energy, attitude and spirit is more intense than ever. This is the soundtrack for the hardcore.” Joey Ramone, who passed in 2001 of lymphoma, will have released in his name a new album titled Ya Know? The title is said to mimic the phrase with which Ramone characteristically finished each of his sentences. The album has 17 tracks and features demos recorded by Ramone after his outfit, THE RAMONES, split in 1996. Songs presented include "Rock and Roll Is the Answer," "New York City" and "Waiting for That Railroad." Various prominent artists contributed to the album's production including Joan Jett, "Little Steven" van Zandt, Richie Ramone and various members of CHEAP TRICK and the DICTATORS. Andy Shernoff of the DICTATORS told Rolling Stone that Ramone's vocals had changed in his old age: "He was getting matured, more soulful, in his voice. He would have gone more in that direction." Ya Know is due May 15. 2/18/2012 GREEN DAY has announced that the band is working on its upcoming ninth album. The news was revealed by front man Billie Joe Armstrong, who posted a Tweet on Valentine's Day: "Happy Valentine's Day! Officially started recording the new record today. It's F TIME!!!!" It is not clear whether F* Time is the name of the album. The band has, however, noted that the new LP will steer away from the concept-album theme of its last two albums. Original GUNS N' ROSES Members Will All Attend Rock Hall Induction GUNS N' ROSES are one step closer to reuniting the classic lineup that appeared on their legendary release “Appetite for Destruction”. While speaking with Billboard, Dizzy Reed says the original members; including Axl Rose, Slash, Duff McKagan and Steve Adler will be in attendance for their induction into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame on April 14. "I know that all the original band is going to be there. I don't know exactly what's going to go down. It's one of those things I'm sure will all come together and be really cool," says Reed, who joined the band in 1990 and will also be inducted. As to whether or not they will perform, Reed says anything could happen: "Honestly, we haven't spoken about it. I don't know when or why or how to bring it up. It's not an everyday sort of thing. So we haven't really talked about it, but I'm sure we'll have to at some point." 2/6/2012 TEENAGE CASKET COMPANY, described as ‘CHEAP TRICK on overdrive’, is set to release their new single ‘WITHOUT YOU’ on Valentine’s Day, February 14th 2012. A brand new promo video for ‘WITHOUT YOU’ has been released to coincide with the single and was produced and directed by TAYLOR / WINTER FILMS. The video can be viewed right here.... http://youtu.be/zMpi40XaIiA The song, which is a teaser track for a brand new EP scheduled for release in late Spring, shows a slightly darker side to the three piece rock outfit but still no doubt holds on to their ability for penning super slick melodies and huge choruses. The new single comes hot on the heels of their recent US Album release, ‘BEST KEPT SECRET’ from JAMSYNC MUSIC, which showcased the finest songs from the band’s first two releases. Much-beloved singer/songwriter/front man/producer/bass player extraordinaire Jack Blades is slated to release his brand new solo album, ROCK N' ROLL RIDE, on March 27th via Frontiers Records. The new record marks Blades' second solo release for the label. Hot off the heels of NIGHT RANGER's celebrated 2011 CD, SOMEWHERE IN CALIFORNIA, and a massive North American tour with NIGHT RANGER as support for JOURNEY and FOREIGNER last year, Blades shows no signs of slowing down with his buoyant new album. Of the new offering, Blades commented, "ROCK N' ROLL RIDE is an extension of what my music has been for the last 30 years. It has been quite a rock n' roll ride and I decided to lay it all down on a record!" ROCK N' ROLL RIDE features contributions from Blades' NIGHT RANGER band mates Brad Gillis, Kelly Keagy, Joel Hoekstra and Eric Levy, as well as a special guest appearance by CHEAP TRICK's Robin Zander. The first single from the album "Back In The Game" will soon impact at radio. . 2/2/2012 One of the most highly anticipated new CD releases in 2012 by prog duo Centric Jones has the music community buzzing with excitement. Slated for release on March 6th by Prog Rock Records, 'The Antikythera' is Centric Jones's sophomoric release and promises to take the listener on a sonic adventure. With influences like RUSH, PORCUPINE TREE, DREAM THEATER, UK, YES and KING CRIMSON, Centric Jones has taken progressive rock to a whole new level! After 2 years of waiting, the German ELECTRO METAL BAND "COLD RUSH" will release their new digital Maxi CD "Disclosing the vicious seeds" on Saturday, March 17st. Single "Disclosing the vicious seeds" Daily Crime (Second Edition) White Z With their new Singer MATTHIAS KUPKA (EMERGENCY GATE), COLD RUSH will be harder, more melodic and catchy. The new full track Album "AmoKKoma" will come soon, you may be curious! German label AVENUE OF ALLIES will release the new album “Ahead Of Time” by the Belgian Melodic Rock band FROZEN RAIN on March 9th, 2012. Australian melodic power metal band BLACK MAJESTY have announced 'Stargazer' as the title of their new album due in May 2012 through Limb Music Germany. BLACK MAJESTY began recording drums back in October 2011 with Roland Grapow (Masterplan) at Grapow Studios in Slovakia and have since been busy in their homeland Australia laying down guitars and vocals. Roland Grapow will mix the cd in the coming months. BLACK MAJESTY have already been confirmed for Masters of Rock Czech Republic 2012 alongside THIN LIZZY, EXODUS, STRATOVARIUS, EDGUY, KAMELOT, SABATON, GOTTHARD, ARCH ENEMY, WITHIN TEMPTATION, FIREWIND, BLOODBOUND and ARAKAIN amongst others. JANUARY 2012 1/31/2012 Universal Music Enterprises (UMe) is proud to announce the release of “EN VIVO!,” a new live IRON MAIDEN Blu-ray™, 2-DVDSet and double soundtrack album, on Tuesday, March 27, in the U.S. (available internationally, Monday, March 26). The 2 LP picture disc vinyl comes out on 4/10. A trailer for the release can be seen here: http://youtu.be/HVimi8oElBU . Marky Ramone once again hits the road for a world tour. The tour kicks off mid-March in Argentina followed by a short U.S. East coast run that will include two hometown area shows for drummer and Brooklyn native Marky Ramone (March 28 @ Maxwell’s – Hoboken, NJ & April 1 @ The Bell House – Brooklyn, NY). Following the U.S. leg Marky Ramone’s Blitzkrieg heads to Greece, Malaysia, Taiwan, China, Vietnam, Germany and the U.K. with more dates to be added. The ugliest band in the world is back! Featuring members of MMORTAL, MAYHEM, VIRUS and AVA INFERI. AURA NOIR has announced their latest masterpiece "Out to Die". More intense and aggressive than ever, with an increasingly stark and raw vibe to it all, the bar is once again raised and another milestone of putrid Black Thrash Metal is born! "Out to Die," their fifth album overall, and first with Indie Recordings, will see a release on March 23rd in Europe and March 27th in North America. Italian composer & guitar shredder Luca Turilli reports that LT’s RHAPSODY’s new album will be entitled Ascending To Infinity and will be released this summer in North America by Nuclear Blast. With over 60 minutes of music. New Jersey's DARK EMPIRE return to the scene with their third release, this March entitled From Refuge to Ruin. Fusing elements of extreme and classic metal, 70's prog rock, and poetic, meaningful lyrics, DARK EMPIRE bring forth a tremendously successful amalgam that is refreshingly unique as well as raw and aggressive. DARK EMPIRE have released a track off of From Refuge to Ruin on their official Facebook Page British Hard Rock legends UFO will release their new studio album “Seven Deadly” on February 24th in Germany, February 27th in Europe and on February 28th in the USA/Canada through SPV / Steamhammer. UFO have partnered up with GuitarWorld.com the online home of Guitar World Magazine to host an exclusive premiere of the new track "Fight Night". Get a first listen HERE http://www.guitarworld.com/exclusive-ufo-debut-new-song-fight-night 1/30/2012 Paul Weller will return this spring for his only scheduled appearances in North America this year. Weller and his band will perform at a two-night stand at the Best Buy Theater in Times Square, New York on May 18th & 19th. Tickets will go on sale this Friday, February 2nd at Noon EST and can be purchased from Ticketmaster or the Box Office. OUTLOUD, the international rock band featuring Bob Katsionis (FIREWIND), Chandler Mogel (ex-TALON) and Mark Cross (ex-FIREWIND, HELLOWEEN) who stirred things up on the hard rock circuit with its powerful self-titled debut in 2009 and fiery follow-up Love Catastrophe in 2011, announce the release of “More Catastrophe”, a six-song EP which contains three brand new songs plus the aforementioned Christmas single, and a Flamenco version of the song “Falling Rain” and a piano & vocals version of the track “We Run”. The EP will be available at their upcoming shows in Greece, as well as in stores and digitally across Europe via AOR Heaven. Centricity Music announced today that the label has signed the Nashville-based rock group, REMEDY DRIVE. The band is currently in the studio recording the new album, which is being produced by Peter Kipley (MERCYME, KUTLESS, THE AFTERS), and is scheduled to release fall 2012. It features eleven new songs written or co-written by David Zach, lead vocalist and guitarist/keyboardist for REMEDY DRIVE. 1/31/2012 It might be hard to believe but professional wrestling legend Hulk Hogan has revealed that he almost joined Metallica during their earlier years. Hogan said that before breaking into pro wrestling, he was a session musician, and knew Metallica drummer Lars Ulrich. "I used to be a session musician before I was a wrestler," Hogan told The Sun. "I played bass guitar. I was big pals with Lars Ulrich and he asked me if I wanted to play bass with Metallica in their early days but it didn't work out." In a brand new interview with the QMI Agency , AEROSMITH guitarist Joe Perry spoke about the progress of the recording sessions for the band's long-awaited new album, which is tentatively due later this year. When asked about the sound of AEROSMITH's new material, Perry said, "It definitely has a feel like some of the early stuff. We've tried to bring that back. People are always asking for something that sounds like the old stuff, but you can't rewrite 'Mama Kin' or 'Same Old Song And Dance'. All you can do is go in and start from the same place you started when you made those records. So we just went in with (producer) Jack Douglas and we all worked on the record. There's a song or two that the band helped write, and Tom (Hamilton, bass) wrote and Brad (Whitford, guitar) has a track on there. So from that point of view, it's a lot more like an early AEROSMITH record. We were all in the room when we were pulling these songs together and recording them. Every way that we used to make our records, that's what we did to get this to where it is. Right down to what we're doing now, which is going over the tracks and bringing them up to speed. Steven [Tyler] is finishing up the lyrics and we're just going to put the finishing touches on it." During a recent interview, Tyler stated about the new AEROSMITH album, "All of it's been written, but I gotta lay lyrics on it and I haven't had a lot of time," he said. "But what I've listened to so far just knocked me out. I know a good song, I know what's gonna get played on the radio, I'm not that pretentious to say I think we've got hits, but I think we've got something, and that's all that matters." AEROSMITH began work on its first all-new album since 2001 last year, with the rest of the band working on music while Tyler made his "American Idol" debut. 1/28/2012 BLEEDING THROUGH “The Great Fire” (release date Jan 31 – Rise Records) MY TICKET HOME “To Create A Cure” (release date 1/31- Rise Records) RINGO STARR LAUNCHES MUSIC VIDEO CONTEST FOR “WINGS” NEW ALBUM RINGO 2012 IN-STORES 1/31/2012. In conjunction with his 17th solo record Ringo 2012, Ringo Starr launches a music video competition with Genero.tv giving filmmakers the opportunity to make the official promo for his new single, “Wings.” MANOWAR to headline Gods Of Metal Italy on June 21st 2012 Frontiers records new releases	Ted Nugent
Who's missing: Lois Lane, Perry White, Jimmy Olsenm, Steve Lombard?	TedNugent.com Nugent ranks among Amazing Sportsmen! (12/19/2014) Sarah Palin welcomes sporting trailblazer Ted Nugent to the second season of Amazing America with Sarah Palin. Ted and Shemane Nugent serve up some Texas hospitality as they host the Palins at their SpiritWild Ranch for shooting, archery and other amazing adventures! The episode will air January 29 at 9pm Eastern on Sportsman Channel, sister station to Outdoor Channel. NUGENT MAKES “BEST OF 2014” LIST! (12/12/2014) Ted Nugent’s "Everything Matters" from SHUTUP&JAM has been ranked as one of Ultimate Classic Rock’s Best Songs of 2014. Backed by soulmasters Derek St. Holmes, Greg Smith and Wild Mick Brown, the single embodies Nuge at his rockin’ best! See for yourself. Watch the video here . HOLIDAY SALE! SAVE UP TO 35% ON NUGE MERCH! (11/25/2014) Looking for a rockin’ gift this holiday season? Right now in the TedNugent.com Store we’ve got great deals on everything from t-shirts , hoodies , DVDs , classic Ted Nugent albums , songbooks and more! You can save up to 35% on some of our favorite items and everything ordered comes with a FREE Trample The Weak keychain. The TedNugent.com Store Holiday Sale runs until December 17 so don’t miss your chance to get some great Nuge merch under the tree. Happy Holidays! Cast your ballot for the Golden Moose Awards! Vote for Ted & Shemane Nugent as your Fan Favorite Show Hosts! Every vote counts. Visit OutdoorChannel.com/gma NOW!! 2014 SHUTUP&JAM! Tour Merch NOW AVAILABLE! (10/22/2014) 2014 SHUTUP&JAM! tour merch is now available exclusively in the TedNugent.com Store ! Fresh from the road and Ted's triumphant SHUTUP&JAM! summer tour, our quantities are extremely limited so if you want to get your piece of Nuge tour history, act fast to avoid disappointment . Nuge For President iPhone 5 HardCase (10/21/2014) Now available: The TedNugent.com exclusive, Ted Nugent For President iPhone 5 HardCase! The HardCase is a tough polycarbonate case made to protect your phone from impact damage and everyday wear-and-tear. Simple to install and remove, the one-piece snap-on construction holds tight for maximum protection. Our quantities are extremely limited so do not wait, head over to the TedNugent.com store and pick up yours today ! Read More TED & TOMANO (9/17/2014)Ted Nugent joins Mike Tomano & Company, Saturday, September 20th, on Roadhouse Radio. Ted and Mike will discuss Ted's addiction to hard work, freedom and sample tunes from his new album, ShutUp&Jam! Mike Tomano & Company is heard Saturday mornings from 10 to Noon on Freakster's Roadhouse Radio . Tune in for original comedy, issues & lifestyle talk and free-form rock music presented by Chicagoland radio veteran Mike Tomano, his cast of characters and celebrity guests. More info at ChicagoRadioAndMedia.com . Select T-Shirts Now 35% OFF In The Store (9/10/2014) Enjoy end-of-summer savings in the TedNugent.com Store where select t-shirts are now 35% OFF their regular retail price. Drop by the new Sale section to browse our available inventory. PLUS, customers who purchase an eligible tee (or three!) will also receive a free Trample The Weak keychain. Sizes and quantities are extremely limited and not expected to last long so drop by and get yours before they're gone. Nuge Vs. Skynyrd: Hard Rock Football League! (9/4/2014) It's Lynyrd Skynyrd‘s Alabama Freebirds fly against THE NUGE and his Motor City Mad Men in round one of the first-ever Hard Rock Football League championship! Who will come out on top? You decide! Visit UltimateClassicRock.com to cast your vote today! KILL IT & GRILL IT LABOR DAY SALE! (8/29/2014) Labor Day weekend is here and to celebrate, we’re offering 25% off your choice of Nuge Java when you purchase a copy of Kill It & Grill It ! Kill It & Grill It will turn you into a BBQing machine! It contains over 50 recipes to try including Biltong Jerky, Venison Honey Roast, Fresh Roasted Wood Duck and much more. Back in stock for a limited time, Nuge Java has expanded to three different flavors including Killerbrew Hazelnut, Sin-O-Man and of course, The Original. A guaranteed killer cup of Joe! Head to the TedNugent.com Store NOW to take advantage of this rockin' Labor Day deal! NUGE Wraps Up The Summer SHUTUP&JAM! Tour (8/19/2014) Nuge rocked the house this past weekend with a bombastic set in Midland, Texas, wrapping up his summer SHUTUP&JAM! Tour, named after his latest full-length album, SHUTUP&JAM! on Frontiers Records. Ted was in top form for the sold-out gig, benefiting the Show of Support Memorial for our troops. “Show of Support was honored to have Ted and his band help us kick off our campaign to construct a memorial to honor those who have fought in this Global War on Terror and also to memorialize the four heroes we lost on 11-15-12,” stated show organizer Terry Johnson. “Ted brought a message of support for all who serve, and a call out to everyone in our sold out, packed audience to stand up for America.” Throughout the summer, Ted's 35-date SHUTUP&JAM! tour has garnered glowing reviews for live performances at venues across the country and on July 19 in Detroit, he performed his 6,500th gig. Ted Nugent Rocks The Paramount, Pays Tribute To Johnny Winter (8/4/2014) By Markos Papadatos On July 21, veteran rock star Ted Nugent played a show at The Paramount in Huntington, New York. Rock group Pistol Day Parade served as the opening act that warmed up the stage for him. His stage was graced by a large American flag backdrop. Nugent was accompanied by his three-piece band that included "Wild" Mick Brown on drums, Greg Smith on bass, as well as Derek St. Holmes on vocals and rhythm guitar. He commenced his set with "Gonzo," as the stage was graced in red and yellow lights, and he was greeted to a standing ovation. A Message From Tedquarters (7/25/2014) I am writing to you in regards to the picture of Ted nugent, wearing the aboriginal head dress. I would appreciate if you would please take down the photo of Ted wearing the aboriginal head dress with a bow n arrow and gun in his hands …I find this very disrespectful and insulting to my cultural back round. I feel with Ted recent out burst of racism and the picture I stated with the head dress, that he is trying to convey aboriginals as he quoted " unclean vermin". I will not stand for this kind of blatant racism… Greetings from Tedquarters. Mr. Nugent has a long history of working with a wide variety of Native American Tribes across our great country. He has never used the term unclean vermin to describe Native Americans. On the contrary, Ted has been an honored guest at many tribal meetings, has worked with Native American youth, and was humbled to be inducted into the Strongheart Society by the Lakota Sioux, Northern Cheyenne and Arapahoe Tribes. Video premiere: Everything Matters (7/25/2014) Ted Nugent calls "Everything Matters" from his new SHUTUP&JAM! album a "grooving, classic R&B song." The song's sepia-toned video, premiering at USA TODAY , gives fans a good, long look at the guitarist's beloved Gibson Byrdland and his rhythm section, bassist Greg Smith and drummer Greg Brown. Derek St. Holmes, whose history with Nugent goes back to 70s hits like Stranglehold and Cat Scratch Fever, returns to sing lead. Nugent says the song and its groove were inspired by R&B greats like Wilson Pickett, James Brown and Otis Redding, as well as Detroit-based rockers Mitch Ryder and Wayne Cochran. Ted Nugent Brings Rock Revival, Spiritual Jam To Penns Peak (7/24/2014) By James Wood Guitarist, hunter and American advocate Ted Nugent is certainly no stranger to the backwoods of northeastern Pennsylvania. In fact, a recent stop at Penns Peak in Jim Thorpe a few years ago became the setting for Nugent's 2011 live CD/DVD Ultralive Ballisticrock. Folks around these parts know that when Uncle Ted's in town (like he was last night at Penns Peak) - attendance is mandatory! Read More ABC News Radio: Nuge Says All His “Music Dreams Come True” with New Album (7/24/2014)Ted Nugent has just released his first studio album in seven years, SHUTUP&JAM!, which features raging slabs of blistering blues-infused and hard-rock riffs. The record finds the outspoken right-wing rocker paying tribute to military heroes, touting the freedoms offered American citizens and declaring his love for good, old-fashioned barbecue, while also sharing his desire to simply keep rocking out. Nugent tells ABC News Radio that all of his "musical dreams came true on this record," because he had the chance to collaborate with some of his favorite musicians. PlanetMosh.com Review: SHUTUP&JAM! (7/23/2014) The album literally kicks off with the title track in a flurry of raucous riffs and a howl of feedback in the vein of "Wango Tango" from Scream Dream. Ted barks out the lyrics and lets rip with a frantic guitar solo at the minute mark. "Fear Itself" has an intense, brooding riff underpinning some hefty power chords bringing to mind "Tooth, Fang And Claw" from the Spirit Of The Wild album. "Everything Matters" is classic R&B and is the only song on the album with Derek on lead vocal. He has not lost his soulful range and hits the high notes with ease as Ted’s solos weave in and out of the choppy riffs. NEW SHUTUP&JAM! TOUR PHOTO GALLERY! (7/20/2014) If you haven't already, head on over to the Media section and check out our brand new SHUTUP&JAM! 2014 Tour photo gallery featuring a collection of kick-ass photos taken from the road during Ted's current SHUTUP&JAM! tour (so far!!). All credit for these amazing photos goes out to James and Marylyn Brown along with our sincere thanks for letting us share these awesome images with y’all. Enjoy ! Oakland Press: Ted Nugent celebrates 65th birthday with 6,500th concert (7/19/2014) Ted Nugent is never at a loss for hyperbole — so hearing that he’s “intoxicatingly happy” is not exactly a news flash. But when he’s talking about SHUTUP&JAM!, his first new album in seven years, the Motor City Madman’s excitement seems genuine. And not at all misplaced. "I think the freshness, the garage band piss ’n’ vinegar factor has always been a powerful driving force in all of my music and my life, obviously," says Nugent, 65, "but now more than ever these songs represent such spontaneous combustion. Every day, when I come in from doing my chores and doing my lifestyle, I pick up the guitar ... and these songs just happened." Read the full interview at TheOaklandPress.com . Ted Nugent Stalks His Prey at The Grove (7/18/2014) By Scott Feinblatt There are certain people who simply create their own gravity. They exist in all walks of life and in all professions. The species are easy to identify, yet a cloud of mystery typically enshrouds them, hiding the answer to the question: "Is this guy for real, or is it all flash and dazzle?" The truth, likely, exists somewhere in between -- case in point, Ted Nugent. Ted Nugent LIVE @ The Canyon Club in Agoura Hills, CA (7/12/2014) The band was firing on all cylinders last night with most of the crowd on their feet throughout. Derek St. Holmes' singing and playing sounded as good as it did in the 70's and Ted Nugent is still an amazing guitar player who's fingers move as quickly as his fast talking lips. Read More Nuge is on…with Mitch Albom! (7/11/2014)Tune in Friday, July 11 to the MITCH ALBOM SHOW on WJR. The award-winning host welcomes Ted back to the airwaves at 6 pm EDT to discuss Ted’s upcoming 6,500th performance in Detroit at DTE and more! Listen live at www.wjr.com Read More NEW SONG: I LOVE MY BBQ (7/2/2014)In celebration of all the grilling and outdoor cooking that will be happening all over the US this 4th of July, we are unleashing another new song from Ted Nugent's upcoming album, SHUTUP&JAM! called, appropriately enough, "I Love My BBQ"! In the US, fans can pick up a special edition of SHUTUP&JAM! featuring the exclusive bonus track "Johnny B. Goode Forever" only at Best Buy starting next Tuesday, July 8. Grab your copy at your local Best Buy starting next Tuesday or order it online here . NUGE ROCKS ROCKLINE IN AN ALL-NEW INTERVIEW! (6/27/2014) Nuge will be the featured guest on the nationally syndicated radio show ROCKLINE with host Bob Coburn Wednesday July 16 at 8:30 pm PDT / 11:30 pm EDT. Fans are encouraged to call to speak with Ted toll free at 1-800-344-ROCK (7625). For a station near you and for information regarding how to log onto the internet for the broadcast go to www.RocklineRadio.com . The show will be streamed on the Rockline website for two weeks beginning the evening after the broadcast. Read More Ted’s on with Rick & Bubba! (5/17/2014)Tune into Ted Nugent Monday, May 19 for his interview with Rick & Bubba on their syndicated show out of Birmingham. Ted delivers the scoop on his new SHUTUP&JAM! Tour and CD! And they'll provide a sneak peek at Ted's appearance at the Rick & Bubba Outdoor Expo in Birmingham next month. It's all happening at 9:30 am CDT. Listen live at RickAndBubba.com . For additional detail on the expo visit RickAndBubbaOutdoorExpo.com . Read More NUGE SPEAKS ABOUT SHUTUP&JAM! (5/15/2014)SHUTUP&JAM! 2014 the unstoppable firestorm of Ted Nugent all American Motorcity high energy R&B&R&R soulmusic erupts once again with what many gungho musiclovers are raving to be the best songs and best music and highest energy rockout of my insanely wonderful musical American Dream. Sammy Hagar sings his balls off on SHE'S GONE & Derek St Holmes proves once again that the MotorCity produces not just the greatest guitar grind masterlicks ever but one of the most powerful soul voices of alltimes on EVERYTHING MATTERS! Unleashing early July2014. Read em & weep! SHUTUP&JAM! You know who I am, you know where I stand, so SHUTUP&JAM! I am! -Ted Nugent SHUTUP & JAM! TOUR AND CD (3/27/2014) The Nuge prepares to take America by storm with his SHUTUP & JAM! Tour , kicking off July 3 in Wichita Falls at the Wichita Falls Memorial Auditorium. Ted again joins forces with Greg Smith on bass guitar, Wild Mick Brown on drums, and Derek St. Holmes on vocals and rhythm guitar. With more than 40 million albums sold, and 5 decades of non-stop touring under his belt, Nugent consistently racks up rave reviews for his over-the-top live performances: “You won’t find anyone with more intensity, more passion, or more in-you-face ferociousness than Ted Nugent and his band. If Ted’s in town, don’t miss the show!” --Steve Stuart, WFMS 95.5FM, Indianapolis “If you’re looking for a veteran of the 70’s music scene who has somehow miraculously managed to remain vital and alive 40 years later, look no further than the controversial Motor City Madman.” --Michael Gallucci, clevescene.com “The Nuge is one big ball of energy and guitar playing dynamite. Once he gets going on a song, he does not like to let off the gas!” --Ernie Osborn, Tulsa Today “Ted Nugent represents everything that is great and right about America, about rock & roll and living life the right way. No compromise, no retreat!” --Jerry Coyne, WQON, 100.3FM, Grayling MI Nuge is on tap to perform his 6,500th live show this summer. And with that milestone comes the release of his latest CD, also titled SHUTUP & JAM! available later this year on Frontiers Records. Pulling from a discography that’s 37 albums deep, the SHUTUP & JAM! Tour showcases Nugent’s legendary skills on his arsenal of hits, mixed with killer new tunes from the forthcoming CD, and some sonic surprises along the way. “Though we can all agree that music is the ultimate communication, killer rock-n-roll is also the ultimate soul cleansing distraction from everyday life,” states Nugent. “I predict the most fun tour of our lives. Politics be damned! SHUTUP & JAM!”	i don't know
Ann Rules book The Stranger Beside Me, is about what serial killer, assumed to have murdered 35 people, before hitting the electric chair in Starke, Florida on January 24, 1989?	Theodore Robert Bundy #106 07-31-79 Summary: On November 7, 1974, Carol DeRonch, 18, was in a Utah Shopping Mall when she was approached by Bundy, who told her that someone had been trying to break into her automobile. She thought that he was a police officer and Bundy later showed her a badge. Bundy asked her to accompany him to the car to see if anything was missing. Upon reaching the car the girl looked in and determined nothing was missing. He eventually asked her if she could go to the station to make a complaint. Bundy drove her in his Volkswagon, and pulled over on the way and forcibly placed a pair of handcuffs on her wrist. She screamed and fought her way outside the vehicle and eventually got away. Nine months later, Bundy was arrested fleeing police and handcuffs were found in his car. Bundy was convicted of Aggravated Kidnapping after waiving a jury trial and received a 1-15 year sentence. He escaped while in custody but was recaptured 6 days later. He escaped a second time and fled to Tallahassee, Florida, staying at a rooming house near the Florida State University Campus. During the early morning hours of Sunday, January 15, 1978, Bundy entered the Chi Omega sorority house and brutally attacked four women residing there. Margaret Bowman and Lisa Levy were killed, and Kathy Kleiner and Karen Chandler sustained serious injuries. Within approximately an hour of the attacks in the Chi Omega house, Bundy entered another home nearby and attacked a woman residing there, Cheryl Thomas. All five women were university students. All were bludgeoned repeatedly with a blunt weapon. Bundy was identified by a resident returning home to the Sorority House, just as he was leaving with a club in his hand. Lisa Levy and Margaret Bowman were killed by strangulation after receiving severe beatings with a length of a tree branch used as a club. Margaret Bowman's skull was crushed and literally laid open. The attacker also bit Lisa Levy with sufficient intensity to be identified as human bite marks. Bundy was arrested a month later in Pensacola. Of critical importance was the testimony of two forensic dental experts who testified concerning analysis of the bite mark left on the body of Lisa Levy. The experts both expressed to the jury their opinion that the indentations on the victim's body were left by the unique teeth of Bundy. Bundy was found guilty of two counts of first-degree murder, three counts of attempted first-degree murder, and two counts of burglary. For the two crimes of first-degree murder the trial judge imposed sentences of death. On February 9, 1978, Kimberly Leach, age 12, was reported missing from her junior high school in Lake City, Florida. Two months later, after a large scale search, the Leach girl's partially decomposed body was located in a wooded area near the Suwanee River. There were semen stains in the crotch of her panties found near the body. Two Lake City Holiday Inn employees and a handwriting expert established that Bundy had registered at the Lake City Holiday Inn the day before her disappearance under another name. A school crossing guard at the junior high school identified Bundy as leading a young girl to a van on the morning of the disappearance. Bundy was again convicted of murder and sentenced to death. This death sentence to be carried out a decade later. Victims: State v. Bundy, 589 P.2d 760 (Utah 1978) (Direct Appeal). Bundy v. State, 455 So.2d 330 (Fla. 1984) (Sorority House Direct Appeal). Bundy v. State, 471 So.2d 9 (Fla. 1985) (Leach Direct Appeal). Bundy v. Florida, 107 S.Ct. 295 (1986) (Cert. Denied). Bundy v. State, 490 So.2d 1257 (Fla. 1986). (Stay) Bundy v. State, 497 So.2d 1209 (Fla. 1986) (State Habeas). Bundy v. Dugger, 850 F.2d 1402 (11th Cir. 1988) (Habeas). Bundy v. Dugger, 109 S.Ct. 849 (1989) (Cert. Denied). Final/Special Meal: Bundy declined a special meal, so he was given the traditional steak (medium-rare), eggs (over-easy), hash browns, toast, milk, coffee, juice, butter, and jelly. Last Words: "I'd like you to give my love to my family and friends." Internet Sources: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Birth name: Theodore Robert Cowell Also known as: Chris Hagen, Richard Burton, Officer Roseland, Rolf Miller[1] Born: November 24, 1946(1946-11-24) Died: January 24, 1989 (aged 42) Cause of death: Execution by electric chair Sentence: Death Number of victims: 26ï¿½35+ Span of killings: 1973 or 1974 ï¿½ 1978 Country: United States State(s): Washington, Oregon, Utah, Idaho, Colorado, Florida Date apprehended: August 16, 1975; escaped December 30, 1977; re-apprehended February 15, 1978 Theodore Robert "Ted" Bundy, born Theodore Robert Cowell (November 24, 1946 ï¿½ January 24, 1989), was an American serial killer active between 1973 and 1978. He twice escaped from county jails before his final apprehension in February 1978. After more than a decade of vigorous denials, he eventually confessed to over 30 murders, although the actual total of victims remains unknown. Estimates range from 26 to over 100, the general estimate being 35. Typically, Bundy would bludgeon his victims, then strangle them to death. He also engaged in rape and necrophilia. Bundy was executed for his last murder by the state of Florida in 1989. Childhood Ted Bundy was born Theodore Robert Cowell at the Elizabeth Lund Home For Unwed Mothers in Burlington, Vermont, to Eleanor Louise Cowell. While the identity of his father is unknown, Bundy's birth certificate lists a "Lloyd Marshall" (b. 1916),[2] although Bundy's mother would later tell of being seduced by a war veteran named "Jack Worthington". However, Bundy's family did not believe this story, and expressed suspicion about Louise's violent, abusive father, Samuel Cowell.[3] Whatever the truth of Bundy's parentage, to avoid social stigma, Bundy's maternal grandparents, Samuel and Eleanor Cowell, claimed him as their son. He grew up believing that his mother was his older sister. Bundy biographers Stephen Michaud and Hugh Aynesworth wrote that he learned Louise was actually his mother while he was in high school.[4] True crime writer Ann Rule, who knew Bundy personally, believes it was around 1969, shortly after a traumatic breakup with his college girlfriend.[5] Johnny and Louise Bundy had more children, whom the young Bundy spent much of his time babysitting. Johnny Bundy tried to include his stepson in camping trips and other father-son activities, but the boy remained emotionally detached from his stepfather.[8] Bundy was a good student at Woodrow Wilson High School, in Tacoma, and was active in a local Methodist church, serving as vice-president of the Methodist Youth Fellowship. He was involved with a local troop of the Boy Scouts of America. Socially, Bundy remained shy and introverted throughout his high school and early college years. He would say later that he "hit a wall" in high school and that he was unable to understand social behavior, stunting his social development.[9] He maintained a facade of social activity, but he had no natural sense of how to get along with other people, saying: "I didn't know what made things tick. I didn't know what made people want to be friends. I didn't know what made people attractive to one another. I didn't know what underlay social interactions."[10] Years later on Florida's death row, Bundy would describe a part of himself that, from a young age, was fascinated by images of sex and violence. In early prison interviews, Bundy called this part of himself "the entity". As a teen, Bundy would look through libraries for detective magazines and books on crime, focusing on sources that described sexual violence and featured pictures of dead bodies and violent sexuality.[11] Before he left high school, Bundy was a compulsive thief and a shoplifter.[12] To support his love of skiing, Bundy stole skis and equipment and forged ski-lift tickets.[13] He was arrested twice as a juvenile, but these records were later expunged. University years In 1965, Bundy graduated from Woodrow Wilson High. Awarded a scholarship by the University of Puget Sound (UPS), he began that fall taking courses in psychology and Oriental studies. After two semesters at UPS, he decided to transfer to Seattle's University of Washington (UW). While he was a university student, Bundy worked as a grocery bagger and shelf-stocker at a Seattle Safeway store on Queen Anne Hill, as well as other odd jobs. At this time Bundy did not hold any one job for longer than a few months, and though he was never caught stealing while at work he had been regarded with some suspicion by employers. As part of his course of studies in psychology, he would later work as a night-shift volunteer at Seattle's Suicide Hot Line, a suicide crisis center that served the greater Seattle metropolitan and suburban areas. He met and worked alongside former Seattle policewoman and then-fledgling crime writer Ann Rule, who would later write one of the definitive biographies of Bundy and his crimes, The Stranger Beside Me.[14] He began a relationship with fellow university student "Stephanie Brooks" (a pseudonym) whom he met while enrolled at UW in 1967. She ended the relationship after her 1968 graduation and returned to her family home in California. She was fed up with what she described as Bundy's immaturity and lack of ambition. Thrown into a deep depression by the breakup, Bundy dropped out of college and travelled east. Rule states that, around this time, Bundy decided to visit his birthplace, Burlington, Vermont. There he visited the local records clerk and finally uncovered the truth about his parentage.[15] After his discovery, Bundy became a more focused and dominant person. Back home in Washington by 1968, he managed the Seattle office of Nelson Rockefeller's Presidential campaign and attended the 1968 Republican convention in Miami, Florida as a Rockefeller supporter.[16] He re-enrolled at UW, this time with a major in psychology. Bundy became an honors student and was well liked by his professors.[17] In 1969, he started dating Elizabeth Kloepfer, a divorced secretary with a daughter, who fell deeply in love with him.[18] They would continue dating for more than six years, until he went to prison for kidnapping in 1976. Bundy graduated in 1972 from UW with a degree in psychology.[19] Soon afterward, he again went to work for the state Republican Party, which included a close relationship with Gov. Daniel J. Evans.[20] During the campaign, Bundy followed Evans' Democratic opponent around the state, tape recording his speeches and reporting back to Evans personally. A minor scandal later followed when the Democrats found out about Bundy, who had been posing as a college student.[21] In the fall of 1973, Bundy enrolled in the law school at the University of Puget Sound, but he did poorly. He began skipping classes, and finally dropped out in spring 1974 at the same time young women began to disappear in the Pacific northwest. While on a business trip to California in the summer of 1973, Bundy came back into the life of his ex-girlfriend "Stephanie Brooks" with a new look and attitude; this time as a serious, dedicated professional who had been accepted to law school. Bundy continued to date Kloepfer as well, and neither woman was aware the other existed. Bundy courted Brooks throughout the rest of the year, and she accepted his marriage proposal. Two weeks later, however, shortly after New Year's 1974, he unceremoniously dumped her, refusing to return her phone calls. A few weeks after this breakup, Bundy began a murderous rampage in Washington state.[22][23] Murders - Washington There is no definitive agreement on when and where Bundy began killing people. Ann Rule and former King County detective Robert D. Keppel, who investigated the 1974 Washington murders, believe Bundy may have started killing as far back as his early teens.[24][25] Ann Marie Burr, an eight-year-old girl from Tacoma, vanished from her home in 1961, when Bundy was 14 years old. Bundy always denied killing her.[26] The day before his execution, Bundy told his lawyer that he made his first attempt to kidnap a woman in 1969,[27] and implied that he committed his first actual murder sometime in 1972.[28] A psychiatrist who interviewed him said Bundy claimed to have killed two women while staying with family in Philadelphia in 1969.[29] At one point in his death-row confessions with Keppel, Bundy said he committed his first murder in 1972.[30] In 1973, one of Bundy's friends saw a pair of handcuffs in the back of Bundy's Volkswagen.[31] He was for many years a suspect in the December 1973 murder of Kathy Devine in Washington state,[32] but DNA analysis led to William Cosden's arrest and conviction for that crime in 2002.[33][34] Bundy's earliest known, identified murders were committed in 1974, when he was 27. Shortly after midnight on January 4, 1974, Bundy entered the basement bedroom of 18-year-old "Joni Lenz" (a pseudonym), a dancer and student at UW. Bundy bludgeoned her with a metal rod from her bed frame while she slept and sexually assaulted her with a speculum.[35] Lenz was found the next morning by her roommates lying in a pool of her own blood. She was in a coma for ten days, but she survived the attack.[36] Bundy's next victim was Lynda Ann Healy, another UW student (and his cousin's roommate). In the early morning of February 1, 1974, Bundy broke into Healy's room, knocked her unconscious, dressed her in jeans and a shirt, wrapped her in a bed sheet, and carried her away. Young female college students began disappearing at a rate of roughly one per month. On March 12, 1974, in Olympia, Bundy kidnapped and murdered Donna Gail Manson, a 19-year-old student at The Evergreen State College. On April 17, 1974, Susan Rancourt disappeared from the campus of Central Washington State College (now Central Washington University) in Ellensburg. Later, two different CWSC students would recount meeting a man with his arm in a slingï¿½one that night, one three nights earlierï¿½who asked for their help to carry a load of books to his Volkswagen Beetle.[37][38] Next was Kathy Parks, last seen on the campus of Oregon State University in Corvallis, Oregon, on May 6, 1974. Brenda Ball, the first victim who wasn't a college student, was never seen again after leaving The Flame Tavern in Burien on June 1, 1974. Bundy then murdered Georgeann Hawkins, a student at UW and a member of Kappa Alpha Theta, an on-campus sorority. In the early morning of June 11, 1974, she walked through an alley from her boyfriend's dormitory residence to her sorority house. She was never seen again. Witnesses later reported seeing a man with a leg cast struggling to carry a briefcase in the area that night.[39] One student reported that the man had asked for her help in carrying the briefcase to his car, a Beetle.[40] Bundy's Washington killing spree culminated on July 14, 1974, with the daytime abduction of Janice Ott and Denise Naslund from Lake Sammamish State Park in Issaquah. That day, eight different people told the police about the handsome young man with his left arm in a sling who called himself "Ted". Five of them were women whom "Ted" asked for help unloading a sailboat from his Beetle. One of them went with "Ted" as far as his car, where there was no sailboat, before declining to accompany him any farther. Three more witnesses testified to seeing him approach Ott with the story about the sailboat and to seeing her walk away from the beach in his company. She was never seen alive again.[41] Naslund disappeared without a trace four hours later. King County detectives now had a description both of the suspect and his car. Some witnesses told investigators that the "Ted" they encountered spoke with a clipped, British-like accent. Soon, fliers were up all over the Seattle area. After seeing the police sketch and description of the Lake Sammamish suspect in both of the local newspapers and on television news reports, Bundy's girlfriend, one of his psychology professors at UW, and former co-worker Ann Rule[42] all reported him as a possible suspect.[43] The police, receiving up to 200 tips per day,[44] did not pay any special attention to a tip about a clean-cut law student. The fragmented remains of Ott and Naslund were discovered on September 7, 1974, off Interstate 90 near Issaquah, one mile from the park.[45] Found along with the women's remains was an extra femur bone and vertebrae, which Bundy would identify as that of Georgeann Hawkins shortly before his execution.[46] Between March 1 and March 3, 1975, the skulls and jawbones of Healy, Rancourt, Parks and Ball were found on Taylor Mountain just east of Issaquah.[47] Years later, Bundy claimed that he had also dumped Donna Manson's body there,[48] but no trace of her was ever found. Murders - Idaho, Utah, and Colorado That autumn, Bundy moved to Salt Lake City to attend the University of Utah law school. On Sept. 2, while on the way, he picked up a hitchhiker in Idaho, raped her and strangled her to death; her identity remains unknown and no body was ever found.[49][50] Nancy Wilcox disappeared from Holladay, Utah, on October 2, 1974. Wilcox was last seen riding in a Volkswagen Beetle.[51] On October 18, 1974, Bundy murdered Melissa Smith, the 17-year-old daughter of Midvale police chief Louis Smith; Bundy raped, sodomized and strangled her. Her body was found nine days later. Postmortem examination indicated that she had been kept alive for at least five days after she disappeared.[52] Next was Laura Aime, also 17, who disappeared when she left a Halloween party in Lehi, Utah, on October 31, 1974; her naked, beaten and strangled corpse was found nearly a month later by hikers on Thanksgiving Day, on the banks of a river in American Fork Canyon. In Murray, Utah, on November 8, 1974, Carol DaRonch narrowly escaped Ted Bundy with her life. Claiming to be "Officer Roseland" of the Murray Police Department, Bundy approached DaRonch at Fashion Place Mall, told her someone had tried to break into her car, and asked her to accompany him to the police station. She got into his car but refused his instruction to buckle her seat belt. They drove for a short time before Bundy suddenly pulled to the shoulder and attempted to handcuff DaRonch. During their struggle, Bundy fastened each handcuff to the same wrist. Bundy pulled out his crowbar, but DaRonch caught it in the air just before it struck her skull. She then managed to get the car door open and tumbled out onto the highway, escaping from her would-be killer.[53] About an hour later, a strange man showed up at Viewmont High School in Bountiful, Utah, nineteen miles away from Murray.[54] The Viewmont High drama club was putting on a play in the auditorium. The strange man approached the drama teacher and then a student, asking both to come out to the parking lot to identify a car. Both declined. The drama teacher saw him again shortly before the end of the play, this time breathing hard, with his hair mussed and his shirt untucked. Another student saw the man lurking in the rear of the auditorium. Debby Kent, a 17-year-old Viewmont High student, left the play at intermission to go and pick up her brother, and was never seen again.[55] Later, investigators found a small key in the parking lot outside Viewmont High. It unlocked the handcuffs taken off Carol DaRonch.[56] In 1975, while still attending law school at the University of Utah, Bundy shifted his crimes to Colorado. On January 12, 1975, Caryn Campbell disappeared from the Wildwood Inn at Snowmass, Colorado, where she had been vacationing with her fiancï¿½ and his children. She vanished somewhere in a span of 50 feet between the elevator doors and her room. Her body was found on February 17, 1975.[57] Next, Vail ski instructor Julie Cunningham disappeared on March 15, 1975, and Denise Oliverson in Grand Junction on April 6, 1975. While in prison, Bundy confessed to Colorado investigators that he used crutches to approach Cunningham, after asking her to help him carry some ski boots to his car. At the car, Bundy clubbed her with his crowbar and immobilized her with handcuffs, later strangling her in a crime highly similar to the Hawkins murder.[58] Lynette Culver, a 12-year-old girl, went missing on May 6, 1975. In a crime similar to the later murder of Kimberly Leach, Bundy lured her from her junior high school in Pocatello, Idaho, took her to a Holiday Inn where Bundy had a room, raped her and drowned her.[59] Back in Utah, Susan Curtis vanished from the campus of Brigham Young University on June 28, 1975. (Bundy confessed to the Curtis murder minutes before his execution.)[60] The bodies of Wilcox, Kent, Cunningham, Culver, Curtis and Oliverson have never been recovered. Meanwhile, back in Washington, investigators were attempting to prioritize their enormous list of suspects. They used computers to cross-check different likely lists of suspects (classmates of Lynda Healy, owners of Volkswagens, etc) against each other, and then identify suspects who turned up on more than one list. "Theodore Robert Bundy" was one of 25 people who turned up on four separate lists, and his case file was second on the "To Be Investigated" pile when the call came from Utah of an arrest.[61] Arrest, first trial, and escapes Items taken from Bundy's Volkswagen, August 16, 1975Bundy was arrested for the first time on August 16, 1975, in Granger, Utah, a suburb of Salt Lake City, for failure to stop for a police officer.[62] A search of his car revealed a ski mask, another mask made from pantyhose, a crowbar, handcuffs, trash bags, a coil of rope, an icepick, and other items that were thought by the police to be burglary tools. Bundy remained calm during questioning, explaining that he needed the mask for skiing and had found the handcuffs in a dumpster.[63] Utah detective Jerry Thompson connected Bundy and his Volkswagen to the DaRonch kidnapping and the missing girls, and searched his apartment. The search uncovered a guide to Colorado ski resorts, with a check mark by the Wildwood Inn where Caryn Campbell had disappeared,[64] and a brochure advertising the Viewmont High School play in Bountiful from whence Debby Kent had disappeared.[65] After searching his apartment, the police brought Bundy in for a lineup before DaRonch and the Bountiful witnesses. They identified him as "Officer Roseland" and as the man lurking about the night Debby Kent disappeared. Following a week-long trial, Bundy was convicted of DaRonch's kidnapping on March 1, 1976, and was sentenced to 15 years in Utah State Prison. Colorado authorities were pursuing murder charges, however, and Bundy was extradited there to stand trial. On June 7, 1977, in preparation for a hearing in the Caryn Campbell murder trial, Bundy was taken to the Pitkin County courthouse in Aspen. During a court recess, he was allowed to visit the courthouse's law library, where he jumped out of the building from a second-story window and escaped, spraining his right ankle during the jump. In the minutes following his escape, Bundy at first ran and then strolled casually through the small town toward Aspen Mountain.[66] He made it all the way to the top of Aspen Mountain without being detected, where he rested for two days in an abandoned hunting cabin. But afterwards, he lost his sense of direction and wandered around the mountain, missing two trails that led down off the mountain to his intended destination, the town of Crested Butte. At one point he talked his way out of danger after coming face-to-face with a gun-toting citizen who was one of the searchers scouring Aspen Mountain for Ted Bundy. On June 13, 1977, Bundy stole a car he found on the mountain. He drove back into Aspen and could have gotten away, but two police deputies noticed the Cadillac with dimmed headlights weaving in and out of its lane and pulled Bundy over. They recognized him and took him back to jail. Bundy had been on the lam for six days.[67] He was back in custody, but Bundy worked on a new escape plan. He was being held in the Glenwood Springs, Colorado, jail while he awaited trial. He had acquired a hacksaw blade and $500 in cash; he later claimed the blade came from another prison inmate. Over two weeks, he sawed through the welds fixing a small metal plate in the ceiling and, after dieting to lose weight, was able to fit through the hole and access the crawl space above. An informant in the prison told officers that he had heard Bundy moving around the ceiling during the nights before his escape, but the matter was not investigated.[68] When Bundy's Aspen trial judge ruled on December 23, 1977, that the Caryn Campbell murder trial would start on January 9, 1978,[69] and changed the venue to Colorado Springs, Bundy realized that he had to make his escape before he was transferred out of the Glenwood Springs jail. On the night of December 30, 1977, Bundy dressed warmly and packed books and files under his blanket to make it look like he was sleeping. He wriggled through the hole and up into the crawlspace. Bundy crawled over to a spot directly above the jailer's linen closet ï¿½ the jailer and his wife were out for the evening ï¿½ dropped down into the jailer's apartment, and walked out the door.[70] Bundy was free, but he was on foot in the middle of a bitterly cold, snowy Colorado night. He stole a broken-down MG, but it stalled out in the mountains. Bundy was stuck on the side of Interstate 70 in the middle of the night in a blizzard, but another driver gave him a ride into Vail. From there he caught a bus to Denver and boarded the TWA 8:55 a.m. flight to Chicago. The Glenwood Springs jail officers did not notice Bundy was gone until noon on December 31, 1977, 17 hours after his escape, by which time Bundy was already in Chicago.[71] Florida Following his arrival in Chicago, Bundy then caught an Amtrak train to Ann Arbor, Michigan, where he got a room at the YMCA. On January 2, 1978, he went to an Ann Arbor bar and watched the University of Washington Huskies, the team of his alma mater, beat Michigan in the Rose Bowl.[72] He later stole a car in Ann Arbor, which he abandoned in Atlanta, Georgia before boarding a bus for Tallahassee, Florida, where he arrived on January 8, 1978. There, he rented a room at a boarding house under the alias of "Chris Hagen" and committed numerous petty crimes including shoplifting, purse snatching, and auto theft. He grew a mustache and drew a fake mole on his right cheek when he went out, but aside from that, he made no real attempt at a disguise. Bundy tried to find work at a construction site, but when the personnel officer asked Bundy for his driver's license for identification, Bundy walked away. This was his only attempt at job hunting. Lisa Levy and Margaret BowmanOne week after Bundy's arrival in Tallahassee, in the early hours of Super Bowl Sunday on January 15, 1978, two and a half years of repressed homicidal violence erupted. Bundy entered the Florida State University Chi Omega sorority house at approximately 3 a.m. and killed two sleeping women, Lisa Levy and Margaret Bowman. Bundy bludgeoned and strangled Levy and Bowman; he also sexually assaulted Levy. He also bludgeoned and severely injured two other Chi Omegas, Karen Chandler and Kathy Kleiner. The entire episode took no more than half an hour. After leaving the Chi Omega house, Bundy broke into another home a few blocks away, clubbing and severely injuring Florida State University student Cheryl Thomas.[73] On February 9, 1978, Bundy traveled to Lake City, Florida. While there, he abducted, raped, and murdered 12-year-old Kimberly Leach, throwing her body under a small pig shed. On the 12th he stole yet another Volkswagen Beetle and left Tallahassee for good, heading west across the Florida panhandle. On February 15, 1978, shortly after 1 a.m., Bundy was stopped by Pensacola police officer David Lee. When the officer called in a check of the license plate, the vehicle came up as stolen.[74] Bundy then scuffled with the officer before he was finally subdued. As Lee took the unknown suspect to jail, Bundy said "I wish you had killed me."[75] The Florida Department of Law Enforcement made a positive fingerprint identification early the next day. He was immediately transported to Tallahassee, where he was later charged with the Chi Omega murders. Conviction and execution Bite mark testimony at the Chi Omega trialAfter a change of venue to Miami, Bundy went to trial for the Chi Omega murders in June 1979, with Dade County Circuit Court Judge Edward D. Cowart presiding. Despite having five court-appointed lawyers, he insisted on acting as his own attorney and even cross-examined witnesses, including the police officer who had discovered Margaret Bowman's body. He was prosecuted by Assistant State Attorney Larry Simpson.[76] Two pieces of evidence proved crucial. First, Chi Omega member Nita Neary, getting back to the house very late after a date, saw Bundy as he left, and identified him in court.[77] Second, during his homicidal frenzy, Bundy bit Lisa Levy in her left buttock, leaving obvious bite marks. Police took plaster casts of Bundy's teeth and a forensics expert matched them to the photographs of Levy's wound.[78] Bundy was convicted on all counts and sentenced to death for the murders of Levy and Bowman. Bundy was tried in a second, separate proceeding at the Old Orange County Courthouse for the Kimberly Leach murder in January 1980.[79] On February 7, 1980, he was again convicted on all counts, principally due to fibers found in his van that matched Leach's clothing[80] and an eyewitness that saw him leading Leach away from the school,[81] and sentenced to death. During the Kimberly Leach trial, Bundy took advantage of an old law still on the books in the state of Florida that allowed a "declaration" in court to constitute a legal marriage. Bundy proposed to former coworker Carole Ann Boone, who had moved to Florida to be near Bundy, in the courtroom while questioning her on the stand. She readily accepted and Bundy announced to the courtroom that they were married.[82] Following numerous conjugal visits between Bundy and his new wife, Boone gave birth to a daughter in October 1982.[83] However, in 1986 Boone moved back to Washington and never returned to Florida. The current whereabouts of Boone and her daughter are unknown.[84] While awaiting execution in Starke Prison, Bundy was housed in the cell next to fellow serial killer Ottis Toole, the murderer of Adam Walsh.[85][86] FBI profiler Robert K. Ressler met with him there as part of his work interviewing serial killers, but found Bundy uncooperative and manipulative, willing to speak only in the third person, and only in hypothetical terms. Writing in 1992, Ressler spoke of his impression of Bundy in comparison to his reviews of other serial killers: "This guy was an animal, and it amazed me that the media seemed unable to understand that."[87] However, during the same period, Bundy was often visited by Special Agent William Hagmaier of the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Behavioral Sciences Unit. Bundy would come to confide in Hagmaier, going so far as to call him his best friend. Eventually, Bundy confessed to Hagmaier many details of the murders that had until then been unknown or unconfirmed. In October 1984, Bundy contacted former King County homicide detective Bob Keppel and offered to assist in the ongoing search for the Green River Killer by providing his own insights and analysis.[88] Keppel and Green River Task Force detective Dave Reichert traveled to Florida's death row to interview Bundy. Both detectives later stated that these interviews were of little actual help in the investigation; they provided far greater insight into Bundy's own mind, however, and were primarily pursued in the hope of learning the details of unsolved murders which Bundy was suspected of committing. Bundy contacted Keppel again in 1988. At that point, his appeals were exhausted. Bundy had beaten previous death warrants for March 4, 1986, July 2, 1986, and November 18, 1986.[89][90][91] With execution imminent, Bundy confessed to eight official unsolved murders in Washington State for which he was the prime suspect. Bundy told Keppel that there were actually five bodies left on Taylor Mountain, not four as they had originally thought. Bundy confessed in detail to the murder of Georgeann Hawkins, describing how he lured her to his car, clubbed her with a tire iron that he had stashed on the ground under his car, drove away with her in the car with him, and later raped and strangled her.[92] After the interview, Keppel reported that he had been shocked in speaking with Bundy, and that he was the kind of man who was "born to kill." Keppel stated: "He described the Issaquah crime scene [where Janice Ott, Denise Naslund, and Georgeann Hawkins had been left], and it was almost like he was just there. Like he was seeing everything. He was infatuated with the idea because he spent so much time there. He is just totally consumed with murder all the time."[93] Bundy had hoped he could use the revelations and partial confessions to get another stay of execution or possibly commute his sentence to life imprisonment. At one point, a legal advocate working for Bundy asked many of the families of the victims to fax letters to Florida Governor Robert Martinez and ask for mercy for Bundy in order to find out where the remains of their loved ones were. All of the families refused.[94] Keppel and others reported that Bundy gave scant detail about his crimes during his confessions, and promised to reveal more and other body dump sites if he were given "more time." The ploy failed and Bundy was executed on schedule. The night before he was executed, Bundy granted a taped interview to James Dobson, psychologist and founder of the Christian evangelical organization Focus on the Family.[95] During the interview, Bundy made repeated, previously unclaimed statements regarding pornographic "root" of his crimes. Bundy stated that while pornography did not cause him to commit murder, the consumption of violent pornography helped "shape and mold" his violence into "behavior too terrible to describe." He alleged that he felt that violence in the media, "particularly sexualized violence," sent boys "down the road to being Ted Bundys." In the same interview, Bundy stated: "You are going to kill me, and that will protect society from me. But out there are many, many more people who are addicted to pornography, and you are doing nothing about that."[96] According to Hagmaier, Bundy contemplated suicide in the days leading up to his execution, but eventually decided against it.[97] At 7:06 a.m. local time on January 24, 1989, Ted Bundy was executed in the electric chair at Florida State Prison in Starke, Florida. His last words were, "I'd like you to give my love to my family and friends." Then, more than 2,000 volts were applied across his body for less than two minutes. He was pronounced dead at 7:16 a.m. Several hundred people were gathered outside the prison and cheered when they saw the signal that Bundy had been declared dead. Modus operandi and victim profiles Bundy had a fairly consistent modus operandi. He would approach a potential victim in a public place, even in daylight or in a crowd, as when he abducted Ott and Naslund at Lake Sammamish or when he kidnapped Leach from her school. Bundy had various ways of gaining a victim's trust. Sometimes, he would feign injury, wearing his arm in a sling or wearing a fake cast, as in the murders of Hawkins, Rancourt, Ott, Naslund, and Cunningham. At other times Bundy would impersonate an authority figure; he pretended to be a policeman when approaching Carol DaRonch. The day before he killed Kimberly Leach, Bundy approached another young Florida girl pretending to be "Richard Burton, Fire Department", but left hurriedly after her older brother arrived.[98] Bundy had a remarkable advantage in that his facial features were attractive, yet not especially memorable. In later years, he would often be described as chameleon-like,[99][100] able to look totally different by making only minor adjustments to his appearance, e.g., growing a beard or changing his hairstyle. All of Bundy's victims were white females and most were of middle class background. Almost all were between the ages of 15 and 25. Many were college students. In her book, Rule notes that most of Bundy's victims had long straight hair parted in the middleï¿½just like Stephanie Brooks, the woman to whom Bundy was engaged in 1973. Rule speculates that Bundy's resentment towards his first girlfriend was a motivating factor in his string of murders.[101] However, in a 1980 interview, Bundy dismissed this hypothesis: "[t]hey...just fit the general criteria of being young and attractive...Too many people have bought this crap that all the girls were similar ï¿½ hair about the same color, parted in the middle...but if you look at it, almost everything was dissimilar...physically, they were almost all different."[102] After luring a victim to his car, Bundy would hit her in the head with a crowbar he had placed underneath his Volkswagen or hidden inside it. Every recovered skull, except for that of Kimberly Leach, showed signs of blunt force trauma. Every recovered body, except for that of Leach, showed signs of strangulation. Many of Bundy's victims were transported a considerable distance from where they disappeared, as in the case of Kathy Parks, whom he drove more than 260 miles from Oregon to Washington. Bundy often would drink alcohol prior to finding a victim;[103] Carol DaRonch testified to smelling alcohol on his breath.[104] Hagmaier stated that Bundy considered himself to be an amateur and impulsive killer in his early years, and then moved into what he considered to be his "prime" or "predator" phase. Bundy stated that this phase began around the time of the Lynda Healy murder, when he began seeking victims he considered to be equal to his skill as a murderer. On death row, Bundy admitted to decapitating at least a dozen of his victims with a hacksaw.[105] He kept the severed heads later found on Taylor Mountain (Rancourt, Parks, Ball, Healy) in his room or apartment for some time before finally disposing of them.[106] He confessed to cremating Donna Manson's head in his girlfriend's fireplace.[107] Some of the skulls of Bundy's victims were found with the front teeth broken out.[108] Bundy also confessed to visiting his victims' bodies over and over again at the Taylor Mountain body dump site. He stated that he would lie with them for hours, applying makeup to their corpses and having sex with their decomposing bodies until putrefaction forced him to abandon the remains. Not long before his death, Bundy admitted to returning to the corpse of Georgeann Hawkins for purposes of necrophilia.[109] Bundy confessed to keeping other souvenirs of his crimes. The Utah police who searched Bundy's apartment in 1975 missed a collection of photographs that Bundy had hidden in the utility room, photos that Bundy destroyed when he returned home after being released on bail.[110] His girlfriend Elizabeth once found a bag in his room filled with women's clothing.[111] When Bundy was confronted by law enforcement officers who stated that they believed the number of individuals he had murdered was 36, Bundy told them that they should "add one digit to that, and you'll have it." Rule speculated that this meant Bundy might have killed over 100 women.[112] Speaking to his lawyer Polly Nelson in 1988, however, Bundy dismissed the 100+ victims speculation and said that the more common estimate of approximately 35 victims was accurate.[113] Pathology Bundy was examined for seven hours by Dorothy Otnow Lewis, a professor from New York University Medical Center. Lewis diagnosed Bundy as a manic depressive whose crimes usually occurred during his depressive episodes.[114] To Lewis, Bundy described his childhood, especially his relationship with his maternal grandparents, Samuel and Eleanor Cowell. According to Bundy, grandfather Samuel Cowell was a deacon in his church. Along with the already established description of his grandfather as a tyrannical bully, Bundy described him as a bigot who hated blacks, Italians, Catholics, and Jews. He further stated that his grandfather tortured animals, beating the family dog and swinging neighborhood cats by their tails. He also told Lewis how his grandfather kept a large collection of pornography in his greenhouse where, according to relatives, Bundy and a cousin would sneak to look at it for hours. Family members expressed skepticism over Louise's "Jack Worthington" story of Bundy's parentage and noted that Samuel Cowell once flew into a violent rage when the subject of the boy's father came up.[115] Bundy described his grandmother as a timid and obedient wife, who was sporadically taken to hospitals to undergo shock treatment for depression.[116] Toward the end of her life, Bundy said, she became agoraphobic.[117] Louise Bundy's younger sister Julia recalled a disturbing incident with her young nephew. After lying down in the Cowells' home for a nap, Julia woke to find herself surrounded by knives from the Cowell kitchen. Three-year-old Ted was standing by the bed, smiling at her.[118] Bundy used stolen credit cards to purchase more than 30 pairs of socks while on the run in Florida; he was a self-described foot fetishist.[119] Most researchers believe Bundy's late insistence upon pornography as a contributing factor in his crimes was another attempt at manipulation; a vain hope of forestalling his execution by feeding James Dobson's own agenda regarding pornography and telling him what he wanted to hear.[120][121][122] In the Dobson interview before his execution, Bundy said that violent pornography played a major role in his sex crimes. According to Bundy, as a young boy he found "outside the home again, in the local grocery store, in a local drug store, the soft core pornography that people called soft core...And from time to time we would come across pornographic books of a harder nature...."[122] Bundy said, "It happened in stages, gradually. My experience with pornography generally, but with pornography that deals on a violent level with sexuality, is once you become addicted to it ï¿½ and I look at this as a kind of addiction like other kinds of addiction ï¿½ I would keep looking for more potent, more explicit, more graphic kinds of material. Until you reach a point where the pornography only goes so far, you reach that jumping off point where you begin to wonder if maybe actually doing it would give that which is beyond just reading it or looking at it."[122] In a letter written shortly before his escape from the Glenwood Springs jail, Bundy said "I have known people who...radiate vulnerability. Their facial expressions say 'I am afraid of you.' These people invite abuse... By expecting to be hurt, do they subtly encourage it?"[123] In a 1980 interview, speaking of a serial killer's justification of his actions, Bundy said "So what's one less? What's one less person on the face of the planet?"[124] When Florida detectives asked Bundy to tell them where he had left Kimberly Leach's body for her family's solace, Bundy allegedly said, "But I'm the most cold-hearted son of a bitch you'll ever meet."[125] Victims Below is a chronological list of Ted Bundy's known victims. Bundy never made a comprehensive confession of his crimes and his true total is not known, but before his execution, he confessed to Hagmaier to having committed 30 murders, only 20 of which were identified.[105] All the women listed were murdered, unless otherwise noted. 1973 May 1973: Unknown hitchhiker, Tumwater, Washington area. Confessed to Bob Keppel before Bundy's execution. No remains found.[126] 1974 January 4: "Joni Lenz" (pseudonym) (survived). University of Washington first-year student who was bludgeoned in her bed and impaled with a speculum in her vagina as she slept. February 1: Lynda Ann Healy (21). Bludgeoned while asleep and abducted from the house she shared with other female University of Washington students. March 12: Donna Gail Manson (19). Abducted while walking to concert on Evergreen campus in Olympia, Washington. Bundy confessed, but body never found. April 17: Susan Elaine Rancourt (18). Disappeared as she walked across Ellensburg's Central State College campus at night. May 6: Roberta Kathleen "Kathy" Parks (22). Vanished from Oregon State University in Corvallis, Oregon while walking to another dormitory to have coffee with friends. June 1: Brenda Carol Ball (22). Disappeared from the Flame Tavern in Burien, Washington. June 11: Georgeann Hawkins (18). Disappeared from sorority house, Kappa Alpha Theta, at the University of Washington. July 14: Janice Ann Ott (23) and Denise Marie Naslund (19). Abducted several hours apart in Issaquah, Washington. September 2: Unknown teenage hitchhiker, Idaho. Confessed before his execution. No remains found. October 2: Nancy Wilcox (16). Disappeared in Holladay, Utah. Her body was never found. October 18: Melissa Anne Smith (17). Vanished from Midvale, Utah, after leaving a pizza parlor. October 31: Laura Aime (17). Disappeared from a Halloween party at Lehi, Utah. November 8: Carol DaRonch (survived). Escaped from Bundy by jumping out from his car in Murray, Utah. November 8: Debra "Debby" Kent (17). Vanished from the parking lot of a school in Bountiful, Utah, hours after Carol DaRonch escaped from Bundy. Shortly before his execution, Bundy confessed to investigators that he dumped Kent at a site near Fairview, Utah. An intense search of the site produced a human patella (knee cap), which matched the profile for someone of Kent's age and size. DNA testing has not been attempted.[127] Bundy is a suspect in the murder of Carol Valenzuela, who disappeared from Vancouver, Washington, on August 2, 1974. Her remains were discovered two months later south of Olympia, Washington, along with those of an unidentified female.[128] 1975 January 12: Caryn Campbell (23). Campbell, a Michigan nurse, vanished between her hotel lounge and room while on a ski trip with her fiancï¿½ in Snowmass, Colorado. March 15: Julie Cunningham (26). Disappeared while on her way to a nearby tavern in Vail, Colorado. Bundy confessed to investigators he had buried Cunningham's body near Rifle, Garfield County, Colorado, but a search did not produce remains.[129] April 6: Denise Oliverson (25). Abducted while bicycling to visit her parents in Grand Junction, Colorado. Bundy provided details of her murder, but her body was never found. May 6: Lynette Culver (13). Snatched from playground at Alameda Junior High School in Pocatello, Idaho. Body never found. June 28: Susan Curtis (15). Disappeared while walking alone to the dormitories during a youth conference at Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah. Her body was never found. Bundy is a suspect in the murder of Melanie Suzanne "Suzy" Cooley, who disappeared April 15, 1975, after leaving Nederland High School in Nederland, Colorado. Her bludgeoned and strangled corpse was discovered by road maintenance workers on May 2, 1975, in nearby Coal Creek Canyon. Gas receipts place Bundy in nearby Golden, the day of the Cooley abduction.[130] The Jefferson County, Colorado, Sheriff's Office has classified the Melanie Cooley murder as a cold case.[131] 1978 January 15: Lisa Levy (20), Margaret Bowman (21), Karen Chandler (survived), Kathy Kleiner (survived). The Chi Omega killings, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida. January 15: Cheryl Thomas (survived). Bludgeoned in her bed, eight blocks away from the Chi Omega Sorority house. February 9: Kimberly Leach (12), kidnapped from her junior high school in Lake City, Florida. She was raped, murdered and her body discarded in Suwannee River State Park, Florida. In film Three TV movies and two feature films have been produced about Bundy and his crimes. The Deliberate Stranger, a two-part TV movie, aired on NBC in 1986 and starred Mark Harmon as Bundy.[132] Ted Bundy, released in 2002, was directed by Matthew Bright. Michael Reilly Burke starred as Bundy.[133] The Stranger Beside Me, based on the book by Ann Rule, aired on the USA Network in 2003, and starred Billy Campbell as Bundy and Barbara Hershey as Ann Rule.[134] In 2004, the A&E Network produced an adaptation of Robert Keppel's book The Riverman, which starred Cary Elwes as Bundy and Bruce Greenwood as Keppel.[135] In 2008, Feifer Worldwide released Bundy: An American Icon, starring Corin Nemec as Ted Bundy.[136] Notes ^ 1982 Bundy appeal brief, p. 11 ^ Rule, pp. 8, 17. ^ Michaud and Aynesworth, The Only Living Witness, p. 56. ^ Michaud and Aynesworth, The Only Living Witness, 63. ^ Rule, 16ï¿½17. ^ Rule, 8. ^ Michaud and Aynesworth, The Only Living Witness, 57. ^ Rule, 10. ^ Michaud and Aynesworth, The Only Living Witness, 64. ^ Michaud and Aynesworth, The Only Living Witness, 66. ^ Nelson, 277ï¿½278. ^ Rule, 12. ^ Michaud and Aynesworth, The Only Living Witness, 62. ^ Rule, 22ï¿½33. ^ Ted Bundy Bio In The Serial Killer Calendar. ^ Larsen, pp. 5, 7. ^ Rule, 18ï¿½20. ^ Michaud and Aynesworth, TOLW, 74. ^ Michaud and Aynesworth, TOLW, 76. ^ Letter from Gov. Daniel J. Evans to the Dean of Admissions at University of Utah. ^ Larsen, 7ï¿½10. ^ Michaud and Aynesworth, TOLW, 81ï¿½84. ^ Rule, 44ï¿½47. ^ Rule, 526 ^ Keppel, 399-400 ^ Keppel, p 387. ^ Nelson, p. 282. ^ Nelson, 283ï¿½84. ^ Sullivan, 57. ^ Keppel 387. ^ Michaud and Aynesworth, TOLW, 81. ^ Keppel 257ï¿½262. ^ "DNA evidence points finger in 28-year-old murder case", The Olympian, March 9, 2002. ^ "Man sentenced to life in prison for 1973 murder", Seattle Times, July 30, 2002. ^ Michaud and Aynesworth, TOLW, 28. ^ Sullivan, 14. ^ Keppel, 42ï¿½46. ^ Michaud and Aynesworth, TOLW, 31ï¿½33. ^ Michaud and Aynesworth, TOLW, 38. ^ Rule, 75. ^ Keppel, 3ï¿½6. ^ Rule, 103ï¿½5. ^ Keppel, 61ï¿½62. ^ Keppel, 40. ^ Keppel, 8ï¿½15. ^ Keppel, 18. ^ Keppel, 25ï¿½30. ^ Rule, 516. ^ Nelson 257ï¿½259. ^ Rule 527. ^ Michaud and Aynesworth, TOLW, 91. ^ Sullivan, 96. ^ Michaud and Aynesworth, TOLW, 93ï¿½95. ^ MSN Map Search, Murray to Bountiful. ^ Michaud and Aynesworth, TOLW, 95ï¿½7. ^ Michaud and Aynesworth, TOLW, 101. ^ Rule 132ï¿½6. ^ Keppel 402ï¿½7. ^ Stephen Michaud and Hugh Aynesworth, The Only Living Witness, 1989 Signet paperback edition, ISBN 0451163729, p. 346. ^ Michaud and Aynesworth, TOLW, 343. ^ Keppel 62ï¿½66. ^ Account of the arrest by Sgt. Robert Hayward, Deseret News, 24 January 1989. ^ Michaud and Aynesworth, TOLW, 98ï¿½9, 113ï¿½5. ^ Keppel 71. ^ Sullivan 151. ^ Michaud and Aynesworth, TOLW, 197, ^ Michaud and Aynesworth, TOLW, 203ï¿½5. ^ Michaud and Aynesworth, TOLW, 209. ^ Rule 6. ^ Michaud and Aynesworth, TOLW, 209ï¿½11. ^ Michaud and Aynesworth, TOLW, 212ï¿½213. ^ Michaud and Aynesworth, TOLW, 215ï¿½6. ^ Rule 283ï¿½305. ^ Account of Bundy's arrest at the Pensacola P.D. official site. ^ Rule 321ï¿½3. ^ Larry Simpson bio. ^ Michaud and Aynesworth, TOLW, 227, 283. ^ Michaud and Aynesworth, TOLW, 230, 283ï¿½5. ^ Bell, Rachael. "The Ted Bundy Story". http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/serial_killers/notorious/bundy/15.html. Retrieved 2009-12-22. ^ Michaud and Aynesworth, TOLW, 306ï¿½7. ^ Michaud and Aynesworth, TOLW, 303. ^ Michaud and Aynesworth, TOLW, 308ï¿½10. ^ Nelson 56. ^ "Newsletter (page 3)". Annrules.com. http://www.annrules.com/news3.htm. Retrieved 2009-01-14. ^ Rule 465. ^ Almanzar, Yolanne (2008-12-16). "27 Years Later, Case of Slain Boy Adam Walsh Is Closed". New York Times (Florida). http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/17/us/17adam.html?_r=1&hp. Retrieved 2009-01-14. ^ Ressler, Robert K. and Tom Schachtman. Whoever Fights Monsters: My Twenty Years Hunting Serial Killers for the FBI. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992, pp. 63-66. ISBN 0312078838. ^ Keppel, 176. ^ Nelson 33. ^ Nelson 101. ^ Nelson 135. ^ Keppel 367ï¿½378. ^ Rule, 519. ^ Rule, 518. ^ Final Interview with Dr. James Dobson. ^ Cline, Victor B., Ph.D. "Pornography's Effects on Adults and Children." obscenitycrimes.org. ^ Seattle Times, 24 January 1999. ^ Michaud and Aynesworth, TOLW, 243ï¿½4. ^ Keppel 80. ^ Michaud and Aynesworth, TOLW, 176. ^ Rule 431ï¿½2. ^ Michaud and Aynesworth, Conversations, p. 158. ^ Keppel 379. ^ Michaud and Aynesworth, TOLW, 94. ^ a b Michaud and Aynesworth, TOLW, 339. ^ Keppel 378, 393. ^ Keppel, 395. ^ Keppel, 30. ^ Keppel 22ï¿½3. ^ Nelson 258. ^ Rule 167. ^ Rule 335. ^ Nelson 257. ^ Nelson 152. ^ Michaud and Aynesworth, TOLW, 330. ^ Nelson 154. ^ Rule 502ï¿½8. ^ Rule 505. ^ Michaud and Aynesworth, TOLW, 241. ^ Michaud, Stephen; Aynesworth, Hugh (1990). Ted Bundy: Conversations with a Killer. New York: Signet. pp. 320. ISBN 978-0451163554. ^ Sharp, Kathleen (2007-12-18). "The Objective Hoax". Criminal Brief. http://criminalbrief.com/?p=412. ^ a b c Shapiro, Ben (2005). Porn Generation. Regnery Publishing. p. 160. ^ Kendall, p. 168. ^ Michaud and Aynesworth, Conversations, 188. ^ Michaud and Aynesworth, TOLW, 263. ^ Keppel 396. ^ Schulte, Scott (2007-07-10). "When Evil Walked Our Street".[1] Scott Schulte. Retrieved on 2008-08-18. ^ Vronsky, Peter. Serial Killers: The Method and Madness of Monsters. New York, NY: Berkley Books, 2004. 132. ^ Jackson, Steve. No Stone Unturned: The Story of NecroSearch International. New York, NY: Kensington Books, 2002. 75ï¿½90. ^ Holmes, Ronald M., and Stephen T. Holmes. Profiling Violent Crimes: An Investigative Tool. Newbury Park: Sage Publications, 1989. 76. ^ Jefferson County, Colorado, Sheriff's Office. "Cold Cases" [2]. Retrieved 2008-08-18. ^ The Deliberate Stranger at the Internet Movie Database ^ Ted Bundy at the Internet Movie Database ^ The Stranger Beside Me at the Internet Movie Database ^ The Riverman at the Internet Movie Database ^ Bundy: An American Icon at the Internet Movie Database Bibliography Keppel, Robert. The Riverman: Ted Bundy and I Hunt for the Green River Killer. Pocket Books, 2005, paperback, 597 pages, ISBN 0743463951. Updated after the arrest and confession of the Green River killer, Gary Ridgway. Kendall, Elizabeth. (Pseudonym for Elizabeth Kloepfer.) The Phantom Prince: My Life With Ted Bundy. Madrona Pub; 1st edition September 1981; Hardcover, 183 pages; ISBN 0914842706 Larsen, Richard W. Bundy: The Deliberate Stranger. 1980, hardcover, ISBN 0-13-089185-1. Michaud, Stephen, and Hugh Aynesworth. The Only Living Witness. Authorlink 1999, paperback. ISBN 1-928704-11-5. Michaud, Stephen, and Hugh Aynesworth. Ted Bundy: Conversations with a Killer. Transcripts of Death Row interviews with Bundy. Authorlink, 2000. ISBN 1-928704-17-4 Nelson, Polly. Defending the Devil: My Story as Ted Bundy's Last Lawyer. William Morrow, 1994, 329 pages. ISBN 0-688-10823-7. Rule, Ann. The Stranger Beside Me. Signet, 2000, paperback. 548 pages. ISBN 0-451-20326-7. Updated 20th anniversary edition. Sullivan, Kevin M. The Bundy Murders: A Comprehensive History. McFarland and Co., 2009, ISBN 9780786444267. The Ted Bundy Story - Attack! By Rachael Bell Joni Lenz's roommates had not been particularly worried when they didn't see her in the morning of January 4, 1974. But when she still wasn't up and around that afternoon, they went into her basement bedroom to see if she was sick. A horrifying sight confronted them. Ann Rule in her now famous classic book on the subject, The Stranger Beside Me, wrote that Joni, 18, had been badly beaten. A bed rod had been torn away from the bed and savagely rammed into her vagina. Shortly after the discovery, Joni was transported to the hospital in a comatose state, suffering from damages that would affect her for the rest of her life. However, she was lucky to be alive. Joni was one of the few victims to survive an attack by Ted Bundy, who reigned terror across the United States between 1974 and 1978. There were an estimated 35 more victims after Joni who were not so fortunate. Stephen Michaud and Hugh Aynesworth in The Only Living Witness suggest that perhaps 40 young women may have fallen prey to Bundy, but only Bundy knew for sure. It is a number that Bundy has carried with him to his grave. The Early Years Theodore Robert Cowell was born on November 24, 1946 to Louise Cowell following her stay of three months at the Elizabeth Lund Home for Unwed Mothers in Vermont. Ted's biological father, who was an Air Force veteran, was unknown to his son throughout his life. Shortly after his birth, Ted and his mother moved back to the home of his grandparents in Philadelphia. While growing up, Ted was led to believe that his grandparents were his parents and his natural mother was his older sister. The charade was created in order to protect his biological mother from harsh criticism and prejudice of being an unwed mother. At the age of four, Ted and his mother moved to Tacoma, Washington to live with relatives. A year after the move, Louise fell in love with a military cook named Johnnie Culpepper Bundy. In May 1951, the couple was married and Ted assumed his stepfather's last name, which he would keep for the rest of his life. Ted Bundy: Conversations with a Killer by Michaud & Aynesworth Over the years, the Bundy family added four other siblings, whom Ted spent much of his time babysitting after school. Ted's stepfather tried to form a bond between himself and Ted by including him in camping trips and other father-son activities. However, Johnnie's attempts were unsuccessful and Ted remained emotionally detached from his stepfather. According to Stephen Michaud and Hugh Aynesworth's book Ted Bundy: Conversations with a Killer, Ted became increasingly uncomfortable around his stepfather and preferred to be alone. This desire to be by himself increased and possibly led to his later inability to socially interact comfortably with others. As a youth, Ted was terribly shy, self-doubting and uncomfortable in social situations. He was often teased and made the butt of pranks by bullies in his junior high school. Michaud analyzed Ted's behavior and decided that he was "not like other children, he looked and acted like them, but he was haunted by something else: a fear, a doubt -- sometimes only a vague uneasiness-ï¿½ that inhabited his mind with the subtlety of a cat. He felt it for years, but he didn't recognize it for what it was until much later." Regardless of the humiliating experiences he sometimes suffered from being different, he was able to maintain a high grade-point average that would continue throughout high school and later into college. During his high school years, Ted appeared to blossom into a more gregarious young man. His popularity increased significantly and he was considered to be "well dressed and exceptionally well mannered." Despite his emerging popularity, Ted seldom dated. His interests lay more in extra-curricular activities such as skiing and politics. In fact, Ted had a particular fascination with politics, an interest that would years later temporarily land him in the political arena. Following high school, Ted attended college at the University of Puget Sound and the University of Washington. He worked his way through school by taking on several low-level jobs, such as a bus boy and shoe clerk. However, he seldom stayed with one position for very long. His employers considered him to be unreliable. Although Ted was inconsistent with his work outside of school, he was very focused on his studies and grades. Yet, his focus changed during the spring of 1967 when he began a relationship that would forever change his life. Ted met a girl that was everything he had ever dreamed of in a woman. She was a beautiful and highly sophisticated woman from a wealthy Californian family. Ted couldn't believe someone from her "class" would have an interest in someone like him. Although they had many differences, they both loved to ski and it was during their many ski trips together that he fell in love. She was really Ted's first love, and, according to Ann Rule, possibly the first woman with whom he became involved with sexually. However, she was not as infatuated with Ted as he was with her. In fact, she liked Ted a lot but believed he had no real direction or future goals. Ted tried too hard to impress her, even if that meant lying, something that she didn't like at all. Michaud writes that Ted won a summer scholarship to the prestigious Stanford University in California just to impress her, but at Stanford, his immaturity was exposed. He writes, "Ted did not understand why the mask he had been using had failed him. This first tentative foray into the sophisticated world had ended in disaster." In 1968, after his girlfriend graduated from the University of Washington, she broke off relations with Ted. She was a practical young woman and seemed to realize that Ted had some serious character flaws that took him out of the running as "husband material." Ted never recovered from the break-up. Nothing, including school, seemed to hold any interest for him and he eventually dropped out, dumb-founded and depressed over the break-up. He managed to stay in touch with her by writing after she returned to California, yet she seemed uninterested in getting back together. But Ted became obsessed with this young woman and he couldn't get her out of his mind. It was an obsession that would span his lifetime and lead to a series of events that would shock the world. A Time of Change To make matters worse, in 1969 Bundy learned his true parentage. His "sister" was actually his mother and his "parents," were actually his grandparents. Not unexpectedly, this late discovery had a rather serious impact on him. Michaud says that his attitude towards his mother did not change much, but he became nasty and surly to Johnnie Bundy. It's hard to say whether the knowledge that his mother had deceived him all his life had any impact on his other character flaws which were beginning to blossom. Throughout Ted Bundy's high school and college years, there was always a cloud over his reputation for honesty. Many people close to him suspected him of petty thievery. According to Marilyn Bardsley, Crime Library's serial killer expert, Ted's psychopathic nature was being revealed, but most of the people that witnessed it did not realize what they were experiencing. Stealing without any sense of guilt and, in fact, a sense of entitlement, is a common trait in a psychopath. Also, psychopaths get a thrill from the the excitement and danger that stealing and shoplifting presents to them. Ted's dishonesty evolved from stealing small things in work and school situations to shoplifting to burglarizing homes for televisions and other items of value. He changed from a shy and introverted person to a more focused and dominant character. He was driven, as if to prove himself to the world. He re-enrolled at the University of Washington and studied psychology, a subject in which he excelled. Bundy became an honors student and was well liked by his professors at the university. "Phantom Prince: My Life with Ted Bundy," by Elizabeth Kendall. It is also at this time when Ted met Elizabeth Kendall (a pseudonym under which she wrote The Phantom Prince: My Life With Ted Bundy ), a woman with whom he would be involved with for almost five years. Elizabeth worked as a secretary and was a somewhat shy and quiet woman. She was a divorcee who seemed to have found in Ted Bundy the perfect father figure for her daughter. Elizabeth was deeply in love with Ted from the start and wanted to one day marry him. However, Ted said he was not yet ready for marriage because he felt there was still too much for him to accomplish. She knew that Ted didn't feel as strongly for her as she did him. She felt that on many occasions Ted was meeting with other women. Yet, Elizabeth hoped that time would bring him around to her and he would eventually change his ways. She was unaware of his past relationship with his girlfriend from California and that they still continued to keep in contact and visit each other. Outwardly, Ted's life in 1969-1972 seemed to be changing for the better. He was more confident, with high hopes for his future. Ted began sending out applications to various law schools, while at the same time he became active in politics. He worked on a campaign to re-elect a Washington governor, a position that allowed Ted to form bonds with politically powerful people in the Republican Party. Ted also performed volunteer work at a crisis clinic on a work-study program. He was pleased with the path his life was taking at this time, everything seemed to be going in the right direction. He was even commended by the Seattle police for saving the life of a three-year-old boy who was drowning in a lake. In 1973, during a business trip to California for the Washington Republican Party, Ted met up with his old girlfriend. She was amazed at the transformation in Ted. He was much more confident and mature, not as aimless as he was when they last dated. They met several other times afterwards, unknown to his steady girlfriend, Elizabeth. During Ted's business trips he romantically courted the lovely young woman from California and she once again fell in love with him. Marriage was a topic brought up more than once by Ted over their many intimate rendezvous during that fall and winter. Yet, just as suddenly as their romance began, it changed radically. Where once Ted lavished affection upon her, he was suddenly cold and despondent. It seemed as if Ted had lost all interest in her in just a few weeks. She was clearly confused about this "new" Ted. In February 1974, with no warning or explanation, Ted ended all contact with her. His plan of revenge worked. He rejected her as she had once rejected him. She was never to see or hear from Ted again. A Time of Terror Lynda Ann Healy Lynda Ann Healy was a very accomplished young woman. At age 21, morning radio listeners heard her friendly voice announce the ski conditions for the major ski areas in western Washington. She was a beautiful girl, tall and slim with shiny clean, long brown hair and a ready smile. The product of a good family and an uppper-middle-class environment, she was an excellent singer and a senior at the University of Washington, majoring in psychology. She loved working with children who were mentally handicapped. Lynda shared a house near the university with four other young women. On January 31, 1974, she and a few friends went for a few beers after dinner at Dante's, a tavern that was popular with the university students. They didn't stay long and Lynda went home to watch television and talk on the phone to her boyfriend. Then Lynda went to bed. The roommate in the room next to Lynda heard no noises coming from Lynda's room that night. Lynda had to get up every morning at 5:30 to get to her job at the radio station. The roommmate heard Lynda's alarm go off at 5:30 as it did customarily. What was unusual was that the alarm kept buzzing. When the roommate finally went in to shut off the alarm, she heard the phone ring. It was the radio station calling to see where Lynda was. The bed in Lynda's room was made and nothing looked disturbed, so the roommate assumed that Lynda was on her way to work. When her parents called that afternoon to find out why Lynda had not shown up for dinner as expected, everyone became worried. Nobody had seen her. She seemed to have vanished from the house. Lynda's parents called the police. In Lynda's room, they found that her bed had been made up in a way that Lynda had never made it up before. In fact, Lynda was not normally one to make up her bed. Oddly, a pillowcase and the top sheet were missing on this carefully made-up bed. A small bloodstain of the same blood type as Lydna's was found on the pillow and the bottom sheet. Blood was also on her nightgown that was carefully hung in the closet. An outfit of hers was missing. Another alarming clue was that one of the doors to the house was unlocked when the girls were always vigilant about locking it. The police were not initially convinced that Lynda had been a victim of foul play, so no fingerprint, hair or fiber evidence was gathered. Ultimately, police realized that an intruder had somehow gotten into the house, removed her nightgown and hung it in the closet, dressed her in a change of clothes, made up the bed, wrapped Lynda in the top bed sheet and carried her out of the house -- very quietly. Killing Spree During that spring and summer, more women students suddenly and inexplicably vanished. There were striking similarities among many of the cases. For instance, all the girls were white, slender, single, wearing slacks at the time of disappearance, had hair that was long and parted in the middle and they all disappeared in the evening. Also around the time of the disappearances, police interviewed college students who told them of a strange man who was seen wearing a cast on either his arm or leg. Supposedly, the stranger seemed to be struggling with books and asking young women nearby for assistance. Other eyewitnesses reported a strange man in the campus parking lot who had a cast and asked for assistance with his car, a VW bug that he apparently had difficulty starting. Interestingly, around the same area where two of the girls mysteriously disappeared, there was seen such a man wearing a cast on his arm or leg. Finally, in August of 1974 in Washington's Lake Sammamish State Park, the remains of some of the missing girls were found and two were later identified. It was remarkable that police were able to identify two of the bodies considering what was left -- strands of various colors of hair, five thigh bones, a couple of skulls and a jaw bone. The girls identified were Janice Ott and Denise Naslund, who disappeared on the same day, July 14th. Janice Ott, victim The last people to have seen Ott, a couple picnicking near by, remembered a handsome young man approaching the young woman. From what the couple could hear of the conversation between Ott and the young man, his name was Ted and he had difficulty loading his boat onto his car because his arm was in a cast. He asked Ott for assistance and she agreed to help. That was the last time twenty-three-year-old Janice Ott was seen alive. Denise Naslund, victim Denise Naslund was spending the afternoon with her boyfriend and friends when she walked towards the restroom in the park, never to return again. That afternoon, around where she disappeared, a man who wore a cast and asked for help with his boat approached a couple of women. They were unable to assist the attractive young man. However, Denise Naslund was the kind of girl to help someone in need, especially someone with a broken arm--an act of kindness that cost her life. Denise Naslund was not the last woman to disappear and be found dead. This time the killer would travel to different states. Melissa Smith, victim Midvale, Utah's, Police Chief Louis Smith had a seventeen-year-old daughter whom he frequently warned about the dangers of the world. He had seen all too much during his career and worried for his daughter's safety. Yet, his worst fears were to come true on October 18, 1974 when his daughter Melissa disappeared. She had been found 9 days after her disappearance -- strangled, sodomized and raped. Laura Aime, victim Thirteen days later on Halloween, seventeen-year-old Laura Aime disappeared. She was found on Thanksgiving Day in the Wasatch Mountains lying dead by a river. Aime had been beaten about the head and face with a crowbar, raped and sodomized. It was suspected that she was killed someplace other than where she was found due to the lack of blood at the crime scene. Other than her body, there was no physical evidence for the police to use. Similarities The similarities with the Washington State murders caught the attention of local police in Utah, who were frantically searching for the man responsible for the grisly crimes. With each murder, the evidence was slowly mounting. Utah police consulted with Washington State investigators. Almost all agreed that it was highly likely that the same man who committed the crimes in Washington State had also been responsible for the murders in Utah. Thanks to eyewitness accounts of the man in the cast seen near the areas where many of the women had disappeared, they were able to come up with a composite of the could-be-killer who called himself "Ted." When a close friend of Elizabeth Kendall saw the account of Melissa Smith's murder in the paper and the composite of the could-be-killer, she knew that Ted Bundy must be the man. It wasn't just her intense dislike and mistrust for Elizabeth's boyfriend that led her to believe that Ted was the "man," but also the fact that he looked so much like the composite picture in the paper. Deep down, Elizabeth must have known her friend was right. After all, Ted did resemble the sketch, he drove a VW similar to those seen by witnesses and she had seen crutches in his room even though he never injured his leg. According to the book The Phantom Prince: My Life with Ted Bundy, which was later written by Kendall, she anonymously called the Seattle Police Department in August 1974 and stated that her boyfriend "might be involved" in the recent murder cases. She called again later that fall and gave more pertinent information that might assist the investigators in the case. She also agreed to give recent pictures of Ted, to later be shown to witnesses. However, the witnesses did not make a positive I.D. after viewing the pictures and Elizabeth's report was eventually filed away. The investigators working the case decided to turn their attention towards more likely suspects and Ted Bundy was forgotten until a few years later. The killer continued to elude investigators, assuming that by operating in different states the police would be unable to compare the cases. His behavior became increasingly bold and risky as he approached women. Those who escaped his advances would later recognize him and provide the police with valuable information. Risky Attacks It was on November 8th, 1974, when police investigators were to get the break in the case for which they had been waiting. That Friday evening, a strange but handsome man in a book store at a Utah mall approached eighteen-year-old Carol DaRonch. The stranger told her that he had seen someone trying to break into her car and asked her to go along with him to the parking lot to see if anything had been stolen. Carol thought that the man must have been a mall security guard because he seemed so in control of the situation. When they arrived at the car, she checked it and informed the man everything was there. The man, who identified himself as Officer Roseland, was not satisfied and wanted to escort her to police headquarters. He wanted her to ID the supposed criminal and file a complaint. When he led her to a VW bug, she became suspicious and asked for identification. He quickly showed her a gold badge and then escorted her into the car. He drove off quickly in the opposite direction of the police station and, after a short while, he suddenly stopped the car. Fear had set into Carol DaRonch. The "police officer" suddenly grabbed her and tried to put handcuffs on her. DaRonch screamed for her life. When she screamed, the man pulled out a handgun and threatened to kill her if she didn't stop. DaRonch found herself falling out of the car and then suddenly pushed up against the side of it by the madman. He had a crowbar in his hand and was ready to hit her head. Terror-struck, she kicked his genitals and managed to break free. DaRonch ran towards the road and caught the attention of a couple driving by. They stopped and DaRonch frantically jumped into their car. She was crying hysterically and told them a man had tried to kill her. They immediately took her to the police. Sobbing, with the handcuffs still dangling from her wrists, she told the police what one of their men had done. But there was no man with the name of Roseland that worked there. Immediately police were dispatched to the place where DaRonch had struggled for her life just an hour earlier but the madman was long gone. However, the police were able to get a description of the man and his car and a few days later, from off the girl's coat, a blood type. The blood was type O, the same as Ted Bundy's, as police were later to learn. That same evening, the director of a play at Viewmont High School was approached by a handsome man who asked for her assistance in identifying a car. Yet, she was far too busy and refused him. Again, he later approached her and asked for her assistance, and again she refused him. Something seemed odd, almost scary about the man, but she ignored it and kept on with the work at hand. It disturbed her to see the man again in the back of the auditorium and she wondered what it was he really wanted. Debby Kent, who was watching the evening performance along with her parents, left early to pick up her brother at the bowling alley. She told her parents that she'd be back to pick them up shortly, but she never did. In fact, she never made it to the car, which stood empty in the school parking lot. Debby Kent was nowhere to be found. What police did find in the parking lot was a small handcuff key. Later, when police tried to fit the key that they found into the handcuffs worn by DaRonch earlier that night, it was a perfect match. Almost a month later, a man would call police to tell them that he had seen a tan VW bug speed away from the high school parking lot the night of Kent's disappearance. On January 12, 1975, Caryn Campbell; her fiancï¿½, Dr. Raymond Gadowski; and his two children took a trip to Colorado. Caryn hoped she could enjoy the break away from work and spend more time with the children, while her fiancï¿½ attended a seminar. While relaxing in the lounge of her hotel with Gadowski and his son and daughter one night, she realized she had forgotten a magazine and returned to her room to retrieve it. Her fiancï¿½ and the children waited for her return in vain. He knew she was a bit ill that night and went back to the room to see if she needed help. Caryn was nowhere in sight. In fact, she had never made it to the room. By mid-morning, confused and worried, Gadowski informed the police of her disappearance. They searched every room in the hotel but they found no trace of Caryn. Almost a month later and a few miles from where she had disappeared, a recreational worker found Caryn's nude body lying a short distance from the road. Animals had ravaged her body, which made it difficult to determine the precise cause of death. However, it was evident that she received crushing fractures that could have been fatal. Like many of the victims found in Utah and Washington, she had suffered from repeated blows to the head possibly made by a sharp instrument. According to Richard Larsen's book Bundy: The Deliberate Stranger, the blows were so violent that one of her teeth was actually separated from the gum line in her mouth. There was also evidence that she had been raped. It was believed that she was murdered just hours after she disappeared. Apart from Caryn's brutalized remains, there was little evidence to be found at the scene. A few months after Caryn Campbell's body was discovered, the remains of another person were found ten miles from where the bodies of Naslund and Ott were located. It was Brenda Ball, one of the seven women who had disappeared earlier that summer. The cause of her death was blows to the head with a blunt object. Police searched the Taylor Mountains where the bodies were found. It would be only a couple days later when another body would be discovered. The body was that of Susan Rancourt, who had also disappeared earlier that summer. The Taylor Mountains had become the burial sight for the madman known as "Ted." Two more bodies were found that month; one of them was Lynda Ann Healy. All of the victims suffered from severe head contusions from a blunt instrument, possibly a crowbar. Police continued unsuccessfully to look for the killer. Five more women were found dead in Colorado under similar circumstances. They were not the last to fall victim to Ted's killing spree. On August 16, 1975, Sergeant Bob Hayward was patrolling an area just outside of Salt Lake County when he spotted a suspicious tan VW bug driving past him. He knew the neighborhood well and almost all the residents that lived there and he couldn't remember seeing the tan VW there before. When he put on his lights to get a better view of the VW's license plate, the driver of the bug turned off his lights and began speeding away. Immediately, Sergeant Hayward began to chase the vehicle. The car sped through two stop signs before it eventually pulled over into a nearby gas station. Hayward pulled up behind the reckless driver and watched as the occupant got out of his car and approached the police car. Hayward asked the young man for his registration and license, which was issued to Theodore Robert Bundy. Just then, two other troopers pulled up behind the tan VW. Hayward noticed that the passenger seat in Bundy's car was missing. With mounting suspicion and Bundy's permission, the three officers inspected the VW. The officers found a crowbar, ski mask, rope, handcuffs, wire and an ice pick. Bundy was immediately placed under arrest for suspicion of burglary. Soon after Bundy's arrest, police began to find connections between him and the man who attacked Carol DaRonch. The handcuffs that were found in Bundy's car were the same make and brand that her attacker had used and the car he drove was similar to the one she had described. Furthermore, the crowbar found in Bundy's car was similar to the weapon that had been used to threaten Carol earlier that November. They also suspected that Bundy was the man responsible for the kidnapping of Melissa Smith, Laura Aime and Debby Kent. There were just too many similarities among the cases for police to ignore. However, they knew they needed much more evidence to support the case against Bundy. On October 2nd, 1975, Carol DaRonch along with the director of the Viewmont High School play and a friend of Debby Kent were asked to attend a line-up of seven men, one of whom was Bundy, at a Utah police station. Investigators were not surprised when Carol picked Ted from the line-up as the man who had attacked her. The play director and friend of Debby Kent also picked Ted from the line-up as the man they had seen wandering around the auditorium the night Debby Kent had disappeared. Although Ted repeatedly professed his innocence, police were almost positive they had their man. Soon after he was picked out of the line-up, investigators launched a full-blown investigation into the man they knew as Theodore Robert Bundy. Investigation During the fall of 1975, police investigators approached Elizabeth Kendall for whatever information she was able to give about Ted. They believed Elizabeth would most likely hold the key to Bundy's whereabouts, habits and personality. What investigators learned would later help link Ted Bundy to the murder victims. On September 16th, 1975, Elizabeth was called into the King County Police Major Crime Unit building in Washington State and interviewed by Detectives Jerry Thompson, Dennis Couch and Ira Beal. She was visibly stressed and nervous, but willing to offer the police any information necessary to help the case. When asked about Ted, she stated that on the nights of the murders, she could not account for him. Elizabeth also told police that he would often sleep during the day and go out at night, exactly where she didn't know. She said that his interest in sex had waned during the last year. When he did show interest, he pressured her into bondage. When she told Bundy that she no longer wanted to participate in his bondage fantasies, he was very upset with her. In a later interview with Elizabeth, investigators learned that Ted had plaster of Paris to make casts in his room, which she had noticed when they first began dating. She also noticed on a later occasion that in his car, Ted had a hatchet. But there was something else important to the case that Elizabeth would remember. She recalled that Ted had visited Lake Sammamish Park in July, where he had supposedly gone water skiing. A week after Ted had gone to Lake Sammamish Park, Janice Ott and Denise Naslund were reported missing. After long hours of interviews with Elizabeth, investigators decided to shift their focus to Ted's former girlfriend in California. When police contacted her, she told them of how he had abruptly changed his manner towards her from loving and affectionate to cruel and insensitive. Upon further questioning, police learned that Bundy's relationship with his California girlfriend had overlapped with his relationship with Elizabeth and neither of them knew of the other woman. Ted seemed to be living a double life, filled with lies and betrayal. There was more to Ted than what investigators had initially expected. Further investigation yielded more evidence that would later link him to other victims. Lynda Ann Healy was linked to Bundy through a cousin of his; more eyewitnesses would recognize him from Lake Sammamish Park during the time Ott and Naslund disappeared; an old friend of Bundy's came forward saying he had seen pantyhose in the glove compartment of his car; plus Ted had spent a lot of time in the Taylor Mountains where the bodies of victims had been found. Bundy's credibility was further dented when police discovered he purchased gas on credit cards in the towns where some of the victims had disappeared. Furthermore, a friend had seen him with his arm in a cast when there was no record of him ever having a broken arm. The evidence against Ted Bundy was building up, yet he still continued to profess his innocence. Tribulations On February 23, 1976 Ted was put on trial for the kidnapping of Carol DaRonch. Bundy sat in a relaxed manner in the courtroom, confident that he would be found innocent of the charges against him. He believed that there was no hard evidence to convict him, but he couldn't have been more wrong. When Carol DaRonch took the stand, she told of her ordeal that she suffered sixteen months earlier. When asked if she were able to recognize the person who attacked her, she began to cry as she lifted her hand and pointed a finger to the man who had called himself "Officer Roseland." The people in the courtroom turned their attention to Ted Bundy, who stared at DaRonch coldly as she pointed at him. Later in the trial, Ted had said he had never seen the defendant but he had no alibi to confirm his whereabouts the day of the attack. Ted Bundy in court The judge spent the weekend reviewing the case before he handed down a verdict. Two days later he would find Bundy guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of aggravated kidnapping. Ted Bundy was later sentenced on June 30th to one to fifteen years in prison with the possibility of parole. While in prison, Bundy was subjected to a psychological evaluation that the court had previously requested. In Anne Rule's book The Stranger Beside Me, she stated that psychologists found Bundy to be neither "psychotic, neurotic, the victim of organic brain disease, alcoholic, addicted to drugs, suffering from a character disorder or amnesia, and was not a sexual deviate." The psychologists concluded that he had a "strong dependency on women, and deduced that that dependency was suspect." Upon further evaluation, they concluded that Ted had a "fear of being humiliated in his relationships with women." While Bundy remained incarcerated in Utah State Prison, investigators began a search for evidence connecting him to the murders of Caryn Campbell and Melissa Smith. What Bundy did not realize was that his legal problems would soon escalate. Detectives discovered in Bundy's VW hairs that were examined by the FBI and found to be characteristically alike to Campbell's and Smith's hair. Further examination of Caryn Campbell's remains showed that her skull bore impressions made by a blunt instrument, and those impressions matched the crowbar that had been discovered in Bundy's car a year earlier. Colorado police filed charges against Bundy on October 22, 1976, for the murder of Caryn Campbell. In April of 1977, Ted was transferred to Garfield County Jail in Colorado to await trial for the murder of Caryn Campbell. During preparation of his case, Bundy became increasingly unhappy with his representation. He believed his lawyer to be inept and incapable and eventually he fired him. Bundy, experienced in law, believed he could do the job better and he began to take up his own defense in the case. He felt confident that he would succeed at the trial scheduled for November 14, 1977. Bundy had a lot of work ahead of him. He was granted permission to leave the confines of the jail on occasion and utilize the courthouse library in Aspen, to conduct research. What police didn't know was that he was planning an escape. The Great Escape On June 7th, during one of his trips to the library at the courthouse, Bundy managed to jump from an open window, injuring his ankle in the process, and escaped to freedom. He was not wearing any leg irons or handcuffs, so he did not stand out among the ordinary citizens in the town of Aspen. It was an escape that had been planned by Ted for a while. Aspen Police were quick to set up roadblocks surrounding the town, yet Ted knew to stay within the city limits for the time being and lay low. Police launched a massive land search, using scent tracking bloodhounds and 150 searchers in the hopes of catching Ted. However, Ted was able to elude them for days. While on the run, Bundy managed to live off the food he stole from local cabins and nearby campers, occasionally sleeping in ones that were abandoned. Yet, Bundy knew that what he really needed was a car, which would better enable him to pass through police barriers. He couldn't hide in Aspen forever. Ted believed that he was destined to be free. According to an interview with Michaud and Aynesworth, he felt as if he were invincible and claimed that, "nothing went wrong. If something did go wrong, the next thing that happened was so good it compensated. It was even better". Sure enough, Bundy found his ticket out of town when he discovered a car with the keys left in it. But, his luck would not last long. While trying to flee Aspen in the stolen vehicle, he was spotted. From then on, he was ordered to wear handcuffs and leg irons while conducting his research at the library in Aspen. However, Bundy was not the type of man who liked to be tied down. Almost seven months later, Bundy again attempted an escape, but this time he was more successful. On December 30th, he crawled up into the ceiling of the Garfield County Jail and made his way to another part of the building. He managed to find another opening in the ceiling that led down into the closet of a jailer's apartment. He sat and waited until he knew the apartment was empty, then casually walked out of the front door to his freedom. His escape would go undiscovered until the following afternoon, more than fifteen hours later. By the time police learned of his escape, Bundy was well on his way to Chicago. Chicago was one of the few stops that Bundy would make along the route to his final destination, sunny Florida. By mid January of 1978 Ted Bundy, using his newly acquired name Chris Hagen, had settled comfortably into a one-room apartment in Tallahassee, Florida. Ted Bundy enjoyed his new found freedom in a place that knew little if nothing about him or his past. Bundy was stimulated by intelligence and youth and felt comfortable in his new environment nearby Florida State University. He spent much of his free time walking around F.S.U.'s campus, occasionally ducking into classes unnoticed and listening in on lectures. When he was not wandering around campus, he would spend his time in his apartment watching the television he had stolen. Theft became second nature to Bundy. Almost everything in his apartment was stolen merchandise. Even the food he ate was purchased from stolen credit cards. Under the circumstances, Bundy seemed to have enough material things to make him content. What he didn't have and what he missed the most was companionship. Murder On The Run On Saturday night, January 14th, few of the sorority sisters could be found at the Chi Omega House. Most were out dancing or at keg parties on campus. It wasn't unusual for the sisters to stay out late, since there was no curfew. In fact, it was pretty normal for the girls to return in the early morning hours. However, none of the sisters was prepared to confront the horror that awaited them back at their sorority house later that night. Nita Neary At 3 AM, Nita Neary was dropped off at the sorority house by her boyfriend after attending a keg party on campus. Upon reaching the door to the house, she noticed it standing wide open. Soon after she had entered the building, she heard some movement, as if someone was running in the rooms above her. Suddenly, she heard the footsteps approaching the staircase near her and she hid in a doorway, out of view. She watched as a man with a knit blue cap pulled over his eyes, holding a log with cloth around it, ran down the stairs and out the door. Nita's first thought was that the sorority house had been burglarized. She immediately ran up the stairs to wake her roommate, Nancy. Nita told her of the strange man she saw leaving the building. Unsure of what to do, the girls made their way to the housemother's room. Yet, before they were able to make it to her room, they saw another roommate, Karen, staggering down the hall. Her entire head was soaked with blood. While Nancy tried to help Karen, Nita woke up the housemother and the two of them went to check on another roommate nearby. They found Kathy in her room alive, but in a horrible state. She was also covered in blood that was seeping from open wounds on her head. Hysterical, Nancy ran to the phone and dialed the police. Lisa Levy, victim Police later found two girls dead in their rooms lying in their beds. Someone had attacked them while they slept. Lisa Levy was the first girl that officers found dead. Pathologists who later performed the autopsy on her found that she had been beaten on the head with a log, raped and strangled. Upon further examination, they discovered bite marks on her buttocks and on one of her nipples. In fact, Lisa's nipple had been so severely bitten that it was almost severed from the rest of her breast. She had also been sexually assaulted with a hair spray bottle. Margaret Bowman, victim Post mortem reports on Margaret Bowman,the other girl found dead, showed that she suffered similar fatal injuries, although she had not been sexually assaulted and she showed no signs of bite marks. She had been strangled by a pair of panty hose that were later found at the scene of the crime. She had also been beaten on the head, yet so severely that her skull was splintered and a portion of her brain was exposed. Neither she nor Lisa Levy showed signs of a struggle. Investigators who interviewed the survivors learned nothing. None of the girls had any memory of the events of that fatal night. Like Levy and Bowman, they too had been asleep when they were attacked. The only witness was Nita Neary, who was able to catch a profile of the killer as he fled. However, the assailant would not travel far before claiming another victim that night. Caught Again Less than a mile from the Chi Omega House, a young woman was awakened by loud banging noises coming from the apartment next to hers. She wondered what her friend in the adjoining apartment was doing to make so much noise at four in the morning. As the banging noises persisted, she became suspicious and woke her roommate. As they listened, they heard Cheryl next door moaning. Frightened, they called over to her house to see if she was all right. When no one picked up the phone, they immediately called the police. The police came quickly. After all, they were just blocks away at the Chi Omega House tending to the crime scene there. They entered Cheryl's apartment and walked to her bedroom, where they found her sitting on the bed. Her face was just beginning to swell from the bludgeoning to her head. She was still somewhat conscious and half nude, but lucky to be alive. Police discovered a mask at the foot of her bed. According to Anne Rule in The Stranger Beside Me the mask that was found "resembled almost exactly the mask taken from Ted Bundy's car when he'd been arrested in Utah in August of 1975." Police investigators worked diligently on the evidence that was left behind. They were able to get a blood type from the assailant, sperm samples and fingerprint smudges. Unfortunately, most of the evidence that was tested proved to be inconclusive. The only firm evidence investigators were able to obtain were the hairs found in the mask, teeth impressions from the bite marks on the victims and an eyewitness account from Nita Neary. Investigators did not have a suspect and Ted Bundy was unknown to them. Kimberly Leach, the last victim On February 9th, 1978, Lake City police received a phone call from the distressed parents of twelve-year-old Kimberly Leach. They were hysterical and said that their daughter had disappeared that day. Police launched a massive search to find the missing girl, who disappeared from her school grounds. The person who last saw her was her friend Priscilla who saw Kimberly get into the car of a stranger the day she disappeared. Unfortunately, she was unable to accurately remember the car or the driver. They found Kimberly's body eight weeks later in a state park in Suwannee County, Florida. The young girl's body yielded little information due to advanced decomposition. However, police were to later find the evidence they needed in a van driven by Ted Bundy. A few days before Kimberly Leach had disappeared, a strange man in a white van approached a fourteen-year-old girl as she waited for her brother to pick her up. The man had claimed he was from the fire department and asked her if she attended the school nearby. She found it strange that an on-duty fireman was wearing plaid pants and a navy jacket. She began to feel uncomfortable. She had been warned on many occasions by her father, who was the Chief of Detectives for the Jacksonville Police Department, not to talk with strangers. She was relieved when her brother drove up. Suspicious of the man, her brother ordered her into the car, followed the man and wrote down his license plate to give it to his father. Upon hearing of the stranger in the white van, Detective James Parmenter had the license plate checked out. He learned it belonged to a man named Randall Ragen, and he decided to pay him a visit. Ragen informed the detective that his plates had been stolen and he had already been issued new ones. The detective later found out that the van his children had seen was also stolen and he had an idea who it might have been. He decided to take his children to the police station to show them a stack of mug shots, Bundy's picture being among them. He hadn't realized how close he had been to losing his own daughter. Both of his children recognized the man in the van as Ted Bundy. The van long since discarded, Bundy set out towards Pensacola, Florida in a new stolen car. This time he managed to find a vehicle he was more comfortable driving, a VW bug. Officer David Lee was patrolling an area in West Pensacola when he saw an orange VW at 10 p.m. on February 15th. He knew the area well and most of the residents, yet he had never before seen the car. Officer Lee decided to run a check on the license plates and soon found out that they were stolen. Immediately, he turned on his lights and began to follow the VW. Once again, as had happened in Utah several years earlier, Bundy started to flee. Suddenly, Bundy pulled over and stopped. Officer Lee ordered him out of his car and told Bundy to lay down with his hands in front. To Lee's surprise, as he had begun to handcuff Bundy, he rolled over and began to fight the officer. Bundy managed to fight his way free and run. Just as soon as he did, Lee fired his weapon at him. Bundy dropped to the ground, pretending to have been shot. As the officer approached him lying on the ground, he was again attacked by Bundy. However, the officer was able to overpower him. He was handcuffed and taken to the police station. Bundy had finally been caught. Over the months following Bundy's arrest, investigators were able to compile critical evidence to be used against Bundy in the Leach case. The white van that had been stolen by Bundy was found and they had three eyewitnesses that had seen him driving it the afternoon Kimberly had disappeared. Forensic tests conducted on the van yielded fibers of material that had come from Bundy's clothes. Tests also revealed Kimberly Leach's blood type on the van's carpet and semen and Ted's blood type on her underwear. Further evidence was Ted's shoe impressions in the soil located next to the place Kimberly was found. Police felt confident with the information they had tying Bundy to the Leach case and on July 31, 1978, Ted Bundy was charged with the girl's murder. Soon after, he would also be charged with the Chi Omega murders. Facing the death penalty, Ted would later plead in his own defense that he was not guilty of the murders. The Trials Theodore Robert Bundy faced two murder trials, both spaced within three years. His first trial date was set for June 25, 1979, in Miami, Florida. The court case centered on the brutal attacks on the Chi Omega sorority sisters. The second trial was to take place in January 1980 in Orlando, Florida, where Ted was to be tried for the murder of Kimberly Leach. Both trials would result in less-than-favorable outcomes for Ted, however it would be the Chi Omega murder case that would seal his fate forever. Florida v. Theodore Robert Bundy The opening of the Chi Omega murder trial sparked immense public interest and a media frenzy. After all, Ted had been suspected of at least thirty-six murders in four states and his name elicited nightmarish images to thousands, perhaps even millions around the world. He was considered by many to be evil reincarnate, a monster, the devil and his murders initiated the biggest and most publicized trials of the decade. Ted Bundy in courtDuring the Chi Omega murder trial, Ted acted as his own defense attorney. He was confident in his abilities and believed he would be given a fair trial. The jury, made up mostly of African-Americans, looked on as he defended himself against the murder charges. It became clear early on in the trial that Ted was fighting a losing battle. There were two events in the trial that would sway the jury against Ted. The first was Nita Neary's testimony of what she had seen the night of the murders. While on the stand, she pointed to Ted as the man she had seen fleeing down the stairs and out the door of the Chi Omega House. The second event that swayed the jury during the trial was the testimony of odontologist Dr. Richard Souviron. While on the stand, Dr. Souviron described the bite mark injuries found on Lisa Levy's body. As he spoke, the jury was shown full-scale photographs of the bite marks that had been taken the night of the murder. The doctor pointed out the uniqueness of the indentations left behind on the victim and compared them with full-scale pictures of Ted's teeth. There was no question that Ted had made the bite marks on Lisa Levy's body. The photos would be the biggest piece of evidence the prosecution had linking Ted to the crime. On July 23rd, Ted waited in his cell as the jurors deliberated over his guilt or innocence. After almost seven hours, they returned to the courtroom with a verdict. Showing no emotion, Ted listened as one of the jurors read out "GUILTY." On all counts of murder, Ted was found guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. In the state of Florida, it is customary to have a separate sentencing trial. Ted's sentencing took place one week later on July 30th before the same jury that had found him guilty. During the brief hearing, Ted's mother testified and tearfully pleaded for her son's life. Ted was also given a chance to address the court and refute the recommendation from the prosecution for the death penalty. Ted professed his innocence, claiming that the prejudice of the media was responsible for his alleged misrepresentation. He also suggested that the entire proceedings and verdict was nothing short of a farce, which he was unable to accept. According to Larsen, Ted told the hushed courtroom that it was, "absurd to ask for mercy for something he did not do," yet he would "not share the burden of the guilt." Judge Cowart, who presided over both trials, handed down his final judgment following Ted's statement. He affirmed the recommendation and imposed the death penalty twice for the murders of Margaret Bowman and Lisa Levy. The method of execution Ted faced was the electric chair. The Kimberly Leach Trial After many delays, the Leach trial began in Orlando, Florida at the Orange County Courthouse on January 7, 1980. This time Ted decided not to represent himself, instead handing over the responsibility to defense attorneys Julius Africano and Lynn Thompson. Their strategy was to plead not guilty by reason of insanity, a plea that was risky but one of the few available options open to the defense. The plea of insanity might not have been difficult for the seven women, five-man jury to believe. Unlike the other hearings, Ted became increasingly agitated throughout the trial. At one point he even lost control and stood up yelling at a witness with whom he disagreed. Michaud and Aynesworth stated that Ted was just barely able to control himself, "expending huge amounts of energy just to keep from blowing apart." It appeared that Ted's facade of confidence was beginning to fade, probably because he realized that he had already lost the war and this legal battle wouldn't make much difference in determining his fate. There was no doubt that the outlook for Ted was bleak. Assistant state attorney Bob Dekle presented sixty-five witnesses that had connected Ted either directly or indirectly with Kimberly Leach on the day of her disappearance. One of the star witnesses had seen a man resembling Ted leading an upset little girl, matching Kimberly's description, into a white van in front of the girl's school. However, the defense team argued the legitimacy of the testimony because the man was unable to recall the precise day he had seen the man and little girl. Nevertheless, Dekle continued to press on and present even more convincing evidence. The most damaging was the fiber evidence, which linked Ted's clothes and the van he had driven that day with the crime scene. Moreover, fibers matching those from Kimberly Leach's clothes were found in the van and on Ted's clothing that he had allegedly worn on the day of the crime. The prosecution's expert witness, who testified about the fiber analysis, stated that she believed that at some point Ted and Kimberly Leach had been in contact around the time of her death. Michaud and Aynesworth claimed that the testimony had been, "literally fatal" to Ted's case. Exactly one month following the opening of the trial, Judge Wallace Jopling asked the jury to deliberate. On February 7th, after less than seven hours of deliberation the jury returned the verdict, "GUILTY." The verdict was immediately followed by jubilation from the prosecution team and their supporters. February 9th marked the second anniversary of Kimberly Leach's death. It also was the day that the sentencing trial commenced. During the penalty phase of the trial, Ted shocked those in the courtroom while he interviewed defense witness Carole Ann Boone. During his questioning of Carole, the two caught everyone off guard when they exchanged vows. According to Florida law, the verbal promise made under oath was enough to seal the agreement and the two were considered officially married. Shortly thereafter, the groom was sentenced to death in the electric chair for the third time in under a year. He would spend his honeymoon alone on Death Row in Florida State's Raiford Penitentiary. Appeals and Confessions Ted refused to give up and believed that he still had a fighting chance to save his own life. In 1982, he enlisted the help of a new lawyer and appealed the Chi Omega murder trial verdict to the Florida Supreme Court. However, his appeal was eventually denied. Shortly following the court's denial of a new hearing, Ted decided to appeal the Kimberly Leach trial verdict. In May 1985, his request was again turned down. However, he continued to keep up the fight and in 1986 he enlisted a new lawyer to assist him in escaping the death penalty. Ted's execution date was initially scheduled for March 4, 1986. However, his execution was postponed while his new defense attorney, Polly Nelson, worked on his appeals for his previous murder convictions. Two months later the appeal was denied and another death warrant was issued to Ted by the State of Florida. Still, the appeal process continued. According to Polly Nelson's book Defending the Devil, the last appeal was made to the U.S. Supreme Court, who eventually denied Ted's last stay of execution on January 17, 1989. In Ted's eleventh hour, he decided to confess to more crimes to the Washington State Attorney General's chief investigator for the criminal division, Dr. Bob Keppel. Ted had temporarily assisted Dr. Keppel in his hunt for the "Green River killer" from Death Row in the mid 1980's and he trusted him immensely. Keppel went to meet Ted in an interviewing room at the prison, armed with only a tape recorder. What Keppel learned was shocking. Dr. Keppel had learned that Ted kept some of his victims' heads at his home as trophies. However, what was even more surprising was that Ted also engaged in necrophilia with some of the remains of his victims. In fact, Keppel later stated in his book The Riverman: Ted Bundy and I Hunt for the Green River Killer that Ted's behavior could be best described as "compulsive necrophilia and extreme perversion." It was a compulsion that led to the deaths of scores of women, many who remained unknown to investigators. Rule and Keppel stated in their books that Ted was likely responsible for the deaths of at least a hundred women, discounting the official count of thirty-six victims. Whatever the figure, the fact is no one will ever know for certain how many victims actually fell victim to Ted. Finally on January 24, 1989, at approximately 7 a.m. in the morning Ted's memory of his atrocities would be burned away forever by the electric chair's unforgiving currents. Outside the prison walls stood hundreds of on-lookers and scores of news media representatives awaiting the news of Ted's death. Following the prison spokesman's announcement that Ted was officially dead, sounds of cheers came from the jubilant crowd and fireworks lit the sky. Shortly thereafter, a white hearse emerged from the prison gates with the remains of one of the countries most notorious serial killers. As the vehicle moved towards the crematorium, the surrounding crowd cheerfully applauded the end of a living nightmare. The Murder of Kathy Devine On December 6, 1973, a young couple stumbled across the remains of a 15-year-old girl in McKenny Park, Washington. Kathy Devine was last seen by friends on November 25th hitchhiking from Seattle to Oregon, trying to run away from home. Shortly after she began her journey, pathologists said she met her death. Kathy Devine had been strangled, sodomized and her throat cut. Everybody believed that Kathy Devine was one of the many victims of Ted Bundy. It took 28 years and DNA evidence to find the truth. Jim Carlile of The Olympian reported that Sheriff's Captain Dan Kimball never closed the files on this old case even though Ted Bundy had been executed and would not tell whatever he knew about the young woman that lost her life in Thurston County in 1973. Kathy's clothing was shown on a television news program in Seattle and one of Kathy's sisters recognized an embroidered patch on the pair of jeans shown as belonging to a murder victim. At the time of the murder, William E. Cosden Jr. had been living in the area and had been seen at the truck stop where he worked with blood on his clothes. Cosden had been released in 1973 from a mental hospital where he was confined after the 1967 murder of a woman. Carlile quoted police reports in his article: "Witnesses saw Cosden come in the night of the murder with stains on his clothing. The witnesses called police. After leaving the truck stop, Cosden's truck caught fire and was destroyed three miles from the truck stop. During initial interviews with police, Cosden denied ever seeing Kathy Devine." In 1986, based on additional investigative information, a search warrant was obtained for Cosden's blood, hair and saliva. At that time, Cosden was in prison for rape. In 2001, these samples from Cosden were subjected to DNA testing. It was evidence which linked Cosden to Kathy Devine. Cosden, 55, did admit to having sex with Kathy, but denied killing her. "DNA made the case," said Sheriff Gary Edward. "This came about as a result of technology and a lot of hard work." Cosden is already serving a 48-year sentence for first-degree rape. He is not likely to go free again. "She was beautiful inside and out, but she was a normal troubled teenager," Sally Ann Devine said of her daughter. "I don't think she had more troubles than anyone else her age during that time. It is nice to know that this has finally been solved. We've been wondering for 28 years. I still feel like it's a dream and I'm going to wake up and it'll all be over." Bibliography Hickey, Eric W., Serial Murderers and Their Victims. Wadsworth Publishing Company. 1997. Kendall, Elizabeth, The Phantom Prince: My Life with Ted Bundy. Madrona Publications, 1981 Keppel, Robert D., Riverman: Ted Bundy & I Hunt for the Green River Killer. Pocket Books, 1995. Keppel, Robert D. with William Birnes, Signature Killers: Interpreting the Calling Cards of the Serial Murderer. Pocket Books True Crime. 1997. A&E Biography Video: Ted Bundy: The Mind of a Killer Larsen, Richard W., Bundy -- The Deliberate Stranger. Prentice Hall Trade. 1980. (out of print) Michaud, Stephen G. and Hugh Aynesworth, The Only Living Witness. Authorlink Press, 2000 Michaud, Stephen G. and Hugh Aynesworth, Ted Bundy: Conversations with a Killer. Authorlink 2000. Nelson, Polly, Defending the Devil: My Story as Ted Bundy's Last Lawyer. NewYork: William Morrow & Company, 1994. (out of print) 11/24/46 - Is born as Theodore Robert Cowell in a home for unwed mothers in Burlington, Vermont. 05/19/51 - Bundy's mother, Louise, marries Johnnie Bundy and her son takes his last name. Spring 1965 - Graduates from Woodrow Wilson High School in Tacoma, Washington. Fall 1965 - Enrolls at the University of Puget Sound and attends the school until Spring 1966. 06/23/65 - Murders Lonnie Trumbull and seriously injures Lisa Wick in their Seattle apartment. Fall 1966 to Spring 1969 - Attends the University of Washington. 1967 to 1968 - Courts Stephanie Brooks, who closely resembles his future victims. Fall 1968 - Brooks breaks off relationship with Bundy. Early 1969 - Visits his birthtown of Burlington, Vermont, and learns he is illegitimate. Fall 1969 - Re-enters Univ of Washington and meets Liz Kendall, his girlfriend throughout. Spring 1973 - Graduates form the University of Washington. 11/25/73 - Abducts Kathy Devine from a Seattle street corner. 12/06/73 - Devine's body is found near Olympia, Washington. 01/05/74 - Attacks Joni Lenz in her Seattle apartment. Lenz survives. 02/01/74 - Abducts Lynda Ann Healy from her basement bedroom in Seattle. 03/12/74 - Abducts Donna Manson from the campus of Evergreen College. 04/17/74 - Abducts Susan Rancourt from the Central Washignton St. campus. 05/06/74 - Abducts Kathy Parks from the campus at Oregon St. 06/01/74 - Abducts Brenda Ball from Burien, Washington. 06/11/74 - Abducts Georgeann Hawkins from an alley near Univ of Washington fraternity house. 06/17/74 - Brenda Baker's body is found in Millersylvania St. Park. Unknown when abducted. 07/14/74 - In seperate incidents, Janice Ott and Denise Naslund are abducted from Lake Samm. 09/02/74 - A Jane Doe is abducted from Boise, Idaho. Fall 1974 - Enters the University of Utah Law School. 09/07/74 - Body parts of Ott, Naslund, and Hawkins are recovered 2 miles from Lake Samm. 10/02/74 - Abducts Nancy Wilcox. 10/18/74 - Abducts Melissa Smith from Midvale, Utah. 10/27/74 - Smith's body is found in Summitt Park near Salt Lake City, Utah. 10/31/74 - Abducts Laura Aimee from Lehi, Utah. 11/08/74 - Botches abduction of Carol DeRonch but abducts Debby Kent from school in Bountiful. Thanksgiving 1974 - Aimee's body is found. 01/12/75 - Abducts Caryn Campbell from a hotel in Aspen, Colorado. 02/18/75 - Campbell's body is found near the motel she disappeared from. 03/03/75 - The skulls of Healy, Ball, Parks, and Rancourt are found near Taylor Mt. in Wash. 03/15/75 - Abducts Julie Cunningham from Vail, Colorado. 04/06/75 - Abducts Melanie Cooley from her school in Nederland, Colorado. 04/23/75 - Cooley is found dead twenty miles from Nederland. 05/06/75 - Abducts Lynette Culver from her school playground in Pocatello, Idaho. 06/28/75 - Abducts Susan Curtis from the campus of BYU while attending a youth conference. 07/01/75 - Abducts Shelley Robertson from Golden, Colorado. 07/04/75 - Abducts Nancy Baird from Layton, Utah. 08/16/75 - Arrested for possession of burglary tools during a traffic stop in Salt Lake City. February 1976 - Abducts Debbie Smith in Utah. 03/01/76 - Is found guilty of aggravated kidnapping in the DeRonch attack. 04/01/76 - Smith's body is found at Salt Lake International Airport. 06/30/76 - Sentenced to 1-15 years in prison. 06/07/77 - Escapes from Pitkin Co. Law Library in Colorado while preparing for trial in the Campbell murder. 06/13/77 - Is apprehended in Aspen, Colorado. 12/30/77 - Escapes from Garfield County Jail in Colorado and flees to Tallahassee, Florida. 01/14/78 - Enters Chi Omega sorority house in Tallahassee, killing Lisa Levy and Magaret Bowman. 01/14/78 - Also attacks Cheryl Thomas in her house nearby, seriously injuring her. 02/09/78 - Abducts Kimberly Ann Leach from her school in Lake City, Florida. 02/15/78 - Arrested while driving a stolen VW in Pensacola, Florida. 04/12/79 - Leach's body is found in Suwanee St. Park in Florida. 07/27/78 - Indicted for the murders of Levy and Bowman. 07/31/78 - Indicted for the Leach murder. 07/07/79 - Leach and Bowman murder trial begins. 07/23/79 - Found guilty of the murders of Levy and Bowman. 07/31/79 - Sentenced to death for the murders of Levy and Bowman. 01/07/80 - Trial begins for the Leach murder. 02/06/80 - Found guilty of Leach murder. 02/09/80 - Sentenced to death for Leach murder. 07/02/86 - Obtains a stay of execution only fifteen minutes before he is scheduled to die. 11/18/86 - Obtains a stay of execution only seven hours before he is scheduled to die. 11/17/89 - Final death warrant is issued. 01/24/89 - Executed in the electric chair at 7:16 AM. APB Online - Ted Bundy "The Depths of Depravity; Savvy Sociopath Changes Police Methods," by By Kevin Heldman. NEW YORK (APBnews.com) -- Ted Bundy was a young Republican, law student, avid skier, crisis hotline volunteer and the boy next door. He was also a cannibal, necrophiliac, charismatic sociopath and the man whose name came to define the term "serial killer" for the 20th century. Though there were at least 57 documented cases of serial killings in America since 1900, Bundy changed the landscape. The man who admitted to killing at least 30 women between 1973 and 1978 -- some experts believe he killed more than a hundred -- was a remarkable criminal in several ways. "In 1974 when we had our first [Bundy] crime that we knew of, the phenomena just wasn't very well known," said Robert Keppel, a former homicide detective and author of The Riverman, an account of his search for Washington's Green River Killer and his attempt to enlist Ted Bundy's assistance. "What makes him unique from a lot of others is the range and the span with which he committed his murders across state lines, across the whole country," Keppel said. Bundy killed in as many as 10 states, more than any serial killer in American history. University of Louisville criminology professor Ronald M. Holmes, who spent two years corresponding with Bundy as well as interviewing him in prison, said Bundy's propensity for travel corresponded with the advent of the nation's interstate system and the increased reliability of transportation. Prior to Bundy, most serial killers murdered in their own backyards. Bundy was the first to deviate significantly from that pattern, establishing the model for the modern-day multiple murderer. A new breed of killer - Bundy was a type of killer police hadn't encountered before. They weren't yet equipped to deal with him. "His case had a great effect on the way law enforcement collects information about killers," Keppel said. "There was no central repository of murder information anywhere in the United States at that time." Although some experts disagree, Keppel said the Bundy case was instrumental in the development of VICAP (Violent Criminal Apprehension Program), an FBI database designed to collect and link information on serial homicides. The FBI began using VICAP in 1985. Bundy's geographical range left investigators with the laborious task of phoning individual police departments across the United States and combing through piles of disparate murder records. It was Bundy, by proxy, who taught the FBI the value of a central murder database. "It took my partner and I a year-and-a-half to collect information on over 90 murders in Western states," said Keppel. "If everybody cooperated in the VICAP program and submitted their crimes, it would have been a matter of seconds." The media's darling - Bundy, with a hand from the media, changed the face of the serial killer as well. According to Holmes, who has profiled more than 375 murder and rape cases, the public image of the serial killer before Bundy was the psychotic, demented freak with gross physical impairments. "Then Bundy comes along and says, 'Hey, I'm just like the guy next door -- I'm the stranger beside you,' " he said, referring to the title of crime writer Ann Rule's book about Bundy. Holmes said there were serial killers before Bundy who were just as charismatic, just as all-American, but they didn't get the media representation Bundy did. "We serial killers are your sons, we are your husbands, we are everywhere," Bundy is quoted in Harold Schechter's book, The A to Z Encyclopedia of Serial Killers. A Ph.D. in serial killing - Bundy called upon a potpourri of serial killer traits and a vast reserve of deviance. According to various accounts, he stored severed heads in his home, and was a loner who was simultaneously engaged to two women while he was killing. He incinerated skulls in his fireplace and vacuumed up the ashes. He re-dressed dead victims, ate their flesh, feigned lameness to lure victims and faked accents. He kept one of his victims in his possession for nine days. He twice escaped from custody, was an experienced cat burglar and insisted on strangling his victims while he looked directly into their eyes. Bundy looked upon serial killing as a macabre mixture of sport, craft and intellectual pursuit. A 1992 investigative report stated that Bundy went on dry runs, "picking up a woman and releasing her unharmed to test his skills." In interviews, he compared killing to learning how to be a better repairman or cook. He told interviewers he had a Ph.D. in serial killing. Killed only the best victims - Perhaps Bundy's most significant impact on the public consciousness was the breadth of his killing and the identities of his victims. Bundy didn't kill prostitutes or drug dealers. He killed the police chief's daughter. He killed pretty young college girls. His crimes caused outrage and led to nationwide media coverage. "He was killing the best and most attractive of the youth," said Holmes. "He was killing college girls that were the future of America. They were very valuable victims." Serving as his own defense attorney, Bundy dragged out his execution for almost 11 years. Snippets of his televised trial in Miami came into people's homes on the news each night. By the time he was executed in 1989 at age 42, Bundy was so widely despised that, according to Schechter's book, people gathered outside the prison where he was to be electrocuted to toast his death with champagne. Across the state of Washington, Keppel said taverns in every city put up billboards celebrating his impending execution: "Drink one to Bundy." Through the Looking Glass Ted Bundy Quotations: Theodore Robert Bundy is trying to TELL you Something: "It is not an easy matter to isolate things. I mean, incidents which themselves could cause pressure or stress, be unpleasant to one degree or another or have a disorienting effect. You have to see it in its unique effect on the unique individual. There are no broad generalizations or predictions you can make. You just can't predict behavior like that. Society wants to believe it can identify evil people ... it's not practical ... If someone does something antisocial and deviant, that is a manifestation of something that is going on inside. Once they do something, then they can be labeled. Predictions can't be made until that point is reached." "I think that you could say that the influence of the person's family history was positive. But not positive enough -- not enduring, perhaps not strong enough to overcome the urges or compulsions that resulted ... in this instance, the influence of the family and the environment in which this person grew up were positive, but not so positive as to prepare this individual ... " "You take the individual we are talking about ... and then you subject him to stress. Stress happens to come randomly, but its effect on the personality is not random; it's specific. That results in a certain amount of chaos, confusion, and frustration. That person begins to seek out a target for his frustrations. The continued nature of this stress this person was under -- the nature of the flaw or weakness in his personality, together with other elements in the environment that offer him a logical target for his frustrations or escapes from reality -- yields the situation we're discussing ... There is no trigger, it is truly more sophisticated than that." "I hate to use labels that are psychological or psychiatric because there are no stereotypes, and when you start to use those labels, you stop looking at the facts." "This condition is not immediately seen by the individual or identified as a serious problem. It sort of manifests itself in an interest concerning sexual behavior, as sexual images ... But this interest, for some unknown reason, becomes geared toward matters of a sexual nature that involves violence. I cannot emphasize enough the gradual development of this. It is not short term ... This is on a different level than this individual would deal with women every day, and not in the context of sexual condition, because that is over here someplace, like collecting stamps. He doesn't retain the taste of glue, so to speak, all day long. But in a broader, more abstract way, it begins to preoccupy him." "He has no hatred for women; there is nothing in his background that happened that would indicate he has been abused by any females ... there is some kind of weakness that gives rise to this individual's interest in the kind of sexual activity involving violence that would gradually begin to absorb some of his fantasy ... he was not imagining himself actually doing these things, but he found gratification from reading about others so engaged. Eventually the interest would become so demanding toward new material that it could only be catered to by what he could find in the dirty book stores." [Bundy described the part of "this personality" that found gratification in the thoughts, and later acts, of sexual violence as "the entity," "the disordered self," and "the malignancy." The schemes or ruses used for isolating and abducting his victims, were a result of fantasy, and attributed to the "Ted," or dominant part of the personality. The following are statements made by Ted in which he discusses the progressive pattern of sexual violence prior to the commission of murder.] "Say he was walking down the street on one occasion, one evening, and just totally, by chance ... looked up into the window of a house and saw a woman undressing ... And he began, with some regularity, with increasing regularity, to, uh, canvass, as it were, the community he lived in. By peeping in windows, as it were, and watching a woman undress, or watching whatever could be seen, you know, during the evening, and approaching it almost like a project, throwing himself into it, literally for years ... These occasions when he when he would, uh, travel about the neighborhoods that adjoined his and search out candidates for ... search out places where ... he could see what he wanted to see ... more or less these occasions were dictated ... still being dictated by this person's normal life. So he wouldn't break a date or postpone an important, uh, event ... wouldn't rearrange his life ... to accommodate this, uh, indulgence in voyeuristic behavior ... He gained ... a great amount of gratification from it. And he became increasingly adept at it -- as anyone becomes adept at anything they do over and over and over again ... What began to happen was that ... important matters were not being rearranged or otherwise interfered with by this voyeuristic behavior, but with increasing regularity, things were postponed or otherwise rescheduled, to, uh, work around, uh, hours and hours spent on the street, at night and during the early morning hours." " ... what's happening is that we're building up the condition ... and what may have been a predisposition for violence becomes a disposition. And as the condition develops and its purposes or its characteristics become more well defined, it begins to demand more time of the individual ... There's a certain amount of tension, uh, struggle, between the normal personality and this, this, uh, psychopathological, uh, entity ... The tension between normal individual, uh, normal consciousness of this individual and those demands being submitted to him via this competing ... this condition inside him seems to be competing for more attention ... And it's not an independent thing. One doesn't switch on and the other doesn't switch off. They're more or less active at the same time. Sometimes one is more active ... " " ... a point would be reached where we'd had all of this, this reservoir of tension building. Building and building. Finally, inevitably, this force -- this entity -- would make a breakthrough ... Maybe not a major breakthrough, but a significant breakthrough would be achieved -- where the tension would be too great and the demands and expectations of this entity would reach a point where they just could not be controlled. And where the consequences would really be seen for the first time." " I think you could make a little more sense of it if you take into account the effect of alcohol. It's important ... When this person drank a good deal, his inhibitions were significantly diminished. He would find that his urge to engage in voyeuristic behavior on trips to the book store would become more prevalent, more urgent. On every occasion when he engaged in such behavior, he was intoxicated." " ... On one particular evening, when he had been drinking a great deal ... and he was passing a bar, he saw a woman leaving the bar and walk up a fairly dark side street. And we'd say that for no ... the urge to do something to that person seized him -- in a way he'd never been affected before ... And it seized him strongly. And to the point where, uh, without giving a great deal of thought, he searched around for some instrumentality to uh, uh, attack this woman with. He found a piece of a two-by-four in a lot somewhere and proceeded to follow and track this girl ... and he reached the point where he was, uh, almost driven to do something -- there was really no control at this point ... the sort of revelation of that experience and the frenzied desire that seized him, uh, really seemed to usher in a new dimension to the, that part of himself that was obsessed with ... violence and women and sexual activity -- a composite kind of thing. Not terribly well defined, but more well defined as time went on." "On succeeding evenings he began to, uh, scurry around this same neighborhood, obsessed with the image he'd seen on the evening before ... and on one particular occasion, he saw a woman park her car and walk up to her front door and fumble with her keys. He walked up behind her and struck her with a ... piece of wood that he was carrying. And she fell down and began screaming, and he panicked and ran. What he had done had ... purely terrified him ... The sobering effect of that was to ... for some time ... close up the cracks again. And not do anything. For the first time, he sat back and swore to himself that he wouldn't do something like that again ... or anything that would lead to it ... And he did everything he should have done. He stayed away from ... he did not go out at night. And when he was drinking, he stayed around friends. For a period of months, the enormity of what he did stuck with him, and he watched his behavior and reinforced the desire to overcome what he had begun to perceive were some problems that were probably more severe than he would have liked to believe they were ... within a matter of months ... the impact of this event lost its ... deterrent value. And within months he was back ... peeping in windows again and slipping into that old routine ... the repulsion began to recede ... something did stick with him. That was the incredible danger: by allowing himself to fall into spontaneous, unplanned acts of violence ... It took six months or so, until he back thinking of alternative means of engaging in similar activities, but not ... something that would be likely to result in apprehension." "Then on another night he saw a woman walking home ... he followed her home ... Eventually, he created a plan where he would attack her in, in the house ... early one morning, uh, he sneaked into her house ... he jumped on the woman's bed and attempted to restrain her... all he succeeded in doing was waking her up, and, uh, causing her to panic and scream. He left very rapidly ... And then he was seized with the same kind of disgust, repulsion, and fear and wonder at why he was allowing himself to attempt such extraordinary violence ... But the significance ... was that while he did the same thing he did before -- stayed off the streets, vowed he'd never do it again and recognized the horror of what he'd done, and certainly was frightened by what he saw happening -- it only took him three months to get over it this time ... and then the next incident, he was over it in a month -- until it didn't take him any time at all to recover... " "We are talking about anonymous, abstracted, living and breathing people ... but they were not known. To a point they were symbols, uh, but once a certain point in the encounter had been crossed, they ceased being individuals and became, uh, well you could say problems ... that's not the word either... that's when the rational self -- the normal self -- would surface and, and, react with fear and horror ... But, recognizing the state of affairs, would sort of conspire with this other part of himself to conceal the act. The survival took precedence over remorse ... the normal individual, began to condition mentally, out guilt out guilt; using a variety of mechanisms. Saying it was justifiable, it was, uh, acceptable, it was necessary, and on and on." "He received no pleasure from harming or causing pain to the person he attacked. He received absolutely no gratification from causing pain and did everything possible, within reason -- considering the unreasonableness of the situation -- not to torture these individuals, at least not physically." [The following are statements made by Ted concerning the abduction and murder of twenty-one year old college co-ed Lynda Healy, which occurred on January 31, 1974. Healy was vanish ed from the basement bedroom the home which she shared with several other students. More than year had passed before her remains were discovered, as were those of three other young women, scattered on the hillside of Taylor Mountain.] " ... he checked out the house and found that the front door was open. He thought about it. What kind of opportunity that offered. And returned to the house later and entered the house ... Then he went around the house and found a particular door and opened -- really hit and miss. Not knowing who or what, not looking or anyone in particular ... that would be the opportunity. This was late at night. And presumably everyone would be asleep ... we know that sometime later the remains were found somewhere in the Cascades. So obviously she transported up there ... some place that was quiet and private. His home or some secluded area ... He would have the girl undress and then, with that part of himself gratified, he found himself in a position where he realized then he couldn't let the girl go. And at that point he would kill her and leave her body where he had taken her." "As far as remorse over the act, that would last for a period of time. But it could all be justified. The person would attempt to justify it by saying, "Well, listen you, you fucked up this time, but you're never going to do it again. So let's just stay together, and it won't ever happen again." Why sacrifice this person's whole life ... But this did not last for very long. A matter of weeks. We go first into a state of semi-dormancy, and then it would sort of regenerate itself, in one form or another ... Once the condition began to reassert its force, it didn't look back. It looked forward. Didn't want to dwell on the preceding event, but begin to plan, anticipate, contemplate the next ... things would be learned. Experience teaches in overt and subtle ways. And over a period of time, there would be less panic, there would be less confusion, there would be less fear and apprehension. There would be a faster regeneration period." The following statements are made by Ted concerning the abduction and murder of twenty-two year old Kathy Parks. Kathy was last seen on May 6, 1974 at Oregon State University. Her remains were discovered approximately a year later on the hillside of Taylor Mountain.] "It was established quite early in the case that her body had been ravished by wildlife ... a whole variety of wild animals ... feed on the carcasses ... This might give us one as clue as to why this person returned to that site on at least several occasions . Perhaps it was discovered that when a body was left there, and later when the individual would return to check out the situation, he would find that it was no longer there!" The following statements made by Ted are not relative to any one crime in particular.] "Once he'd made his contact -- and it appeared he was going to be able to carry it through -- he became very calm and analytical about the situation he was in ... a period of relaxation ... until it came time for him to kill the victim ... he would become torn apart as to the correctness of his conduct ... he'd still have the overriding need to dispose of the victim, and, of course, once it was done, he would usually go into a state of panic. Suddenly it would seem as if the dominant, or formerly dominant ... the predominant, normal self came back into control in a horrifying way. Or one that is presented with ... conceived with panic and confusion ... Fear of being captured or discovered ... I would envision a continuation of this kind of collaboration ... between that one part of this person's self. Which demands certain gratification, and the more dominant, law-abiding, more ethical, rational, normal self -- which was sort of forced to become a party to this kind of conduct. Basically you might say there was a shared division of responsibility. This came as much from evolution as from conscious choice." " ... this activity is just a small, small portion of what was predominantly a normal existence ... which continued to be a normal existence ... This person could still be very much in favor of law and order and the police ... and be very genuinely shocked by crime in the newspaper. And very much moved by people who suffered the death of a loved one. Complete, genuine responding in a normal fashion. Willing and able to help police. He would have a real feeling in those regards. Not out of a desire to protect or hide. These were just normal responses ... The uniqueness of the whole situation is how this condition pertained to such a narrow spectrum of activity. The inhibitions that would normally prevent a person from acting that way were specifically excised, removed, diminished, repressed ... in such a way as to not affect all the other inhibitions -- or to result in the deterioration off the entire personality. But only in that tiny, tiny slice!" "We would expect that after the passing of a period of time, this psychological condition, or part of that individual's self ... would reach a state of maturity ... its growth would greatly diminish ... the normal self had a pretty good understanding of this condition. Learned, uh, how to tolerate it..And perhaps, as a symptom of this matured state of development of the condition ... we'd expect this individual wouldn't need to drink to over come his inhibitions." "It's like trying to examine what's in the medical cabinet by, in great detail, examining what's in the mirror ... he wasn't seeing through perhaps, the morass of justifications and obfuscations that he'd created and indulged in -- and what he was closely examining was the reflection in the mirror, not what was behind it. Not what was really going on ... on the one hand he thought he'd looked at the problem and dealt with it." TB: How does a person . . . how does a soldier deal with war? HA: Well, he has the justification built in, you see, there. TB: So does the mass murderer. Through the Looking Glass Psychiatric Evaluation of Ted Bundy (Deposition of Dr. Emanuel Tanay) The following is a deposition taken by Polly Nelson, who represented Bundy throughout the collateral appeal process. It was only at this stage that the question of Ted Bundy's sanity was raised, though not in relation to the crimes. Nelson was hoping prove to the court that Bundy was not, at the time, comepetent to stand trial, therefore invalidating his conviction on three counts of murder. Dr. Emauel Tanay, who evaluated Bundy in 1979, is testifying as to what his findings were at that time. Saturday, December 12, 1987. Polly Nelson: What were your impressions of Mr. Bundy when you examined him on May eighteenth, 1979? Dr. Emanuel Tanay: My impressions were that he was an individual who was indeed rather intelligent - who was well informed about a variety of matters - but, just as I indicated in my preliminary report, based on documents only, namely April twenty-seventh, 1979, he showed a typical picture of someone who suffers from a lifelong personality disorder. Someone who was, what we would call in psychiatry, an impulse-ridden indivdual, prone to acting out and more involved with immediate gratification than any long-term concerns. He was what in the literature has been described in the past as a typical psychopathic type of personality. This is an old term that is no longer used outside of textbooks, but nevertheless I found it quite descriptive of Mr. Bundy. Nelson: What do you mean by the term "impulse-ridden?" Tanay: Someone who has no control, or at least impaired control, over his or her impulses. Most people might perceive a certain type of impulse to act in a certain fashion, because it might gratify some kind of need, but they will reflect about it and make choices. Impulse-ridden individuals don't have that ability. They are driven to gratify their impulse without subjecting it to reflection. Nelson: Turning to page four of Exhibit Fifteen, you state that "in the nearly three hours which I spent with Mr. Bundy I found him to be in a cheerful, even jovial, mood. He was witty but not flippant; he spoke freely; however, meaningful communication was never established. He was asked about his apparent lack of concern so out of keeping with the charges facing him. He acknowledged that he was facing a possible death sentence. However, he said, 'I'll cross that bridge when I get to it.' " Do you recall that impression? Tanay: Yes, I do. Nelson: Could you describe more fully what Mr. Bundy's mood and affect was like at that time? Tanay: Mr. Bundy was more involved with impressing me with his brilliance and his wit than to use the services that had been arranged for him of an expert. He was informed that I was someone of national reputation and that he was to avail himself of these services - Mr. Minerva and other members of the defense team had so informed me - but that did not take place. Mr. Bundy dealt with me as if I was a reporter for Time magazine or some other publication. He certainly didn't deal with me as if I was a psychiatrist retained by the defense to assist in defending him when he was facing a death sentence. He played a similar game with me as he played with the investigators. Nelson: In what way? Tanay: You see, I pointed out to him that a person who committed these type of sadistic homicides may be someone who may have available to him the defense of insanity, and I clearly indicated to him that it may be useful for him to discuss that with me; and just like he did with the investigators, he was confessing that he did - and I say "confessing" in quotes, because it wasn't an official confession, but he was leading me to believe that he indeed committed these acts. Just like he told the investigators, to use their own words, that he was telling them that he did it, and yet he wasn't. So he was creating a situation where he was pursuading people that he committed these acts and yet making it impossible for a psychiatrist, like myself, to review this in a manner that could convceivably assist his lawyer in formulating a defense, and he played it, ya know, he talked to me but never really talked to me about the situation directly. He never acknowledged that he committed the acts, therefore we could never discuss them, and yet he was indicating, in a manner that I can't really describe to you, just as he did with the police officers, that he was the one who did it. Nelson: What was your impression of the reason that Mr. Bundy was acting in that way? Tanay: My impression was that it was typical behavior of a psychopath who likes to defy authority, who has a need, who is driven to defy authority - and that includes lawyers, psychiatrists, law enforcement, judges - and that was more important to him than saving his own life. He was typically responding to a gratification of the moment. Nelson: You wrote here on page five of Exhibit Fifteen that "Mr. Bundy rationalized away every piece of evidence which linked him to the crime," and a little further down, "Mr. Bundy has an incapacity to recognize the significance of the evidence held against him. It would be simplistic to characterize this as merely lying, in as much as he acts as if his perception of the evidence was reality - he makes decisions based upon these distorted perceptions of reality." Do those statements accurately reflect your opinions concerning Mr. Bundy? Tanay: Yes. On the same page I am describing, or making reference to what I knew at the time the evidence was against him, which certainly I was told by his attorneys was persuasive. By confronting him with the interview I tried to find out if he would respond to my pointing out to him the reality that he was facing, which he did. He simply rejected it. Nelson: At the bottom of the same page you state, "It is my opinion, based on a variety of data, that his dealings with the criminal justice system are dominated by psychopathology." Are you referring there merely to the alleged crimes or to Mr. Bundy's other behaviors? Tanay: Both. He was doing the same thing, he was being the same psychopath when he dealt with his victims that he tortured and killed as when he was dealing with lawyers who were helping him, or investigators who were trying to solve the crime. He was behaving in the same manner - psychiatrically it was the same, even though the consequences were obviously not as tragic, since he couldn't harm anybody in the manner that he harmed his victims. He was harming other people. He was destructive to himself. He was destructive to his lawyers. My observations were that he was manipulating people around him, including his lawyers, even though it was destructive to him. Ultimately he was the victim of it all, but he was victimizing other people even while he was in jail. Nelson: In your opinion, was this behavior of Mr Bundy's under his conscious control? Tanay: No, it was not. This was part and parcel of his maladaptive personality structure. He was doing what was dictated by his personality disorder. Nelson: This psychopathology that you note, with which he deals with the criminal justice system, was that a temporary phenomena or was it a chronic condition? Tanay: It was a lifelong pattern. It was not a temporary phenomena. It was an expression of his basic persoanlity structure. Nelson: Would you describe Exhibit One? Tanay: The real background of it is the fact that I told Mr. Minerva that I did not believe that Mr. Bundy would do what he was told to do, and my recollection was that Mr. Minerva was writing this to confirm that I was right, because I did - I recall Mr. Minerva expressing to some degree, I would have to say, admiration, for the fact that I had anticipated what would occur - I did not think that Mr. Bundy would cooperate. Nelson: Cooperate in what manner? Tanay: With the advice of his lawyers - including even Mr. Farmer, who supposedly Mr. Bundy greatly respected and admired - and that he would take the guilty plea, because it was my view that he would not, because that would terminate the show, his ability to be the celebrity would come to an end, he would be just someone who was spared from the death sentence, and the show would be over. Whereas, his need was to have the proceedings go on and on in order to gratify his pathological needs. Nelson: If Mr.Bundy made the decision to reject the plea bargain, in your opinion would that have been a rational decision? Tanay: No. It was, in my opinion, clearly an irrational decision, even though I anticipated it, not because it was rational but because it was consistent with the psychopathology, the mental disorder from which he suffered. In fact, had he done what his lawyers advised him to do, that would have been rational, since it was forseeable that he would be convicted and face the death penalty. Nelson: Was Mr. Bundy's behavior with his attorney and his actions in terms of self-representation and other defense matters, was that an integral part of his psychopathology? Tanay: Very definitely so. He behaved like a typical psychopath with his lawyers, and, for that matter, with me. Nelson: You testified at the competency hearing of June eleventh, 1979. At that hearing, did Mr. Bundy's competency counsel, Mr. Hayes, explore your opinion to develop facts on which to make a decision as to Mr. Bundy's competency? Tanay: No one did that. To be very simplistic about it, my feeling of that hearing was like someone who dressed up for the party and arrived and they canceled the party. I was asked very few questions, and very little information about my knowledge of Mr. Bundy or the case was placed on the record. Nelson: In your experience as an expert witness, was this proceeding unique? Tanay: I have testified - I belive the first time was thrity years ago, and I have testified on many occasions since - but this is the only case like that, where I have been declared an adverse witness to both parties, and where information that I had was really not developed by the means of an adversary proceeding. Normally, one side pulls in one direction, the other side pulls in the other direction, and considerable information is elicited. I always consider cross-examination to be essential to develop a point of view that I am presenting. Nelson: Did you feel that your opinion was adequately presented in this hearing? Tanay: Not at all. Not at all. There was no exploration - that was my impression, I made some notes of it - that was my impression of what happened, and when I read it now that just confirms that my considerable work invested in the case was not utilized in that hearing. I mean, I did not develop my opinion and explain my opinion in this case. An expert witness, unlike a lecturer in a classroom, cannot function on his or her own. He or she is completely, say, at the mercy of whoever takes the testimony. Nelson: Did you have an opinion at the time of the hearing on June eleventh whether or not Mr. Bundy was able to assist his counsel? Tanay: Considering the nature of the functions that he was to perform as a defendant claiming innocence, it was my opinion that he was not able to stand trial. When you say assist his counsel, he was his own counsel. Nelson: Was he capable of changin g that behavior and not becoming his own counsel? Tanay: In my opinion, he was not. He was predictably unpredictable. What I mean by that is that one could anticipate that he would be guided more by showmanship than prudence. Nelson: Was Mr. Bundy able meaningfully to assit his counsel at that time? Tanay: He was not. Nelson: Referring to the first factor in the Florida rules of criminal procedure governing competency to stand trial, do you have an opinion as to whether Mr. Bundy was able to appreciate the charges? Tanay: Yes, I do have an opinion that he was able to appreciate the charges intellectually. Nelson: When you say "intellectually," do you mean that there was some way in which he was not able to appreciate the charges? Tanay: That's true. I'm of the opinion that he did not appreciate the seriousness of the charges. He could intellectually tell you what the charges were, but he just dismissed them as real insignificant - based on his rich imagination of law enforcement - which was not the case. Clearly the charges were based upon solid evidence, but that was not his view. Nelson: Dr. Tanay, when you say that Mr. Bundy dismissed the weight of the evidence against him, was that merely carelessness on his part or was that due to an emotional or mental factor? Tanay: It was part of the illness, his attitude was the product, the outcome, of the nature of the illness. Nelson: Looking to the second factor of the Florida standards, was Mr. Bundy able to appreciate the range and the nature of the possible penalty? Tanay: Again, intellectually he was. As I pointed out in my report, he said that he would cross that bridge when he came to it, when I was asking him, Do you know that you are facing th death snetence? He could intellectually acknowledge it, but he sure didn't act like a man who was facing a death sentence. He was acting like a man who did not have a care in the world. I think I commented upon it in my report, that he was cheerful and acted more like a man who was not in jail but was onstage. Nelson: Was that fact psychiatrically significant? Tanay: Yes. It's consistent with the diagnosis that I have previously described, of someone who is typical psychopath or suffers from a personality disorder. Nelson: Dr. Tanay, did you ever observe Mr. Bundy with Mr. Minerva? Tanay: Yes. As I indicated in my report, Mr. Bundy was acting as if Mr. Minerva was his third assistant and not a lawyer representing him. Nelson: Did you in June of 1979 have an opinion as to Mr. Bundy's ability to assist his attorneys in planning his defense? Tanay: I did have an opinion. Nelson: And what was that opinion? Tanay: That he was unable to assist in planning his defense. To the contrary, he was interfering with whatever meaningful plans the defense made. He sabotaged pretty consitently what the defense lawyers had worked out. His conduct was symptomatic of his illness, and it was outside his control. Nelson: What was your opinion as to Mr. Bundy's motivation to help himself in the legal process? Tanay: He was not motivated by a need to help himself. He was motivated by the need to be the star of the show, as I pointed out in my report. He was the producer of a play in which he was playing a big role. The defense and his future were of secondary importance to him. Tanay: Definitely not. I have absolutely no doubt that he was a disaster as cocounsel or chief counsel of his own defense and that was certainly forseeable. Yodaspage - Ted Bundy: 10 Years Later (Associated Press) Decade After Ted Bundy's Execution, Survivors Still Quiver, Mourn JACKSONVILLE, Fla. (AP) - The heavy footsteps of emergency medical technicians and the crackling of police radios awakened Susan Denton from a deep sleep to a scene of horror and blood. In the hallway of Chi Omega sorority house at Florida State University in Tallahassee, her friend Karen Chandler was being loaded onto a gurney. Another sorority sister, Kathy Kleiner, sat dazed on her bed down the hall, blood pouring down her face. Two others had been strangled: Margaret Bowman's body lay in her room, and Lisa Levy died on the way to the hospital. ``When you realize how close it occurred, you think why was it their room and not our room? You go through all that,'' said Ms. Denton in an interview recently. She still quivers at the memory of the January 1978 attacks and of the sinister stranger with the engaging smile and magnetic appeal who was finally convicted of the rampage, Theodore Robert Bundy. It has been 10 years since Ted Bundy was executed in Florida's electric chair. ``There probably wasn't a day that went by that I didn't think of Lisa and Margaret,'' said Ms. Denton, who for 14 years worked to make Florida's victim rights laws more sensitive to crime victims. From early 1974 to early 1978, the stranger called ``Ted'' stalked young women on college campuses, at shopping malls, in apartment buildings and grade schools in Washington, Oregon, Utah, Idaho, Colorado and finally Florida. ``He was the kind of charmer that you would take home to your sister,'' said David Lee, now with the Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission. Two decades ago, on Feb. 15, 1978, as a Pensacola policeman he had spotted a stolen Volkswagen and signaled the driver to pull over. During questioning, the driver kicked Lee's legs out from under him and ran. Lee fired a warning shot, then a second round at the fleeing man. Lee thought he had wounded the man but soon found himself in a struggle over his gun. He finally subdued and arrested the man. It turned out that Lee had apprehended one of the FBI's 10 Most Wanted. The man was a suspect in the murders of the two Chi Omega sisters and Kimberly Leach, a 12-year-old abducted from outside her school in Lake City on Feb. 9, 1978, brutalized and left dead in a deserted hog shed. He was Ted Bundy. As a teen, Bundy was shy and sensitive. At a Seattle crisis center, he counseled the depressed, the alcoholic, the suicidal. He graduated with a degree in psychology from the University of Washington in 1972, designed a program for dealing with habitual criminals and wrote a pamphlet on rape for the King County crime commission. Although no one knows for sure how many women Bundy killed, his first victim is believed to be Mary Adams, 18, whose battered body was found in her Seattle bedroom on Jan. 4, 1974. In the next year and a half, police investigated several disappearances and killings of women in the West, some of them since linked to Bundy. He was arrested in August 1975 and convicted in March 1976 of kidnapping Carol DaRonch in Utah. That fall, he was charged with killing a Michigan nurse in Aspen, Colo. But he escaped from custody twice, the last time in December 1977. And once again, the murders started mounting. Bob Keppel, chief investigator of the Washington state attorney general's office, spent Bundy's final days trying to tie him to unsolved crimes. ``There was no human remains found. We were able to feel he was the one who committed all the murders. He confessed to more than 30 of them,'' said Keppel, author of ``The River Man'' about Bundy's murderous odyssey. Mike Minerva, who defended Bundy in the Chi Omega murders, said prosecutors offered a deal to spare his life if he pleaded guilty to the three Florida slayings in exchange for 75 years in prison. Bundy backed out at the last minute. ``It made him realize he was going to have to stand up in front of the whole world and say he was guilty. He just couldn't do it,'' said Minerva, who works in the public defender's office in Tallahassee. After 11 years of trials and appeals, then-Florida Gov. Bob Martinez signed the final death warrant against Bundy on Jan. 17, 1989. On the night before his execution, Bundy talked of suicide, recalled Bill Hagmaier, chief of the FBI's National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crimes. ``We had some discussions about morality and the taking of another life and his concerns about trying to explain to God about his actions,'' Hagmaier added. After drafting a will and letters to his mother, wife and daughter, there was one more thing the killer wanted. ``He wanted to rehearse his execution,'' Hagmaier said. ``I talked him through it, the mechanics of it.'' ``I'm afraid to die,'' Bundy told him. The sun was peeking over the horizon on Jan. 24, 1989, when a black-hooded executioner turned a switch that sent 2,000 volts through Bundy's body. As witnesses walked into the cold air from the stuffy execution viewing area, fireworks erupted in the cow pasture across the road from Florida State Prison. There, hawkers sold ``Burn Bundy Burn'' T-shirts and gold electric- chair lapel pins. Dozens cheered when the hearse carrying his body drove by. Assistant State Attorney Bob Dekle helped put Bundy in the electric chair for the murder of little Kimberly Leach. As he watched the execution, his mind replayed vivid images of that April day in 1978 when her body was discovered. ``I'm satisfied that it's over,'' he said recently, ``but for some people like Kim Leach's family, it will never be over.'' DIED : January 24, 1989 VICTIMS : 23+ Ted Bundy is a striking contrast to the general image of a "homicidal maniac": attractive, self-assured, politically ambitious, and successful with a wide variety of women. But his private demons drove him to extremes of violence that make the gory worst of modern "slasher" films seem almost petty by comparison. With his chameleon-like ability to blend, his talent for belonging, Bundy posed an ever-present danger to the pretty, dark-haired women he selected as his victims. Linda Healy was the first fatality. On January 31, 1974, she vanished from her basement lodgings in Seattle, leaving bloody sheets behind, a blood-stained nightgown hanging in her closet. Several blocks away, young Susan Clarke had been assaulted, bludgeoned in her bed a few weeks earlier, but she survived her crushing injuries and would eventually recover. As for Lynda Healy, she was gone without a trace. Police had no persuasive evidence of any pattern yet, but it would not be long in coming. On March 12, Donna Gail Manson disappeared en route to a concert in Olympia, Washington. On April 17, Susan Rancourt vanished on her way to see a German language film in Ellensburg. On May 6, Roberta Parks failed to return from a late-night stroll in her Corvallis neighborhood. On June 1, Brenda Ball left Seattle's Flame Tavern with an unknown man and vanished, as if into thin air. Ten days later, Georgann Hawkins joined the list of missing women, lost somewhere between her boyfriend's apartment and her own sorority house in Seattle. Now detectives had their pattern. All the missing women had been young, attractive, with their dark hair worn at shoulder length or longer, parted in the middle. In their photos, laid out side-by-side, they might have passed for sisters, some for twins. Homicide investigators had no corpses yet, but they refused to cherish false illusions of a happy ending to the case. There were so many victims, and the worst was yet to come. July 14. A crowd assembled on the shores of Lake Sammamish to enjoy the sun and water sports of summer. When the day was over, two more names would be appended to the growing list of missing women: Janice Ott and Denise Naslund had each disappeared within sight of their separate friends, but this time police had a tenuous lead. Passers-by remembered seeing Janice Ott in conversation with a man who carried one arm in a sling; he had been overheard to introduce himself as "Ted." With that report in hand, detectives turned up other female witnesses who were themselves approached by "Ted" at Lake Sammamish. In each case, he had asked for help securing a sailboat to his car. The lucky women had declined, but one had followed "Ted" to where his small Volkswagen "bug" was parked; there was no sign of any sailboat, and his explanation - that the boat would have to be retrieved from a house "up the hill" - had aroused her suspicions, prompting her to put the stranger off. Police now had a fair description of their suspect and his car. The published references to "Ted" inspired a rash of calls reporting "suspects," one of them in reference to college student Theodore Bundy. The authorities checked out each lead as time allowed, but Bundy was considered "squeaky clean;" a law student and Young Republican active in law-and-order politics, he once had chased a mugger several blocks to make a citizen's arrest. So many calls reporting suspects had been made from spite or simple overzealousness, and Bundy's name was filed away with countless others, momentarily forgotten. On September 7, hunters found a makeshift graveyard on a wooded hillside several miles from Lake Sammamish. Dental records were required to finally identify remains of Janice Ott and Denise Naslund; the skeleton of a third woman, found with the others, could not be identified. Five weeks later, on October 12, another hunter found the bones of two more women in Clark County. One victim was identified as Carol Valenzuela, missing for two months from Vancouver, Washington, on the Oregon border; again, the second victim would remain unknown, recorded in the files as a "Jane Doe." Police were optimistic, hopeful that discovery of victims would eventually lead them to the killer, but they had no way of knowing that their man had given them the slip already, moving on in search of safer hunting grounds and other prey. The terror came to Utah on October 2, 1974, when Nancy Wilcox disappeared in Salt Lake City. On October 18, Melissa Smith vanished in Midvale; her body, raped and beaten, would be unearthed in the Wasatch Mountains nine days later. Laura Aime joined the missing list in Orem, on October 31, while walking home in costume from a Halloween party; a month would pass before her battered, violated body was discovered in a wooded area outside of town. A man attempted to abduct attractive Carol Da Ronch from a Salt Lake City shopping mall November 8, but she was able to escape before he could attach a pair of handcuffs to her wrists. That evening, Debbie Kent was kidnapped from the auditorium at Salt Lake City's Viewmont High School. Authorities in Utah kept communications open with police in other states, including Washington. They might have noticed that a suspect from Seattle, one Ted Bundy, was attending school in Utah when the local disappearances occurred, but they were looking for a madman, rather than a sober, well-groomed student of the law who seemed to have political connections in Seattle. Bundy stayed on file, and was again forgotten. With the new year, Colorado joined the list of hunting grounds for an elusive killer who apparently selected victims by their hairstyles. Caryn Campbell was the first to vanish, from a ski lodge at Snowmass on January 12; her raped and battered body would be found on February 17. On March 15, Julie Cunningham disappeared en route to a tavern in Vail. One month later to the day, Melanie Cooley went missing while riding her bicycle in Nederland; she was discovered eight days later, dead, her skull crushed, with her jeans pulled down around her ankles. On July 1, Shelly Robertson was added to the missing list in Golden; her remains were found on August 23, discarded in a mine shaft near the Berthoud Pass. A week before the final, grim discovery, Ted Bundy was arrested in Salt Lake City for suspicion of burglary. Erratic driving had attracted the attention of police, and an examination of his car - a small VW - revealed peculiar items such as handcuffs and a pair of panty hose with eyeholes cut to form a stocking mask. The glove compartment yielded gasoline receipts and maps that linked the suspect with a list of Colorado ski resorts, including Vail and Snowmass. Carol Da Ronch identified Ted Bundy as the man who had attacked her in November, and her testimony was sufficient to convict him on a charge of attempted kidnapping. Other states were waiting for a shot at Bundy now, and in January 1977 he was extradited to Colorado for trial in the murder of Caryn Campbell, at Snowmass. Faced with prison time already, Bundy had no time to spare for further trials. He fled from custody in June, and was recaptured after eight days on the road. On December 30 he tried again, with more success, escaping all the way to Tallahassee, Florida, where he found lodgings on the outskirts of Florida State University. Suspected in a score of deaths already, Bundy had secured himself another happy hunting ground. In the small hours of January 15, 1978, he invaded the Chi Omega sorority house, dressed all in black and armed with a heavy wooden club. Before he left, two women had been raped and killed, a third severely injured by the beating he inflicted with his bludgeon. Within the hour, he had slipped inside another house, just blocks away, to club another victim in her bed. She, too, survived. Detectives at the Chi Omega house discovered bite marks on the corpses there, appalling evidence of Bundy's fervor at the moment of the kill. On February 6, Ted stole a van and drove to Jacksonville, where he was spotted in the act of trying to abduct a schoolgirl. Three days later, twelve-year-old Kimberly Leach disappeared from a schoolyard nearby; she was found in the first week of April, her body discarded near Suwanee State Park. Police in Pensacola spotted Bundy's stolen license plates on February 15, and were forced to run him down as he attempted to escape on foot. Once Bundy was identified, impressions of his teeth were taken to compare with bite marks on the Chi Omega victims, and his fate was sealed. Convicted on two counts of murder in July 1979, he was sentenced to die in Florida's electric chair. A third conviction and death sentence were subsequently obtained in the case of Kimberly Leach. After ten years of appeals, Bundy was finally executed in February 1989, he confessed to a total of 28 murders. This bio was taken from "Hunting Humans," by Michael Newton. Frances Farmer's Revenge - Theodore Robert Bundy: The Lady Killer State v. Bundy, 589 P.2d 760 (Utah, 1978) (Aggravated Kidnapping) The defendant was charged with, and convicted of, the crime of Aggravated Kidnapping. The trial was to the court sitting without a jury. An 18 year old girl was in a Shopping Mall where she was approached by a man who told her that someone had been trying to break into her automobile. She thought that he was a police officer. The man asked her to accompany him to the car to see if anything was missing. Upon reaching the car the girl looked in and determined nothing was missing. He eventually asked her if she could go to the station to make a complaint. Later at a lineup, she identified the appellant as her assailant immediately upon his entering the room because of, among other things, his manner of walking. She also observed that at the time of the offense he was wearing dark patent leather shoes, and that he was slim, weighing about 160 pounds, had greased back hair, and had a dark mustache. She walked with the man to a nearby laundromat and when the man could not get in, she became suspicious and asked to see an ID. The man produced a wallet with a badge inside. She then got into his car, which she descibed as a white or beige Volkswagen with a rip on the top of the backseat. They drove a couple of blocks to a school where appellant abruptly stopped. When the girl nervously asked him what he was doing, the man grabbed her left arm and forcefully placed a pair of handcuffs on it. She grabbed the door on her side, managed to open it and get one foot out. The man grabbed her by the arm and around the neck. She kept screaming. He then pulled out a gun, pointed it at her, and said he was "going to blow her head off." She managed to get out of the car but the man pursued her. They struggled outside the vehicle as she tried to free herself. She felt what she thought was a crowbar in his right hand. She recalled scratching the assailant during the fighting because she remembered noticing that all her fingernails were broken. She finally succeeded in breaking away, and ran into the street, the handcuffs still dangling from her arm. She managed to get a car to stop for her and they drove her directly to the police station. Approximately nine months after the assault, at 2:30 a. m. on August 16, 1975, Bundy was driving his Volkswagen in a residential area. When a Utah Highway Patrol officer approached, Bundy took off at a high rate of speed with his headlights off. The officer stopped him and observed a crowbar in the back floorboard of the Volkswagen. Bundy consented to a search and a pair of handcuffs and the crowbar were found inside. At first, Bundy told officers that he had been to a movie and then had gone for a drive. He later told them that the reason he had sped away was because he was "smoking dope" and did not want to be caught doing something illegal. His final version of the events of that evening was that he was eating dinner and watching television until 12:00 midnight or 12:30 a. m., at which time he decided to visit a friend. Upon arriving at his friend's house, he noticed the lights were out. He decided not to awaken her and proceeded to drive around for a while, ending up in the Granger area where he decided to smoke some dope. Bundy v. State, 455 So.2d 330 (Fla. 1984) (Chi Omega Sorority) This cause is before the Court on appeal from a circuit court judgment adjudicating Theodore Robert Bundy guilty of two counts of first-degree murder, three counts of attempted first-degree murder, and two counts of burglary. For the two crimes of first-degree murder the trial judge imposed sentences of death. During the early morning hours of Sunday, January 15, 1978, an intruder entered the Chi Omega sorority house, adjacent to the campus of Florida State University in Tallahassee, and brutally attacked four women residing there. Margaret Bowman and Lisa Levy were killed, and Kathy Kleiner and Karen Chandler sustained serious injuries. Within approximately an hour of the attacks in the Chi Omega house, an intruder entered another home nearby and attacked a woman residing there, Cheryl Thomas. All five women were university students. All were bludgeoned repeatedly with a blunt weapon. The evidence that was placed before the jury at the trial established the following facts. On January 7, 1978, appellant rented a room at The Oak, a rooming house near the Florida State University campus. One week later, during the evening hours of Saturday, January 14, Bundy was seen in a barroom adjacent to the campus and next door to the Chi Omega sorority house. Three women testified that they were in the bar that night, and two of them identified appellant as having been there. At approximately 3:00 a.m. on Sunday, January 15, 1978, Chi Omega house resident Nita Neary arrived home from a date and entered the house by the back door. She proceeded toward the front entrance hall of the house, where the main stairway was located. While moving through the house toward this front entrance hall, she heard the sounds of someone running down the stairs. When she arrived at the front entrance hall, Ms. Neary saw a man standing at the front door. The man held a club in his right hand, had his left hand on the doorknob, and was in the process of leaving the house. Ms. Neary saw a right-side profile of the man's face. She was able to look at him for several seconds before he left. Nita Neary described the man to her roommate wearing light-colored pants, a dark jacket, and a skiing cap, had a protruding nose, and carried a large stick with cloth tied around it. Beating victim Karen Chandler then came out of her room. They discovered Lisa Levy and Margaret Bowman had been killed; Karen Chandler and Kathy Kleiner had been severely beaten. The surviving victims were attacked in their sleep and could not describe their attacker. Lisa Levy and Margaret Bowman were killed by strangulation after receiving severe beatings with a length of a tree branch used as a club. Margaret Bowman's skull was crushed and literally laid open. The attacker also bit Lisa Levy with sufficient intensity to leave indentations which could clearly be identified as human bite marks. In the course of their investigation police technicians made numerous photographs of the bite on the victim's body. While the police were taking statements and searching for evidence at the Chi Omega house, another attack was taking place only a few blocks away. Police later discovered a severely beaten Cheryl Thomas lying in her bed. She had been attacked in her sleep and could not describe or identify her attacker. At approximately 5:00 a.m. on Sunday, January 15, two men who knew Bundy saw him standing in front of the rooming house where they lived. One week later, Ms. Neary was placed under hypnosis and questioned. In April, 1978, Neary selected the photo of Bundy from a photographic array, and positively identified him at trial. Bundy was arrested in Pensacola on February 15, 1978 under the following circumstances. At about 1:30 a.m. on February 15, a Pensacola police officer stopped the car being operated by Bundy and attempted to arrest him for car theft. As the officer tried to handcuff Bundy, he struck the officer and fled. The officer fired at Bundy, then pursued, overtook, and subdued him. A forensic hair and fiber analyst testified that she removed several human head hairs from the knotted pantyhose found in Cheryl Thomas' room and subjected them to microscopic examination and comparison with sample hairs from the head of Bundy. The expert concluded that the human hairs found on the pantyhose had the same characteristics as Bundy's and could have come from him. There was also testimony from two forensic dental experts who testified concerning analysis of the bite mark left on the body of Lisa Levy. The experts both expressed to the jury their opinion that the indentations on the victim's body were left by the unique teeth of Bundy. Bundy v. State, 71 So.2d 9 (Fla. 1985) (Victim: Kimberly Leach) This is an appeal by Theodore Robert Bundy from his conviction in Orange County on a change of venue of first-degree murder and from the trial judge's imposition of the death sentence after the jury had recommended death. On February 9, 1978, Kimberly Leach, age 12, was reported missing from her junior high school in Lake City, Florida. Two months later, after a large scale search, the Leach girl's partially decomposed body was located in a wooded area near the Suwanee River, Suwanee County, Florida. The victim was a junior high school student taken at her Lake City Junior High School 9 and 10 am on February 9, 1978. Her deteriorated body was found in a hog pen approximately 45 miles from the scene of abduction on April 7, 1978. The victim died of homicidal violence to the neck region of the body. At the time the body was found it was unclothed except for a pullover shirt around the neck. There were semen stains in the crotch of her panties found near the body. The events and evidence leading to the investigation, trial, and conviction of Bundy are as follows: On February 15, 1978, Bundy was arrested in Pensacola, Florida, after fleeing from a stop made by an officer whose suspicions had been aroused. At that time Bundy identified himself to the officer as one Kenneth Misner. Over the next several days Bundy was extensively interviewed by officers from the Pensacola and Tallahassee Police Departments and the Leon County Sheriff's Office. During this time he revealed his true identity. It was learned that Bundy was wanted for escape and homicide in Colorado and was a suspect in thirty-six sex-related murders in the northwest United States. During these interviews and thereafter, Bundy also became the prime suspect in the January 1978 murders of the Chi Omega Sorority members in Tallahassee. Later Bundy was indicted, convicted, and sentenced to death for the Chi Omega murders. The state offered the testimony of two Lake City Holiday Inn employees and the state's handwriting expert, John McCarthy. These witnesses established that Bundy had registered at the Lake City Holiday Inn on February 8, 1978, under another name. Prior to Bundy's indictment on July 21, 1978, for the Leach murder and kidnapping, only one witness placed Bundy and the white van at the scene of the Lake City Junior High School on the morning of February 9, 1978. Chuck Edenfield, a school crossing guard at the junior high school, testified that he saw a man whom he identified as Bundy driving a white van in front of the school. The state's one eyewitness to the abduction of Kimberly Leach was Clarence Anderson. On July 18, 1978, Anderson reported to the Lake City Police Department that the profile of a person he had seen on a television newscast bore a striking resemblance to the man that he had observed with a girl near the Lake City Junior High School several months earlier. Assistant State Attorney Dekle asked Anderson to undergo hypnosis to refresh his memory. Anderson agreed and was hypnotized twice. Thereafter, he stated that on February 9, 1978, he noticed a man leading a young girl into a white van near the Lake City Junior High School. Anderson identified the young girl as Kimberly Leach and the man in the van as Theodore Bundy. MediaHouse International "What We Learned from Ted Bundy," by Leilani Corpus. (March 1989) STARKE, FL (FR) - He was once an assistant director of the Seattle Crime Prevention advisory committee and even wrote a pamphlet instructing women on rape prevention. A one-time Boy Scout with a promising career in Washington state politics, Ted Bundy appeared to be an example of a good, upstanding citizen. But behind the congenial facade lurked a force which landed him in an electric chair in January of this year. In the last few hours prior to his widely-publicized execution for the murder of as many as 50 young women and girls from Utah, Washington, Idaho, Colorado and Florida, the serial killer asked Christian psychologist James Dobson to visit him at the Florida State Prison. Bundy had corresponded with Dr. Dobson - a former member of President Reagan's Commission on Pornography - for two years prior to their meeting. While anxious reporters waited outside, Bundy told Dobson about the influence of pornography on his behavior. Bundy said he began casually reading soft-core pornography when he was 12 or 13 years old. His friends found pornographic books in the garbage cans in his neighborhood: "(F)rom time to time we would come across pornographic books of a harder nature ... a more graphic, explicit nature than we would encounter at the local grocery store," he told Dobson in the taped interview. "But slowly throughout the years reading pornography began to become a deadly habit. "My experience with pornography ... is once you become addicted to it, (and I look at this as a kind of addiction like other kinds of addiction), I would keep looking for more potent, more explicit, more graphic kinds of material. Like an addiction, you keep craving something that is harder, something which gives you a greater sense of excitement. Until you reach a point where the pornography only goes so far, you reach that jumping off point where you begin to wonder if maybe actually doing it would give you that which is beyond just reading or looking at it." Within a few years, those latent desires fueled by pornography were expressed through his first murder. Although Bundy said he did not blame pornography, he explained that pornographic materials shaped and molded his behavior. He also warned the nation that "the most damaging kinds of pornography ... are those that involve violence and sexual violence. Because the wedding of those two forces, as I know only too well, brings out the hatred that is just, just too terrible to describe." Bundy said that pornography "snatched me out of my home 20, 30 years ago ... and pornography can reach out and snatch a kid out of any house today." His religious training and morality initially restrained him from acting out his fantasies, but he confessed that finally, "I couldn't hold back anymore." Alcohol supposedly broke the restraints for him to commit his first murder. "What alcohol did in conjunction with exposure to pornography is (sic) alcohol reduced my inhibitions at the same time the fantasy life that was fueled by pornography eroded them further." While committing the murders, Bundy said he felt as if he was possessed by "something ... awful and alien. There is just absolutely no way to describe first the brutal urge to do that kind of thing, and then what happens is once it has been more or less satisfied and recedes, you might say, or spent, that energy level recedes and basically I become myself again." "But basically I was a normal person. I wasn't some guy hanging out at bars or a bum. I wasn't a pervert in the sense that people look at somebody and say, 'I know there is something wrong with him, you can just tell.' I was essentially a normal person," Bundy told Dobson. "The basic humanity and the basic spirit that God gave me was intact, but unfortunately became overwhelmed at times." Ted Bundy acknowledged that he deserved the death penalty, even though there were anti-death penalty demonstrators outside his prison cell up until the moment of his execution. "I deserve the most extreme punishment society has," he said. "But I don't want to die, I kid you not." Dobson said that Bundy wept several times during the interview: "He expressed great regret, remorse for what he had done, for the families that were hurting." He spent his last night in prayer with a minister from Gainesville, Florida. Bundy's last words of confession and warning about pornography are an echo of statistics, research, and reports conducted within the last decade about the link between pornography and sexually violent crime. Unfortunately, many of the warnings in those reports still have not been heeded, and pornography has been taken for granted or considered a necessary evil. According to a study conducted by a group of psychologists, Neil Malamuth of UCLA, Gene Abel of Columbia University, and William Marshall of Kingston Penitentiary, various forms of pornography can elicit fantasies which may lead to crime. Out of a test group of 18 rapists studied who used 'consenting pornography' to instigate a sexual offence, seven of them said that it provided a cue to elicit fantasies of forced sex. A study released by the University of New Hampshire has proven that the states which have the highest readership of pornographic magazines such as Playboy and Penthouse also have the highest rape rates. The Michigan State Police department found that pornography is used or imitated in 41 percent of the sex crimes they have investigated. The Free Congress Research and Education Foundation discovered that half of all rapists studied used soft core pornography to arouse themselves prior to seeking out a victim. Although researchers and media analysts may ballyhoo the impact of soft core pornography - claiming protection under the free speech provision of the Constitution - mounting evidence seems to be favoring a national crackdown on porn as a necessary means to stop crime. In recent years, as more of this type of research has been published, significant gains have been made against pornographers as major retailers have removed porn from their shelves. Ted Bundy's confessions to Dr. James Dobson - a leader of the largest segment of pro-family forces in the U.S. - promises to fuel the nationwide efforts being made on the state and local levels to eliminate the pornography problem. Love and Dates THEODORE ROBERT BUNDY Ted Bundy, over the course of his 42 years, would be known by many names, and would kill and harm many women. Friends described him as handsome, charming, and smart. To his girlfriends, he was romantic and tender. To his victims, he was a nightmare. Ted Bundy was illegitimately born in 1946 to Louise Cowell. She married John Bundy in 1951, and Ted then had a father. Ted started dating Leslie Holland in 1965, and fell in love. She got tired of him, and broke it off in 1967. After the painful breakup, Bundy went into politics, and worked with many campaigns. He met back with Leslie, and they were engaged. Bundy left her in 1974, saying he just wanted to prove he could get even. Ted Bundy murdered many women starting in 1974. There is speculation as to how many women he killed. Anywhere between 30 and 40 is what he claimed. On January 4, 1974, Bundy murdered Lynda Ann Healy in her basement apartment, and six weeks later, he murdered Donna Mason while she was on her way to a jazz concert. Most of the women he murdered had a resemblance to his former fiance, Leslie Holland. Bundy's next love interest was Beth Archer, whom he met in a bar. At the same time he was with Beth, he was engaged to Leslie Holland. Bundy got daring on July 14, 1974, when he murdered two women from Lake Sammamish State Park. Janice Ott and Denise Naslund were his victims that day. Ted preyed on women's caring, and sometimes wore a cast on his arm to get women to help him. He did this on that particular weekend. Not only could he murder at night, but he was becoming comfortable enough to kill more than one person, and during the day. Bundy was finally captured for the first time on August 16, 1974. Sergeant Robert Hayward pulled Bundy's gray Volkswagon bug over because of speeding. The Sergeant found an ice pick, crowbar, a ski mask, a mask made of pantyhose, some rope and a pair of handcuffs. Hayward suspected him of burglary, and had no idea he just captured a serial killer. Bundy's name had been mentioned to police by citizens earlier when the murders occurred, but no one paid attention to him, since he had no record, and was clean-cut and professional. When Bundy was brought in, homicide detective Jerry Thompson connected Bundy's name with a case involving Carol DaRonch, who was assaulted by a clean-cut man in a gray Volkswagon, who had used handcuffs on her. The pieces were beginning to fall into place. Thompson worked hard to link Bundy with the DaRonch case. With the help of Beth Archer, Bundy's lover, he found out he had a crowbar, a bad temper, plaster of paris (for the casts), and looked through some of Bundy's credit card receipts. The receipts showed he purchased gas the same days and places as some of the murders. Bundy went on trial on February 23, 1976 in Salt Lake city. He was found guilty of aggrevated kidnapping, and was to go for psychiatric exams. On June 7, 1977, Bundy escaped through an open window in the courthouse. He headed south, and was picked up two days later. A week later, he again escaped from his cell, and had a 17 hour headstart on the police. Bundy headed to Tallahassee, Florida, and stalked the Florida State University campus. On January 14, Bundy murdered two women and gravely injured two more at the Chi Omega sorority house. Karen Chandler and Kathy Kleiner were badly beaten by Bundy, but survived. The other two weren't as lucky. Lisa Levy was murdered and violated, her right nipple almost bitten off, and she had a savage bite mark on her left buttock, which was used in court to convict Bundy. Margaret Bowman was also murdered. Her skull was shattered and a stocking was tied very tightly around her neck. Bundy also attacked Cheryl Thomas that evening, fracturing her skull in five places, but she managed to survive. Bundy's last victim was 12 year old Kimberly Leach. He left her body to decompose in an abandoned hog shed. Bundy was recaptured on February 15. Testimony of Carl DaRonch and Kathy Kleiner helped to convict Bundy. Bundy's gray VW was also a convicting factor. The teeth marks Bundy left in Lisa Levy's flesh, which matched a plaster impression of Bundy's teeth, had a big effect on the jury. On July 23, 1979, after six hours of deliberation, the jury convicted Bundy on two counts of first-degree murder in the Chi Omega sorority slayings. He got another death sentence for the murder of 12 year old Kimberly Leach. Bundy was taken to death row. Bundy's confessions finally came out, and left everyone in disgust. He talked about clubbing his victims to death, sexually violating them and strangling them. Bundy was electrocuted in February 1989. It seemed that Bundy got what was coming to him...his executioner was a woman. FBI Files - Freedom of Information Act - Theodore Robert Bundy (257 pages) The FBI conducted fugitive investigations when Theodore Robert Bundy escaped from a Colorado courthouse in June, 1977, where he was on trial for murder. He was recaptured and again escaped in December, 1977, from the Garfield County Jail, Colorado. Bundy was wanted for questioning in as many as 36 similar rape-murders in Colorado, Oregon, Utah, Florida and Washington. He was placed on the FBI's "Ten Most Wanted Fugitives" list and was arrested under an alias in February, 1978, by local authorities in Florida for a stolen car violation. The FBI positively identified the subject to be Ted Bundy. In 1979, he was sentenced to death for the January, 1978, murders of two Florida State University sorority sisters and ultimately was executed. APBOnline: The G-Files Subject: Theodore Robert Bundy Summary: From 1974 to 1978, serial killer Ted Bundy terrorized young women throughout Colorado, Florida, Utah and Washington and claimed the lives of several dozen in vicious sexual assaults and killings. Puttering about in a Volkswagen Beetle and using such ruses as feigning a broken arm to seek help from women -- specifically those with dark hair with center parts -- he would lead his victims into his car and to their death. Eventually, he was convicted of aggravated kidnapping after one of his victims escaped. During one of his prison escapes, he killed again. Eventually his bite marks, blood and body fluids found at some murder scenes cemented a guilty verdict, and Bundy was sentenced to death by electrocution. After many appeals, he was executed on Jan. 24, 1989, for the death of his youngest -- and last -- victim, Kimberly Leach, 12. These FBI files are heavily redacted, and many pages were withheld in their entirety. However, the news clippings of the time and the bulletins tracking his escapes, as well as his wanted poster and several internal law enforcement documents, provide insight into several key incidents. Summary: On June 7, 1977, Bundy, having just been convicted in the aggravated kidnapping of Carol Daronch in Salt Lake City, was allowed to roam around the Aspen, Colo., courthouse to prepare his defense in connection with a first-degree murder charge. He leaped out of a second-floor window and fled into the nearby mountains, leaving behind several layers of clothing he had piled on in the warm June weather. About a week later, he was spotted driving erratically due to lack of sleep and was arrested. Summary: On Dec. 31, 1977, after losing 30 pounds, he shimmied through a small hole in the ceiling of his cell used to hold a light fixture and climbed into the crawl space. He then dropped down into an unoccupied jailer's apartment and sauntered out the front door, once again a free man. This freedom run claimed at least three lives. Summary: On March 31, 1978, Bundy, using the identification of a college track star, is arrested for the last time.	Ted Bundy
What popular mouthwash, introduced in 1879, was first marketed as a floor cleaner and a cure for gonorrhea?	ExecutedToday.com » 1989: Ted Bundy, psycho killer 1989: Ted Bundy, psycho killer January 24th, 2009 Headsman Qu’est-ce que c’est? It was 20 years today that Ted Bundy , the signature sexual psychopath in a golden age of serial killers,* rode the lightning in Florida’s Starke Prison. Executed Today is pleased to mark the occasion with a conversation with Louisville crime writer Kevin M. Sullivan, author of a forthcoming 2009 book on Ted Bundy … and a man who knows how the world looks from inside Bundy’s ski mask . Ted Bundy is obviously one of the most iconic, written-about serial killers in history. Why a book about Ted Bundy? What’s the untold story that you set out to uncover? The desire, or drive, if you will, to write an article about Ted Bundy and then create a 120,000 plus word book about the murders, was born out of my crossing paths with his infamous murder kit. Had Jerry Thompson [a key detective on the Bundy case -ed.] left Bundy’s stuff in Utah that May of 2005, well, it would have been an enjoyable meeting with the former detective, but I’m certain it would have all ended quietly there. Indeed, I doubt if I’d even considered writing an article for Snitch [a now-defunct crime magazine -ed.], much less a book about the killings. But it was having all that stuff in my hands, and in my home, and then being given one of the Glad bags from Ted’s VW that made it very real (or surreal) to me, and from this, a hunger to find out more about the crimes led me forward. Ted Bundy’s gear, right where you want it — image courtesy of Kevin M. Sullivan. (Check the 1975 police photo for confirmation.) Believe me, in a thousand years, I never would have expected such a thing to ever come my way. I can’t think of anything more odd or surreal. ET: You mentioned that you think you’ve been able to answer some longstanding questions about Bundy’s career. Can you give us some hints? What don’t people know about Ted Bundy that they ought to know? I must admit, when I first decided to write a book about the crimes, I wasn’t sure what I’d find, so the first thing I had to do was read every book ever written about Bundy, which took the better portion of three or four months. From this I took a trip to Utah to again meet with Thompson and check out the sites pertaining to Bundy and the murders in that state. Next came the acquisition of case files from the various states and the tracking down of those detectives who participated in the hunt for the elusive killer. Now, no one could have been more surprised than me to begin discovering what I was discovering about some of these murders. But as I kept hunting down the right people and the right documents, I was able to confirm these “finds” at every turn. And while I cannot reveal everything here, It’s all in the book in great detail. Indeed, you could say that my book is not a biography in the truest sense, but rather an in-depth look at Bundy and the murders from a vantage point that is quite unique. I wish I could delve further into these things now , but I must wait until it’s published. The Bundy story has a magnetic villain and a host of victims … was there a hero? Was there a lesson? The real heroes in this story are the detectives who worked day and night for years to bring Ted Bundy to justice. And if there’s a lesson to be learned from all of this, it is this: It doesn’t matter how handsome or articulate a person might be, or how nicely they smile at you, for behind it all, there could reside the most diabolical person you’ll ever meet! We need to remember this. But how can you act on that lesson without living in a continual state of terror? Bundy strikes me as so far outside our normal experience, even the normal experience of criminality, that I’m inclined to wonder how much can be generalized from him. Actually, (and I might say, thank God here!) people as “successful” as Ted Bundy don’t come our way very often. I mean, the guy was a rising star in the Republican Party in Washington, had influential friends, a law student, and certainly appeared to be going places in life. Some were even quite envious of his ascension in life. However, it was all a well-placed mask that he wore to cover his true feelings and intentions. On the outside he was perfect, but on the inside a monster. He just didn’t fit the mold we’re used to when we think of a terrible killer, does he? Now, there are those among us — sociopaths — who can kill or do all manner of terrible things in life and maintain the nicest smile upon their faces, but again, just beneath the surface ticks the heart of a monster, or predator, or what ever you might want to call them. Having said that, I’m not a suspicious person by nature, and so I personally judge people by their outward appearance until shown otherwise. Still, it’s difficult (if not impossible) to see the “real” individual behind the person they present to us on a daily basis. You worked with case detectives in researching your book. How did the Ted Bundy case affect the way law enforcement has subsequently investigated serial killers? If they had it to do over again, what’s the thing you think they’d have done differently? They all agree that today, DNA would play a part of the investigation that wasn’t available then. However, in the early portion of the murders, Bundy made few if any mistakes, as he had done his homework so as to avoid detection. As such, even this wouldn’t be a panacea when it came to a very mobile killer like Bundy who understood the very real limitations sometimes surrounding homicide investigations. I can’t help but ask about these detectives as human beings, too. Clearly they’re in a position to deal with the heart of darkness in the human soul day in and day out and still lead normal lives … is a Ted Bundy the kind of killer that haunts or scars investigators years later, or is this something most can set aside as all in a day’s work? They are, first of all, very nice people. And you can’t be around them (either in person, or through numerous phone calls or emails) for very long before you understand how dedicated they are (or were) in their careers as police officers. They are honorable people, with a clear sense of duty, and without such people, we, as a society, would be in dire circumstances indeed. Even before Bundy came along, these men were veteran investigators who had seen many bad things in life, so they carried a toughness which allowed them to deal with the situations they came up against in a professional manner. That said, I remember Jerry Thompson telling me how he looked at Ted one day and thought how much he reminded him of a monster, or a vampire of sorts. And my book contains a number of exchanges between the two men (including a chilling telephone call) which demonstrate why he felt this way How about for you, as a writer — was there a frightening, creepy, traumatic moment in your research that really shook you? Was there an emotional toll for you? Absolutely. But the degree of “shock”, if you will, depends (at least for me) on what I know as I first delve into each murder. In the Bundy cases I had a general knowledge of how Bundy killed, so there wasn’t a great deal that caught me by surprise, as it were. Even so, as a writer, you tend to get to know the victims very well through the case files, their family members or friends, and so on. Hence, I’ll continue to carry with me many of the details of their lives and deaths for the remainder of my life. And so, lasting changes are a part of what we do. However, I did a story a few years back about a 16 year old girl who was horribly murdered here in Kentucky, and this case did cause me to wake up in the night in a cold sweat. Perhaps it was because I have a daughter that was, at the time, only a few years younger than this girl, and that some of what transpired did catch me off guard, so to speak, as I began uncovering just what had happened to this very nice kid. Watch for Kevin M. Sullivan’s forthcoming The Bundy Murders: A Comprehensive History from McFarland in summer or fall of 2009. * In fact, the term “serial killer” was coined in the 1970’s by FBI profiler Robert Ressler , as an improvement on the sometimes inaccurate category of “stranger killer”. Additional Bundy resources from the enormous comment thread:	i don't know
In which nursery ryhme did the title character get his head mended with vinegar and brown paper, following a trip up and down a hill?	Jack and Jill poem and story Jack and Jill story - The French (history) connection! The roots of the story, or poem, of Jack and Jill are in France. Jack and Jill referred to are said to be King Louis XVI - Jack -who was beheaded (lost his crown) followed by his Queen Marie Antoinette - Jill - (who came tumbling after). The words and lyrics to the Jack and Jill poem were made more acceptable as a story for children by providing a happy ending! The actual beheadings occurred in during the Reign of Terror in 1793. The first publication date for the lyrics of Jack and Jill rhyme is 1795 - which ties-in with the history and origins. The Jack and Jill poem is also known as Jack and Gill - the mis-spelling of Gill is not uncommon in nursery rhymes as they are usually passed from generation to generation by word of mouth. A Death by Beheading! On the gruesome subject of beheading it was the custom that following execution the severed head was held up by the hair by the executioner. This was not, as many people think, to show the crowd the head but in fact to show the head the crowd and it's own body! Consciousness remains for at least eight seconds after beheading until lack of oxygen causes unconsciousness and eventually death. The guillotine is associated with the French but the English were the first to use this device as described in our section containing Mary Mary Quite Contrary Rhyme.	Jack and Jill
A martini is generally perfected by a four to one ration of gin to vermouth, topped with an olive. What is common name for the same drink that employs a pickled onion instead of the olive?	Jack and Jill poem and story Jack and Jill story - The French (history) connection! The roots of the story, or poem, of Jack and Jill are in France. Jack and Jill referred to are said to be King Louis XVI - Jack -who was beheaded (lost his crown) followed by his Queen Marie Antoinette - Jill - (who came tumbling after). The words and lyrics to the Jack and Jill poem were made more acceptable as a story for children by providing a happy ending! The actual beheadings occurred in during the Reign of Terror in 1793. The first publication date for the lyrics of Jack and Jill rhyme is 1795 - which ties-in with the history and origins. The Jack and Jill poem is also known as Jack and Gill - the mis-spelling of Gill is not uncommon in nursery rhymes as they are usually passed from generation to generation by word of mouth. A Death by Beheading! On the gruesome subject of beheading it was the custom that following execution the severed head was held up by the hair by the executioner. This was not, as many people think, to show the crowd the head but in fact to show the head the crowd and it's own body! Consciousness remains for at least eight seconds after beheading until lack of oxygen causes unconsciousness and eventually death. The guillotine is associated with the French but the English were the first to use this device as described in our section containing Mary Mary Quite Contrary Rhyme.	i don't know
Born on June 27, 1880, who was the deaf and blind author, who wrote such works as The Story of my Life, The World I Live In, and the Socialist tract Out of the Dark?	Helen Keller - New World Encyclopedia Helen Keller Deaf-blind American author, activist, and lecturer Born June 1, 1968 Easton, Connecticut, USA Helen Adams Keller (June 27, 1880 - June 1, 1968) was an American author, activist, and lecturer. Both deaf and blind, she changed the public's perception of people with disabilities. She became known around the world as a symbol of the indomitable human spirit, yet she was much more than a symbol. She was a woman of luminous intelligence, high ambition, and great accomplishment, having devoted her life to helping others. Helen Keller was an impassioned advocate for the rights of people with disabilities. She played a leading role in most of the significant political, social, and cultural movements of the twentieth century. Contents Her life story exemplifies well the truth that though the body's physical limitations may constrain one's performance, a person's true value comes from the height and depth of her mind. Childhood Helen Keller was born at an estate called Ivy Green in Tuscumbia, Alabama, on June 27, 1880, to parents Captain Arthur H. Keller and Kate Adams Keller. She was not born blind or deaf; it was not until nineteen months of age that she came down with an illness described by doctors as "an acute congestion of the stomach and the brain," which could have possibly been scarlet fever or meningitis. The illness did not last for a particularly long time, but it left her deaf and blind. By age seven she had invented over sixty different hand signals that she could use to communicate with her family. In 1886, her mother Kate Keller was inspired by an account in Charles Dickens ' American Notes of the successful education of another deaf/blind child, Laura Bridgman, and traveled to a specialist doctor in Baltimore, Maryland for advice. He connected her with local expert Alexander Graham Bell , who was working with deaf children at the time. Bell advised the couple to contact the Perkins Institute for the Blind, the school where Bridgman had been educated, which was then located in Boston, Massachusetts. The school delegated teacher and former student, Anne Sullivan , herself visually impaired and then only 20 years old, to become Helen's teacher. It was the beginning of a 49-year-long relationship. Helen Keller, age 7 Sullivan obtained permission from Helen's father to isolate the girl from the rest of the family in a little house in their garden. Her first task was to instill discipline in the spoiled girl. Helen's big breakthrough in communication came one day when she realized that the motions her teacher was making on her palm, while running cool water over her palm from a pump, symbolized the idea of "water"; she then nearly exhausted Sullivan demanding the names of all the other familiar objects in her world (including Helen's prized doll). In 1890, ten-year-old Helen Keller was introduced to the story of Ragnhild Kåta—a deaf/blind Norwegian girl who had learned to speak. Ragnhild Kåta's success inspired Helen—she wanted to learn to speak as well. Anne was able to teach Helen to speak using the Tadoma method (touching the lips and throat of others as they speak) combined with "fingerspelling" alphabetical characters on the palm of Helen's hand. Later, Keller would also learn to read English , French , German , Greek , and Latin in Braille . Helen Keller, graduation from Radcliffe College, c. 1904 Education In 1888, Helen attended the Perkins School for the Blind. At age eleven, in 1891, Helen wrote to her father: I cannot believe that parents would keep their deaf or blind children at home to grow up in silence and darkness if they knew there was a good school at Talladega where they would be kindly and wisely treated. Little deaf and blind children love to learn…and God means that they shall be taught. He has given them minds that can understand and hands with sensitive fingertips that are almost as good as eyes. I cannot see or hear, and yet I have been taught to do nearly everything that other girls do. I am happy all the day long because education has brought light and music to my soul…. [1] In 1894, Helen and Anne moved to New York City to attend the Wright-Humason School for the Deaf. In 1898, they returned to Massachusetts and Helen entered The Cambridge School for Young Ladies before gaining admittance, in 1900, to Radcliffe College. In 1904, at the age of 24, Helen graduated from Radcliffe magna cum laude, becoming the first deaf and blind person to earn a Bachelor's degree. Helen Keller became closely associated with Alexander Graham Bell because he too was working with deaf people. Bell was passionate in his belief that people who were deaf must learn to speak in order to become a part of the hearing community. Helen took many lessons in elocution and speech, but unfortunately, she could never master oral communications to her satisfaction. If Helen Keller had been born a hundred years later, her life would have been totally different since teaching methods developed that would have helped her realize her dream of speaking. Helen Keller and her teacher Anne Sullivan Touring the World Helen Keller's speech handicap did not stop her as she went on to become a world-famous "speaker" and author. On her speaking tours, she traveled with Anne Sullivan Macy who introduced Helen Keller and interpreted her remarks to the audience. Keller is remembered as an advocate for the disabled, as well as numerous causes. She was a suffragette, a pacifist and a supporter of birth control. In 1915, she founded Helen Keller International, a non-profit organization for preventing blindness and she "spoke" at fundraising activities throughout the country. Helen traveled not only to educate the public about deafblindness but also to earn a living. Helen’s mother Kate died in 1921, from an unknown illness, and in that same year Anne fell ill. By 1922, Anne was unable to work with Helen on stage anymore, and Polly Thomson, a secretary for Helen and Anne since 1914, became Helen's assistant on her public tours. They visited Japan , Australia , South America , Europe, and Africa fundraising for the American Foundation for the Overseas Blind (now Helen Keller International). Helen Keller traveled the world over to different 39 countries, and made several trips to Japan, becoming a favorite of the Japanese people. She met every U.S. President from Grover Cleveland to Lyndon B. Johnson and was friends with many famous figures including Alexander Graham Bell , Charlie Chaplin and Mark Twain . Introduction of the Akita dog to America When Keller visited Akita Prefecture in Japan in July 1937, she inquired about Hachiko, the famed Akita dog that had died in 1935. She expressed to a local that she would like to have an Akita dog. An Akita called Kamikaze-go was given to her within a month. When Kamikaze-go later died (at a young age) because of canine distemper, his older brother, Kenzan-go, was presented to her as an official gift from the Japanese government in July 1939. Keller is credited with having introduced the Akita to America through Kamikaze-go and his successor, Kenzan-go. By 1938, a breed standard had been established and dog shows had been held, but such activities stopped after World War II began. Keller wrote in the Akita Journal: "If ever there was an angel in fur, it was Kamikaze. I know I shall never feel quite the same tenderness for any other pet. The Akita dog has all the qualities that appeal to me—he is gentle, companionable and trusty." [2] [3] Political Activities Helen Keller was a member of the United States Socialist Party and actively campaigned and wrote in support of the working classes from 1909 to 1921. She supported Socialist Party candidate Eugene V. Debs in each of his campaigns for the presidency. Her political views were reinforced by visiting workers. In her words, "I have visited sweatshops, factories, crowded slums. If I could not see it, I could smell it." Helen Keller also joined the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) labor union in 1912, after she felt that parliamentary socialism was "sinking in the political bog." Helen Keller wrote for the IWW between 1916 and 1918. In " Why I Became an IWW ," she wrote that her motivation for activism came in part due to her concern about blindness and other disabilities: I was religious to start with. I had thought blindness a misfortune. Then I was appointed on a commission to investigate the conditions among the blind. For the first time I, who had thought blindness a misfortune beyond human control, found that too much of it was traceable to wrong industrial conditions, often caused by the selfishness and greed of employers. And the social evil contributed its share. I found that poverty drove women to the life of shame that ended in blindness. Then I read H.G. Wells ' Old Worlds for New, summaries of Karl Marx 's philosophy and his manifestoes. It seemed as if I had been asleep and waked to a new world—a world so different from the beautiful world I had lived in. For a time I was depressed but little by little my confidence came back and I realized that the wonder is not that conditions are so bad, but that humanity has advanced so far in spite of them. And now I am in the fight to change things. I may be a dreamer, but dreamers are necessary to make facts! I feel like Joan of Arc at times. My whole becomes uplifted. I, too, hear the voices that say 'Come,' and I will follow, no matter what the cost, no matter what the trials I am placed under. Jail, poverty, and calumny; they matter not. Truly He has said, "Woe unto you that permits the least of mine to suffer." Writings, Honors, and Later Life Helen Keller as depicted on the Alabama state quarter In 1960, her book Light in my Darkness was published in which she advocated the teachings of the Swedish scientist, philosopher, and explorer of spiritual realms, Emanuel Swedenborg . She also wrote a lengthy autobiography called The Story of My Life published in 1903. This was the most popular of her works and is now available in more than 50 languages. She wrote a total of eleven books, and authored numerous articles. Her published works include Optimism, an essay; The World I Live In; The Song of the Stone Wall; Out of the Dark; My Religion; Midstream—My Later Life; Peace at Eventide; Helen Keller in Scotland; Helen Keller's Journal; Let Us Have Faith; Teacher, Anne Sullivan Macy; and The Open Door. On September 14, 1964, President Lyndon B. Johnson awarded Helen Keller the Presidential Medal of Freedom, one of the United States' top two highest civilian honors. In 1965, she was one of 20 elected to the Women's Hall of Fame at the New York World's Fair. Helen Keller is now honored in The Hall of Fame for Leaders and Legends of the Blindness Field. Keller devoted much of her later life to raising funds for the American Foundation for the Blind. She died on June 1, 1968, passing away 26 days before her 88th birthday, in her Easton, Connecticut home. At her funeral, Senator Lister Hill eulogized, "She will live on, one of the few, immortal names not born to die. Her spirit will endure as long as man can read and stories can be told of the woman who showed the world there are no boundaries to courage and faith." Helen Keller received so many awards of great distinction, an entire room, called the Helen Keller Archives at the American Foundation for the Blind in New York City, is devoted to their preservation. In 2003, the state of Alabama honored Keller—a native of the state—on its state quarter . The Helen Keller Hospital is also dedicated to her. Portrayals of Helen Keller A silent film, Deliverance (1919 movie) (not to be mistaken for the other, much later and more famous movie Deliverance which is unrelated to Keller) first told Keller's story. [4] The Miracle Worker, a play about how Helen Keller learned to communicate, was made into a movie three times. The 1962, The Miracle Worker version of the movie won Academy Awards for Best Actress in a Leading Role for Anne Bancroft who played Sullivan and Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Supporting Role for Patty Duke who played Keller. [5] It also became a 1979 television movie, with Patty Duke playing Anne Sullivan and Melissa Gilbert playing Helen Keller, [6] as well as a 2000 television movie. [7] The 1984 television movie about Helen Keller's life is The Miracle Continues. [8] This semi-sequel to The Miracle Worker recounts her college years and her early adult life. None of the early movies hint at the social activism that would become the hallmark of Helen's later life, although the Walt Disney Company version produced in 2000 states in the credits that Helen became an activist for social equality. The Hindi movie Black (2005) released in 2005 was largely based on Keller's story, from her childhood to her graduation. A documentary Shining Soul: Helen Keller's Spiritual Life and Legacy was produced and released by The Swedenborg Foundation in 2005. The film focuses on the role played by Emanuel Swedenborg 's spiritual theology in her life and how it inspired Keller's triumph over her triple disabilities of blindness, deafness, and a severe speech impediment. Countries Helen Keller Visited	Helen Keller
The Sprint Cup is the top-level series in what sport?	Helen Keller \| Encyclopedia of Alabama Kim Nielsen, University of Wisconsin-Green Bay Helen Keller Few Alabamians have risen to the level of worldwide fame held by Helen Keller (1880-1968). Ironically, despite her many accomplishments as an adult, she is probably best remembered today as the deaf and blind child who learned sign language from her teacher Anne Sullivan at her parents' backyard water pump. During her lifetime, she was known for her tireless activism on behalf of workers' and women's rights, her literary work, and her tenure as an unofficial U.S. ambassador to the world. Although Keller left Alabama at the age of eight, she always claimed Ivy Green, her family's house in Tuscumbia , as home, and she continued to identify herself as a southerner throughout her life and travels. She was selected to represent Alabama on its 2003 state quarter, and on October 7, 2009, a bronze statue depicting seven-year-old Keller at the water pump replaced that of J. L. M. Curry in Statuary Hall in the U.S. Capitol. Arthur Keller Helen Keller was born on June 27, 1880, in Tuscumbia, Colbert County, to Capt. Arthur H. Keller, a newspaper editor, and Kate Adams Keller, and was later joined by a sister, Mildred, and a brother, Phillip Brooks. At the age of 19 months, Keller contracted what doctors at the time called "brain fever," which may have been scarlet fever. Although Keller survived the illness, it left her deaf and blind. As she grew, her parents became more and more frustrated with their increasingly uncontrollable daughter. Family members urged the Kellers to place Helen in an asylum or institution. Apparently neither parent considered sending her to the Alabama School for the Dea f and Blind in Talladega , perhaps because southerners often looked at such educational institutions with suspicion given the connections between educational reformers and abolitionism. Many financially secure families did send deaf or blind children to highly reputed schools in the Northeast. Through contacts with inventor and deaf educator Alexander Graham Bell, Keller's parents contacted Michael Anagnos, director of Boston's Perkins School for the Blind in 1886. He responded by sending his star student and recent graduate, the financially needy and orphaned Anne Sullivan, to work with the seven-year-old Helen Keller. Sullivan was quite familiar with living with a disability, having lost her sight after a childhood illness. Despite surgeries at Perkins that restored some function, Sullivan's eyesight remained erratic and limited for most of her life, and her eyes frequently caused her great pain. In March 1887, the 21-year-old Sullivan arrived at Ivy Green, and started what would be a lifelong partnership with Helen Keller. The two generally communicated by finger-spelling, a process by which individual letters are spelled out in sign language on the open palm. Soon after she was able to teach the young Keller language, the forceful Sullivan persuaded her reluctant parents to allow the pair to move to Boston so that Keller could attend the Perkins School for the Blind. She argued that Helen needed to be removed from her overly protective family circle and that Perkins was the sensible educational choice. Helen Keller and Anne Sullivan Keller later wrote of her growing desire for education in her book Teacher (1955), a tribute to Anne Sullivan. "The thought of going to college took root in my heart," she recalled, "and became an earnest desire." After completing her education at Perkins, she and Anne Sullivan spent several years in New York attempting to develop her lip-reading and speaking skills at the Wright-Humason School for the Deaf. Then, despite the opposition of many financial supporters, she sought admission to Radcliffe College, the women's institution associated with Harvard University. After several more years of preparation at the Cambridge School for Young Ladies, Keller entered the prestigious institution in the fall of 1900 and graduated in 1904. While in college, Keller undertook an essay assignment that evolved into a magazine serial and then into her 1903 autobiography, The Story of My Life, which remains her most famous publication. In it, she chronicled her education and first 23 years, and Sullivan provided supplementary accounts of the teaching process. Harvard scholar and friend John Macy helped negotiate a publishing contract and edited the book, and he married Sullivan in 1905. Literary success revolutionized Keller's world. The autobiography became an almost unparalleled best seller in multiple languages and caused Keller to dream of life as an economically self-sufficient author. In The Story of My Life (1903), it is clear that Keller's Alabama and Southern ties formed and constituted a vital element of her public identity. She characterized Ivy Green and its garden as "the paradise of my childhood," and detailed the smells, location, and sometimes texture of each flower and vine. She claimed her regional roots fondly but grappled with them at times. Throughout her lifetime, she increasingly questioned and then challenged segregation , racially based economic inequalities, and racial violence. After graduating college, Keller assumed that she would build on the massive literary success of her Ivy Green Water Pump autobiograpnhy, but she found supporting herself as an author more difficult than she anticipated. Editors and the reading public only wanted to read about her disability, but Keller wanted to write on her expanding and increasingly controversial economic, political, and international views. The critics panned and few bought The World I Live In (1908), Song of the Stone Wall (1910), and her collection of political essays Out of the Dark (1913). She and Sullivan tried the lecture circuit, starred in the 1919 Hollywood film Deliverance (which also featured her brother), and lectured about her education and politics on the vaudeville stage in an effort to support themselves. Neither woman enjoyed the constant travel and public scrutiny, and Sullivan (who both married and separated from her husband John Macy during this time period) particularly disliked the stress of travel and public performance. In the decades after college, Keller also become increasingly involved in politics. She joined the Socialist Party of America in 1909 and became an advocate of voting rights, unemployment benefits, and legalized birth control for women and a defender of the radical Industrial Workers of the World union. She criticized World War I as a profit-making venture for industrialists and urged working-class men to resist the war. She supported striking workers and jailed dissidents and expressed passionate views about the need for a just and economically equitable society. She blamed industrialization and poverty for causing disability among a disproportionately large number of working-class people and became increasingly concerned about racial inequalities. She expressed all of these sentiments through public speeches, newspaper and magazine articles, interviews, and appearances at rallies. Though she was a discerning woman of political opinions and activism, Keller frequently encountered people who believed that her disability disqualified her from civic life. Detractors sometimes voiced these criticisms in regional terms. For example, when she voiced political opinions considered radical in the early twentieth century, opponents from Alabama attributed her views to the "Yankee" influence of Anne Sullivan Macy and her then-husband John Macy. When a letter and donation Keller sent to the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People became public knowledge in 1916, an Alabama newspaper wrote that it reflected lingering abolitionist sentiment. According to her critics, her disability left her politically pliable, especially by what they considered immoral and irrational northerners, and incapable of intentional deliberation. Such attitudes frustrated and enraged her. President Coolidge and Helen Keller Keller entered the 1920s seeking a meaningful public life and financial stability. The newly created American Foundation for the Blind (AFB) supplied both, becoming the center of her and Anne Macy's lives as they worked from their Forest Hills, New York, home. Working on behalf of blind people with and through the AFB, Keller became an inveterate fundraiser and political lobbyist. From the 1920s through the early 1940s, she worked almost ceaselessly, raising funds and lobbying state and national legislatures. She emphasized educational and employment possibilities for people with disabilities, particularly those who were blind. Amidst these efforts she also published My Religion (1927). In 1896, she had converted to Swedenborgianism, a Christian sect established by eighteenth-century Swedish spiritual leader Emanuel Swedenborg and a growing movement among turn-of-the-century Americans. Keller valued the opportunity to share that faith in My Religion. In 1929, she published Midstream, a continuation of her 1903 autobiography. In 1936, Anne Sullivan Macy died at their home in Forest Hills, New York, at the age of 70, profoundly shaking Keller and forcing her to expand both her personal and professional worlds. During Macy's last months, the two women had received a visit from Takeo Iwahashi, an English-speaking Christian, director of a school for the blind in Osaka, Japan, and the Japanese translator of The Story of My Life. He urged Keller to visit Japan, and Macy exacted a promise that Keller would someday follow through. In 1937, after Macy's death, Keller made good on her promise. Desperately in need of escape from her grief, the 56-year-old Keller, unsure of the rest of her life, saw in the trip the possibility of a new focus. Helen Keller in Japan A subsequent trip to Japan in 1948 was the catalyst for Keller's transformation from tourist to semi-official ambassador for the United States. Keller had been strongly affected by the devastation caused by World War II and the U.S. atomic attacks and was thrilled by the enthusiastic reception she received from the Japanese citizens. She thus grew convinced of her calling to international service, and the AFB leadership agreed. Thrilled by her reception in Japan and always alert to opportunities to promote the U.S. image abroad during the Cold War, the State Department worked with the AFB to fund and facilitate her travels and promote her persona as a representative of Americanism. Seeking renewed purpose and escape, while also believing in her cause, Keller increasingly turned to international travel and advocacy of people with disabilities. By 1957, Keller had traveled to more than 30 countries, attracting huge crowds wherever she went. During her public lectures, meetings with foreign dignitaries and women's clubs, and frequent visits to schools and other institutions for blind people, she simultaneously scolded governments and philanthropists for their limited efforts and cajoled them to do more. Encouraged by the AFB, the U.S. State Department, her own sense of service, and the delight of international travel, she traveled to countries as widespread as Australia, Brazil, Egypt, India, Mexico, and South Africa. Even in countries that were antagonistic to the U.S., citizens praised Keller enthusiastically. At each location, she gave brief speeches, sometimes aided by her companion Polly Thomson. During the years after Macy's death, Keller strove to redefine herself professionally and personally. By this point, her contacts with Alabama were minimal. Her father had died in 1896, Alabama State Quarter and her mother in 1921. She largely communicated with her brother and sister by letter. From her adopted home of Westport, Connecticut, she developed new friends and venues of expression. Sculptor Jo Davidson became one of the most important of these friends, stimulating her interest in life through intellectual debate and the arts. For example, on a trip to Italy he arranged a tactile "viewing" for Keller of sculptures by Michelangelo and Donatello. Other friendships grew out of the New York world of friend and editor Nella Braddy Henney. With Henney's assistance, Keller published Journal in 1938, a chronicling of the months after Macy's death, and Teacher, her memorial to Macy, in 1956. Keller grew to love interacting with these people and valued them for their wit, sharp opinions, and knowledge of the political world. Good friends already knew or learned to finger-spell in order to communicate with Keller, and her speech was easily understood by those accustomed to hearing it. With individuals who did not finger-spell, Keller sometimes relied on her own form of lip reading. She sat very close; and with her left index finger, middle finger, and thumb she touched their nostril, lips, and larynx in order to understand words. At other times, Polly Thomson interpreted on-going conversations by finger-spelling. Helen Keller Statue at the Capitol In 1955, Keller won an Oscar for her participation in the documentary The Unconquered (also titled Helen Keller in Her Story). In 1964, President Lyndon Johnson awarded her the Congressional Medal of Freedom. When she died in 1968 at the age of 88, she was one of the most famous people in the world?as she had been since nearly the age of eight. The young girl from Tuscumbia, whose parents had foreseen a grim future for their deaf-blind girl, had literally and figuratively traveled far. Additional Resources	i don't know
June 27, 1963 saw the introduction of what no ubiquitous piece of technology, outside a Barclays Bank in Enfield, North London?	Automated teller machines: their history and authentication protocols \| SpringerLink , Volume 6, Issue 1 , pp 1–29 Automated teller machines: their history and authentication protocols Authors Alan G. Konheim Email author Regular Paper Konheim, A.G. J Cryptogr Eng (2016) 6: 1. doi:10.1007/s13389-015-0104-3 198 Downloads Abstract Luther Simjian filed a patent in 1959 for perhaps the first ATM; he convinced the City Bank of New York (now Citibank) to run a 6-month field test of his Bankmatic. The test was, however, not extended due to lack of demand. Simjian suggested that the only customers using the machine were a small number of prostitutes and gamblers who did not want to deal with bank tellers face to face. Nature abhors a vacuum and is also the mother of invention; John Shepherd-Barron (OBE), managing director of London’s De La Rue Instruments succeeded in 1964 with help from Barclay’s Bank. The DACS (De La Rue Automatic Cash System) was installed at their branch in Enfield, North London, on June 27, 1967. Since banks are guardians of your money, it was necessary to institute controls on who could get the moolah or lolly! JSB and his many successors required an ATM user to provide two identifiers: the first, a PAN—proof of the existence of a bank account—though not necessary well funded—and the second, a PIN—proof of identity, the creation of James Goodfellow of Chubb’s Integrated System. The PAN in time would ultimately be recorded magnetically on an ATM bankcard, the PIN entered at the ATM’s keyboard. Goodfellow’s invention was followed by ATM inventions of Geoffrey Constable (also of Chubb) and in the US by Donald C. Wetzel. He was former baseball player (shortstop) for a farm team of the San Francisco (née New York) Giants, IBM sales person and then vice president of Docutel. Since pickpockets were plentiful in London, a substantial part of the security rested with knowledge of the PIN. But how were the PAN and PIN related and how was this tested during an ATM transaction? These remained to be discovered. The IBM Corporation entered the scene in 1968 with a contact to design an ATM. Horst Feistel working at their Yorktown Research Center developed the first cryptographic algorithm to relate the PIN and PAN. Feistel’s algorithm LUCIFER was modified and affirmed in 1976 as the Data Encryption Standard (DES) in the US by the National Bureau of Standards. It evolved into Triple DES (3DES), currently the guardian of most PINs today. This paper is a summary of the achievements of the inventors, the problems encountered and the necessary technical enhancements needed and introduced. Keywords APIATMBankingCryptographyHardware Security ModuleHorst FeistelPEDIBM “Money is like a sixth sense—and you can’t make use of the other five without it.” W. Somerset Maugham “Money is better than poverty, if only for financial reasons.” Woody Allen “The trick is to stop thinking of it as your money.” IRS Dogma. W. Somerset Maugham: British playwright, novelist and short-story writer (1874–1965). Woody Allen: Heywood “Woody” Allen is an American actor, writer, director, comedian, musician (clarinet), and playwright. He is very much alive expanding his career spans more than 50 years. “In the bank, large amounts, I’m afraid these don’t grow on trees. You’ve got to pick-a-pocket or two”. from the Pickpocket song in Oliver—words and lyrics by Lionel Bart. References Bellis, M.: Automatic Teller Machines—ATM. http://inventors.about.com/od/astartinventions/a/atm.htm/ 2. McRobbie, L.R.: The ATM is dead. Long live the ATM! smithsonian.com, pp. 1–11 (January 8, 2015) 3. Miller, A.: Who invented the ATM machine? http://www.atminventor.com/ 4. Campbell-Kelley, M.: John Sheperd-Barron Obituary. In: The Guardian (May 23, 2010) 5. Bátez-Lazlo, B., Reid, R.J.K.: The development of cash dispensing technology in the UK. IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput. 33(3), 32–45 (2011) 6. Bátez-Lazlo, B., Reid, R.J.K.: Evidence from the Patent Record on the Development of Cash Dispensing Technology History of Telecommunications Conference, pp. 110–114 (2008) 7. Shimjian, L.G.: US Patent # 3,039,58. Subscriber controlled apparatus (April 9, 1959) 8. Simjian, L.: US Patent 3,038,157. Deposit exchange machine including image recording means, pp. 1–14 (Filed February 26, 1960) 9. Davies, A.I.O., Goodfellow, J.: US Patent 3,905,461. Access control equipment, pp. 1–8 (Filed May 1, 1967) 10. Constable, G.E.P.: US. Patent 3,673,571. Credit-and access-control equipment, pp. 1–7 (Filed November 17, 1970) 11. Constable, G.E.P.: US. Patent 3,892,948. Accesses or transaction control equipment, pp. 1–10 (Filed February 23, 1973) 12. Allison, D.K.: NMAH interview with Mr. Don Wetzel, pp. 1-30. http://americanhistory.si.edu/comphist/wetzel.htm#B (September 21, 1, 1995) 13. Kansas City Federal Reserve: A guide to the ATM and debit card industry, pp. 1–140. https://www.kansascityfed.org/publicat/PSR/BksJournArticles/ATMPaper.pdf (2003) 14. Langford, S.: PIN Security: Management and Concerns. In: 1st CACR Information Security Workshop Secure Provision of Cryptographic Services Centre for Applied Cryptographic Research (CACR) University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada (November 24, 1998) 15. Konheim, A.G.: The impetus to creativity (to appear in Cryptologia) (October 2015) 16. Konheim, A.G.: The early life of Horst Feistel (to appear in Cryptologia) (January 2016) 17. Feistel, H.: Cryptography and computer privacy. Sci. Am. 228(5), 15–23 (1973) 18. Smith, J.L.: US Patent #3,796,830. Recirculating block cipher cryptographic system (Filed November 1971) 19. Sorkin, A.: LUCIFER: a cryptographic algorithm. Cryptologia 8(1), 22–41 (1984) 20. National Bureau of Standards “ Federal Information Processing Standards Publication 46–1, “Data Encryption Standard (DES)”, National Bureau of Standards, January 22, 1988; superseded by Federal Information Processing Standards Publication 46–2, December 30, 1993, and reaffirmed as FIPS PUB 46–3, October 25, 1999 21. IBM Corporation z/OS Cryptographic Services ICSF Application Programmer’s Guide: IBM PIN Algorithms SA22-7522-16b 22. Anderson, R.: Why cryptosystems fail. In: Proceedings of the 1993 ACM conference on computer and communication security. 37(11), pp. 33–40 (1993) 23. Arthur, C.: How ATM Fraud Nearly Brought Down British Banking: Phantoms and Rogue Banks, pp. 1–9. http://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/10/21/phantoms_and_rogues/ (2005) 24. Cox, E.B.: Developing an Electronic Funds Transfer System: Incentives and Obstacles, pp. 15–45. https://www.bostonfed.org/economic/conf/conf13/conf13c.pdf (1974) 25. Sienkiewicz, S.: The Evolution of EFT Networks from ATMs to New On-Line Debit Payment Products Workshop of the Payment Cards Center of the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia on the evolution of the electronic funds transfer (EFT) industry, pp. 1–12. http://philadelphiafed.org/consumer-credit-and-payments/payment-cards-Center/publications/discussion-papers/2002/EFTNetworks_042002 (June 2001) 26. Konheim, A.G.: Cryptography: Primer. Wiley, New York (1981) 27. American National Standards Institute: ANSI X9.8-1:2003 Banking–Personal Identification Number Management and Security—Part 1: PIN protection principles and techniques for online PIN verification in ATM & POS systems 28. National Institute of Standards: Federal Information Processing Standards Publication 140-2. Security requirements for cryptographic modules. May 25, 2001; updated December 3, 2002 29. Snouffer, R., Lee, A., Oldehoeft, A.: A Comparison of the Security Requirements for Cryptographic Modules in FIPS 140–1 and FIPS 140–2. NIST Special Publication 800-29, pp. 1–291 (June 2001) 30. Jpos.org: Some HSM basics and how they work. http://jpos.org/wiki/HSM_basics . September 24 (2005) 31. Demaertelaere, F.: Hardware security modules. Atos worldwide, pp. 1–53. http://secappdev.org/handouts/2010/Filip%20Demaertelaere/HSM.pdf (2010) 32. Hines, L., Hopkins, D., Kalibjian, J., Langford, S., Wierenga, S.: Hardware Security Module Use in Banking and Electronic Commerce Applications. Hewlett Packard Corporation http://www.openmpe.com/cslproceed/HPW04CD/papers/3327.pdf (2004) 33. Anderson, R., Bond, M., Clulow, J., Skorobogatov, S.: Cryptographic processor—a survey. Cambridge University Computer Laboratory Technical Report #641, pp. 1–19 (August 2005) 34. American National Standards Institute: ANSI X9.24-1: Retail financial services symmetric key management part 1: using symmetric techniques (10/13/09) 35. Tiwari, D.: How ATM plastic PIN money works. http://devesh-tiwari.blogspot.com/ (2005) 36. Marvis.com: Derived unique key per transaction, DUPKT. www.maravis.com/library/derived-unique-key-per-transaction-dukpt/ (June 2009) 37. Chulow, J.: The design and analysis of cryptographic application programming interfaces for security devices. Master of Science in Mathematics Dissertation, University of Natal, Durham (South Africa) (2003) 38. RSA Laboratories, PKCS #11: Cryptographic Token Interface Standard, Version 2.2, pp. 1–407 (June 2004) 39. International Standards Organization: ISO 9564, ISO 9564—Banking Personal Identification Number Package (ISO 9564-1 (Banking) 2002; ISO 9564-3(Banking) 2003; ISO 9564-4(Banking) 2004; ISO 9564-1(Financial) 2011; ISO 9564-2(Financial) 2012) 40. Payment Card Industry (PCI): Security Council Standards Hardware Security Module (HSM) Security Requirements Version 1.0, pp. 26 (April 2009) 41. Visa.com: Visa Best Practices for Tokenization Version 1.0, pp. 1–4. http://usa.visa.com/download/merchants/tokenization_best_practices.pdf (July 2010) 42. MasterCard: Transaction Processing Rules. In: Cryptographic Algorithms and Their Uses, Eracom Workshop 2004, 11 December 2014, pp. 1–246 (2004). http://www.mastercard.com/us/merchant/pdf/TPR-Entire_Manual_public.pdf 43. Bond, M., Zelinski, P.: “Decimalisation Table Attacks for PIN Cracking. Cambridge University Computer Laboratory Technical Report #540, pp. 1–14 (2003) 44. Focardi, R., Luccio, F., Steel, G.: Blunting differential attacks on PIN processing APIs. In: Proceedings NordSec ’09 Proceedings of the 14th Nordic conference on secure IT systems: identity and privacy in the internet age, pp. 88–103 (2009) 45. Steel, G.: Formal analysis of PIN block attacks. Theor. Comput. Sci. 367(1–2), 257–270 (2006) 46. Coppersmith, D.: The Data Encryption Standard (DES) and its strength against attacks. IBM J. Res. Dev. 38(3), 243–250 (1994) 47. Bilham, E., Shamir, A.: Differential Cryptanalysis of DES-Like Cryptosystems Advances in Cryptology—CRYPTO ’90. Springer-Verlag, Berlin (1990) Google Scholar 48. Bond, M., Chulow, J.: Encrypted? Randomized? Compromised? Cryptogr. Algorithms Uses Eracom Workshop 2004, 140–151 (2004) 49. Kelsey, J., Schneier, B., Wagner, D.: Key-schedule cryptanalysis of IDEA, G-DES, GOST, SAFER, and triple-DES. International cryptology conference—CRYPTO, pp. 237–251 (1996) 50. Bond, M.: Extracting a 3DES key from an IBM 4758. http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~rnc1/descrack/ 51. Bond, M.: Attacks on cryptoprocessor transaction sets. In: Proceedings of the CHES 2001 workshop, Paris 2001, pp. 220–234. Springer Verlag LNCS 2162 (2001) 52.	ATM
Born on July 28, 1866 in London, what author is behind books such as The Tale of Squirrel Nutkin, The Tale of Jemima Puddle-Duck, and The Tale of Peter Rabbit?	HMS Boxer photos on Flickr \| Flickr 14 Clarence: You must be out your goddamn mind! Joe Louis, the greatest boxer that ever lived. I'll be with you boys in a minute. He was badder than Cassius Clay, he was badder than Sugar Ray, and that new boy-what's his name? Mike Tyson?-looks like a bulldog; he was badder than him, too. Saul: Vait a minute. Vat about Rocky Marciano? Clarence: Oh, there they go. There they go, every time I start talkin 'bout boxing, a white man got to pull Rocky Marciano out they ass. That's their one, that's their one. Rocky Marciano! Rocky Marciano! Let me tell you something, once and for all--Rocky Marciano was good; but compared to Joe Louis, Rocky Marciano ain't shit. Saul: He beat Joe Louis' ass. Morris: That's right, he did whoop Joe Louis' ass. 3 NME (New Musical Express) published its list of the 500 all time greatest albums this week, based on its poll of roughly 80 critics who work for it. I saw a listing on the internet of the NME top 500 and it's set out below. The stars indicate the albums that would probably make my personal top 500 and the check marks indicate albums I've listened to that don't make my personal top 500. This is in my sweet spot. When a bunch of highly knowledgeable critics decide on the "best ever' I'm going to seek that music out. They've heard more music than I ever have (there are 188 records on the list that I've never listened to). Still, I have some quibbles about the list. The Smiths at #1? I've never understood the appeal of the Smiths. I went back and listened again to "The Queen Is Dead" and found it just as unbearable as ever. Maybe it's a British thing. Second, no Robert Johnson or Hank Williams? I'm betting this is because the list seems to ban compilation albums and Johnson and Williams recorded exclusively as singles artists. But it just seems wrong to claim that the 500 best all time records don't include Hank Williams or Robert Johnson. Third, where are the great British folkies? How can there be no Richard Thompson, no Fairport Convention, and no Pentangle? [Update: I see I'm wrong and that Fairport Convention is at #110. Still, why no Richard Thompson?] Fourth, the list seems to ignore most of the world (maybe there's a rule saying English language only). But you can't have a list of the 500 best of all time with no Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan and not a single album from Brazil. ✓ 79. Miles Davis - Kind Of Blue (1959) ★ 80. Iggy And The Stooges - Raw Power (1973) ✓ 81. Kraftwerk - Trans-Europe Express (1977) ✓ 82. Carole King - Tapestry (1971) ★ 83. The Band - The Band (1969) ✓ 84. Hole - Live Through This (1994) ✓ 85. Bruce Springsteen - Born To Run (1975) ✓ 86. Jeff Buckley - Grace (1994) ★ 87. The Beatles - Sgt Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1967) ★ 88. Roxy Music - For Your Pleasure (1973) ✓ 89. Lauryn Hill - The Miseducation Of Lauryn Hill (1998) 90. The Streets - A Grand Don't Come For Free (2004) ✓ 91. Prince And The Revolution - Purple Rain (1984) ? 92. Super Furry Animals - Radiator (1997) 93. Queens Of The Stone Age - Songs For The Deaf (2002) ★ 94. The Rolling Stone - Beggars Banquet (1968) 95. Talk Talk - Spirit Of Eden (1988) ✓ 96. Public Enemy - Fear Of A Black Planet (1990) ✓ 97. The Smiths - The Smiths (1984) ✓ 98. Neutral Milk Hotel - In The Aeroplane Over The Sea (1998) 99. The Libertines - The Libertines (2004) 100. The Smiths - Hatful Of Hollow (1984) 4 SMS Hela was an aviso of the German Imperial Navy prior to and during World War I. The only ship of her class, Hela was launched on 28 March 1895 in Bremen. She was named after the Hela peninsula near Danzig (present-day Gdańsk). Hela was lightly armed for a light cruiser; her main armament consisted of just four 8.8-centimeter (3.5 in) guns. In 1899 she was re-classified to a light cruiser. In 1900–1901, Hela was deployed to China during the Boxer Rebellion. She participated in extensive fleet maneuvers in 1902, before being significantly rebuilt from 1903–1906. From 1910, Hela was used as a fleet tender. With the outbreak of World War I in 1914, she was put back into active service as a support ship for the torpedo boats stationed off Helgoland. On 13 September 1914, Hela was torpedoed and sunk by the British submarine HMS E9; two of her crew died Hela was the culmination in the development of the aviso type in the German Navy. German avisos were developed from earlier torpedo boats and were intended for use in home waters with the fleet. The first aviso, SMS Zieten was purchased from a British shipbuilder in 1875, seven more ships were built in German yards before Hela was laid down in 1893 The aviso type culminated in what would later be referred to as the light cruiser; Hela's successors, the Gazelle-class cruisers, were the first true light cruisers built, Hela was 104.6 meters (343 ft 2 in) long at the waterline and 105 m (344 ft 6 in) overall. She had a beam of 11 m (36 ft 1 in) and a draft of 4.46 m (14 ft 8 in) forward and 4.64 m (15 ft 3 in) aft. She was designed to displace 2,027 t (1,995 long tons), and at full combat load the displacement increased to 2,082 t (2,049 long tons). Her hull was constructed with transverse and longitudinal steel frames, which contained 22 watertight compartments above the armored deck and ten below. A double bottom ran for 35 percent of the length of the hull. Hela's crew consisted of 7 officers and 171 enlisted men. The ship was powered by two 3-cylinder triple expansion engines; both drove a screw that was 3.25 m (10 ft 8 in) in diameter. Each engine had its own separate engine room. The engines were supplied with steam by six locomotive boilers split into two boiler rooms. The engines were rated at 6,000 indicated horsepower and a top speed of 20 kn (37 km/h; 23 mph), though on trials they reached a half knot better. Hela was equipped with three electrical generators that produced 36 kilowatts at 67 volts. Steering was controlled by a single rudder Hela was armed with four 8.8 cm (3.5 in) SK L/30 quick-firing guns in individual mountings. The guns fired 10 kg (22 lb) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 590 meters per second (1,936 f/s) and a rate of approximately 15 shots per minute. At the maximum elevation of 30°, the guns could hit targets out to 10,500 m (11,480 yards). These guns were provided with a total of 800 rounds, for 200 per gun. She was also equipped with six 5 cm (2.0 in) SK L/40 quick-firing guns.[2] These guns fired 1.75 kg (3.9 lb) shells, at up to 10 shots per minute. They had a maximum range of 6,200 m (6,780 yd). Hela carried 250 rounds per gun. Her armament was completed with three 45 cm (18 in) torpedo tubes. Two were placed on the deck and the third was submerged in the bow of the ship. Hela was lightly armored. She was protected by an armor deck that was 20 mm (0.79 in) thick and composed of steel. The deck sloped on the sides, and was slightly increased in thickness to 25 mm (0.98 in). The conning tower was armored with 30 mm (1.2 in) thick steel In early 1898, Hela was assigned to the I Division of the Maneuver Squadron for that year's training exercises. She served as the dispatch vessel for the four Brandenburg-class battleships, Hela was the first German ship sunk by a British submarine in the war. As a result of her loss, all German ships conducting training exercises were moved to the Baltic Sea to prevent further such sinkings. One of her 8.8 cm guns was retrieved from the wreck and is now preserved at Fort Kugelbake in Cuxhaven. 1967 the continued presence of American troops increased further and a total of 475,000 were serving in Vietnam and the peace rallies were multiplying as the number of protesters against the war increased. www.youtube.com/watch?v=dpWEv9Q0XQ4 The Boxer Muhammad Ali was stripped of his boxing world championship for refusing to be inducted into the US Army. In the middle east Israel also went to war with Syria, Egypt and Jordan in the six day war and when it was over Israel controlled and occupied a lot more territory than before the war. Once again in the summer cities throughout America exploded in rioting and looting the worst being in Detroit on July 23rd where 7000 national Guard were bought in to restore law and order on the streets. In England a new type of model became a fashion sensation by the name of Twiggy and mini skirts continued to get shorter and even more popular with a short lived fashion being paper clothing. www.youtube.com/watch?v=SB5eIfHXkWQ Also during this year new Discotheques and singles bars appeared across cities around the world and the Beatles continued to reign supreme with the release of "Sgt. Peppers Lonely Heart Club Band" album, and this year was also coined the summer of love when young teenagers got friendly and smoked pot and grooved to the music of "The Grateful Dead. Jefferson Airplane and The Byrds". UK beat combos as The Searchers, Gerry and The Pacemakers, The Who and The Kinks enjoyed more commercial success. The movie industry moved with the times and produced movies that would appeal to this younger audience including "The Graduate" Bonnie and Clyde" and "Cool Hand Luke" . TV shows included "The Fugitive" and "The Monkees" and color television sets become popular as the price comes down and more programmes are made in color. "Summer of Love" Memories of the Summer of Love five decades after the event all too often seem to concentrate on the clichéd imagery parodied by Mike Myers in Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery. But such artists as The Seekers are as much a part of the summer of 1967 as The Beatles, and their vast record sales cannot be entirely explained away by their appeal to a middle-aged public. The fact that "Georgy Girl" was the theme song to a popular film certainly boosted its success. It also garnered the only known Oscar nomination for a member of the Carry On team; the lyrics were by Jim Dale. But this was also the year that Engelbert Humperdinck's "Release Me" beat the best double-A side in pop history, "Strawberry Fields/Penny Lane", to No 1 in the hit parade, Vicky Leandros sang a much-hummed Eurovision entry, "L'amour est bleu", and Des O'Connor entered the Top 10 with "Careless Hands". All such songs were ostensibly aimed at the respectable record-buyer, for whom seeing Frankie Vaughan in cabaret at the Talk of the Town was the acme of sophistication. They were also secretly listened to around the world by suburban would-be hipsters who could face no more of the boring passages from Sgt Pepper, or most of The Rolling Stones' one excursion into psychedelia, Their Satanic Majesties Request. The Seekers provided a real alternative for the teenager who could face no more George Harrison with a sitar or the future Sir Michael Jagger's determined efforts at decadence. Buying a Seekers disc could involve a covert, perhaps after-dark, trip to the local electrical store, for admitting that you preferred to spend five shillings and ninepence on the songs of Miss Durham as opposed to those of Mick Jagger amounted to social death in terms of overall grooviness. Today, The Seekers and their ilk rarely seem to appear on those occasions when British television relentlessly unearths that same Pathé newsreel of Carnaby Street to "celebrate" yet another 1960s anniversary. Instead, their music seems to belong to the provincial England on which the 1950s are rather reluctant to loosen their grip. In 1958, Tony Hancock recorded one of his finest radio half-hours, Sunday Afternoon at Home, a Pinteresque evocation of the miseries of suburban life where every form of entertainment is either closed or broken, and where the laws of time no longer apply. This is the same realm found in the photo archives of local newspapers – yellowing monochrome pictures of short-back-and-sided youths awkwardly lined up in their Civil Defence Corps uniforms; the sea of tweed coats that was the Winchester Young Farmers meetings of the late 1960s; and the local grammar school's celebration of its rousing success at the county chess tournament. www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mpd_9l9w4RI The local advertisements of the time portray a relentlessly grey world of sales of sensible slacks at the local tailors and barbers offering a short-back-and-sides for a mere 4s 6d. In the papers, you'll read about the local controversy about the possibility of automatic level-crossing barriers in the very near future, and the searing excitement of Michael Miles (of ITV's Take Your Pick fame) opening a new shoe-shop – also in the very near future. In this England, respectable fathers would favour car-coats, listening to Mrs Dale's Diary and driving Morris Oxfords with starting-handle brackets and leather upholstery rather than sporting a kaftan at the wheel of a psychedelic Mini. Just as in a Ladybird book, red telephone boxes would still require the user to press button A and dial the operator for long-distance calls and, if the railway branch line had escaped the ravages of Beeching, the train arriving at the gas-lit station might still be steam-powered. This, after all, was the year when David Frost and Simon Dee were still a middle-aged person's idea of what was young and hip. But 1967 was also the year Derek Cooper published his classic The Bad Food Guide, wherein he memorably skewered the frozen/deep fried/artificial cream/close at 5pm experience of typical British cuisine. The local "all night café" probably closed at 8.45pm. In 1967, a holiday abroad meant loading up the Hillman Superminx with Wonderloaf, lest the honest British tourist be forced to eat foreign food. Of course, the wireless might provide exciting escape in the form of the all-new Radio 1, but even there, among the ex-pirate ship names, many of the DJs were reliably velvet-voiced middle-aged ex-actors such as Pete Murray. There was also the problem of the "needle-time agreement" with the Musicians' Union, which limited the airtime devoted to record playing as opposed to live studio broadcasts. To supplement sessions by leading groups of the day, the station was heavily reliant on its in-house session band and, according to the late John Peel, one of V C Radio 1's early highlights was the Northern Dance Orchestra's version of "Hey Joe". At least the band's middle-aged vocalist did his very best to emulate Jimi Hendrix while wearing a cardigan in order to display his essential youthfulness. As for British pop television, one of the very few 1967 moments from Top of the Pops that the BBC has thoughtlessly neglected to wipe – only four complete editions from the 1960s survive – boasts The Rolling Stones miming to "Let's Spend the Night Together". It is an iconic televisual moment, not least for those times when the camera pans to the audience to reveal cardiganed young blades clad in Hank Marvin glasses dancing with grim determination opposite eminently respectable mini-dressed young ladies. Fortunately, the BBC employed DJs with the demeanour of a particularly tolerant housemaster to explain away Jagger/Richards's more risqué lyrics. The year 1967 also saw one the Stones' major controversies. Overshadowing their drugs bust was the infamous "Not Waving Bye-Bye Scandal" of 22 January. Sunday Night at the London Palladium was the jewel in ITV's light entertainment crown, so the Stones' decision to commit a foul act of sabotage – not waving goodbye to the audience in the closing credits – was guaranteed to shock prime-time viewers. It also rather helpfully detracted from the question of precisely what such an anti-Establishment group was actually doing there in the first place. Such programmes were broadcast in black and white – in 1967, BBC2 was the first and only channel to provide very limited colour broadcasts, and ITV's colour shows were for export only. So, for many Britons, the alternative to this monochrome world was their local cinema. There, for a mere 1s 9d, the bill of fare might still include a newsreel and a B-film. The former would typically have a smooth-voiced announcer proclaiming the latest colonial disaster (it wouldn't be a proper 1960s newsreel without a British sporting victory and footage of at least one governor's residence in flames). The latter would be one of Merton Park Studios' Scales of Justice criminal shorts, as fronted by "the eminent criminologist Edgar Lustgarten". The studio's 1967 offering, Payment in Kind, offers a fascinatingly bleak view of Wilson-era suburbia, with tallymen in their Vauxhall Victor Supers offering hire-purchase fantasies to bored housewives trapped behind their Tricity Deluxe cookers, combined with the traditional trilby-hatted Inspectors and police Wolseleys, black, with clanging bells. Then, following an Eastmancolor travelogue praising the beauties of Bournemouth as a holiday resort – "Dancing until 11 o'clock! This really is a swinging seaside town!" – there was, at long last, the main feature. Here, one might at least expect to see some prime 1960s Technicolor clichés, such as the obligatory crane shot of five hipsters zooming over Tower Bridge in a Mini Moke, or general decadence and nudity along the lines of Antonioni's 1966 Blow-Up. But, of two of the best British films released that year, Bedazzled and The Deadly Affair, the former actually re-affirmed conventional morality (as well as demonstrating that Dud was a far better actor than Pete) and the latter was about a world of middle-aged despair. Both were inevitably in complete contrast to the 1967 film that was to taint British cinema for quite a while after – Casino Royale. It may have boasted one of the most expensive casts ever, but it also used five studios, seven directors and countless scriptwriters to produce a film where the only abiding memories are of the Herb Alpert theme music and of poor David Niven's moustache visibly wilting in despair at the strain of carrying one of the most appalling films of this, or any, decade. It was a movie that had most British filmgoers eagerly awaiting the National Anthem that was played at the end of every cinema bill. Fortunately, that year's Bond film, You Only Live Twice, was a safe option, with a hero who, as he previously informed us in Goldfinger, would not even contemplate listening to The Beatles without ear-muffs, and who philandered for Queen and Commonwealth. In the 1960s, Commander Bond spent precisely no on-screen time in Carnaby Street, and You Only Live Twice appropriately commences with Bond in the (then) colony of Hong Kong, where British military police in Sam Browne belts control the natives. Almost as popular as 007 in box-office terms was Carry On Doctor, where the sole concessions to the new age were Barbara Windsor's miniskirt and Jim Dale combing his hair forward, and that immortal classic Calamity the Cow, an everyday Children's Film Foundation story of how cattle rustlers in deepest Surrey were defeated by a gang of Italia Conti students led by a notably well-spoken Phil Collins. In fact, it was often British-set films that subverted or entirely ignored the (American funded) myth of universal hedonism that were the most interesting offerings of the decade; Michael Reeves's The Sorcerers used the horror-film genre to attack the impulses behind much of Britain's youth culture, and Nigel Kneale's screenplay for Quatermass and the Pit was inspired by the experiences of his wife as a young Jewish girl in 1930s Germany. The film's budget may seem pitiable, but the conclusion of the "ethnic cleansing" of London hasn't been equalled by films costing 20 times as much. Elsewhere, the Carnaby Street myth was applied by middle-aged film-makers with appalling results, none more so than in Corruption, with Anthony Booth doing his best to copy David Hemmings in Blow-Up with dialogue along the lines of "Freak out, baby!" Far out. To reduce any era to ill-researched and increasingly banal images is to remove the fascinating ambiguities caused by the fact that periodisation can never be rigid. In 1967, the BBC was still screening The Black & White Minstrel Show. Homosexual acts were partly decriminalised. Forty years ago, Britain was fighting a bloody colonial battle in Aden, unmarried women might still be refused the Pill, and "orphans" would still depart from Tilbury to a new life in Australia. Glossy TV shows such as The Saint or The Avengers continue to peddle a 1960s myth precisely because they were shot on colour film as opposed to countless shows that were recorded on black-and-white video tape, only to be wiped a few years later. This was a time when millions of viewers might enjoy Thora Hird and Freddie Frinton in Meet the Wife (name-checked by John Lennon on Sgt Pepper) or Hugh Lloyd and Terry Scott in Hugh and I, in addition to the self-conscious radicalism of Till Death Us Do Part. The surviving tapes of such shows, recorded in a cramped studio before live audiences, now appear as hilarious as an edition of Newsnight, but they were as much a staple of the Radio Times as The Billy Cotton Band Show. Indeed, just as many viewers tuned into Jack Warner in Dixon of Dock Green as they did to see Simon Dee cruising through Manchester in his white Jaguar E-Type for Deetime. It was equally possible to view the ambiguities of The Prisoner and the mysteries of The Mike & Bernie Winters Show together with the enigma that was Hughie Greene in Double Your Money and the reassuringly respectable "Supt Lockhart of the Yard" of No Hiding Place – all on the same evening. Just as there are Britons who refuse to admit that the nearest they came to the world of Miami Vice in the 1980s was seeing an L-reg Hillman Avenger doing a handbrake turn in Southampton, there are countless citizens in their sixties who should have the courage to admit that their favoured listening of 1967 was not so much "A Day in the Life" as The Seekers' "When Will the Good Apples Fall" or David Bowie's "The Laughing Gnome" – for do not all these songs hail from the decade that supposedly celebrated individuality? So, whenever anyone of late middle-age vintage trots out the cliché that "if you can remember the 1960s, you weren't there", bear in mind that the nearest they came to a freak-out was probably a caffeine overdose in a transport café on the A303. London was in full swing, hemlines were rising and morals falling. More importantly, all manner of groundbreaking modifications were made to the people’s car – not least a whole host of technical changes that would take the Beetle into next decade… Here’s how that infamous year, and the milestone changes to the Bug, unfolded… Ken Dodd’s Christmas show is the most watched programme on the box, The Beatles release Sergeant Pepper in a haze of drug fuelled genius, Che Guevara is shot and a man is given a new heart for the first time. The Dartford Tunnel is opened, plans for the creation of a new town called Milton Keynes are revealed and Spurs beat Chelsea 2-1 in the FA Cup Final. The Summer of Love was a social phenomenon that occurred during the summer of 1967, when as many as 100,000 people converged in the Haight-Ashbury neighborhood of San Francisco. Although hippies also gathered in major cities across the U.S., Canada and Europe, San Francisco remained the epicenter of the social earthquake that would come to be known as the Hippie Revolution. Like its sister enclave of Greenwich Village, the city became even more of a melting pot of politics, music, drugs, creativity, and the total lack of sexual and social inhibition than it already was. As the hippie counterculture movement came farther and farther forward into public awareness, the activities centered therein became a defining moment of the 1960s, causing numerous 'ordinary citizens' to begin questioning everything and anything about them and their environment as a result. This unprecedented gathering of young people is often considered to have been a social experiment, because of all the alternative lifestyles which became more common and accepted such as gender equality, communal living, and free love. Many of these types of social changes reverberated on into the early 1970s, and effects echo throughout modern society. The hippies, sometimes called flower children, were an eclectic group. Many were suspicious of the government, rejected consumerist values, and generally opposed the Vietnam War. A few were interested in politics; others focused on art (music, painting, poetry in particular) or religious and meditative movements. All were eager to integrate new ideas and insights into daily life, both public and private. Inspired by the Beats of the 1950s, who had flourished in the North Beach area of San Francisco, those who gathered in Haight-Ashbury in 1967 rejected the conformist values of Cold War America. These hippies rejected the material values of modern life; there was an emphasis on sharing and community. The Diggers established a Free Store, and a Free Clinic for medical treatment was started. The prelude to the Summer of Love was the Human Be-In at Golden Gate Park on January 14, 1967, which was produced and organized by artist Michael Bowen as a "gathering of tribes". James Rado and Gerome Ragni were in attendance and absorbed the whole experience; this became the basis for the musical Hair. Rado recalled, "There was so much excitement in the streets and the parks and the hippie areas, and we thought `If we could transmit this excitement to the stage it would be wonderful....' We hung out with them and went to their Be-Ins [and] let our hair grow. It was very important historically, and if we hadn't written it, there'd not be any examples. You could read about it and see film clips, but you'd never experience it. We thought, 'This is happening in the streets,' and we wanted to bring it to the stage.'" Also at this event, Timothy Leary voiced his phrase, "turn on, tune in, drop out", that persisted throughout the Summer of Love. The event was announced by the Haight-Ashbury's psychedelic newspaper, the San Francisco Oracle: A new concept of celebrations beneath the human underground must emerge, become conscious, and be shared, so a revolution can be formed with a renaissance of compassion, awareness, and love, and the revelation of unity for all mankind. The gathering of approximately 30,000 like-minded people made the Human Be-In the first event that confirmed there was a viable hippie scene. The term "Summer of Love" originated with the formation of the Council for the Summer of Love in the spring of 1967 as response to the convergence of young people on the Haight-Ashbury district. The Council was composed of The Family Dog, The Straight Theatre, The Diggers, The San Francisco Oracle, and approximately twenty-five other people, who sought to alleviate some of the problems anticipated from the influx of people expected in the summer. The Council also supported the Free Clinic and organized housing, food, sanitation, music and arts, along with maintaining coordination with local churches and other social groups to fill in as needed, a practice that continues today. 1967 Events January – The London-set film Blowup is released in the UK. Director: Michelangelo Antonioni. Stars: David Hemmings, Vanessa Redgrave, Sarah Miles 1 January – England's World Cup winning manager Alf Ramsey received a knighthood and captain Bobby Moore received an OBE in the New Year Honours. 2 January – Veteran actor Charlie Chaplin opened his last film, A Countess From Hong Kong, in England. 7 January–1 July – The television series The Forsyte Saga was first shown, on BBC Two. The Forsyte family live a more than pleasant upper middle class life in Victorian and later Edwardian England. 15 January – The United Kingdom entered the first round of negotiations for EEC membership in Rome. 16 January – Italy announced support for the United Kingdom's EEC membership. 18 January – Jeremy Thorpe became leader of the Liberal Party. Thorpe took Liberals to brink of coalition government but resigned as party leader in 1976 after being accused of conspiracy to murder. 23 January – Milton Keynes, a village in north Bucks, was formally designated as a new town by the government, incorporating nearby towns and villages including Bletchley and Newport Pagnell. Intended to accommodate the overspill population from London – some 50 miles away – it would become Britain's largest new town, with the area's population multiplying during the 1970s and 1980s. 26 January – Parliament decided to nationalize 90% of the British steel industry. 27 January – The UK, Soviet Union, and USA sign the Outer Space Treaty. 6 February – Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin arrived in the UK for an eight-day visit. He met The Queen on 9 February. 7 February – The British National Front was founded by A. K. Chesterton (by merger of the British National Party and League of Empire Loyalists). 12 February – Police raided 'Redlands', the Sussex home of Rolling Stones musician Keith Richards, following a tip-off from the News of the World. No immediate arrests are made, but Richards, fellow band member Mick Jagger and art dealer Robert Fraser were later charged with possession of drugs. Around 5:30pm on February 12th, 1967, around 20 police descended on Keith Richards‘ Sussex home, “Redlands”. Of The Rolling Stones, both Keith Richards and Mick Jagger were there at the time of the bust (Brian Jones was supposed to be there too but, according to Keith Richards, he and his girlfriend, Anita Pallenberg, were fighting when they left for Redlands, so they just left them behind in London) Several others had come down for the weekend including The Beatles‘ guitar player George Harrison and his then girlfriend, Patti Boyd, although they had left prior to the raid. Brian Jones‘ trial took place in November 1967 also resulting in a prison sentence for the accused. However, after appealing the original prison sentence, Brian Jones was fined £1000, put on three years’ probation and ordered to seek professional help. On this period, Keith Richards said, “There was a realization that the powers that be actually looked upon is as important enough to make a big statement and to wield the hammer. But they’d also made us more important than we ever bloody well were in the first place.” 25 February – Britain's second Polaris nuclear submarine, HMS Renown, was launched. 27 February – The Dutch government announced support for British EEC membership. 1 March – The Queen Elizabeth Hall was opened in London. 4 March - The first North Sea gas was pumped ashore at Easington, East Riding of Yorkshire. Queens Park Rangers became the first Football League Third Division side to win the League Cup at Wembley Stadium defeating West Bromwich Albion 3-2. It was also the first year of a one-match final in the competition, the previous six finals having been two-legged affairs. 5 March - Polly Toynbee reveals the existence of the "Harry" letters that allege the secret funding of Amnesty International by the British government. 15 March – Manny Shinwell, 82, resigned as chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party. 18 March – The supertanker Torrey Canyon ran aground between Land's End and the Scilly Isles. 29 – 30 March – RAF planes bombed the Torrey Canyon and sank it. 9 July – Alan Ayckbourn's first major success, Relatively Speaking, had its West End opening at the Duke of York's Theatre with Richard Briers, Michael Hordern and Celia Johnson. Hendrix on Fire 31 March – At the London Astoria, Jimi Hendrix set fire to his guitar on stage for the first time. He was taken to hospital suffering burns to his hands. Not wishing to be outdone by The Who’s Pete Townshend who had performed first and smashed up his guitar, Hendrix opted to set his amp on fire so as not to be accused of copycat behaviour. He requested some lighter fluid but couldn’t bring himself to destroy the Strat and so swapped it secretly for a less valuable instrument. The Fender Stratocaster continued to be used on Hendrix’s American tour (his return to the States after moving to the UK in 1966 to make his fortune). It later fell into the hands of his record company managed by James Wright. “When Jimi used to smash a guitar up you would try and rebuild it so he could use it again for that purpose. Pete Townshend smashed his guitar up and put the neck into the amp. Jimi was annoyed at this and asked for some lighter fuel. He just wanted to outdo Pete Townshend,” Wright told The Times. “He played the black guitar for most of the act and then right at the end he swapped it for a repaired one that he set fire to. At the time the black Fender was his favourite guitar and he didn’t want to ruin it. At the time of the stunt Hendrix was a big star in Britain but still relatively unknown in the States. A picture of him leaning over the burning instrument was used on the cover of Rolling Stone magazine and the incident went down in rock ‘n’ roll history – helping to turn him into a legend. The guitar is in relatively good condition aside from a few chips and scratches.The CBS era instrument with contour style solid body and original candy apple case dates from late 1966/67 with rosewood neck and black solid body and white scratch protection. It will be sold by the Fame Bureau on 27 November in Mayfair, London. It is 42 years since the man widely considered to be the greatest electric guitarist in history died in London aged 27. Another Fender Stratocaster that Hendrix set fire to in 1967 at the Finsbury Astoria was auctioned by the Fame Bureau in January £90,000. 2 April – A UN delegation arrived in Aden because of the approaching independence. They leave 7 April, accusing British authorities of lack of cooperation. The British said the delegation did not contact them. 8 April – Puppet on a String performed by Sandie Shaw (music and lyrics by Bill Martin and Phil Coulter) won the Eurovision Song Contest for the UK. 11 April – Tom Stoppard's play Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead received its Old Vic premiere. 13 April – Conservatives won the Greater London Council elections. 2 May – Harold Wilson announced that the United Kingdom had decided to apply for EEC membership 5 May - The British-designed satellite Ariel 3, the first to be developed outside the Soviet Union or United States is launched. The first motorway project of the year was completed when the elevated motorway section of the A57 road was officially opened (by Harold Wilson) to form a by-pass around the south of Manchester city area. The M1 was also being expanded this month from both termini, meaning that there would now be an unbroken motorway link between North London and South Yorkshire. 6 May – Manchester United won the Football League First Division title. 11 May – The United Kingdom and Ireland officially applied for European Economic Community membership. 14 May – The Roman Catholic Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral of Christ the King was consecrated. 20 May – In the first all-London FA Cup final, Tottenham Hotspur defeated Chelsea 2-1 at Wembley Stadium. 24 May – The Royal Navy Leander-class frigate HMS Andromeda was launched at Portsmouth Dockyard, the last ship to be built there. 25 May - Celtic F.C. became the first British and Northern European team to reach a European Cup final and also to win it, beating Inter Milan 2-1 in normal time with the winning goal being scored by Steve Chalmers in Lisbon, Portugal. Shadow cabinet Tory MP Enoch Powell described Britain as the "sick man of Europe" in his latest verbal attack on the Labour government. 28 May – Sir Francis Chichester arrived in Plymouth after completing his single-handed sailing voyage around the world in his yacht, Gipsy Moth IV, in nine months and one day. 29 May - The first Spring Bank Holiday occurred on a fixed date of the last Monday in May, replacing the former Whitsun holiday in England and Wales. 'Barbeque 67', a music festival, at the Tulip Bulb Auction Hall, Spalding, featured Jimi Hendrix, Cream, Pink Floyd and Zoot Money. 1 June – The Beatles released Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, one of rock's most acclaimed albums. 4 June – Stockport Air Disaster: British Midland flight G-ALHG crashed in Hopes Carr, Stockport, killing 72 passengers and crew. 27 June – The first automatic cash machine (voucher-based) was installed in the office of Barclays Bank in Enfield. 29 June – Keith Richards of the Rolling Stones was jailed for a year for possession illegal drugs. His bandmate Mick Jagger was sentenced to three months for the same offence. 1 July – The first scheduled colour television broadcasts from six transmitters covering the main population centres in England began on BBC2 for certain programmes, the first being live coverage from the Wimbledon Championships. A full colour service (other than news programmes) began on BBC2 on 2 December. 4 July – Parliament decriminalised male homosexuality in England and Wales with the Sexual Offences Act. 7 July – In the last amateur Wimbledon tennis tournament, Australian John Newcombe beat German Wilhelm P. Bungert to win the Gentlemen's Singles championship. The next day, American Billie Jean King beat Briton Ann Haydon Jones to win the Ladies' Singles championship. The matches are also the first to be broadcast in colour. 13 July – English road racing cyclist Tom Simpson died of exhaustion on the slopes of Mont Ventoux during the 13th stage of the Tour de France. 18 July – The UK government announced the closing of its military bases in Malaysia and Singapore. Australia and the United States do not approve. 27 July – The Welsh Language Act allowed the use of Welsh in legal proceedings and official documents in Wales. 28 July – The British steel industry was nationalised. July – Astronomers Jocelyn Bell Burnell and Antony Hewish became the first to observe a pulsar. 3 August – The inquiry into the Aberfan disaster blamed the National Coal Board for the collapse of a colliery spoil tip which claimed the lives of 164 people in South Wales in October last year. 5 August – Pink Floyd released their debut album The Piper at the Gates of Dawn. 8 August – Dunsop Valley entered the UK Weather Records with the Highest 90-min total rainfall at 117 mm. As of August 2010 this record remains. 9 August – Playwright Joe Orton was battered to death by his lover Kenneth Halliwell (who then committed suicide) in their north London home. 14 August – The Marine, &c., Broadcasting (Offences) Act 1967 declared participation in offshore pirate radio in the United Kingdom illegal. Wonderful Radio London broadcast from MV Galaxy off the Essex coast for the last time. 17 August – Jimmy Hill, manager of the Coventry City side who have been promoted to the Football League First Division for the first time in their history, announced that he is leaving management to concentrate on a television career. 28 August - The first Late Summer Holiday occurred on a fixed date of the last Monday in August, replacing the former August Bank Holiday on the first Monday in England and Wales. Herbert Bowden was appointed chairman of the Independent Television Authority. 6 September – Myrina was launched from the slipway at Harland and Wolff in Belfast, the first supertanker and (at around 192000 DWT) largest ship built in the U.K. up to this date. 9 September – Former prime minister Clement Attlee, 84, was hospitalised with an illness reported as a "minor condition". 10 September – In a Gibraltar sovereignty referendum, only 44 out of 12,182 voters in the British Crown colony of Gibraltar supported union with Spain. 20 September – The RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 (the QE2) was launched at Clydebank by Queen Elizabeth II, using the same pair of gold scissors used by her mother and grandmother to launch the Queen Elizabeth and Queen Mary respectively. 21 September – The Conservatives captured Cambridge and Walthamstow from Labour in by-elections. 27 September – The RMS Queen Mary arrived in Southampton at the end of her last transatlantic crossing. 29 September – Cult television series The Prisoner was first broadcast in the UK on ITV. 30 September – BBC Radio completely restructured its national programming: the Light Programme was split between new national pop station Radio 1 (modelled on the successful pirate station Radio London) and Radio 2; the cultural Third Programme was rebranded as Radio 3; and the primarily-talk Home Service became Radio 4. 5 October – A Court in Brighton was the first in England and Wales to decide a case by majority verdict (10 to 2) of the jury. 10 October – Simon Gray's first stage play, Wise Child, opened at the Wyndham's Theatre, London, with Alec Guinness, Gordon Jackson, Simon Ward and Cleo Sylvestre. 11 October – Prime Minister Harold Wilson won a libel action against rock group The Move in the High Court after they depicted him in the nude in promotional material for their record Flowers in the Rain. 25 October – The Abortion Act, passed in Parliament, legalising abortion on a number of grounds (with effect from 1968). 30 October – British troops and Chinese demonstrators clashed on the border of China and Hong Kong during the Hong Kong Riots. October – St Pancras railway station in London was made a Grade I listed building, regarded as a landmark in the appreciation of Victorian architecture. 2 November – Winnie Ewing won the Hamilton by-election, the first success for the Scottish National Party in an election for the Parliament of the United Kingdom. 5 November – A Sunday evening express train from Hastings to London derailed in the Hither Green rail crash, killing 49 people. 7 November – Boxer Henry Cooper became the first to win three Lonsdale Belts outright. 18 November – Movement of animals was banned in England and Wales due to a foot-and-mouth disease outbreak. 19 November – The pound was devalued from 1 GBP = 2.80 USD to 1 GBP = 2.40 USD. Prime minister Harold Wilson defended this decision, assuring voters that it will tackle the "root cause" of the nation's economic problems. 27 November – Charles de Gaulle vetoed British entry into the European Economic Community again. 28 November – Horse racing events were called off due to the foot-and-mouth disease outbreak. 30 November – British troops left Aden, which they had occupied since 1839, enabling formation of the new republic of Yemen. 1 December – Tony O'Connor became the first black headmaster of a British school, in Warley, near Birmingham, Worcestershire. 5 December – The Beatles opened the Apple Shop in London. 10 December – Ronald George Wreyford Norrish, George Porter and the German Manfred Eigen won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equlibrium by means of very short pulses of energy". 11 December – The Concorde supersonic aircraft was unveiled in Toulouse, France. 12 December – Rolling Stones guitarist Brian Jones, 25, won a High Court appeal against a nine-month prison sentence for possessing and using cannabis. He was instead fined £1,000 and put on probation for three years. 22 December – BBC Radio 4 panel game Just a Minute, chaired by Nicholas Parsons, was first transmitted. It would still be running more than forty years later. 9 No, this is not a periscope view. This is HMS Ark Royal, R07, seen through the fairlead for the towed-array in the stern of HMS Boxer, a Type 22 Batch 2 anti-submarine frigate, during College Sea Days in the English Channel in the summer of 1986. The fifth vessel to bear this name, she was built by Swan Hunters Ship Builders' yard at Wallsend in December 1978 and launched by the Queen Mother before coming into service with the Royal Navy on 1 July 1985. She is slightly larger than her two sisters, Invincible and Illustrious, at 210m long. She has a maximum beam of 36m and a displacement of 20,000 tonnes. Four marinised Olympus gas turbine engines (like Concorde's) propel the ship over 30 knots. A steeper ski jump than in the other ships of this class is fitted at the forward end of the flight deck. She has some 1,400 compartments and 15 lifts. With a Tailored Air Group embarked she has a full complement of over 1,000 people, and can operate with a range of both rotary- and fixed-wing aircraft from the Harrier GR.9 to troop-carrying Chinooks. Her roles can vary widely, and include everything from maritime strike to evacuation operations. 5 This is a hand-held image of the lead ship of the Royal Navy's Type 22 Batch II specialised anti-submarine frigates, HMS Boxer, seen alongside in Alicante in Spain, in July 1986, where the crew enjoyed some much-needed R&R. I left her a week or so later, upon our return to the UK. At this point, Boxer was in yet another year (her fourth!) as the platform for the agonisingly drawn-out trials for the new Operations Room computer system, CACS 1, (Computer-Assisted Command System 1), which Ferranti were having immense trouble getting to work. It was intended to be capable of tracking up to 500 targets, including those detected by radar, sonar and electronic support measures (ESM). Designed for operations in the GIUK Gap or further north during the Cold War, the class proved to be an expensive liability in the 1990s when ships with guns, smaller crews and greater flexibility were required. They were all disposed-of much earlier than had originally been planned. 26 Say "hi!" to Howard Brown, an undisputed and undefeated amateur and professional World Kickboxing Champion, a former inmate of HM Prison Service and author. His autobiographical book 'All too human' is where the title came from. (I came across this image last week when going through my pic folders to purge them of unwanted work or find forgotten gems like this. I was astonished to realise it was nearly six years ago that I took the image...Hell's bells, Einstein, what happens to time as you get older!) I met Howard when he popped into the reception of the company I work for; he was visiting all the businesses on the industrial estate hoping to sell copies of his book (he's done this exhausting leg-work all over the country, so kudos to the man for getting out there personally) – our secretary thought I might be interested in meeting him and possibly buy a copy...she was right! We hit it off immediately and I found Howard to be one of the most self-aware, together people I've ever had the pleasure to meet; easy going, great sense of humour, and with not a ounce of bullshit about him...which is all the more remarkable considering his experiences which would have made most people bitter and twisted. He was such an engaging and open character that I asked him if I could take his portrait – it was one of those very rare occasions where I had my camera in the boot of my car! He readily said yes, and after setting him up to make the best use of the natural light, this was the result of the few shots I took that came close to showing something of his character...he never stopped smiling and laughing as we chatted during the impromptu shoot. I'm not one for promoting books etc on flickr but I would highly recommend you reading his book; it's amusing, serious, painfully honest, while also giving a frank and revealing insight into the British penal system, together with profound insights about religion and spirituality. Below are some reviews and details; I came to this book as a hostile critic. I’d said I would review it and felt I ought to do so, but what do I care for a book by a black, English, kick-boxing champion who has spent time in prison. Now I care. It is a significant, thought provoking and entertaining piece of literature, potentially life changing and not far from a masterpiece. Jeff Hunt – Humanist Society of New Zealand Exhilarating, absorbing, and enlightening... Proof that you do not need mythical belief to draw on inner strength and turn your life around. Howard Brown’s pain, growth, humanity, and new found ability are evident in droves and for someone who is not an academic the range and breadth of his knowledge is truly astonishing. His factual observations and insights will leave many feeling liberated and others both shaken and stirred. This journey is truly a triumph born out of adversity... unputdownable! Asad Abbas – Chartered Clinical Psychologist B.A. (Hons.) This is the autobiographical account of how and why a successful sportsman and promoter, Howard Brown, finds himself serving a long prison sentence. With acute powers of observation, he treats the reader to penetrating insights on a wide range of topics as well as the absurdities of prison life. He also begins a research project on religion with a cross-cultural outlook, arriving at thoroughly sceptical conclusions. The process is intensive and teaches him, through self-criticism, to be a writer. Brown is particularly adept at tempering hope with wit and down-to-earth realism. This ability in particular keeps matters entertaining. All Too Human leaves us wanting to hear more of what this prodigious new talent has to say. John Edwards – The Ethical Society A Soviet Navy Whiskey-class submarine at sea in the Baltic in 1985, seen from aboard HMS Boxer. The initial design was developed in the early 1940s as a sea-going follow on to the S-class submarine. As a result of war experience and the capture of German technology at the end of the war, the Soviets issued a new design requirement in 1946. The revised design was influenced by the German Type XXI submarine and was developed by the Lazurit Design Bureau based in Gorkiy. Between 1949 and 1958 a total of 236 of an envisioned 340 submarines of this type were commissioned into the Soviet Navy. The vessels were initially designed as coastal patrol submarines. There were multiple variants, known in the West as Whiskey I, II, III, IV, and V and were called Project 613 in the Soviet Union. Exported units went to Albania, Bulgaria, China, Egypt, Indonesia, North Korea and Poland. Guided-missile and radar picket variants built for the Soviet Navy were never exported. On 27 October 1981, S-363 ran aground in Swedish territorial waters near the Karlskrona naval base in the "Whiskey on the Rocks" incident. All were retired by the end of the Cold War. Imperial War Museum North Imperial War Museum North (sometimes referred to as IWM North) is a museum in the Metropolitan Borough of Trafford in Greater Manchester, England. One of five branches of the Imperial War Museum, it explores the impact of modern conflicts on people and society. It is the first branch of the Imperial War Museum to be located in the north of England. The museum occupies a site overlooking the Manchester Ship Canal in Trafford Park, an area which during the Second World War was a key industrial centre and consequently heavily bombed during the Manchester Blitz in 1940. The area is now home to the Lowry cultural centre and the MediaCityUK development, which stand opposite the museum at Salford Quays. The museum building was designed by architect Daniel Libeskind and opened in July 2002, receiving 470,000 visitors in its first year of opening. It was recognised with awards or prize nominations for its architecture, but has also been criticised for poor energy efficiency. The museum features a permanent exhibition of chronological and thematic displays, supported by hourly audiovisual presentations which are projected throughout the gallery space. The museum also hosts a programme of temporary exhibitions in a separate gallery. Since opening, the museum has operated a successful volunteer programme, which since January 2007 has been run in partnership with Manchester Museum. As part of a national museum, Imperial War Museum North is financed by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport and by self-generated income. Admission is free. The Landing Ship Tank (LST) was a British American collaboration for a vessel capable of being beached in amphibious operations to deliver heavy equipment . Over 1000 of the type were built mostly in the US, but also Canada and the UK. The LST HMS Boxer was built by Harland & Wolff in Belfast, being launched in December 1942. LST-393 arrived in Northern Ireland at the USNOB in Derry/Londonderry on April 10th 1944. Together with LST-331 & 392 a number of unrecorded installations and modifications were carried out on the vessels. With the work completed all three ships left in convoy on the 17th bound for Milford Haven, and shortly after 393 received orders to proceed independently to Belfast Lough. The ship had anchored off Bangor by 18:00 on the 18th, and sailed to Larne on the 20th for what was described as experimental loading. After returning to anchor off Bangor, the ship then proceeded to Ballyholme beach on the 21st, where it completed two successful beaching displays for the benefit of the US Army before again retuning to its previous anchorage. The ship returned to Ballyholme again on the 23rd for further loading operations with the US Army and the ship remained grounded until 01:00 on April 24th. By 06:30 the ship was again underway to practise beaching operations at Dundrum Bay. With the training exercises finished the ship then proceeded to Belfast's Pollock Dock where on the 27th it was loaded with US Army personnel and their vehicles before departing by 17:52 for Swansea in Wales. 2 This is HMS Boxer (F92) before being commissioned into the Royal Navy. She is on builder's sea trials as can be seen by the Yarrows flag flying from her foremast and a Red Duster (properly called a Red Ensign) from her stern, probably in the Clyde approaches. She is also missing many upper-deck military fittings at this time, including a couple of Exocet containers on the bow, her 40mm gun, chaff launchers and ready ammunition lockers on the bridge wing and SCOT satellite terminals. The photograph was probably taken as a Yarrows PR shot and probably during 1982. I assume that Yarrows hold the copyright for the image. Boxer was the lead ship of the Batch 2 Type 22 frigates, and was launched in 1981 and commissioned in 1983. However, she was still not operational when I left her in mid-1986. This was because of an earlier government (penny-pinching) decision to save money by cancelling a £5 million shore-based test facility for her new Ops Room computer system (CACS 1). The government gave Ferranti the lead ship of the class as the trials platform - and those trials then dragged on and on, with a cost of some £1 million a month - great savings! The computer system truly was cack... Indeed, the delays dragged on so much that Boxer's long-planned participation in a round-the-world deployment in 1986-87 was cancelled as she was still tied to Ferranti as the trials platform and the second-of-class, HMS Beaver (known as the Brown Rat!), with an even more poorly operating computer system, but not contracted to Ferranti, took the trip instead. A lovely platform in rough weather, but too big and expensive to operate in the post-Cold War era, she was sunk as a target in August 2004. 6 Seen during the 1986 College Sea Days. These were events when the-then single-Service Colleges sent their students to sea for the day to see various naval vessels going through a variety of evolutions. All the watchers are looking at HMS Ark Royal which has just passed close by. Nottingham (D91), is a Batch 2 Type 42 destroyer of the Royal Navy, named after the City of Nottingham, England. Launched on 18 February 1980, and commissioned on 8 April 1983, she is the sixth ship to bear the name. "The Notty" was the last of the short Type 42s and suffered from the usual stressing of the flexible joint amidships (but structural strengthening was not fitted at the time of this photo). In November 2000, HMS Nottingham completed a major refit, which extended her operational life to 2012 but on 7 July 2002, she ran aground on the submerged but well-charted Wolf Rock near Lord Howe Island, 200 miles off the coast of Australia. A 50m hole was torn down the side of the vessel from bow to bridge, flooding five of her compartments. A superb damage-control effort (just) ensured that she did not sink. The Captain, a former classmate of mine, was not aboard but was having dinner with the harbourmaster. It was not until April 2004 that she sailed again following a £39 million repair and refit. Taken in the English Channel from aboard HMS Boxer. Interview mit Firat Arslan unmittelbar vor dem Wiegen am Vorabend des Kampfes gegen Lubos Suda. Das Interview führte Andreas Grunwald vom Sportfotodienst Stuttgart für Figo: Figo: „Firat, wie bist Du denn auf die Idee gekommen, dass Du jetzt Deine wenigen Gegner, gegen die Du im Laufe Deiner Karriere verloren hast, nochmal „aufrollst“? Firat: „Sagen wir so: Ich hatte damals bei jedem Kampf sofort ein Rematch gefordert. Bei jedem!!! Ob es Jones war, Herelius, Lubos Suda damals. Die Rückkämpfe habe ich nie bekommen. Ich weiß gar nicht, ob sich die Promoter überhaupt darum bemüht haben. Lubos Suda sagt, er kann sich nicht mehr daran erinnern, dass er jemals nach einem Rematch gefragt worden ist. Jetzt hat es sich zum Glück mit Lubos Suda ergeben, ich bin ihm dankbar, er hat vor dem Kampf gesagt, er gibt mir maximal 10 Runden, und ich sage nur: Er wird sich wundern!“ Figo: Wie sieht es denn im Falle eines Gewinnes morgen mit dem Rückkampf gegen Herelius aus? Eigentlich wäre es ja nicht sonderlich klug von ihm, nochmal gegen Dich anzutreten, nachdem er letztes Jahr in Stuttgart nach Punkten klar hinten gelegen hat.“ Firat: „Er hat ja nun mittlerweile den Titel verloren, war wohl auch etwas verletzt zwischendurch, was ich auch glaube. Dann hat er auch noch eine Niederlage einstecken müssen. Ich sag mal so: Wenn ich morgen diesen Kampf gewinne, wovon ich ausgehe, woran ich glaube, dann bringt es uns natürlich vorwärts, wenn wir gegeneinander antreten. Zumindest den Sieger spült es ganz nach oben. Von daher gesehen wird es für ihn schon Sinn machen.“ Figo: „Aber eine feste Zusage von Herelius gibt’s noch nicht?“ Firat: „ Hm, ich hatte ihn ja für Göppingen schon gefragt, da hat er gesagt, er sei verletzt. Er hat aber nicht NEIN gesagt, sondern nur, dass er verletzt sei. Dann hab ich bei Lubos Suda nachgefragt, und der hat sofort zugesagt. Er wurde auch nicht kurzfristig geholt, sondern er hat genauso lange Zeit für die Vorbereitung gehabt wie ich. Darauf habe ich Wert gelegt. Ich wollte, dass der Gegner die gleichen Voraussetzungen hat wie ich.“ Figo: „Hast Du Dir einen Zeitplan gesetzt, in welchem Abstand jetzt die Kämpfe folgen sollen? Firat: „ Ich möchte zügige Kämpfe! Ich möchte so oft ich kann in den Ring steigen! Am besten alle drei Monate. Aber was geschehen wird, das wird sich zeigen. Zunächst zählt mal nur morgen Abend, und dann können wir uns weiter unterhalten.“ Figo: „Wenn der Kampf gegen Herelius im Falle eines Sieges morgen nicht zustande kommen sollte, wen würdest Du dann als Erstes anfragen?“ Firat: „Von mir aus gleich gegen Jones, kein Problem. Oder Joan Pablo Hernandez. Oder gegen jeden anderen Sauerland-Boxer, der gerade in der Weltspitze ist. Es gibt ja genug in Deutschland, wo es Sinn macht, weil die ganz oben mitboxen. Ich bin bereit, JEDEN zu boxen! Ich trau mir zu, jeden zu schlagen, und ich denke, dass es – egal gegen wen – immer ein interessanter und harter Kampf wird.“ Dominating the foreground is the enemy (in 1985), namely a gas turbine-powered modified Kashin-class guided-missile destroyer of the Soviet Navy, probably the Slavnyy. In the upper distance at the far end of its engine smoke trail is the distinctive silhouette of a Saab 37 Viggen (Thunderbolt), a neutral Swedish single-seat, single-engine, fighter and attack aircraft in a zoom climb. It has just flashed past the Kashin at close to deck height at high speed, "beating up" the Soviet ship, before seeking altitude on its way home. The Kashin is just in international waters off the port of Liepaya in what was then the Soviet Union and is now Latvia. The Soviets gave these ships the designation "Bol'shoy Protivolodochniy Korabl'" (BPK) or Large Anti-Submarine Ship. Seen from aboard HMS Boxer. Scanned from a negative, this image was taken using a Canon AE-1 Program and a 500mm mirror lens with a x2 magnifier. Доминирующие на переднем плане является врагом (в 1985 году), а именно газовая турбина питанием изменение Кашин-класс ракетный эсминец ВМФ СССР, вероятно, СЛАВНЫЙ. В верхней расстоянии в дальнем конце его двигатель дымовой след является отличительной силуэт Saab 37 Viggen (Thunderbolt), нейтральной Швеции одномандатному, с одним двигателем, истребительной и ударной авиацией в зум-подъема. Он только что мелькнула мимо Кашина в близко к высоте палубы на высокой скорости, "избиение" Советский корабль, прежде чем обращаться за высоту на его пути домой. Кашин находится только в международных водах в порт Лиепая в тогдашнем Советском Союзе и в настоящее время Латвия. Советы дали эти корабли обозначение «Большой Protivolodochniy Корабль" (БПК) или большой противолодочный корабль. При осмотре на борту HMS боксер. Отсканированные с негатива, этот образ был сделан с использованием Canon AE-1 Program и 500мм зеркало объектив с x2 лупы. Dominerande förgrunden är fienden (1985), det vill säga en gasturbindrivna modifierade Kashin-klass fjärrstyrd robotjagaren i den sovjetiska marinen, förmodligen Slavnyy. I det övre avståndet vid den bortre änden av dess motor rök spår är det utmärkande silhuetten av en Saab 37 Viggen (Thunderbolt), en neutral svenskt ensitsiga, enmotoriga, stridsflygplan och attackflygplan i ett zoom klättra. Det har bara blixtrade förbi Kashin på nära däckshöjd i hög hastighet, "slå upp" den sovjetiska fartyg, innan de söker höjd på väg hem. Den Kashin är bara på internationellt vatten utanför hamnen i Liepaja i dåvarande Sovjetunionen och nu är Lettland. Sovjet gav dessa fartyg beteckningen "Bol'shoy Protivolodochniy Korabl '" (BPK) eller Stor Anti-Submarine Ship. Sett från ombord HMS Boxer. Skannade från en negativ, var den här bilden tagen med en Canon AE-1-program och en 500mm spegel lins med en x2 förstoringsglas. Detail from the memorial to Rear-Admiral Sir Christopher "Kit" George Francis Maurice Cradock KCVO CB SGM (1862-1914) Sir Christopher Cradock was born in Hartforth, Yorkshire. Joining the Royal Navy in 1875 as Naval Cadet, Cradock served in the Egyptian campaign in 1884 the Sudan in 1891. He commanded British, German and Japanese sailors during the storming of the Taku Forts in 1900 (during the Boxer Rebellion); he subsequently directed Allied forces during the relief of Tientsin and, later, Siku. In 1910 Cradock was promoted to Rear-Admiral and took command of the North American and West Indies station in 1913. "With the declaration of war in August 1914 Cradock was given responsibility for protecting the North American coast from St. Lawrence to Brazil; and, from October with the pursuit of Spee's squadron with his own somewhat old and inferior 4th Squadron. Having located Spee's force, Cradock engaged them in battle but was hopelessly outfought, with Spee able to call upon Scharnhorst, Gneisenau, Leipzig, Dresden and Nürnberg. Within an hour he had lost his life when his flagship HMS Good Hope and HMS Monmouth were sunk with all hands." [The Coronel Memorial] The memorial is quite Victorian in style and tone - celebrating the "noble sacrifice" rather than mourning the loss. York Minster, also known as 'The Cathedral and Metropolitical Church of St Peter in York'. There has been a church in York dedicated to St Peter since the 630s, with a stone church built by Oswald of Northumbria in 637. This church was developed in the 670s with the addition of a school and library (a Minster being an Anglo-Saxon missionary teaching church); in 741 the building burned down and was rebuilt, holding 30 altars. During the Anglo-Saxon period (when York was Eoforwic), and then Viking period (Jorvik) there were a series of Benedictine Archbishops including including Wulfstan (d. 956), Saint Oswald (d.992), and Ealdred (d. 1069). The cathedral was damaged in 1069 and repaired in 1070 by its first Norman archbishop, Thomas of Bayeux (d. 1100); in 1075 the church was destroyed by the Danes, but rebuilt from 1080, the new building was in the Norman style, with white and red rendering. Following being made Archbishop of York in 1215, Walter de Gray (d. 1255) ordered the construction of a gothic structure. Work began in 1220, with the North and South Transepts completed in the 1250s in the Early English Gothic Style. The Chapter House was began in the 1260s, completed 1296; the nave was began in 1280s, building on Norman foundations, the outer roof was built in the 1330s, with the vaulting completed in 1360s. The choir (the last Norman structure) was demolished in 1390s, and was replaced 1405. The Central (Lantern) Tower was built from 1420 (replacing a c.13th tower that collapsed in 1407); the towers on the West Front were built 1432-72, after which the Minster was consecrated. Because of the length of time taken to build the Minster, the architecture shows the development of the Gothic style from Early English to Perpendicular. Sir Christopher Cradock was born in Hartforth, Yorkshire. Joining the Royal Navy in 1875 as Naval Cadet, Cradock served in the Egyptian campaign in 1884 the Sudan in 1891. He commanded British, German and Japanese sailors during the storming of the Taku Forts in 1900 (during the Boxer Rebellion); he subsequently directed Allied forces during the relief of Tientsin and, later, Siku. In 1910 Cradock was promoted to Rear-Admiral and took command of the North American and West Indies station in 1913. "With the declaration of war in August 1914 Cradock was given responsibility for protecting the North American coast from St. Lawrence to Brazil; and, from October with the pursuit of Spee's squadron with his own somewhat old and inferior 4th Squadron. Having located Spee's force, Cradock engaged them in battle but was hopelessly outfought, with Spee able to call upon Scharnhorst, Gneisenau, Leipzig, Dresden and Nürnberg. Within an hour he had lost his life when his flagship HMS Good Hope and HMS Monmouth were sunk with all hands." [The Coronel Memorial] The memorial is quite Victorian in style and tone - celebrating the "noble sacrifice" rather than mourning the loss. York Minster, also known as 'The Cathedral and Metropolitical Church of St Peter in York'. There has been a church in York dedicated to St Peter since the 630s, with a stone church built by Oswald of Northumbria in 637. This church was developed in the 670s with the addition of a school and library (a Minster being an Anglo-Saxon missionary teaching church); in 741 the building burned down and was rebuilt, holding 30 altars. During the Anglo-Saxon period (when York was Eoforwic), and then Viking period (Jorvik) there were a series of Benedictine Archbishops including including Wulfstan (d. 956), Saint Oswald (d.992), and Ealdred (d. 1069). The cathedral was damaged in 1069 and repaired in 1070 by its first Norman archbishop, Thomas of Bayeux (d. 1100); in 1075 the church was destroyed by the Danes, but rebuilt from 1080, the new building was in the Norman style, with white and red rendering. Following being made Archbishop of York in 1215, Walter de Gray (d. 1255) ordered the construction of a gothic structure. Work began in 1220, with the North and South Transepts completed in the 1250s in the Early English Gothic Style. The Chapter House was began in the 1260s, completed 1296; the nave was began in 1280s, building on Norman foundations, the outer roof was built in the 1330s, with the vaulting completed in 1360s. The choir (the last Norman structure) was demolished in 1390s, and was replaced 1405. The Central (Lantern) Tower was built from 1420 (replacing a c.13th tower that collapsed in 1407); the towers on the West Front were built 1432-72, after which the Minster was consecrated. Because of the length of time taken to build the Minster, the architecture shows the development of the Gothic style from Early English to Perpendicular. 3 The Albatros class (NATO reporting name: Grisha) was a series of large anti-submarine corvettes built by the Soviet Union between 1970 and 1990. These ships had a limited range and were used only in coastal waters. They were equipped with a variety of ASW weapons and an SA-N-4 SAM launcher. All were fitted with retractable fin stabilisers. The Russian type designation was Malyy Protivolodochnyy Korabl (Small Anti-Submarine Ship). The Grisha III class (Project 1124M) were built in the late 1970s to early 1980s. These ships incorporated several small-scale modifications, including a 30mm gun aft and new electronics. About 20 of the original 34 units built remain in Russian service. Two are in service with the Lithuanian Navy. A smoky diesel exhaust partially masks this unit, which shadowed HMS Boxer during Baltic operations in the summer of 1985. It happened on 23rd Dec 1938 Accident occurred near Ernakulam, Tavancore State. Supermarine Walrus L2255 of Royal Naval Sqn 714 Flight Sqn was alighting near Cochin Harbour when it struct some telephone wires across the harbour backwaters. Crashed into shallow waters... and this was the result. Weather - Fair with cloudy patches, clear by early evening. An article in Flight Magazine dated 5th January 1939 states... Sub-Lt. (A) John Frederick Repington Collis, R.N. (pilot), lost his life, Sub-Lt. Peter Noble Boxer, R.N., is missing, believed drowned, and Lt. Francis Olyrddin Griffiths, R.N., -was slightly injured in an accident which occurred at Cochin, India, on December 23, to an aircraft of No. 714 (Catapult) Flight of the Fleet Air Arm, borne in H.M.S. Manchester. In St.Francis Church at Fort Cochin, Kerala, India there is a plaque in memory of those killed in the accident. Many thanks to a ' Registered User ' on KeyPublishing AviationForum for his information about this incident. HMS Manchester operations... HMS MANCHESTER was ordered on the 11th November, 1935 from R & W Hawthorn Leslie and Co., Ltd., at Hebburn on Tyne, and her keel was laid on the 28th March 1936, as Yard No. 605. Her vital statistics were as follows: It was whilst the ship was in Aden, the Second World War commenced. 10th August 1939 - MANCHESTER and GLOUCESTER in company the sloops EGRET and FLEETWOOD left Aden to escort a six ship troop convoy en-route from Bombay through to Egypt, returning to Aden on completion. 3rd September 1939 - MANCHESTER and GLOUCESTER sailed from Aden for Colombo. 9th September 1939 - Sailed from Colombo for patrol duties. 14th September 1939 - Returned to Colombo. 21st September 1939 - Arrived at Bombay from Colombo and left same day for patrol duties. MANCHESTER was subsequently detailed to return to the United Kingdom to act as flagship of the 18th Cruiser Squadron, Home Fleet. 10th November 1939 - Sailed from Bombay. 13th November 1939 - At Aden. 17th November 1939 - At Port Said. 18th - 20th November 1939 - At Malta, where Vice Admiral Geoffrey Layton hoisted his flag on assuming command of the 18th Cruiser Squadron. 22nd November 1939 - At Gibraltar. 25th November 1939 - Arrived at Portsmouth for a short refit. HMS Powerful was a ship of the Powerful-class of protected cruiser in the Royal Navy, She was built by Vickers Limited, Barrow-in-Furness and launched on 24 July 1895 by the Duchess of Devonshire. She served with her sister ship, HMS Terrible on the China Station and provided landing parties which fought in the relief of the Siege of Ladysmith in the Second Boer War. Crews from the two ships also took part in suppressing the Boxer Rebellion in China. After 1904 they were laid up as an economy measure. In 1897 Captain Hedworth Lambton commanded HMS Powerful, which was one of the largest warships of the time, on a posting to China. On the return voyage in 1899 he was ordered to Durban, South Africa at an important point in the Second Boer War. He stopped at Mauritius, and on his own initiative picked up a battalion of soldiers stationed there. Knowing that the British forces at Ladysmith urgently needed more powerful guns, Captain Percy Scott from the Powerful's sister ship, the Terrible, devised carriages to transport naval cannon, and Lambton then led a Naval Brigade from Powerful to the rescue with four twelve-pounders and two other guns. The journey to Ladysmith from Durban was 189 miles. They began by special train then with oxen pulling the guns but when the oxen died the sailors took over pulling the guns themselves. In this endeavour they manhandled the guns "through the wild and broken country" of the South African veldt and "arrived in the nick of time" to play "a most important role in the defence of the town". Although the Boer attackers were kept at bay unfortunately the Naval brigade became besieged themselves. A second Naval brigade from HMS Terrible left Durban for Ladysmith and joined with the relief column led by General Buller and assisted in the lifitng of the siege. The field gun competition commemorates the participation of Terrible and Powerful in the relief of Ladysmith. 25 November 1899 - The Naval Brigade from HMS Powerful fought in the Battle of Graspan against the Boers in South Africa. 6 January 1900 - The Naval Brigade from HMS Powerful repulsed a strong Boer attack at Ladysmith. 30 October 1899 - The Naval Brigade of HMS Powerful attacked Boer positions at Lombards Kop, Ladysmith. The enthusiastic response in Britain to the "heroes of Ladysmith was enormous and made Captain Hedworth Lambton a well-known public figure. Queen Victoria sent a telegram saying, "Pray express to the Naval Brigade my deep appreciation of the valuable services they have rendered with their guns. while a reception and celebratory march through London were among the first events ever recorded on film. A newspaper described the Powerful's return home: “ As the great vessel steamed into Portsmouth Harbour at four o'clock this afternoon, she was greeted with thunders of applause .... vessels lying off here were dressed with flags, and their crews, swarming along the yards, swelled the roar of welcome......By three o'clock the jetty was thronged with men, women and children. ... A more eager, joyous gathering I never saw.....We cheered, we waved hats and handkerchiefs and we were half wild with delight. Lambton was awarded the CB, and it was in this year that his caricature was published in Vanity Fair. In 1921 a new Primary School in Ladysmith was named after Lt Frederick Greville Egerton, a gunnery officer from the Powerful who lost his life during the action at Ladysmith. In August 1905 Captain Lionel Halsey took command of HMS Powerful, as flag captain to Sir Wilmot Fawkes as Commander-in-Chief Australia Station. At the time the Powerful was commissioning as Flagship on the Australia Station. Halsey remained in that post until 1908. At the beginning of December 1905, Powerful was at Fremantle in Western Australia. On 3 February 1908 the first trans-Tasman radio transmission was made via HMS Powerful which was in the Tasman Sea. A Sydney Morning Herald journalist, Charles Bean joined the ship in August 1908 as special correspondent to report the visit of sixteen American warships — the Great White Fleet. At the time Powerful was flagship of the Royal Navy squadron on the Australian Station. Bean wrote a book, With the Flagship in the South (London, 1909), based on his reports, with photographs, drawings and a water-colour frontispiece by the author, and had it published at his own expense.[17] This book is available as HMS Powerful (1895) at the Internet Archive In 1911 HMS Powerful visited Auckland, New Zealand to inspect the facilities and recommended the setting up of a Naval Store Organisation. During World War I, Powerful and Terrible had most of their armament removed and served as troop transports and later accommodation ships. After the end of the war, Powerful was renamed Impregnable in November 1919 and converted to a training ship. After ten years of this, she was sold on 31 August 1929 for breaking up. Memories of Boxing by Pat Patterson Pat Patterson, a Bristol-born bantamweight, was particularly proud of the fact that he never took the count in well over 100 professional fights. His interest in boxing started when he used to go along under Albert Jennings’ supervision to the old Dockland Settlement in Lewin’s Mead, next door to the church. His memory, when the Settlement moved to Rosemary Street, was of “the halfpenny dinners and being served by Royalty” — at least the Duke and Duchess of Beaufort. “They used to bring in rabbits and chicken off the estate.” Pat was a well-known newspaper seller, of the Evening Times and Echo, and the Bristol Evening News, at the bottom of Union Street (“I got a penny for every three sold”). He went into the Royal Navy and was one of the few survivors picked up when HMS Coventry was sunk, having dived over the side. He ended up a docker at Avonmouth. After boxing as an amateur at the Settlement, I was taken up by Eddie Norton who with Albert Rowlands ran the Arcade at Bedminster. Eddie got me a fight in an old garage just behind the Full Moon, in Moon Street, Stokes Croft. Dixie Brown used to stage the bouts with a bloke called Harper. People paid a shilling to come in, three-and-six for the ringside. Eddie put me in against Kid Alexander, another local boy. I got 7s.6d for that one. Didn’t have a licence, just useful cash in the hand. But I was really a pro from then on. Then I got a few scraps at the Arcade — against Inch Jones, Freddie Tite, Fred Gaydon and so on. I remember having 10 two-minute rounds with Tosh Parker and got 50 bob for that. Still unlicensed, until Jimmy Wilde came along one evening and told us we’d have to join the Boxing Board of Control. ‘You boys have got to get a licence — you can’t keep going on like this,’ Jimmy said. So I paid me five bob and saw meself as a real pro. In the first fight I was well down the bill but got a flyer for it. A Plymouth kiddie called Bill Hood was top. Tudor Reardon was his real name. Lot of’em fought under different names. I always kept me own. My hardest? Had to be the one against Boyo Rees at the Arcade. Jimmy Wilde was the ref and Bert Harding was in me corner. Drew the first time and beat me the second. Loved it at the Bedminster shows. Lot of noise, lot of atmosphere. Perhaps they weren’t quite so hot on medical matters then. But there was some good refs around. Didn’t stand any bloody nonsense. If someone went down and weren’t too badly hurt, the ref would say: ‘Hey, up you get... Up!’ Very strict. Albert Jennings was a helluva good man — straight as a die. Did some fighters take a dive? Maybe occasionally. Not me. Might have went on just now and then. Some boxers needed the money and went into the ring when they weren’t completely fit. Bags of guts. Didn’t worry about the consequences. I had a straight left and a good right hook. Once at Swindon I was on the same bill as Len Harvey. My fight was with Fred Gaydon. And I boxed a lot in the Navy. King Farouk was at the ringside for one of my contests in Alexandria. And I remember fighting a three-round exhibition bout with Johnny King, the European champion, at the Muller Road Orphanage during the war. The place was used as a naval recruitment centre at the time. Not likely to forget me last fight. No bloody fear. I was just back from five and a half years in the Navy. I was a bit short of money and went along to the Colston Hall to see a show. There was always the chance of stepping in for someone at the last minute. ‘Seaman’Froggatt from Portsmouth was supposed to be boxing but didn’t turn up. George Rose was topping the bill and he said: ‘How about you taking on one of these blokes here?’ I didn’t have much change in me pocket. ‘Don’t mind, George.’ But when the name of me opponent was announced from the ring, I nearly fell through the bloody canvas. Danahar! Still don’t know to this day whether it was the famous Arthur or a brother... I got beaten in the 4th. Badly cut eye — and the ref stopped the fight. Needed two operations and I’ve now lost the sight from it. Prince-Cox, the promoter, slipped 20 quid into me boxing boots afterwards. Then as I was coming out of the Colston Hall, some bloke come up to me: ‘While you’ve been away, Pat, we’ve kept your licence payments up. You owe us £7.’ Just think of that. I’d just bashed away for four rounds with a feller called Danahar and got me eye permanently damaged. All for 20 quid — and here I was parting bloody company with seven straightaway. Although I say it me-self, I could be quite stylish, like. Jack Phelps used to say I sometimes looked like a million dollars. A good bloke, Jack, for giving you a lift.	i don't know
Often called one of the best known sentences in the English language, complete the second sentence of the Declaration of Independence: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with" what?	Declaration of Independence - Vocabulary List : Vocabulary.com Declaration of Independence November 12, 2010 By Aline H. Rate this list: incapable of being repudiated or transferred to another Its stature grew over the years, particularly the second sentence, a sweeping statement of individual human rights: We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. channel into a new direction United States Declaration of Independence From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, search "Declaration of Independence" redirects here. consequential having important issues or results This sentence has been called "one of the best-known sentences in the English language"[2] and "the most potent and consequential words in American history".[3] one who writes his or her name on and is bound by a document Signatories 56 delegates to the Continental Congress Purpose To announce and explain separation from Great Britain[1] The United States Declaration of Independence is a statement adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies then at war with Great Britain were now independent states, and thus no longer a part of the British Empire. initially at the beginning Having served its original purpose in announcing independence, the text of the Declaration was initially ignored after the American Revolution. giving or marked by complete attention to United States Declaration of Independence 1823 facsimile of the engrossed copy Created June–July 1776 Location Engrossed copy: National Archives Rough draft: Library of Congress Authors Thomas Jefferson et al. collection of records especially about an institution United States Declaration of Independence 1823 facsimile of the engrossed copy Created June–July 1776 Location Engrossed copy: National Archives Rough draft: Library of Congress Authors Thomas Jefferson et al. evident without proof or argument Its stature grew over the years, particularly the second sentence, a sweeping statement of individual human rights: We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. invoke request earnestly; ask for aid or protection The famous wording of the Declaration has often been invoked to protect the rights of individuals and marginalized groups, and has come to represent for many people a moral standard for which the United States should strive. with a side facing an object It was initially published as a printed broadside that was widely distributed and read to the public. formally approved and invested with legal authority United States Declaration of Independence 1823 facsimile of the engrossed copy Created June–July 1776 Location Engrossed copy: National Archives Rough draft: Library of Congress Authors Thomas Jefferson et al. grievance a complaint about a wrong that causes resentment The Declaration justified the independence of the United States by listing colonial grievances against King George III, and by asserting certain natural rights, including a right of revolution. the guidance of ships or airplanes from place to place United States Declaration of Independence From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, search "Declaration of Independence" redirects here. provided or supplied or equipped with Its stature grew over the years, particularly the second sentence, a sweeping statement of individual human rights: We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. give qualities or abilities to Its stature grew over the years, particularly the second sentence, a sweeping statement of individual human rights: We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. a person appointed or elected to represent others Signatories 56 delegates to the Continental Congress Purpose To announce and explain separation from Great Britain[1] The United States Declaration of Independence is a statement adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies then at war with Great Britain were now independent states, and thus no longer a part of the British Empire.	certain unalienable rights that among these are life liberty and pursuit of happiness
On July 5, 1996, scientists from the Roslin Institute near Edinburgh, Scotland, created Dolly, the first cloned mammal. What type of animal was she?	original purpose in announcing independence, the text of - ENGLISH - 102 View Full Document This is the end of the preview. Sign up to access the rest of the document. Unformatted text preview: original purpose in announcing independence, the text of the Declaration was initially ignored after the American Revolution . Its stature grew over the years, particularly the second sentence, a sweeping statement of human rights : We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal , that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness . This sentence has been called "one of the best-known sentences in the English language" [4] and "the most potent and consequential words in American history". [5] The passage has often been used to promote the rights of marginalized people throughout the world, and came to represent a moral standard for which the United States should strive. This view was notably promoted by Abraham Lincoln , who considered the Declaration to be the foundation of his political philosophy, and argued that the Declaration is a statement of principles through which the United States Constitution should be interpreted. [6] I N CONGRESS, J ULY 4, 1776 The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America hen in the Course of human events it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness natural rights Natural and legal rights are two types of rights theoretically distinct according to philosophers and political scientists . Natural rights , also called inalienable rights , are considered to be self-evident and universal . They are not contingent upon the laws, customs, or beliefs of any particular culture or government. Legal rights , such as constitutional rights, common law rights, and statutory rights, are bestowed under a particular political and legal system; they are relative to specific cultures and governments. Legal rights are enumerated in constitutions, in statutes (by a legislative body), in case law (especially in countries with a common law tradition), in treaties, and in administrative regulations....	i don't know
What can be a cherry, a crooner, and a search engine?	How do I change the default search engine in Internet Explorer 7 (IE7)? - Ask Dave Taylor ASK DAVE TAYLOR How do I change the default search engine in Internet Explorer 7 (IE7)? How do I change the default search engine in Internet Explorer 7 (IE7)?  41 Comments I’ve been running Microsoft’s new Internet Explorer 7.0 web browser and really like it overall, except for one problem: by default searches in the search box go to MSN Search, and I want to use Google. How do I change it? If you’re lucky, you simply got the following prompt the very first time you ran IE7 on your computer: But it sounds like you’ve already got your system running and have MSN Search locked in. Fortunately, it’s not really locked in, as you can find out by going to Tools > Internet Options Now you’ll see this: See 2/3 of the way down the section “change search defaults”? That’s what you want. Click on the button “Settings” right next to that and you’ll see: Click on the small text link “find more providers” on the lower left corner (funny how they don’t make it a big visible button) and you’ll go to this page: Add Search Providers to Internet Explorer 7 . The page looks like this: You can’t see it, but most of the work is done behind the scenes. Indeed, all the URLs are the same. Open up the source and you’ll find that, for example, you add Google search to your copy of IE7 with the following code; <a href=”#” onClick=”window.external.AddSearchProvider("http://download.microsoft.com/download/A/3/C/A3C89D63- E2F0-460D-9F5F-23B51EA52B5E/Google.xml");”>Google</a><br>Google Web Search Yow. Not for the faint of heart, I’d say! Fortunately, you can just click away and add as many of the search engines listed on this page to your copy of IE7 as your heart desires. Each time, you’ll get the following confirmation: Click on “Add Provider” if you just want to add it to your options list, or check the box labeled “Make this my default search provider” if you want to go ahead and change the default at the same time. One very cool feature is that you can specify ANY search engine, so you can even add Ask Dave Taylor to your IE7 search toolbar. You just do a search on the site you desire for the pattern TEST then cut and paste the resultant URL. On my site it’d be: http://limbo1.intercast-media.com/cgi-bin/mt/mt-search.cgi?IncludeBlogs=7&Template=linksearch&search=TEST Finally, once you add a bunch of choices, you can now go to that same option in Internet Options and see lots of choices: What’s really cool is that you can now click the tiny downward triangle button on the far, far right and instantly switch which search engine you’re using: Now that’s a genuinely valuable capability and one well worth learning how to configure if you’re going to be using Internet Explorer 7.0. Let’s Stay In Touch! Never miss a single article, review or tutorial here on AskDaveTaylor, sign up for my weekly newsletter! Name: Email: I do have a lot to say, and questions of my own for that matter, but first I'd like to say thank you, Dave, for all your helpful information by buying you a cup of coffee! 41 comments on “How do I change the default search engine in Internet Explorer 7 (IE7)?”	Bing
In photography, what term is used to express the diameter of the entrance pupil in terms of the focal length of the lens?	So I put Google and Bing in the ring: Guess who won? - CNET CNET So I put Google and Bing in the ring: Guess who won? So I put Google and Bing in the ring: Guess who won? Microsoft's new idea -- to get you to compare Google and Bing -- is a sturdy one. So I tried it. With an interesting result. Up Next Chelsea Manning's sentence commuted by Obama Photo by Screenshot by Chris Matyszczyk/CNET Googling seems to be such an automatic act -- like shaving, or weeping at humanity's myopia -- that I am not even conscious of what my searches are. So along comes Microsoft's search machine with a large-hearted promotion, asking you to truly think about whether it could be better than the great Lord Google. Called Bing It On , the promotion asks you to offer up a search and then look at a side-by-side comparison of the results, in which the identities of the search engines are hidden. Then you vote on which results are better. You do this several times, in a best-of-five-searches challenge. How could one resist? This isn't like those soda challenges on TV. They don't just show you the edited versions where their own beverage wins. This is true justice, something of which we're all so very much in need -- especially Apple. It is in the nature of my business that I am forced to Google my own name. So I started there. One search offered images that were of me. The other, sadly, offered images only one of which was of me. This was easy. Then I thought I'd go existential. I searched "Reasons for living." Yes, it seems a little deep. But I figured if these two engines had true sensitivity, they would fight to give me meaningful answers. Again, one was better than the other. Both gave far too much value to a song by Duncan Sheik called "Reasons for Living." Do I look to you like someone whose life can be made more meaningful by Duncan Sheik? Photo by Screenshot by Chris Matyszczyk/CNET However, one of the winner's results offered, quite magically: "Reasons for Living in Spain." This, bizarrely, is a notion I was discussing with someone merely the other day. How could this search engine know? What next? I chose "Is Bing better than Google?" Oddly, I expected a little fixing here. I expected it to be entirely obvious which algorithm was going to offer me a hosanna toward one or the other home team. I didn't find one, so I called it a draw. Fourth, I thought of something topical. I merely searched "Bill Clinton." Naively, I expected some political bias -- or perhaps at least some obviously skewed nuance. If it was there, I didn't see it. So again I called it a draw. Finally, I offered something entirely enigmatic. If I was going to fall in love with one of these two, might one show a little wit and imagination? So I searched "Tell me what I should do next." Yes, just that. I fancied that if the ultimate goal of a search engine was to know you intimately -- well, at least that's what Eric Schmidt has always made me believe -- then it would instinctively know what I had in mind. And this was the point at which the search engines truly had me flummoxed. One offered me, as the first result: "Who can tell me what I should do next when I meet this situation." This was bad enough. This was impersonal enough. But it was nothing compared with the other search engine, which merely showed its political skirts. For its first result was "Tell the world, what should Obama do next?" Excuse me, oh, secret search engine? I am asking you what I should do next and you are putting the president's issues above mine? Begone with you, Google. Yes, this was Google. You might now wonder who won. I had declared three winners and two ties. Well, to Bing's chagrin, it was Google who won, despite its political offering. It was Google that knew I had discussed living in Spain. You might imagine I did this by Gmail. You might imagine that I had Googled something about living in Spain. Neither is the case. So, in this instance, it was close. There really didn't seem to be all that much difference. Yet the Googlies had it. The folks at Bing were depressed. When they presented my results, they said: "Google may have won this round, but others picked Bing Web search results over Google, nearly 2 to 1 in blind comparison tests." (Now that sounds like a soap powder ad from the '70s.) BingItOn asked me to offer it a rematch. Perhaps I will. Photo by Screenshot by Chris Matyszczyk/CNET	i don't know
A misanthrope is characterized by the hatred of what?	Misanthropy \| Psychology Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Edit While misanthropes express a general dislike for humanity on the whole, they generally have normal relationships with specific people. Misanthropy may be motivated by feelings of isolation or social alienation , or simply contempt for the prevailing characteristics of humanity. Misanthropy is commonly misinterpreted and distorted as a widespread and individualized hatred of humans. Because of this, a great number of false negative tie-ins are often associated with the term. An extreme misanthrope may indeed hate the human species generally, but it does not necessarily entail psychopathy. Misanthropes can hold normal and intimate relationships with people, but they will often be very few and far between. They will typically be very selective with whom they choose to associate. This is also where their aversion is most prevalent, because their perspective shows an overriding contempt towards common human faults and weaknesses in others and, in some cases, themselves.[ How to reference and link to summary or text ] It is because of that aversion that most misanthropes will often be categorized as loners, living in seclusion. They generally will not find solace or effective functioning in society as a result of their perspective. However, effectively functioning in society has little or no value to the misanthrope, and the prospect of fitting into their culture seems to them like idiocy.[ How to reference and link to summary or text ] Misanthropy can often be characterized as disillusionment with what is perceived to be Man or human nature. The misanthrope, having grown to expect Man to assume a romantic and simplistic ideal, is consistently confronted with conflicting evidence. On the other hand, the object of a misanthrope's dislike may be a pervasive culture which is perceived as denying human nature wherein in participants do not fully evince said nature. In both cases, the misanthrope views himself as somehow distinct from a majority of the human species. Overt expressions of misanthropy are common in satire and comedy, although intense misanthropy is generally rare. Subtler expressions are far more common, especially for those pointing out the shortcomings of humanity.[ How to reference and link to summary or text ] Some philosophers, such as Arthur Schopenhauer , view humanity as a futile, self-destructive species. Philosophy Edit In Plato 's Phaedo , Socrates states, " Misology and misanthropy arise from similar causes." [1] He equates misanthropy with misology, the hatred of speech, drawing an important distinction between philosophical pessimism and misanthropy. Immanuel Kant said, "Of the crooked timber of humanity, no straight thing can ever be made," and yet this was not an expression of the uselessness of humanity itself. Similarly, Samuel Beckett once remarked, "Hell must be like... reminiscing about the good old days when we wished we were dead." This statement may be seen as rather bleak and hopeless, but not as anti-human or expressive of any hatred of humankind.[ How to reference and link to summary or text ] Seneca the Younger , in his treatise On Anger, suggests that one's misanthropy can be mitigated or cured by laughing at the foibles of humanity rather than resenting them. Seneca's Stoic philosophy regarded all forms of anger as corruptions of reason and therefore detrimental to good judgement; he thus argues that hatred and misanthropy must be eliminated for the individual to attain sanity. In early Islamic philosophy , certain thinkers such as Ibn al-Rawandi and Muhammad ibn Zakariya ar-Razi often expressed misanthropic views. [2] In the Judeo-Islamic philosophies (800 - 1400) , the Jewish philosopher , Saadia Gaon , uses the Platonic idea that the self-isolated man is dehumanized by friendlessness to argue against the misanthropy of anchorite asceticism and reclusiveness . [3] The German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer , on the other hand, was almost certainly as famously misanthropic as his reputation. He wrote, "Human existence must be a kind of error." Schopenhauer concluded, in fact, that ethical treatment of others was the best attitude, for we are all fellow sufferers and all part of the same will to live. He also discussed suicide with a sympathetic understanding which was rare in his own time, when it was largely a taboo subject. However, his metaphysics ultimately led him to conclude that suicide was no escape from the suffering of the world. He claimed that the world was one side representation —how we perceived it—and one side will —the underlying indivisible metaphysical matter that was the basis of existence. Because suicide does not allow one to escape from the will (from which all suffering proceeds), it is pointless to kill oneself. Schopenhauer instead suggests aesthetic enjoyment as the only escape from the suffering of the world. This would be along the lines of the cathartic release points of Mozart 's Requiem , or the charmingly mysterious smile of the Mona Lisa . He also offers an escape from suffering through compassion ; however, he believed that very few are capable of reaching this state, and those who do reach it have rejected their humanity (further demonstrating his misanthropy). The Cynic philosopher Diogenes of Sinope was a well known misanthrope. Known for his contempt for all human beings and his enormous respect for animals such as mice and dogs, Diogenes dedicated his life to showing that the norms and conventions which most people live by are in fact worthless and utterly counterproductive to true happiness. See also	Human
An acute angle is one that is less than 90 degrees, while an obtuse angle is between 90 and 180 degrees. What is the name of an angle that is exactly 90 degrees?	miso-, mis-, -misia - Word Information miso-, mis-, -misia (Greek: hate, hater, hatred; disgust for; revulsion of; contempt for; abhorrence of) Don't confuse this miso-, mis- unit with the following units: mis- , "bad, wrong"; miss-, -miss, -mis- "send, throw". computermisia (kuhm PYOO tuhr MIS ee uh) (s) ( noun ), computermisias (pl) 1. An intense dislike or a pathological hatred of cyber equipment: Computermisia causes such a dread of having anything to do with computers, or computerization, that some people have symptoms of nausea, dizziness, cold sweat, and high blood pressure. 2. Etymology: from Latin computare, "to count, to sum up; from com-, "together" + putare, "to count, to reckon, to consider" + Greek misos, "hatred". — Word Info image © ALL rights reserved. iatromisia (igh AT roh MIS ee uh) (s) ( noun ), iatromisias (pl) 1. An intense aversion for the medical profession or for medical doctors: Jane was suffering from iatromisia; so, she always became very tense and anxious just with the thought of going to any doctor; and, although she didn't go very often, when it was absolutely necessary, she always asked her best friend to go with her. One fear or iatromisia about going to see doctors is because patients associate them with illnesses or injuries and so they are afraid of getting germs or diseases from them or other patients who are in the waiting room. 2. Etymology: from Greek iatro-, "physician, medicine" + Greek misos, "hatred"; from miseo, "I hate". iatromisiac (IGH atroh MIS ee ak) (s) ( noun ), iatromisiacs (pl) A person who abhors going to see a doctor or any other medical person: Some iatromisiacs fear undressing in front of others and so they hate going to doctors because they know that patients are often required to disrobe during a physical exam. There are iatromisiacs who become so upset or anxious just by being in the doctor's office that their blood pressure increases, a phenomenon known as "white coat" hypertension. — Word Info image © ALL rights reserved. logomisia (LOH goh MIS ee uh) (s) ( noun ), logomisias (pl) A disgust or abhorrence of certain words or for a particular word: Because Linda often connected the term "argument" with bad memories between her parents, that started with normal conversation then developed into loud and angry voices, all of which turned her into a person with logomisia. misandria (s) ( noun ), misandrias (pl) Often a woman who has an extreme dislike of males, frequently based on unhappy experiences as to how she was treated as a child by her father: Although her parents had been divorced for more than two years, 17-year-old Diana still didn't want to go out with boys because she recalled her father mistreating her mother and being very loud and aggressive; and as a result, she developed a case of misandria for all men by not trusting any of them. misandrist (s) ( noun ), misandrists (pl) Those who have a hatred of men; especially, women who can't tolerate them because of some past infidelities or mistreatment: Some women got together and formed a club based on their distressful experiences with men which was called "The club for misandrists". misandronist (s) ( noun ), misandronists (pl) A fanatical person who has the belief that men are the primary cause of all of the world's problems: Anita had read about misandronists in a magazine, in which it said that generally the world could be ruled more successfully and peacefully by women because there have been so many hostilities between nations ruled by men which have caused too many armed conflicts and wars. misandrous ( adjective ), more misandrous, most misandrous Pertaining to the loathing of men in general and; sometimes, especially for some particular man: Since her breakup with her husband, Kelly has serious misandrous feelings towards him that are filled with abhorrence and she never wants to have anything to do with him again. misandry (s) ( noun ), misandries (pl) 1. A hatred of, or an animosity, towards a man or men in general: Some women have been so mistreated by certain males that they have strong misandries for all of the other masculine genders, too. 2. An extreme dislike of men, frequently based upon unhappy experiences or upbringing as a child: Some authors have used the topic of misandry in their novels, as Charles Dickens did in his novel Great Expectations when Miss Havisham, characterized as being a misandry, because she was so devastated when the man she expected to marry never showed up and so she had an animosity towards men all the rest of her life. © ALL rights are reserved. so you can see more of Mickey Bach's cartoons. misanthrope (MIS-uhn-throhp, MIZ-uhn-throhp) (s) ( noun ), misanthropes (pl) 1. Someone who has a hatred or distrust of all of mankind: After seeing terrible news on TV and reading the newspapers about the horrible wars in the world which never seem to end, it's no wonder that some people become misanthropes, giving up all hope and faith that the world will someday be peaceful again. 2. Anyone who avoids social contacts with people whenever possible: Irene was always a very shy person, even when she was a child; and as a grown-up, she had a tendency to be a misanthrope because she preferred being alone at home and not with other people. 3. Etymology: from Greek misanthropos, "hating mankind"; from misein, "to hate" + anthropos, "man". A misanthrope is a person who always believes the worst about other people, at first, and never changes his or her mind. Someone who has little faith in mankind, and even less in womankind. —Based on quotes by so you can see more of Mickey Bach's cartoons. misanthropic (mis" uhn THROHP ik; miz" uhn THROHP ik) ( adjective ), more misanthropic, most misanthropic 1. Descriptive of a bitterness or contempt for humans in general: Gregory was a very misanthropic person who generally abhorred the behavior of people because not only were the topics on politics in the newspapers and on TV so distressful, but also the articles about so much crime in the city where he lived. 2. Referring to avoiding the company of other people because of a strong preference to be alone and away from others: If anyone says something, or does anything, that is especially hostile or obviously untrue; this is probably coming from a misanthropic individual. In Walden, the author, Henry David Thoreau, describes his misanthropic and solitary life in the woods, where he lived alone, at least a mile away from any neighbor and had a quiet and independent life. misanthropical ( adjective ), more misanthropical, most misanthropical 1. A reference to having a hatred of people as a rule: Some children have had very disturbing experiences with their parents, not knowing when to trust them nor to believe what they have said, because their actions have often proven to be the opposite; so, it certainly wouldn’t be surprising if such young people decide to lead misanthropical lives. 2. Characterized by believing the worst about human nature and motives: As a misanthropical person, Burton usually stayed away from people as much as possible; so, he only left his apartment to go shopping for necessities very early in the morning and he earned a living by working with his computer at home instead of associating with others at a job site. misanthropically ( adverb ), more misanthropically, most misanthropically Conveying an animosity for, or aversion to, all mankind or people: Jerome is misanthropically avoiding everyone by hiding in a cave and surviving on whatever he can find in the forest to eat because he doesn't want anything to do with any other person. misanthropism (s) ( noun ), misanthropisms (pl) A significant lack of respect or regard for the human species: There are some individuals who have misanthropisms for other inhabitants of this world as indicated by the multitudes of cruelties we keep hearing about in the news. misanthropist (mis AN thruh pist; miz AN thruh pist) (s) ( noun ), misanthropists (pl) A strong pessimistic distrust of humans as expressed in thoughts and behaviors: As a misanthropist, the elderly lady preferred to be surrounded by her cats and had very little to do with people.	i don't know
Today marks the birthday of Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso, born Lhamo Dondrub, the 14th Spiritual leader of Tibet who fled to India in 1959, better known as whom?	14th Dalai Lama, Lhamo Dondrub - TheXtraordinary 14th Dalai Lama, Lhamo Dondrub By: Peter Horsfield The 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso, is a living paradox; he upholds compassion and nonviolence while battling for his people’s rights. While his right foot was on the pulpit teaching the Buddhist canon, his left rested on the seat of the Tibetan government. Nihilobstat.info Nihilobstat.info Support Why 14th Dalai Lama, Lhamo Dondrub is Extraordinary There were 13 Dalai Lamas before him, but Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso, or simply “Tenzin Gyatso,” may be the most loved and decorated of them all. Because of the belief that Dalai Lamas are reincarnated beings of their god, the 14th Dalai Lama must be considered the best of his reborn self. But, really, the 14th Dalai Lama is different in many ways, perhaps because he was born at a chaotic time which called for an extraordinary spiritual and political leader to inspire the oppressed Tibetan people. The 14th Dalai Lama’s Contribution to Tibetan Buddhism If one’s people were uprooted from where they call home, leading them to a strange land would require all the power in the world to avoid bloodshed and keep them hopeful. Indeed, Tenzin Gyatso preserved not only the lives of his people, but also their culture and heritage. How can such a small government persevere while antagonizing one of the largest countries in the world? Tenzin Gyatso made all the difference. The Dalai Lama cannot deny his people the better life they rightly deserve; but when his faith and their culture were put on the line, the Dalai Lama chose to stand by his people, even when it meant going against a giant – and a violent one at that. But the Dalai Lama preaches compassion and nonviolence, so he opted to take his people out of the land to exemplify how to treat enemies. While he did not intend to endanger Tibetan lives, he could not watch their identity get corrupted. Between pleasing a tyrant and serving his people, he chose the nobler [but more perilous] path. They took refuge in India, where they started rebuilding their lives and rewriting their history. The Dalai Lama displayed the true mark of a leader; he did not buckle under pressure, and even managed to provide sources of income and education to his people while encouraging them to live peacefully as aliens in India. He did all of this in his early twenties, not to mention holding the highest seat in their government at only 15 years old due to Tibet’s need for a spiritual leader. Regardless of age, the 14th Dalai Lama became a source of inspiration and embodied the Buddhist tenets without compromising his country’s freedom. Only a skilled, natural leader could have pulled it off. Achievements as a Political and Spiritual Leader His efforts to maintain peace and order certainly earned him the respect of his people. In 1989, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Since its exodus in 1959, Tibet has remained to be the only country governed in exile. Although they were living in a strange land, the Tibetan people never lost hope. His work even made way for Tibet to become known all over the world. Amidst all that, the Dalai Lama has no mean words against their oppressors; he is willing to forgive and work alongside them for the sake of his people. Tibetans may be living as aliens in Dharamsala, but they need not be on their own soil to know what it means to live freely. The Dalai Lama has used his influence to rally for the support of nations for years. While he knows that he is fighting for justice, he is well aware of how dirty politics can be. But as long as he is there to cast light to his people, they will never get lost. In spite of what he has accomplished, he still humbly thinks of himself as a “simple monk.” Apparently, humility is another virtue he has also mastered. Top Reasons why 14th Dalai Lama, Lhamo Dondrub is Extraordinary He holds over 50 honorary degrees! At only 15 years old, he assumed full political power over Tibet as the 14th Dalai Lama. At 19 years old, he was elected Deputy Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress. He led the Government of Tibet in Exile in Dharamshala when the Chinese attacked. He has received the Keys to Los Angeles, San Francisco and New York City. He received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1989, the “International League for Human Rights Award,” and the “Lifetime Achievement Award” from the Caring Institute in Washington He has authored more than 70 books. He is a recipient of many Honorary Citizenships. He helped launch the “Common Ground Project” and supports many other initiatives. He was the first Nobel Laureate to be recognized for environmental concern. Biography of 14th Dalai Lama, Lhamo Dondrub Date of Birth: Saturday, 06 July 1935 \| Born in: / Nationality: Tibet “The Paradox of Our Age” He characteristically authored the poem “The Paradox of Our Age:” “We have bigger houses but smaller families; more conveniences, but less time. We have more degrees but less sense; more knowledge but less judgment; more experts, but more problems; more medicines but less healthiness. We’ve been all the way to the moon and back, but have trouble in crossing the street to meet our new neighbor. We built more computers to hold more copies than ever, but have less real communication; We have become long on quantity, but short on quality. These are times of fast foods but slow digestion; Tall men but short characters; Steep profits but shallow relationships. It’s a time when there is much in the window but nothing in the room.” The 14th Dalai Lama’s Contribution to His Nation India has become the home of thousands of Tibetan people since their exodus out of Tibet in 1959. They lived as refugees in Dharamsala, where they established a remote government and successfully preserved their identity as a nation. That is the greatest legacy of the man to whom they all owe their new life; the Chinese went on a rampage in Tibet, however, when the Dalai Lama refused to give up their sovereignty. In the war that followed, nearly one-million Tibetans perished. Nothing was left of their historical monasteries; they had nowhere to go. They could either surrender and live under Chinese rule, or flee Tibet and pitch their tents where they could live freely. With a spiritual and political leader determined to keep their culture and faith intact, the people of Tibet chose to brave a life in exile in exchange for their culture’s preservation. Their leader remained a sufficient source of hope and encouragement. Aside from living in harmony with the Indians, the Tibetans also continued to flourish despite their living conditions. They made people of other nations appreciate the freedoms and privileges they have as citizens of free countries. If not for the leader who has always been consistent in his call for peace and respect, the Tibetans could easily have lost hope. Some Facts about the 14th Dalai Lama Before being discovered as the 14th Dalai Lama, he was named “Lhamo Dondrub.” His parents were from peasant families in northeastern Tibet. He was fifth among the seven children who survived in their family; nine of his siblings died either at birth or due to infant illness. Lhamo was born on 6 July 1935 in Taktser, Amdo (also known as Qinghai). Aside from farming, his parents also traded horses. Before the 13th Dalai Lama (Thubten Gyatso) passed away in 1933, he told his people that he had to die because Tibet was about to go to war. According to him, in order to serve them better, he had to leave this life and be born again to lead Tibet as a young Dalai Lama. Since his death in 1933, the search for the 14th Dalai Lama had begun. The Dalai Lama tradition goes back to the 14th century. According to historical accounts, Tsongkhapa founded “Gelug,” or Tibetan Buddhism, in 1357. The Dalai Lama is a high “lama,” or “teacher” in English. Altan Khan, a Mongol ruler, bestowed the title of Dalai Lama upon Sonam Gyatso in 1578. It was not until the 5th Dalai Lama (Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso) acquired the title when the position began to include political duties. Since the 5th Dalai Lama, the Tibetan spiritual leader has assumed political leadership in addition to being a spiritual figure. Moreover, the Dalai Lama is regarded as a deity in the sense that they are believed to be reincarnations of Chenrezig, or “Avalokiteshvara” in India. In Buddhism, it is believed that every living thing has a spirit. One of its core teachings is reincarnation: unless a person reaches the highest form of enlightenment by living a good life, he/she will continue to be reincarnated until they do. They have a certain concept of heaven which they call “Nirvana.” One who attains enlightenment is bound to cease being reincarnated and may enter this state of Nirvana, or “profound peace of mind.” A person can delay his journey to Nirvana to serve others, and thereby be considered a “Bodhisattva.” Chenrezig is said to be “the Bodhisattva of compassion and the patron deity of Tibet,” and is revered because of his selfless cause. In order to serve the Tibetan people, it was believed that he chose to be a Bodhisattva and is being reincarnated in the person of the current Dalai Lama. For this reason, the Dalai Lama is considered an enlightened being and is addressed using the following: “Gyalwa Rinpoche, Kundun , Yishin Norbu” – or, in English, “Precious Victor, Presence, and Wish-Fulfilling Gem.” Hence, the Dalai Lama title is vested only in someone who proves him/herself as the reincarnation of Chenrezig. It was said that Thubten was not immediately reincarnated following his death, and it took two years before he re-entered humanity. In order to locate the reincarnation of the Dalai Lama, Tibetan Buddhists employed the help of the Nechung Oracle, which they consider to be the “State Oracle of Tibet.” Following the death of the first Dalai Lama, Gendun Gyatso (believed to be his reincarnation) created a systematic way to determine the authenticity of the Dalai Lama reincarnation. Aside from using the Nechung Oracle, the Regents and other monks would gather around the Lhamo La-tso Lake in Central Tibet to receive explicit instructions or see vivid visions through meditation about where Chenrezig’s reincarnation could possibly be. In the case of the 4th Dalai Lama, for instance, Regent Reting Rinpoche saw in a vision the exact image of the home of the Dondrubs. When they began searching, they found the home where Lhamo resided with his parents and siblings in the exact way Regent Rinpoche described it. In 1937, they set out to look for the 14th Dalai Lama. They found the precocious Lhamo Dondrub, who immediately sat on the lap of one of the monks. The boy began playing with the rosary around the monk’s neck and, without any warning, said in the Tibetan language [which they did not speak in Amdo] “That’s mine. Give it to me.” But it was not the only reason that the monks and Regents were convinced of Lhamo’s spiritual identity. Upon seeing the monks, he called each by his first name. Astounded, the monks spread some relics containing items that used to belong to the 13th Dalai Lama, mixed with relics which belonged to somebody else. They wanted to know if Lhamo would be able to identify the correct items. He had not only picked the items that belonged to Thubten, but also began playing the toy drum the way the 13th Dalai Lama did. Then he picked a walking stick which Thubten used out of a group of walking sticks. It turned out that his first choice was originally owned by the Dalai Lama and was eventually given to one of his monk friends. Convinced that Lhamo was indeed the 14th Dalai Lama, they embarked on a three-month journey to Lhasa. From then on, the center of Tibet became home to Lhamo and his family. On 22 February 1940, Lhamo was officially proclaimed the 14th Dalai Lama. He became an official monk and was then given a new name: Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso, or simply “Tenzin Gyatso.” They shaved his head, and he soon started learning Buddhist precepts. Tenzin was a smart and curious boy, but studying was not his favorite thing to do. Instead of studying, Tenzin devoted more time to play. Logic, Tibetan art and culture, Sanskrit, medicine, and Buddhist philosophy comprised his major subjects, while his minor subjects included poetry, music and drama, astrology, motre and phrasing, and synonyms. Buddhist philosophy, on the other hand, was divided into five categories: the perfection of wisdom, the philosophy of the “middle way,” the canon of monastic discipline, metaphysics, and logic and epistemology. Tenzin’s diet was also restricted. He was not allowed to eat eggs or meat, so he often snuck off to their nearby home to eat the forbidden foods. He was always kept indoors; he was given a pair of binoculars to explore the outside world of Tibet without leaving his official residence. From his tower, Tenzin found great joy in looking at his country’s beloved verdant mountains. In the occasional moments when he was allowed to go out, Tenzin mingled with his fellow Tibetans and celebrated festivities. Meeting Heinrich Harrer He was 11 years old when he met Heinrich Harrer, an Austrian mountaineer, and he hired Harrer and made him his tutor. He taught Tenzin everything about the world outside Tibet and introduced him to cultural diversity and modern life in general. Tenzin did not consider Heinrich his teacher, but his friend. One of his favorite destinations was his summer residence. As he reached puberty, Tenzin’s curiosity began to grow. He started exploring his summer home, which led to his discovery of Thubten’s most prized possessions. Among them was a film projector; it was no longer in good shape when Tenzin found it, but he did his best to repair it and find out how it works. To his delight, the projector showed him a new world. Getting to Know Gandhi through Books and Movies Coincidentally, Thubten owned a biopic of Gandhi, and it became Tenzin’s favorite film to watch. His admiration for Gandhi was also fuelled by the books he had been reading. The Dalai Lama happened to leave the only three cars in Tibet to his predecessor; like any typical teenager, Tenzin was fascinated with them. He spent most of his afternoon break driving, and even recalls crashing the cars several times when he was first learning how to drive. A Young Dalai Lama Little did he know that he was about to mature sooner than he or anyone else expected. In 1949, communist countries deployed armies to liberate Tibet, which the Chinese opposed. In October 1950, an 11-day war ensued, claiming thousands of Tibetan civilian lives. It was shocking for the 15-year-old Dalai Lama prodigy, who was trained and brought up to believe that the way to happiness is compassion. As war is the absence of compassion, Tenzin faced the harsh reality of human nature. Tenzin was made a Dalai Lama when he was 15 years old to give the Tibetan people a sense of hope in their darkest hour. Tibet then sent a delegation to China in which the Seventeen Point Agreement for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet was discussed. Four years later, Tenzin, along with their Panchen Lama, attended the National People's Congress and discussed China's constitution. He was appointed Deputy Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, and held the position for 10 years. As a young leader, the Dalai Lama was taken by Mao’s personality. They discussed China’s modernization plan for the development of Tibet; the Dalai Lama saw nothing wrong with it, and was even excited about the prospect of giving new livelihood opportunities to his people. What changed his mind, however, was how Mao disregarded religion. Mao called it a “poison.” It bothered the Dalai Lama, and caused him to withdraw the commitment with China. His first overseas trip was in 1956 when he was invited to India for the celebration of Buddha’s birthday. The Dalai Lama took the opportunity to ask the Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru, a favor. He wanted to know if they were willing to grant them political asylum in case war broke out in Tibet. He was apprehended by Prime Minister Nehru, who discouraged him from carrying out his risky plan. Instead, Nehru tried to encourage the young Dalai Lama to consider collaborating with China. His brothers advised that the Dalai Lama not return to Tibet, as it might endanger his life, but he refused to heed their request. Against their will, the Dalai Lama returned home and managed to keep peace in Tibet by negotiating with China. After three years, he took his final examination at the Jokhang Temple in spite of the political unrest in Tibet. The Dalai Lama passed his exams with flying colors and was awarded the Lharampa degree, which is tantamount to a doctorate in Buddhist philosophy. Tibetans rejoiced over their Dalai Lama’s success. But their true joy was fleeting. On the night of their celebration, the Chinese Government invited the Dalai Lama to take part in a theatrical event at their camp. The Tibetans were not foolish to take the bait; on March 10th, 1959, the cheers of 30,000 Tibetans awoke the sleeping Dalai Lama, and they pledged their support for the Tibetan government. A week later, they consulted the Nechung Oracle, and it told them to “go now.” They did not waste time, and the Dalai Lama found support from the Special Activities Division of America’s Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). However, the rebellion was not successful. He fled to India, where they sought asylum with the help of Prime Minister Nehru. Leading an Exodus They reached India on April 18th, 1959. They were given the land of Dharamsala in the state of Himachal Pradesh, in the northern part of India. Together with 120,000 Tibetans, the Central Tibetan Administration was established: the first-ever “government in exile.” The Dalai Lama was 24 years old, and he had all of Tibet upon his shoulders. He began by re-establishing the schools and providing sources of income for his people, and also did what he could to help preserve their culture. In the 1960s, the Dalai Lama began making their plight known to other countries. He did not incite war, but instead made other nations aware of their own zealous fight for their rights without using violence. In 1987, the Dalai Lama bargained with China once more: with his “Five Point Peace Plan,” he was ready to give up their call for total liberation from China, as long as they would be given religious and administrative autonomy. He discussed his plan publicly during the United States Congressional Human Rights Caucus in Washington on September 21st. According to him, the plan encompasses: 1. Transformation of the whole of Tibet into a zone of peace; 2. Abandonment of China’s population transfer policy, which threatens the very existence of the Tibetans as a people; 3. Respect for the Tibetan people’s fundamental human rights and democratic freedoms; 4. Restoration and protection of Tibet’s natural environment and the abandonment of China’s use of Tibet for the production of nuclear weapons and dumping of nuclear waste; 5. Commencement of earnest negotiations on the future status of Tibet and of relations between the Tibetan and Chinese peoples. (SOURCE: DalaiLama.com ) Winning the Nobel Peace Prize and Other Accomplishments His call for peace, however, did not elicit favorable results. The Chinese government responded violently, killing 250 protesters in 1989. The Dalai Lama denounced China, and in that same year, he received the Nobel Peace Prize, along with the “Le Prix de la Memoire” and the “Raoul Wallenberg Human Rights Award” for using peaceful means to fight for Tibet’s freedom. His charm and wisdom endeared him to universities, and he is a recipient of numerous Honorary Degrees from prestigious institutions around the world. The Dalai Lama also holds honorary citizenship in Canada, Italy, Ukraine, Budapest, Huy, Memphis, Paris, Rome and Wroclaw. He has received the Keys to New York City, Los Angeles, San Francisco and Udine City, and several organizations and award-giving bodies have also paid homage to his incessant liberation efforts and work to uphold human rights. In 2011, the Dalai Lama resigned as the head of the Central Tibetan Administration, relinquishing the authority of running the parliament to democratically-elected leaders. As of now, Tibetans remain to be refugees in India. When they will get back their land is, for now, uncertain. But as long as the Dalai Lama is there to comfort his people, the Tibetans do not mind living the way they do. The Dalai Lama has seen human beings at their worst, but compassion keeps him from becoming bitter. He remains a beacon of light not only to his people, but to the many others who are struggling to find anything good in this fallen world. Organizations and Campaigns Supported Tibetan Institute of Performing Arts Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies Library of Tibetan Works and Archives Board of World Religious Leaders Third Meeting of the Board of World Religious Leaders World Religions-Dialogue and Symphony World Conference on Human Rights Wildlife conservation 1939: Officially became the 14th Dalai Lama 1950: Assumed full political power 1954 - 1964: Elected as a deputy chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress 1959: Established the Government of Tibet in Exile in Dharamshala 1959: Took the exam and was awarded the Geshe Lharampa degree 1959: Established the “Tibetan Institute of Performing Arts” and received the “Ramon Magsaysay Award for Community Leadership” 1963: Promulgated a constitution 1970: Opened the “Library of Tibetan Works and Archives” 1979: Received the Key to Los Angeles and the Key to San Francisco 1987: Proposed the “Five Point Peace Plan” 1988: Elaborated his Five Point Peace Plan in Strasbourg 1989: Received the Nobel Peace Prize and the “Le Prix de la Memoire” 1989: Received the “Raoul Wallenberg Human Rights Award” 1991: Received acknowledgement for “Advancing Human Liberty” 1991: Received the “Peace and Unity Award” and the “Earth Prize” 1992: Issued guidelines for the eventual Constitution of Tibet 1993: Spoke at the World Conference on Human Rights 1994: Received the “Four Freedoms Award” from the Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute, the “Wallenberg Medal” from the University of Michigan, the “Berkeley Medal” from the University of California, Berkeley, and the “World Security Annual Peace Award” from Lawyers Alliance for New York 1998: His book “The Art of Happiness” became a bestseller 1999: Received the Hadassah Women's Zionist Organization’s “Life Achievement Award” 2003: Received the “Jaime Brunet Prize for Human Rights” and the “International League for Human Rights Award” 2004: Received Honorary Fellowship from the Liverpool John Moores University 2005: Received the “Christmas Humphreys Award” from the Buddhist Society in the United Kingdom and the Key to New York City 2006: Received the United States Congressional Gold Medal, and given Honorary Citizenship by the Governor General of Canada and in Ukraine 2007: Named “Presidential Distinguished Professor” at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia 2007: Participated in the “Third Meeting of the Board of World Religious Leaders” and received the Congressional Gold Medal 2008: Lectured at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor and at Colgate University 2008: Gave a public lecture and conducted a series of teachings at Lehigh University 2008: Received the “Inaugural Hofstra University Guru Nanak Interfaith Prize” 2009: Received the “Prize for Love and Forgiveness” 2009: Inaugurated “World Religions-Dialogue and Symphony” 2009: Received the “German Media Prize Berlin,” the “Lantos Human Rights Prize” and the “Ján Langoš Human Rights Award” 2009: Given honorary citizenship in Rome, Paris and Memphis, Tennessee 2009: Received the “International Freedom Award” 2010: Received the “Democracy Service Medal,” the “International Freedom Conductor Award,” the “Nirmala Deshpande Memorial Award for Peace and Global Harmony,” the “President’s Medal” from Hunter college, the “Menschen in Europa Award” and the “Harry T. Wilkes Leadership Award” 2010: Helped launch the “Common Ground Project” and given honorary citizenship in Budapest 2011: Received the “Lifetime Achievement Award” from the Caring Institute, the “Mahatma Gandhi International Award for Reconciliation and Peace,” the “Dayanand Modi Award for Art, Culture, and Education” 2012: Received the “Templeton Prize,” the “Gold Medal of Klagenfurt” and the Carinthia State Gold Medal 2012: Given the Udine City Key and received Honorary Citizenship in the City of Huy First Nobel Laureate to be recognized for environmental concern Authored more than 72 books Received over 84 awards, prizes and honorary doctorates Honorary Degrees:	Dalai Lama
In baseball scoring, the pitcher is 1, the catcher is 2. What position is represented by the number 6?	Dalai Lama Wallpapers, Dalai Lama Posters, Art, Print, Desktop, Backgrounds, Wall Dalai Lama Wallpapers Dalai Lama Wiki Biography The 14th Dalai Lama (Religious name: Tenzin Gyatso, shortened from Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso, born Lhamo Dondrub, [2] 6 July 1935) is the 14th and current Dalai Lama . Dalai Lamas are the most influential figure in the Gelugpa sect of Tibetan Buddhism , although the 14th has controversially consolidated control over the other sects in recent years. He is also well known for his political activities relating to the Tibetan independence movement , although he has recently moderated his stance. Tibetans traditionally believe him to be the reincarnation of his predecessors and a manifestation of the Buddha of Compassion . The Dalai Lama was born in Taktser , Qinghai and was selected as the rebirth of the 13th Dalai Lama two years later, although he was only formally recognized as the 14th on 17 November 1950, at the age of 15. He inherited control over a government controlling an area roughly corresponding to the Tibet Autonomous Region just as the nascent People's Republic of China wished to reassert central control over it. The respective governments reached an agreement for a joint Communist-Lamaist administration that lasted until 1959. During the 1959 Tibetan uprising , which China regards as an uprising of feudal landlords , but the Dalai Lama regards as an expression of widespread discontent, the Dalai Lama fled to India , where he denounced the People's Republic and established a government in exile . A charismatic speaker, he has since traveled the world, proselytizing for Tibetan independence and Tibetan Buddhism, though his role in the former is diminishing. He has spoken about such topics as abortion , economics , firearms , and sexuality , and has attracted controversy for his treatment of Dorje Shugden followers, his relationship with the CIA , and other things. Early life and background view • talk • edit Lhamo Döndrub (or Thondup) was born on 6 July 1935 to a farming and horse trading family in the small hamlet of Taktser , [1] in the eastern border of the former Tibetan region of Amdo, then already incorporated into the Chinese province of Qinghai . [3] [4] He was one of seven to survive childhood. The eldest was his sister Tsering Dolma, eighteen years older. His eldest brother, Thupten Jigme Norbu , had been recognised at the age of eight as the reincarnation of the high Lama Taktser Rinpoche . His sister, Jetsun Pema , spent most of her adult life on the Tibetan Children's Villages project. The Dalai Lama's first language was, in his own words, "a broken Xining language which was (a dialect of) the Chinese language " as his family did not speak the local Tibetan language . [5] Tibetans traditionally believe Dalai Lamas to be the reincarnation of their predecessors, each of whom is believed to be a human emanation of the bodhisattva Avalokitesvara . A search party was sent to locate the new incarnation when the boy who was to become the 14th was about two years old. [6] It is said that, amongst other omens, the head of the embalmed body of the thirteenth Dalai Lama , at first facing south-east, had mysteriously turned to face the northeast—indicating the direction in which his successor would be found. The Regent , Reting Rinpoche , shortly afterwards had a vision at the sacred lake of Lhamo La-tso indicating Amdo as the region to search—specifically a one-story house with distinctive guttering and tiling. After extensive searching, the Thondup house, with its features resembling those in Reting's vision, was finally found. Thondup was presented with various relics, including toys, some of which had belonged to the 13th Dalai Lama and some of which had not. It was reported that he had correctly identified all the items owned by the previous Dalai Lama, exclaiming, "That's mine! That's mine!" [7] House where the 14th Dalai Lama was born The Chinese Muslim General Ma Bufang did not want the 14th Dalai Lama to succeed his predeccesor, and did all he could to delay the transport of the Dalai Lama from Qinghai to Tibet, by demanding massive sums of money in silver. [8] Lhamo Thondup was recognised formally as the reincarnated Dalai Lama and renamed Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso (Holy Lord, Gentle Glory, Compassionate, Defender of the Faith, Ocean of Wisdom) although he was not formally enthroned as the temporal ruler of Tibet until the age of 15; instead, the regent acted as the head of the Kashag until that time. Tibetan Buddhists normally refer to him as Yishin Norbu (Wish-Fulfilling Gem), Kyabgon (Saviour), or just Kundun (Presence). His devotees often call him His Holiness the Dalai Lama, the style employed on the Dalai Lama's website. Monastic education commenced at the age of six years, his principal teachers being Yongdzin Ling Rinpoche (senior tutor) and Yongdzin Trijang Rinpoche (junior tutor). At the age of 11 he met the Austrian mountaineer Heinrich Harrer , who became his videographer and tutor about the world outside Lhasa. At the Norbulingka (summer palace), the 14th Dalai Lama enjoyed the 13th Dalai Lama's movie projectors , which he used to watch films about World War II , and the only three cars in Tibet, which he occasionally crashed. [9] During 1959, at the age of 23, he took his final examination at Lhasa's Jokhang Temple during the annual Monlam or prayer Festival. He passed with honours and was awarded the Lharampa degree, the highest-level geshe degree, roughly equivalent to a doctorate in Buddhist philosophy . [6] [10] Life as the Dalai Lama Main article: Dalai Lama Historically the Dalai Lamas had political and religious influence in the Western Tibetan area of Ü-Tsang around Lhasa , where the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism was popular and the Dalai Lamas held land under their jurisdiction. In 1939, at the age of four, the present Dalai Lama was taken in a procession of lamas to Lhasa. The Dalai Lama's childhood was spent between the Potala Palace and Norbulingka , his summer residence. China asserts that the Kuomintang government ratified the 14th Dalai Lama and that a Kuomintang representative, General Wu Zhongxin, presided over the ceremony. It cites a ratification order dated February 1940, and a documentary film of the ceremony. [11] According to Tsering Shakya , Wu Zhongxin along with other foreign representatives was present at the ceremony, but there is no evidence that he presided over it. [12] He wrote: "On 8 July 1949, the Kashag [Tibetan Parliament] called Chen Xizhang, the acting director of the Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission office in Lhasa. He was informed that the Tibetan Government had decided to expel all Chinese connected with the Guomingdang Government. Fearing that the Chinese might organize protests in the streets of Lhasa, the Kashag imposed a curfew until all the Chinese had left. This they did on 14, 17 and 20 July 1949. At the same time the Tibetan Government sent a telegram to General Chiang Kai-shek and to President Liu Zongren informing them of the decision." [13] The Dalai Lama (right) and Panchen Lama (left) meet Mao Zedong in 1955. During his reign, a border crisis erupted with the Republic of China in 1942. Under orders from the Kuomintang government of Chiang Kaishek, Ma Bufang repaired Yushu airport to prevent Tibetan separatists from seeking independence. [14] Chiang also ordered Ma Bufang to put his muslim soldiers on alert for an invasion of Tibet in 1942. [15] [16] Ma Bufang complied, and moved several thousand troops to the border with Tibet. [17] Chiang also threatened the Tibetans with aerial bombardment if they worked with the Japanese. Ma Bufang attacked the Tibetan Buddhist Tsang monastery in 1941. [18] He also constantly attacked the Labrang monastery. [19] In October 1950 the army of the People's Republic of China marched to the edge of the Dalai Lama's territory and sent a delegation; after defeating a legion of the Tibetan army in warlord -controlled Kham . On 17 November 1950, at the age of 15, the 14th Dalai Lama was enthroned formally as the temporal ruler of Tibet. Cooperation and conflicts with the PRC The Dalai Lama's formal rule was brief. He sent a delegation to Beijing, which ratified the Seventeen Point Agreement for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet . [20] [21] He worked with the Chinese government: in September 1954, together with the 10th Panchen Lama he went to the Chinese capital to meet Mao Zedong and attend the first session of the National People's Congress as a delegate, primarily discussing China's constitution . [22] [23] On 27 September 1954, the Dalai Lama was selected as a deputy chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress , [24] [25] a post he officially held until 1964. [26] In 1956, on a trip to India to celebrate the Buddha's Birthday , the Dalai Lama asked the Prime Minister of India , Jawaharlal Nehru , if he would allow him political asylum should he choose to stay. Nehru discouraged this as a provocation against peace, and reminded him of the Indian Government's non-interventionist stance agreed upon with its 1954 treaty with China . [10] The CIA , with the Korean War only recently over, offered the Dalai Lama assistance. Through communications through Kalimpong , the Dalai Lama organized pro-independence literature and the smuggling of weapons into Tibet. Armed struggles broke out in Amdo and Kham during 1956 and spread to Central Tibet in 1959 . Exile to India First meeting: Jawaharlal Nehru and the Dalai Lama at Mussoorie in 1959 soon after he fled Tibet Then fearing for his life, the Dalai Lama fled Tibet with the help of the CIA's Special Activities Division , [27] crossing into India on 30 March 1959, reaching Tezpur in Assam on 18 April. [28] Some time later he set up the Government of Tibet in Exile in Dharamsala, India, [29] which is often referred to as "Little Lhasa". After the founding of the exiled government he re-established the approximately 80,000 Tibetan refugees who followed him into exile in agricultural settlements. [6] He created a Tibetan educational system in order to teach the Tibetan children the traditional language , history , religion , and culture . The Tibetan Institute of Performing Arts was established [6] in 1959 and the Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies [6] became the primary university for Tibetans in India. He supported the refounding of 200 monasteries and nunneries in an attempt to preserve Tibetan Buddhist teachings and the Tibetan way of life. The Dalai Lama appealed to the United Nations on the rights of Tibetans. This appeal resulted in three resolutions adopted by the General Assembly in 1959, 1961, and 1965, [6] all before the People's Republic was allowed representation at the United Nations . [30] The resolutions called on China to respect the human rights of Tibetans . [6] During 1963, he promulgated a democratic constitution which is based upon the Universal Declaration of Human Rights , creating an elected parliament and an administration to champion his cause. During 1970, he opened the Library of Tibetan Works and Archives in Dharamsala which houses over 80,000 manuscripts and important knowledge resources related to Tibetan history, politics and culture. It is considered one of the most important institutions for Tibetology in the world. [31] Abandoned former quarters of the Dalai Lama at the Potala. The empty vestment placed on the throne symbolises his absence International advocacy At the Congressional Human Rights Caucus during 1987 in Washington, D.C. , the Dalai Lama gave a speech outlining his ideas for the future status of Tibet. The plan called for Tibet to become a democratic "zone of peace" without nuclear weapons , and with support for human rights , that barred the entry of Han Chinese . The plan would later be called the "Strasbourg proposal", because he expanded on the plan at Strasbourg on 15 June 1988. There, he proposed the creation of a self-governing Tibet "in association with the People's Republic of China." This would have been pursued by negotiations with the PRC government, but the plan was rejected by the Tibetan Government-in-Exile during 1991. The Dalai Lama has indicated that he wishes to return to Tibet only if the People's Republic of China agrees not to make any precondition for his return. [32] In the 1970s, the then- Paramount leader Deng Xiaoping set China's sole return requirement to the Dalai Lama as that he "must [come back] as a Chinese citizen.... that is, patriotism". [33] The Dalai Lama celebrated his seventieth birthday on 6 July 2005. About 10,000 Tibetan refugees, monks and foreign tourists gathered outside his home. Patriarch Alexius II of the Russian Orthodox Church affirmed positive relations with Buddhists. The President of the Republic of China (Taiwan), Chen Shui-bian , attended an evening celebrating the Dalai Lama's birthday at the Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall in Taipei. [34] In October 2008 in Japan, the Dalai Lama addressed the 2008 Tibetan violence that had erupted and that the Chinese government accused him of fomenting. He responded that he had "lost faith" in efforts to negotiate with the Chinese government, and that it was "up to the Tibetan people" to decide what to do. [35] Teaching activities The Dalai Lama's main teaching room at Dharamsala The Dalai Lama's chief spiritual practice is Dzogchen , a subject he teaches and writes about extensively. He has conducted numerous public initiations in the Kalachakra , and is the author of a great number of books. His teaching activities in the U.S. include the following: In February 2007, the Dalai Lama was named Presidential Distinguished Professor at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia ; it the first time that he accepted a university appointment. [36] On his April 2008 U.S. tour, He visited gave lectures on engaging wisdom and compassion, and sustainability, at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor and at Colgate University in Hamilton, N.Y. [37] Later in July, the Dalai Lama gave a public lecture and conducted a series of teachings at Lehigh University in Pennsylvania . [38] Interfaith dialogue The Dalai Lama met with Pope Paul VI at the Vatican in 1973. He met with Pope John Paul II in 1980 and also later in 1982, 1986, 1988, 1990, and 2003. During 1990, he met in Dharamsala with a delegation of Jewish teachers for an extensive interfaith dialogue. [39] He has since visited Israel three times and met during 2006 with the Chief Rabbi of Israel. In 2006, he met privately with Pope Benedict XVI . He has also met the late Archbishop of Canterbury Dr. Robert Runcie , and other leaders of the Anglican Church in London, Gordon B. Hinckley , late President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), as well as senior Eastern Orthodox Church , Muslim , Hindu , Jewish , and Sikh officials. On 6 January 2009, at Gujarat ’s Mahuva , the Dalai Lama inaugurated an interfaith "World Religions-Dialogue and Symphony" conference convened by Hindu preacher Morari Bapu . This conference explored "ways and means to deal with the discord among major religions," according to Morari Bapu . [40] [41] He has stated that modern scientific findings should take precedence where appropriate over disproven religious superstition. [42] [43] Social stances The Dalai Lama reminds that according to Buddhist precepts abortion is an act of killing, [44] although he has said that there can be an exception for "if the unborn child will be retarded or if the birth will create serious problems for the parent", qualifying his approval or disapproval according to each individual abortion. [45] In Tibet, meat being the most common food, most monks have historically been omnivores , including the Dalai Lamas. The Dalai Lama experimented with vegetarianism once, but after getting jaundice , his doctors advised him to return to eating meat. This became controversial when he visited the White House and was offered a vegetarian menu, he rejected it and replied "I'm a Tibetan monk, not a vegetarian". [46] In 2001, the Dalai Lama told a girl in a Seattle school that it is permissible to shoot someone with a gun if the person was "trying to kill you", but added that the shot should not be fatal. [47] Democracy, non-violence, religious harmony and Tibet's relationship with India The Dalai Lama says that he is active in spreading India's message of non-violence and religious harmony throughout the world "I am the messenger of India's ancient thoughts world over", he said democracy was deep rooted in India. He says he considers India as a master and Tibet its disciple as great scholars like Nagarjuna went from Nalanda to Tibet to preach Buddhism in the eighth century. He says millions of people had lost their lives in violence and economy of many a countries got ruined due to conflicts in the 20th century "Let the 21st century be a century of tolerance and dialogue." [48] Economics "Of all the modern economic theories, the economic system of Marxism is founded on moral principles, while capitalism is concerned only with gain and profitability. Marxism is concerned with the distribution of wealth on an equal basis and the equitable utilisation of the means of production . It is also concerned with the fate of the working classes — that is, the majority — as well as with the fate of those who are underprivileged and in need, and Marxism cares about the victims of minority-imposed exploitation . For those reasons the system appeals to me, and it seems fair." — Dalai Lama [49] The Dalai Lama calls himself half- Marxist and often offers criticisms of capitalism . He reports hearing of communism when he was very young, but only in the context of the destruction of Communist Mongolia . It was only when he went on his trip to Beijing that he studied Marxist theory . There, he reports, "I was so attracted to Marxism, I even expressed my wish to become a Communist Party member", citing his favorite concepts of self-sufficiency and equal distribution of wealth . He does not believe that China implemented "true Marxist policy", [50] and thinks the historical communist states such as the U.S.S.R. "were far more concerned with their narrow national interests than with the Workers' International ". [49] Of capitalism, he said that in China , "millions of people's living standards improved", but that it "is only how to make profits", whereas Marxism has "moral ethics". [51] Environment He has also expressed his concern for environmental problems. He pointed out that many rivers in Asia originate in Tibet , and that the melting of Himalayan glaciers could affect the countries in which the rivers flow. [52] He acknowledged official Chinese laws against deforestation in Tibet, but is cynical because of possible official corruption . [53] He was quoted as saying "ecology should be part of our daily life"; [54] personally, he takes showers instead of baths, and turns lights off when he leaves a room. [52] Around 2005, he has started campaigning for wildlife conservation , including by issuing a religious ruling against wearing tiger and leopard skins as garments. [55] [56] The Dalai Lama supports anti-whaling partisans in the whaling controversy , but condemns their violent methods. [57] Ahead of the 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference , he urged national leaders to put aside domestic concerns and take collective action against climate change . [58] Sexuality In his view, oral, manual and anal sex (both homosexual and heterosexual) is not acceptable in Buddhism or for Buddhists, but society should tolerate gays and lesbians from a secular point of view. [59] In 1997 he explained that the basis of that teaching was unknown to him and that he at least had some "willingness to consider the possibility that some of the teachings may be specific to a particular cultural and historic context" while reiterating the unacceptable nature saying, "Buddhist sexual proscriptions ban homosexual activity and heterosexual sex through orifices other than the vagina, including masturbation or other sexual activity with the hand... From a Buddhist point of view, lesbian and gay sex is generally considered sexual misconduct". [60] In a 1994 interview with OUT Magazine, the Dalai Lama explained "If someone comes to me and asks whether homosexuality is okay or not, I will ask 'What is your companion's opinion?'. If you both agree, then I think I would say 'if two males or two females voluntarily agree to have mutual satisfaction without further implication of harming others, then it is okay'". [61] However, in his 1996 book Beyond Dogma, he clearly states, "A sexual act is deemed proper when the couples use the organs intended for sexual intercourse and nothing else....Homosexuality, whether it is between men or between women, is not improper in itself. What is improper is the use of organs already defined as inappropriate for sexual contact." [62] He has said that sex spelled fleeting satisfaction and trouble later, while chastity offered a better life and "more independence, more freedom." [63] He says that problems arising from conjugal life could even lead to suicide or murder. [64] The Dalai Lama has said that all religions have the same idea about adultery. [65] Controversies At his residence in Dharamsala, 1993 The twelfth Samding Dorje Phagmo (the only prominent female tulku in Tibet) was quoted in Xinhua as saying that "The sins of the Dalai Lama and his followers seriously violate the basic teachings and precepts of Buddhism and seriously damage traditional Tibetan Buddhism's normal order and good reputation", adding that "Old Tibet was dark and cruel, the serfs lived worse than horses and cattle." [66] The Dalai Lama's talks in the UK, May, 2008, were attended by Chinese protesters, angered that the Dalai Lama was there advocating for Tibetan independence instead of for the victims of the then-recent 2008 Sichuan earthquake . [67] Dorje Shugden Main article: Dorje Shugden controversy During a teaching tour of the UK in May, 2008, members of the Western Shugden Society [68] [69] came out to demonstrate against the ban of a prayer to Dorje Shugden , [68] which they call religious persecution. [69] Similar protests occurred in Sydney when the Dalai Lama arrived in Australia in June 2008. [70] The Dalai Lama says he had not banned the practice, [68] but strongly discourages it as he feels it promotes a spirit as being more important than Buddha, and that it may encourage cult-like practices and sectarianism within Tibetan Buddhism. [71] The Shugden worshipers in India protest that they are denied admission to hospitals, stores, and other social services provided by the local Tibetan community. [72] Recognition of the 17th Karmapa Main article: Karmapa controversy Another controversy associated with the Dalai Lama is the recognition of the seventeenth Karmapa . Two factions of the Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism have chosen two different Karmapas, leading to a deep division within the Kagyu school. The Dalai Lama has given his support to Urgyen Trinley Dorje , while supporters of Trinley Thaye Dorje claim that the Dalai Lama has no authority in the matter, nor is there a historical precedent for a Dalai Lama involving himself in an internal Kagyu dispute. [73] In his 2001 address at the International Karma Kagyu Conference, Kunzig Shamar Rinpoche —one of the four Karma Kagyu regents—accused the Dalai Lama of adopting a "divide and conquer" policy to eliminate any potential political rivalry arising from within the Kagyu school. [74] For his side, the Dalai Lama accepted the prediction letter presented by Tai Situ Rinpoche (another Karma Kagyu regent) as authentic, and therefore Tai Situ Rinpoche's recognition of Urgyen Trinley Dorje, also as correct. [75] Tibet observer Julian Gearing suggests that there might be political motives to the Dalai Lama's decision: "The Dalai Lama gave his blessing to the recognition of [Urgyen] Trinley, eager to win over the formerly troublesome sect [the Kagyu school], and with the hope that the new Karmapa could play a role in a political solution of the 'Tibet Question.' ...If the allegations are to be believed, a simple nomad boy was turned into a political and religious pawn." [76] However, according to Tsurphu Labrang, articles by Julian Gearing on this subject are biased, unverified and without crosschecking of basic facts. [77] CIA backing In October 1998, The Dalai Lama's administration acknowledged that it received $1.7 million a year in the 1960s from the US government through the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), and also trained a resistance movement in Colorado (USA). [78] When asked by CIA officer John Kenneth Knaus in 1995 whether the organisation did a good or bad thing in providing its support, the Dalai Lama replied that though it helped the morale of those resisting the Chinese, "thousands of lives were lost in the resistance" and further, that "the US Government had involved itself in his country's affairs not to help Tibet but only as a Cold War tactic to challenge the Chinese." [79] Ties to India The Chinese press has criticized the Dalai Lama for his close ties with India. His 2010 remarks at the International Buddhist Conference in Gujarat saying that he was "Tibetan in appearance, but an Indian in spirituality" and referral to himself as a "son of India" in particular led the People's Daily to opine, "Since the Dalai Lama deems himself an Indian rather than Chinese, then why is he entitled to represent the voice of the Tibetan people?" [80] Dhundup Gyalpo of the Tibet Sun shot back that Tibetan religion could be traced back to Nalanda in India, and that Tibetans have no connection to Chinese "apart... from a handful of culinary dishes". [81] The People's Daily stressed the links between Chinese Buddhism and Tibetan Buddhism and accused the Dalai Lama of "betraying southern Tibet to India". [80] Two years earlier in 2008, the Dalai Lama said for the first time that the territory, which India claims as part of Arunachal Pradesh , is part of India, citing the controversial 1914 Simla Accord whose validity was questioned at its signing and still is today. [82] Public image The Dalai Lama receiving a Congressional Gold Medal in 2007. From left: Speaker Nancy Pelosi , Senate President pro tempore Robert Byrd and U.S. President George W. Bush Four marks on the Dalai Lama's right arm are the consequence of a childhood smallpox vaccination and do not have any special significance. [83] His right arm is uncovered in accordance with Buddhist tradition. In the 1990s, many films were released by the American film industry about Tibet, including biopics of the Dalai Lama. This is attributed to both the Dalai Lama's 1989 Nobel Peace Prize as well as to the euphoria following the Fall of Communism . The most notable films, Kundun and Seven Years in Tibet (both released in 1997), portrayed "an idyllic pre-1950 Tibet, with a smiling, soft-spoken Dalai Lama at the helm - a Dalai Lama sworn to non-violence ": portrayals the Chinese government decried as ahistorical . [84] One South African official publicly criticised the Dalai Lama's politics and lamented a taboo on criticism of him, saying "To say anything against the Dalai Lama is, in some quarters, equivalent to trying to shoot Bambi ". [85] Critics of the news and entertainment media coverage of the controversy charge that feudal Tibet was not as benevolent as popularly portrayed. The penal code before 1913 included forms of judicial mutilation and capital punishment to enforce a social system controversially described as both slavery and serfdom . [86] In response, the Dalai Lama agreed many of old Tibet's practices needed reform. His predecessor had banned extreme punishments and the death penalty. [87] And he had started some reforms like removal of debt inheritance during the early years of his government under the People's Republic of China in 1951. [88] International reception The Dalai Lama has been successful in gaining Western sympathy for himself and the cause of greater Tibetan autonomy or independence, including vocal support from numerous Hollywood celebrities, most notably the actors Richard Gere and Steven Seagal , as well as lawmakers from several major countries. [89] His relationship with Gere and Seagal have been critiqued by Christopher Hitchens . [90] Awards and honors Main article: Awards and honors presented to the 14th Dalai Lama The Dalai Lama has received numerous awards over his spiritual and political career. [91] He was a laureate for community leadership in 1959 Ramon Magsaysay Awards , Asia's version of Nobel Prize . [92] On 22 June 2006, he became one of only five people ever to be recognised with Honorary Citizenship by the Governor General of Canada . On 28 May 2005, he received the Christmas Humphreys Award from the Buddhist Society in the United Kingdom. On 10 December 1989 the Dalai Lama was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize . [93] The committee recognized his efforts in "the struggle of the liberation of Tibet and the efforts for a peaceful resolution instead of using violence." [94] The chairman of the Nobel committee said that the award was "in part a tribute to the memory of Mahatma Gandhi ." In his acceptance speech the Dalai Lama criticised China for using force against student protesters during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 . He said the victims' efforts were not in vain. His speech focused on the importance of the continued use of non-violence and his desire to maintain a dialogue with China to try and resolve the situation. [95] Possibility of retirement In May 2007, Chhime Rigzing , a senior spokesman for his office, stated that the Dalai Lama was moving into "retirement", [96] but in 2008 the Dalai Lama himself ruled out such a move, saying "There is no... question of retirement." [97] Rigzing stated[ when? ] "The political leadership will be transferred over a period of time but he will inevitably continue to be the spiritual leader". The Dalai Lama announced he would like the Tibetan Parliament in Exile to have more responsibility over the [Central Tibetan] administration. In response to the 2008 Tibetan unrest , [98] on 18 March 2008 the Dalai Lama threatened to step down, [99] a move unprecedented [100] in the history of the office of the Dalai Lama. [101] Aides later clarified that this threat was predicated on a further escalation of violence, and that he did not presently have the intention of leaving his political or spiritual offices. [102] Many Tibetan exiles expressed their support for the Dalai Lama, and the People's Republic of China intensified their criticism of him. [103] [104] In the ensuing months, he held meetings aimed at discussing the future institution of the Dalai Lama, including "[A] conclave, like in the Catholic Church, a woman as my successor, no Dalai Lama anymore, or perhaps even two", referring to the possibility of having both his approved successor and China's approved successor both claiming the title. [105] He has clarified that his goal is to relinquish all temporal power and to no longer play a "pronounced spiritual role" and have a simpler monastic life. [106]	i don't know
What unit of area, named for the Old English word for "Open Field", was originally defined as the area that could be plowed by one man behind one ox in one day?	Why Are There 5,280 Feet in a Mile? Making Sense of Measurements \| Mental Floss Why Are There 5,280 Feet in a Mile? Making Sense of Measurements houstonfreeways.com Like us on Facebook Why are there 5,280 feet in a mile, and why are nautical miles different from the statute miles we use on land? Why do we buy milk and gasoline by the gallon? Where does the abbreviation "lb" come from? Let's take a look at the origins of a few units of measure we use every day. The Mile The basic concept of the mile originated in Roman times. The Romans used a unit of distance called the mille passum, which literally translated into "a thousand paces." Since each pace was considered to be five Roman feet—which were a bit shorter than our modern feet—the mile ended up being 5,000 Roman feet, or roughly 4,850 of our modern feet. If the mile originated with 5,000 Roman feet, how did we end up with a mile that is 5,280 feet? Blame the furlong. The furlong wasn't always just an arcane unit of measure that horseracing fans gabbed about; it once had significance as the length of the furrow a team of oxen could plow in a day. In 1592, Parliament set about determining the length of the mile and decided that each one should be made up of eight furlongs. Since a furlong was 660 feet, we ended up with a 5,280-foot mile. The Nautical Mile So if the statute mile is the result of Roman influences and plowing oxen, where did the nautical mile get its start? Strap on your high school geometry helmet for this one. Each nautical mile originally referred to one minute of arc along a meridian around the Earth. Think of a meridian around the Earth as being made up of 360 degrees, and each of those degrees consists of 60 minutes of arc. Each of these minutes of arc is then 1/21,600th of the distance around the earth. Thus, a nautical mile is 6,076 feet. The Acre Like the mile, the acre owes its existence to the concept of the furlong. Remember that a furlong was considered to be the length of a furrow a team of oxen could plow in one day without resting. An acre—which gets its name from an Old English word meaning "open field"—was originally the amount of land that a single farmer with a single ox could plow in one day. Over time, the old Saxon inhabitants of England established that this area was equivalent to a long, thin strip of land one furlong in length and one chain—an old unit of length equivalent to 66 feet—wide. That's how we ended up with an acre that's equivalent to 43,560 square feet. The Foot As the name implies, scholars think that the foot was actually based on the length of the human foot. The Romans had a unit of measure called a pes that was made up of twelve smaller units called unciae. The Roman pes was a smidge shorter than our foot—it came in at around 11.6 inches—and similar Old English units based on the length of people's feet were also a bit shorter than our 12-inch foot. The 12-inch foot didn't become a common unit of measurement until the reign of Henry I of England during the early 12th century, which has led some scholars to believe it was standardized to correspond to the 12-inch foot of the king. The Gallon The gallon we use for our liquids comes from the Roman word galeta, which meant "a pailful." There have been a number of very different gallon units over the years, but the gallon we use in the United States is probably based on what was once known as the "wine gallon" or Queen Anne's gallon, which was named for the reigning monarch when it was standardized in 1707. The wine gallon corresponded to a vessel that was designed to hold exactly eight troy pounds of wine. The Pound Like several other units, the pound has Roman roots. It's descended from a roman unit called the libra. That explains the "lb" abbreviation for the pound, and the word "pound" itself comes from the Latin pondo, for "weight." The avoirdupois pounds we use today have been around since the early 14th century, when English merchants invented the measurement in order to sell goods by weight rather than volume. They based their new unit of measure as being equivalent to 7000 grains, an existing unit, and then divided each 7000-grain avoirdupois pound into 16 ounces. The Horsepower Early 18th-century steam engine entrepreneurs needed a way to express how powerful their machines were, and the industrious James Watt hit on a funny idea for comparing engines to horses. Watt studied horses and found that the average harnessed equine worker could lift 550 pounds at a clip of roughly one foot per second, which equated to 33,000 foot-pounds of work per minute. Not all scholars believe that Watt arrived at his measurement so scientifically, though. One common story claims that Watt actually did his early tests with ponies, not horses. He found that ponies could do 22,000 foot-pounds of work per minute and figured that horses were half again stronger than ponies, so he got the ballpark figure of 33,000 foot-pounds of work per minute.	Acre
Dame Jane Goodall spent 45 years in Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania studying what animals?	A Researcher's Guide to Local History Terminology/Abecedary - Wikibooks, open books for an open world A Researcher's Guide to Local History Terminology/Abecedary From Wikibooks, open books for an open world A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z expoliate A pied - a French term neaning 'on foot'. Abatis, 'Abattis', or 'Abbattis - a French word meaning a heap of material thrown; a term in field fortification for an obstacle formed of the branches of trees laid in a row, with the sharpened tops directed outwards, towards the enemy. Abbacy - the office, term, or jurisdiction of an abbot. The post was also held in post-reformation times by secular individuals; the Earl of Eglinton held the abbacy of Kilwinning Abbey in Scotland. Abditory - a place for hiding or preserving articles of value. Abecedary - the full alphabet carved in stone in churches, on paper, etc. Generally considered to be teaching aids, particularly to the illiterate. The alphabet may have been thought at that time to posses supernatural powers along the lines of the runic futhork. Each letter would have had a symbolic meaning to the devout. An example from the Church of St Mary of the Grey Friars was found in Dumfries, Scotland, in 1967. Abele - a white poplar (Populus alba). Abjure - to renounce under oath; to recant solemnly; repudiate: abjure one's beliefs; to give up an action or practice. Abstersion - the act of wiping clean; a cleansing; a purging. Abstracted multure - the title of the offense when tenants failed to bring their corn to the mill of the thirl. They could be sued for this offence. Abthane - a Thanedom or proprietorship of land held of the crown, and in the possession of an abbot; the title of a Saxon proprietor, that is, a proprietor under the Saxon laws, holding direct of the crown, equivalent to that of a Norman baron. Abthainries existed at Dull, Kilmichael, Airlie and Madderty. Abuilyement - also 'Abuilement'. Garments or clothing. Accolade - a ceremonial embrace, as of greeting or salutation; the ceremonial bestowal of knighthood. Accouchement - a confinement during child birth; a lying in. Accoutre - also accouter. To outfit and equip, as for military duty. Acolyte - One who assists the celebrant in the performance of liturgical rites; a devoted follower or attendant. Acre - the English 'statute acre' is 4840 square yards, the 'Scots acre' was somewhat larger at about 1.3 English Acres. In medieval times shape mattered more than size. An acre was an oblong shaped portion of land, either straight sided or sinuous, with a length of 220 yards and a width of 22 yards, giving a ratio of 10 : 1. It was variable in size, but was regarded as the area of land that one man could plough in one day. Acroterion - also 'Acroterium' is an architectural ornament placed on a flat base called the acroter or plinth, and mounted at the apex of the pediment of a building in the Classical style. Ad perpetuam remanentiam - the merger of leasehold interests, e.g. a renunciation by a tenant in favour of the landlord. Where the higher fee is already registered in the Land Register and the proprietor acquires by disposition ad rem the subjacent fee, title to which is recorded in the Register of Sasines, the absorption must be given effect to in the Land Register. Additament - an addition, or a thing added. Adjure - to command or enjoin solemnly, as under oath; to appeal to or entreat earnestly. Adventiti - in medieval times these were travelers visiting villages and towns for various economic purposes. Advocate - a person who pleads, intercedes, or speaks for another. It also means a person whose profession is to plead causes in courts of law. This is especially the use in Scotland. In the USA it means any lawyer. To advocate, means to speak in favour of an idea (Legal). Advowson - the right of a patron to present a person to a church living or benefice. Aedicule - the framing of a window or opening by columns topped with a pediment so that it resembles a temple facade in miniature. Aedile - an office of the Roman Republic. Aediles were responsible for maintenance of public buildings, regulation of public festivals, and they had powers to enforce public order. Aestival - of or relating to summer; Coming forth in the summer. Affusion - a pouring on of liquid, as in baptism. Agalmata - statues of the gods which had open eyes and moveable limbs as invented by Daedalus. Agger - an earthwork; a mound; a raised work. Agister - formerly an officer of the king's forest, who had the care of cattle agisted, and collected the money for the same; - hence called gisttaker, which in England is corrupted into guest-taker. Agistment - letting-out of land (including woodland) as grazing for farm animals. Agnate - Related on or descended from the father's or male side. Agnate Seniority - a patrilineal principle of inheritance where the order of succession to the throne prefers the monarch's younger brother over the monarch's own sons. A monarch's children succeed only after the males of the elder generation have all been exhausted. Females of the dynasty and their descendants are excluded from the succession by this system. Ague - an acute fever. In late Middle English a malarial fever with cold, hot, and sweating stages (at first especially the hot stage, later especially the cold). From the late 16th century could also mean any shivering fit. Aids - the right of a superior under feudalism to require aid during times of emergency or events such as a marriage. Air Vent - any of a wide variety of holes in farm buildings which allow ventilation and prevent crops inside getting damp and mouldy. This can result in quite complex brickwork patterns; very visible and distinctive. Airey - variant of "area". Aisle - a side extension to the nave of a church. Churches could be enlarged by having arches pierced through the existing side walls. Alb - a long white garment worn by priests, etc. under the chasuble. Alba - the Scottish Gaelic, Welsh language (Yr Alban) and Irish language name for the constituent country of Scotland. Albion - a Celtic word referring to the whole island of Great Britain. Alembic - an apparatus consisting of two vessels connected by a tube, formerly used for distilling liquids; a device that purifies or alters by a process comparable to distillation. Alienate - in the context of feudal superiors, this means where the baron alienates or ceases to be the feudal superior of the barony and the jurisdiction passes to a sheriff. Aliment - required by court order to aliment (to supply with sustenance, such as food) the abandoned family. Allenarly - only, solely or exclusively. All & Haill - 'all and whole'. Found in legal documents. Allocution - a formal and authoritative speech; an address. Allodial title - a concept in some systems of property law. It describes a situation where real property (land, buildings and fixtures) is owned free and clear of any encumbrances, including liens, mortgages and tax obligations. Allodial title is inalienable, in that it cannot be taken by any operation of law for any reason whatsoever. Allure - the parapet walk on a castle wall, town wall, etc. Amerce - to punish by a fine imposed arbitrarily at the discretion of the court; to punish by imposing an arbitrary penalty. Almoner - Christian religious functionaries whose duty was to distribute alms to the poor. Alms - the charitable donation of money or food to the poor. Almshouse - a charitable home for those in need. Usually set up or endowed by a wealthy benefactor. Alquife - an enchanter in the medieval romances of knight-errantry. Alter ego - another side of oneself; a second self. An intimate friend or a constant companion. Alterage - a salary paid to a priest for saying a certain number of masses, at regulated periods, for the souls of the some person or persons departed. Ambuscade - an ambush. Amerciate - subject to or punished by a fine. Ampulla - a vessel for consecrated wine or holy oil. Anagoge - a mystical interpretation of a word, passage, or text, especially scriptural exegesis that detects allusions to heaven or the afterlife. Analemma - the figure-8 path that the sun makes in its passage across the sky. Anathematise - curse or declare to be evil or anathema or threaten with divine punishment. Andiron - one of a pair of metal supports used for holding up logs in a fireplace. Also called 'dog'. Anent - regarding; concerning. Animadvert - to remark or comment critically, usually with strong disapproval or censure. Anima loci - the 'soul' of a place, its essentially personality. A Wicca concept linked to the supernatural spirits of nature as residing in stones, springs, mountains, islands, trees, etc. Anno Lucis - Freemasons, in their ceremonial or commemorative proceedings, add 4,000 years to the current Anno Domini calendar year and append Anno Lucis (“Year of Light”) to the Gregorian calendar year, eg. 1887 AD is 5887 AL. Annuitant - a person entitled to an annuity. Anthropodermic bibliopegy - the practice of binding books in human skin. Though fortunately uncommon in modern times, the technique dates back to at least the 17th century. The Nazi's do not appear to have performed this, the suggestion being most likely an urban legend. Antiburgher - a member of a section of the Secession Church which in 1747 separated from the other party in that Church (the Burghers) on the question of taking the Burgess oath. The two sections were reunited in 1820. Antinomianism - the doctrine that faith in Christ frees the Christian from obligation to observe the moral law as set forth in the Old Testament. Antinuptial - before wedlock. Often used in church session minutes in reference to intercourse before marriage. Antediluvian - extremely old and antiquated; occurring or belonging to the era before the Biblical Flood. Aphorism - a tersely phrased statement of a truth or opinion; a brief statement of a principle. Apocrypha - the biblical apocrypha includes texts written in the Jewish and Christian religious traditions that either were accepted into the biblical canon by some, but not all, Christian faiths, or are frequently printed in Bibles despite their non-canonical status. Apocryphal - a piece of work where the authenticity or authorship is in doubt. Apotropaic - protective against evil. Apogee - the farthest or highest point; the apex. Apophthegm - a brief wise saying. Apoplexy - used to describe any sudden death that began with a sudden loss of consciousness, especially one where the victim died within a matter of seconds after losing consciousness. Those reading historical documents should take into consideration the possibility that the word "apoplexy" may be used to describe the symptom of sudden loss of consciousness immediately preceding death and not an actual verified disease process. Sudden cardiac deaths, ruptured cerebral aneurysms, certain ruptured aortic aneurysms, and even heart attacks may have been misdiagnosed as apoplexy in the distant past. Apothecary - a chemist licensed to dispense medicines and drugs. Appanage - the grant of an estate, titles, offices, or other things of value to the younger male children of a sovereign, who under the system of primogeniture would otherwise have no inheritance. Appellate - having the power to hear court appeals and to review court decisions (Legal). Appendix - additional or supplementary material generally located at the end of a book or piece of work; article, etc. Apprising - the sentence of a court affecting a debtor's heritable property, as a consequence of which that property would be sold to pay the debt. Appurtenance - a thing that belongs to another, a 'belonging'; a minor property, right, or privilege, belonging to another more important, and passing in possession with it; an appendage. Apse - a usually semicircular or polygonal, often vaulted recess, especially the termination of the sanctuary end of a church. Arable - land which is ploughed or suitable for ploughing for growing crops. Archive - a place in which historical documents and other records are preserved. Usually operated by large organizations, they may or may not be open to the public. Area - in architecture a basement level light well in front of Georgian period houses. Aret - officially establish; to reckon; to ascribe; to impute. Aries - earnest-money, a gift. Armiger - a person entitled to use a heraldic coat of arms. Such a person is said to be 'armigerous'. Armorial - relating to heraldry or coats of arms. Arrhae - contracts, in the civil law. Money or other valuable things given by the buyer to the seller, for the purpose of evidencing the contract earnest. Earnest money is an example, paid to clinch the bargain when a wife was purchased in olden times. Artificer - a craftsman. Ascapart - a fictional giant, in legend conquered by Bevis of Hampton, though so huge as to carry Bevis, his wife, and horse under his arm. Ascapart was defeated after his club (made from a whole tree) was swung at Sir Bevis and became stuck in soft ground. Sir Bevis decided to make him his Squire rather than kill him. Ashlar - dressed stone work of any type of stone. Ashlar blocks are large rectangular blocks of masonry sculpted to have square edges and even faces. Asperity - roughness or harshness, as of surface, sound, manner or climate; severity or rigor. A slight projection from a surface; a point or bump. Aspersion - a sprinkling, especially with holy water. Assart - private farmland formed out of part of a wood, common or forest. The act or offense of grubbing up trees and bushes, and thus destroying the thickets or coverts of a forest. Assignation - to legally make over property, etc. Assythement - a compensation paid to the relatives or friends of someone who had been killed, by the killer(s). Asylum - Latin from Greek for refuge. It entered English with the special meaning of a place of safety where criminals or political dissidents could escape the law. By the early 18th century it had its general meaning of a place of refuge, being applied to institutions by the mid 18th century. Through into the mid 19th century or later, however, there were other asylums than lunatic asylums, "orphan asylums" for example. Astricted - thirled or bonded to a particular mill. Atavism - a science word, coined from Latin for "beyond one's grandfather", meaning a reversion of animals (including humans) or plants to an ancestral type. Word coined by Antoine Nicolas Duchesne (1747-1827) in relation to strawberries (about 1766) as in degeneration theory. Athame - a ceremonial black-handled knife, one of several magical tools used in Wicca; other forms of modern witchcraft have since adopted the term for various ritual knives. Atlantes - plural of atlas and used in architecture. Atlas - pl. atlantes. In architecture a standing or kneeling figure of a man used as a supporting column, as for an entablature or balcony. Atour - besides, in addition, moreover. Atteint - also 'Attaint'. A blow or strike, especially in jousting. Also a wound on the leg of a horse caused by a blow. In law the giving of a false verdict by a jury; the conviction of such a jury, and the reversal of the verdict. Attainder - a criminal condemned for a serious crime, whether treason or felony, could be declared "attainted", his civil rights being nullified. Such a person could no longer own property or pass property to his family by will or testament. His property could consequently revert to the Crown or to the mesne lord. Any peerage titles would also revert to the Crown. For a person who committed a capital crime and was put to death for it, the property left behind was escheated to the Crown or lord rather than being inherited by family. Attavi - an ancestor or specifically a great, great, great, grandfather. Auchan - also 'Auchen' - a variety of Pear (Scots). Old Auchans near Dundonald is famous for its own variety of pear. Auchen - a field made from cleared woodland. A Scots term frequently found as a place name component. Aught - also 'Ought' - anything at all. Augur - one of a group of ancient Roman religious officials who foretold events by observing and interpreting signs and omens; a seer or prophet; a soothsayer. Aumbrey - also 'Aumbry'. A wall recess; sometimes as a cupboard for food. Often found in churches, chapels, etc. for keeping the sacramental vessels, etc. Aureole - a halo or circle of light or enclosed area, especially around the head or body of a portrayed religious figure. Autographed - any document carrying the signature of the person who wrote it. Autographed letter - a letter which is handwritten. Avocation - an activity that one engages in as a hobby outside one's main occupation Aw - a flat-board of an undershot water-wheel. Ayre - medieval Justiciars originally travelled around Scotland hearing cases on circuit or 'ayre'. Azotic - an obsolete term in chemistry, referring to azote, or nitrogen; formed or consisting of azote; as, azotic gas; azotic acid. Also an obsolete term meaning fatal to animal life. Bailey - the courtyard or courtyards that existed around a motte. Bailliary - the office or authority of a baillie. Baillie - a local official. Equivalent to an Alderman. A Baron's deputy in the context of a Barony. Also became a personal name, such as William Baillie who was a prisoner after the Battle of Durham in the 14th-century. He was the Baillie of Lambroughton in North Ayrshire. Bal - noise; uproar; merriment (Scots). Baldachino - also 'Baldachin or Baldaquin'. A rich fabric of silk and gold brocade; a canopy of fabric carried in church processions or placed over an altar, throne, or dais; in architecture a stone or marble structure built in the form of a canopy, especially over the altar of a church. Such a structure may be also be called a 'Ciborium' when it is sufficiently architectural in form. Ballista - a siege engine which fired smaller stones, heavy arrows and iron bolts. Tensile power was supplied by twisting ropes with windlasses. Baluster - one of the upright, usually rounded or vase-shaped supports of a balustrade; an upright support, such as a furniture leg, having a similar shape; one of the supporting posts of a handrail. Balustrade - a rail and the row of balusters or posts that support it, as along the front of a gallery Bannock - in the context of Mills, a payment to a servant amounting to a handful of meal, in addition to that given as knaveship. Also a type of Scottish or Manx bread. Bane - an archaic term for animals and objects causing serious damage or even death; the term 'Deodand' replaced it. Banshee - from the Irish Gaelic bean sí ("woman of the sídhe" or "woman of the fairy mounds") is a female spirit in Irish mythology, usually seen as an omen of death and a messenger from the Otherworld. Her Scottish counterpart is the Bean Nighe ("washer-woman"). Barbican - a forward defensible structure jutting out or set in front of the main part of a castle's defenses or walls. In many cases the barbican formed part of the castle gatehouse complex. Bark House - a building used to store bark, mainly from oak trees, gathered for use in tanning. Barker - a person whose occupation was the sripping of bark fron trees for the purpose of the tanning of leather. Barmikan - also Barmkin. Originally a livestock enclosure, later a legal term for the walls of the inner or outer court or close of a castle, place, etc.a term used in Scotland to cover the various walled courtyards, service yards, walled gardens and orchards that spread in every direction from a house. [1] Barn - a building designed for threshing and storing corn. Baron baillie - a Baillie of a barony court (Scots). Barony - lands held directly from the crown. The baron’s historic heritable jurisdiction varied according to the wording of the grant at the time the lands were erected into a barony; there was no standard set of rights or obligations. The baronial courts in their truncated form were used largely to enforce payment of rents on the laird's estate. Heritable jurisdiction ceased in 1747. Barr - mountain grazing attached to a specific lowland area (Gaelic) or a large hill or the ridge of a hill (Scots). Bartizan also 'Bartisan' - a small, overhanging turret on a wall or tower, especially of a castle. Bascinet - also 'Basnet.' A light helmet, at first open, but later made with a visor. Bastard - an illegitimate child. Indicated by the 'bend' sinister on armorial bearings. Bastardy, Gift of - in Scots Law, a gift from the crown of the heritable or movable effects of a bastard who has died without lawful issue, and without having first disposed of the lands. Bastle house - found along the Anglo-Scottish border, in the areas formerly plagued by border reivers. They are farmhouses, characterised by elaborate security measures against border raids. Baulk - An unplowed strip of land; a ridge between furrows. Bavardage - much talking; prattle; chatter. Baxter - a baker. Bearherd - a man who tends a bear. Bearward - a keeper of bears. Beck - a name for a small stream, especially in Cumbria. Bedesman - also 'Beadsman'. Originally a man endowed to pray for others; later a licensed beggar or a name for a servant in England. In Scotland there were public almsmen supported by the king and expected in return to pray for his welfare and that of the state. These men wore long blue gowns with a pewter badge on the right arm, and were nicknamed Blue Gowns. Their number corresponded to the king's years, an extra one being added each royal birthday. They were privileged to ask alms throughout Scotland. Bedizen - to ornament or dress in a showy or gaudy manner. Bedlam - Bethlehem was shortened to Bedleem and Bedlem in Middle English. The hospital was nicknamed Bedlam' from early on. From the early 16th century, bedlam also came to mean `mad'. Bed-stone - the lower of a pair of grindstones, with the rind passing though it. It is the one that remains stationary. Bee Bole - an alcove or space in which a 'Skep' for bees is kept to provide shelter. Beehive - an artificial home for bees. The 'Stewarton Hive' was the first that did not require the killing of the bees in order to extract the honey. Beeves - also 'Beefs', meaning cattle or a herd of cows. Common usage in 19th century writings. Beget - to father or sire; to cause to exist or occur. Behoof - in common parlance it signifies need, coming from the saxon term behoove, to need or have need of. In the legal sense of the word, it signifies use, service, profit, advantage. Belfry - a mobile siege tower which could be wheeled up to the walls of a castle etc. Wet hides could be hung on it to prevent fire and they had small drawbridges to allow besiegers to access the top of the walls. Belletrist - a person involved in writing 'belles-lettres', literary works valued more for their aesthetic qualities than for any informative or educational content. Beltane - an ancient Gaelic holiday celebrated around May 1. Historically celebrated in Ireland, Scotland and the Isle of Man. Similar festivals were held at the same time in the other Celtic countries of Wales, Brittany and Cornwall. Belvedere - also 'Belvidere', a small round copse on a hill or knoll as part of the scenic layout of formal gardens on an estate. Benighted - overtaken by darkness, as used in Sir Walter Scott's Guy Mannering. Also intellectually or morally ignorant. Benitier - a stoup for holy water in a chapel, church, etc. [2] Bequeath - a term appearing in a will meaning to leave or give property as specified therein to another person or organization (Legal). Bercary - a medieval sheep farm, particularly a monastic one. Bere - also 'Bear' - in Scots this was the primitive indigenous form of one-sided barley. It gave a good yield on poor soils and its straw, used for thatching, was long and strong. Bere or Beer - from the Old English this was a wood, usually one confined to a grove-like form. Bers - a mortar of the 16th century. Beshrew - to curse; invoke evil upon. Bespeak - to indicate; to engage, hire, or order in advance; to request: bespeak a favor; to speak to; address. Bestow - to present as a gift or an honor; confer; too apply or use; to place or stow or to store or house. Bevor - a piece of plate armour designed to protect the neck. Bibliophile - a lover of books. Bicket - a pocket, as in place names, e.g. Bickethall (Scots). Biggin - a building. A general term used in Scotland, Cumbria and elsewhere in England. Billet - a piece of wood cut for use as fuel and often of a standard size. [3] Binding - in books terms, the cover of the book. Birlayman - a man appointed by a court, such as a Barony Court, to assess damages. Birlinn - a type of small galley with 12 to 18 oars, used especially in the Hebrides and West Highlands of Scotland in the Middle Ages. Variants in English and Lowland Scots include 'berlin' and 'birling'. They appear in Scottish heraldry as the 'lymphad.' Bittern - in sea salt manufacture, the fluid portion containing the other salts which have to be removed to prevent a bitter and unpalitable taste to the final product. Black letter script - also known Gothic or Gothic minuscule, was a script used throughout Western Europe from the mid twelfth to well into the 17th century. It continued to be used for the German language until the 20th century. Blackhouse - a traditional house which used to be common in Highland Scotland, the Hebrides & Ireland. Generally built with double wall dry-stone walls packed with earth and wooden rafters covered with turf or reed thatch. The floor was generally flagstones or packed earth and there was a central hearth for the fire. There was no chimney (Gaelic). Blair - a plain (Gaelic). Blazon - a formal description of a coat of arms or flag, which enables a person to construct or reconstruct the appropriate image. A coat of arms or flag is therefore not primarily defined by a picture, but rather by the wording of its blazon. Blazon also refers to the specialized language in which a blazon is written, and, as a verb, to the act of writing such a description. Bleachfield - a bleaching works with its adjacent drying-ground. Now generally as a survival in place-names (Scots). Blench duty or 'Blanch' - a 'Blench Holding' is by a nominal payment by the feu holder , as of a penny Scots, or a red rose, often only to be rendered upon demand to the superior. Bletting - a process that some fleshy fruits undergo, beyond ripening. Such fruits are either sweeter after some bletting, such as sea buckthorn, or for which most varieties can be eaten raw only after bletting, such as medlars, persimmons, quince, Service Tree fruit, and Wild Service Tree fruit. Block Book - a book printed from wooden blocks in which each page, both words and pictures, is carved from a single piece of wood and cannot be rearranged for subsequent use; a technique mainly employed in the mid-fifteenth century. [4] Blood-wit - a fine imposed for causing a significant effusion of blood from a victim (Scots). [5] Bloody - it may be derived from the phrase "by Our Lady", a sacrilegious invocation of the Virgin Mary. The abbreviated form "By'r Lady" is common in Shakespeare's plays around the turn of the 17th century, and interestingly Jonathan Swift about 100 years later writes both "it grows by'r Lady cold" and "it was bloody hot walking to-day" suggesting that a transition from one to the other could have been under way. Blout - also 'Bloak' - an upwelling of water, a spring or a wet, damp place (Scots). Bodger - itinerant chair leg makers, who in places like Chinnor in England, would camp in the woods in the summer months in days gone by. Body politic - the physical person of the sovereign, the emperor, dictator, or the electorate. Bogle - the Scots name for a scarecrow, which is a device (traditionally a mannequin) that is used to discourage birds such as crows from disturbing crops and feeding on recently cast seed. Boll - also 'Bow', 'bol', 'boill', 'boall', or 'bowl' - a measure of capacity for grain, malt, salt, etc., or sometimes of weight, varying for different commodities and in different localities (Scots). Boline - also 'Bolline'. A white-handled ritual knife, one of several magical tools used in 'Wicca'. Unlike the 'Athame', which in most traditions is never used for actual physical cutting, the boline is used for cutting cords and herbs, carving candles, etc. Bolling - the main trunk of a pollarded tree. Bolster - “That part of a mill in which the axletree moves" (Scots). Bolt - a measure of fabric, stored rolled up in fixed lengths. Bolter - a device in a mill used for separating the flour or meal from impurities (Scots). Bond of surety - a written, binding agreement to perform as specified. Many types of bonds have existed for centuries and appear in marriage, land and court records of used by genealogists. Historically, laws required administrators and executors of estates, grooms alone or with others, and guardians of minors to post bonds. It is not unusual to discover that a bondsman was related to someone involved in the action before the court. If a bondsman failed to perform, the court may have demanded payment of a specified sum as a penalty (Legal). Bonds of Manrent - a form of mutually beneficial bond of allegiance. Boniface - the proprietor of a hotel or restaurant; an innkeeper. Bookplate - a pasted-in sign of ownership of a book. Many of the older bookplates were highly elaborate with engraved coats of arms, family mottoes etc. They are sometimes dated and give useful information of titles, full names, the interests of the owner, etc. Boon-work - work done on the lord's land by dependent peasants for a fixed number of days per week. Bordland - also 'Borlum' or 'Bowland'. The terra mensalis or table land that specifically furnished food for the castle table. [6] Boor - a serf to which Norman lords often apportioned lands near to their castles, hence 'Boorland'. Bordar - a smallholding cottager of less standing than a villein but better off than cottars. Borough - also 'Burgh.' Originally a town (built area larger than a village), or one that was fortified, or one that had its own internal government. Later came to mean a town that had its own self-government given to it by charter from the king or queen (a municipal borough) or which sent representative/s to parliament (a parliamentary borough). In 1845 a borough is defined as A borough, town or city corporate having a quarter sessions, recorder and clerk of the peace. Boss - an 'Umbo' or raised central area on a shield or 'buckler'. Also a carved keystone at rib intersections on a stone or wooden roof. Often highly carved and brightly painted. Bote - 'Housebote', 'Hedgebote', 'Gatebote', 'Harrowbote', etc., are the rights of particular tenants or commoners to cut timber or wood from hedges, commons or woods when needed for maintaining buildings and equipment. [7] Bothy - a single room for a bachelor farm worker (Scots). Boulevard - a rampart. Bulwark has its origins in this term. Boulingrin - a grass lawn with differential mowing that leaves a pattern in the longer grass. Bountith - an addition to wages for good conduct (Scots). [5] Bour Tree - a Common Elder (Scots); often used as part of a place name, such as Bourtreehill in Irvine, Ayrshire, Scotland. Bovate - a Carucate was sub-divided into bovates (measure of land) (also called Oxgates) and these were based on the area a single oxen could till in a year, they were therefore one eighth of a carucate. Around 15 acres; land ploughed by two oxen. Bowshot - a measure of distance, around 200 yards; derived from the flight achieved by an arrow from a fully drawn bow. Bowbutt - a measure of distance of around 30 yards; derived from the distance apart of butts used in archery practice. Box Bed - a bed which is boxed in; as found in cot-houses. Brae - a steep or sloping bank of a river, lake or shore; a steep slope rising from a water (Scots). Brace - a triangulating piece, usually in a timber frame. Brachet - a type of hound that hunts by scent; bitch-hound; a spoilt child. Brachygraphy - an abbreviated writing; shorthand. Braggart - one given to loud, empty boasting; a bragger. Braided - streams flowing in an interconnected network of channels that divide and reunite. Brandanes - also 'Brandini'. A collective term for the natives of Arran and Bute, now archaic. Its origin may be in the name of Saint Brendan or in the bold water or spray men. [8] Brank - a scold's bridle, consisting of a locking metal mask or head cage that contains a tab that fits in the mouth to inhibit talking. Some have claimed that convicted common scolds had to wear such a device as a preventive or punitive measure. Brasses - memorials to the dead on tombs. Usually made of latten hammered into sheets and highly ornamented, with the name of the dead person, a portrait, etc. [9] Breastshot - a water wheel turned by water hitting it midway up. Brehon - an Anglicisation of 'breitheamh' (earlier 'brithem', the Irish word for a judge). The Brehon laws were written in the Old Irish period (ca. 600–900 AD) and are assumed to reflect the traditional laws of pre-Christian Ireland and parts of Scotland. They are associated with the Justice or Moot Hills. Breike - trousers (Scots). Breive - a written legal request to a local official requiring him to inquire into a case. Bretwalda - also 'Brytenwalda', or 'Bretenanwealda'. An Anglo-Saxon term, the first record of which comes from the late ninth century. It is applied to some of the rulers of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms from the fifth century onwards who had achieved overlordship over some or all the other Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. Brevi manu - summarily or in an offhand fashion. Breviary - a book, also called a 'portitorium', containing the hymns, offices, and prayers for the canonical hours. Brigid or 'Bridget' - the midwife of Mary, mother of Jesus. Also a Celtic Goddess as daughter of Dagda, an Irish god. On February 1, Brigid is celebrated at the Gaelic festival of Imbolc, when she brings the first stirrings of spring to the land. Brisure - a system of marks added to coats of arms in heraldry to distinguish between members of the same family. Brithem - an early judge in Scotland; from the Gaelic 'Breitheamhan' (See Brehon). These judges were appointed by the King and attended courts convened by the mormaers. Broach spire - a half-pyramid of stone set at each corner of a square tower to shape the spire. Broadside - a single sheet printed on one side and issued by itself, used for advertisements, ballads, propaganda, etc. [4] Broch - an Iron Age circular stone tower, found in the Shetlands and Western coastline of Scotland. [9] Brocard - an elementary principle or maximum; a short, proverbial rule, in law, ethics, or metaphysics. Brock - a badger. Often used in the country. The Old-English name. Brook - a small stream, also 'Brooklet'. Brother German - a brother by both the father's and mother's side, in contradistinction to a uterine brother, one by the mother only. From the Old French germain, meaning "closely related." Brownie or 'Urisk' (Lowland Scots) or brùnaidh, ùruisg, or 'gruagach' (Scottish Gaelic) is a legendary kind of creature popular in folklore around Scotland and England (especially the north). Brythonic - Indo-European languages, such as Welsh belong to the Brythonic branch of Celtic Languages, which includes Breton and Cornish. This branch is also named "P-Celtic". See Goidelic. Buckler - a small rounded shield held by a handle. The 'Buckler fern' is so named from the resemblance of the 'spore covers' (indusia) to these shields. Buckram - a heavy linen cloth used in book binding. Buckram is often starched or coated with some form of protective material. Bull - an official document issued by the pope and sealed with a bulla. Bulla (plural, 'Bullae'), a lump of clay molded around a cord and stamped with a seal. When dry, the container cannot be violated without visible damage to the bulla, thereby ensuring the contents remain tamper-proof until they reach their destination. Bullae from antiquity appear as a lump surrounding a dangling cord (as with much later wax bullae and Papal bulls made of lead rather than clay) or a flat, disc-shaped lump pressed against a cord surrounding a folded document (such as papyrus or vellum). Bullaun - the depression in which a free standing rounded boulder sits within a water filled natural cavity. Bullauns are often associated with cursing stones and healing stones. Bullionism - an economic theory that defines wealth by the amount of precious metals owned. Bullionism is an early or primitive form of mercantilism. It was derived, in the 16th century, from the observation that the English state possessed large amounts of gold and silver, in spite of the fact that there was no mining of precious metals on English soil, because of its large trade surplus. Burgage - a town 'rental property' owned by a king or lord. The property 'burgage tenement' consisting of a house on a long and narrow plot of land, with the narrow end facing the street. Tenure was usually in the form of money, but each "burgage tenure" arrangement was unique, and could include services. Burgher - a member of the Secession Church who upheld the lawfulness of the burgess oath (Scots). Burgess - a freeman or citizen of an English borough or a Scottish burgh; later an elected representative; a member of the English Parliament who once represented a town, borough, or university. Burgess plot - a strip of land in a medieval town owned by a merchant or burgess. The plot included the site of a house as well as room for a market stall and a small amount of enclosed land for grazing a cow or growing vegetables. Burin - the tool used by engravers for gouging lines on copper or steel printing plates. Burlaw Court - a special court held by the birlaymen of a barony, men chosen by tenants and tried minor cases at cuthills (Scots). Burn - a small stream (Scots). Burr stone - a hard-waring stone, usually from France, used in the construction of millstones. Often made into sections and bound together with iron hoops. Burthen - a burden. Bushel - a unit of dry measure / dry volume, usually subdivided into eight local gallons in the systems of Imperial units. Used for volumes of dry commodities, not liquids, most often in agriculture. Butt - a small piece of land as used in ploughing. Butt & Ben - Literally 'backwards and forwards'. A dwelling entered by a single shared fore-door with a double partition and doors to the living quarters on one side and the byre on the other. A person sitting in the living area, called the in-seat, would look 'butt to the byre' and someone in the byre would look 'ben' to the living area' (Scots). Buttery - a bottle store - a service room for liquid foodstuffs. Buttress - supports for walls, usually made of stone and sometimes crowned with a pinnacle. Flying buttresses are a variant which allowed a more delicate appearance whilst maintaining the strength of the supports. Butts - targets for archery. Often made from straw and placed on a wooden or basket 'woven' frame; sometimes set against an earthen mound. Buzone - an archaic term for the elite within the ruling class. By - a term meaning a 'settlement', derived from the Scandinavian settlers. Byre - a cowshed or barn (Scots). A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Cablish - windfallen wood. Cabriole - a form of furniture leg that curves outward and then narrows downward into an ornamental foot, characteristic of Queen Anne and Chippendale furniture. Cadency - any systematic way of distinguishing similar coats of arms belonging to members of the same family. Cadency is necessary in heraldic systems in which a given design may be owned by only one person at once. As heraldic designs may be inherited, the arms of members of a family will usually be similar to the arms used by its oldest surviving member (called the "plain coat"). They are formed by adding marks called brisures, similar to charges but smaller. Brisures are generally exempt from the law of tincture. Cadet - in genealogy, a junior branch of a aristocratic family. Cadger - used in Scots as in standard English to mean a traveling hawker (chiefly of fish or Cheese in East Ayrshire ), beggar or carter. Caitiff - a base or despicable person, a coward. Calefactory - the one room in a monastery in which a fire was permitted. This was over the winter months only. Callant - a stripling, a lad, a term of affection. Rarely - a girl (Scots). Calm - Limestone (Scots). Caltrop - a metal device with four projecting spikes so arranged that when three of the spikes are on the ground, the fourth points upward, used as a hazard to the hooves of horses. The first settlers in the USA even used them against the Native Americans. Calumny - a false statement maliciously made to injure another's reputation; maliciously false statements; slander (Legal). Cambric - a finely woven white linen or cotton fabric. The etymology is obsolete Flemish kameryk, from Kameryk, Cambrai, a city of northern France. Reference is made to this material in Sir Walter Scott's Kenilworth. Camelaucum - the headdress both the mitre and the Papal tiara stem from, originally a cap used by officials of the Imperial Byzantine court. Camerarius regis - chamberlain to the King. Camerarius Scotiae - the great chamberlain of Scotland. Camlet - a durable, waterproof cloth, esp. for outerwear or apparel made of this material. Also to decorate (fabric, book edges, etc.) with a colorful, marbled design. Canon law - the ecclesiastical law of the Roman Catholic Church, is a fully developed legal system, with all the necessary elements: courts, lawyers, judges, a fully articulated legal code and principles of legal interpretation. Cant - a compartment in a coppiced wood. Canticle - a song or chant, especially a non-metrical hymn with words taken from a biblical text other than from the Book of Psalms. Cantrip - a magical spell or mischievous trick (Scots); a deception; a sham. Caparisoned - an ornamental covering for a horse or for its saddle or harness; trappings; richly ornamented clothing or finery. Capital - the top, often ornately carved, of a column. Capital Messuage - the main messuage of an estate, the house in which the owner of the estate normally lived. Caponier - a covered passage across a ditch, used militarily as a protected musketeer emplacement. A fine example is to be found at Craignethan castle in Lanarkshire, Scotland. Carbonarum - a medieval coal mine, particularly monastic sites. Carding - the processing of brushing raw or washed fibers to prepare them as textiles. Carl - also see 'Churl' - large stalks of hemp which bear the seed; - called also carl hemp; kind of food - Caring or carl are seeds steeped in water and fried the next day in butter or fat. They are eaten on the second Sunday before Easter, formerly called Carl Sunday. Carlin Stone - a witch stone. The name Carlin was used as a derogatory term for a woman meaning an 'old hag'. It is also said in the context of mythology to be a corruption of the Gaelic word “Cailleach”, meaning the 'old Hag', the Goddess of Winter. Several stones and places in Scotland are known by this name (Scots). Carr - an alder wood. Cart - a strong vehicle with two or four wheels designed for carrying loads and drawn by a horse or horses. Cartouche or 'Cartouch' - a structure or figure, often in the shape of an oval shield or oblong scroll, used as an architectural or graphic ornament or to bear a design or inscription; an oval or oblong figure in ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics that encloses characters expressing the names or epithets of royal or divine personages; a heavy paper cartridge case. Cartshed - a building for housing carts, waggons, ploughs, harrows and other farm machinery. Carucage - the tax levied on each 'carucate' of land. Carucate - a unit of assessment for tax found in most of the Danelaw counties of England. The word derives from caruca, Latin for a plough. It is analogous to the 'hide', the measurement of land for tax assessment used outside the Danelaw counties. It was used in Scotland where it was equal to 100 Scots acres. Carved Stone Balls - tennis ball sized balls with a variable number of protruding knobs. Mostly thought to date from the Late Neolithic and almost always found in Scotland. Their function is unknown. Casque - a helmet or helmet-like process. Castellan - the governor or caretaker of a castle or keep. The word stems from the Latin Castellanus, derived from castellum 'castle'. Usually, a castellan combined the duties of both a majordomo (responsible for a castle's domestic staff) and a military administrator (responsible for maintaining defenses and protecting the castle's lands). This was particularly the case if there was no lord resident at the castle, or if the resident lord was frequently absent. Catechism - a book giving a brief summary of the basic principles of Christianity in question-and-answer form; a manual giving basic instruction in a subject, usually by rote or repetition; a body of fundamental principles or beliefs, especially when accepted uncritically. Catechumen- one who is being taught the principles of Christianity; one who is being instructed in a subject at an elementary level. Cateran - the common people of the Highlands in a band; brigands, freebooters, or marauders collectively. Cathedral Close - an enclosure pertaining to a cathedral in which such as staff housing and maintenance facilities are sited. Caudal - of, at, or near the tail or hind parts; posterior; situated beneath or on the underside; inferior. Caudel - also 'caudle', a warm drink consisting of wine or ale mixed with sugar, eggs, bread, and various spices, sometimes given to ill persons. The etymology is from the Middle English caudel, from Medieval Latin caldellus, from Latin caldum, hot drink, from caldus. Causeymaker - a street or lane maker; a layer of cobblestones. Cautioner - in Scotland, one who acts as surety for another, thereby undertaking to be liable for the default of another, or for his appearance in court, payment of a fine, etc. Celerity - swiftness of action or motion; speed Cellarium - a storehouse, such as in an abbey. Centuriation - the Roman practice of dividing land up into squares of 775 modern yards, orientated exactly north and south. Centuriation usually followed the setting up of a new colony on vacant land. Very rare in Britain. Cereal - any plant which produces grain. Certiorari - a writ or a form of judicial review whereby a court is asked to consider a legal decision of an administrative tribunal, judicial office or organization (eg. government) and to decide if the decision has been regular and complete, if there has been an error of law, if the tribunal had the power to make the decision complained of or whether the tribunal exceeded its powers in issuing the decision complained of. Cess - An assessment tax or levy, superseded by rates. In Scotland it originally meant land-tax and it is still frequently used to denote a local tax of any kind. Cessio bonorum - surrender of a debtor's goods in favor of his creditors. Chaff - also 'Bran', the husk of a cereal seed, removed during from the flailed grain by winnowing. Chaeatabeastie - the mill-dust, mixed with husks and sold as an animal feed. The story of a pig's death from being over fed with milldust is in Dr. Duguid's book (Service 1887). Chagrin - a keen feeling of mental unease, as of annoyance or embarrassment, caused by failure, disappointment, or a disconcerting event. Chained library - old libraries in which the books and manuscripts were attached to the bookcases by short chains so as to allow actual reading but deterring theft. Hereford Cathedral and the Bodlean still have such libraries. Chain Lines - the vertical lines seen in a sheet of handmade paper, usually about 2 cm apart, which hold the wires in place in paper moulds. Chalder - an ancient Scottish dry measure, applied to grains, varying with the grain being measured. Chamberlain - an officer who manages the household of a sovereign or noble; a chief steward; an official who receives the rents and fees of a municipality; an often honorary papal attendant. Champaign - open countryside, or an area of open countryside. Chancel - also 'Sacrarium', 'pit' or prison cell. The part of a Christian church near the altar, reserved for the clergy, the choir, etc. They are usually enclosed by a screen or separated from the nave by steps. Chancery - an office of archives for public or ecclesiastic records; a court of public records. Chantry chapel - endowed by rich parishioners, these would have a separate altar where priests would have said prayers for the souls of the benefactor and his family. These were often located in the transepts. Chaplet - a wreath or garland for the head; a rosary having beads for five decades of Hail Marys; a string of beads; in architecture A small molding carved to resemble a string of beads. Chapman - chiefly British A peddler. A dealer or merchant. Chapter-house - the building in an abbey, minster, etc. where the business aspects of the religious community were conducted. Charge - any object or figure placed on a heraldic shield or on any other object of an armorial composition. Any object found in nature or technology may appear as a heraldic charge in armory. Charges can be animals, objects, or geometric shapes. Apart from the ordinaries, the most frequent charges are the cross—with its hundreds of variations—and the lion and eagle. Other common animals are stags, boars, martlets, and fish. Dragons, unicorns, griffins, and more exotic monsters appear as charges and as supporters. Char cloth - also called Charpaper, is a swatch of fabric made from vegetable fiber (such as linen, cotton or jute) that has been converted via pyrolysis into a slow-burning fuel of very low ignition temperature. It is capable of being ignited by a single spark that can in turn be used to ignite a tinder bundle to start a fire. Charnel - a repository for the bones or bodies of the dead; a charnel house; anything resembling, suggesting, or suitable for receiving the dead. Chartulary - a collection of charters; a place where charters are stored. Chase - Chiefly British. a private game preserve; a tract of privately owned land reserved for, and sometimes stocked with, animals and birds to be hunted. Used as an element in English place names. Chasuble - a highly decorative cloak worn by a priest over the white undergarment, the alb. Chateau - a French castle; a French manor house; a large country house. Chateau reve - a 'castle of dreams'. Chatelaine - the mistress of a large house; a set of short chains attached to a womans belt. Chatelet - a gatehouse or other feature built in the form of a miniature chateau. Chaudemelle - a murder of passion; not premeditated. Cheese-brizer - a cheese press (Scots). Cheese-stane - a large, heavy stone, worked with a screw, for pressing cheese (Scots). Chesset - originally the oak wood container banded with iron hoops into which slated curd was placed to press it and shape it (Scots). An example at Dalgarven Mill, North Ayrshire in Scotland has a thick wooden sides and is perforated at the bottom. It is strengthened with metal hoops. Chevalier - a member of certain male orders of knighthood or merit, such as the Legion of Honor in France. A French nobleman of the lowest rank. Used as a title for such a nobleman.A chivalrous man. Chevaux de Frise - a defensive measure at the entrance to a fort constructed from stone pillars or stakes designed to break up a mass attack. Chi-Rho - an early Christian symbol or monogram made from the first two Greek letters of Christ's name, X and P. Chiromancy - palmistry. Read the palm to determine the future; as practiced by Gypsies, etc. Chorography - in the 16th and 17th centuries chorography was used to refer to antiquarian studies of topography, place, community, history, memory. chorography is therefore the study of its smaller parts; provinces, regions, cities, or ports. With the consolidation of disciplines of space and place, chorography was subsumed under geography and topography. Chrism - a consecrated mixture of oil and balsam, used for anointing in church sacraments such as baptism and confirmation. Also called 'holy oil'. Christmasing - the surreptitious collection of holly by moonlight for the purpose of selling. Chrismatory - a special, usually lockable container, for holding the chrism. Chromolithography - a method of printing in colours by the process of 'lithography'. Churl - (etymologically the same name as Charles), in its earliest Anglo-Saxon meaning, was simply "a man", but the word soon came to mean "a non-servile peasant", still spelt ceorle, and denoting the lowest rank of freemen. According to the Oxford English Dictionary it later came to mean the opposite of the nobility and royalty, "a common person". Says Chadwick, "from the time of Aethelstan the distinction between thegn and ceorl was the broad line of demarcation between the classes of society." This meaning held through the 15th century, but by then the word had taken on negative overtone, meaning "a country person" and then "a low fellow". By the 19th century, a new and pejorative meaning arose, "one inclined to uncivil or loutish behaviour". Ciborium - a vaulted canopy permanently placed over an altar or font; a covered receptacle for holding the consecrated wafers of the Eucharist. Cicerone - an old term for a guide, one who conducts visitors and sightseers to museums, galleries, etc., Ci-devant - the French nobility of the ancien régime (the Bourbon monarchy) after it had lost its titles and privileges in the French Revolution. Even prior to the revolution, the term ci-devant was already a common expression to refer to "people or things dispossessed of their estate or quality Cincture - something that encircles or surrounds; a belt or sash, especially one worn with an ecclesiastical vestment or the habit of a monk or nun. Cist - also 'Kist' a small stone slab-built coffin-like box or 'ossuary' used to hold the bodies of the dead, especially during the Bronze Age in the British Isles and occasionally in Native American burials. Citadel - a term for a 'Fortress' or 'Keep'. Clachan - a small settlement of clustered houses with no church, and the land around held under a system of land tenure often referred to as the Rundale System - whereby farmers within the clachan had scattered plots of good, medium and poorer quality land. The better land was usually found close to the cluster of houses and was known as the infield - poorer quality land was found in what was often referred to as the outfield, since it was further away from the cluster. Parts of the land were held ‘in common’ e.g. the land around the houses and the mountain land. The mountain land was allocated in soums - e.g. one soum entitled a farmer to graze a cow or so many sheep. The number of soums that a farmer held was related to how much land he held in the infield/outfield area (Scots). Clan Crest - the badge worn by a clan member, usually on the arm as a sign of allegiance. The crest of the clan chief is actually his crest and not that of the clan in terms of rightful use. Clap - the form or lair of a hare or rabbit (Scots). Clap - clap or clapper, the instrument which by striking the hopper causes corn to be shaken into the mill-stones (Scots). Clap & Happer - an expression used in Scottish legal documents, meaning the whole mill (Scots). Clare constat - name of a precept (an order), in which a superior acknowledges that it 'clearly appears' that someone is heir to landed property held of the superior, and which orders the giving of sasine (Legal). This phrase means it does clearly appear. Clathri - a grating or lattice of bars, as of cages for animals or gratings for windows. Claustral - of or related to a cloister; secluded, isolated, or retired from the World. Claviger - also a 'Macer'. A servant at a law court, responsible for maintaining order. Clepe - (archaic) to call; name. Clerestory - the windowed top of a nave in a church. Certain early Victorian railway coaches had a similar top structure and were named clerestory coaches. Cloister - covered walkways in a cathedral or abbey, set out as a square and used by the monks as a study. Close-stools - pierced wooden seats with a removable container beneath, used in many country houses before modern plumbing was developed. Coat of Arms - the heraldic bearings or shield of a person, family or corporation. The presence of a coat of arms on an item usually signified ownership, hence the appearance of coats of arms on buildings, furniture, silverware, coins, etc. Cobbled - surfaces such as roads and floors covered with small rounded stones or cobbles. Cocidius - a Brythonic Celtic deity worshipped in northern Britain. The Romans equated him with Mars, god of war and hunting and with Sylvanus, god of forests, groves and wild fields. Like Belatu-Cadros, he was probably worshipped by lower-ranked Roman soldiers as well as Britons. Cockade - an ornament, such as a rosette or knot of ribbon, usually worn on the hat as a badge. A White Cockade was the badge of the 'Jacobites'. Cocket, also 'Cocquet' - a seal used by a customs house, applied to a certificate (a "letter of cocket") certifying that duty has been paid on goods to be exported. Codex, Codices - the standard book format, with folded flat sheets stitched along one edge to bind the sheets together, also an ancient volume of manuscript, such as those surving from the Aztec civilisation. Codger - an old or strange person. May be derived from 'Cadger'. Codicil - a supplement or addition to a will; not intended to replace an entire will (Legal). Codicology - the study of books as physical objects, especially manuscripts written on parchment in codex form. It is often referred to as 'the archaeology of the book', concerning itself with the materials (parchment, sometimes referred to as membrane or vellum, paper, pigments, inks and so on), and techniques used to make books, including their binding. Coeval - originating or existing during the same period; lasting through the same era; One of the same era or period; a contemporary. Cofferer - a principal officer in the English royal court, next under the controller. In the counting-house, and elsewhere at other times, he had a special charge and oversight of other officers of the house, for their good demeanor and carriage in their offices—to all whom he paid the wages. Cofferer of the Household - formerly an office in the British Royal Household. The holder had special charge over other officers of the household and was an officer of state and a member of the Privy Council and the Board of Green Cloth. Cognizance - in Heraldry, a crest or badge worn to distinguish the bearer. Cogswounds - an expression meaning God's Wounds, now archaic. A character in Sir Walter Scott's 'Kenilworth' uses this expression. It is an example of a word which has had a consonant altered to help mask its literal meaning. Collateral line - a line of descent connecting persons who share a common ancestor, but are related through an aunt, uncle, cousin, nephew, etc. Collateral Succession - succession in which the throne passed not linearly from father to son, but laterally from brother to brother and then to the eldest son of the eldest brother who had held the throne. Collegiate church - a church served and administered by a college of canons or prebendaries, presided over by a dean or provost. In its governing a collegiate church is similar to a cathedral, although a collegiate church is not the seat of a bishop. Collegiate churches were often supported by (sometimes extensive) lands held by the church. Lincluden at Dumfries in Scotland is an example. Collop - a small portion of food or a slice, especially of meat; roll of fat flesh. 'Collop Monday' was the day when the last of the collops were eaten prior to Lent. Colloquy - in law, a routine and highly formalized conversation, such as between the judge and lawyers. A religious colloquy or colloquium is a meeting to settle differences of doctrine or dogma. Colonus - (plural Coloni) - a tenant farmer of the late Roman Empire and the European Middle Ages. Coloni were drawn from impoverished small free farmers, partially emancipated slaves, and barbarians sent to work as agricultural labourers among landed proprietors. For the lands that they rented, they paid in money, produce, or service. Some may have become coloni in order to gain protection from the proprietor against the state tax collector or against invaders and aggressive neighbours. Although technically freemen, the coloni were bound to the soil by debts that were heritable and by laws limiting their freedom of movement. By ad 332 landlords were permitted to chain coloni suspected of planning to leave. Coloni were forbidden to transfer their property without consent of the landlord and to sue the landlord except for increasing their rent. The colonus could not lose his land as long as he paid the rent, but he was forbidden to leave or change his occupation. If the land was sold, he went with it; his children held it after him on the same terms. Colophon - an identifying inscription or emblem from a printer or publisher appearing at the end of a book. Also the emblem at the bottom of the spine on both a book and its dust-wrapper as well as the logo on the title or copyright page. Columbarium - a dove-cote or doocot. Columbarius - a full time keeper of a flock of pigeons. [10] Combine harvester - a mobile machine that reaps, threshes and bales. Commandry - the smallest division of the European landed estate or manor under the control of a commendator, or commander, of an order of knights. Commendam - also 'Commendator'. The origins of the practice can be found in the Early Middle Ages when temporarily unoccupied church property (ecclesiastical benefice) would be temporarily entrusted to the protection of a member of the church, to safeguard it until order was restored and a new permanent holder of the position was granted in titulus. The safeguarder would receive any revenues generated from the property in the meantime. An example would be that of Kilwinning Abbey, Ayrshire, Scotland which was placed in the hands of a Commendator after the reformation. Commonty - a common; a piece of ground used by or belonging to more than one person. Compearance - in Scotland, defenders don't "appear" in a legal action; they "compear" (Legal). Compline - the last of the seven canonical hours recited or sung just before retiring; the time of day appointed for this church service. Composition - a payment made by an heir succeeding to land, to the superior of the land. Compurgators - 'oath-helpers' whom a person on trial was allowed to call in to swear that, to their belief, as neighbours of the accused and acquainted with his character, he was speaking truth in making oath. Commissariots - areas based on pre-Reformation dioceses in Scotland in which the Commissary Courts dealt with issues such as executries, slander, aliment and small debt. [11] Commission of justiciary - strong powers granted to local lords to hold justice courts for particular events or periods of time (Scots). Commission of lieutenandry - strong powers granted by the government to named feudal lords which virtually gave the individual the powers of the monarch for a fixed period (Scots). Common Law - the traditional code of law in England, dating from the Middle Ages and supplemented by legal decisions over the centuries. Not written down in any one place. Often contrasted with statute laws passed by Parliament. Commonweal - the public good or welfare. Commutation - exchange or substitution. Compear - to appear. To appear in court personally or by attorney (Legal). Comptroller - a variant of 'controller.' Coney - an adult rabbit. The term has almost died out due to its ribald or vulgar links. Confidencen - a table already laid and set with food that could be raised up by pulleys into a room so that aristocracy could eat and converse confidentially in the absence of servants. From the French for 'In confidence'. Conge - formal permission to depart or an abrupt and unceremonious dismissal. Congé d'élire - permission to elect. Connexus - a connecting structure. Consignation money - money paid to the church prior to marriage to prevent ante-nuptial fornication. The money was returned if no evidence of fornication was apparent. Constable - the title comes from the Latin comes stabuli (count of the stables) and originated from the Eastern Roman Empire; originally, the constable was the officer responsible for keeping the horses of a lord or monarch. In many countries the title developed into a high military rank and great officer of State. Consuetude - custom; usage. Cope - a large ceremonial cloak worn by some Christian priests [Late Latin cappa hooded cloak] a large ceremonial cloak worn by some Christian priests [Late Latin cappa hooded cloak]. Consanguinity - the degree of relationship between persons who descend from a common ancestor. A father and son are related by lineal consanguinity, uncle and nephew by collateral sanguinity. Consistory - a consistory court is a type of ecclesiastical court, especially within the Church of England, established by a charter of King William I. These courts still exist today, although since about the mid 19th century they have lost much of their subject-matter jurisdiction. Consuetude - a custom or usage that has acquired the force of law. Consuetudinary - a manual describing the customs of a particular group (especially the ceremonial practices of a monastic order). Conterminous - also 'Coterminous' - having a boundary in common; contiguous: The northern border of the United States is conterminous with the southern border of Canada. Contumacious - obstinately disobedient or rebellious; insubordinate. Contumely - insolently abusive and arrogantly humiliating. An insolent or arrogant remark or act. Conventicle - an illegal meeting of Presbyterian covenanters (Scots). Conventual - a member of a branch of the Franciscan religious order that permits the accumulation and possession of common property. Conveyance - a legal document by which the title to property is transferred; warrant; patent; deed (Legal). Coppard - a tree which has been firstly coppiced and then a few poles allowed to grow from the stool. These poles were pollarded and the tree cropped cyclically to provide faggots. Coppice - a traditional method of woodland management in which young tree stems are cut down to a low level. In subsequent growth years, many new shoots will emerge and after a number of years the cycle begins again and the coppiced tree, or stool, is ready to be harvested again. Coracle - small boats made of flexible twigs, such as willow, and then covered with animal hides and sewn together with leather thongs. They were used before the Romans arrived and continue to be used in parts of Wales for fishing, such as in the rivers Teifi and Tywi. [12] Corbel - a projection from a wall-plane intended to support a structure above. Cordon sanitaire - a guarded line between two areas, such as the border between Scotland and England prior to the Act on Union. Corn - any cereal before or after harvesting. Cornage - an ancient tenure of land, which obliged the tenant to give notice of an 'invasion' by blowing a horn. [13] Cornice - a horizontal ornamental moulded projection around the top of a building. Keeps the rain of the walls. Coronach - (also written coranich, corrinoch, coranach, cronach, etc.) is the lamentation or dirge for the dead which accompanied funerals in the Highlands of Scotland and in Ireland. It can be a choral lament or a funereal song sung or shrieked by Celtic women. Corpus delicti - the actual subject of inquiry in a criminal trial - such as the body of the person murdered; without which a trial could not take place. Cossnent - wages without food (Scots). [5] Coterie - a small, often select group of persons who associate with one another frequently. Coterminous - also 'Conterminous' - having a boundary in common; contiguous: The northern border of the United States is coterminous with the southern border of Canada. Cothouse - also a 'Cot,' A dwelling with or without land attached. A tied cottage to a farm labourer and his family (Scots). Cottage Ornee - a type of 'Summer House' or 'Cottage orne' from the early development of country estates, early 18th century. Cottar - a tenant or villein. Lowest of the main levels of peasant cultivators at Domesday; cottagers with 4 acres or less. Cotte - woman’s or child’s petticoat; a skirt. Cottown - Also 'Cottoun' - a group of cottages, often set apart from a township, occupied by cottars who were landless people allowed to settle on the common land and cultivate a small area of land in return for their labour (Scots). Couchant - in heraldry the term means 'Lying down with the head raised'. Couillon - see 'Cowan'. County or shire - an English administrative district, uniting several smaller districts called hundreds, ruled jointly by an ealdorman and sheriff, who presided in the shire-moot. Moot Hall or Mote House became the name for what we now call a Town Hall (See 1890 romanticisation by William Morris). The Normans (from 1066) continued to rule England in shires, using Anglo-French counté, Anglo-Latin comitatus to describe them. These words were absorbed into English as county. Court hill - see 'Moot','Mote' hill and 'Cuthill'. Cousin German - a child of one's aunt or uncle; a first cousin; from O.Fr. germain "closely related." Covenanter - a person who had signed or was an adherent to the 'National Covenant of the Solemn League and Covenant' in 17th. century Scotland, in support of Presbyterianism (Scots). Covin - a number of persons banded together; a combination or union. Cowan - also 'Cullion' or 'Couillon'. Anyone who works as a mason without having served a regular apprenticeship; among Freemasons, a term for pretender, interloper. Coxcomb - a conceited dandy who is overly impressed by his own accomplishments; a cap worn by court jesters; adorned with a strip of red [syn: cockscomb]. Crenellate, Licence to - Royal permission was necessary for the fortification of dwellings. Later thios became more a matter of the craetion of impressive apparent, rather than real fortifications. Cresset - a metal cup, often suspended on a pole, containing burning oil or pitch and used as a torch. Crest - The correct use of the heraldic term 'crest' refers to just one component of a complete achievement in heraldry. The crest rests on top of a helmet which itself rests on the most important part of the achievement — the shield. The crest is usually found on a wreath of twisted cloth and sometimes within a coronet. The modern crest has evolved from the three-dimensional figure placed on the top of the mounted knights' helms as a further means of identification. In most heraldic traditions a woman does not display a crest. Crinoline - originally a stiff fabric with a weft of horse-hair and a warp of cotton or linen thread. The fabric first appeared around 1830. Cro - also 'Weregeld'. The assythement due to be paid to the friends or family of someone who had been killed, by the killer. Crock - an earthenware jar which was historically used for the storage of butter or other food items. Dalgarven Mill, North Ayrshire in Scotland has a good collection. The expression 'Crock of gold' in relation to the supposed treasure at the end of a rainbow refers to this type of pot. Crocket - in architecture a projecting ornament, usually in the form of a cusp or curling leaf, placed along outer angles of pinnacles and gables. Croft - a fenced or enclosed area of land, usually small and arable with a crofter's dwelling thereon (Scots). Cromlech - also known as 'Dolmen' or 'quoits', are a type of single-chamber megalithic tomb, usually consisting of three or more upright stones (megaliths) supporting a large flat horizontal capstone. Mostly dating from the early Neolithic period in Britain (4000 BC to 3000 BC). They were usually covered with earth or smaller stones to form a barrow, though in most cases that covering has weathered away or removed for drystone dyking, etc. Crop - the produce of cultivated plants, especially cereals. Cross Moline - a design element used as a mark of cadency in heraldry, particularly English heraldry; named because its shape resembles a millrind, the iron clamp of the upper millstone. Crop rotation - growing different crops on the same field each year to prevent the build up of pest species, etc. Cross pattée - also 'cross patty' or 'Cross formy' is a type of cross that has arms which are narrow at the center, and broader at the perimeter. The name comes from the fact that the shape of each arm of the cross was thought to resemble a paw (French patte). There are several variants of the cross pattée. Crowstep - Also 'Corbie-step'. rectangular stones forming the gable of a building, each one stepped back from the one below. Crozier - also 'crosier.' The stylized staff of office carried by high-ranking Roman Catholic , Eastern Orthodox , Anglican and some Lutheran prelates Cruck - curved timber, used in pairs to form a bowed A-frame which supports the roof of a building independently of the walls. Cruive - a built enclosure used in salmon-fishing. Crupper - a leather strap fastened to the saddle of a harness and looping under the tail of a horse to prevent the harness from slipping forward; the rump or buttocks of a horse or armour for the rump of a horse. Crusado - an old Portuguese coin of gold or silver having a cross pictured on the reverse. Cuckold - a man married to an unfaithful wife. The female of some Old World cuckoos lays its eggs in the nests of other birds, leaving them to be cared for by the resident nesters. This parasitic tendency has given the female bird a figurative reputation for unfaithfulness as well. Middle English cokewold, the ancestor of Modern English cuckold, is first recorded in a work written around 1250. Cudrun - a Scottish unit of measurement for cheese. It is not known what the measure was. Cuirass - a piece of armour for protecting the breast and back; the breastplate alone. Cuisse - plate armour worn to protect the front of the thigh. Culdee - the Celi De or 'Clients of God'. The Priests of the early celtic church, originally from Ireland. In Scotland they had communities at Iona and St.Andrews, with monasteries at Brechin, Abernethy, Loch Leven, Monymusk and Muthil. Cullion - see 'Cowan'. Culver - the Anglo-Saxon word for a pigeon. Culverine - long barrelled artillery of the 16th century. Cumerlache - a fugitive serf (Scots). Cummer - also 'Cummar'; 'cwmar'; 'cummere', 'comer', etc. A godmother (in relation to the parents and other godparents); a female intimate; a woman gossip. Cunningary - a rabbit-warren. From the old word 'Coney,' an adult rabbit, especially the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). The word rabbit was originally used exclusively for the young only. Cup and ring mark Stone - these are a form of prehistoric art found predominantly in the upland parts of the British Isles but also in some parts of continental Europe. They consist of a concave depression, no more than a few centimetres across, pecked into a rock surface and often surrounded by concentric circles also etched into the stone. Sometimes a linear channel called a gutter leads out from the middle. Cupola - also a 'Lantern' or 'Glover' - a cover which provides an entrance / exit, but keeps out the rain from a building or structure. Cupping - drawing blood by applying a heated cup to the scarified (scratched) skin. Also called wet cupping. The practice as a treatment for disease is old and found in different cultures. Cur - a dog considered to be inferior or undesirable; a mongrel. A base or cowardly person. Curate - a cleric, especially one who has charge of a parish; a cleric who assists a rector or vicar. Cure - ecclesiastical Spiritual charge or care, as of a priest for a congregation. Curia - in the Roman Catholic Church, the central administration governing the Church. Curial - a medieval assembly or council; a medieval royal court of justice. curlicue - also 'curlycue'. In the visual arts, is a fancy twist, or curl, composed usually from a series of concentric circles. It is a recurring motif in architecture, in calligraphy and in general scrollwork; sometimes found on gravestones. Curling - a precision team sport similar to 'bowls' or 'bocce', played on a rectangular sheet of prepared ice by two teams of four players each, using heavy polished granite curling stones which players slide down the ice towards a target area called the house. Points are scored for the number of stones that a team has closer to the center of the target than the closest of the other team's stones. Curmudgeon - a crusty irascible cantankerous person, usually old, full of stubborn ideas. Deriving from the 16th-century, origins unclear. Curse - the effective action of some power, distinguished solely by the quality of adversity that it brings. A curse may also be said to result from a spell or prayer, imprecation or execration, or other imposition by magic or witchcraft, asking that a god, natural force, or spirit bring misfortune to someone. Cursing - a denounciation issued in the name of a bishop which led to excommunication. The 'curse' was read out at a divine service or in a public place. Cursus - a name given by early British archaeologists such as William Stukeley to the large parallel lengths of banks with external ditches which they thought were early Roman athletics tracks, hence the Latin name 'Cursus', meaning 'Circus'. Cursus monuments are now understood to be Neolithic structures and may have been of ceremonial function. They range in length from 50 metres to almost 10 kilometres and the distance between the parallel earthworks can be up to 100 metres. Banks at the terminal ends enclosed the cursus. More than a hundred examples are known, such as the one near Drybridge in North Ayrshire, Scotland. Curtilage - the land and structures on property which immediately surround the residence. Curvilinear - formed, bounded, or characterized by curved lines. Cuthill - a placename element meaning an assembly or rysting place, such as for non-seignural courts, mostly in the Scottish Highlands; from the Gaelic 'comhdhail'. Dairy - where milk was made into butter and cheese. In earlier times demand for milk as a drink was quite low as it went off quickly in the absence of refrigerators. Dalmatic - a highly decorative cloak worn by a Deacon over his white alb. Damask - to decorate or weave with rich patterns. Dandiprat - a little fellow; - in sport or contempt. Also a small coin. King Henry VII issued a small coin denomination nicknamed a dandiprat. Danewort - another name for the Dwarf Elder (Sambucus ebulus). Davach - also 'Davoch'. A unit of land-area, used in parts of the Pictlands in place of the ploughgate. A davoch represents either the area sown with a certain quantity of seed or the area yielding a certain quantity of grain; sometimes equated with four ploughgates. In the 18th century the davoch equalled 96 Scots acres. Davidian Revolution - a term given by many scholars to the changes which took place in the Kingdom of Scotland during the reign of David I of Scotland. These included his foundation of burghs, implementation of the ideals of Gregorian Reform, foundation of monasteries, Normanization of the Scottish government, and the introduction of feudalism through immigrant French and Anglo-French knights. Davy Dust - a name for powdered limestone used to 'dampen down' coal dust in mines. Damask - a fabric of silk, wool, linen, cotton, or synthetic fibers, with a pattern formed by weaving. Today, it generally denotes a linen texture richly figured in the weaving with flowers, fruit, forms of animal life, and other types of ornament. Dapifer - a bearer of meat to table; a steward. This term was later used in the context of the High Stewards of Scotland, later the Stewarts & King Robert II; first Stewart king of Scotland. De eodem - 'of that place.' Such as with the name Fergushill of Fergushill q.v. Fergushill de Eodem. Darg - a day's work or its equivalent (Scots). Dean - a wooded hollow or valley (Anglo-Saxon). Deasil - clockwise, righthandwards or sunwise, form the Gaelic deiseil. Debatable land - specifically an area of the Scotland and England Border which was not properly delineated until the construction of the Scots Dyke following arbitration by the French. Deckle edges - a term for uncut or untrimmed edges on a book. Declarator - in Scots law an action seeking to have some right, status, etc., judicially ascertained. Decolate - to behead. Decree Arbitral - in Scot's Law, a decree made by arbitrators chosen by the parties; an award. Deed - a document transferring ownership and title of property (Legal). Deemster - also 'dempster' - an officer whose duty it was to announce the doom or sentence pronounced by the court (Scots law). Deer Leap - an opening in a deer park enclosure which was designed to allow the entry, but not the exit of deer. Defalcate - to misuse funds; embezzle. Definitor - an officer of the chapter in certain monastic orders, charged with the 'definition' or decision of points of discipline. Defixione - from the ancient Roman term 'tabulae defixiones' which translated means curse tablets. Ancient defixiones were used to convey messages to influential gods and spirits, usually asking them for victory over an enemy by ‘binding them up’ in some kind of horrific trouble. The root idea is to bind or tie up. de jure - in principle as opposed to de facto, in fact. Delectus Personae - the right of choice by a particular person. Important in a legal sense preventing assignation or delegation of a duty by the person chosen. Delirium- a mental state with incoherent speech, hallucinations, restlessness and excitement which resulted from either illness or alcohol. 'Febrile delirium' is delirium caused by fever. Delved land - land that had been worked by a spade. Demesne - all the land, not necessarily all contiguous to the castle, that was retained by the lord for his own use as distinguished from that "alienated" or granted to others as tenants. Initially the demesne lands were worked on the lord's behalf by villeins or by serfs, in fulfillment of their feudal obligations. Demurrage - an allowance due to a shipmaster or shipowner for the time a ship is held up longer than usual to be loaded or unloaded. Dempster - also 'deemster' - an officer whose duty it was to announce the doom or sentence pronounced by the court (Scots law). Dentelle - the decorated edge of the leather which a book binder brings over the boards from the outside of the binding. Also called the Turn In. de Eodem - 'of that place.' Such as with the name Fergushill of Fergushill q.v. Fergushill de Eodem. Deodand - a thing forfeited or given to God, specifically, in law, an object or instrument which becomes forfeit because it has caused a person's death. Descry - to catch sight of (something difficult to discern) or to discover by careful observation or scrutiny. Desuetude - a condition of disuse or inactivity. Devexity - a bending downward; a sloping; incurvation downward; declivity. Devil's door - a door left open during church services in a church for the Devil to escape through. Pope Innocent III banned the practice in the 13th century as superstituous, and many such doorways were subsequently walled up. Desideratum - something that is considered necessary or highly desirable. Desuetude - a doctrine that causes statutes, similar legislation or legal principles to lapse and become unenforceable by a long habit of non-enforcement or lapse of time. It is what happens to laws that are not repealed when they become obsolete. It is the Legal doctrine that long and continued non-use of a law renders it invalid, at least in the sense that courts will no longer tolerate punishing its transgressors. Devoir - an act or expression of respect or courtesy; civility as in 'one pays one's devoirs'. A duty or responsibility. Dewar - A relic keeper. Diablerie - sorcery; witchcraft; representation of devils or demons, as in paintings or fiction; devilish conduct; deviltry. Diablotin - an 'imp'; a small devil or wicked spirit. Diaper - a diamond-shaped pattern. Diarchy or 'dyarchy' - a form of government in which two diarchs are the heads of state. In most diarchies, they hold their position for life and pass the responsibilities and power of the position to their children or family when they die. Dilligence - in Scots Law a process or execution, as in a writ. Diffidatio - an archaic term for the act of renunciation of faith or allegiance; formal severing of peaceful relations. Dilligrout - a watery porridge made with plums in it. Much favoured by William the Conqueror and once served as part of the Coronation ceremonies. Dimity - a sheer, crisp cotton fabric with raised woven stripes or checks, used chiefly for curtains and dresses. Dirk - a long dagger as formerly worn by Scottish Highlanders. A fine example is the Campbell Dirk which belonged to Sir John Campbell, the adviser to William III over the Massacre of Glencoe. Disavow - to disclaim knowledge of, responsibility for, or association with. Discalced - a term applied to those religious congregations of men and women, the members of which go entirely barefoot or wear sandals, with or without other covering for the feet. Dispensation - an exemption from a church law, a vow, or another similar obligation granted in a particular case by an ecclesiastical authority. Dispone - to make over or convey legally (Legal)(Scots). Disruption, The - a period of conflict in the Church of Scotland over patronage, or the appointment of ministers by landowners. Dissenter - name given a person who refused to belong to the established Church of England. Distraint - the seizure and holding of property as security for payment of a debt or satisfaction of a claim (Legal); Originally distress was a landlord's remedy against a tenant for unpaid rents or property damage, but now the landlord is given a landlord's lien. Dittay - the substance of the charge against a person accused of a crime (Scots) (Legal). Diurnal - a diurnal was the term for a newspaper. Divination - the attempt of ascertaining information by interpretation of omens or an alleged supernatural agencies. Divot - a piece of turf torn up by a golf club in striking a ball, or by a horse's hoof. A thin square of turf or sod used for roofing (Scots). Dobble - a type of manakin used to display a suit of armour. Dobby stone - Milk was poured as an offering to 'Gruagach' the Gaelic guardian-goddess of cattle, into hollows in stones called 'Dobby stones' or 'Leach na Gruagach'. Doctrine - a principle of political or religious belief. Dog tooth - a type of ornamentation in the moulding of an arch; typically found in churches and some castles. Doggis - pistols of the 16th century. Dolmen - also known as 'Cromlechs' or 'quoits', are a type of single-chamber megalithic tomb, usually consisting of three or more upright stones (megaliths) supporting a large flat horizontal capstone. Mostly dating from the early Neolithic period in Britain (4000 BC to 3000 BC). They were usually covered with earth or smaller stones to form a barrow, though in most cases that covering has weathered away or removed for drystone dyking, etc. Dominium directum - "the direct lordship"; the interest which a feudal superior had in property, like the right to feu duties, casualties and other rights. Dominum utile - the right to use something, often used in connection with feudal law in which the Crown held dominum directum over the land and granted this right to the lords or vassals. Donjoun - a fortified building or castle. Specifically the originally wooden tower on top of the motte. Originally however the earthen hillock. Doocot - Scots for a 'dovecote'. A shelter with nesting holes for domesticated pigeons, originally kept as a source of food (especially in winter) and later for appearances sake. Dool Tree or 'Dule Tree' - in Scotland a tree used for executions and as a gibbet in connection with the feudal rights of 'pit and gallows' held by local barons and other such representatives of the crown. In England known as a Gallows-Tree Doric order - One of the three orders or organisational systems of Ancient Greek or classical architecture which stood on the flat pavement of a temple without a base, their vertical shafts fluted with pararell concave grooves topped by a smooth capital that flared from the column to meet a square abacus at the intersection with the horizontal beam that they carried. Dortour - a dormitory, especially in a monastery. Dowager - a widow holding property or a title received from her deceased husband; title given in England to widows of princes, dukes, earls, and other noblemen. Dower - a legal provision of real estate and support made to the widow for her lifetime from a husband's estate, as in 'Dower House' (Legal). Dowry - also 'dowery' - land, money, goods, or personal property brought by a bride to her husband in marriage. Drawcansir - a blustering, bullying fellow; a pot-valiant braggart; a bully. Dressing stones - preparing the surface of the millstone for grinding. Dripstone - in architecture a projection or moulding which prevents water from dripping onto stone or other vertical surfaces. Drove Road - a route used by cattle drovers driving cattle from the Highlands and Islands to the markets or trysts of southern Scotland and England. Druid - the priestly class in ancient Celtic societies, which existed through much of Western Europe north of the Alps and in Britain and Ireland until they were supplanted by Roman government and, later, Christianity. A common element in place names. Druids' Cord - a device used for measuring, laying out a right angle and making the seventh part of a circle using geometry. It is a rope with thirteen equal sections, each marked by a knot, making a total of twelve knots. Drum - a long narrow ridge or knoll, “applied to little hills, which rise as backs or ridges above the level of the adjacent ground” Dry-goose - a ball of extra finely ground meal, wetted until it could be patted and rolled into a round shape, then roasted in the hot ashes from a mill kiln (Scots). Dry multure - the multure that a tenant had to pay, whether it was ground or not (Scots). Dryster - someone who attends to a kiln at a mill. Duellium - also 'Duellum' or 'Duel'. An archaic term for a prearranged, formal combat between two persons, often fought to settle a point of honour. Duff - decaying leaves and branches covering a forest floor. Du - also 'Dubh' - black or dark in Gaelic. Dulcify - to make agreeable or gentle; to sweeten. Dule Tree or 'Dool Tree' - a tree used for executions and as a gibbet in connection with the feudal rights of 'pit and gallows' held by local barons and other such representatives of the crown (Scots). Dun - also 'Doon' or 'Dum' - a stronghold or hill-fort (Gaelic). Dunlop Cheese - a mild cheese or 'sweet-milk cheese' which resembles a soft Cheddar cheese in texture. It originates in Dunlop, Ayrshire, Scotland and was first made in south western Scotland in the 18th century (Scots). Dunter - also known as a 'Powrie' or 'Red cap', is a type of malevolent murderous goblin, elf or fairy found in British folklore. They inhabit ruined castles found along the border between England and Scotland. Redcaps are said to murder travelers who stray into their homes and dye their hats with their victims' blood (from which they get their name (Scots). Dur - also 'Der' - water (Gaelic). Dutch Barn - a farm building which is completely open on one or more sides and supported by brick or stone pillars or cast-iron or steel piers. Duvate - roofing made from turfs. The same origin as the word 'Divot', used in golf and polo. Dyke - in geology an intrusion or band of hard stone, usually igneous, often running for miles and eroded very slowly in relation to softer rocks (Scots). Dyke - a stone wall. In England it can mean a ditch. prior to this enclosure of land the cattle were free to mix without much control from the farmer and establishing or maintaining a 'pure breed' was therefore practically impossible. The development of superior breeds of cattle therefore depended upon the enclosure of pastures. Dysentery - formerly this disease was very prevalent in the UK, but in the present day it is practically confined to hot climates. Soil contaminated with excremental matters is one of the most important contributing conditions essential to the occurrence of dysentery. The infectivity of bacillary dysentery lies in the stools. Dyvour - a bankrupt. Ea - also 'Ey' - an island (Anglo-Saxon). Earth House - also 'fogou', 'Pict's house' or 'souterrain'. Easter - the more easterly of two places, buildings or other things (Scots). Ebrious - Inclined to drink to excess; intoxicated; tipsy. As found in Sir Walter Scott's Waverley novel. Ecclesiastical - pertaining to the church or the clergy. Ecclesiastical benefice - a church property. Eclaircissement - the clearing up of anything which is obscure or not easily understood; an explanation. Effluvium - (plural effluvia or effluviums) - a gaseous or vaporous emission, in particular a foul-smelling one Effulgent - Shining brilliantly; resplendent. Egad - a softened oath, the second element God, first uncertain; it may represent the exclamation 'ah'. Egregious - extraordinary in some bad way; glaring; flagrant: an egregious mistake; an egregious liar. An archaic meaning is that of something distinguished or eminent. Eggler - a chapman who dealt in eggs. Eik - an addition or supplement to a deed (Legal). Eirenic - also 'irenic', aiming or aimed at peace. A part of Christian theology concerned with reconciling different denominations and sects. Eld - a late time of life or a time of life (usually defined in years) at which some particular qualification or power arises; "she was now of school age"; "tall for his eld", etc. Electric fluid - archaic tem for the supposed matter of electricity; lightning. Eleemosynary - of or pertaining to alms, charity, or charitable donations; charitable. Derived from or provided by charity. Dependent on or supported by charity: an eleemosynary educational institution. Elephant folio - the watermark on paper used in a book which is about 23 inches tall; therefore named after the watermark. Ellwand - a staff or measuring one ell in length. In the Baronial court this was one of the 'badges' of the Baron-sergeant. Embroidery - an ancient variety of decorative needlework in which designs and pictures are created by stitching strands of some material on to a layer of another material. See also: Machine embroidery. Emeralder - archaic slang for an Irish person. Emolument - payment for an office or employment; compensation. Emparkation - the creation of a park with its associated 'pale.' Emphyteusis - a term for holding land in return for a yearly payment of rent. En talus - a military term for the sloping face of a bulwark. Enceinte - the main enclosing or curtain-wall of a fortification. Enclosure - see 'Inclosure.' Encomium - a formal or high-flown expression of praise. An example is that of the praise often heaped upon a person at their death. Enfeoff - to invest with an estate in land (in England always a heritable estate), held on condition of homage and service to a superior lord, by whom it is granted and in whom the ownership remains Enfilade - where all the rooms in a dwelling open one into the next so that you can see from one end through to the other. Enormity - the quality of passing all moral bounds; excessive wickedness or outrageousness; a monstrous offense or evil; an outrage. En - nui - listlessness and dissatisfaction resulting from lack of interest; boredom. Entail - to entail is to restrict the inheritance of land to a specific group of heirs, such as an individual's sons. The Scottish form 'tailyie' became obsolescent in the mid. 18th c.; the law books favour the spelling 'tailzie'. (Legal). Enumeration - a list of people, as in a census. (de) Eodem - 'of that place.' Such as with the name Fergushill of Fergushill q.v. Fergushill de Eodem. Eodem anno - in the same year. Eodem die - on the same day. Eodem mense - in the same month. Ephemera - something which disappears quickly. A word from the Greek ephemeron, covering items which are easily lost to the historical record, such as manifestos, programs, tickets, posters, broadsides, etc. Epicene - the loss of gender distinction, often specific loss of masculinity. Equiponderate - to weigh; to be equal in weight; to weigh as much as another thing. Erastian - a person who would see the church placed entirely under the control of the State. Erection - royal favourites to whom the benefices which had belonged to Scottish monasteries were granted after the Reformation. Eremite - a recluse or hermit, especially a religious recluse. Erenagh - person responsible for upkeep of church property. {Gaelic]. Ergastula - a Roman building used to hold in chains dangerous slaves, or to punish other slaves. The ergastula was usually subsurface, built as a deep, roofed pit - large enough to allow the slaves to work within it and containing narrow spaces in which they slept. Eroticical - about sexual love. Errata - mistakes or errors ina publication; generally recorded as an 'errata slip' laid into a book by a publisher who has discovered errors just prior to publication. Error, summons of - a legal action to get someone's designation as heir to a property annulled, on the grounds that an inquest had identified the wrong person as heir because a nearer heir existed. Escalier d'honneur - a principal staircase in a castle or mansion house. Eschatology - a part of theology and philosophy concerned with the final events in the history of the world, or the ultimate destiny of humanity, commonly referred to as the 'end of the world.' Escheat - the reversion of land held under feudal tenure to the manor in the absence of legal heirs or claimants. Escheator - an officer whose duty it is to observe what escheats have taken place, and to take charge of them. Eschew - to avoid or shun. Escuage - or Scutage the law of England under the feudal system, allowed a knight to "buy out" of the military service due to the Crown from the holder of a knight's fee. Its name derived from the knightly shield (in Latin: scutum). Escutcheon - the term used in heraldry for the shield displayed in a coat of arms. An Inescutcheon is a smaller escutcheon borne within a larger escutcheon. The term crest is often used incorrectly to designate this part of the coat of arms. The term "escutcheon" also refers to the shield-like shape on which arms are often borne. The escutcheon shape is based on the Medieval shields that were used by knights in combat. Since this shape has been regarded as a war-like device appropriate to men only, ladies customarily bear their arms upon a lozenge, or diamond-shape, while clergymen bear theirs on a cartouche, or oval. Other shapes are possible, such as the roundel commonly used for arms granted to Aboriginal Canadians by the Canadian Heraldic Authority. Esow - resolve; avoid. Esquire - (abbreviated Esq.) is a title of honour and dignity ranked below a knight and above a gentleman, allowed, for example, to the sons of nobles and to the gentry who do not possess any other title. It ultimately derived from the medieval term squire. On this basis, a gentleman was traditionally designated Mr ('Mister' before his name), whereas an Esquire was designated 'Esq.' Essoin - an excuse for not appearing in court at the return of process; the allegation of an excuse to the court; exemption. Ether - a long flexible wood stake used in temporary hedging and woven in horizontally between vertical stakes. Estate - this comprises the houses, outbuildings, supporting farmland and woodland policies that surround the gardens and grounds of a very large property, such as a 'country house' or 'mansion'. It is an 'estate' because the profits from its produce and rents are sufficient to support the household in the house at its center. Thus 'the estate' may refer to all other cottages and villages in the same ownership as the mansion itself. Estate - the Social Class of an individual, as in the 'Three Estates.' Estover - the right ot collect firewood in medieval times. et ux - "and wife." Evidents - a Scottish name for any deeds or other written evidence (Legal). Excambied - a Scots term for the exchange of property, especially land. Exculpate - to clear of guilt or blame. Execration - hate coupled with disgust or abhorrence; an appeal to some supernatural power to inflict evil on someone or some group; the object of cursing or detestation. Executor - a male appointed by a testator to carry out the directions and requests in his or her will, and to dispose of the property according to his testamentary provisions after his or her death (Legal). Executrix - a female appointed by a testator to carry out the directions and requests in his or her will, and to dispose of the property according to the testamentary provisions after his or her death (Legal). Exegesis - a critical explanation or analysis, especially of a text. Exhorter - churchmen licensed to give sermons and to read from the Book of the Common Order. Also one who encourages, beseeches, prompts, supports with words and attitude someone else to do something that person should do or has a desire to do. Exigent - requiring much; exacting; urgent or pressing. Ex-Libris - a bookplate printed with the owner's name or initials. It is Latin for "From the library of ...". Exordium - a beginning or introductory part, especially of a speech or treatise. Expunge - the sealing or destroying of legal records. Generally, expungement can be viewed as the process to "remove from general review" the records pertaining to a case. But the records may not completely "disappear" and may still be available to law enforcement (Legal). Extents - documenting in a thorough but not exhaustive fashion the details of the lands held by aristocrats, the church, etc. Not common in Scotland, but a frequent practice in England. They are often entitled the 'Black Book of ....' and have echoes of the Doomsday Book. Extranean - a person coming from a distance or living beyonds the bounds of a place. [5] A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Facsimile - an exact reproduction, by photography or by typographic or manuscript imitation, of an original leaf or book. The 'Doomsday Book' and the 'Book of Kells' would be examples of items reproduced as facsimiles. Faggot - a bundle of twigs, sticks, or branches from the underwood bound together; a bundle of pieces of iron or steel to be welded or hammered into bars. Often of a specific size and used as a unit of measurement. Fairy dust - the spores or 'seeds' of ferns were widely believed to make the user invisible. Fairy ring - also known as fairy circle, Elf circle or pixie ring, is a naturally occurring ring or arc of mushrooms which lead to the temporary enrichment of the ground giving a dark green ring which progressively expands outwards. Fall - a traditional unit of distance equal to 6 ells. The fall was used in land measurement somewhat like the rod. Measurements in rods were often made with an actual wood pole, while measurements in falls were often made with a rope 6 ells long. The distance falling under the rope was called a fall. The fall was used mostly in Scotland, where its traditional length was 6 Scots ells or about 18.6 English feet (5.67 meters). The Scots mile was equal to 320 falls (5952 English feet, 1.127 English mile or 1814.2 metres). After the unification of Scotland and England the fall was reinterpreted to equal 6 English ells (22.5 feet or 6.858 metres). Fall - a traditional unit of area equal to one square fall. In the traditional Scots system of measurement, a fall of land equals about 346 square feet or 32.15 square metres. A traditional Scots acre was equal to 160 falls or about 6150 square English yards (1.27 English acres or 0.514 hectare). In the English system a fall of land is 506.25 square feet, 56.25 square yards, or about 47.03 square metres. Fallow - ploughed and harrowed land left uncultivated for a year. Fama clamosa - a current scandal. Often found in old church session books! Farina - the flour or meal of cereals, nuts, or starchy roots such as potatoes. Farm - In the Latin of medieval Europe, 'firma' was a fixed payment. Our farm (agricultural) derives from paying rent for land. Farm (and especially "farm out") also had the meaning (from the mid-17th century) of subcontracting a job for a fee. In particular, the care of people, or the maintenance of an institution (workhouse for example) in which they were kept, for a fixed fee. Farm Town - a common medieval sub-division of land was by the ploughgate (104 acres), the extent of land which one plough tesm of oxen could till in a year. This area was again subdivided into four husbandlands, each of 26 acres, each husbandland could provide two oxen and eight oxen were need for a plough-team. This arrangement led to small farm towns being established with accommodation for at least four men of six to eight houses, taking practical considerations into account. Fasces - from the Latin word fascis, meaning "bundle". Symbolising summary power and jurisdiction, and/or "strength through unity. Fata morgana - a mirage; named after the Italian translation of Morgan le Fay, the fairy shapeshifting half-sister of King Arthur. It is a naturally occuring optical phenomenon which results from temperature inversion. Fauld - a field which is manured by keeping sheep or cattle on it. [14] Rarely manure from other livestock, such as pigeons droppings from a dovecot at Kilmaurs in Ayrshire. Pigeons produce considerable amounts of manure as any city dweller will know! (Scots). Faun - place-spirits (genii) of untamed woodland. Romans connected their fauns with the Greek satyrs, wild and orgiastic drunken followers of Bacchus (Greek Dionysus). Fauns and satyrs were originally quite different creatures. Both have horns and both resemble goats below the waist, humans above; but originally satyrs had human feet, fauns goat-like hooves. Fauxine - a person in Medieval times branded with an 'F' on their forehead for being guilty of a falsehood. A female outlaw; abandoned without the protection of the law. Feal and divot - the right to take turfs for roofing or other purposes, which in England goes by the name of "common of turbary". Fealty - the fidelity owed by a vassal to his feudal lord; the oath of such fidelity. Feckless - feeble; ineffective. Feeble-minded - such people were neither idiots nor imbeciles, but if adults, their condition was so pronounced that they require care, supervision, and control for their own protection or the protection of others. If children of school age, their condition wasso pronounced that they by reason of such defectiveness appear to be personally incapable of receiving proper benefit from instruction in ordinary schools. Fee - an inherited or heritable estate in land (Legal). Fee simple - an inheritance having no limitations or conditions in its use (legal). Feeing Market - the market at which the hiring of farm workers took place. Fell - a mountain (Scandinavian). Feme sole - an unmarried woman or a married woman with property independent of her husband (Legal). Fenced - as in 'fencing' a court, keeping order in the court and summoning the parties (Legal). Fencible - capable of being defended, or of making or affording defense; A soldier enlisted for home service only. Feretory - a receptacle to hold the relics of saints; a reliquary; An area of a church in which reliquaries are kept. Fermee Ornee - a country estate laid out partly according to aesthetic principles and partly for farming. Ferme ornee were an expression in landscape gardening of the Romantic Movement of 18th. century Europe, i.e. a working farm, domestic animals, natural landscape joined with follies and grottoes, statuary and classical texts combined with avenued walks, flowing water, lakes, areas of light and shade, special plantings and inspirational views. Fermtoun - a collection of rural buildings including a farm (Scots). Fess - in heraldry a wide horizontal band forming the middle section of an escutcheon. Fertilizer - any chemical added to the soil which makes it more fertile or productive. Ferule - an instrument, such as a cane, stick, or flat piece of wood, as once used in punishing children. Festy-cock - a ball of extra finely ground meal, wetted until it could be patted and rolled into a round shape, then roasted in the hot ashes from a mill kiln. Eaten as a substitute for the cockerel and eaten at Shrovetide (Scots). Feu - this is an annual payment in money or in kind in return for the use of land. The crown is the first overlord or superior; the land is held by crown vassals (Lords, etc.), but they in turn may feu their land, as it is called, to others who become their vassals (Legal). Feu charter - a charter granted in the context of a barony by which the baron remains the superior and the grantee becomes his vassal. Feu-duty - an annual fixed money-rent on perpetually heritable land. Feu-ferme tenure - the feuing of land in perpetuity. Feudalism - this refers to a general set of reciprocal legal and military obligations among the warrior nobility of Europe during the Middle Ages, revolving around the three key concepts of lords, vassals, and fiefs. Fiars - prices of grain which were fixed for each county by its sheriff and a jury of locals every February. Fiar - someone who held lands in which someone else possessed a liferent. Fiat - an arbitrary order or decree; an authorization or sanction. Fictile - made of earth or clay by a potter or relating to pottery or its manufacture. Fidus Achates - a true friend. Fief - also 'fiefdom', 'fief', 'feud', 'feoff,' or 'fee', often consisted in medieval feudalism of inheritable lands or revenue-producing property granted by a liege lord in return for a form of allegiance, originally to give him the means to fulfill his military duties when called upon. However anything of value could be held in fief, such as an office, a right of exploitation (e.g., hunting, fishing) or a revenue rather than the land it comes from. Fin de siècle - French for 'end of the century, a term sometimes encompasses both the closing and onset of an era. Finial - an ornamentation above the apex of a gable which can also function as a lightning rod, and was once believed to act as a deterrent to witches on broomsticks attempting to land on one's roof. On making her final landing approach to a roof, the witch, spotting the obstructing finial, was forced to sheer off and land elsewhere. Firelock - a flintlock; an obsolete gunlock that has flint embedded in the hammer; the flint makes a spark that ignites the charge Fire marks - fire insurance companies of the 17th-century and later had their own fire brigades and firemen would only attempt to save a house if it was insured by their company; fire marks of lead or iron were attached to the outside of buildings in prominent positions to indicate the insurance company concerned. [15] Firlot - a firlot was equal to 4 pecks and the peck was equal to 4 lippies or forpets or 3 grudgies: a quarter of a bole (Scots). Firma - an archaic render of one night's supplies to the Anglo-Saxon royal court by a royal vill. Firmarius - a tenant. First Edition - strictly speaking the first appearance of a work in book or pamphlet form; its first printing. Such books as Charles Darwin's Origin of Species command extremely high prices as first editions. First Estate - in feudal times this was the Church, i.e. the clergy or those who prayed. Fisc - the treasury of a kingdom or state. Flagstone - a type of flat stone, usually used for paving slabs, but also for making fences or roofing. Flail - a wood pole with a smaller pole linked at the end via a chain or leather thong, used for threshing. Flamen - a priest, especially of an ancient Roman deity Flaunches - also 'flanches' or 'flanks' are heraldic devices consisting of two arcs of circles protruding into the field of a coat of arms from the sides of the shield. Flax - the fiber is soft, lustrous and flexible. It is stronger than cotton fiber but less elastic. The best grades are used for linen fabrics such as damasks, lace and sheeting. Coarser grades are used for the manufacturing of twine and rope. Fleam - also flem, flew, flue, fleame, or phleam, was a handheld instrument once used for bloodletting from animals and humans. Flibbertigibbet - a "chattering gossip, flighty woman," probably a nonsense word meant to sound like fast talking; as the name of a devil or fiend it dates from 1603. Flummery - meaningless or deceptive language; any of several soft, sweet, bland foods, such as custard; sweet gelatinous pudding made by straining boiled oatmeal or flour; soft dessert of stewed, thickened fruit, often mixed with a grain such as rice. Flush - a wet place with moving water. Flux or flix - from French or Latin for flow. A flowing. As well as the flowing of tides (flux and reflux) it was used for an abnormal flow from the body of blood or excrement (for example). Thus for diarrhoea and dysentery. Flying buttress - a buttress variant which allows a more delicate appearance whilst maintaining the strength of the supports to a wall. Fogou - an underground structure which is found in many Iron Age defended settlements in Cornwall. The purpose of a fogou is no longer known, and there is little evidence to suggest what it might have been. It has been conjectured that they were used as refuges, for religious purposes, or for food storage. Fold - an enclosure in which animals were kept, often sheep. Folio - a single leaf, especially the leaf of a book printed with two leaves to each quire. [16] Folly - a name given to any extravagant structure whose use is not apparent. Romantic ruins, Roman and Greek style temples and other such structures come under this term. Font - a structure in achurch for holding water for baptisms. Often with highly carved panels and made from wood, stone and rarely lead. Foot - a unit of land measurement which was 25.1 cm for the Welsh, 29.6 cm for the Romans, 31.7 cm for the Greeks and 33.5 cm for the Saxons. It was based on the Barleycorn in Wales, with 27 making a Welsh foot. Three barleycorns were a 'thumb' and three thumbs made a palm; three palms making a foot. Ford - a crossing for pedestrians and vehicles across a river where it is sufficiently shallow to permit passage across. Fore-edge painting - a painting executed on the fore-edges of a book held open obliquely. The edges of the closed book are then gilded so that the painting only becomes visible when the book is fanned open again. Forefather - a male ancestor. Foremother - a female ancestor. Forera - in ploughing a special selion a furlong in length provided to allow the horses and plough to turn at the end of a furrow. Forest - a tract of land subject to special laws, usually concerned with the preservation of game. Forestalling - also 'Regrating' - the crime of buying goods on the way to a market with the intention of selling them at an inflated price. Foreyard - the outer court. Forpet - a quarter of a peck; a dry goods measure containing this amount. Derived from a 'fourth part' (Scots). Forswear - also 'Foreswear' is to renounce or repudiate under oath; to renounce seriously; to disavow under oath; deny. Fortalice - a small fortified dwelling or castle, such as the example that existed near Corsehill Castle in Stewarton, North Ayrshire. Built for the protection of the people rather than for a lord or landowner. Fosse - the moat or ditch around a castle, etc. Fox covert - these were small areas of woodland put aside for encouraging the breeding of foxes to ensure sufficient numbers for hunting. Badgers and other wildlife benefit from them. Foxfire - the term for the bioluminescence created in the right conditions by a few species of fungi that decay wood. The luminescence is often attributed to members of the genus Armillaria, the Honey mushroom, though others are reported. Foxing - irregular brown spots or stains in paper caused by chemical or metallic impurities in the original stock of paper, often aggravated by poor storage, such as moist conditions. [16] Frankalmoin - one of the feudal duties and hence land tenure forms in feudal England by which an ecclesiastical body held land, in return for saying prayers and masses for the soul of the granter. Not only was secular service frequently not due but in the twelfth and thirteenth century jurisdiction over land so held belonged to the ecclesiastical courts. It fell into disuse because on any alienation of the land the tenure was converted into socage, and no fresh grants in frankalmoin. Franklin - in medieval times a person who was a landowner, but not a nobleman or aristocrat. Frankpledge - an Anglo-Saxon legal system in which units or tithings composed of ten households were formed, in each of which members were held responsible for one another's conduct. A member of a unit in frankpledge. Freedom - the 'share' or area of land held by a 'Freeman' of a burgh. Freeman - a male of legal age with the right to vote, own land and practice a trade. Freestone - stone used in architecture for molding, tracery and other work required to be worked with the chisel. The stone is fine-grained, uniform and soft enough to be cut easily without shattering or splitting. Frist - Scots for 'to trust for a time'. Frith stool - 'the Chair of Peace'. Frith, though now obsolete, was common enough in Anglo-Saxon English and Old German, meaning peace, security and freedom from molestation. Different forms of the word are found in the name 'Frederick' (peace-ruler) and the modem German words for peace, Friede, and churchyard, Friedhof. Many of the greater churches had such frith stools placed, as was one at Hexham Abbey, close by the high altar. Refugees in time of trouble and civil war, or wrongdoers in flight from authority and justice could claim the protection of the Church until they were assured of a full and fair trial. Anyone breaking the right to sanctuary by taking or killing a refugee within the church was liable to a fine of £96; but, if the victim reached 'the stone cathedra next to the altar, which the English call the fridstol', that breach of sanctuary was beyond pardon, and the culprit faced excommunication or death Frontis - also 'Frontispiece.' An illustration at the beginning of a book, usually facing the title page. In some books this may be the only full print within the work. An illustration that faces or immediately precedes the title page of a book, book section, or magazine. In archaic terms a title page. In architecture a façade, especially an ornamental façade or a small ornamental pediment, as on top of a door or window. Fugacious - transitory or fleeting in nature. Fuller's earth - a stiff and highly absorbent clay used in the removal of grease from wool fibre; a process known as fulling. Fulling Mill - mills, often water powered, used for a finishing process on cloth. Furlong - 220 yards length (x22 yards (1 chain) = 1 acre, 4840 square yards). In medieval times the average length of a ploughed field. Fuscous - a brownish-gray or dusky color. Fusee - a friction match with a large head capable of burning in a wind. A coloured flare used as a warning signal for trucks and trains. A cone-shaped pulley with a spiral groove, used in a cord- or chain-winding clock to maintain even travel in the timekeeping mechanism as the force of the mainspring lessens in unwinding. Fustian - also called Fustanum and bombast, a term for a variety of heavy woven cloth, cotton fabrics, that are chiefly prepared for menswear; pompous, inflated or pretentious writing or speech, from at least the time of Shakespeare. Futhorc - the Anglo-Saxon version of the runic alphabet. Fylfot - also 'Fylfot', a synonym for a swastika. Fylit' - in Scots, a convicted person. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Gabardine - a tough, tightly woven fabric often used to make suits, overcoats and trousers. The fibre used to make the fabric is traditionally worsted (a woolen yarn), but may also be cotton, synthetic or mixed. The fabric is smooth on one side and has a diagonally ribbed surface on the other. Gable stone - carved and often colourfully painted stone tablets, which are set into the walls of buildings, usually at about 4 metres from the ground. They serve both to identify and embellish the building. They may also tell us something about its owner. Gadzooks - a mild or ironic oath: "Gadzooks"! Perhaps from an aliteration of God's hooks, the nails of the crucifixion of Christ. Gage D’Amour - a pledge of love. Gainsay - to declare false or deny; to oppose, especially by contradiction. Gaiete de coeur - an expression meaning light-heartedness. Galilee - a church porch of larger extent than normal; sometimes used as a distinct chapel. Found at the west end of some churches where penitents waited before admission to the body of the church and where clergy received women who had business with them. Galuuet - a thief. Galletting - insertion of chips of stone into mortar between larger stones for decorative effect. Gallovidian - a native of Galloway in Scotland. Gallowglass - also 'Galloglass.' An armed retainer or mercenary in the service of an Irish chieftain. Also a mercenary warrior élite among Gaelic-Norse clans residing in the Western Isles of Scotland (or Hebrides) and Scottish Highlands from the mid 13th century to the end of the 16th century. Gallows - usually a wooden structure, sometimes a 'Dule Tree', from which a person was hung following conviction. Gambade - a spring or leap by a horse; a caper or antic. Gantelope - a gauntlet; a type of cane; a race which a criminal was sentenced to run in the navy or army. The ship's crew or soldiers, stood in two rows face-to-face, each with a knotted cord, with which they severely struck the guilty party as he ran between them, stripped to the waist. Commonly pronounced gantlet. Garderobes - medieval toilets in large public buildings and castles. Gargoyle - carved rainwater spouts on churches, medieval houses, etc. They were often grotesquely carved animals or humans and were in addition believed to protect the church from the Devil. Garitour - a day watchman, especially in a castle. A 'Vigiles' was a night watchman. Garret - a top floor or attic room. Garth - in a cathedral or abbey this is the area of ground surrounded by the cloisters. Also a plot of enclosed land by a house or cottage; an old Norse word and found in placenames such as Hogarth and Aysgarth. Gauffered - an engraved design on the edges of a book's covers. Gauger - a person who performs the duties of an exciseman (Scots). Gavelkind - a type of tribal succession, by which the land was divided at the death of the holder amongst his sons. Illegitimate sons, but not daughters, were included in the division. The Normans gave this Irish inheritance law the name Gavelkind due to its apparent similarity to Saxon inheritance in Kent. Gaw - the 'cut' left by a plough [14] (Scots). Gazebo - a freestanding, roofed, usually open-sided structure providing a shady resting place; a 'belvedere'. Gean - a wild cherry (Prunus avium). [7] Geasan - in Gaelic a magic spell. [17] Gebur - the Anglo Saxon England workforce, who were totally dependant on their lord. They were tied to the land and not free to go where they pleased unhindered. The gebur's life was dominated by the labour services owed to his lord. It is probable that the gebur class started out by giving their land to a ðegn in return for protection from raiding parties. The gebur's duty varied; on some estates geburs performed such work as directed for two week days each week for every week throughout the year, and three week days at harvest-time, and three from Candlemas to Easter. Geis - plural 'Geassa' - A controlling spell or enchantment in which a certain action or behaviour will cause another certain action or effect. Usually it takes the form of a taboo or a destiny, as when CuChullain overheard Cathbad say that any boy who accepts weapons on that day would be destined to be a great hero, and he asked his king for arms. Geld - tribute as in 'Danegeld.' Derived from Old English geld, gield, a payment. Genealogy - a term referring to the study of the history of past and present members of a particular family, which usually includes the preparation of a "family tree" or pedigree chart, showing the past and present members of the family joined together by a series of lines that help in ascertaining their relationship to each other, and the location, documentation and recording of a family history, including stories about the personal lives of individual members of the family, sometimes even including pictures of these individuals or family groups. Genethliac - Pertaining to nativities; calculated by astrologers; showing position of stars at one's birth. It is used in Sir Walter Scott's Waverley Novel, 'Kenilworth'. Gens vertueux - a rich and accomplished fullness of personality. Gentile - a term sometimes used by early Irish chroniclers for the Dane and Norse invaders. Gentleman - a man who did not need to work, and the term was particularly used of those who could not claim nobility or even the rank of esquire. Gentleman of the bedchamber - an office in a European royal household beginning from about the early in the 11th century. The office duties involved such activities as waiting on the royal person when he would eat in private, helping him dressing, guarding the bedchamber and closet, and providing companionship. Gentrification - the restoration and upgrading of deteriorated urban property by middle-class or affluent people, often resulting in displacement of lower-income people. In a historical context it can lead to local changes, such as place names, farming practices, etc. Geognost - one who studies the geological of the Earth's structure and composition. Geomancy - a method of 'divination' that interprets markings on the ground, or how handfuls of dirt land when someone tosses them. Georgian - of or characteristic of the times of kings George I - IV (1714 - 1830). German - having the same parents or the same grandparents on either the mother's or the father's side. Often used in combination: a cousin-German; a brother-German. From the Old French germain, meaning "closely related." Gesith - an archain term for a companion to a king in medieval England; a thegn. Gewgaw - something gaudy and useless; trinket; bauble. Gibbet - a type of 'gallows' from which a body remained hanging as a warning to others over a considerable period of time. Gig - a lightweight two-wheeled carriage designed to be drawn by one horse. Gilt Edges - page edges which have been smoothed and trimmed prior to gilt or gold being applied. Often on the top edge only, the purpose being to prevent dirt from staining the most frequently handled surface; additionally to help prevent dirt getting into the book. Gingham - a fabric made from dyed cotton yarn. Girdle - a form of 'Griddle', a circular iron plate with hooped handle, suspended or placed over the fire and used for baking scones, oat-cakes, etc. Girnal - a chest used for storing oats or other grains or a granary. Girth - the right of providing sanctuary, as held by orders such at the Knights Templar. Glacial Erratics - pebbles, stones and boulders that are transported by glaciers, and deposited up to several hundred kilometres from where they originated. Glacis - a defensive earthwork designed to deflect cannonballs. Glebe - land apportioned to a minister in addition to his stipend. A plot of land belonging or yielding profit to an English parish church or an ecclesiastical office. In archaic speech, the soil or earth; land. Gleeman- a medieval itinerant singer; a minstrel. Glen - a valley (Scots). Gloaming - evening 'twilight' or 'dusk' [14] (Scots). Glover - also a 'Lantern' or 'Cupola.' A cover which provides an entrance / exit, but keeps out the rain from a building or structure. Goblin - an evil or merely mischievous creature of folklore, often described in as a grotesquely disfigured or gnome-like phantom, that may range in height from that of a dwarf to that of a human. They are attributed with various (sometimes conflicting) abilities, temperaments and appearances depending on the story and country of origin. Goesomer - a period of summer-like weather occurring in late autumn (Scots). Gogsnouns - possibly derived from the expletive 'Gods wounds' with the more or less deliberate loss of certain letters. Goidelic - languages (also called Gaelic) have historically been part of a dialect continuum stretching from the south of Ireland, the Isle of Man, to the north of Scotland. Gonfalon - a flag hanging from a crosspiece instead of an upright staff, usually ending in streamers; esp., such a standard of any of the medieval republics of Italy. Good brother - a brother-in-law. Good husband - used formerly as a courtesy title before the surname of a married man not of noble birth. Good wife - used formerly as a courtesy title before the surname of a married woman not of noble birth. Good sister - a sister-in-law. Gore - a small triangular piece of land. Gorget - a piece of armor protecting the throat; an ornamental collar. Gossamer - a very light, sheer, gauze-like fabric, popular for white wedding dresses and decorations. Gowpen - a double handful (Scots). Grandam - a grandmother. Grangerise - to cut plates and title pages out of many books to form one volume on a particular theme. Gowan - also 'Gown.' A general name given to various wild‐flowers, such as Daisies, either yellow or white with yellow centres, e.g. various species of the Ranunculus family, such as the buttercup & meadow crowfoot (Scots). Gowk - In northern Europe, words like gowk, gouch, qaukr and gough were used in imitation of the cuckoo. In southern Europe words like kokkux (Greek) cucu (Latin). Cuckoo succeeded gowk in Middle English. How far back the association with foolishness and/or staring goes is not clear. Dictionaries tend to place the association in the late 16th century. Graddan - a kind of coarse oat-meal made from parched grain roughly ground by hand (Scots). Grail - the object of any prolonged endeavor. Grain - a seed of a cereal, such as wheat, maize, rye, oats, and barley. Pigeon's dung used in tanning. Granary - a building for the storage of grain. Sometimes lifted up on staddles or bricks to improve aeration and prevent rats and mice from gaining access. Grange - a small mansion or country house with associated farm buildings. Also on monastic estates a unit complete with barns, tools, and implemenrs for the lands attached to it. Granitar - the master of a monastic Grange. Grantee - a person purchasing, buying or receiving property (Legal). Grape - in Scots a word for an iron fork with three or four prongs, fitted to a handle like that of a spade, used for lifting dung, etc., or for digging. Grassum - the payment, amounting to a year's rent, for entering into the miller's rights under thirlage (Scots). Grave [reeve] - in parts of Yorkshire and Lincolnshire, each of a number of administrative officials formerly elected by the inhabitants of a township. Grazing - grassland suitable for pasture. Greave - leg armour worn below the knee. Gregorian Reform - a series of reforms initiated by Pope Gregory VII, circa 1050–1080, which dealt with the moral integrity and independence of the clergy. These reforms are considered to honour Gregory the Great. Grice - an extinct breed of pig; a name for a young pig in Scotloand and Northern England. Grieve - in Scotland an overseer or farm-bailiff. It occurs not infrequently as a surname. Griffin, griffon or gryphon - a legendary creature with the body of a lion and the head and wings of an eagle. Grim - from the Old English 'Grima,' mask, or the Norse 'Grimr', hood. The term is often used as a name for Woden, Odin, goblin, nightmare or spectre. It is used in many placenames, such as Grimspound on Dartmoor, Grimes Graves in Norfolk, Grim's Ditch or Grim's Dyke, of which there are many, particularly an alternative name for the Antonine Wall in Scotland. Grimoire - a manual of black magic (for invoking spirits and demons). Grist - also 'Groat' - In Scots this is Corn to be ground; also, a batch of such corn. Grizell - also 'Grisel.' The Scottish form of the first name Griselda. Very commonly used in the 19th century. Groats - also 'Grist' - oats after shelling of their husk in the milling process (Scots). Groined vault - early medieval vaults were round-arched tunnels; when two of these intersect at right-angles the meeting lines, formed by the curved planes are called groins. Gruagach - the Gaelic guardian-goddess of cattle. Milk was poured as an offering to her into hollows in stones called 'Dobby stones' or 'Leach na Gruagach'. Grudgie - in Scots, a measure of dry goods. One third of a peck. Guardant - positioned so that the head is turned toward the viewer. Usually used of an animal depicted so that its body is viewed from the side. Guardian - a person lawfully appointed to care for the person of a minor, invalid, incompetent and their interests, such as education, property management and investments (Legal). Guidman - in Scotland a laird held land from the King, however a proprietor who held lands from the laird by purchase or otherwise was the Guidman of that Ilk. Guidon - a small flag or pennant carried as a standard by a military unit: a soldier bearing such a flag or pennant. Guild - a society of a particular trade, membership of which was gained through examination. The 'Bonnet Makers Guild' in Stewarton, Ayrshire is an ancient example. The trade in question could not be carried out without membership of the guild. Usually with a dedicated 'Guild Hall'. Gyron - in heraldry a subordinary of triangular form having one of its angles at the fess point and the opposite side at the edge of the escutcheon. When there is only one gyron on the shield it is bounded by two lines drawn from the fess point, one horizontally to the dexter side, and one to the dexter chief corner. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Ha - also 'Haa.' In Scotland a farm-house, the main dwelling of a farm, a house, especially on a farm, occupied by the farmer himself as opposed to the cottar houses (Scots). Ha-ha - a sunken fence as a type of boundary to a garden, pleasure-ground, or park, designed not to interrupt the view and to be invisible until closely approached, consisting of a trench, the inner side of which is perpendicular and faced with stone, with the outer slope face sloped and turfed. Habeas Corpus - the legal right to a trial in a court before a judge and jury. Habergeon - a neck-covering of chain-mail extending across the chest. Hackneyed - Overfamiliar through overuse; trite. Haddish - also 'Huddish' - a measure of grain equal to one quarter or one third of a peck; hence, a vessel holding this amount (Scots). Haf - a freshwater lagoon separated from the sea by a sandbar. Haff - the sea. As in the 'Great Haff'. Hagiography - the study of saints; refers literally to writings on the subject of such holy people, and specifically the biographies of ecclesiastical and secular leaders. See also 'Legendarium'. Hagioscope - also called a 'Squint.' In architectural terms a piercing in walls which give a certain line of vision otherwise unobtainable. Sometimes found lined up in pairs; these allowed the high altar to be seen by church clerks, those with leprosy, etc. Haill - Whole (Scots). Halberd - (also called halbert or Swiss voulge) is a two-handed pole weapon that came to prominent use during the 14th and 15th centuries. Halidome - an archaic term for something held sacred; a church; a sanctuary; a holy relic. Hallier - a kind of net for catching birds. Ham - old English for a village or homestead. Hamesucken - the crime of violently assaulting a man in his own home (Scots). Hamlet - a small village. Hammer-beam - this is a braced strut which projects from a wall, supported by a brace post that sits on a corbel. An upright hammer-post atpports the rafter above. Such roofs are found in churches, cathedrals and medieval great halls, etc. Hand - the handwriting of a person. References are made to the characteristics of the individuals penmanship. [18] Hank - a traditional measure of length for yarn. The length of yarn in a hank varies with the market and the material; for example, a hank of cotton yarn traditionally included 840 yards (768 meters) of yarn, while a hank of wool yarn was 560 yards (512 meters). For both cotton and wool, these traditional hanks are equal to 7 leas or to 12 cuts. In retail trade, a hank is often equal to 6 or 7 skeins of varying size. Happer - a basket in which the sower carries his seed (Scots). Harl - an external rough-cast coating on buildings made from lime, sand & gravel. Harl - a filamentous substance; especially, the filaments of flax or hemp. Harp - one of the ten sections on a millstone with four furrows each, the flat surfaces, or lands lying in between (Scots). Harrow - a heavy metal frame with iron teeth dragged over ploughed land to break up clods, remove weeds, etc. Hatchment - a funeral 'escutcheon' or armorial shield enclosed in a black lozenge-shaped frame which used to be suspended against the wall of a deceased person's house. It was usually placed over the entrance at the level of the second floor, and remained for from six to twelve months, after which it was removed to the parish church. Sometimes two were produced, one for the home and one for the church. Hatchments have now fallen into disuse, but many hatchments from former times remain in parish churches throughout Britain. Queen Elizabeth, the Queen mother had a hatchment produced for use at her funeral. Hauberk - a shirt of chain mail armour. The term is usually used to describe a shirt reaching at least to mid-thigh and including sleeves. Haubergeon ("little hauberk") generally refers to a shorter variant with partial sleeves, but the terms are often used interchangeably. Slits to accommodate horseback-riding were often incorporated below the waist. Most are put on over the head. Hauberk can also refer to a similar garment of scale armour. Haugh - also 'Hauch' - a piece of level ground, generally alluvial, on the banks of a river, river-meadow land. Hawker - a person who travels about selling goods. Hay - grass mown and dried for fodder / feed. Haybote - also 'Hedgebot'. The right to collect wood for fencing in medieval times. Hayward - an official supervising spinneys, etc. for hedging Head Dyke - a turf or stone wall separating the infield and outfield of a township or farm from the grazings on the open hill. Headrace - a watercourse directing water to a waterwheel or turbine. [19] Hebdomadal - of or occurring every seven days. Heck - a rack for keeping fodder, often coupled with manger. 'Food and board' in modern terms (Scots). Hedgebote - see also 'Haybote.' The right to collect wood for fencing in medieval times. Heir - a person who succeeds, by the rules of law, to an estate upon the death of an ancestor; one with rights to inherit an estate (Legal). Heir apparent - by law a person whose right of inheritance is established, provided he or she outlives the ancestor, see also primogeniture (Legal). Heirship - the condition of being an heir; right to inheritance; heirdom. Helm wind - a strong wind which blows in special airflow conditions down the slopes of mountains. The winds can be destructive to crops and buildings and are named after the cloud caps which form over the mountains. Helve - a handle of a tool, such as an ax, chisel, or hammer. Middle English, from Old English hielfe. Hemp - The main uses of hemp fibre are rope, sacking, carpet, nets and webbing. Hemp is also being used in increasing quantities in paper manufacturing. The cellulose content is about 70%. Henge - late Neolithic British earth enclosures of bank and ditch (usually internal). Class I has single entrance; Class II has two or more entrances; probably used for ceremonial purposes Herald - an assistant to the Lord Lyon King of Arms in Scotland. They are known as Marchmont, Rothesay, and Albany. Heraldry - pertaining to the study or use of armorial bearings. Herepad - an 'army road' from the Anglo-Saxon. Heretic - a person holding an unorthodox opinion or belief contrary to accepted doctrine. Herezeld - see 'Heriot'. From OE heregeat ("war-gear"), was at first a death-duty in Anglo-Saxon England, which demanded that at death, a nobleman provided to his king a given set of military equipment, often including horses, swords, shields, spears and helmets which had been loaned to him during his lifetime. In Scotland also a gift or present made or left by a tenant to his lord as a token of reverence. Hereditament - any kind of property that can be inherited. 'Corporeal hereditaments' are such things as land held in freehold and 'Incorporeal hereditaments' are hereditary titles of honor or dignity, heritable titles of office, Prescriptive Barony, rights of way, tithes, advowsons, pensions, annuities, rents, franchises, etc. Heriot - also 'Herezeld.' The best beast on the land given to the landlord on the death of a tenant (Scots). Heritour - The proprietor of a heritable property; an inheritor. Alteration of Middle English heriter, from Anglo-Norman. Until 1925 the responsibility for building and maintaining church, manse and school lay with the heritours of a parish. Hership - the crime of making away with cattle by force. Heugh - a crag; a cliff; a glen with overhanging sides. Also a shaft in a coal pit; a hollow in a quarry (Scots). Hex - a curse or magical spell or a female caster of such. Hexakosioihexekontahexaphobia - an irrational fear of the Satanically associated number 666. Hide - a very old English unit of land area, dating from perhaps the 7th-century. The hide was the amount of land that could be cultivated by a single ploughman and thus the amount of land necessary to support a family. Depending on local conditions, this could be as little as 60 acres or as much as 180 acres (24-72 hectares). The hide was more or less standardized as 120 acres (48.6 hectares) after the Norman conquest. The hide continued in use throughout medieval times, but it is now obsolete. The unit was known as a carucate in the Danelaw. Hidage - a document containing an assessment of land, shires or towns, drawn up in hides. Hinkypunk - in the West Country (probably derived from the Welsh Pwca (Puck) the name for a Will o'the Wisp. Hippocras - a cordial made from wine and flavored with spices, formerly used as a medicine. Hippogriff also 'Hippogryph' - a monster having the wings, claws, and head of a griffin and the body and hindquarters of a horse. Hirsel - a Scottish and Northern English word meaning the entire stock of sheep on a farm or under the charge of a shepherd. Histriography - the writing of history or the study of the writing of history. Hoar - ice crystals forming a white deposit (especially on objects outside); Hoarfrost. Hobby lantern - used in Hertfordshire, East Anglia, and in Warwickshire & Gloucestershire as Hobbedy's Lantern, otherwise the Will o' the wisp. Hobbledehoy - a gawky adolescent boy. Hocktide - an ancient general holiday in England, celebrated on the second Monday and Tuesday after Easter Sunday. Hock-Tuesday was an important term day, rents being then payable, for with Michaelmas it divided the rural year into its winter and summer halves. The derivation of the word is disputed: any analogy with Ger. koch, high, being generally denied. No trace of the word is found in Old English, and hock-day, its earliest use in composition, appears first in the 12th century. The characteristic pastime of hock-tide was called binding. On Monday the women, on Tuesday the men, stopped all passers of the opposite sex and bound them with ropes till they bought their release with a small payment, or a rope was stretched across the highroads, and the passers were obliged to pay toll. The money thus collected seems to have gone towards parish expenses. Many entries are found in parish registers under Hocktyde money. The hock-tide celebration became obsolete in the beginning of the 18th century. [20] Hodge - a corruption of the personal name 'Roger', used in England by townsfolk to imply that someone was a rustic. [21] Hogshead - a traditional unit of volume for liquids. Originally the hogshead varied with the contents, often being equal to 48 gallons of ale; 54 of beer; 60 of cider; 63 of oil, honey, or wine; or 100 of molasses. In the United States, a hogshead is defined to hold 2 barrels, or 63 gallons; this was the traditional British wine hogshead. It is equal to exactly 14 553 cubic inches, or about 8.422 cubic feet (238.48 litres). In the British Imperial system, the hogshead equals 1/2 butt, or 52.5 imperial gallons (8.429 cubic feet, or 238.67 litres). Thus the British Imperial and American hogsheads are almost exactly the same size. No one seems to know for sure how this unit got its unusual name. Hollin - a woodland area where holly was cut for fodder. [22] Holm - low lying grassland ground neaxt to a river (Scots). Equivalent to a 'Water Meadow' in England. Holofernes - an Assyrian general of Nebuchadnezzar, who figures in the Book of Judith. The general laid siege to Bethulia, and the city almost surrendered. It was saved by Judith, a beautiful Hebrew widow who entered Holofernes's camp, seduced and then beheaded Holofernes while he was drunk. She returned to Bethulia with Holofernes head, and the Hebrews subsequently defeated the enemy. Holographic will - also 'olographic' - handwritten and signed by the individual that the will belongs to (Legal). Homeopathy - an alternative medical practice founded on resemblances. The underlying theory is that disease are cured by remedies which produce, on a healthy person, similar effects to the symptoms of the patient's complaint. "For example, someone suffering from insomnia may be given a homeopathic dose of coffee. Administered in diluted form, homeopathic remedies are derived from many natural sources, including plants, metals, and minerals. Homologation - the act by which someone approves of a written deed and binds themselves to fulfil its terms (Legal). Hood-mould - a carved protruding ridge above a window designed to throw off the rain. Hopper - a temporary storage container that feeds grain to the grindstones in a mill. Horning - outlawed; also 'Put to the horn'. Horologe - a device, such as a clock or sundial, used in telling time. Horologium nocturnum - the night-time equivalent of the sundial. The time was found from entering the position of the stars onto the mechanisms dials and scales; the time was then read off. Horse gin or engine - a mechanical device, usually made of cast-iron, with gearing that uses horse power to drive a device such as a thresher, milk-churn, etc., in a Horse mill. Donkeys or oxen were sometimes used. Hospice - the guest house of an abbey, monastery, etc. [23] Hostelry - an inn; a hotel. Hostler - or 'Ostler' - one who is employed to tend horses, especially at an inn. Hot Trod - the hot pursuit of reivers and was allowed under the Border laws. It allowed for the ones who had been 'spoyled' to mount a pursuit within six days of the raid and to cross the border, if necessary, to follow the raiders with hound and horn for the recovery of their goods. It was the duty of all neighbors between the ages of 16 and 60 to join the Trod. A piece of burning turf was held aloft on a spear point to let others know what was happening. The posse in pursuit had the right to recruit help from the first town it came to and the first person encountered was to bear witness that a lawful hot trod was being carried out. When told to join the hot trod, if a person refused, he would be considered to be a traitor and to be in cahoots with the enemy. That person who refused would also be forced to become a fugitive. Hovel - an animal house, usually a shelter shed. Howlet - an owl (Scots). Huit - a stack in a field (Scots). Hulver - a holly (Ilex aquifolium). [7] Hundred - a geographic division formerly used in England, Wales, Denmark, South Australia and some parts of the USA, Germany (Southern Schleswig), Sweden (and today's Finland) and Norway, which historically was used to divide a larger region into smaller administrative divisions. The name is derived from the number one hundred, and in some areas it may once have referred to a hundred men under arms. See 'Wapentake.' Humplock - also 'Himplock', a small heap or mound in the south-west, south and north (Scots). Hurst - a hillock, sandbank in a river or the sea or a wooded eminence which is embanked & used for coppicing. [24] Hursting - a table-like structure on which millstones are mounted. [19] Husbandland - a 26 acre sub-division of a 'Ploughgate' in Scotland. Husbandman - someone whose occupation is husbandry; a farmer. Hushes - gullies in which erosion has been artificially encouraged to expose ores for mining. Husk - the dry outer covering of some fruits and seeds. Husbote - the right to gather wood for house building in medieval times. Hydronym - a proper name of a body of water; the study of hydronyms and of how bodies of water receive their names and how they are transmitted through history. The term applies to rivers, lakes, and oceanic elements. Hypergamy - denotes the custom which forbids the marriage of a woman into a group of lower standing than her own. Hypocorism - a shorter form of a word or given name, when used in more intimate situations as a nickname or term of endearment. Hypothec - an understood security, right or claim which a creditor might have over something belonging to his actual or potential debtor, i.e. A landlord could be said to have a hypothec over the crops grown by his tenants in any particular year, for the rents due for that year. The law of agricultural hypothec long caused much discontent in Scotland. Hysteria - a state of uncontrolled excitement, anger, or panic believed to have been brought on by a disturbance in the womb (Greek hustera) A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Ibid - in the same book or passage etc., so 'Ibid' serves a similar purpose to 'ditto marks'. Ides - in the Roman calendar: the 15th of March or May or July or October or the 13th of any other month. Idiots - people so deeply defective in mind as to be unable to guard against common physical dangers. ignis fatuus or 'Will-o'-the-wisp' - the ghostly lights sometimes seen at night or twilight that hover over damp ground in still air — often over bogs. It looks like a flickering lamp, and is sometimes said to recede if approached. Much folklore surrounds the legend, but science has offered several potential explanations IHS - 'Iesus Hominem Salvator' or 'Jesus the Saviour of mankind' as carved on church lecterns, etc. [25] Ilk - a family. As in 'of that Ilk'. This is a uniquely Scottish term which denotes the that the holder is chief of all the clan of his own surname. The loss of ancestral lands does not negate the title and the holder has the right to supporters in his armorial arms. The title cannot be revoked. The Clan Chief would be referred by the clan name alone, whilst other members of the family would be named after their lands, such as in the case of Hessilhead, whilst Montgomerie of that Ilk would be straight Montgomerie, rather than Eglinton. [26] Imbeciles - not idiots, but people who were incapable of managing themselves or their affairs, or, in the case of children, of being taught to do so. Imbolc - one of the four principal festivals of the Irish calendar, celebrated either at the beginning of February or at the first local signs of Spring. Originally dedicated to the goddess Brigid, in the Christian period it was adopted as Saint Brigid's Day. In Scotland the festival is also known as Là Fhèill Brìghde, and in Wales as Gwyl Ffraed. Impanele - to enter in a list, or on a piece of parchment, called a panel; to form or enroll, as a list of jurors in a court of justice. Imperium - absolute rule or supreme power; a sphere of power or dominion, an empire; in law the right or power of a state to enforce the law. Impignorate - also 'pignorate' means to put up as security or to pawn. Implead - to sue (a person, etc.) in a court of justice, raise an action against. Impransus - a Latin term neaning to go without breakfast; to fast. Imprecation - the act of cursing; a curse or malediction. Imprimus - an archaic term, meaning 'in the first place'. Improbation - the act by which falsehood and forgery are proved; an action brought for the purpose of having some instrument declared false or forged. Improper-feu - a holding that did not involve the provision of military service. Holding a bason and towel to the KIng would be such an example. In-by - in northern England and Scotland the name for the fields in the immediate vicinity of the farmhouse. Such fields received the majority of the manure. Out-by were the more distant fields. In feodo et heriditate - a heritable fief for life or for a term of years. In gremio legis - a legal expression meaning 'In the bosom of the law'. This is a figurative expression, by which is meant, that the subject is under the protection of the law; as, where land is in abeyance. In rem - a Latin term in law for "against a thing". In a lawsuit, an action in rem is directed towards some specific piece of property, Inclosure - the term used in legal documents in England and Wales for the process by which arable farming in open field systems was ended. It is also applied to the process by which some commons (a piece of land owned by one person, but over which other people could exercise certain traditional rights, such as allowing their livestock to graze upon it), were fenced (enclosed) and deeded or entitled to one or more private owners, who would then enjoy the possession and fruits of the land to the exclusion of all others. Incorporeal - not attached to the 'body' as is now the case for baronial titles. Incountry - in the context of Scotland, those areas under full Crown control in feudal times. Incunabula - books, pamphlets, calendars & indulgences printed before 1501. American Incunabula refers to books printed prior to 1701. [4] The Latin means 'things from the cradle'. The singular should be incunabulum, but most people say incunable. [18] Indenture - a contract binding one party into the service of another for a specified term. Often used in the plural; a document in duplicate having indented edges; a deed or legal contract executed between two or more parties; an official or authenticated inventory, list, or voucher. Indentured servant - a person who is bound into the service of another person for a specified period, usually seven years in the 18th and 19th centuries to pay for passage to another country. Indicted - a person accused by a bill of indictment preferred by a grand jury. Indictment - a formal accusation charging someone of a crime. Takes the form of a written document containing brief details of the accusation. Indigence - Poverty; neediness. Indolent - disinclined to exert oneself; conducive to inactivity or laziness; lethargic: humid, indolent weather. Causing little or no pain: an indolent tumour. Slow to heal, grow, or develop. Ineffable - incapable of being expressed; indescribable or unutterable; taboo. Infangthief - the right of a lord to punish a thief caught within the bounds of his property. Infirmarian - a person dwelling in, or having charge of, an infirmary, especially in a monastic institution. Infirmary - a place where sick or eldery people are taken in abbeys, monasteries. etc. Ings - a common name in the north of England, and in some other parts, for a meadow; esp. by the side of a river and more or less swampy or subject to inundation. Ingeniator - literally an engineer, but usually used in the sense of a person who is an expert in the skill of fortifying a place. Inglenook - the space within the opening on either side of a large fireplace. Inhumation - burial of dead body (as opposed to exposure or cremation). Position may be extended, flexed or crouched, and prone, supine or on side. Inspissate - to undergo thickening or cause to thicken, as by boiling or evaporation; condense. Insufflation - in ecclesiastical terms this is the ritual act of breathing on baptismal water or on the one being baptized. Intaglio - is a family of printmaking techniques in which the image is incised into a surface, known as the matrix or plate. Normally, copper or zinc plates are used as a surface, and the incisions are created by etching, engraving, drypoint, aquatint or mezzotint. To print an intaglio plate the surface is covered in thick ink and then rubbed with tarlatan cloth to remove most of the excess. The final smooth wipe is usually done by hand, sometimes with the aid of newspaper, leaving ink only in the incisions. A damp piece of paper is placed on top and the plate and paper are run through a printing press that, through pressure, transfers the ink from the recesses of the plate to the paper. Inter alia - among other things. Intercommune - to have mutual communication or intercourse by conversation. Interlocutor - a formal decree in Scots law as made by a judge. Interpellated - a Parliamentary procedure in European legislatures to question a member of the government on a point of government policy, often interrupting the business of the day. Interregnum - the interval of time between the end of a sovereign's reign and the accession of a successor; a period of temporary suspension of the usual functions of government or control. In Scotland a significant interregnum was that between the reign of Alexander III and the crowning of John Baliol as John II. Intervisibility - a term used to show the mutual visibility between sites, usually with the corresponding style of monument. May indicate a social and political relationship between neighbouring monuments and their people. Intestate - a person who dies without a will (Legal). Intoxicate - medical Latin from to poison. Originally meant to poison. Not until the late 16th century that it meant stupefy, madden or deprive of the ordinary use of the senses or reason with a drug or alcoholic liquor; inebriate, make drunk. Intramural - literally 'within the walls' as in burial within a church. Invenire - a word meaning the process of 'finding' or 'inventing' happy discoveries, developments and duplications of the relics of the past. An example would be the discovery of the grave of King Arthur and Queen Guinevere at Glastonbury Abbey in 1191. [27] Inventory - a list of the property held by a person at the time of his death; usually compiled by several court-appointed people, who submit the list to the court for approval (Legal). Investment - the act of investing with the fee of an estate or the legal deed by which a person was so invested. Ionic column - a Roman style column with an ornate head, but less embellished than a Corinthian column. Irenic - also 'Eirenic', aiming or aimed at peace. A part of Christian theology concerned with reconciling different denominations and sects. Iuga - a Roman fiscal unit of land upon which tax was paid. Its actual measurements differed in time and place. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Jackanape - an insolent person or poorly behaved child. It is supposed to refer to the Duke of Suffolk, whose badge was an ape's clog and chain. Jack-o'-the-clock - a painted wooden figure with a hinged arm holding a hammer. A cord would be pulled to make the arm strike a bell to signify the start of divine service. An example at Blythburgh in Suffolk, England is 'dressed' in armour. [9] Jacobean - pertaining to the reign of James I of England, otherwise also known as James VI of Scotland. Jacobite - a supporter of the claim to the English throne of the exiled Stuart family after 1688; support for this cause. Jade - an old or over-worked horse. Jamm also Jamb - the projecting wing of a house. Jeu de Mot - a pun; a play on some word or phrase. (French.) See 'Rebus'. Jointure - a provision for a widow, usually made in her marriage contract and consisting of an annual payment to be made to her in her lifetime; if such a jointure was appointed for a wife, it would unless otherwise provided for deprive her of her widow's terce, but she was better off with the jointure, since if her husband died in debt or bankrupt, she would be reckoned as one of his creditors and be able to make her claim first rather than waiting till the debts were settled and having to make do with a share of what was left. Jointure-house - an arrangement by which a husband grants real property to his wife for her use after his death the property thus settled; widow's portion. Jonathan - the mill-dust, mixed with husks and sold as an animal feed. Jougs - also 'Jugs' - in Scots a metal hoop attached to a wall by means of a chain. Used to punish various misdemeanours in the 17th. and early 18th centuries. Judex - a dempster; a judge; judicial power, or the court; a juror. Julian Calendar - the calendar named for Julius Caesar and used from 45 B.C. to 1582, called the "Old Style" calendar; replaced by the Gregorian calendar with a ten day difference. Juniores Alumni - the students who 'served' at the lowest level of the Celtic church. Jure uxoris - a Latin term that means "by right of his wife" or "in right of a wife", commonly used to refer to a title held by a man whose wife holds it in her own right, i.e. he acquired the title simply by being her husband. Jus primae noctis - in the European late medieval context, a widespread popular belief in an ancient privilege of the lord of the manor or laird to share the wedding bed with his peasants' brides. Justice ayre - the medieval court circuit that travelled around Scotland. Justice Hill - See also 'Moot and Mote'. A law, knowe or knoll where proclamations of the local Barony Court's judgements and sentence was carried out. For serious crimes the men were hung here and women were drowned. This situation, known as the feudal Barony right of 'pit and gallows'. Justiciar - a medieval royal judge. Jute - Jute is a long, soft, shiny plant fibre that can be spun into coarse, strong threads. It is one of the cheapest natural fibres, and is second only to cotton in amount produced and variety of uses. Jute fibres are composed primarily of the plant materials cellulose and lignin. Juvenis - a juvenile, minor, under legal age (Legal). Kain - also 'Cain'. Poultry or other animals paid by a vassal to a superior as part of a feu-duty; poultry, eggs, butter and such things such as goose-feathers paid by a tenant to a landlord as rent. Kebbuck - a cheese; also a portion or slice of cheese (Scots). Keening - a form of vocal lament associated with mourning that is traditional in Scotland and Ireland. Extinct as a practise following opposition from the established church. Keep - the main tower within the walls of a medieval castle or fortress. Originally the enclosing wall around a tower. [28] Keld - a spring, fountain, head-spring. Kell - a spring, fountain, head-spring. Also a kiln-house in the western dialect. Kerb - in archaeology, a kerb or peristalith is the name for a stone ring built to enclose and sometimes revet the cairn or barrow built over a chamber tomb. Kern - a medieval Gaelic, Scottish or Irish foot soldier; a loutish person. Keystone - centre stone or 'voussoir' at the head of an arch. Kiln - a building or structure used to dry grain before milling. Kindly tenancy - a heritable tenure arising from the continued tenancy by forefathers and themselves (Scots). King's Highway - also 'Via regia' - the concept of the King's protection given to those who lawfully travel within a kingdom. King's Host - feudal levies which formed an army in the days before a standing army was set up during the reign of King Charles II. King of Arms - the senior rank of an officer of arms. In many heraldic traditions, only a king of arms has the authority to grant armorial bearings. Kirk - a church in Scotland, usually a 'Church of Scotland' presbyterian denomination. Kirktoun - a small village or hamlet around a kirk (Scots). Kist - see 'Cist'. Knave - a servant boy or menial (Scots). Knaveship - a servant to the miller, paid with a handful of cereal from each load milled (Scots). Knight's fee - a feudal term used in medieval England and Anglo-Norman Ireland to describe the value of land. It is also sometimes called 'scutage'. Feudalism was the exchange of land for military service, thus everything was based on what was called the knight's fee, which was the amount of money and/or military service a fief was required to pay to support one knight. Knock - A small hill (Gaelic). Often found in placenames, such as Knockentiber in Scotland. Knockit - cereal which has rubbed and beaten free of its husks and left whole rather than ground (Scots). Knoll - a knowe or low rounded hill or hillock (Scots). Knowe - a knoll or low rounded hill or hillock. [14] Often incorporated into placename, such as 'Huttknowe', 'Broomyknowe', etc. in Ayrshire, Scotland (Scots). Knucker - a water monster, as in the Knucker Hole legend of Lyminster in West Sussex. The Old English 'Nicor' may be the origin of the term, as used in this context in the epic poem Beowulf. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Labarum - a term used for the Chi Rho monogram, one of the forms of christogram as used by the early Christians. It is formed from the first two letters in the Greek spelling of the word Christ, chi = ch and rho = r, in such a way to produce the monogram ☧. The Chi Rho invokes the crucifixion of Jesus as well as symbolizing his status as the Christ. This symbol was also used by pagan Greek scribes to mark, in the margin, a particularly valuable or relevant passage; the combined letters Chi and Rho standing for chrēston, meaning "good." Labyrinth - a structure with an unambiguous through-route to the centre and back and not designed to be difficult to navigate. Lace - making - an ancient craft. A lace fabric is lightweight openwork fabric, patterned, either by machine or by hand, with open holes in the work. The holes can be formed via removal of threads or cloth from a previously woven fabric, but more often lace is built up from a single thread and the open spaces are created as part of the lace fabric. Lade - an open watercourse conducting water from a dam, weir or river to a mill wheel (Scots). Ladester - someone who helped with the unloading of carts and moved the sacks around a mill (Scots). Laid paper - previously always handmade with 'chains' and 'lines' visible, now often machine made or just pressed on. [18] Laigh - 'low'; or by implication, lesser or less important. Laird - the owner of an estate. A title of the gentry, rather than the nobility, a Laird is associated with the land that he (or she) owns rather than being part of the established hierarchy (or Peerage). The title is peculiar to Scotland. In the past a Laird may have had feudal rights over those who lived on his land, and held court from their castle or mansion. A female Laird may be informally titled 'Lady'. The title transfers, or is inherited, with the land (Scots). Laithe - a combined barn and cattle-house. Lancet - windows which are tall and narrow and sometimes grouped under a single arch. Lands - the flat surfaces between the harps on a millstone (Scots). Lantern - also a 'Cupola' or 'Glover' - a cover which provides an entrance / exit, but keeps out the rain from a building or structure. Lantern pinion - the vertical drive shaft taking power off the mill wheel via cogs. Lardiner - a Lardiner was the steward of the King's larder, providing venison as well as 'tame beasts' for the royal table. Late - denoting someone who is deceased, i.e., the late John Thomas. Latten - the alloy of copper and zinc often used to produce monumental brasses and other church articles, also some matrices for seals. Laud - praise; glorification. Laund - a compartment within a park having few or no trees, as present within deer parks. [7] Lavatorium - a long trough in the cloisters of an abbey where the monks washed their hands before and after meals. Lave - to wash oneself; bathe. Laver - an archaic term for a vessel, stone basin, or trough used for washing. Law - a small but prominent hill or burial mound. A frequently part of place anmes, such as Stacklawhill, Knockinlaw, Law mount, etc. (Scots). Lawburrows, letters of - letters in the monarch's name under the signet seal to the effect that a particular person had shown cause to dread harm from another, and that therefore this other complained of was commanded to find "sufficient caution and surety" that the complainer would be free from any violence on his part (Legal). Laying of the lintels - the ancient equivalent of a topping-out ceremony for a new building at which meat and drink were provided for the various craftsmen and labourers. Lea - also 'Leigh' - see 'Lye'. Leach na Gruagach - Milk was poured as an offering to 'Gruagach', the Gaelic guardian-goddess of cattle, into hollows in stones called Dobby stones or Leach na Gruagach. [29] Leadenhaller - someone who buys imported foxes from London's Leadenhall market to sell to fox hunters. Leaf - two pages. Leat - an open watercourse conducting water from a dam, weir or river to a mill wheel. Leatwright - an expert in the construction of leats or lades. Leaven - an element, influence, or agent that works subtly to lighten, enliven, or modify a whole. Leech - a physician or healer, because doctors used leeches to draw blood from patients. Legacy - property or money bequeathed to someone in a will (Legal). Legate - an official emissary, especially an official representative of the Pope. Legatee - someone who inherits money or property from a person who left a will (Legal). Legendarium - refers literally to writings on the subject of such holy people, usually saints. See also 'Hagiography'. Leman - archaic for "sweetheart, paramour," from M.E. leofman (c.1205), from OE leof "dear" + man "human being, person." Originally of either gender, though archaic usage tends to limit it to women. Used by Sir Walter Scott in the Waverley Novel 'Kenilworth'. Lengthman - the person responsible for the maintenance of the verges , etc. of a given length of a canal, railway or road. Lenition - a kind of consonant mutation that appears in many languages. Along with assimilation, it is one of the primary sources of historical change of languages. Leper stone - a bowl shaped stone filled with sour wine or vinegar into which lepers could either leave offerings of money for the church or more likely take offerings left for them. A very rare example is to be found near the church at Greystoke village, Penrith, Cumbria. Lessee - person leasing property from an owner (Legal). Lessor - owner leasing property to a tenant (Legal). Letters of fire and sword - commissions to named lords which instructed them to destroy by any means the subjects of the commission. The commission which led to the 'Massacre of Glencoe' is a late example (Legal). Letters Testamentary - a court document allowing the executor named in a will to carry out his or her duties (Legal). Leveret - a young 'Hare', especially in its first year of life. Levet - a trumpet call for rousing soldiers; a reveille. Ley line - Alfred Watkins announced his discovery of a network of ancient alignments criss-crossing the British countryside, these ley lines or old straight tracks are highly controversial, however they may reflect certain genuinely ancient practices. Ley tunnel - myth involving improbably long subterranean passages and obstacles, prominent buildings and often monks or aristocrats. Librate - to determine the weight of an object. licentia redeundi - the act of conferring the whole power of Parliament upon a commission {Legal}. Lick of goodwill - also 'lock'. The miller's payment for grinding the cereal, etc. (Scots). Liege poustie - that state of health which would give someone full and undoubted power to arrange for the disposal of his heritable property in the event of his death. Lien - a claim placed on property by a person who is owed money (Legal). Lierne vaulting - these are 'tie' ribs between any ribs springing from a supporting rib and are purely decorative. Ligature - in writing and typography, a ligature occurs where two or more graphemes are joined as a single glyph; often used by masons to reduce the extent of carving needed on gravestones. Limekiln - a kiln for burning lime to produce quicklime, a fertilizer. Liminal - a threshold, such as in Celtic pagan and holy places, e.g. between land and sea, salt water and fresh, etc. Liminality - that temporary state during a rite of passage when the participant lacks social status or rank, is required to follow specified forms of conduct, and is expected to show obedience and humility. Limmer - a low, base fellow; also, a prostitute. Limner - a painter or drawer of portraits. Linden - a small-leaved lime tree (Tilia cordata). Lineatore - the equivalent of town planners first encountered in the 12th century. Lineatores marked out burgage plots or tofts, defined the boundaries of towns, laid out roads, etc. Linen - thread made from fibres of the flax plant or cloth woven from this thread. Linhay - a West Country shelter shed with an open hayloft above. Linn - a waterfall (Scots). Lint - The flax plant as just pulled or in the early stages of manufacture into yarn (Scots). Lippie - a dry measure, normally the quarter of a 'peck' or 'forpet'. Litiscontestation - where both parties in a case have stated their respective pleas in a court, it being then understood that, by doing so, they have consented to abide by the decision of the judge in the case (Legal). Lithograph - literally 'drawing on stone' , but used for any print taken from a flat surface. Litster - a person who works in the dyer's trade. [30] Livery Company - Similar to a 'Guild'. Livestock - the animals on a farm. Loan - before the enclosing of fields, a strip of grass of varying breadth would run through the arable parts of a farm and frequently it would link with the common grazing ground of the community, serving as a pasture, a driving road and a milking place for the cattle of the farm or village and as a common green (Scots). Local History - Local history is the study of the history of a relatively small geographic area; typically a specific settlement, parish or county. Locality, decree of - the allocation of a stipend due to a minister in proportions among the various heritors liable to pay it. Lock or sequals - a payment to a miller's servant of an amount of grain that could be heaped into a pair of clasped hands (Scots). Loco tutoris - in the place of (i.e. acting as) tutor. Locum tenens - a person, especially a physician or cleric, who substitutes temporarily for another. Locus amoenus - an earthy paradise. Such as the cave, spring and holy tree, refuge of Tristran and Iseult. [31] Locus terribilis - a sacred place into which only a divine or sacred person could enter. Petrosomatoglyph foot prints for the ordination of kings would be an example. [32] Lodge - a building, often ornate, at the entrance to the driveway of a country house or mansion in which the gatekeeper lived. Logan stone - also 'Rocking stone' - a large boulder, often a glacial erratic, which rocks when pushed. Such boulders often have associated folk legends. Lollard - a member of a sect of religious reformers in England who were followers of John Wycliffe in the 14th and 15th centuries. Lombardic script - the national hand of Italy; a development of the uncial and was first used in northern Italy. The Lombardic character has many & wide variations of it as developed by the scribes in different countries. It was the favorite form selected for initials & versals in manuscripts, which were usually painted in, in colors and gold, the solidity of the body strokes making it especially adaptable for this purpose. At its best this Lombardic letter preserves much of the feeling of the uncials of the sixth and seventh centuries. Lone - a 'lane' in Scots. Longhouse - a steading with the byre adjoining the farmhouse in a straight line. Loosebox - an enclosure in a stable where the horse is not tide up and is therefore free to move around. Lord Lyon King of Arms - the head of Lyon Court, the most junior of the Great Officers of State in Scotland and the Scottish official with responsibility for regulating heraldry in Scotland, issuing new grants of arms, and serving as the judge of the oldest heraldic court in the world that is still in daily operation. The post was formerly held by an important nobleman, whose functions were in practice carried out by his assistant, the Lyon-Depute. The practice of appointing Lyon-Deputes, however, ceased in 1866. The Lord Lyon is responsible for the granting of new arms to persons or organisations, and for confirming given pedigrees and claims to existing arms. Lore - a body of tradition and knowledge on a subject or held by a particular group. Lorimer - A family name derived from the Middle English for the maker of bits, spurs, stirrup-irons, locks and other 'horse' furniture. The Lorimers appear in Scotland during the 12th century as land owners in the Perth area. The name is found in Midlothian in the 15th century, Stirlingshire in the 16th century and later in Dumfriesshire. Lovite - a favourite of the King or a lawyer respected and trusted, usually by the aristocracy; term used in charters, dispositions, proclamations etc., expressive of the royal regard to the person or persons mentioned or addressed. Lucam - an extension running outward from the wall of a building to allow materials to be lowered by a hoist into or taken out of boats, carts, etc. Watermills typically had these structures, such as the mill at Houghton on the River Great Ouse in England; now restored by the National Trust. [33] Lucubration - laborious study or meditation; writing produced by laborious effort or study, especially pedantic or pretentious writing. Lughnasadh - one of the four main festivals of the medieval Irish calendar: Imbolc at the beginning of February, Beltane on the first of May, Lughnasadh in August and Samhain in November. The early Celtic calendar was based on the lunar, solar, and vegetative cycles, so the actual calendar date in ancient times may have varied. Lughnasadh marked the beginning of the harvest season, the ripening of first fruits, and was traditionally a time of community gatherings, market festivals, horse races and reunions with distant family and friends. Luck or 'lux' - a discount on a purchase in return for a cash payment. Lukesmas - the feast day of Saint Luke, 18 October. [5] Lunatic - in its original Latin it was a type of periodic insanity believed to be affected by the phases of the moon (luna), but it entered English law as the term for such an unsoundness of mind as justified interfering with a person's civil rights, or considering their transactions invalid. Lund - also 'Lound'. A small wood, from the Old Norse Lundr. Lustral - Of, relating to, or used in a rite of purification. Lustration - a purification by ablution in water. But the lustrations, of which we possess direct historical knowledge, are always connected with sacrifices and other religious rites, and consisted in the sprinkling of water by means of a branch of laurel or olive, and in the burning of certain materials, the smoke of which was thought to have a purifying effect. Lusus naturae- a person or animal that is markedly unusual or deformed. Lux or 'Luck' - a discount on a purchase in return for a cash payment. Lych or 'Lyke' - Anglo-Saxon for a corpse. Used in the context of Lych Gate or Lych Path. A corpse on its way to burial was previously carried along a Corpse of Lych Path and placed at the Lych Gate just prior to the burial. Lye - also 'lea' or 'leigh' - pasture land, often the first area cleared from a woodland is called the 'Leigh field', as at Woodway House in Teignmouth, Devon. The term may also refer to woodland pasture land. Lye - a preparation used together with animal fats in the pruduction of soap. Lye can be produced from certain seaweeds, saltworts, hardwood tree ashes or mined as the mineral form. Sodium carbonate and Sodium hydroxiude are two examples of 'lye' chemicals. Lymmares - villains or malefactors. Lymphad - A 'Birlinn' comprised a class of small galleys with 12 to 18 oars, they appear in Scottish heraldry as the 'lymphad'. Lynchet - change in ground-level produced by the earth-moving action of ploughs. Macaroni - also 'Maccaroni'. A fashionable person who dressed and spoke in an outlandishly affected manner; a man who exceeded the ordinary bounds of fashion in terms of clothes, fastidious eating and gambling. Mace - a symbol of power and authority which developed from the war mace. Macer - also a 'Claviger'. A servant at a law court, responsible for maintaining order. Machiolation - opening between projecting parapet corbels through which objects were dropped on invading soldiers. Mad - wag - a crazy person in a jocular sense, from 'Wag-halter'. Magnanimous - courageously noble in mind and heart. Generous in forgiving; eschewing resentment or revenge; unselfish. Magnate - an influential or wealthy person, esp. in industry. Maid - a female domestic servant. Maiden - a young unmarried woman. Maiden - a planted or self-sown tree which has not been coppiced or pollarded. Maiden name - a woman's last name prior to marriage. Maill - tax, rent, tribute or payment as in 'Black Mail'. Mains - the home farm of an estate, cultivate by or for the owner. Major - a person who has reached legal age (Legal). Majordomo - the head (major) person of a domestic (domo) staff, one who acts on behalf of the (often absent) owner of a typically large residence. Similar terms include 'castellan, chamberlain,' 'seneschal', 'maître d', butler' and 'steward'. Usually ranking above the butler, the majordomo is responsible for all managerial and financial affairs concerning his employer's households. Majores - ancestors. Majority - legal age. Majuscule - the larger of two type faces in a script. In the Roman alphabet they are A, B, C, D, etc. They are also called capitals (caps) or upper case (uppercase). Malmsey - a sweet fortified wine originally made in Greece and now produced mainly in Madeira. Also called malvasia, malvoisie. Mana - a supernatural force believed to dwell in a person or sacred object. Manducation - the act of chewing. Manège - the art of training and riding horses; the movements and paces of a trained horse or a school at which equestrianship is taught and horses are trained. Mangonel - a siege engine for catapulting stones weighing up to 50 or 60 lb. each. The device had a wooden arm, pivoted in the middle of a frame, with a rope-torsioned mechanism at one end as the source of power. Manilla - a horse-shoe shaped bracelet, made of copper or brass, used as a form of money in West Africa until around 1949. Maniple - an ornamental silk band hung as an ecclesiastical vestment on the left arm near the wrist; a subdivision of an ancient Roman legion, containing 60 or 120 men. Manor - an estate with land and juridiction over tenants. Manse - the dwelling of the minister, equivalent to an English 'vicarage' (Scots). Mansion - a large and stately dwelling house. Manumission - the act of freeing a slave, done at the will of the owner. Manure - animal dung used for fertilising soil. March - an estate or property boundary, from the old English Mearc a mark. March Tree - a tree which clearly marks a boundary or march; usually coppiced and then pollarded, thereby substantially increasing its longevity. Marginalia - handwritten notes in the margins of a page around the text. These would usually reduce the value of a book, but not in the case of the famous or the author. The term is also used to describe drawings and flourishes in medieval illuminated manuscripts. True marginalia is not to be confused with reader's signs, marks (e.g. stars, crosses, fists) or doodles in books. The formal way of adding descriptive notes to a document is called 'annotation'. Marian Period - pertaining to the reign or time of Mary Queen of Scots and her mother, Mary of Guise, second wife of James V of Scotland. Roughly 1542 to 1568. Marita - a married woman, wife. Marque, letters of - royal letters authorising those who had been injured by foreigners and been unable to obtain satisfaction, to take reprisals. Maritus - a bridegroom, married man. Marriage bond - a marriage bond is document obtained by an engaged couple prior to their marriage. It affirmed that there was no moral or legal reason why the couple could not be married. In addition, the man affirmed that he would be able to support himself and his new bride (legal). Marriage stone - a stone lintel carved with the initials, coat of arms, etc. of a newly married couple with the date of the marriage. Marshalling - this is the art of correctly arranging armorial bearings in heraldry. Two or more coats of arms are often combined in one shield to express inheritance, claims to property, or the occupation of an office. Mart - a trading center; a market; a place where goods are sold; a store or in the archaic sense, a fair. Martingale - the strap of a horse's harness that connects the girth to the noseband and is designed to prevent the horse from throwing back its head. Any of several parts of standing rigging strengthening the bowsprit and jib boom against the force of the head stays. A method of gambling in which one doubles the stakes after each loss. A loose half-belt or strap placed on the back of a garment, such as a coat or jacket. Mash - a mixture of grains, peas, etc. given to horses. Mashlum - mixed grains, generally peas or oats, and the bread made from it. Masonic Lodge - a meeting place for, or formerly for Freemasons. Lodge '0' at Kilwinning in Ayrshire is regarded as the 'Mother Lodge'. Mast - the fruit of beech, oak, chestnut and other forest-trees, especially as food for pigs. The word derives from the Old English for 'meat'. Mast Year - a season in which so many seeds have been produced that they were able to overwhelm the destructive feeding of animals, etc. Sufficient seedlings are therefore produced the following year that a generation of trees are produced, noticeable in the age structure of the wood itself. Maternal line - the line of descent traced through the mother's ancestry. Matrilinear succession - a line of descent from a female ancestor to a descendant (of either sex) in which the individuals in all intervening generations are female. In a matrilineal descent system (uterine descent), an individual is considered to belong to the same descent group as his or her mother. This is in contrast to the more currently common pattern of patrilineal descent. Patrilineal descent systems have not always been so common. In this system a son would not inherit, instead a brother or nephew was more likely to. A Pictish princess is said to have commented to a Roman aristocrat that her system was best, for one would always know who the mother of a child was! Matrix - the small, usually copper, block stamped with a single letter which fits into the typefounder's mould in preparation for printing. [18] Also the latten, gold, ivory, lead or silver stamp from which a 'seal' was produced. Matron - an older married woman with children. Matronym - a component of a name based on the name of one's mother. It is a means of conveying lineage. Maudlin - is Mary Magdalen. Mavis - the Song-thrush, (Turdus philomelos). Maze - a puzzle in the form of a complex branching passage through which the solver must find a route. Mazzard - another term for Cherry or Gean, archaic. Meadow - grassland grown to be cut for hay. Meal - the edible part of any grain or pulse ground to a powder. Mear - also 'Mere' - wooden frame on which wrongdoers had to 'ride' as a public punishment in Scotland. Medieval - also 'Mediaeval' - of, or in the syle of the Middle Ages. Meditatione fugae - 'in meditatione fugae' is a legal term in Scots Law that refers toa writ issued to prevent a debtor leaving the country. Robert Burns was issued with one in relation to an affair he had with Margaret 'May' Cameron. Megalith - a large, single upright standing stone (monolith or menhir), of prehistoric European origin. Megalithic yard - a unit of measurement used in the construction of megalithic structures. Discovered by Professor Thom. Meith - in Scots, a boundary mark or line. Meithed - Scots for the marking out of a boundary of land, as in stobbed, meithed and marched. Melancholy - now called depression. A word from the Greek formed from joining the words for black and bile. Bile is a bitter fluid that the body uses in digestion. It was known as choler (sometimes cholera) and was one of the four body fluids (humours) thought to determine a person's physical and mental qualities. Choler made you angry. Black bile, known as choler adust is a thick black fluid thought to make one sad. The other two fluids are blood and phlegm. Phlegm made you lazy or apathetic. Blood made you brave, hopeful and amorous. Melder - one milling of corn, oats, etc. (Scots). Menage - a social group living together; a household. A form of friendly saving society. Mendicant - a beggar; living solely on alms. Also a member of any of several orders of friars that originally forbade ownership of property, subsisting mostly on alms. Menhir - a large, single upright standing stone (monolith or megalith), of prehistoric European origin. Mensal - pertaining to or used at the table; in Irish and early Scottish history mensal land was set apart for the supply of food for the table of the king, prince or such-like. In Scotland and Ireland before the Reformation, applied to a church, benefice, etc., appropriated to the service of the bishop for the maintenance of his table. Mensis - month. Menstruum - a solvent, especially one used in extracting compounds from plant and animal tissues and preparing drugs. Mercantilism - the economic doctrine that says government control of foreign trade is of paramount importance for ensuring the prosperity and security of a state. It demands a positive balance of trade. In thought and practice it dominated Western Europe from the 16th to the late-18th century. Mercantilism was often a cause of frequent European wars and it was a motive for colonial expansion. Mercat - a market (Scots). Mercer - a dealer in textiles, especially silks. The etymology is Middle English, from Old French mercier, trader, from merz, merchandise, from Latin merx, merc-, merchandise. Merchetum or Mercheta - the buying of freedom by a villain or bondsmen from his feudal lord. Also the fine paid by a sokeman or villain to his feudal lord if his daughter married without the lord's permission; payment for the loss of a worker due to marriage of a daughter. Mere - a small lake, pond, or marsh. Merekin - a daughter or young woman. Meridies - pertaining to or of the 'south'. Mering - also 'meryne','mearing','mearing','meering' - the fixing of boundaries. In north Scotland: a strip of land marking a boundary, a ‘balk’ or ridge of uncultivated land serving as a boundary(Scots). Merino - the Spanish name for a breed of sheep, and hence applied to a woolen fabric. Merk - in Scotland a land value of 2/3 of a Scot's pound or 13 1/2 d. Also a measure of land. Merlon - a solid portion between two crenels in a battlement or crenelated wall. Mesne lord - a lord in the feudal system who had vassals who held land from him, but who was himself the vassal of a higher lord. A mesne lord did not hold land directly of the king. Messuage - a dwelling-house, including outbuildings, orchard, curtilage or court-yard and garden. At one time messuage supposedly had a more extensive meaning than that comprised in the word house or site, but such distinction, if it ever existed, no longer survives (Legal). The 'Capital Messuage' was the main messuage of an estate, the house in which the owner of the estate normally lived. Metes - a measurement of distance in feet, rods, poles, chains, etc.; pertains to measuring direction and distance. Meum - mine; that which is mine. Mezzotint - a technique of copperplate engraving in which the whole surface of the plate is roughened to print solid black and the design is made by smoothing down again to produce graded tones. Miasma - from 1665: a noxious vapour that was thought to carry diseases. The diseases might be called (18th century on) malarias. Michaelmas - the Feast of Saint Michael, is a day in the Christian calendar, taking place on 29 September. Because it falls near the equinox, it is associated with the beginning of Autumn and the shortening of days. St. Michael, one of the principal angelic warriors, was seen as a protector against the dark of night. Michaelmas has also delineated time and seasons for secular purposes as well, particularly in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Midden - a dung heap or refuse heap near to a dwelling. Mien - dignified manner or conduct. An air or bearing especially as expressive of attitude or personality. Milestone - a stone or cast-iron distance marker on a turnpike, used in the calculated of the toll charge. Mill-bitch - a bag hung near the millstones into which a dishonest miller would slip a handful of meal now & then (Scots). Mill-ring - the space between the millstones and the wooden frame. This space inevitably collected meal and was enlarged by unscrupulous millers to increase the amount (Scots). Mill-steep - the name for the lever which was used to bring millstones closer together or further apart (Scots). Millstone - stones for grinding corn, etc. The upper stone is the 'Runner' and the stationary lower stone is the Bedstone. Mill-wand - the rounded piece of wood acting as an axle with which several people would role a millstone form the quarry to the mill. The width of some roads were set at a 'mill-wand breadth'.] Miln - the archaic form of 'Mill', still in use in the 18th century and found in some place names, i.e. Newmilns. Still found in use in surnames. Milner - archaic form of 'Miller'. Minikin - a person or object that is delicate, dainty, or diminutive. Used by Sir Walter Scott in his Waverley novel 'Kenilworth'. Minster - the Old English, mynster or monastery, derived from Latin ministerium, the “office" or “service”, the canonical hours, which were sung at set hours in the minster. Thus minster originally applied to the church of a monastery or a chapter: it was an abbot who presided in the minster, rather than a bishop, as at a cathedral. Misericord - a tip-up wooden seat with a ledge underneath to give a priest some support whilst standing for long periods of time. Often carved with interesting designs and an area of study in their own right. Misk - a damp, bogey, low-lying stretch of grassland (Scots). Misprision - neglect or wrong performance of official duty; concealment of treason or felony by one who is not a participant in the treason or felony; seditious conduct against the government or the courts (Legal). Mistal - northern dialect for a cattle stall, synonymous with byre. Moat - see Mote (Scots). Moiety - half, one of two equal parts. Moldwarp - a mole. Mommet - the Somerset name for a scarecrow, which is a device (traditionally a mannequin) that is used to discourage birds such as crows from disturbing crops and feeding on recently cast seed. Monger - a dealer or trader, i.e. Fishmonger. Monition - a formal order from a bishop or an ecclesiastical court to refrain from a specified offense. Monolith - a large, single upright standing stone (also Menhir or megalith), of prehistoric European origin. Monomachia - A duel; single combat. Moot Hill - a 'law', 'knoll' or 'knowe' used as a meeting place for judgements, etc. Morally defective - were people who, from an early age, displayed some permanent mental defect coupled with strong vicious or criminal propensities on which punishment had little or no effect. Morganantic - a marriage between a man of exalted rank and a woman of lower rank in which the wife and her children do not share the rank or inherit the possessions of the husband. Morion - a crested metal helmet with a curved peak in front and back, worn by soldiers in the 16th and 17th centuries. Mormaer - designates a regional or provincial ruler in the medieval Kingdom of the Scots. In theory, although not always in practice, a Mormaer was second only to the King of Scots, and the senior of a toisech. The Gaelic term means 'Great Steward.' Morocco - tanned goatskin used for binding books, originally produced in North Africa. [18] Mortmain - the status of lands or tenements held inalienably by an ecclesiastical or other corporation (Legal). Mortsafe - a structure placed on a grave to prevent the body being exhumed and stolen. Moscow, Ayrshire - this is a village in Scotland. The name is thought to be a corruption of 'Moss-hall' or 'Moss-haw' but its spelling was formalised in 1812 to mark Napoleon's retreat from Moscow. Moss - equivalent to morass or bog in England, contains black or dark-coloured substance formed by stagnant water from rotting vegetation, sometimes in a fluid state (Scots). Mote hill - see Moot Hill (Scots). Motte - an earth mound on which a palisade or stone castle tower was built. Usually Norman. Mouler - a 'rubber' used to grind grain on a saddle or trough quern. Mounts or 'Roundels' - mostly circular plantations planted to emphasise rising ground. Mulct - a fine imposed for an offence. Multivallate Hillfort - a hillfort defences formed by a series of banks and ditches. Murmet - the Devonian name for a scarecrow, which is a device (traditionally a mannequin) that is used to discourage birds such as crows from disturbing crops and feeding on recently cast seed. Muir - wet or poorly drained pasture, open moorland or heath (Scots). Mullion - vertical framing member of an opening such as a window. Multure - pronounced 'Mooter'. The payment, a fixed proportion of the tenants grain, paid to the miller by the suckener to grind the corn. Mump - an archaic term meaning to be silent or to beg. Mundungus - a stinking tobacco. Muniments - documentary evidence by which one can defend a title to property or a claim to rights (Legal). Muniment chest - a strongbox used to safely store deeds, wedding certificates and other written items of value. Murderer - a large artillery piece, such as Mons Meg. (Scots). Mure - also 'Muir.' a wet or poorly drained pasture, open moorland or heath (Scots). Murrain - a highly infectious disease of cattle and sheep. The term literally means 'death' and was used in medieval times to represent just that. The farmers of that era had no way of identifying specific diseases in their livestock so they put all illnesses under one heading. Muskeg - a swamp or bog formed by an accumulation of sphagnum moss, leaves, and decayed matter resembling peat. Muslin - any of various sturdy cotton fabrics of plain weave, used especially for sheets. Mutchkin- also 'Muchkine' - a unit of liquid measure equal to 0.9 U.S. pints (0.42 liters) (Scots). Myrmidon - the Myrmidons were legendary people of Greek history, brave and skilled warriors commanded by Achilles, known for their skill in battle and loyalty to their leaders. In pre-industrial Europe the word "myrmidon" carried many of the same connotations that "minion" does today. Myrmidon later came to mean 'hired ruffia', a loyal follower, especially one who executes orders without question, protest, or pity - unquestioning followers.' A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Naif - an innocent or inexperienced person; marked by or showing unaffected simplicity and lack of guile or worldly experience. Also a variation of 'neyf', a slave or serf. Narthex - A portico or lobby of an early Christian or Byzantine church or basilica, originally separated from the nave by a railing or screen; an entrance hall leading to the nave of a church. The narthex was the whole width of the church and held the principal entrance. Nativi - serfs who were 'native' to the land on which they were born; they went with the land; and the land could be given or sold with the 'men, meadows and pastures.' Natus - born. Nave - the central part of a church from the west door to the chancel, excluding the side aisles. Neat - a cow or other domestic bovine animal. Necessarium also a 'Rere-dorter' - built above the main drain in an abbey; one or more rows of pierced seats with partitions for defecation and urination. Necromancy - the prediction of the future by the supposed communication with the dead. A form of witchcraft or black magic. Nee - born, used to denote a woman's maiden name, i.e., Anne Gibson née West. Nemeton - a sacred grove used on occasion for performing ritual animal sacrifices, and other such rituals in Celtic countries. The grove itself might be personified as Nemetona, attested in votive and founding inscriptions. The word may be traced in the Irish Nemed husband of Macha and in naomh ("holy"). Druids, according to Roman writers Pliny or Lucan did not meet in stone temples or other constructions, but in sacred groves of trees. The name is found as an element in several place-names, e.g. Roman Vernemeton, now Willoughby-on-the-Wolds, Nottinghamshire. Nether - lower or under. Neuk - a corner or nook. Such as the 'Cheepy Neuk' in Perceton, North Ayrshire. This was a trysting place for courting couples. Newe - a stair which winds round a central newel-post; a vertical support at the center of a circular staircase; a post that supports a handrail at the bottom or at the landing of a staircase. Neyf - a slave, serf; unfree peasants under feudalism. Niffer - to exchange or barter; haggling whilst bargaining (Scots). Night-soil - faeces and urine from human sources added to the midden before the development of mechanical toilets. Nimbus - a cloudy radiance said to surround a classical deity when on earth; a radiant light that appears usually in the form of a circle or halo about or over the head in the representation of a god, demigod, saint, or sacred person such as a king or an emperor; a splendid atmosphere or aura, as of glamour, that surrounds a person or thing. Nip - an interruption or break, specifically in mining, marking the point at which a seam of coal tails off as if squeezed between the strata above and below it. Nix - nothing. No Canny - not free from risk, unsafe (Scots). Nocturnal - the night-time equivalent of the sundial. The time was found from entering the position of the stars onto the mechanisms dials and scales; the time was then read off. Sometimes called a "horologium nocturnum" (time instrument for night) or nocturlabe. Nolt - neat cattle. Nonage - the period during which one is legally underage. Nonentres - in Scots feudal law, the failure of an heir to land to make an entry thereon and to obtain investiture of the feu from the superior; also the feudal casualty arising from such failure. Nones - c.1420, in reference to the Roman calendar, "ninth day before the ides of each month" (7 March, May, July, October, 5th of other months), from the Latin nonæ (acc. nonas), feminine plural of nonus "ninth." Also in an Ecclesiastical sense of "daily office said originally at the ninth hour of the day" is from 1709; originally fixed at ninth hour from sunrise, hence about 3 p.m. (now usually somewhat earlier), from L. nona (hora) "ninth (hour)," from fem. pl. of nonus "ninth," contracted from novenos, from novem "nine" (see nine). Also used in a sense of "midday". Notaries - lawyers officially authorised to draw up certain legal documents, icluding instruments of sasine (Legal). Novodamus - a charter in Scots law containing a clause in which the superior of a property grants it "of new" because of a defect in the original title to the property or because either the vassal or superior wanted to get the conditions of the original grant altered. Nugatory - of little or no importance; trifling. Having no force; invalid. Numinous - a Latin term coined by German theologian Rudolf Otto to describe that which is wholly other. The numinous is the mysterium tremendum et fascinans that leads in different cases to belief in deities, the supernatural, the sacred, the holy, and the transcendent. Nuncupative will - an oral will declared or dictated by the testator in his last sickness before a sufficient number of witnesses and afterwards put in writing (Legal). Nuptial - of or relating to marriage or the wedding ceremony; of, relating to, or occurring during the mating season. Nuttery - a hazel (Corylus avellana). O - used as shorthand for 'Son'. Obeisance - gesture or movement of the body, such as a curtsy, that expresses deference or homage. Obit - an obituary. Oblation - the act of offering something, such as worship or thanks, to a deity; the act of offering the bread and wine of the Eucharist; a charitable offering or gift. Obol - also 'Obolus'. A silver coin or unit of weight equal to one sixth of a drachma, formerly used in ancient Greece. Obolary - possessing only small coins; impoverished. Obsidian - very hard volcanic glass used for tools. It can be dated by measurement of thickness of its hydration layer on surface. Obtemperate - to obey. Obturate - to block or obstruct. Obturation often refers to the process of a bullet or pellet, such as Minie Ball, made of soft material and often with a concave base, flaring under the pressure of firing to seal the bore and engage the barrel's rifling. Obverse - in a book this is the right-hand page, also called the 'recto'. Occidens - pertaining to or of the west. Octavians - the group appointed to control the finances of King James VI of Scotland. Oculi - decorative carved or painted patterns that appear to represent 'eyes'. The Folkton Drums and Carved Stone Balls show 'oculi'. Odds bodkins - an oath mmeaning God's body. A bodkin is a small tool for piecing holes in leather etc. This term borrows the word, not for its meaning, but because of the alliteration with body, to make a euphemistic version of the oath, otherwise it would have been unacceptable to a pious audience. Oeuvre - a work of art or the sum of the lifework of an artist, writer, or composer. Ogee - a feature showing in section a double continuous S-shaped curve. An S-shaped line or moulding. Ogham - also Old Irish 'Ogam' - an Early Medieval alphabet used primarily to represent Gaelic languages. Ogham is sometimes referred to as the "Celtic Tree Alphabet." The word is pronounced [ˈɔɣam] in Old Irish and [oːm] or [oːəm] in Modern Irish. Old Melancholy - a nickname for the 'Old Pretender', James III of England or James VIII of Scotland. The Jacobite Stuart father of Charles or 'Bonnie Prince Charles'. The flower 'Melancholy Gentleman' may be named after him as it has flowers which resemble a white 'brockade'. Omnigenous - Consisting of all kinds. Omphalos - the navel of the world. The spiritual or actual centre of a country, often marked by a boulder or stone column. Oneiromancy - the art of interpreting dreams; a form of divination. Onomatology - the study of proper names of all kinds and the origins of names. Operarii - lay brothers in the Celtic church who carried out manual work. Oral history - an oral history is a collection of family stories told by a member of the family or by a close family friend. Normally, an oral history is transcribed onto paper, or is video or tape recorded. Oral histories can yield some of the best information about a family—the kinds of things that you won't find written in records. Ordinance - an authoritative command or order; a custom or practice established by long usage; a Christian rite, especially the Eucharist; a statute or regulation, especially one enacted by a city government. Oriens - pertaining to or of the 'east'. Oriflamme - an inspiring standard or symbol. Orison - reverent petition to a deity; prayer. Orthostat - a large stone set upright. 'Menhirs' and other standing stones are technically orthostats although the term is only used by archaeologists to describe individual prehistoric stones that constitute part of larger structures. Common examples include the walls of chamber tombs and other megalithic monuments and the vertical elements of the trilithons at Stonehenge. Many orthostats were a focus for megalithic art. Osaris - osiers, a species of willow. Oscillant - a periodically filling and emptying pool at the base of a wind-rocked tree Ostensible - represented or appearing as such; ostensive: His ostensible purpose was charity, but his real goal was popularity. Ostler - or 'Hostler' - one who is employed to tend horses, especially at an inn. Oubliette - a dungeon with a trapdoor in the ceiling as its only means of entrance or exit. Ourlop - the trespass of cattle om the pasture of a neighbour. Outcountry - in the context of Scotland, those areas, such as the Highlands and the Borders, where the Crown's control was not absolute. Outfangthief - the right of a lord to pursue a thief outside the lord's own jurisdiction and bring him back within his jurisdiction to be punished. Outrecuidance - excessive presumption. Out-by - in northern England and Scotland the fields distant from the farmhouse which were rarely manured. Out sucken - a mill which grinds corn from outside its thirl or sucken (Scots). Overmantel - usually a highly decoratively carved ornamentation surmounting a fireplace in old buildings. Stokesay Castle in Salop, England has a fine oak example dating from at least 1648. [34] Oversman - an overseer; a superintent; an umpire; a third arbiter, appointed when two arbiters, previously selected, disagree (Scots). Overshot - a water wheel which is turned by the weight of water falling on it. It is at least two and a half times as efficient as an undershot. It turns clockwise. Owl-hole - an entrance, square or round, high up on a wall designed to allow owls to enter and catch rats and mice. Oxgate - a measure of land also known as a 'bovate'. It was 1/8 of a 'ploughgate'(or as much land as one ox could plough in a year). An oxgate varied in acreage from 8 to 18 acres, depending on how arable the land was. Oxter - armpit. p-Celtic - the Brythonic (from Brython 'Briton') branch of the celtic languages, which replaced the q sound with a p sound. These are represented by Welsh, Cornish, and Breton. Irish, Manx and Scottish Gaelic retained the Goidelic q sound. Pabulum - food or fodder, particularly that taken in by plants or animals. Packhorse - an animal used for carrying heavy roads, usually over rough terrain or on poorly surfaced roads. Paction - an agreement; a compact; a bargain. Pad - dialect term for a path, lane or road. Paddles - the boards attached to a water wheel. Paddy - stool - a toad-stool (Scots). Pad-stone - flat stone acting as a plinth, usually for a single timber post. Painted pebbles - a class of Pictish artifact unique to northern Scotland in the first millennium AD. The function of these pebbles is unknown, however they are most likely to be linked to a function in pagan magic, such as healing sick animals, etc. Palace - also 'Place' - a large dwelling with a central courtyard. Such as Kilmaurs Place, East Ayrshire, Scotland. [35] Pale - thin planks of wood from which a fence is made, usually surrounding a hunting preserve. Paleography - the study of handwriting. Palfrey - a saddle horse, especially one for a woman to ride. Palimpset - a piece of writing material or manuscript on which the original writing has been effaced to make room for other writing. It also refers to other situation where this principle holds, such as 'Rig & furrow' still being visible despite later ploughing, afforestation, etc. Palinode - a poem in which the author retracts something said in a previous poem; a formal statement of retraction. Palladium - a safeguard, especially one viewed as a guarantee of the integrity of social institutions: the Bill of Rights, palladium of American civil liberties. A sacred object that was believed to have the power to preserve a city or state possessing it. The Stone of Scone is regarded as a palladium by the Scots. Palmer - a medieval European pilgrim who carried a palm branch as a token of having visited the Holy Land. Palsy - used in 1611 Bible. A complete or partial muscle paralysis, often accompanied by loss of sensation and uncontrollable body movements or tremors. Panache - originally a bunch of feathers or a plume, especially on a helmet. Pancarta - a book containing charters or the official in charge of such a book. See also chartulary or cartulary. Panegyric - a formal eulogistic composition intended as a public compliment or elaborate praise or laudation; an encomium. Pannage - the payment made in return for allowing pigs to forage in woodland for acorns or beech mast. Pannel - a kind of rustic saddle; in falconry, the stomach of a hawk; militarily the carriage for transporting a mortar and its bed, on a march; in Scots law a person who has been indicted for a crime. Pannier - a large wicker basket, especially one of a pair of such baskets carried on the shoulders of a person or on either side of a pack animal. Panwood - poorer quality coal, often found near the surface and used in early salt panning, etc. (Scots) Papingo - in common with most European countries one type of target practice was to tie a live bird to a pole and allow the contestants to shoot at it. The name given to this target was the 'popinjay' or 'papingo'. At a later date the live bird was replaced with a wooden bird with detachable wings. This sport continues in Kilwinning, Ayrshire, Scotland. The Annual Papingo Shoot is held in the grounds of the old Abbey on the afternoon of the first Saturday in June when the wooden bird is mounted on a pole suspended from the Abbey Tower. The personal name 'Pobjoy' derives from the sport. Paraclete - the Holy Spirit, considered as comforter, intercessor, or advocate. Paranomasia or 'Pun' - a figure of speech which consists of a deliberate confusion of similar words or phrases for rhetorical effect, whether humorous or serious. Parchment - a thin material made from calfskin, sheepskin or goatskin. Its most common use is as the pages of a book, codex or manuscript. It is distinct from leather in that parchment is not tanned, but stretched, scraped, and dried under tension, creating a stiff white, yellowish or translucent animal skin. The finer qualities of parchment are called vellum. It is very reactive with changes in relative humidity and is not waterproof. Parclose screen - in Christian centres of worship these enclose a side chapel. Pardoner- also a 'Questor'. A friar or monk in Medieval days, 'licensed' by the Pope to sell indulgences which would free the purchaser of sins committed. This system was greatly abused. Parge - the plaster applied to cottage walls, etc. Pargeting - a decorative plastering applied to building walls. Parish - the ecclesiastical division or jurisdiction; the site of a church. The Civil parishes category also existed in England and Wales. Park - an area of land, often pasture with specimen trees, surrounding a mansion or country house with a wall or fence boundary. Parvenu - a person who has suddenly risen to a higher social and economic class and has not yet gained social acceptance by others in that class. Parlance - a particular manner of speaking; idiom: legal parlance. Parliamentary Enclosure or 'inclosure' (the latter is used in legal documents and place names) is the term used in England and Wales for the process by which arable farming in open field systems was ended. It is also applied to the process by which some commons (a piece of land owned by one person, but over which other people could exercise certain traditional rights, such as allowing their livestock to graze upon it), were fenced (enclosed) and deeded or entitled to one or more private owners, who would then enjoy the possession and fruits of the land to the exclusion of all others. Parlour - also 'Parlor' - a room in a private home set apart for the entertainment of visitors; a small lounge or sitting room affording limited privacy, as at an inn or tavern. Paroxysm - medical Latin from Greek roots. Originally, in late Middle English, a severe episode of a disease. By the 17th century also used for a fit, a convulsion or an energetic outburst of emotion or activity. Parricide - the murdering of one's father, mother, or other near relative. Someone who commits such a murder. Parterre - a level space in a garden occupied by flower-beds arranged formally. An example would be that to found at Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh, Scotland. Partigeniture - the opposite from 'Primogeniture'. All property and wealth were equally divided in this system amongst the legitimate offspring. Parure - a set of matched jewelry or other ornaments. Parvis - an enclosed courtyard or space at the entrance to a building, especially a cathedral, that is sometimes surrounded by porticoes or colonnades; one of the porticoes or colonnades surrounding such a space. Paschal - of or relating to Easter. Pasquinade - a satire or lampoon, especially one that ridicules a specific person, traditionally written and posted in a public place. Pastoral - relating or associated with shepherds and their flocks or herds. Pasture - grassland grown for grazing by stock. Patchwork - a form of needlework or craft that involves sewing together small pieces of fabric and stitching them together into a larger design, which is then usually quilted, or else tied together with pieces of yarn at regular intervals, a practice known as tying. Patchwork is traditionally 'pieced' by hand, but modern quiltmakers often use a sewing machine instead. Patera - plural paterae. A saucerlike vessel of earthenware or metal, used in libations and sacrifices; in arcatecture, a circular ornament, resembling a dish, often worked in relief on friezes, and the like. Paternal line - the line of descent traced through the father's ancestry. Patlander - slang for an Irish person. Patmos - an island in the Dodecanese Islands of the Aegean Sea. Saint John was exiled to the island c. a.d. 95 and according to tradition wrote the Book of Revelation here. The term is enerally used in the sense of a place of safe exile. Patrician - someone who is noble or aristocratic. Patrilinear succession - (a.k.a. agnatic kinship) is a system in which one belongs to one's father's lineage; it generally involves the inheritance of property, names or titles through the male line as well. A patriline is a line of descent from a male ancestor to a descendant (of either sex) in which the individuals in all intervening generations are male. In a patrilineal descent system, an individual is considered to belong to the same descent group as his or her father. This is in contrast to the less common pattern of matrilineal descent as practised by the Picts. Patrimony - an inheritance from a father or other ancestor; an endowment or estate belonging to an institution, especially a church Patriot - one who loves, supports, and defends one's country. The Patriot - Andrew Fletcher, a great defender of Scotland's independence. Patronage - the system by which appointments to important public posts were made by patrons who were un-elected and therefore did not represent the democratic wishes of the population. The appointment of kirk ministers by aristrocratic patrons in Scotland is an example in point. Appointments to the Scottish Mint were mainly through patronage in the 19th-century. [36] Patronymics - the practice of creating last names from the name of one's father. For example, Robert, John's son, would become Robert Johnson. Robert Johnson's son Neil would become Neil Robertson. Pauldron - sometimes spelled pouldron or powldron, is a component of plate armour covering the armpit, and sometimes parts of the back and chest. Pauper - (from Latin for poor) in the sense of a poor person or someone dependent on charity. Later, narrower meaning of someone receiving poor law relief. Pax intrantibus - Peace to those who enter. Pease - peas. Peck - the measure of capacity for dry goods. In Scotland, a fourth part of a 'Firlot' and amounting to four 'Lippies' or 'Forpits', and three 'Grudgies' (Scots). Peculate- to embezzle funds or take part in embezzlement. Peculium - in Roman Law, the saving of a son or a slave with the father's or master's consent; a little property or stock of one's own; any exclusive personal or separate property. A special fund for private and personal uses. A slight peculium only subtracted to supply his snuff box and tobacco pouch. - Sir W. Scott. Pecuniary - of or relating to money: a pecuniary loss; pecuniary motives. Requiring payment of money. Pedigree - a person's ancestry, lineage, family tree. Pediment - a wide, low-pitched gable surmounting the façade of a building in the Grecian style; a triangular element, similar to or derivative of a Grecian pediment, used widely in architecture and decoration. Peels - these were the houses of the lesser gentry, worth less than £100. Pelehouse - see 'Bastle'. Pend - a vaulted roof without groining. Pendicle - something dependent on another, such as loans taken out against property (Legal). Pennon - these are flags that were originally borne at the end of a lance. Pentise - single-pitched roof attached to the side of a wall. Peppercorn rent - a very low or nominal rent. Per infortunium - a killing, per infortunium, or by misadventure, occurs when a person in doing a lawful act, without any intent to harm, unfortunately kills another. Perambulation - a legal document defining a piece of land by describing its boundaries. Periegesis - a description of an area, territory. Peristalth - in archaeology, a 'kerb' or peristalith is the name for a stone ring built to enclose and sometimes revet the cairn or barrow built over a chamber tomb. Perron- an out-of-door flight of steps, as in a garden, leading to a terrace or to an upper story; usually applied to mediævel or later structures of some architectural pretensions. Petard - a small bell-shaped bomb used to breach a gate or wall. Petroglyph - image created by removing part of a rock surfaces by incising, pecking, carving, and abrading. Petrosomatoglyph - a 'petroglyph' representing part of a human or an animal's body, such as eyes, feet, hands, etc. Petrosphere - any of the classes of circular stone balls of wholly or partly man-made origin, such as 'Carved Stone Balls', 'Painted Pebbles', etc. Pettifogger - a petty, quibbling, unscrupulous lawyer; someone who quibbles over trivia. Pew - a bench in a church etc. for the congregation who were originally segregated by gender. These were often rented out to wealthy parishioners. Photogravure - a method of reproducing artwork or photographs from a photographically produced intaglio plate. Piano nobile - the principal or 'noble floor' of an aristocratic proprietor in a castle, country house chateau, etc. The floor where the best rooms would be and where guests would be entertained. Pickthank - one who strives to put another under obligation; an officious person; a flatterer. Pict's House - also 'fogou' in Kernow / Cornwall, 'Earth house' or 'Souterrain', mainly in the east of Scotland. Pig - originally a baby 'pig', the adult being called a 'Swine'. Pight - pitched; fixed; determined. Pignorat - Given or taken in pledge; pawned (Scots). Pikeman - a miller's assistant (Scots). Pillory - a device made of a wooden or metal framework erected on a post, with holes for securing the head and hands, formerly used for punishment by public humiliation and often further physical abuse, sometimes lethal; related to the stocks. Pinery - another name for a pineapple growing pit. Pinnacle - an ornamental pointed cap to a buttress, etc. Found in churches. Pinsel - a triangular heraldic flag, 4 ft 6in X 2 ft, on which is embroidered or painted the crest-badge in its belt and buckle, with motto of a clan, etc. Pipe rolls - a series of financial records from England, beginning in 1130 and lasting, mostly complete, until 1833. They were used by the Exchequer (treasury) and recorded such things as audits of kings' incomes and expenses. They are named after the "pipe" shape formed by a rolled up piece of parchment on which records were originally kept. The Exchequer and Pipe Rolls were a great innovation in government; nothing else like it existed in Europe. Pipe Rolls provide invaluable records for historians for everything from the composition of a hunting party, the contents of a king's kitchen to the tracking of historical figures. Pique - arouse anger or resentment in or to excite or arouse especially by a provocation, challenge, or rebuff. Piquet - a card game for two people, played with a deck from which all cards below the seven, aces being high, are omitted. Much played in Sir Walter Scott's 'St. Ronan's well' novel. Pis aller - the final recourse or expedient; the last resort. Piscina - a stone drain in monasteries, abbeys, etc., used to clean the chalice after mass or for disposal of baptismal water. Pit - a prison cell. Pit & Gallows - the feudal right of a baron or vassal of the monarch to carry out executions following judgment. The 'pit' element refers to the right of the baron or laird to arrest and detain an individual in a 'pit' or prison cell. [37] Pitch-hole - a window-like opening in barns, covered by wooden shutters, used for pitching in corn or hay from a cart standing outside. They could also give ventilation and light if the barn was not full. After 1825 circular pitch-holes became common. Pixie or 'Pisky' as they are often known in Cornwall , are mythical creatures of folklore, considered to be particularly concentrated in the areas around Devon and Cornwall, suggesting some Celtic origin for the belief and name. They are usually depicted as wingless, with pointed ears, and often wearing a green outfit and pointed hat. Sometimes their eyes are described as being pointed upwards at the temple ends. Place - see 'Palace'. Plain an Gwarry - Cornish for a playing place. These sites were open air performance areas used for historically for entertainment and instruction. Plain coat - in heraldry the coat of arms used by the oldest surviving member of a armigerous family, therefore ineffected by brisures. Plaistow - an open space used for entertainment, akin to the village green. Anglo-Saxon in origin, it has given rise to place names. Plantiecrui - also 'Planticrub', 'Plantiecote', or 'Plantiecruive.' In Shetland, a small drystone enclosure within which young plants such as cabbage are planted in an environment protected from the winter and the wind. Plashing - hedge laying. Pleach - to train trees into a raised hedge or to form a quincunx. Pleas of the Crown - these formerly signified offences of a greater magnitude than mere misdemeanors. The latter were left to be tried in the courts of the barons, whereas the greater offences, or royal causes, were to be tried in the king's courts. Pleasance - a secluded garden or landscaped area. Plenipotentiary - from the Latin, plenus + potens, full + power; it refers to a person who has "full powers". In particular, the term commonly refers to a diplomat who is fully authorised to represent their government as a prerogative (e.g. ambassador). Plenish - to furnish & fit out. Ploughbote - the right to collect wood for plough making in medieval times. Ploughgate - as much land as one ox could plough in a year. Poetaster - a writer of insignificant, meretricious, or shoddy poetry. Poind - seize, impound or distrain. Poke - a bag or sack. Poleyn - a piece of armour for protecting the knee. Policies - the estate lands of a country house, usually implying the improved or cultivated lands in the immediate neighbourhood. From the Latin word ‘politus’ meaning embellished. Planting deliberately put in for its visual effect. Polity - a state or one of its subordinate civil authorities, such as a province, prefecture, county, municipality, city, or district. Pollard - a woodland management method of encouraging lateral branches by cutting off a tree stem or minor branches two metres or so above ground level. Pont, Timothy - a cartographer who surveyed and mapped much of Scotland in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. Pontage - the right of charging a toll on a bridge; the grantee, or person to whom the tax was granted, bound themselves to in retirn to make all the necessary repairs. Popinjay - in common with most European countries one type of target practice was to tie a live bird to a pole and allow the contestants to shoot at it. The name given to this target was the 'popinjay' or 'papingo'. At a later date the live bird was replaced with a wooden bird with detachable wings. This sport continues in Kilwinning, Ayrshire, Scotland. The Annual Papingo Shoot is held in the grounds of the old Abbey on the afternoon of the first Saturday in June when the wooden bird is mounted on a pole suspended from the Abbey Tower. The personal name 'Pobjoy' derives from the sport. Portal stones - a pair of Megalithic orthostats, usually flanking the entrance to a chamber tomb. They are commonly found in 'dolmens'. Portico - a porch supported by columns. Found in many public buildings and typified by the acroplolis in Greece. Portitorium - see 'Breviary.' Portcullis - a grille or gate made of wood, metal or a combination of the two. Portcullises fortified the entrances to many medieval castles, acting as a last line of defence during time of attack or siege. Each portcullis was mounted in vertical grooves in castle walls and could be raised or lowered quickly by means of chains or ropes attached to an internal winch. Portress - a woman doorkeeper or porter, especially in a convent. Posse comitatus - regarding authority to conscript for law enforcement. Posset - a spiced drink of hot sweetened milk curdled with wine or ale. Post-chaise - a fast-traveling carriage of the 18th and early 19th centuries. It was enclosed and four-wheeled for two or four horses and with the driver riding postillion. Post mill - a type of windmill where the whole box body is mounted about a central pivot post. Posthumous - a child born after the death of the father. Postillion - the rider on the near (left-hand side) horse drawing a coach etc. when there is no coachman. Postnati - used in the context of Scotsmen born after the accession of James VI / I having dual nationality as part of the integration of England and Scotland. [38] Postprandial - after lunch or dinner. Postulant - a candidate, especially for admission into holy orders. Potence - device which allows a ladder to pivot around the inside of a Dovecot so that all the nest holes can be reached. Poudrette - a manure made from night soil, dried and mixed with charcoal, gypsum, etc. Pounce - a fine powder formerly used to smooth and finish writing paper and soak up ink. Pound - an enclosure for impounding stray or trespassing animals. Often built by the local parish, a fine was required of the owner to recover the animals. Power of attorney - a written instrument where on persons, as principal, appoints someone as his or her agent, thereby authorizing that person to perform certain acts on behalf of the principal, such as buying or selling property, settling an estate, representing them in court, etc. (Legal). Powrie - also known as a 'Redcap' or 'Dunter', is a type of malevolent murderous goblin, elf or fairy found in British folklore. They inhabit ruined castles found along the border between England and Scotland. Redcaps are said to murder travelers who stray into their homes and dye their hats with their victims' blood (from which they get their name (Scots). Pox - also 'pock / pocks' which became pox: eruptions on the skin full of pus and also certain diseases that produce these, particularly smallpox. The pox (16th century on) is syphilis, often distinguished as the great pox, or French pox. Later, chickenpox and cowpox. Smallpox is caused by a virus: syphilis by a bacterium. Prebend - a stipend drawn from the endowment or revenues of an Anglican cathedral or church by a presiding member of the clergy; a cathedral or church benefice; the property or tithe providing the endowment for such a stipend. Prebendary - a member of the Anglican clergy who receives a prebend; an Anglican cleric holding the honorary title of prebend without a stipend. Precentor - a person who helps facilitate worship. The details vary depending on the religion, denomination, and era. The Latin derivation is from cantor, meaning "the one who sings before" or first. Precept - a form of mandate, thus named because the text always commenced with the Latin words, Praeceipimus tibi, meaning We direct you; a rule or principle prescribing a particular course of action or conduct; an authorized direction or order; a writ. Preclair - shining, lustrous, renowned, magnificent, splendid in the landscape. Precognition - a written report of the evidence of witnesses to an alleged crime, upon which a decision to prosecute is made and used in the preparation of the case if it goes to trial. Prelate - a member of the clergy who either has ordinary jurisdiction over a group of people or ranks in precedence with ordinaries. A high-ranking member of the clergy, especially a bishop. Prepositi / Prepositus - agents of the Crown, such as sheriffs or bailies, responsible for collecting revenues due to the Crown. Presbyterianism - a church governed by elders who are all of the same rank, therefore without Bishops, Deans and other such posts (Scots). Presentment - the act of presenting or laying before a court or person in authority a formal statement of some matter to be legally dealt with. A statement on oath by a jury of a fact within their own knowledge. Press-gang - a body of men employed to press men into service in either the army or the navy. Prima facie - a Latin term meaning 'at first sight'. In modern legal English it means that on first examination, a matter appears to be self-evident from the facts. In common law jurisdictions, prima facie denotes evidence which – unless rebutted – would be sufficient to prove a particular proposition or fact. Primary source - records that were created at the time of an event. For example, a primary source for a birth date would be a birth certificate. While you can find birth dates on other documents, such as marriage certificates, they would not be primary sources for the birth date, because they were not created at the time of the birth. Primogeniture - insures the right of the eldest son to inherit the entire estate of his parents, to the exclusion of younger sons (Legal). Printer's devil - a person employed in a printing works to carry out menial tasks. Prithee - from the phrase (I) pray thee. Privy Council - a council of the British sovereign that until the 17th century was the supreme legislative body, that now consists of cabinet ministers ex officio and others appointed for life, and that has no important function except through its Judicial Committee, which in certain cases acts as a supreme appellate court in the Commonwealth. Pro indivisio - legal expresssion meaning 'For an undivided part'. The possession or occupation of lands or tenements belonging to two or more persons, and consequently neither knows his several portion till divided. Proavus - a great-grandfather. Probate - the legal process by which the property of a deceased intestate individual is dispersed. Proceres - prelates, chiefs, or magnates. Proctor - an English variant of the word procurator, is a person who takes charge or acts for another. The word proctor is frequently used to describe someone who oversees an exam or dormitory. In the church a proctor represents the clergy in Church of England dioceses. In education a Proctor is the name of important university officials in certain universities, for example at the universities of Oxford and Cambridge. Progeniture - a direct ancestor. Proletariat - a term used to identify a lower social class; a member of such a class is proletarian; from Latin proles, "offspring." Originally it was identified as those people who had no wealth other than their sons. Prolocutor - one who speaks for another; spokesman; presiding officer ; chairman. Propinquity - Proximity; nearness; Kinship or similarity in nature. Propitiate - to conciliate an offended power, such as a god. Propone - to propose; to bring forward. Prorogation - the period between two sessions of a legislative body. When a legislature or parliament is prorogued, it is still constituted (that is, all members remain as members and a general election is not necessary), but all orders of the body (bills, motions, etc.) are expunged. Proselyte - a new convert to a doctrine or religion. Protocol - a book of blank paper given to a newly qualified notary public into which an exact copy of every instrument was made. Psychosis - a severe mental... disorder involving a loss of contact with reality, frequently with hallucinations, delusions, or altered thought processes, with or without a known organic origin. Puck - a mischievous pre-Christian nature spirit and trickster, reborn in Old English puca (Christianized as "devil") as a kind of half-tamed woodland sprite, leading folk astray with echoes and lights ('Jack o'lanterns' or 'Fox fires') in night-time woodlands, or coming into the farmstead and souring milk in the churn. Pudding - The rule of kitchen economy is not to waste. (The word comes originally from a word for bowel). When you kill an animal you will use all of it. The stomach and intestine make handy skins to contain the suet (fat), blood, etc. for boiling. This makes pudding. Black pudding is a sausage-shaped pudding made with blood and suet. Suet pudding does not need a skin: You mix the suet with flour. By the nineteenth century a pudding is probably usually something made by mixing with flour and cooking: suet pudding and plum pudding being well known. Puddling - a process of making iron using coke as fuel. Henry Cort of Fareham in Hampshire first devised the method. Puddock - in Scots, a toad. Puerperal - relating to, connected with, or occurring during childbirth or the period immediately following childbirth. Puissance - power; might. Puisne - a chiefly British term meaning lower in rank or junior, especially an associate judge. Puissant - archaic. Poetically powerful, mighty. Pulse - the edible seeds of the various leguminous seeds, such as peas, beans, lentils, etc. Punctilio - a fine point of etiquette. Precise observance of formalities. Purblind - lacking in insight or discernment; totally blind. Purlieu - a piece of land on the edge of a forest; an outlying or neighboring area; the environs; a place that one frequents. Purpresture - the wrongful enclosure of or intrusion upon lands, waters, or other property rightfully belonging to the public at large. Pursuivant - an assistant 'herald' to the 'Lord Lyon King of Arms' in Scotland. They are known as Dingwall, Kintyre, and Unicorn. More correctly a pursuivant of arms, most pursuivants are attached to official heraldic authorities, such as the College of Arms in London or the Court of the Lord Lyon in Edinburgh. In the mediaeval era, many great nobles employed their own officers of arms. In Scotland several pursuivants of arms have been appointed by Clan Chiefs. These pursuivants of arms look after matters of heraldic and genealogical importance for clan members. Purveyor - a person who purveys, provides, or supplies: a purveyor of foods; an officer who provided or acquired provisions for the sovereign under the prerogative of purveyance. Putlog - small holes to receive the ends of logs or squared wooden beams in the walls of buildings, such as castles and churches, especially in the Middle Ages. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z q-Celtic or 'Goidelic' (from Goidel 'Gael') - Celtic languages which retained the original Indo-European q sound, represented by Scottish Gaelic, Manx and Irish. See 'p-celtic'. Qu- - often found in place of a 'w' or absent from the modern spelling. For example 'Umquihile' was pronounced 'Umwhile.' Quha is 'who', and quilk is 'which', and quhill (while) is 'until'. Quadrate - in heraldry, a device within a coat of arms is described as quadrate when it has a square central boss. Quaker - meaning one who quakes (shakes or trembles) was applied to people (quakers) who shook (had fits) under the influence of the spirit of God in and around them. George Fox says it was first used (October 1650) because he told a Justice to tremble. The term arose at a time when many anticipated great quakes in the political and physical universe as God re-established his kingdom on Earth. The Quakers became the informal name for the religious organisation that developed out of the movement. Quarrel - a stone-quarry. 'Coral' as in 'Coral Glen' in Maybole, Ayrshire, Scotland is an example (Scots). Quarter - a district of a town; usually where a particular minority live or a particular trade is carried out. Quarter days - the four dates in each year on which servants were hired, and rents and rates were due in English, Welsh and Irish tradition. The Quarter Days fell on four religious festivals roughly three months apart and close to the two solstices and two equinoxes. See 'Term days' for the Scottish tradition. Quartermaster - a term usually referring to a military individual, or unit, who specializes in supplying and provisioning troops, but It can also refer to a helmsman at sea. Quarter seal - the top half of the Great Seal, as used to authenticate royal charters. The quarter seal was used for more routine royal administrative documents. Quarto - a bibliographical term for a book with four leaves in each quire; eight pages. Quatrefoil - in architecture and traditional Christian symbolism this is a symmetrical shape which forms the overall outline of four partially - overlapping circles of the same diameter. Queen regnant - (plural "queens regnant") a female monarch who reigns in her own right, in contrast to a "queen consort", who is the wife of a reigning king. Quern - a hand-powered device like two small millstones used to grind cereals for consumption by humans or stock animals. Often found broken as a result of thirlage laws prohibiting their use. Questor - also 'Pardoner'. A friar or monk in Medieval days, 'licensed' by the Pope to sell indulgences which would free the purchaser of sins committed. Quey - the Scots term for a heifer until she had birthed a calf (Scots). Quicken - a rowan tree (Sorbus aucuparia). Quicquid - the term has many meanings, mainly: whoever, whatever, whatsoever, anything at all. Quidam - somebody; unknown person. Quidity - quintessence; equivocation; triviality. Quidnunc - gossiper; inquisitive person. Quillon - on a sword or some knives, the crossguard is also known as the quillon; it is a bar of metal at right angles to the blade, placed between the blade and the hilt. The quillon stops the wielder from punching shields while swinging the weapon, thereby protecting the user's hand. It also prevents other blades from sliding down onto the hand of the weapon wielder during combat. Quincunx - a geometric pattern consisting of five points, four of them forming a square or rectangle and a fifth at its centre. Quintain - a tun filled with water, which, if the blow from a mounted horseman was a poor one, was emptied over the striker, whilst a later form was a post with a cross-piece, from which was suspended a ring, which the horseman endeavoured to pierce with his lance while at full speed. Quinzaine - the fifteenth day after a feast day, including both in the reckoning, such as the Quinzaine of Michaelmas. Quire - the group of leaves which are folded together before a book is bound. Also called the 'section', 'gathering' or 'signature'. Quitclaim - a legal process by which a feudal superior renounces certain rights or services previously due from his vassal. Quisquis - the term has many meanings, mainly: whoever, whatever, whatsoever, anything at all. Quit rent - a form of tax or land tax imposed on freehold or leased land by a higher landowning authority. Under feudal law, the payment of quit rent freed the tenant of a holding from the obligation to perform such other services as were obligatory under feudal tenure. Quodlibet - a theological or philosophical issue presented for formal argument or disputation; a formal disputation of such an issue. Quod vide - or 'QV' - directs the reader to look in another part of the book for further information. Quoit - also known as 'Cromlechs' or 'Dolmen', are a type of single-chamber megalithic tomb, usually consisting of three or more upright stones (megaliths) supporting a large flat horizontal capstone. Mostly dating from the early Neolithic period in Britain (4000 BC to 3000 BC). They were usually covered with earth or smaller stones to form a barrow, though in most cases that covering has weathered away or removed for drystone dyking, etc. Quondam - that once was; former. Robert Burns refers to the Quondam Mrs. Oswald of Auchencruive. Quot - the twentieth part of the moveable estate of a deceased person, which was originally the due of the bishop in whose diocese he had resided; it continued to be paid after the Reformation, but to the commissaries. Rabbit - originally the name for a baby rabbit. A Coney was the name for an adult. Rack rent - an extortionate rent. Ragman Rolls - the name given to the collection of instruments by which the nobility and gentry of Scotland were compelled to subscribe allegiance to King Edward I of England between the Conference of Norham in May 1291 and the final award in favor of Baliol in November 1292 and again in 1296. Rag paper - paper made from a pulp of mashed rags. Rannsaich - the power of an official to search for and arrest accused malefactors (Scots). Raised Band - the raised areas on the spine of a book containing the cord which is attached to the covers. Rapture (from rapt) - seizure and carrying out of (physically) or rape (late 16th century). Early 17th century: a state of excitement, a fit, exaltation as a result of religious experience, enthusiasm. Mid 17th century:the transporting of believers to heaven at the second coming of Christ. Rath - a hill or mound; a kind of ancient fortification found in Ireland. Ratiocinate - to reason methodically and logically. Real property - land and anything attached to it, such as houses, building, barns, growing timber, growing crops, etc. (Legal). Real tennis - also Royal tennis a popular leisure activity of the aristocracy of Scotland in the 16th-century. An example of the court used survives at Falkland Palace in Scotland and a modern one is in use at Troon in North Ayrshire. Reaper - a person or machine that cuts or gathers in the harvest. Reaves - stone banks as associated with Neolithic field systems. Rebec - a pear-shaped, two-stringed or three-stringed medieval instrument, played with a bow. Rebus - The use of a pictoral rhyming pun, very common on coats of arms. Therefore it refers to the use of a pictogram to represent a syllabic sound. One example is that of a seal with a barrel (or tun) engraved on it, the barrel transfixed with an arrow. This becomes 'A Tun Pierced' or Piercetun, Piercetoun, Pearston or Perceton. This is a hamlet in North Ayrshire, Scotland. Receiver - a person appointed by court to hold property until a suit is settled (Legal). Reconveyance - property sold to another person is transferred back to the original owner (Legal). Recreant - unfaithful or disloyal to a belief, duty, or cause; Craven or cowardly. Recusancy - resistance to authority or refusal to conform, especially in religious matters, used of English Catholics who refuse to attend the services of the Church of England. Red Tape - originally the red ribbon used to bind together legal documents. Reddendo - the duty or service to be paid by the vassal to the superior. The reddendo clause in a feu deed provides the details of the duty or service, e.g. monetary payment (feu duty), a pair of silver spurs, etc. Reeve - a churchwarden; early name for sheriff in England. Refectorian - one who had charge of the frater, or refectory and its furniture, including such things as crockery, cloths, dishes, spoons, forks, etc. Refectory- the room where monks, etc. take their meals. Regality - a territorial jurisdiction of a royal nature conferred by the sovereign. Regiam Majestatem - an ancient law book ascribed to David I of Scotland. Regnal year - a year of the reign of a sovereign. From Latin regnum meaning kingdom, rule. The date was an ordinal, not a cardinal number as monarch could have a first year of rule, a second year of rule, and so on, but a zero year of rule would be nonsense. Regrating - the crime of buying goods on the way to a market with the intention of selling them at an inflated price. Reid Frier - the Red Friars or Knights Templar (Scots). Reif - robbery; spoil. Relicta - a widow. Relictus - a widower. Reliquary - also referred to as a shrine, chasse or monstrance, is a container for holy relics. These may be the physical remains of saints, such as bones or shreds of clothing, or some object. A famous examples in Scotland is the 8th-century Monymusk reliquary. Remembrancer - an officer of the British judiciary responsible for collecting debts owed to the Crown. Renaissance - the period of revival of art and literature under the influence of classical models in the 14th to 16th-centuries. Repone - to replace. Rere-dorter also called a Necessarium - built above the main drain in an abbey; one or more rows of pierced seats with partitions for defecation and urination. Reredos - a carved screen backing the altar in some churches. Respond - the 'column' portion of a door jamb. Resurrectionist - a body snatcher. Auchenharvie castle outside of Irvine, North Ayrshire, in Scotland was used to store resurrected bodies prior to their removal to the university in Glasgow. Retable - a framed altarpiece, raised slightly above the back of the altar or communion table, on which are placed the cross, ceremonial candlesticks and other ornaments. Retinencia - a sum paid to an individual in respect of the service he would perform. Sir John de Eglinton was paid such for service he would carry out for the King and his heirs if called upon. Retour - to make a return in writing as to the service of an heir, or the value of lands. As a result of a successful search an heir was legally recognised as rightful inheritor to lands owned by his deceased ancestor. The legal return made to a brief issued from Chancery, or as to the value of land (Scots)(legal). Retour Brieve - a requirement for a local official to send to chancery the result of a local inquiry under a seal and later under the seal of a jury (Scots) (Legal). Revenant - corpses that come back from the dead. Medieval stories of revenants have common features. Those who return from the dead are wrong-doers in their lifetime, often described as wicked or vain or unbelievers. Often revenants are associated with the spreading of disease among the living and response is usually exhumation, followed by some form of decapitation, and burning or removal of the heart. The word "revenant" is derived from the Latin and French, revenir, "to return." Reversion - an agreement such that one party (grantee) takes ownership of a piece of property from another (grantor) under the understanding that the ownership will "revert" back to the grantor at the expiration of the grantee's interest. The most common form of reversion agreement is for one person to allow another to own a house until their death, upon which time it reverts to reversion holder. Revestry - also 'Revestiary' - the apartment, in a church or temple, where the vestments, etc., are kept; - now contracted into vestry. Reynard - a fox. Sometimes used as a proper name in stories. A very early publication by Caxton was 'Reynard the Fox'. Rheged - a Dark Ages kingdom ruled by Urien. Various references are made in the Mabinogion and in the poems of Taliesin. It probably lay in Dumfries and Galloway. Dunrigit in this area means the 'castle of Rheged'. The 'Rheged centre' is a modern development located in an old quarry just outside Penrith, Cumbria, England. Rheum - a watery or thin mucous discharge from the eyes or nose. Ribbed vault - by bridging the diagonal corners with narrow arches, ribs, a lighter vault can be built. The spaces between the 'ribs' are filled with thin stonework. [39] Rick - a stack of hay, corn, etc., built into a regular shape and usually thatched or covered in some way. Riddle - a course sieve. Rig and Furrow - a method of agriculture where land was worked in long thin strips with drainage channels in between. Rig or Ridge - a type of cultivation practiced in upland areas generally and in Scotland in particular, which differs slightly from the more common ridge / rig and furrow in that it was created through excavation by spade rather than plough. The technique improved drainage by creating raised areas of cultivation and furrows to carry away water. The centre could be a metre high and the width was that to which seed could be sown by hand. Rill - a stream. Rind - the symbol of a miller, such as that seen on gravestones, the iron 'part' that supports the upper millstone in a mill. Ring the mill - to cheat. See 'Mill-ring'. Rivulet - a small river, such as the Tour rivulet in Kilmaurs, Ayrshire. Rochet - a white ceremonial vestment made of linen or lawn, worn by bishops and other church dignitaries. Rocking stone - also 'Logan stone' - a large boulder, often a glacial erratic, which rocks when pushed. Such boulders often have associated folk legends. Rodden - in Scots a rough track, sheep path or right of way. Rogation - in ecclesiastical terms a solemn prayer or supplication, especially as chanted during the rites of a Rogation Day; the formal proposal of a law in ancient Rome by a tribune or consul to the people for acceptance or rejection. Rogation Day - in western Christendom, prescribed days of prayer and fasting traditionally for the harvest, usually the three days before Ascension Day. Rogue-money - in Scotland this was a tax for the apprehension and punishment of offenders. Rokelay - a type of short cloak. Rond-points - usually plantations located on rising ground with several vistas radiating from a central point. Rondellis - small round shields or bucklers. Rood - refers to the True Cross, the specific wooden cross used in Christ's crucifixion. Rood screen - in Christian centres of worship these are wooden or stone screens which run across the chancel and divide the priests from the congregation, thereby setting them apart. Many were destroyed at the Reformation. Roundels or mounts - mostly circular plantations planted to emphasise rising ground. Roup - A sale of farm goods by auction. Rowme - an estate or farm (also a Room). Royal tennis - also Real tennis a popular leisure activity of the aristocracy of Scotland in the 16th-century. An example of the court used survives at Falkland Palace in Scotland and a modern one is in use at Troon in North Ayrshire. Rubber - a 'Mouler' used to grind grain in a saddle or trough quern. Rubric - a part of a manuscript or book, such as a title, heading, or initial letter, that appears in decorative red lettering or is otherwise distinguished from the rest of the text; a title or heading of a statute or chapter in a code of law; in ecclesiastical terms a direction in a missal, hymnal, or other liturgical book; an authoritative rule or direction. Rundale - a system of land tenure, often within clachans, whereby farmers within the clachan had scattered plots of good, medium and poorer quality land. Runes - a set of related alphabets using letters (known as runes), formerly used to write Germanic languages before and shortly after the Christianization of Scandinavia and the British Isles. The Scandinavian variants are also known as Futhark (or fuþark, derived from their first six letters: F, U, Þ, A, R, and K); the Anglo-Saxon variant as Futhorc (due to sound changes undergone in Old English by the same six letters). Runner - a runner stone is the upper-most of a pair of working millstones. Rustica - a country girl A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Sabaton - armour plate that protects the foot; consists of mail with a solid toe and heel. Sabbat - the Wheel of the Year is a Wiccan and Druid metaphor and calendar for the cycle of the seasons. It consists of eight festivals, spaced at approximately even intervals throughout the year and these festivals are referred to as Sabbats. Sacerdote - a priest. Sacrarium - also 'Chancel.' The part of a Christian church near the altar, reserved for the clergy, the choir, etc. They are usually enclosed by a screen or separated from the nave by steps. Sacrist - also 'Sacristan' - an official or cleric appointed curator of the vestments, sacred vessels, and relics of a religious body, church, or cathedral. Sacryn bell - a bell rung at the elevation of the host in the mass. Sagittary - a centaur; a fabulous being, half man, half horse, armed with a bow and quiver; pertaining to, or resembling, an arrow. Sailzie - anything that projects out from a building. i.e. Sally. Saint Anne - the supposed mother of the Virgin Mary. Used in placenames such as the Burn Anne in Ayrshire, Scotland. Saint Anthony's cross - a cross in the form of a 'T'. Also called a 'Tau cross'. Sake - a lawsuit; the right to hold a court. Used in the expression 'sake and soak.' Saker - a short barrelled artillery piece of the 16th century. Salic law - a law, thought to derive from the code of laws of the Salian Franks, prohibiting a woman from succeeding to a throne. Queen Victoria was unable to succeed to the throne of Hanover for this reason. Salina - medieval salt works, especially of monastic origins. sallet - also called salade and schaller, was a close fitting war helmet, extended at the back, forming a pointed tail. Samhain - the Irish Gaelic word for November. The Scottish Gaelic spelling is Samhainn or Samhuinn (for the feast), or an t-Samhain (for the month). The Festival of Samhain is a celebration of the end of the harvest season in Gaelic culture, and is generally regarded as 'The Celtic New Year', usually celebrated on the 31st October - 1 November. Sampler - a complex exercise in needlework, including the letters of the alphabet, numbers, patterns, identification and dating of the piece, etc. Girls produced such ornamental items during the 17th., 18th and early 19th-centuries. Sanctuary - a right to be safe from arrest in the sanctuary of a church or temple, recognized by English law from the fourth to the seventeenth century. Sand-glass - a timing device formed from two flasks sealed together with a waxed cord. A pin hole allowed sand top flow from one to the other. The timing was usually 15, 30, 45 or 60 minutes. Sapor - a quality perceptible to the sense of taste; flavour. Sarsen - a sandstone boulder carried by ice during a glacial period. Sasine - the register of land ownership (Legal), pronounced sayseen. This act was originally effected by the handing over of a bowl full of soil from the land or a stone of the house by the proprietor or seller to his heir or the buyer, who was then said to be seized of the land or house. All land was held by the Crown under the feudal system and heritable land holdings were recorded in the 'Register of Sasines' from 1617 and its successors (Scottish). Sate - to satisfy an appetite fully; to satisfy to excess. Satyr - wild and orgiastic drunken Greek followers of Dionysus. Satyrs have horns and resemble goats below the waist, humans above. Certain genetic conditions cause mutations which may have led to the myth of Satyrs. Sauchen - also 'Sauch-tree'. Scots for a willow. Saugh - Scots for a willow. Sawney - the English word for 'Alexander'. Used commonly of Scots in general, as with 'Jock'. Scale-and-platt stair - stairs that rise in straight flights (scales) with platforms (platts). Scandalam Magnatum - a law by which any person who made a scandalous claim against a peer was fined or jailed. Scappler - one who works material roughly, or shaping without finishing, such as stone before leaving the quarry. Scappling - the hewing of a round log into a square beam. Scarcement - a ledge formed by the setting back of a wall, buttress or bank. Scarecrows - life-size models of a men or women made to be placed in fields to scare away birds which would otherwise eat the crops. Schiltron - the large formations of foot-soldiers, drawn from the ordinary folk & armed with long (14 ft/4M.) pikes and fighting in closely packed ranks to provide an unwielding wall of spear points against any enemy. Only archers were really effective against them. Scholium (plural 'scholia') - a grammatical, critical, or explanatory comment, either original or extracted from pre-existing commentaries, which is inserted on the margin of the manuscript of an ancient author as a gloss. Scion - a descendent; a younger member , often of a noble family. Scir - the derivation of the word 'shire'. Scir-gerefa - the officer known as a shire reeve or sheriff. Scold - a woman whose speech was 'riotous' or 'troublesome'. Scold's Bridle - known in Scotland as a 'brank', consists of a locking metal mask or head cage that contains a tab that fits in the mouth to inhibit talking. Scoopwheel - a type of water-lifting waterwheel, used mainly for land drainage. Scots' Dike or 'Dyke' is a three and a half mile / 5.25 km long linear earthwork, constructed by the English and the Scots in the year 1552 to mark the division of the Debatable lands and thereby settle the exact boundary between the kingdoms of Scotland and England. Scrag - a variant of the commoner Scot's word 'Scrog' or 'Scroag', meaning a gnarled or stunted tree or tree-stump, specifically a crab-apple tree or its fruit, previously called scrag-apples. Scry - ro see or predict the future by means of a crystal ball. Scutifer - a shield-bearer; one who holds the shield for his Lord. Sea - trow - human-like creature from the Shetland Isles, wearing seal skin, which if lost by them, then they cannot return to the sea. Sealing wax - most often used for seals. Made from Venice turpentine, beeswax and colouring, usually vermillion. More recently shellac has replaced the wax component. Seals - in sealing wax, lead, gold, lacquer or embossed on paper, to authenticate documents; a practice as old as writing itself. Seals were applied directly to the face of document and manuscripts or attached to the by cords by the owner's, or to a narrow strip of the document sliced and folded down as a tail but not detached from the document. Authenticity was thus maintained by not allowing the reuse of the seal. If a forger tried to remove the seal in the first case, it would break. In the other cases, although the forger could remove the seal intact by ripping the cords from the paper, he'd still have to separate the cords to attach it to another document, which would destroy the seal as well because the cords had knots tied in them inside the wax seal. Some seals even had an edge inscription. Seck - barren or unprofitable. As in 'Rent seck'. Second Estate - in feudal times this 'class' was the Nobility, i.e. those who fought; the knights). It was common for aristocrats to enter the Church and thus shift from the second to the First Estate. Secondary evidence - evidence that is inferior to primary evidence or the best evidence. Secondary source - a record that was created a significant amount of time after an event occurred. For example, a marriage certificate would be a secondary source for a birth date, because the birth took place several years before the time of the marriage. However, that same marriage certificate would be a primary source for a marriage date, because it was created at the time of the marriage. Secundum artem - a Latin phrase meaning "according to the art," frequently used to doing something in the accepted manner of a skill or trade. Secundum naturam - according to nature, natural. Sedile - pl. sedilia. One of a set of seats, usually three, provided in some Roman Catholic and Anglican churches for the use of the presiding clergy, traditionally placed on the epistle side of the choir near the altar, and in Gothic-style churches often built into the wall. Sedulously - persevering and constant in effort or application; assiduous. Selion - a short piece of land in arable ridges and furrows, of half an acre in extent and measuring one furlong by two perches (220 yards by 11 yards); also, a ridge of land lying between two furrows. Sempster - a seamster or tailor. Senchus Fer nAlban - the 'History of the Men of Scotland'. The record of the genealogies of the ruling families of Dal Riata with a census of military and economic reserves of the kingdom in AD 500. Seneschal - an officer in the household of important nobles in the Middle Ages. The most basic function of a seneschal was to supervise feasts and domestic ceremonies; in this respect, they were equivalent to stewards and majordomos. Sometimes, seneschals were given additional responsibilities, including the dispensing of justice and high military command. Seniores - elders in the Celtic church who were dedicated to prayer and teaching. Sensu lato - meaning 'in the broad sense'. Septentrio - pertaining to or of the 'north'. Sequestration - the act of removing, separating or seizing anything from the possession of its owner, of the taking possession of property under process of law for the benefit of creditors or the state. Sequals or lock - a payment to a miller's servant of an amount of grain that could be heaped into a pair of clasped hands (Scots). Serf - a labourer not allowed to leave the land on which he worked, a villein; an unfree peasants under feudalism. Serge - a durable twilled worsted etc. fabric. Serjeanty - the farmer or vasal paid no rent but had to perform some personal/official service on behalf of his lord, including in times of war. This was stopped in 1746 following the Jacobite rising of 1745. Seotinal - pertaining to or occurring in late summer. Serplait - a measure of weight equivalent to eighty stones (Scots). Servi - a slave. Servitrice - also 'Servitrix'. A female servant or personal attendant (Scots). Set - Also 'Sett' - a cut stone block, often of granite. Sewer - a medieval servant who supervised the serving of meals. Shak - to shake as in the threshing of grain (Scots). Shambles - an Abattoir/slaughterhouse. A road containing such a building. Shaw - a small natural wood (Scots). Sheela na Gig - (or Sheela-na-Gigs) are figurative carvings of naked women displaying an exaggerated vulva. They are found on churches, castles and other buildings, particularly in Ireland and Britain, Shelling lint bows - extracting the oil from lint seeds (Scots). Shepherd - a person employed to tend sheep, especially at pasture. Sheriff - 'shire reeve', a Royal official in charge of a shire. Shieling - a roughly constructed building used by shepherds in summer pastures. Shieling Hill - a windy hill upon which the 'shelling' of the husk from cereals was carried out. Many such hills were part of the property of mills. Shippon - western dialect for a cattle shed, synonymous with a byre. Shire or 'County' - an English administrative district, uniting several smaller districts called hundreds, ruled jointly by an ealdorman and sheriff, who presided in the shire-moot. Moot Hall or Mote House became the name for what we now call a Town Hall (See 1890 romanticisation by William Morris). The Normans (from 1066) continued to rule England in shires, using Anglo-French counté, Anglo-Latin comitatus to describe them. These words were absorbed into English as county. Shredding - a kind of 'pollarding' in which all the side branche are removed and only a tuft at the top left. Such trees provided fodder and cast less shade when in hedgerows. Shrievalty - the office, or sphere of jurisdiction, of a sheriff. Shrine - before the reformation in England these were highly carved and ornate structures which held the body or parts/relicts of a saint. They were a great source of income as pilgrims would visit them in the hope of a cure, etc. Shrove - is a past tense of the English verb 'shrive' which means to obtain absolution for one's sins by confessing and doing penance. Shrove Tuesday gets its name from the shriving (confession) that Anglo-Saxon Christians were expected to receive immediately before Lent. Shrub - a drink made from rum and fruit juice. It is mentioned as having been consumed by Alexander MacDonald of Glenalladale, the builder of the famous Glenfinnan Monument to the Jacobite rising of 1745. Shyster - generally a slang word. An unethical, unscrupulous practitioner, especially of law. Sibling - a brother or sister, persons who share the same parents in common. Sic - a Latin term signifying a copy reads exactly as the original; indicates a possible mistake in the original. Sicca - a seal; a coining die. Sidhe or Siodhe - refers first to earthen mounds that were thought to be home to a supernatural race related to the fey and elves of other traditions, and later to these inhabitants themselves. The Daoine Sídhe or Daoine Sìth are variously believed to be the ancestors, the spirits of nature, or the goddesses and gods themselves (Sidhe). Sids - the inner husks of oats after grinding, frequently containing particles of the meal which have not been sifted and from which Sowans are made (Scots). Sigilliography - the study of seals, e.g. the Ragman Roll' of Edward I of England. Signet - the royal seal formerly used for special purposes in England and Scotland, and in Scotland later as the seal of the Court of Session; also any seal used as authentication. Signet ring - such a seal set in a ring. Sike - also syke. A small rill; a marshy bottom or hollow with one or more small streams. Used in Scotland and Northern England; Cumbria. Simony - the ecclesiastical crime of paying for offices or positions in the hierarchy of a church, named after Simon Magus, who appears in the Acts of the Apostles. Simon Magus offered the disciples of Jesus, Peter and John, payment so that anyone he would place his hands on would receive the power of the Holy Spirit. This is the origin of the term. Simulacrum (plural: -cra), from the Latin simulacrum which means "likeness, similarity"; used to describe a representation of another thing, such as a statue or a painting, especially of a god; it has a secondary association of inferiority: an image without the substance or qualities of the original. Sin-eating - a person who, through ritual means, would take on by means of food and drink the sins of a deceased person, thus absolving his or her soul and allowing that person to rest in peace. Sin-eating is a form of religious magic, part of the study of folklore. Singular successor - someone who has acquired title to a property by some other means than being the heir to it, for example, through purchase. Siodhe or 'Sidhe' - refers first to earthen mounds that were thought to be home to a supernatural race related to the fey and elves of other traditions, and later to these inhabitants themselves. The Daoine Sídhe or Daoine Sìth are variously believed to be the ancestors, the spirits of nature, or the goddesses and gods themselves (Gaelic). Skein - a coil of yarn or cord. In retail trade, a skein is a highly variable unit, varying from one type of yarn to another and often from one manufacturer to another. Skep - a type of primitive beehive made from coiled up straw and tied with wire. Kept in Bee boles. Slack - an opening between hills; a pass; a hollow; a dip in the ground (Scots). Slap - a narrow pass between two hills; a gap or temporary opening in a hedge, fence, etc. (Scots). Sledge - a 'cart' without wheels. Used before good roads were built or during snowy weather conditions. Sleeching - a method of obtaing salt for consumption from tidal sand by filtering it. Slipcase - a cardboard case often covered with paper, cloth or leather which holds a book with only the spine exposed. Slipe - also 'Slype' - a wooden platform or drag of tow poles without wheels, used for moving heavy or cumbersome loads of stones, hay, peat, etc., over rough ground; a kind of sledge. Slype - a covered passage, especially one between the transept and chapter house of a cathedral or abbey. Small beer - a drink for children made from a second brewing after the strong beer had been drawn off. Smallholding - an agricultural holding smaller than a farm. Smiddy - a Blacksmith's workshop. Smock mill - a type of tower windmill having a tower that is mainly constructed of wood. Snap-maker - a maker of firelocks / flintlocks or pistols. Snod - cut, smooth or trim (Scots). Found in the surname and placename 'Snodgrass.' A Snodgrass holm used to exist near Irvine and the name is linked with the onetime owners of Cunninghamhead house in North Ayrshire. Snood - a small netlike cap worn by women to keep the hair in place or a headband or fillet. Socage - one of the feudal duties and hence land tenure forms in the feudal system. A farmer, for example, held the land in exchange for a clearly-defined, fixed payment to be made at specified intervals to his feudal lord, who in turn had his own feudal obligations to the Crown. In theory this might involve supplying the lord with produce but most usually it meant a straightforward payment of cash, i.e., rent. Socman - Also 'Sokeman' - One who holds lands or tenements by socage; a socager. Sod - a turf or a piece of turf. Soffit - the underneath of an arch. Soke - land attached to a central manor or barony for payment of dues and for judicial purposes. Often quite large areas. Also the right to hold a court. Often found in the phrase 'sake and soke.' Sokeman - Also 'Socman' - One who holds lands or tenements by socage; a socager; a 'freeman' able to leave his land; often owing services or rents and having to attend his lord's court. Solander - a closed box for a book made in two parts which fit into one another. Solar - a private room for the owners of medieval houses and castles. Solatium - (plural solatia) is a form of compensation for emotional rather than physical or financial harm. Solecism - a non-standard usage or grammatical construction; a violation of etiquette or an impropriety, mistake, or incongruity. Soliton - a self-reinforcing solitary wave that maintains its shape while it travels at constant speed. The soliton phenomenon was first described by John Scott Russell (1808–1882) who observed a solitary wave in the Union Canal in Scotland, reproduced the phenomenon in a wave tank, and named it the "Wave of Translation". Sowming and rowming - a legal action to determine the number of cattle allowed to be pastured on a common by each of the people having a right to do so (Legal). Sophism - a plausible but fallacious argument. Sopite - to lay asleep; to put to sleep; to quiet. Sorner - one who obtrudes himself on another for bed and board. Sorning - taking meat and drink by force or menaces, and without paying. Soubrette - a saucy, coquettish, intriguing maidservant in comedies or comic opera; a young woman regarded as flirtatious or frivolous. Soum - an area of land able to sustain the annual grazing of either one cow or four sheep (Scots). Souming - the number or proportion of cattle which each tenant was entitled to keep on the common grazing. Source - the document, record, publication, manuscript, etc. used to prove a fact. Souter - in Scotland and Northern England the term for a maker of shoes, a cobbler. Souterrain - a name given by archaeologists to a type of underground structure associated with the Atlantic Iron Age. Regional names include earth house, fogou and Picts house. Southron - Of persons: belonging to or living in England, English (Scots). Sow - a siege engine consisting of a tower which could be moved up to a wall and allowed besieging troops to gain entry. For example, as used at a siege of Berwick by the English in the 14th-century. Sowans - the food made from the husks left over from the milling process of oats (Scots). Sowchis - haystacks (Scots). Spalt - brittle timber that is liable to break or split. Span - chips of wood, as in 'Spick & span.' Spandrel - also 'Spandril' - the roughly triangular space between the left or right exterior curve of an arch and the rectangular framework surrounding it; the space between two arches and a horizontal molding or cornice above them. Spavined - afflicted with spavin; marked by damage, deterioration, or ruin, e.g. a junkyard full of spavined vehicles. Specie - in coin; in a similar manner; in kind or in legal terms - In the same kind or shape; as specified. Spelt cereal - cereal seeds, often wheat, which do not detach easily from the husk. Spick and span - this alliteration basically means 'in perfect condition' 'as new.' One of the two words alludes to cleanliness and freshness and the other just followed along. Which one is most associated with the qualities of spick and span? Spick is a variant of spike or nail and in the 16th-century nails were made of iron and soon tarnished. It is plausible that new nails would have become synonymous with cleanliness; the phrase as neat as a new pin, has just that meaning. The old Dutch word spikspeldernieuw refers to newly made ships. The OED suggests that this is the origin of spick, although they offer no reason for that belief and none of the early citations of the phrase refer to shipping. As for Span, meaning chips of wood, these also display the same fresh, sharp-edged qualities and seem to be a source for the use of the word here. Spinney - a wood which consists, or has formerly consisted, of thorns (Latin spinae, whence spinetum). Spiritualities - the teinds or tithes due to the Church. Sponsor - a sponsor is an individual other than the parents of a child that takes responsibility for the child's religious education. Sponsors are usually present at a child's baptism. Sponsors are often referred to as godparents. Spouse - a husband or wife. Sprechery - movables of an inferior description; especially, such as have been collected by depredation. Spring - in a woodland this is an area recently coppiced and well fenced due to the vulnerability of young shoots. Sprite - a broad term referring to a number of preternatural legendary creatures. The term is generally used in reference to elf-like creatures, including fairies, dwarves, and the likes of it; but can also signify various spiritual beings, including ghosts. The term is chiefly used in regard to elves and fairies in European folklore, and in modern English is rarely used in reference to spirits or other mythical creatures. The word "sprite" is derived from the Latin "spiritus" (spirit). Variations on the term include "spright" (the origin of the adjective "sprightly", meaning "spirited" or "lively") and the Celtic "spriggan". Spulyie - see 'Spulzie'. Spulzie - also 'Spulyie'. Spoliation/Expoliation. To rob, despoil, plunder, a person or place (Scots). Spurtle - a short, round stick used for stirring porridge, soup, etc., a pot-stick, but was originally a flat, wooden, spatula-like utensil, used for flipping oatcakes in a hot oven. (Scots). Squadrone - anti-government Scottish Whigs, striving for a Protestant succession in Scotland with a union of parliaments with England. Squadrone Volante - pro-government Scottish 'Torys' Jacobites, striving for a Catholic succession in Scotland without a union of parliaments with England. Squinch - a structure, such as a section of vaulting or corbeling, set diagonally across the interior angle between two walls to provide a transition from a square to a polygonal or more nearly circular base on which to construct a dome. Squint - also called a 'Hagioscope' - in architectural terms a piercing in walls which give a certain line of vision otherwise unobtainable. Sometimes found lined up in pairs; these allowed the high altar to be seen by church clerks, those with leprosy, etc. Stable - a building set aside and adapted for housing horses. Stack-yard - an enclosure for stacks of hay, straw, oats, etc. Staddle stones - structures, shaped like a mushroom, used to support a framework upon which a granary, rick or other food stuffs could be stored. Staff and baton - (fustum et baculum). The symbols used to represent a vassal's resignation of his lands into the lands of his superior. Staging - the structure for facilitating access to windmill sails and sometimes caps. Stall - a partitioned off space for an animal in a stable, etc. where its is tied up. Stanchion - an upright pole, post, or support; a framework consisting of two or more vertical bars, used to secure cattle in a stall or at a feed trough. Standalane — a name used for a property set in a lonely or solitary place or a dwelling just outside a village or town. Stathel - a cast-iron structure used to support and elevate a granary, rick or other stored food materials. Old English stathol base, support, tree trunk. Statute - a law (Legal). Steading - farm buildings, with or without the farmhouse. Steelbow goods - corn, cattle, ploughs and similar implements which might be given by a landlord to his tenant farmer to enable him to stock and maintaining the lands leased by him; for this, the tenant was bound to return goods of equal quality and quantity at the expiry of his lease. Stent - the 'poor tax' in Scotland at the time of Robert Burns. Stentor - the mythical Greek warrior with an unusually loud voice who died after losing a shouting contest with Hermes. Stere - a unit of volume in the original metric system equal to one cubic metre, most commonly used to measure quantities of wood. Sterte - a rump or tail as in 'Redstart'; from the Old English 'Steort'. Stewarton hive - a hectagonal hive, the first to allow for separation of the honey combs and brood combs, allowing for the removal of honey without the need to kill the bees. Stewartry - in Scotland, the jurisdiction of a steward; also, the lands under such jurisdiction. Stig - a footpath from the Anglo-Saxon. Stigma - developed from a Greek word for "to prick", a stigma was a brand or cut inflicted on the skin as a mark of disgrace. From the 17th century, the plural, stigmata, also described miraculous marks appearing on a person's body suggesting the wounds of the crucified Jesus. By the mid 19th century, stigma was used generally for any visible or apparent sign that there is something disgraceful about a person. Stile - an arrangement which permits people through an entrance but which blocks the passage of animals. Stocking - Felled land with stumps grubbed up. From the Old English Stoccing. Stockman - a person in charge of livestock. Storth - a place with brushwood, perhaps with trees planted. From the Old Norse. Stound - from the Middle English stond, stound(e) an archaic term for hour, time, season, moment. Stoup - an ecclesiastical A basin or font for holy water at the entrance of a church; a drinking vessel, such as a cup or tankard. Stouthrief - a form of theft committed by force. Streamlet - a small stream. Street - from the Old English 'stræt' a ‘paved road, Roman road’, from West Germanic, from late Latin strata, used as a short form of via strata ‘paved road’. The West Germanic form also gave Dutch straat, German Straße (Scandinavian forms are borrowed from Old English); cognates from Latin include Portuguese estrada, Italian strada. Stubbing - Land with tree stumps. From the Old English Stubb. Sty - a pen or enclosure for pigs. Stylobate - in architecture the immediate foundation of a row of classical columns. Also called stereobate. Subinfeudation - the practice by which tenants in England, holding land under the superior, carved out by sub-letting or alienating a part of their lands new and distinct tenures. Suborned - to induce (a person) to commit an unlawful or evil act; to induce (a person) to commit perjury. Succour- assistance in time of difficulty; "the contributions provided some succour for the victims." Succursal - serving to aid or help; serving as a chapel of ease; tributary. Sucken - the area over which a mill held thirlage over tenants (Scots). Suckener - a tenant thirled to a mill (Scots). Suddenty - suddenness. Another one of the obscure words used by Sir Walter Scott. Suit of Court - one of the feudal burdens upon land in which the tenant could be called upon to give his lord aid and counsel in administrative and judicial matters (Scots legal). Sulung - an archaic measure of land area, consisting of four 'yokes', which was larger than the 'Hide' and on occasion treated as equivalent to two hides. It was mainly used in Kent. Sumpter - a driver of a packhorse or any pack animal. Sumptuary law - a law imposing restraint on luxury, esp by limiting personal expenditure or by regulating personal conduct in religious and moral spheres. Sundial - an ancient clock that measures time by the position of the sun. The most commonly seen designs, such as the 'ordinary' or standard garden sundial, cast a shadow on a flat surface marked with the hours of the day. As the position of the sun changes, the time indicated by the shadow changes. Sunk - a straw pad or cushion, used as a substitute for a saddle, frequently in a pair slung on either side of the horse; turf seat. Superfoetation - the successive fertilization of two or more ova of different ovulations resulting in the presence of embryos of unlike ages in the same uterus. Also used as a literary device. Supporters - are human or animal figures placed on either side of a heraldic coat of arms as though supporting it. In many traditions, these have acquired strict guidelines for use by certain social classes. 'Susurrate - to make a soft rustling sound; whisper; murmur. sutler - an army camp follower who peddled provisions to the soldiers. Suzerain - a feudal overlord. Suzerainty - a situation where a sovereign or state has some control over another state that is otherwise internally autonomous. An example would be the control that Edward I of England had over Scotland prior to William Wallace and ultimately Robert the Bruce's establishment as king of Scotland. Swainmote - in ancient English forest law a court held before the verders of the forest as judges, by the steward of the court, thrice every year, the swains, or freeholders, within the forest comprising the jury. Swee - a hinged bracket for suspending a pot or kettle over an open fire. Swine - originally the name given to the adult 'pig'. Switzer - a Swiss; Swiss Guard. Syke - also 'sike'. A small rill ; a marshy bottom or hollow with one or more small streams (Scots). Symbols - the giving of sasines was a ceremony deriving from a time when it was necessary to have symbols that allowed anyone to recognise what was going on. The baillies of both parties would meet on the ground of the lands being granted, with several witnesses and a notary. The granter's baillie would give sasine by presenting the grantee's baillie with a symbol appropriate to what was being granted. Earth and stone were most commonly used for the giving of sasine in lands' if what was granted was an annual rent from lands, these would be passed over together with "a penny money". If sasine was given in fishings the symbols were a net and coble; if in the patronage of a church, a psalm book and the church keys, if in a mill, the clap and happer of the mill, if in teinds, a sheaf of corn, if a jurisdiction, the court book, if property in a burgh, a hasp and staple, and combinations of these might be used. Finally, if lands were resigned to a superior, the symbol passed over were the staff and baton (Legal). Symposion - a drinking together. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Tablet sundial - a pocket-sized sundial with a top that opened with a piece of stretched twine across. The top's angle corresponded with the angle of the Earth's axis and the built in compass dial was orientated so that the time could be read off from the shadow cast by the twine onto a dial. Tabroner - a drummer. Tacit - not spoken: indicated tacit approval by smiling and winking. Implied by or inferred from actions or statement. Tack - a lease. [14] Usually paid yearly. Tacksmen - someone who leases land, a tenant farmer, or one who leases land to sublet, also a lessee of property, mills, fishings, the collection of customs, teinds, dues, etc. (Scots). Tailrace - the watercourse taking water away from a waterwheel or turbine. [19] Tailzie - also 'Tailyie' or 'Taillie' - an entail, the settlement of heritable property inalienably on a specified line of heirs, not heirs at law, a practice modified by various statutes since 1685 and finally made incompetent after 1914. The law books favour the spelling tailzie (Legal). [11] Tallage - an occasional tax levied by the Anglo - Norman kings on crown lands and royal towns. Tambour - a drum or drummer; a small wooden embroidery frame consisting of two concentric hoops between which fabric is stretched; embroidery made on such a frame. Tannistry - also 'Tanistry' - the ancient Celtic method of choosing a King. The new King would generally be a Kinsman of the previous monarch however the nobility would decide which candidate was best suited to the task. This system was replaced by the system of 'primogeniture' in Scotland in the Middle Ages.Primogeniture meant that the succession went to the eldest male heir of the previous monarch. Tannistry had the advantage of generally ensuring that no one dynasty could dominate the monarchy and also tended to ensure that the candidate with the greatest ability ascended the throne however it was incompatible with a feudal system and thus was replaced. Tasset' - armour protecting the lower trunk and thigh, one of a series of jointed overlapping metal splints hanging from a corselet. Tau - a cross in the form of a 'T'. Also called Saint Anthony's cross. Tegular - relating to or resembling a tile. Tegument - a natural outer covering. Teins - a tenth of the income of a property, payable to the church. Teltown marriage - a marriage of a year and a day in which either party could return to the spot a year later, renounce the marriage and walk away from the stone and their partner. [40] Temple - lands belonging to the Knight's Templar. Temporal - Of, relating to, or limited by time; of or relating to the material world; worldly: the temporal possessions of the Church; secular or lay; civil: lords temporal and spiritual. Temporalities - the land and other propertys belonging to the Church, except glebes, manses and teinds, these being spiritualities. Tenandry - land and other property, etc. which was let for rent, rather than retained in the owners or superior’s own hands. Tenant - also Tenand, a person who rents land or property from a landlord. Tenement - land built on and held in tenure. Tentering - the adjusting of the gap between millstones according to the water flow, the type of grain being milled, and the grade of flour required. Terce - a widow's legal entitlement to a liferent of one-third of her husband's heritable property, (her entitlement in respect of his moveable property being the jus relictae). If a special, alternative provision had been made for her in her marriage contract (the jointure), she would, after 1681, have lost her right to a terce, unless it had been specified in the contract that she should have that as well. Tergiversation - evasion of straightforward action or clear-cut statement; desertion of a cause, position, party, or faith. Term days - holy days for the people of the Kingdom of Scotland in the Middle Ages. Like the Kingdom of England's quarter days, they were the four days dividing the legal year, when rent and interest on loans, and ministers' stipends were due, and when servants were hired and paid. The Term Days were Whitsun and Martinmas. Together with Candlemas and Lammas they constituted the Quarter Days. Also on these days contracts and leases would begin or end. 1886 saw the term dates for removals and the hiring of servants in towns changed to 28 February, 28 May, 28 August and 28 November. The original dates are now referred to as Old Scottish Term Days. The dates were regularised by the Term and Quarter Days (Scotland) Act 1990. Termagant - a quarrelsome, scolding woman; a shrew. Terminus ad quem - the finishing point of a period, argument, policy, etc. Terminus post quem - the starting point of a period, etc. Testate - died leaving a valid will (Legal). Testis - a witness (Legal). Testator - a man who writes a valid will (Legal). Testatrix - a woman who writes a valid will (Legal). Tetragrammaton - the four Hebrew letters which make up the holy name of God; written on paper and carried as a charm to prevent a wound bleeding.y a thane. The term may have replaced the Gaelic term 'toiseach'. Thanage - the land held b Thane - also 'Thegn'. In Early Medieval Scandinavian and Anglo-Saxon culture, a thane was an attendant, servant, retainer, or official. Thane - an early feudal Lord or Baron (Scots). Thegn - pre-conquest nobles in England who were below the level of earls. Thegns held at least 5 hides of land and held a residence; they were the backbone of the army. also see 'Thane.' Thing - an assembly, (also transliterated as ting or þing), historical governing assemblies in early Scandinavian society. The Tynwald in the Isle of Man is probably the oldest surviving example. Third Estate - this was the social class known in feudal times as the 'Peasantry' (those who produced the food which supported those who prayed and those who fought, the members of the First and Second Estates). Third part - also 'Thirdings' and later 'Ridings'. Large territories in the Danelaw were too big for a single council and they were broken up into Third Parts for administrative purposes. The term occurs in Scotland as a farm name, also 'Fourth Part' on occasions. Thirds - also 'Thirds of benefices'. The property of the medieval Church was available to laymen after the Reformation, the king took over one-third of the revenues of all church benefices to make sure that something would still be left for the ministers of the reformed church; appropriate parts of these revenues were assigned to the ministers, and any surplus was retained by the Crown. This was not sufficient and the Teind Court came into being to control the system. Thirlage was the feudal law by which the laird (lord) could force all those vassals living on his lands to bring their grain to his mill to be ground. Additionally they had to carry out repairs on the mill, maintain the lade and weir as well as conveying new millstones to the site. Thold - endured. Thrall - one, such as a slave or serf, who is held in bondage; one who is intellectually or morally enslaved. Three estates - the social classes. The "First Estate" was the Church (clergy = those who prayed). The "Second Estate" was the Nobility (those who fought = knights). It was common for aristocrats to enter the Church and thus shift from the second to the first estate. The "Third Estate" was the Peasantry (everyone else, at least under feudalism: those who produced the food which supported those who prayed and those who fought, the members of the First and Second Estates). Threnody - a song or hymn of mourning composed or performed as a memorial to a dead person. The term originates from the Greek word threnoidia, from threnos (a "lament") + oide ("song") Thresher - a person or machine which separates the grain from the straw or husk. Thurible - a censer used in certain ecclesiastical ceremonies or liturgies. Thurifer - an acolyte who carries a thurible. Thuthark - the Anglo-Saxon runic alphabet. Tiber - a spring or well, as used in the placenames 'Auchentiber' and 'Knockentiber' (Scots). Tide - an obsolete term for time, period or season. Tiend - in Scots, one tenth of something. Equivalent to 'Tithe'. Tierce - also 'Terce' or 'Terce.' The third of the seven canonical hours, but no longer in liturgical use. The time of day appointed for this service, usually the third hour after sunrise. Tiercon vaulting - these are intermediate ribs used in ceiling vaulting to give extra support and to make the panels smaller. Tilery - a place where tiles are made or burned; a tile kiln. Tillage - the cultivation of land; land that has been tilled. Tinchel - a circle of sportsmen, who, by surrounding an extensive space and gradually closing in, bring a number of deer and game within a narrow compass. Used by Sir Walter Scott in his novel 'Waverley'. Tincture - in heraldry, tinctures are the colours used to blazon a coat of arms. Tineman - in old Eng. Forest Law a 'Tineman' was an officer of the forest who had the care of vert and venison by night. Tinsel of the feu - the name for forfeiture of landed property caused not just by failure to pay feu-duty or render service to the superior, but by the commission of penal offence. Tipped-in - the plates, autograph, letter, photo, etc., glued into a book. Such items are glued in along one edge only. Tippet - a covering for the shoulders, as of fur, with long ends that hang in front; a long stole worn by members of the Anglican clergy; a long hanging part, as of a sleeve, hood, or cape. Tir nan Og - the 'Land of Youth' where people and non-human beings live immune to the passage of time. It is said to exist at the bottom of certain lakes. [41] Tithe - in English law, the tenth part of one's annual increase paid to support noblemen and clergy; amount of annual poll tax. Tocsin - a signal sounded by a bell or bells, especially an alarm Tod - a fox (Scots). Toft - a homestead, the site of a house and its out-buildings; a house site. Often in the expression toft and croft, denoting the whole holding, consisting of the homestead and attached piece of arable land. Toiseach - a Gaelic word for an early holder of lands under the tenure of the King; replaced by the term 'Thane'. Toll - in England, similar to thirlage. Tolmen - a holed stone, possibly a 'bullaun', such as the example on the North Teign river on Dartmoor. Tomfoolery - Tom, an abbreviation of Thomas, was used from late Middle English as a term for a common (of the people) man. Tomfool developed at the same period as a term for idiot or madman. So the term may have the inference that the tomfool is the common people's jester. Fool acquired the meaning of mad or idiotic person in the same period. Tom of Bedlam. was current from the mid-16th to late 17th centuries. The female equivalent in the folk song is Mad Maudlin. This term is heavy with meaning. Maudlin is Mary Magdalen. The Mary may link to the original name of "Bedlam" St Mary of Bethlehem (That Mary, presumably, being the mother of Jesus). Tontine - named after Lorenzo Tonti, a Neapolitan banker who started such a scheme in France in 1653. Each subscriber paid a sum into the fund, and in return received dividends from the capital invested; as each person died his share was divided among all the others until only one was left, reaping all the benefits. The idea was taken up enthusiastically in France and later in Britain and the USA; it was used to fund buildings and other public works. There are still several hotels and other buildings in Britain and the USA with the word in their names. Later there were private schemes in which the last survivor got the capital as well. Tontines were eventually banned in Britain and the USA, because there was too much incentive for subscribers to bump each other off to increase their share of the fund, or to become the last survivor and so claim the capital. Toper - a drunk. Toponymy - the scientific study of place names (toponyms), their origins, meanings, use and typology. Tor - masses of rock or boulders crowning a hill. Tors are common in Devon and Cornwall on upland moorlands. Torc - a body ornament worn on the arms or neck in the shape of a curved rod with identical free ends that face one another, almost touching. generally of Celtic origins. Tory - a member of a British political party, founded in 1689, that was the opposition party to the Whigs and has been known as the Conservative Party since about 1832; member of a Conservative Party; an American who, during the period of the American Revolution, favoured the British side. Also called Loyalist. Often a supporter of traditional political and social institutions against the forces of democratization or reform; a political conservative. Tosspot - a drunkard. Touch Piece - coins and medalets that have attracted superstitious beliefs, such as those with 'holes' in them or those with particular designs. Such 'pieces' were believed to cure disease, bring good luck, influence peoples behaviour, carry out a specific practical action, et Toun - also 'Ton' or 'Town' - a farm and its outbuildings, originally an area fenced or walled off with a dwelling within. A common medieval sub-division of land was by the ploughgate (104 acres), the extent of land which one plough tesm of oxen could till in a year. This area was again subdivided into four husbandlands, each of 26 acres, each husbandland could provide two oxen and eight oxen were need for a plough-team. This arrangement led to small farm towns being established with accommodation for at least four men of six to eight houses, taking practical considerations into account. A very common placename. Tourn - a court leet; from the tour, turn, or circuit made by the sheriff of a county twice in the year, in which he presided at the hundred-court in each hundred of the county, or the great court leet of the county, held by him on these occasions. Tout - to solicit customers, votes, or patronage, especially in a brazen way. Tout ensemble - everything considered; all in all; the total impression or effect. Tower mill - a type of windmill in which the tower was entirely made of brick or stone and sometimes tarred to help keep out the rain. Transept - a transverse arm off the nave of a church, abbey, etc. Transhumance - the vertical seasonal livestock movement, typically to higher pastures in summer and to lower valleys in winter. Herders have a permanent home, typically in valleys. Only herds and a subset of people necessary to tend them travel. Transom - a horizontal bar set across an opening such as a window. Transumpt - a copy or exemplification of a record; a transcript. Trebuchet - a siege engine invented by the French in the 12th-century. A counterweight at one end was released and the other end was flung up, allowing missiles of up to half a ton to be hurled at the enemy. Tree Calf - a binding of a book in which the calf leather has been treated with dilute acid over its surface to produce a grained effect, sometimes like the grain of fine wood. Tregetour - a juggler who produces illusions by the use of elaborate machinery. Triforium - an arcaded wall area above the nave and below the clerestory. A passage usually runs behind the arcading and was often used to house the library. Trilithon - also 'Trilith'. A structure consisting of two large vertical stones supporting a third stone set horizontally across the top. Commonly used in the context of megalithic monuments the most famous trilithons are those at Stonehenge and those found in the prehistoric temples in Malta. The word is derived from the Greek 'having three stones' (Tri - three, lithos - stone) and was first used by William Stukeley. Trist - see 'Tryst.' Triune - the Trinity, the Godhead in Christianity, or another of the triple deities. Troc - the medieval practice of exchange for goods in kind without the use of money. Trod - in the West of England this is a straight line or Fairy Path in the grass of a field with a different shade of green to the rest. People with rheumatism sought relief by walking along these tracks, though animals are thought to avoid them. Great danger was associated with using these paths when a supernatural procession was using them. Fairy rings have certain elements in common with this phenomenon. [42] Tron - a Scottish measure for the sale of goods used until 1618. Its nature is no longer known. Names such as 'Trongate' in Glasgow are derived from it. [43] Troner - the officer in charge of the official weighing machine (the tron) in a burgh. Troth - a betrothal; one's pledged fidelity; Good faith; fidelity. Trouse - cut thorns grown for filling gaps in hedges, sometimes in a thorn woods or spinneys. Trow - in Orkney a 'Trow' is the name for a 'Troll'. [44] Trowse - also 'Trouse' - a grating of wood or iron which could be raised or lowered to allow water out of a dam into a mill lade (Scots). Truck - the old system by which employees were paid mostly with tokens that could only be exchanged at the employers shops where goods were adulterated and underweight measures were used. Tryst or 'Trist' - a time and a place for a meeting, especially of lovers. In Old French the word meant an appointed station in hunting. A place where hounds were posted in a deer drive. Trysting day - an arranged day of meeting or assembling, as of soldiers, friends, lovers and the like. Trysting Tree - many trees have through their isolation, appearance or position been chosen as a popular meeting place for young courting couples, soldiers called to gather at a distinctive venue prior to battle, etc. Tulchan - a calf's skin stretched on a wooden frame and laid beneath a cow to increase the milk yield (Scots). Tulchan Bishop - between 1572 - 9 a bishop who obtained his rank through purchase; a term of derision (Scots). Tulyie - a street fight or quarrel, scuffle, broil, skirmish, struggle, turmoil (Scots). Tumulus (plural tumuli or tumuluses, from the Latin word for mound or small hill) is a mound of earth and stones raised over a grave or graves. Tumuli are also known as 'Barrows', 'Burial mounds', or 'Kurgans'. Turbary - land, or a piece of land, where turf or peat may be dug or cut; the right to cut turf or peat on a common land or on another person's land. 'Feal and divot' was the right to take turf in Scotland. Turf - a layer of grass etc. with earth & matted roots as the surface of grassland. Turnpike - a road on which a toll or fee was charged at a toll-gate. Turnpike - a spiral stone stairway in a castle tower, church wall, etc. [45] Turnegreis - also 'Turnpike' - a spiral stone stairway in a castle tower, church wall, etc. [45] Tutelar - a tutelary spirit is a god, usually a minor god, who serves as the guardian or watcher over a particular site, person, or nation. Belief in tutelary gods or spirits often reflects a tradition of animism. Tutory dative - in medieval Scottish law a child under the age of maturity who had lost his father could be placed under the guardianship of the next male agnate in the family over the age of 21, regardless of the mother's wishes. Tuum - thine; that which is thine. Twill - a fabric so woven as to have a surface of diagonal parallel ridges. Tympanum - The basically semicircular area enclosed by the arch above the lintel of an arched entranceway, often filled with carvings or other ornamentation. Tynwald - the Isle of Man 'Parliament', usually said to be the oldest parliament in continuous existence in the world, having been established by 979 (though its roots may go back to the late 800s as the thing of Norse raiders not yet permanently resident on the Isle of Man) and having continued to be held since that time without interruption. The veracity of Tynwald's claim to continuous existence as a legislative body is disputed. From the 11th to the 15th centuries, Tynwald was arguably a judicial court and did not fulfill functions of creating legislation. During the 15th and 16th centuries the process of creating legislation varied between occasions and, as noted below, Tynwald does not appear to have functioned as a single legislative body during that period either. Typography - printing from movable type; also the aesthetics of arranging the words and other ornamentation on the printed page. [46] A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Udal law - a near-redundant Norse derived legal system, which is found in Shetland and Orkney, Scotland and in Manx law at the Isle of Man. It is closely related to Odelsrett. Udal law was codified by the kings Magnus I of Norway "the good" and Magnus VI of Norway the "lawmender". The Treaty of Perth transferred the Outer Hebrides and Isle of Man to Scots law while Norse law and rule still applied for Shetland and Orkney. Ullage - the amount of liquid within a container that is lost, as by leakage, during shipment or storage; the amount by which a container, such as a bottle, cask, or tank, falls short of being full. Ultimo - the preceding month (Legal). Ultimogeniture - also known as 'Postremogeniture' or 'Junior right' - the tradition of inheritance by the last-born of the entirety of, or a privileged position in, a parent's wealth, estate or office. The tradition recognises that the elder children have had time to succeed and provide for themselves - or having received some of their share earlier. Ultimus haeres - literally the "last heir"; the right of the Crown to succeed to all heritable property where no other heir, successor or assignee to the property can be identified (Legal). Umbo - the boss, a raised central area on a shield or buckler. Umwhile - see 'Umquhile.' Umquhile - see also 'Umwhile.' Some time ago; formerly; previously;(Scots). Uncial script - written entirely in capital letters and commonly used from the 3rd to 8th centuries AD by Latin and Greek scribes. Unction - the act of anointing as part of a religious, ceremonial, or healing ritual; an ointment or oil - a salve; affected or exaggerated earnestness, especially in choice and use of language. Uncut - a book in which the edges of the leaves have not been cut by a plough. Under dog - the individual in a saw pit who was in the pit itself. The 'Top Dog' was the more fortunate individual on top of the log. Undershot - where a water wheel is turned by water running beneath it. The turning is brought about by the force of the water rather than the volume. Unforisfamiliat - also 'Unforisfamiliate'. Not separated from the father's family, still living at home. Unopened - the leaves of a book which have never been cut at the folds. Unprobated will - a will never submitted for probate (Legal). Unsolemn will - a will in which an executor is not named (Legal). Ursine - of or characteristic of bears or a bear. Uruisg - a goblin or brownie in Gaelic. Usucapio - also 'Usucaption.' Terms for long, uninterrupted and unchallenged possession of a thing or a right, which conferred an entitlement to that property or right (Legal). Use and want - established custom. Ustrinum - was the site of a historical funeral pyre; a crematorium. Usufruct - the right to use and derive profit from a piece of property belonging to another, provided the property itself remains undiminished and uninjured in any way. Usary - the practice of lending money and charging the borrower interest, especially at an exorbitant or illegally high rate; an excessive or illegally high rate of interest charged on borrowed money; an archaic for interest charged or paid on a loan. Utencilis & domiceillis - household goods. Uterine - ancestry of an individual is a person's pure female ancestry, i.e. 'matrilineal' leading from a female ancestor to that individual. Uxor. - a wife, spouse, consort (Legal). Uxorius - excessively submissive or devoted to one's wife. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Vaccary - a medieval cattle farm, particularly a monastic one. Vade mecum - a referential book such as a handbook or manual; a useful object, constantly carried on one’s person. Vade retro satana - Go back, Satan or Step back, Satan - a Medieval Catholic formula for exorcism, recorded in a 1415 manuscript found in the Benedictine Metten Abbey in Bavaria. Vails - a tip or drink money (Scots). Valid - that which is legal and binding. Vambrace - tubular or gutter shaped armour defences for the forearm. Vanguard or Van - the leading units moving at the head of an army. Varlet - a knight's attendant, later a menial or rascal. Vassal - a holder of land by feudal tenure on conditions of homage and allegiance. Vaticination - the act of prophesying; a prediction; a prophecy. Vaunt - an ostentatious display. Vellum - a thin sheet of specially prepared skin of calf, lamb, or kid used for writing or printing, or for the cover of a book or legal document. Venal - open to bribery; mercenary; capable of betraying honor, duty, or scruples for a price; marked by corrupt dealings, especially bribery. Venery - indulgence in or pursuit of sexual activity (archaic) or the act or sport of hunting; the chase. Vennel - an alley or narrow lane. Verderer - a man serving as an official in charge of the royal forests of medieval England. Verderers were originally part of the ancient judicial and administrative hierarchy of the vast areas of English forests set aside by William the Conqueror for hunting. The title Verderer comes from the Norman word ‘vert’ meaning green and referring to woodland. These forests were divided into provinces each having a Chief Justice who travelled around on circuit dealing with the more serious offences. Verderers investigated and recorded minor offences and dealt with the day to day forest administration. Vermiculate - decorated with wormlike tracery or markings, e.g. vermicular stonework. Vernacular - a local building style using local materials and traditional methods of construction and ornamentation, especially as distinguished from historical architectural styles. One definition states that a building is vernacular if all the materials were obtained from within 400 yards of the site - unless a river were nearby. Vert - Green vegetation that can serve as cover for deer. Used in English forest law; the right to cut such vegetation. Vesica - a pointed oval shape used for some ecclesiastical seals or an aureole in medieval sculpture or painting. Vestment - the ritual robes worn by the clergy and/or assistants at religious ceremonies. Especially one worn at the celebration of the Eucharist. Vestry - a room for keeping clothes or vestments, also an administrative group within a parish; the ruling body of a church. Previously 'Revestry' or 'Revestiary'. Vexillology - the scholarly study of flags. The term was coined in 1957 by the American scholar Whitney Smith, the author of many books and articles on the subject. It was originally considered a sub-discipline of heraldry, and is still occasionally seen as such. Viaduct - a viaduct is a bridge composed of several small spans. The term viaduct is derived from the Latin via for road and ductus to conduct something. Via regia - see 'King's Highway'. Vicar - the priest of a parish in the Church of England who receives a stipend or salary but does not receive the tithes of a parish. Vicinage - a limited region around a particular area; a number of places situated near each other and considered as a group. A limited region around a particular area; the residents of a particular neighborhood; the state of living in a neighborhood; proximity. Victual - food or provisions. Vide - in a UK legal context this term means "see". Vidette or Vedette - a mounted sentinel stationed in advance of an outpost or a small scouting boat used to observe and report on an opposing naval force. Vidua - a widow. Viduus - a widower. Vigesimal - a numeral counting system based on twenty (in the same way in which the ordinary decimal numeral system is based on ten). Twenty is the sum of all fingers and toes on a human being's hands and feet, and is the product of five and four. Vigiles - a night watchman, especially in a castle. A 'Garitour' was a day watchman. Vignette - a decorative design placed at the beginning or end of a book or chapter of a book or along the border of a page; an unbordered picture, often a portrait, that shades off into the surrounding color at the edges; a short, usually descriptive literary sketch. Vill - a term used in English history to describe a land unit which might otherwise be described as a parish, manor or tithing. Villein - a feudal tenant entirely subject to a lord or attached to a manor; often holding between 30 and 100 acres of land. Above villeins in the social order were 'Freemen' and 'Sokemen'. Vintner - a wine merchant. Violent profits - dues payable by anyone possessing lands illegally; as with a tenant who did not leave his holding at the end of a lease; he would be liable for the profits the landlord could have made if he had resumed control of the lands himself or leased them to another tenant (Legal). Virgate - a quarter hide of land; often 20 or 30 acres. Virgo - used to describe an unmarried woman in English and European marriage records. Visnomy - face; countenance. Vitiation - the alteration of a document without the consent of all the parties to the document; to reduce the value or impair the quality of; to corrupt morally; to make ineffective. Volant - flying or capable of flying; moving quickly or nimbly; in Heraldry Depicted with the wings extended as in flying. Volte-face - a complete reversal of position in argument or position. Voussoir - wedge-shaped elements in an arch, including the Keystone. Vulgate - an early 5th century version of the Bible in Latin which is largely the result of the labours of Jerome, who was commissioned by Pope Damasus I in 382 to make a revision of the old Latin translations. The Vulgate was a substantial improvement over these earlier translations. Its Old Testament is the first Latin version translated directly from the Hebrew Tanakh rather than from the Greek Septuagint. It became the definitive and officially promulgated Latin version of the Bible of the Roman Catholic Church and ultimately took the name versio vulgata, which means simply "the published translation". A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Wadset - a mortgage; a deed from a debtor to a creditor giving over the rents of land until a debt is paid; a pledge. Wadsetters - also 'Wedsetter'. Not put in pledge. A consolidation of the property which was wadset with the superiority, which remained unwadset and undisponed. Waggon - a four-wheeled horse drawn vehicle for heavy loads, often with a cover. Wag-halter - One who moves or wears a halter; one likely to be hanged. Wain - a type of horse-drawn, load-carrying vehicle, used for agricultural purposes rather than transporting people, for example a haywain. It normally has four wheels but the term has now acquired slightly poetical connotations so is not always used with technical correctness. However, a two-wheeled 'haywain' would be a hay cart. Constable's famous painting is the main reason for the word's survival in everyday usage into the 21st century. Wair - to give or expend. As in to "wair upon land" Wanton - immoral or unchaste; lewd. Gratuitously cruel; merciless. Marked by unprovoked, gratuitous maliciousness; capricious and unjust: wanton destruction. Wapenshaw - literally a "show of weapons"; referring to the periodic muster of the able-bodied men of a barony or other area (in theory, twice a year), to prove the possession of suitable weapons and were (reasonably) competent in their use. Wapentake - a term derived from the Old Norse vápnatak, the rough equivalent of an Anglo-Saxon hundred. The word denotes an administrative meeting place, typically a crossroads or a ford in a river. The Danelaw counties of Yorkshire, Derbyshire, Leicestershire, Northamptonshire, Nottinghamshire, Rutland and Lincolnshire were divided into wapentakes, just as most of the remainder of England was divided into hundreds. Wapper - to cause to shake; to tremble; to move tremulously, as from weakness; to totter. Ward - also 'waird' - feudal land tenure rights conferred through military service obligations of tenants. Land held during the minority of a vassal and returned at the coming of age, together with a fine imposed. Ward-holding - tenure of lands through ward rights. Warding - imprisonment. Ward land - lands held in ward. Warping - a method of reclamation of marshland by restricting sea water flow to cause deposition of silt and concomitant raising of ground level, producing very fertile farmland. Warrandice - an undertaking, usually in the form of a "clause of warrandice " in a grant, whereby the person making the grant promised to maintain and support the grantee in the property or right granted him, against all challenges made to his right or impediments concerning it which might arise after the grant was made (Legal). Warranty deed - guarantees a clear property title from the seller to the buyer (legal). Washer-woman - or 'Bean Nighe'. The "woman of the fairy mounds" is a female spirit in Scottish mythology, usually seen as an omen of death and a messenger from the Otherworld. Her Irish counterpart is the 'Banshee'. Wassail - a hot, spiced punch often associated with winter celebrations of northern Europe, usually those connected with holidays such as Christmas, New Year's and Twelfth Night. Particularly popular in Germanic countries, the term itself is a contraction of the Old English toast wæs þu hæl, or "be thou hale!" (i.e., "be in good health"). watch and ward - the written report or 'return' made to a superior by those who held property in burghs. Watermark - the trademark of a papermaker, made by wire design fixed to a mould; seen when the paper is held up to the light. [46] Water Wall - the substantial wall built of dressed stones, carefully mortared with lime, which withstood the constant rushing of water and the vibrations of the turning water wheel. Wattshode - a type of blue cloth popular around the 16th Century. Also used as a place name. Waulk – mill. From 'walk' - a finishing process fulling on cloth (Scots). Wealdh - the Saxon word for the native inhabitants of Britain. The word came to mean 'slave' or 'bondman'. Such names as Wales and Cornwall are derived from this word. Webster - a person involved in the weaving trade. Weg - a minor road from the Anglo-Saxon. Weir - an overflow-type dam commonly used to raise the level of a river or stream. Traditionally been used to create mill ponds. Water flows over the top of a weir, although some weirs have sluice gates which release water at a level below the top of the weir. Welkin - An archaic term for the vault of heaven; the sky, deriving from the Middle English 'welken', a cloud. The term can also mean the apparent surface of the imaginary sphere on which celestial bodies appear to be projected. Weltering - to wallow, roll, or toss about, as in mud or high seas; to lie soaked in a liquid, such as blood; To roll and surge, as the sea. Wench - a young woman; a female servant; a lewd woman. Etymology: Middle English wenche, short for wenchel child, from Old English wencel; akin to Old High German wankon to totter, waver and probably to Old High German winchan to stagger. Weregild - also 'Cro'. The assythement due to be paid to the friends or family of someone who had been killed, by the killer. Wester - western, lying more to the west; applied to the more westerly of two places (Scots). Weyve - a female outlaw; abandoned without the protection of the law. Wheelwright - someone who makes or repairs, especially wooden wheels. Whig - a member of an 18th- and 19th-century British political party that was opposed to the Tories; a supporter of the war against England during the American Revolution. Whiggamore - Whig; - a cant term applied in contempt to Scotch Presbyterians. White rent - blackmail; rent to be paid in silver. Whitsunday - the Sunday of the feast of Whitsun or Pentecost in the Christian liturgical year, observed 7 weeks after Easter. Also one of the Scottish 'Term Days' or British 'Quarter Days.' Wicca - a variety of pagan practices founded on religious and magical concepts, and most of its adherents identify as witches. As such it is distinguished not only by its religious beliefs, but by its initiatory system, organisational structure, secrecy, and practice of magic. British Traditional Wiccans generally will not proselytise, and may even deny membership to some individuals, since once initiated a person is considered to be a priest or priestess and is expected to develop the skills and responsibility that that entails. Wilding - a Crab apple (Malus sylvestris). [7] Will - a document stating how a person wants real and personal property divided after death. Will-o'-the-wisp or 'ignis fatuus' - refers to the ghostly lights sometimes seen at night or twilight that hover over damp ground in still air — often over bogs. It looks like a flickering lamp, and is sometimes said to recede if approached. Much folklore surrounds the legend, but science has offered several potential explanations Winnowing - using wind to separate the chaff from the grain. A rare example of a 'winnowing byre' survives largely intact at The Hill in Dunlop. Ayrshire. This was the home of Barbara Gilmour of Dunlop cheese fame, circa 1990. Wire lines - the closely spaced horizontal lines in 'laid' paper. Wish Tree - an individual tree, usually distinctive due to species, position or appearance, and identified as being of special religious value or spiritual identity. By tradition, people making wishes and offerings to the tree in some way thought the ritual votive offering increases the chances of the wish being granted. This behaviour, using living trees, is one of making an offering to the nature spirit or goddess of the tree with the hope of gaining benefit. Wisp - a bundle of hay or straw sometimes used as a torch. Wit - blame or fault, from the Anglo-Saxon wit. [5] Witness - a witness is an individual present at an event such as a marriage or the signing of a document who can vouch that the event took place (legal). Wodehouse - also 'Woodwose' or 'Woodhouse' - the aboriginal Wild man or woman of medieval lore. Covered in shaggy hair, living in primitive communities in the forests and deeply stupid. Wodwo - See 'Wodehouse.' Wold - a wood, usually of some considerable size. Used as a place name component in Southwold, Stow in the Wold, etc. Woodland Policies - woodlands, usually broadleaved and actively managed as part of an estate. Woodward - a "ward of the wood" or "guardian of the wood". See Verderer'. Workhouse - once just meaning somewhere work was done. From the mid- 17th century, a place set up to provide work for the unemployed poor. Later, a place where the destitute could live and be fed, usually in return for work. Workhouse Asylum / Lunatic Wards- some workhouses contained wards exclusively used for lunatics and in some places a separate building (belonging to and administered by the local Poor Law authority) was used exclusively for the lunatics, or as a general hospital with lunatic wards. Worsted - a fine smooth yarn spun from combed long staple wool. Wove paper - paper which has no chain lines or wire lines, usually made on a woven wire mesh. [46] Wraith - an apparition of a living person that appears as a portent just before that person's death, also the ghost of a dead person. Writ of attachment - a court order authorizing the seizure of property sufficient to cover debts and court costs for not appearing in court (Legal). Writ of summons - a document ordering a person to appear in court (legal). Writer to the signet - originally clerks who prepared letters under the king's signet seal. When the signet came into widespread use as the means of sealing all summonses to the king's court and all diligences issued by it, they increased in number and, as writers to the signet, not only prepared all summonses and diligences, but acted as agents or attorneys in presenting cases in the Court of Session. Wrythen - ornately twisted. Wych - as in Wych Elm. The Hwicce (also spelt Hwicca or Wiccia) were one of the peoples of Anglo-Saxon England. Wynd - an alley (Scots). Xenia - gifts to a guest or guests. Xoanon - a primitive, usually wooden image of a deity supposed to have fallen from heaven. Xylography - the process of printing from wood blocks, etc. [46] Xystus - an ancient Greek portico. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Yapp edges - the turn-in on the fore edge of some vellum bindings. Yard - a term used in Scotland to cover the various walled courtyards, service yards, walled gardens and orchards that spread in every direction from a house. Yare - nimble, brisk; ready. Yclept - (archaic) to call by the name of. Yealm - a bundle of tightly bound 'straw' as used in thatching. Yeoman - a self-sufficient farmer; freeholder who works a small estate of about 30 acres; they were ranked below gentleman. They were compelled by law to own a bow and arrow and had to fight for the lord when required. Yet - also 'Yat'. A gate in Scotland, Cumbria and elsewhere, e.g. Yetts O'Muckart'. Yogh - a letter (Ȝ ȝ; Middle English: yoȝ), used in Middle English and Middle Scots, where it represented y. In Middle Scots the character yogh came to be confused with a cursive z and the early Scots printers often used z; as a result a few Lowland Scots words have a z in place of a yogh, such as Culzean, Dalziel, and Drumelzier. Younker - a young man; child. Yoke - an archaic measure of land area; consisting of four yokes to the 'Sulung', which was larger than the 'Hide' and on occasion treated as equivalent to two hides. It was mainly used in Kent.	i don't know
Beluga, Ossetra, Sterlet, and Sevruga are all types of what?	Russian Caviar – from $32.11 – Marky’s Gourmet Store Pages: 1 2 3 4 » View All The kinds of Russian black caviar The most expensive kind of the Russian caviar is the Russian Beluga caviar. Beluga has nearly extinguished because of overfishing, poaching, and water pollution, thus, the industrial fishing of this species is strictly limited and controlled, which has highly influenced its price and has stimulated the farming of this species after the official ban on import of the Caspian sea caviar. Only now after 10 years, we may see the results and we are expecting the Beluga to be supplied to our stock for we could offer it to our valued customers. The Russian Beluga caviar is considered to be the most delicious ones in the world. Its big pearlescent beads have the most delicate and subtle flavor that makes the gourmet lose their mind. The most popular and sought after is the Russian Osetra. Indeed, the Russian Osetra caviar makes an ideal balance of the flavor, the size, and the price. So if you want to buy Russian caviar most probably you'll buy the Russian Osetra. Though this Royal delight is pretty expensive, the price will be compensated by the incredible sea flavor, tender texture and luxurious appearance. There are many different types of the Russian Osetra sorted by grades, by the manufacturer, by the size, and by the color, but all you need to know is they are all perfectly delicious for you and are worth every single cent spent on it! Furthermore, you can save by ordering the Russian caviar online at the Marky's Gourmet shop. The closest analog to the Russian Beluga caviar is the Kaluga. This species is very similar to Beluga but just a little bit smaller and sometimes called the 'river Beluga' for its life cycle that includes a very long period of life in the rivers, unlike the Beluga that goes to the rivers only during the spawning period. Kaluga and all of its types have the flavor and texture very close to the Russian Beluga caviar. Very tender and delicious with the inherent nuttiness and butteriness, these big pearlescent beads will make your dinner unforgettable. Despite its smaller size, the Sevruga is the most flavorful caviar in the Sturgeon family and sometimes it is called 'Strong Sturgeon'. The small pearlescent black beads conceal a briny juice with a complex sea flavor that makes the connoisseurs' taste buds tremble in expectancy of the highest delight of enjoying the nutty and buttery flavor Russian Sevruga caviar and Sterlet caviar offered by Marky's Caviar are produced on domestic Sturgeon AquaFarm - the only aqua farm in North America to raise Beluga, Sterlet and Sevruga sturgeon	Caviar
Nicknamed The Great Lakes State, what was the 26th state to join the union on January 26, 1837?	Caviar \| Beluga, Osetra, Sevruga, Sterlet \| igourmet ABOUT CAVIAR Order Online at the #1 Source for Gourmet Food and Gift Baskets Buy Caviar online from igourmet.com! Please visit our online store and go shopping at the number one imported food delivery service in the USA. Caviar is surrounded by mystique and royal trappings. A delicacy in the truest sense of the word, Caviar is the salted, processed eggs of sturgeon fish, most famously from the ancient Beluga variety. Wild sturgeon from the Caspian Sea are protected internationally, so Russia and Iran have almost entirely stopped taking wild sturgeon from the Caspian. Today, most Caviar is taken from farmed sturgeon. The eggs are removed from the sturgeon and then soaked in a salt water brine. This brine helps preserve the fragile Caviar eggs, along with enhancing the natural flavors of the roe. With its buttery, subtle taste, Caviar can be considered like a fine wine. The region the fish comes from will impact the flavor of its roe in the same way a California Cabernet will taste radically different from a French Cabernet. This is one of the joys for the Caviar connoisseur - exploring the intricate nuances that each new experience offers. While Caviar has connotations of Russian Tsars for many people, North America actually supplied much of the European demand in the 1900s. Ironically, a good deal of this American Caviar was then shipped back to the US from Russia, after being relabeled as "Russian Caviar" with a higher price tag. Types of Caviar Although some people refer to any fish egg as Caviar, the only true Caviar is harvested from the sturgeon species of fish. All other fish eggs should be referred to as roe. Today, many species of fish are used to produce high quality roes marketed as Caviar. Among these, trout, salmon, and whitefish are the most popula for their roe. While there are twenty-six species of Sturgeon, the four most valuable all live in the Caspian Sea. These four are the Beluga, Osetra, Sevruga, and Sterlet. Belugas, being the largest, can live for up to 150 years and weigh one ton. Many connoisseurs consider Beluga Caviar to be the best, which put excessive demands on the species. As of today it is illegal to import Beluga caviar into the US and also illegal to transport any remaining Beluga caviar that is in the US across state lines. The roe of the Osetra has a slightly stronger flavor than the Beluga, but it is the Sevruga roe that tastes the strongest, along with producing the smallest eggs. The smallest sturgeon, the Sterlet, has larger roe that the Sevruga, but a mild taste. Because the Sterlet was prizes as a food source, it was fished almost to extinction. Serving Caviar When enjoying Caviar, make sure to just relax and not overcomplicate the experience. To allow the delicate flavor of the caviar to come through, serve the caviar on a plain base, such as the traditional buckwheat blini. Plain crackers, toasted brioche, or challah bread are all perfect substitutes. You can then top with a small dollop of crï¿½me fraiche on the blini, then add the caviar. For the purist, just enjoy the caviar by the spoonful will no adornment, pressing the eggs against the roof of your mouth with your tongue until they pop. On the subject of serving Caviar, never use metal. The delicate nature of Caviar is so fragile that using a metal bowl or spoon will give the caviar an ï¿½offï¿½ flavor of a metallic tang. In haut cuisine, Caviar should be served in a bowl made of ice with a pearl or bone spoon. If you donï¿½t have the luxury of such serving wear, glass will work fine. If all else fails, use plastic before you ever consider using metal serving ware. Fish may shine though with a squirt of lemon, but do not apply acidic liquids to caviar, as this can neutralize any flavor youï¿½ve paid for. Storing Caviar at Home Caviar should be stored in the refrigerator, with the tin placed in a bowl of ice. Although you may not think so, your refrigerator is actually too hot to adequately store caviar. That being said, caviar should never be frozen. An unopened tin will stay fresh for two weeks, but once opened it should be consumed in two to three days. Sustainable Caviar Although long considered a luxury item, reserved for a lucky few, demand for Caviar has actually led to overfishing. Coupled with pollution of the Caspian sea in which most sturgeons make their home, many caviar companies are looking to sustainable fishing practices to supply their customers. igourmet.com works with Tsar Nicoulai to offer a full-range of sustainable caviar. Tsar Nicoulai is a leader in sustainable sturgeon production. Using proprietary tank-farming methods, they have significantly reduced the pressure on declining wild stocks. Coupled with water from natural aquifers and recycling programs, they truly are offering a ï¿½Greenï¿½ alternative to the luxury of caviar. The sturgeon tank water later filtered through a four acre hydroponic vegetable pond. These vegetables are harvested year round, and the plants then revitalize and clean the waters so the sturgeons can live in the most nutrient-rich environment possible. All this leads up to creating the best caviar possible. To find the best gourmet foods and gift baskets online, begin your search at igourmet.com. Start Shopping	i don't know
Lasting 9 seasons, from July 1989 to May 1998, what NBC show described itself as “a show about nothing”?	The Big Apple: Seinfeld Session Entry from May 30, 2008 Seinfeld Session When the Albany legislature appears to do nothing, legislators sometimes quote William Shakespeare and claim that the legislative session is all “much ado about nothing.” The television sitcom Seinfeld was popular in the 1990s, featuring a New York comic and essentially being “a show about nothing” (as the show described itself). By at least 1998, the unproductive Albany legislature was accused of holding “Seinfeld sessions” where nothing got done. The term “Seinfeld session” has been applied to legislatures in such states as Connecticut, Florida, Iowa, Oregon, and Texas as well as New York. Wikipedia: Seinfeld Seinfeld is an Emmy Award-winning American situation comedy that originally aired on NBC from July 5, 1989 to May 14, 1998, lasting nine seasons. Many of its catchphrases have entered into the popular culture lexicon. The show led the Arthur Nielsen Media Research Ratings in its sixth and ninth seasons and finished among the top two (along with NBC’s ER) every year from 1994 to 1998. In 2002, TV Guide named Seinfeld as the greatest American television program of all time. A 2006 sitcom industry poll conducted by the United Kingdom’s Channel 4 voted Seinfeld as the third best sitcom ever, ranking behind Frasier and Fawlty Towers. The eponymous series was created by Larry David and Jerry Seinfeld, with the latter starring as a fictionalized version of himself. Set predominantly in an apartment block on New York City’s Upper West Side (but shot mostly in Los Angeles, California), the show features a host of Jerry’s friends and acquaintances, which include George Costanza, Elaine Benes and Cosmo Kramer. Overview Jerry Seinfeld and Larry David pitched Seinfeld as a “show about nothing,” similar to the self-parodying “show within a show” of Season 4 episodes “The Pilot, Part 1” and “Part 2”. Seinfeld stood out from the typical family- or coworker-driven TV sitcoms of its time. None of the principal Seinfeld characters were related by blood or worked together. The episodes of most sitcoms revolve around a central theme or contrived comic situations, whereas most episodes of Seinfeld focused on the minutiae of daily life, such as waiting in line at the movies, going out for dinner, buying a suit, and coping with the petty injustices of life. Some viewers hold the belief that the world view presented in Seinfeld is somewhat consistent with the philosophy of nihilism, the view that life is pointless. For Albany Bills, the Year That Wasn’t By RICHARD PEREZ-PENA Published: June 23, 1998 All year, legislators, lobbyists and advocates complained about how little seemed to be getting done here. It was not their imagination. The 1998 legislative session, which ended on Friday, set a modern record for the fewest bills passed by both the State Senate and the Assembly. The two houses passed and sent to the Governor just 671 bills during the five and one-half months that the Legislature was in session. Most years during this century, the number has been more than 1,000. This year’s figure was the lowest in at least 88 years, according to records compiled in The New York Red Book, the state’s annual official record of people and events in state government. The previous low in that period was in 1914, when 722 bills were passed by both houses. (...) ‘’It really was the ‘Seinfeld’ session; it’s all about nothing,’’ said Blair Horner, the New York Public Interest Group’s legislative director. ‘’It doesn’t surprise me, given the poisoned atmosphere.’’ 16 March 2001, (Cedar Rapids-Iowa City, Iowa), pg. 6: House Minority Leader Dick Myers, D-Iowa City, called this “the Seinfeld session - a session about nothing.”	Seinfeld
In flagrante delicto is a legal term meaning someone has been what?	Top 10 Best TV Shows - TheTopTens® Top 10 Best TV Shows danalana The Top Ten 1 Breaking Bad Breaking Bad is an American crime drama television series created and produced by Vince Gilligan. The show originally aired on the AMC network for five seasons, from January 20, 2008, to September 29, 2013. No.13. Are you kidding me. It deserves the top spot and way ahead of all these other shows (except Friends). It is the best show on television apart from The Wire. Please vote for this to get to the top. Breaking Bad has everything you could possibly want in a show plus more. Every second of this masterpiece is absolutely brilliant. There's not a single bad performance by anyone. Breaking Bad has the greatest assemblage of characters I've ever seen, everyone is incredibly fascinating. Walter White is one of the finest and most complex characters ever created. The soundtrack must be mentioned as well, as Dave Porters score is mesmerizing and the great songs throughout the series are perfectly placed. I'm definitely going to watch it all over again. Breaking Bad is my religion! - DamnFineCupOfCoffee It was actually awesome, it won't disturb you, and it had the best acting as a matter of fact for a non sitcom show, it was the best show ever made and now the best show around is Doctor Who. - nelsonerica Wow, that piece of garbage by the name of "Family Guy" is higher than this? This show really knows how to write characters and a twisty plot. This show... Geez if I described in detail why it's so great, I'd write a bloody novel! Oh PLEASE do yourself a favor and watch this. Family Guy was never good to begin with. Seth MacFarlane just references stuff and expects you to laugh because somehow, if you reference something, it's automatically funny. Har har har. Gilligan on the other hand is an intelligent individual who incorporates moral themes and realistic character traits into his show. Also, Breaking Bad is UNPREDICTABLE. If you like The Walking Dead, The X-Files, or ANY crime drama, this show is for you. Even if you don't - this show might make crime dramas your obsession. PLEASE do yourself a favor and give it a watch. And if you still like the racist, sexist, unoriginal Simpsons rip-off that is Family Guy better, please get cultured. YAH MR. WHITE...YAH SCIENCE lol every high school class should have to watch all the episodes in class cause it really shows the consequences of getting involved with this stuff V 385 Comments 2 The Simpsons The Simpsons is a cartoon that started in 1989, and is still running as of 2016. It is about a man named Homer and his family going through a long series of misadventures. In my generation, this was the Beatles of television. The old simpsons were the best ever. Don't judge it by the new episodes. Watch all of seasons 5-10 and you will agree. Even those without accounts are right, The Simpsons wasn't really appropriate for families, it's a teenage show only for teenagers and adults, it's humor is dirty, but South Park takes the cake as the most inappropriate show of all time, People need to stop focusing on inappropriate shows, they probably just do it for the money. - nelsonerico I absolutly love it but I have to agree the older ones were better. I especially like the treehouse horror Halloween specials that they do I agree! I've been watching the Simpsons for a long time, and I don't even mind the new episodes. Sure, you shouldn't judge them by the new episodes, but I still find them as funny as they were back then. - AllAboutLists V 319 Comments 3 The Walking Dead The Walking Dead is an American horror drama television series developed by Frank Darabont, based on the comic book series of the same name by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard . Andrew Lincoln plays the show's lead character, sheriff's deputy Rick Grimes, who awakens from a coma discovering ... read more . What makes "The Walking Dead, " so unique is the fact that it isn't some cliche show where you can guess exactly what happens. You'll watch your favorite characters die, and weaker characters fail repeatedly. Of course there are zombies walking around looking for flesh, but that's simply a chore each of the characters must face now. "The Walking Dead, " exposes humanities imperfections in such a way that makes you feel for the characters so much more. AMC created a master piece. The episodes totally hook you and once you watch it there is no going back. Second Season Oct.11 can't wait for it to come. - PePsMeX It's not always hooking, it's scary and disturbing, it isn't as bad as Supernatural, but it can still disturb you and possibly scar you for life, but it deserves to be here since it's so iconic. The walking dead is an amazing show, it has great characters with lot of depth and does well at keeping you watching the show with suspense, thrills, and anticipation of what happens next. Truly a great show This show is simply great. The development of each character is great, it isn't like any other cliche show. V 215 Comments 4 Friends Friends is an American television sitcom, created by David Crane and Marta Kauffman, which originally aired on NBC from September 22, 1994, to May 6, 2004, lasting ten seasons. Friends totally rocks! It's been years since it ended, but it's magic is still captures your heart! Friends is like the best T.V. show ever no one can compete with friends... Have seen each and every episode of friends like 5 times... The greatest sitcom of all time, has surpassed Seinfeld in everything. Possibly the greatest T.V. Show of all time. Its impact on culture is immense, it really broke the mold in what sitcoms were. Just because it is inappropriate doesn't mean it's a bad show. Like for example, Friends is a great show but it's inappropriate and Dora is a crappy show but it's kid friendly. No offense to Dora, it's probably better for the target demographic (2-5) - lelennyface The only show which brings me to laugh V 376 Comments 5 Family Guy Family Guy is an American adult animated sitcom created by Seth MacFarlane for the Fox Broadcasting Company. The series centers on the Griffins, a family consisting of parents Peter (Idiotic Dad) and Lois (Nagging Wife), their children Meg (Socially Awkward Daughter) Chris (Idiotic Son), and Stewie ... read more . Kinda lazy and boring compared to the old Simpsons and especially Breaking Bad, but back then it was a decent show, except for it's adult humor it originally has. I have been watching Family Guy since the age of either 9, 10, 11, or 12. I am now 14 years old and Family Guy is one of my all-time favorite shows for myself. Family Guy is similar to The Simpsons, but more inappropriate humor and a more different family. The characters are hilarious, especially Peter Griffin (who's awesome and funny). The episodes are very funny, too. The cutaway gag is a very original idea for this awesome show, though, and the cutaway gags are VERY hilarious to me. The gag where either Peter or another character abuses Meg is really hilarious, too, because Meg is just a unique and different person, whereas everyone else, especially Peter, dislikes her and always abuses her, which is really funny to me. The rest of the things about this show is endlessly awesome. Seth MacFarlane, the creator, does an amazing job drawing the characters, backgrounds, etc. I really love Seth MacFaralne's artwork in this show, because his drawings of the characters are very unique and ... more - Jliby30 The funniest thing ever made since the beginning of time. I have seen every episode except 2 or 3 and with the exception of some episodes in seasons 1,2 and 10 every episode has been hilarious. It may be a applied taste and is not for the sensitive but it has 49 million fans on Facebook and is incredibly popular. Petarded is the funniest episode ever by far. The Simpsons beat this show by votes because there's a lot of sensitive who hate Family Guy, weak easily-offended wussies. - Boi_bye V 135 Comments 6 Game of Thrones Game of Thrones is an American fantasy drama television series created by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. It is an adaptation of A Song of Ice and Fire, George R. R. Martin's series of fantasy novels, the first of which is titled A Game of Thrones. GOT is the best show ever... How come it is placed so low on the list :( My top 5 T.V. shows would be: 1. Game of Thrones V 226 Comments 7 SpongeBob SquarePants SpongeBob SquarePants is an American animated television series created by marine biologist and animator Stephen Hillenburg for Nickelodeon. Spongebob is currently the most popular show on Nickelodeon, as well as the longest running show, running for 18 years, and is beginning its 10th season . Wait, this should be in the top 5. What is Queer as Folk? This should possibly be the top T.V. show. He is a fun yellow sponge with a pink starfish best friend. - thowil STUPIDEST SHOW?! It's obvious you've only watched the new episodes. - Goatworlds Haha how could you now love him? His is a fun yellow sponge with a stupid pink starfish friend! I love him! And he should be in the top ten or twenty My number 1 cartoon show. I've seen every episode from season 1-8 The new episodes are nowhere near as good as the old ones since the movie, Nickelodeon is running out of ideas. NO OFFENSE TO THOSE 40 YEAR OLD MEN OUT THERE WHO WATCH THIS but its dying its soon going to end in about 2018 it just got old they ran out of ideas and kids are sick of retardness and for goodness sake it should be renamed HOMOSEXUAL SPONGE AND MENTALLY CHALLENGED STARFISH V 225 Comments 8 South Park South Park is an American adult animated sitcom created by Trey Parker and Matt Stone for the Comedy Central television network. The show is about four boys, who are Stan Marsh, Kyle Broflovski, Eric Cartman, and Kenny McCormick, and their adventures in South Park, Colorado. It's all about the scripts. Just like The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show. The animation is sub par and who cares? These guys can stay on top of current events and paste one of these episodes together in 2 weeks if they need to do so. The one theme that seems to resonate with this team of writers is the cult of personality. Those writers love to be mean to celebs. They stay fresh because their ideas come from current events. - mgenet It's not about the kids, it's about the audience overall. Who cares if it's inappropriate for kids, why do you care so much? It's supposed to be for mature audiences only. - MontyPython There is no way that friends and family guy top this south park is a masterpiece! - Chris-1 I love a lot of these shows but South Park has to be the best no comparison - OneWayStreet One of the few shows that remains relevant through the years South park is the best and my favorite show of all time! Love South park and the characters are awesome! I Love Cartman, Kyle, Stan and Kenny! :D V 152 Comments 9 Seinfeld Four single friends -- comic Jerry Seinfeld, bungling George Costanza, frustrated working gal Elaine Benes and eccentric neighbor Cosmo Kramer -- deal with the absurdities of everyday life in New York City. No other show can hold a candle to Seinfeld - haineroid Jerry seinfeld is the best comedian ever and made the best show ever. - metfan001 Everyone knows George and Kramer are the best characters in T.V. History! And how did Friends get more votes than this? Greatest show of all time! Can't beat the writing of Larry david and Jerry Seinfeld. Very clever writing and George and Kramer were just in a class of there own! Pure brilliance! V 84 Comments 10 Lost Lost is an American television drama series that originally aired on the American Broadcasting Company from September 22, 2004, to May 23, 2010, over six seasons, comprising a total of 121 episodes. I absolutley LOVE LOST! It's so exciting and it always keeps you at the edge of your seat! This should be like at least number 5 on the list. It's a classic and all genres are on the show, they have it all, action, drama, adventure, romance, comedy, humor, mystery, and sometimes a bit of horror but not the real haunting horror, just mild. It's perfect for family veiwing or with your friends or even just alone. My favorites are Jack and Kate. I hate Sawyer, stupid hobo- monkey! Watch it, it's honestly mind squeezing, it makes you think hard to find a theory. It's also truly for smart people too! All lost fans are smart, that's why they understand it and love it! You will to! AMAZING SHOW, PURE EPICNESS FROM START TO END. JUST AMAZING Lost was absolutely the best! It should be number one. It just kept you guessing at every turn and you really had to think about what you were watching at times or you would get LOST First few seasons were good... rest is trash The Newcomers ? Poldark Poldark is a British-American drama television series that was first broadcast on BBC One on 8 March 2015. The first eight-part series was based on the first two Poldark novels by Winston Graham, adapted by Debbie Horsfield and directed by Edward Bazalgette and Will McGregor. ? Ninja Warrior UK Ninja Warrior UK is the British version of the Japanese assault course game show Sasuke. The show, which began airing on 11 April 2015, is hosted by Ben Shephard, Chris Kamara and Rochelle Humes. The Contenders 11 The Big Bang Theory The Big Bang Theory is an American sitcom created by Chuck Lorre and Bill Prady, both of whom serve as executive producers on the series, along with Steven Molaro, and also some wasted guest stars from time to time. This show is hilarious. Enough said. The only reason that more people don't like the show is because they aren't smart enough to understand the jokes. The only reason people would say that the only reason people don't like the shows because I don't understand the jokes is because they're morons - ColtIsGod really funny especially sheldon and raj - blind_bikerz What's the big bang theory doing at number 13? I don't understand how people have such poor judgement. This show deserves top marks. Maybe, after another ice-age, an intelligent species will evolve which will have enough brains to get the jokes in the show... Most funniest and practical show on CBS! V 162 Comments 12 How I Met Your Mother How I Met Your Mother is an American sitcom that originally aired on CBS from September 19, 2005, to March 31, 2014. The series follows the main character, Ted Mosby, and his group of friends in Manhattan. That's one of the best T.V. show I had ever seen. Barney Stinson is my favourite character The best T.V. show ever! Never seen such a good show that can make you laugh out loud! The best group dynamic ever and hilarious beats friends hands down Has a modern comedy element that not many other shows have captured and all the characters have something about them that makes them lovable! V 149 Comments 13 The Office (US) The Office is an American television comedy series that aired on NBC from March 24, 2005 to May 16, 2013. It's just the best show ever. Best characters, best jokes, best lines, best plots. It's simply just that everything about it is awesome and fantastic. It's clearly the best and I don't know how it only has 1% of the votes here. Watch it people! It's amazing! Most people underestimate it because you have to be a true fan to really fully enjoy it, because you have to know the backstories, but if one were to pick it up late on the bandwagon, then watch every episode from season 1 to 9, they'd love it. Unless you don't like the humor entirely, it's just the best T.V. show ever. The Office is the only show I've watched all nine seasons twice. I've laughed, I've cried, and I miss it. Each character is so unique and perfected. The actors couldn't have been picked better. I even loved the show after Steve left. If you haven't watched it beginning to end, get a Netflix account right now, start the show, and don't stop until you've reached the end. I like/love most of the shows on this list... But nothing is better than the office. You come to know and love all the characters on such a personal level. When the show finished I felt depressed for a few days. The closest thing to how I felt was when I graduated high school and I knew I would never see most of my classmates again. I think it is so low because many people watch an episode or two and don't get it, so they don't give it a chance. I doubt anyone could not like this show if they watched a whole season. Office UK is much better than this junk. - DapperPickle V 64 Comments 14 Supernatural This haunting series follows the thrilling yet terrifying journeys of Sam and Dean Winchester, two brothers who face an increasingly sinister landscape as they hunt monsters. After losing their mother to a supernatural force, the brothers were raised by their father as soldiers who track mysterious ... read more . Best show EVER! Great Story lines, amazing acting, superb character chemistry. The show had me hooked from the first episode. The Awesomest Show Ever! V 359 Comments 15 The X-Files X-Files rocked! The only reason I would come home to watch TV was this show. The biggest let down when it ended. Loved the movie and still waiting for another one. - wally24 This is the best show ever on television. I have watched all but one episode ( I still have not figured out which one ) but the way they mix mystery, sic-fi, fantasy, drama and satire is fantastic. I've never seen a show pull it off as well... It is the best show I have ever seen you just can't miss it I hope my comment will help you realize how great this show is I have no words to explain it is so good I love the theme song. I LOVED SO MUCH THAT I WATCHED THE ALL THE SEASONS OVER AND OVER AGAIN - RainbowArtist191 V 60 Comments 16 Doctor Who The Doctor a Time Lord from the planet Gallifrey in the constellation of Kasterborous, he travels around in his time machine called The TARDIS which stands for time and relative dimensions in space. The show was first broadcast on 23rd November 1963 one day after JFK was assassinated! The show has since ... read more . Doctor Who is so big, you couldn't fit the universe inside! This ensures that Doctor Who remains one of the greatest television shows of all time and it still grows to this day! Who of most British Actors hasn't been in Doctor Who over its wonderful 50 years! Every episode is a new adventure, and yet everything somehow links together in the end! If you don't believe me, watch all 800 episodes, read all 2,000 novels, listen to all 1,500 audio stories, examine all 10,000 comic stories and most of all, be a part of the biggest television fan base on the planet! You may change your mind... As a kid in the 70's this was my favourite show on T.V.. And now with the revival series starting in 2005, this is the best Sci-Fi on T.V. at the moment. The story is so complex and weaved only people who have watched all 5 seasons will understand this comment. Watching one episode will get you nowhere. The Doctor Rocks! Even better when watched with the spin-off series Torchwood. The longest running science fiction show of all time, a show that constantly reinvents itself, a show where the main character has been played fantastically by 11 brilliant actors, a show with some of the best sci fi plots ever written, a show that still feels new and fresh today even though it's been around for almost half a century! Why on earth is this not in the top 10?! - chrisgreen You can't get any bigger than this. The stories they come up with are such great ideas that no other show could copy. Long live the Doctor! - TheAwesomeBrosVotes V 147 Comments 17 Dexter It will surely teach you between the good and the bad. Awesome T.V. series. Changed the way I thought about life. It should be on number 1. 32? This should be number 1 and no way is American idol better than dexter. That is really stupid Hey this one should be on top because the way they mix action drama horror every thing its just great I love this show Michael c. Hall did great justice with his role Nah I didn't really like this show - RainbowArtist191 V 68 Comments 18 Sherlock (U.K.) Sherlock is the best ever! No other show even comes close, save Doctor Who way in the distance. It can and will take over your life - all in under ten episodes. That takes serious skill. I love the action, the subtle humour, the plot, and the actors. Sherlock is such a fascinating, complex character who is hilarious and terrifying at the same time. Watson is not to be overlooked though; he's so normal and human compared to "our favourite psychopath" that the two make a hilarious duo. The only downside? There are three seasons, three episodes per season, and about two years for the production of each series. I suppose that's what we have to go through to get good television. Oh, and the Reichenbach Fall will break your heart. It did mine. Anyone who says South Park, Family Guy, or the Simpsons tops Sherlock has clearly never seen true entertainment. This is a true modern epic. Terrific storyline, superb performances and repackaging of the quintessential detective that easily outclasses the big budget Hollywood franchise. Deserves to be much much higher An epic adaption of the classic stories. Once you watch the series and read the stories, the skill with which the writers weave events from each together, and how they differ, is simply breathtaking. Perfect casting, incredible actors, wonderful story line, gut-wrenching plot twists and turns, and the most amazing characters I've ever seen. It's a fantastic twist on the classic, often overused Holmes in his deerstalker cap with his smoking pipe and a show for everyone who has the brains to fully understand and appreciate it. Far better than the crude humour and cheap laughs that are the Simpsons, South Park, Family Guy, SpongeBob SquarePants and other shows suitable for those with the intelligence quotient of an eight-year-old. Best Show ever. No one can compete Sherlock. Acting by Ben is superb V 74 Comments 19 That '70s Show That '70s Show is an American television period sitcom that originally aired on Fox from August 23, 1998, to May 18, 2006. The series focused on the lives of a group of teenage friends living in the fictional suburban town of Point Place, Wisconsin, from May 17, 1976, to December 31, 1979. My All time favorite sitcom. This is one of the most underestimated tv shows around. Seasons 1-4 were the best. The cast made this series more than the decade did. I really loved this show. It was endearing, cutting edge, heartbreaking, crude and FUNNY all at the same time. Well rounded, ensemble cast, but in my opinion Topher Grace was the backbone of the seies. - danalana You can tell a lot of heart and effort was put into the production of this show. It's a show you can watch at anytime, in any state of mind. I remember it being a popular show back in the mid 00's but not many people tend to recognize its greatness today. The show definitely declined after Ashton Kutcher and Topher Grace left, but to me this doesn't detract from the overall quality of the 8-season run. Deffinatly one of the most underrated sitcoms and tv shows of all time. Not just funny, but it also takes a truely great idea and writing in order to take a cast with only a couple experienced actors, and turn them all into popular icons, and actors, as well as turning the show into a show loved by mostly everyone whos ever watched it. All-time favorite show. It captures the '70s, has great music & characters, and it has an incredible plot. I absolutely love this show so much. V 31 Comments 20 Gravity Falls Gravity Falls is an American animated television series produced by Disney Television Animation that first aired on Disney Channel, and then on Disney XD from June 15, 2012 to February 15, 2016. The series follows the adventures of Dipper Pines and his twin sister Mabel in the fictional town of Gravity ... read more . I love Friends, but all in all, Gravity Falls is undeniably my favorite show. I love it for so many reasons, so I'll just touch on a few. First of all, it has balance. It has mystery & the supernatural like the X-Files or Twin Peaks, but it also has humor like The Simpsons or Friends. It has outstanding character development, and every character has more than one side. The series-long love story (as all T.V. shows have) is actually interesting. (Blendin's Game! ) Dipper and Mabel have an awesome sibling relationship. They care about each other a lot, but also fight sometimes. The main cast has great chemistry with each other. There are countless outside references, making it a show for kids and adults. The humor is clever and mature, not random, gross, dorky, or childish. The graphics are unique but cool. Every episode works both on its own and as part of the series. The plots are well developed, and cleverly resolved, not solved deus ex machina. The episodes are thirty minutes, which ... more - Hajj This show is SO good. It needs to be in the Top 10. It appeals to both adults and kids, and has humor for all. Let me remind you that this is a kids show. A Disney Channel show at that. It has action, adventure, romance, suspense, humor and everything else you could need. The villains are amazing, especially Bill Cipher (who I will not reveal too much about due to spoilers). The show centers around Dipper and Mabel, two twelve year old twins who are sent to Gravity Falls to live with their Great uncle (Gruncle) Stan. Gruncle Stan owns the Mystery Shack, a locally-famous tourist trap. Two of the employees are Soos (dumb and lovable handyman) and Wendy (carefree and chill cashier, also Dipper's crush). Dipper goes into the woods and finds a mystical journal talking about the supernatural happenings of Gravity Falls. Only question, who wrote the journal? That is the recurring mystery as Dipper and Mabel try to discover his identity while experiencing the weirdness. Does this description ... more - TheWiseOne The best cartoon on the disney channel by far. Gravtiy falls is full of humor and it's amazing and full of lessons. And the characters. OH MY GOD THE CHARACTERS. THEY'RE PERFECT. I LOVE MABEL. SO WHY ISN'T THIS ON THE LIST!?!? Wow, this is like Heaven for me right now. People that like Gravity Falls AND Kim Possible? Yay! I thought I was the only one! BEST SHOW EVER! I just love the mystery	i don't know
By congressional resolution, Sam Wilson, of Troy, New York, a meat supplier for the Army during the War of 1812, is recognized as the progenitor of what famous American symbol?	American National Biography Online Click Print on your browser to print the article. Close this window to return to the ANB Online. Wilson, Samuel (13 Sept. 1766-31 July 1854), meat packer and inspiration for Uncle Sam, was born in Menotomy (now Arlington), Massachusetts, the seventh of thirteen children of Edward Wilson and Lucy Francis Wilson, farmers. Wilson grew up in Menotomy and on a farm near Mason, New Hampshire, where the family moved when he was fourteen years old. In February 1789 the twenty-two-year old Samuel Wilson and his older brother Ebenezer Wilson left home to seek their fortunes in Troy, New York, seven miles north of Albany. Within a year they were operating a successful brickyard, and four years later the brothers established a meatpacking operation as E. and S. Wilson, which became their primary business. In January 1797 Samuel Wilson married Betsey Mann, whom he had known for nearly a decade. They had four children, but only two survived. During the following decade several members of the extended Wilson and Mann families moved to Troy and found employment with the Wilson brothers' enterprises, which expanded to include their own dock, sloops for shipping produce down the Hudson River, and a farm to pasture animals awaiting slaughter. For brief periods the Wilsons were also involved in a distilling business, and they operated a grocery and dry goods store as Wilson and Mann. The affable Samuel Wilson was fond of being called "Uncle Sam" by his numerous nieces and nephews, and the practice probably extended to his employees and the townspeople. During the War of 1812 Elbert Anderson Jr. of New York City, contracted with the secretary of war to supply rations for troops in New York and New Jersey. In turn Anderson advertised for five thousand barrels of pork and beef to be delivered during the first four months of 1813, for which E. and S. Wilson became subcontractors. The barrels were duly stamped "E.A.--U.S.," a shorthand for Elbert Anderson, supplier to the United States, but this was not widely understood. When some workmen asked what the initials meant, according to an eyewitness account published in the New York Gazette on 12 May 1830, one jokester (sometimes identified as Jonas W. Gleason, a Wilson employee) replied that he did not know, unless it meant that the barrels belonged to Elbert Anderson and Uncle Sam. Lucius E. Wilson, one of Samuel Wilson's great-nephews, recalled in 1917 a slightly different version told to him by his father. Visitors to Troy asked about barrels awaiting shipment on the docks, and an Irishman provided the answer. When asked who was Uncle Sam, the man replied: "Why Uncle Sam Wilson. It is he who is feeding the army" (quoted in Ketchum, p. 23). The joke was repeated often enough in Troy, probably in various versions, that soon all provisions destined for government use were being called Uncle Sam's. Not long after this joke was told, the first references to Uncle Sam as a nickname for the United States appeared in print, providing circumstantial evidence of a connection between the two crucial incidents. Alton Ketchum identified a broadside in the Library of Congress, probably published during March 1813 in either Troy or Albany, New York, that included two mentions of Uncle Sam as standing for the United States. An article in the Troy Post on 7 September 1813 used Uncle Sam in a similar context and explained that the letters "U.S." on government wagons and property supposedly inspired that usage. The earliest images of Uncle Sam began appearing in newspapers during the 1830s, but the iconography varied with the artists. During the Civil War, Uncle Sam commonly took on many of the features of Abraham Lincoln, including his tall, lean figure and beard, but it was not until the 1870s that Thomas Nast's drawings of a bearded Uncle Sam with a top hat, stripped pants, and stars on his coat or shirt became standard. Perhaps the most famous Uncle Sam appeared in the James Montgomery Flagg I Want You for the U.S. Army recruiting poster of 1917. Wilson enjoyed a prosperous life after the War of 1812. The Wilson brickyard and meatpacking enterprises, including a second slaughterhouse at Catskill, New York, employed as many as two hundred workers. Wilson was also a popular Troy citizen, whose services with clubs, civic organizations, and public meetings were in constant demand. During the 1830s he became an ardent Democrat and outspoken supporter of Andrew Jackson. Wilson's health deteriorated during the 1840s, and he died at his home in Troy during a cholera epidemic. Wilson was buried in Mount Ida Cemetery and later was reinterred at Troy's Oakwood Cemetery, where there is a commemorative brass plaque. Wilson's enduring legacy rests on his tenuous connection with the genesis of Uncle Sam rather than any specific accomplishment of his own. Even so the U.S. Congress felt obliged to make the association official when Uncle Sam came under attack during the Cold War. In the Joint Resolution of 15 September 1961, Congress recognized "'Uncle Sam' Wilson, of Troy, New York, as the progenitor of America's national symbol of 'Uncle Sam.'" On 9 September 1989 the city of Troy erected a monument in the likeness to Uncle Sam at the entrance to Riverfront Park. Bibliography An authoritative biography of Wilson is Alton Ketchum, Uncle Sam: The Man and the Legend (1959). Most subsequent popular articles and references, including those on numerous Web sites, appear to be derived primarily from Ketchum's work. Ketchum's "Search for Uncle Sam," History Today, Apr. 1990, pp. 20-26, provides a succinct updated account of Wilson's life and the derivation of Uncle Sam. See also "Troy, New York--Home of Uncle Sam" at home.nycap.rr.com/content/us_troy.html. An obituary in the Albany Evening Journal, 1 Aug. 1854, was excerpted in the New York Evening Post, 1 Aug. 1854, and the New York Daily Tribune, 4 Aug. 1854. Emil Pocock	Uncle Sam
Which US Mint, which stamps its' coins with the letter S, was created on July 3, 1854 by an act of Congress?	Truesee's Daily Wonder Truesee's Daily Wonder Truesee presents the weird, wild, wacky and world news of the day. Thursday, September 30, 2010 Poll: Support for Clinton in 2012 MJ LEE \| 09/30/10 3:06 PM AP Photo About one-third of Democrats say they would support Hillary Clinton if she challenged President Obama in 2012, according to a Gallup poll. http://www.gallup.com/poll/143318/Obama-Clinton-2012-Democratic-Nomination.aspx?utm_source=alert&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=syndication&utm_content=morelink&utm_term=Politics Clinton, the secretary of state, has been asked if she would seek the Democratic nomination by reporters who note that some independents and disaffected Democrats are leaving Obama’s ranks. But she has said she has no interest in running. According to the poll, 32 percent of Democrats say they would back her, while 52 percent say they would stick with Obama. Among conservatives, more respondents actually said they would pick Clinton – 48 percent, while 41 percent chose Obama. Chad Ochocinco cereal box connects with sex line Misprinted phone number was supposed to reach children's charity September 30, 2010 CINCINNATI - Boxes of Chad Ochocinco cereal are being removed from Kroger store shelves after a phone number on the package meant to direct consumers to a children’s charity connects callers to an explicit phone sex line. The number on the boxes, 1-800-HELP-FTC, connects callers to a seductive-sounding woman’s voice and music. She teases in shocking detail and then asks for a debit or credit card number: “You must be 18 or older to get into this party, baby!” A portion of proceeds from the official, limited edition cereal of the Bengals wide receiver goes to Feed The Children organization. According to their website, the correct number is 1-888-HELP-FTC. A spokesman for the Oklahoma City-based Feed The Children conceded the error appears to be the organization's mistake, one they are working to fix. "We didn't even know the other number existed," said Tony Sellars, company spokesman. Robert Bailey, president of Rosenhaus Sports, which represents Ochocinco, said Ochocinco expects the correct number will appear on new cereal boxes. "We greatly regret the mistake and the trouble it has caused, but Chad himself was in no way involved in this error,'' Bailey said. In the Bengals locker room on Thursday with a box of the cereal still featured prominently in his locker, Ochocinco apologized over the flap and called it “an honest mistake” while hoping some good could come out of it. “I’ve been part of the organization and been doing things to help bring awareness to the causes. Having the cereal was another way,” Ochocinco said. “Anyone I’ve affected I really do apologize. Some people got a laugh out of it, others are upset. “It’s a little bit of a negative but it sheds a positive light on what I’m doing. They have to get the right number 1-888-Help FTC. Not 800. If you dial 800 you’re on your own.” Ochocinco also said he would take the blame for not noticing the wrong number and also said that it probably had not been noticed until now because people were donating online instead of using the toll-free number. “In a positive light, it’s bringing more attention not just to Feed the Children and the cereal but also myself. I hope people do understand it’s something good,” he said. Kroger workers began pulling the boxes of Ochocincos from shelves Thursday morning and were trying to reach the supplier, PLB Sports of Pittsburgh. “Of course, we don’t want the message to get lost. The idea was to support the children,” said James Avant, an assistant advertising manager and a company spokesman. “(But) with that mistake, the wrong number, it’s just in the best interests to pull the boxes.” Tara Sand of Reading said her family made the discovery Wednesday night when her sister-in-law called the number on speaker phone. The family was interested in perhaps donating to the children’s charity. “That’s when we heard the lovely sex line that was on there,” Sand, 28, said sarcastically Thursday. “Needless to say, I thought she had dialed the wrong number. We quickly turned it off because our daughter, Lexi, who is 9, was looking at us with lots of questions on her face.” Sand said her husband redialed the number to make sure – and came up with the sex line again. So she called her mother – and her mother said her cereal box also listed the same wrong number. “We were quite astonished,” Sand said. She hopes the incident won’t negatively reflect on the Cincinnati Bengals, or Ochocinco. “The thing that is most disappointing about this is nobody wants bad press,” she said. “(Ochocinco) may be a celebrity, but he’s obviously endorsing Feed the Children. I imagine he would have no idea this happened. It looks bad. It looks bad for the Bengals. It looks bad for Chad. It looks bad for Feed the Children. People calling to make a donation getting a sex line, that’s not the greatest thing in the world.” The low fat, honey nut, toasted oat cereal -- called Ochocincos -- went on sale earlier this month at the Newport Kroger store. The store manager at the Newport Kroger store was horrified when an Enquirer reporter notified him of the mix-up Thursday morning. “What! Are you kidding?” responded manager Eric Harmon. “We have a huge display of that.” Ochocinco did put a funny spin on the situation, saying: “Remember, this was made in Pittsburgh. Something isn’t right.” Joe Reedy contributed to this report. Murrieta Man Sues Landlord Over Stolen Marijuana Plants Court records show about $35,000 worth of plants were stolen JOSH STEINER Updated 1:30 PM PDT, Wed, Sep 29, 2010 AP A Murrieta man is suing his landlord over stolen marijuana crops worth $35,000. Gary Hite said that the break-in was due to the landlord's failure to secure the building after an earlier burglary. Hite is suing for negligence and breach of contract. Hite said that a neighboring unit was broken into in May, leaving the door damaged and unlocked. The landlord, Krista Hundley, apparently examined the damage, however did not do anything further, according to the lawsuit. On June 7, burglars entered the damaged unit and smashed through Hite's drywall. LOOK Meet the MET: Marijuana Eradication Team "Having torn through the interior wall, the thieves then tore through the premises and stole 35 mature marijuana plants," according to the complaint. Murrieta police said that Hite's operation was illegal and he had been fined thousands of dollars in various safety violations. The Press-Enterprise reported that records said Hite has been renting the building since February and was growing the plants for medicinal purposes. Hite claimed that 35 plants worth about $1,000 each were stolen, the PE reported. Metro Atlanta / State News 6:01 p.m. Tuesday, September 28, 2010 Former President Carter to spend night in Cleveland hospital Ty Tagami, Kristi E. Swartz and Craig Schneider The Atlanta Journal-Constitution President Jimmy Carter will spend the night in a Cleveland hospital after suffering from an upset stomach while aboard a Delta flight. Carter, 85, was taken to Metro Health Hospital "for observation," his spokesperson, Deanna Congileo, said. He will remain there overnight at the recommendation of his doctor, and plans to resume his book tour Wednesday in Washington, she said. “Upon further examination, by Metro Health Medical Center physicians, it was determined that former U.S. President Jimmy Carter would be admitted to the hospital for continued observation,” hospital spokeswoman Shannon Mortland said. “He is fully alert and participating in all decision making related to his care. The decision to admit him overnight is purely precautionary.” Carter was rushed to the hospital after his plane was met by paramedics in Cleveland. He had complained of an upset stomach. Jimmy Carter’s grandson, state Sen. Jason Carter, said the family understands that Carter is doing fine and they are not overly concerned. “My understanding is that he is doing fine,” Jason Carter said. “I think it’s a stomach bug.” Jason Carter said his grandfather’s general health is “fantastic.” “He’s in great health. He gets good medical care and lots of attention,” he said. Carter, a native of Plains, Ga., served as the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981. He was Georgia's 76th governor, from 1971 to 1975. During a stop Tuesday at a restaurant in Albuquerque, President Barack Obama told reporters he planned to call Carter as soon as he gets to Air Force One for his trip to Wisconsin later in the day. Carter has been traveling to promote his new book, "White House Diary." His appearance at Joseph-Beth Booksellers has been canceled today, disappointing 600 people who were waiting to hear him speak about his book, said general manager Ken Dickens. The former president’s visit will be rescheduled, he said. Carter was arriving on Delta flight 5214 at 11:20 a.m. when the pilot called airport officials to alert them that the plane had a passenger who was feeling sick, said Todd Payne, chief of marketing at Cleveland Hopkins International Airport. The airport deployed its "airport rescue firefighting squad," a paramedic response team. He said Carter was conscious when he exited the plane. "They assessed his medical condition and dispatched him to Metro Health Hospital in Cleveland," Payne said. "He was not feeling well." 2,772 people could be eligible for 'crack tax' refunds in TN Class-action lawsuit could benefit those who paid drug levy Brian Haas • THE TENNESSEAN • September 28, 2010 When Williamson County Sheriff Ricky Headley was busted for illegal prescription pills, the state taxed him $13,000 on the value of those drugs. Headley paid the tax, resigned as sheriff, pleaded guilty to four drug counts and one count of official misconduct, and got just under five years' probation. Then, he got his money back. Plus interest. "I got every penny back," said his Nashville lawyer, David Raybin. Tennesseans in a slow trickle have requested and gotten refunds from the state since the Tennessee Supreme Court struck down the so-called crack tax law in 2009. The state Department of Revenue has refunded $3.7 million to 161 people, but 2,772 people who paid the tax have not gotten any money back. The law required people who bought or sold illicit drugs to buy a tax stamp for the amount of drugs they had. If they didn't, state agents seized their property and raided their bank accounts until the state got whatever amount was owed. "Most of them just don't know, and the state doesn't have any intention of letting them know, that they're eligible for a full refund," said Columbia attorney John Colley, who is leading a class-action lawsuit that would allow attorneys to identify and notify all people who paid the tax while it was still on the books. Critics called the law absurd, but it went into effect in 2005. It didn't take long for the state to go after drug suspects. Attorneys rattle off horror stories of surprise seizures with revenue agents chasing people down. "They've broken children's piggy banks. They've taken properties that have been in families for generations," said Knoxville attorney Philip Lomonaco, the attorney who got the law struck down. "They've actually chased people down at the courthouse to get gold chains. It's ruthless." Though the public may have little sympathy for drug dealers and users, the tax seizures typically came before a suspect was even convicted. The state took $30,000 from one of Lomonaco's clients before he was convicted on a marijuana charge, and the man lost his house. The state Supreme Court struck the law down in July 2009 as unconstitutional, saying the legislature overstepped its taxing authority. Basically, drug dealers and users didn't fit into the category of "merchants" or "peddlers" under state law, so they couldn't be taxed. By that time, the state had collected $10.3 million from people. And every person who paid was eligible for a refund. "Before the sun set on the Cumberland, I was filing claims," Raybin said. "I've been filing claims left and right, and they will give you a refund as long as you fall within certain parameters." If Colley's class-action suit is successful before the state Supreme Court, everyone who paid the crack tax will receive a notice that they could be eligible for a refund. If it fails, they're on their own, and some who paid the crack tax — namely those who paid in 2005 and 2006 — won't be able to get refunds because the statute of limitations has passed. The Supreme Court has not yet said whether it will hear the case. Legislators in May passed a new version of the crack tax. The new law, which took effect July 1, targets only cases that involve drugs worth $10,000 or more. It also redefines drug dealers to be considered "merchants," like any other business in the state, and therefore taxable. "We really didn't define what a dealer was," said state Rep. Charles Curtiss, D-Sparta, who helped sponsor the original and the new crack tax legislation. "We were making an assumption when we caught someone with X amount of marijuana or X amount of drugs that they were selling it." Curtiss said the new law was drafted with input from the Tennessee attorney general's office to make it more resistant to challenges. So far, nobody has been assessed the new tax. But attorneys are predicting a similar outcome the second time around once the tax agents come knocking. "I don't think there's any way to make this kind of law constitutional," Colley said. 911 calls can cross line into wackiness Drunken dialing, mental confusion, can prompt frivolous calls Boynton Beach 911 Communications Supervisor Brian McNevin monitors 911 calls and police and fire department dispatching from his communication terminal. (MARK RANDALL, Sun entinel / September 8, 2010) Robert Nolin, Sun Sentinel 3:21 p.m. EDT, September 23, 2010 The voice, gravelly and slightly slurred, came over the 911 line. "I want to talk to somebody in drug enforcement," it demanded. "This woman, she took my booze from me. She took my bottle of booze and I want it back." For more than 20 minutes, Ronald Ernest Jones, 60, of Pompano Beach, badgered emergency dispatchers over a claim his landlady had stolen his liquor. In Delray Beach, Benjamin Dewer, 26, twice called 911 in the early morning hours. "I need a ride and I am hungry," he told dispatchers. Both cases resulted in arrests for abuse of an emergency line, a first-degree misdemeanor punishable by up to a year in jail and a $1,000 fine. They also represent a perpetual problem that can stem from loneliness, mental confusion, anger or drunken dialing: Sad and wacky calls from folks who risk arrest by dialing 911 when they don't have an emergency. Such calls may annoy dispatchers, but they are only a small portion of the 240 million 911 calls received nationally each year. The Broward Sheriff's Office fields 2.5 million 911 calls annually, half of those non-emergency ones. In Palm Beach County, the Sheriff's Office handles about 1 million calls a year, and 30 percent to 40 percent are non-emergency ones. Of those non-emergency calls, officials say, harassing or troublesome calls are a small percentage. "We do have the frivolous 911 calls: 'I can't find my remote control.' 'Can you tell me when the electricity's going to come back on?' " said Robin Schmidt, communications manager for the Palm Beach Count Sheriff's Office. "Some people just get confused. A lot of them, they are either intoxicated or on drugs." Others just don't seem to understand the concept of 911: call only in case of emergency. Like the woman who last year called three times to complain a Fort Pierce McDonald's had run out of Chicken McNuggets. Or the St. Petersburg men who called multiple times, one seeking someone to have sex with him, the other complaining his mom had taken his beer away. All three were arrested, but that only happens in extreme cases of 911 abuse. "We generally try to educate people and inform them that their call is not an emergency," said Jim Leljedal, spokesman for the Broward Sheriff's Office. "It's when we have these outrageous abuses that you have to take action." For Broward dispatchers, who handle 22 cities and 17 fire departments, many of the oddball calls come from kids. "We get those every day, when kids pick up the phone and dial 911 just on a dare or to see what happens," Leljedal said. "What happens is they get a lecture from a deputy." Many non-emergency calls are innocent misuse, rather than abuse, of the system. "You get people who call and ask what time it is. Lonely old people want conversation," said Kim Rubio, Broward Sheriff's Office communications manager. "Sometimes you get cuckoo birds that call you all the time and make all sorts of false claims." Dispatchers use discretion and a case-by-case assessment. Usually they will gently inform the caller that 911 is reserved for emergencies and direct them to a non-emergency line. "You will have mental conditions in people that cause them to call 911," Rick Jones, operation issues director for the National Emergency Number Association, said from his Rockford, Ill., office. "Others misuse or just repeatedly call it." When that happens, dispatchers often will assign an officer to investigate. "If they're calling more than two or three times we'll send somebody out there," said Rubio. Officers typically will impress upon the caller that it's illegal to dial 911 capriciously. If the caller still persists, an arrest is imminent. "Those should be prosecuted to the fullest extent," said Stephen O'Conor, president of the emergency number association and assistant communications manager for West Palm Beach police. "There is a possibility that they could jeopardize others" by tying up 911 lines. Emergency lines usually are sufficient enough to capture all incoming calls, even if one dispatcher is busy dealing with a junk call. The strain on the system can come when officers' time is spent dealing with a troublesome caller rather than more important matters. Curiously, many people, often the elderly, won't call 911 when they should, fearful of monopolizing an emergency line. "A lot of these people that have true emergencies are spending time looking up the non-emergency number," Rubio said. Other times folks will call about a perceived emergency, such as the older woman who wanted paramedics to help uncap her pill bottle. But what constitutes a true emergency can be subjective, and dispatchers must err on the side of caution. "For an elderly person living alone, a lot of little things could be an emergency," Leljedal said. "If an elderly woman living alone can't open her own medicine bottle, there's probably a need there for social services." As long as folks drink, and as long as 911 remains easy to access, emergency professionals say, crank calls will be dialed in. But it's all part of the system. "The good that we do certainly outweighs the inconvenience of having to respond to nonessential calls," O'Conor said. "You have to take the bad with the good." LINK TO TOP 911 CALLS AND PHOTOS Those born on September 27th September 27th people are taken up with the puzzling and paradoxical nature of life. At first glance they would seem to be outgoing and generally normal enough, but the deeper one digs into their personalities the more hidden foibles one uncovers. September 27th people usually function very well in real terms or in the eyes of others but may nonetheless be plagued by doubts or insecurities. perhaps this comes as a result of experiencing too much of themselves and in their quest for perfection they have a tendency to act like a hero or martyr but may grow depressed over their inability to completely live up to the impossibility of the high goals they have set. If those born on this day could lower their standards a bit, or be more accepting of their human failings, they would indeed be much happier, but perhaps less exceptional. Those born on this day generally possess great versatility and enjoy exploring all aspects of their work and related pursuits. They are highly appreciative by nature and like to be appreciated themselves. Hard workers, they operate well under pressure and usually possess a large measure of professional cool. Too often this detachment which they practice never ending in their professional life becomes an obstruction to their private life. Those born on the 27th of the month are ruled by the number 9(2+7=9 and they have the ability to influence those around them. Advice: Try not to withdraw into your shell so much, learn to be more trusting and accepting. Have faith in your natural abilities. We all make mistakes that’s why we are human. What are you afraid of? Happiness is available, even for you, too if you can stand it. Weaknesses: Oversensitive, insecure and withdrawn Born on This Day: Samuel Adams, Mike Schmidt, William Conrad and Red Rodney Famous Inventions: 1977 Anacleto Montero Sanchez received a patent for a hypodermic syringe. This Day in History: Sep 27, 1779: John Adams appointed to negotiate peace terms with British On this day in 1779, the Continental Congress appoints John Adams to travel to France as minister plenipotentiary in charge of negotiating treaties of peace and commerce with Great Britain during the Revolutionary War. THE ASSOCIATED PRESS Photo by: Elise Amendola Bob Svensson, 80, is hooked up to a blood infusion machine under the care of nurse Nancy Grant at the American Red Cross in Dedham, Mass., as he undergoes a $93,000 prostate cancer treatment. Svensson is honest about why he got it insurance paid. "I would not spend that money," because the benefit doesn't seem worth it. BOSTON -- Cancer patients, brace yourselves. Many new drug treatments cost nearly $100,000 per year, sparking fresh debate about how much a few months more of life are worth. The latest is Provenge, a first-of-a-kind therapy approved in April. It costs $93,000 per year and adds four months' survival, on average, for men with incurable prostate tumors. Bob Svensson is honest about why he got it -- insurance paid. "I would not spend that money," because the benefit doesn't seem worth it, says Svensson, 80, a former corporate finance officer from Bedford, Mass. His supplemental Medicare plan is paying while the government decides whether basic Medicare will cover Provenge and for whom. The tab for taxpayers could be huge -- prostate is the most common cancer in American men. Most of those who have it will be eligible for Medicare, and Provenge will be an option for many late-stage cases. A meeting to consider Medicare coverage is set for Nov. 17. For the past decade, new cancer-fighting drugs have been topping $5,000 per month. Only a few of these keep cancer in remission so long that they are, need help? Even as new cancer treatments offer hope for some, their cost is out of reach for many. Here is a list of places from which to seek help: * Genentech: www.Genentech AccessSolutions.com * Patient Advocate Foundation, 800-532-5274 www.patientadvocate.org * CancerCare, 866-552-6729 www.cancercarecopay.org * Chronic Disease Fund, 877-968-7233 www.cdfund.org * Healthwell Foundation, 800-675-8416 www.healthwellfoundation.org * Leukemia & Lymphoma Society, 877-557-2672 www.LLS.org/copay * National Organization for Rare Disorders 800-999-6673 www.rarediseases.org * Patient Access Network Foundation, 866-316-7263 www.panfoundation.org * Patient Advocate Foundation, 866-512-3861 www.copays.org * Patient Services Inc., 800-366-7741 www. patientservicesinc.org in effect, cures. For most people, the drugs may buy a few months or years. Insurers usually pay if Medicare pays. But some people have lifetime caps and more people are uninsured because of job layoffs in the recession. Unlike drugs that people can try for a month or two and keep using only if they keep responding, Provenge is an all-or-nothing $93,000 gamble. It's a one-time treatment to train the immune system to fight prostate tumors, the first so-called cancer vaccine. Part of why it costs so much is that it's not a pill cranked out in a lab, but a treatment that is individually prepared, using each patient's cells and a protein found on most prostate cancer cells. When is a drug considered cost-effective? The most widely quoted figure is $50,000 for a year of life, "though it has been that for decades -- never really adjusted -- and not written in stone," said Dr. Harlan Krumholz, a Yale University expert on health care costs. Many cancer drugs are way over that mark. Estimates of the cost of a year of life gained for lung cancer patients on Erbitux range from $300,000 to as much as $800,000, said Dr. Len Lichtenfeld, the American Cancer Society's deputy chief medical officer. Higher costs seem to be more accepted for cancer treatment than for other illnesses, but there's no rule on how much is too much, he said. Those born on September 26th Those born on September 26th are perfectionists who know that there is only one way to get something right by doing it over and over again. Like the man who was asked the way to Carnegie Hall and replied, practice these are indeed people who believe that practice makes perfect. Technically oriented, striving to perfect the art of their craft, they know how to achieve their goals, but also have a gift for teaching others. If not by precept then by example. They can be a tremendous inspiration to those who admire them. Characteristically, September 26th people put their faith in logic and value its application in everyday life. They also feel that few technical problems in their field cannot be solved through the application of rational principles. September 26th people tend to be complex personalities, somewhat difficult to fathom. ( ) Most September 26 people have a wonderful sense of humor, but one that can be overlooked, due to its subtle irony. They are intense, well directed and hard driving. They are ruled by the number 8(2 +6=8) Those ruled by the number 8 build their careers slowly and carefully, this is also true for finances and personal affairs. They are warm hearted people. Advice: let up a bit in your intensity it can really put others off. Be the student as well as the teacher. Sometimes mistakes are necessary, perfection may not be the highest goal. Develop a more relaxed side. Occasionally allow yourself to vegetate. Strengths:Technical, influential and persistent Weaknesses: Obsessive, compulsive and secretive Born on This Day: George Gershwin, Martin Heidegger, Olivia Newton John and Lynn Anderson Famous Inventions: 1961 Patent for an aerial capsule (satellite) emergency separation device was obtained by Maxime Faget and Andre Meyer. This Day In History: Sep 26, 1960: First Kennedy-Nixon debate For the first time in U.S. history, a debate between major party presidential candidates is shown on television. The presidential hopefuls, John F. Kennedy, a Democratic senator of Massachusetts, and Richard M. Nixon, the vice president of the United States, met in a Chicago studio to discuss U.S. domestic matters. Tot killed 'over his ABCs' in B'klyn LARRY CELONA, JOE WALKER and SABRINA FORD Last Updated: 8:00 AM, September 26, 2010 Posted: 2:43 AM, September 26, 2010 A Brooklyn toddler who had trouble reciting his ABCs was pummeled to death by his mother's "abusive" boyfriend in an attack so horrific it left the walls spattered with blood, police sources said. Aiyden Davis, who would have turned 3 next month, had previously been beaten by his mother, Theresa Davis, 27, who whipped him with a belt, the sources said. She and her boyfriend, Reggie Williams, 31, allegedly told cops they would hit the boy if he acted up, cried or wouldn't eat. The tot, who had old and new bruises on his face, legs and back, died of blunt impact injuries to his head, torso and extremities around 10:30 p.m. Friday, shortly after he was found battered in his Bedford-Stuyvesant apartment. He also had a lacerated liver and internal bleeding. Theodore Parisienne INNOCENT VICTIM: A day after the death of Aiyden Davis, 2, his devastated aunt, Pamela, is comforted in Brooklyn. "He was very lovable," said Aiyden's devastated aunt, Pamela Davis. "I'm looking at all his toys, his scooter, he was very loved." Williams was charged with murder in Friday's attack. Theresa Davis was charged with assault, endangering the welfare of a child and weapons possession for the prior assaults, the sources said. Williams was trusted to baby-sit Aiyden for the first time Friday -- and allegedly became violent with the boy just because he had trouble reciting the alphabet. "He was like, 'I just spanked him because he was messing up his ABCs,' " said Pamela, 44, recalling the second of three check-up calls she made at 6:45 p.m. Pamela, who usually watched the boy while his mother worked as a security guard, was worried because "I didn't hear him in the background. "Normally, he's yelling, 'Auntie!' because he wants to get on the phone with me." When she called again at 8:45 p.m., Williams -- known on the streets at "Reggie 101" -- mysteriously blubbered: "I'm so sorry, P., I'm so sorry," but gave no reason for the apology. "Now I understand why he was saying that," said the devastated aunt. "I hope they give him life," she said of Williams. "I'm going to be in court every time they tell me he's in court." Pamela Davis, who lives in Harlem, said Aiyden told her last weekend: "Reggie hit me and mama." Theresa Davis denied it. "I would ask, 'Is he abusing you?' And she would say, 'No, no, everything's fine,' " Pamela said. "She didn't want to face the truth. "It's my fault -- I should have made her bring him to me," she said. "I didn't baby-sit him one day in two years, and now he's dead." Aiyden was found breathing but "not responsive" at 9:50 p.m., when a man called 911 asking for help, police said. The child was throwing up when EMS arrived, the sources said. Crime-scene investigators spent yesterday combing through the apartment, where Williams had just moved in. A neighbor said she frequently heard Williams yelling at the boy. "He was always screaming at him and cursing," said neighbor Nikcole Palmer, 34. "He was bad news." Davis said her niece had a clean record and had previously spent about a year in a battered-woman's shelter. An Administration for Children's Services spokesman said Theresa Davis had no history with the agency. 'Pulpit Freedom Sunday' to Defy IRS Pastors Across the U.S. Say They Will Defy Law and Talk Politics Sept. 25, 2010 Nearly 100 pastors across the country planned to take part in Pulpit Freedom Sunday, an in-your-face challenge Sunday to what the government says can and cannot be said in church. This Sunday, 100 U.S. pastors, including seven from Tennessee, will stand before their congregations and break the law, on purpose. (Image Source/Getty Images) The pastors, along with the Scottsdale, Ariz.-based nonprofit Alliance Defense Fund, are reacting to a law stating that churches are not allowed to support politicians from the pulpit, according to the ADF. The growing trend is a challenge to the IRS from the churches, and may jeopardize their all-important tax-exempt status. But some pastors and church leaders said they are willing to defy the law to defending their right to freedom of speech. Federal tax law, established in 1954, prohibits churches and tax exempt entities from endorsing or opposing political candidates. Those born on September 25th Those born on September 25th lie in a curious relationship with their society. On the one hand they are dependent on it for sustenance, and ultimately their success. On the other hand they are often openly critical of it and capable or ironically exposing its faults. In doing so they may actually show how the social fabric around them can be improved thus their apparent negativity or probing evaluations can lead to positive results. Oddly enough, outside of their local sphere, those born on this day may be seen as living symbols of the area from which they come, so closely are identified with it in the minds of others. Yet no one will be more keenly aware and critical of their neighborhood, town, city, state or country than they. Their relations, then, with the home place is interestingly symbiotic, a kind of sharing that can be at once advantageous and disadvantageous for both parties. September 25th people are imaginative but at the same time very precise and exacting. Perfectionists, they generally go over their work repeatedly in order to catch mistakes and shore up weaknesses. The demands they make on others are no different from what they ask of themselves. Interestingly enough, although they so often indulge in criticism of their social group they do not react well to the criticism of that group my outsiders; in fact they can become defensive at times. Those born on the 25th day of the month is ruled by the number 7 (2+5=7) and enjoy change and travel but they generally prefer staying closer to home. Advice: Your tendency to be share or critical get you in trouble. Remember that words can hurt worse than blows. Try to be open about what you are feeling. Don’t count yourself off from life. Strengths: Hard working, goal oriented and determined. Weaknesses: Closed, insensitive and unforgiving Born on This Day: William Faulkner, Michael Douglas, Luke Skywalker and Bob McAdoo Famous Inventions: 1959 The song "Do-Re-Mi" from the "Sound of Music" by Rodger and Hammerstein was registered. 1956 The first transatlantic telephone cable went into operation. This Day in History: Sep 25, 1957 Central High School integrated Under escort from the U.S. Army's 101st Airborne Division, nine black students enter all-white Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas. Three weeks earlier, Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus had surrounded the school with National Guard troops to prevent its federal court-ordered racial integration. After a tense standoff, President Dwight D. Eisenhower federalized the Arkansas National Guard and sent 1,000 army paratroopers to Little Rock to enforce the court order. Saturday, September 25th 2010, 9:46 AM PoolPresident Barack Obama isn't impressed by the GOP's "Pledge to America" plan which was unveile by House Republican Leader John Boehner (below) on Thursday. SAUL LOEB to America" Saturday as nothing but a plan to continue "disastrous" policies of the George W. Bush administration. The pledge, which Republicans unveiled Thursday, aims to slash government spending and cut taxes, as well as repeal Obama's health care overhaul and economic stimulus program. The pledge is "an echo of a disastrous decade we can't afford to relive," Obama said in his weekly Internet address. "It is grounded in same worn-out philosophy: cut taxes for millionaires and billionaires; cut the rules for Wall Street and the special interests; and cut the middle class loose to fend for itself. That's not a prescription for a better future," Obama said. Late Thursday, Senate Democrats delayed a vote on whether to extend Bush-era tax cuts or let them expire at the end of the year until after November's midterm elections. Both Democrats and Republicans blamed each other for the political gridlock ahead of the pivotal election in which the GOP is expected to make major gains in both the House and Senate. The plan's timing is reminiscent of the "Contract with America," which the GOP rolled out just weeks before 1994 midterm elections where the party took control of the House and held power until 2006. In response to Obama's comments, Republicans shot back, calling their plan a "new agenda." "It offers a new way forward that hasn't been tried in Washington - an approach focused on cutting spending - which is sadly a new idea for a Congress accustomed to always accelerating it," Rep. Kevin McCarthy (R-Calif.) said. DAILY NEWS STAFF WRITER Friday, September 24th 2010, 12:35 PM HOApril Newcomb, 39, was arrested in Florida after she was caught on video egging on her daughter to fight another student in Palmetto. Mama said, knock you out. The mother of a Florida teen was arrested and charged with child abuse after she egged on her daughter to fight another student in front of a cheering audience. April Newcomb, 39, was arrested by the Manatee County Sheriff's Office on Wednesday after someone in the crowd posted a video of the catfight on YouTube, said Dave Bristow, a spokesman from the sheriff's office, to the Daily News. During the fight, which seemed to be planned, Newcomb is seen in a crowd of spectators last Friday. She is heard yelling at her daughter, "Don't f------ stop!" "It's very disturbing," Bristow said. "You just shake your head and say, ‘Really, this happened?'" "We've all seen videos of kids fighting, but to have a parent there, that's what pushed us over the edge. She egged on her daughter, did nothing to stop it." Bristow said the dispute was over an old boyfriend. In a police report, Newcomb said, "We were both wrong and I understand that," referring to herself and her daughter. "And I understand where y'all are coming from. I think, unfortunately, it was going to happen no matter what." Newcomb will face up to five years behind bars. Suspected shoplifter dies after Ikea parking lot accident 22-year-old dies after car rammed into pole in White Marsh Jessica Anderson and Yeganeh June Torbati The Baltimore Sun 3:58 PM EDT, September 24, 2010 A 22-year-old Baltimore woman — who police say was caught shoplifting Thursday — died after her vehicle ran into a pole in the White Marsh Mall parking lot, Baltimore County police said. According to police spokesman Lt. Robert McCullough, Lauren Nicole Turner of 1100 block of Ramblewood Road was caught shoplifting at the Ikea in the 8300 block of Honeygo Boulevard in White Marsh at 11:15 a.m. Thursday. Workers took her name and released her from the store. Around noon, the spokesman said, Turner "was observed driving at a high rate of speed" in the Sears parking lot of the mall, which is next to the Ikea store. The 22-year-old was ejected from the car, a Volkswagen Beetle with Virginia tags, after it ran into a concrete light base. Turner died on the scene. The crash is being investigated by the Baltimore County crash team, McCullough said. Those born on September 24th Those born on September 24th are wanderers by nature and therefore either love to travel, or are somehow driven to do so. This theme of wandering or travel in their lives usually takes a real form, but can also be a metaphor for mental and emotional adventures as well. Reading, thinking, dreaming, traveling both physically and psychical wandering these are the kinds of activities which interest those born on this day. Some September 24thpeople travel when young and later commit appears to be a settled existence. Others get bitten by the bug in their middle years and are capable of doing everything for the call of the road. Most September 24thpeoplenever completely settle down, even though it may be what they think they want most. Often they move on to the next place, person or project each time thinking that this is finally where they want to be for a long time. The more aware individuals born on this day usually come to realize that there is no real permanence for them and that their wanderings are due to continue for yet a while. In relationships and family matters, September 24thpeople may be difficult to please. They are not at all easygoing people to live with and demand lots of time to themselves. Their mates must understand their need for change and variety, and their often flirtations. Those born on the 24th day of the month are ruled by the number 6 (2+4=6, they are magnetic in attracting love and admiration. Often love becomes the dominant theme in the lives of those ruled by the number 6. Advice: Get your act together. Your unsettled life may be charming for a while but grow tiresome. Perhaps there are those who would like to depend on you more. Don’t be afraid to use your talents. Stick to one thing and take it all the way. Strengths: Imaginative, free spirited and giving Weaknesses: Nervous, unsettled and neurotic Born on This Day: F. Scott Fitzgerald, Patrick Kelley, Mean Joe Greene and Joseph Kennedy Famous Inventions: 1877 Fire destroyed many models in the Patent Office, but the important records were saved. 1852 A new invention, the dirigible or airship was first demonstrated. This Day in History: Sep 24, 1789 The First Supreme Court The Judiciary Act of 1789 is passed by Congress and signed by President George Washington, establishing the Supreme Court of the United States as a tribunal made up of six justices who were to serve on the court until death or retirement. That day, President Washington nominated John Jay to preside as chief justice, and John Rutledge, William Cushing, John Blair, Robert Harrison, and James Wilson to be associate justices. On September 26, all six appointments were confirmed by the U.S. Senate. Axelrod to exit White House in 2011 to work on Obama reelection David Axelrod, a top advisor to the president, will remain in his current post 'well into 2011.' He's long made it clear he misses his hometown of Chicago. Peter Nicholas, Tribune Washington Bureau September 23, 2010\|3:54 p.m. Reporting from Washington — David Axelrod, a top advisor to President Obama and the main architect of his election victory in 2008, will be leaving the White House next year and returning to Chicago to work on the president's reelection campaign, a White House aide said Thursday. Axelrod has not specified a departure date, but he plans to remain in his current position "well into 2011,'' the aide said. Axelrod, who calls himself a "Chicagoan on assignment,'' has long made clear he missed his hometown and would return before the end of the four-year term. His wife still lives in the city. One of Obama's most trusted aides, Axelrod occupies a small office just steps from the Oval Office. On a wall in Axelrod's office hangs a picture of the White House drawn by his daughter. The Chicago skyline is shown in the reflecting pool. His portfolio is a broad one. He shapes the president's message, oversees the speechwriting team, plots political strategy and advises on policy. A longtime campaign strategist, he is aware of his limitations when it comes to complex policy matters. He once made a self-deprecating reference to himself as "a duffer'' when it comes to policy. Other White House aides said part of Axelrod's role was reminding the staff of the president's campaign commitments and making sure that the White House agenda stayed true to Obama's promises. White House Chief of Staff Rahm Emanuel, a pragmatist when it comes to policy matters, once described the difference between himself and Axelrod as "prose" versus "poetry." Obama's political viability, though, is one of Axelrod's preoccupations. Steven Rattner, the former "car czar" and author of a new book about the auto-industry bailout, described Axelrod as sitting in meetings discussing poll results showing the public's disdain for bailouts. Mustached, rumpled and paunchy, Axelrod is a popular figure in the White House. He plays basketball, and after a game, he occasionally shows up, sweaty and winded, at a local bar frequented by reporters. Axelrod is a former political reporter for the Chicago Tribune. The seven-member White House speechwriting team has described their daily conferences with Axelrod as a loose, creative exercise that is a high point in the day. But others administration figures are not so taken with Axelrod, often called "Axe'' for short. In the new book "Obama Wars,'' author Bob Woodward wrote that Gen. David Petraeus, who is leading the war in Afghanistan, once called Axelrod "a complete spin doctor.'' Though some White House aides tend to become part of the Washington culture, Axelrod is a holdout. He rented an apartment rather than buy a house, so as not to put down roots. On a snowy morning in Washington last year, he appeared on a TV talk show and was asked about the weather. "We call this a dusting in Chicago," he said, "I just want you to know." Wealth 101: How the rich get richer Company executive explains why he's way ahead of the game 3:40 PM EDT, September 22, 2010 Did you know that the rich have more money because the rich have more money? It's a fact of life. It's how the world works. I have been so enlightened by the vice president of a project management company with a global profile, a headquarters in Virginia, an office in Maryland, lots of government contracts and a listing on the New York Stock Exchange. The signature on his e-mail indicated a PhD, too, so he must know what he's talking about. I'll call him Doc for the purpose of this column. The other day, Doc was mulling my Sunday column about the rise in the nation's poverty rate, contrasted with all the whining we've been hearing about the possible expiration of the Bush-era tax cuts for the wealthiest Americans. The column examined the growth in the disparity in U.S. income levels since about 1980. It cited Congressional Budget Office numbers that showed, in one example, average after-tax incomes for the top 1 percent rising by 281 percent compared with 25 percent for the middle fifth of households and 16 percent for the bottom fifth. The recession certainly has pushed more Americans into poverty, but the trends have been there for three decades. Several readers, including a couple who run companies, wanted to set me straight about all this. They blamed the "global economy," too many college students getting worthless liberal arts degrees and the influx of immigrants for poverty's rise to levels not seen since the mid-1960s. Doc, however, climbed a different branch of the money tree — to the subject of wealth and its accumulation. "Having been pretty conscientious about saving and spending, my wife and I have amassed a pretty good retirement account," Doc wrote. "And what is so obvious to me, in tracking our progress, is that the more money you have, the more you make." Key word there: "Amassed." Whenever someone uses the word "amassed," you know they're talkin' serious paper. Doc didn't provide details, but I assume he and the missus are in the hundreds of thousands, if not millions, and I'm guessing he's still pulling down enough per year to be in the Obama administration's target group for more taxes. But his e-mail wasn't about that. Rather, it was an explanation for why the wealthy are wealthy: They have more money. And the more money you have, the more money you'll get. Are you following this at home? "Gaining 5 percent on $500K in a year increases your wealth by $25K while earning the same 5 percent on $5K gives another individual only $250 in that same year," Doc wrote. "That individual will never catch up. So seems to me the [disparity] is not a nefarious plot by the wealthy against the poor. It's simply a matter of how finances work in the world today." Oy vey, there's more: "My wife and I have been sufficiently frugal to have created a nice nest egg from which we hope to be able to have a very comfortable retirement in our later years. So the thought that we should be penalized through higher tax rates because of our financial accomplishments is a bit distressing." Distressing? Bush-era tax cuts already put more money at Doc's disposal and presumably helped him build his nest egg. Since 2004, an individual making between $200,000 and $499,999 would have saved an extra $54,707, according to the nonpartisan Tax Policy Center, while someone making between $20,000 and $29,999, would have saved $4,302 over those six years. So Doc is certainly right — when you're ahead of the game, you're ahead of the game and, barring calamity, you're probably going to stay there, even if your Bush-era tax cuts expire as you sip the Dom Perignon on New Year's Eve. "It would take a lot of social engineering to change our entire financial system in a way that would prevent the further accumulation of wealth by the wealthy," Doc says. I couldn't agree more. When do we start? Court upholds $12K bank overdraft fee ND's Supreme Court said bank acted reasonably Updated: Thursday, 23 Sep 2010, 8:06 AM EDT Published : Thursday, 23 Sep 2010, 8:06 AM EDT BISMARCK, N.D. (AP) - North Dakota's Supreme Court said a bank acted reasonably when it charged a customer almost $12,000 in overdraft fees. Lynette Cavett of Enderlin said the fees were "unconscionable." But a judge ruled the Quality Bank of Fingal disclosed the fees and Cavett paid them for four years without complaining. The Supreme Court upheld the ruling Tuesday. Court records said Cavett challenged the fees when the bank sued her in November 2008 to foreclose on her hog farming operation and collect a $76,000 debt. Court records said from January 2004 until June 2008, Cavett was charged 842 overdraft fees. They varied according to the overdraft amount. The bank charged $100 a day for carrying an overdraft greater than $10,000. 09/23/10 11:06 AM ET Vice President Biden said Thursday the conservative Tea Party movement might be "the best thing to happen" to Democrats with the midterm elections approaching. Biden, speaking at a fundraiser in Chevy Chase, Md., for Sen. Barbara Mikulski, said the energy of the Tea Party might inspire a lethargic Democratic base to turn out and vote in November. “Maybe the best thing to happen to us lately is the Tea Party wins," Biden said. "Maybe it’ll shake some of our constituency out of their lethargy.” The vice president also offered a "guarantee" that Democrats will defy predictions and maintain control of the House. “I guarantee you we’re going to have a majority in the House and a majority in the Senate. I absolutely believe that,” Biden said. The vice president conceded that voters are "angry against whoever is in power," but he said that Democrats “have a heck of a record, a heck of a positive record to run on." Those born on September 23rd A recurring theme in the lives of September 23rd people is that of breaking through restrictions. The expansive individuals born on his day are not free to develop and unfold their personalities until they have struggled with and overcome either physical or formal difficulties. This struggle is usually extremely intense, and in fact goes on even after successive breakthroughs. Indeed life for those born on this day is a series of ongoing challenges which must be met and conquered. In this respect September 23rd people may well be described as spiritual warriors. The most highly evolved of September 23rd people use the fruits of their struggle to benefit all those around them. If only as a living symbol of determination to overcome adversity. Less highly evolved individuals born on this day may get bogged down in personal conflicts often a result of their substantial egos in which they succeed in stirring up a lot of trouble not necessarily yielding positive results. It would be advantageous for them to retire for a while from life’s fray, get their heads screwed on straight and use their considerable energy at the service of a worthwhile cause. Those born on this day can be extremely seductive and charming though many appear forbidding or aloof on first meeting them. Others should not, however, make the mistake of thinking that September 23rd charm is an invitation to get personally involved, particularly on an intimate level. For the most part September 23rd people put their work first and leisure second. Despite any image they might project, their real friends are very few and they do not value small talk. Often it is better to admire them from a distance than to force an approach. On the other hand, September 23rd people themselves should beware of isolating themselves at a deep emotional level and concentration on universal or worldly concerns to the exclusion of personal matters. In this, they may be neglecting the trees for the forest. Those born on the 23rd of the month are ruled by the number 5 (2+3=5), and are quick thinkers. Like many ruled by the number 5 they may find, however, that they are likely to both overreact mentally and to change their minds and physical surroundings with great regularly. Fortunately, whatever hard knocks number 5 people receive from life generally have little lasting effect on them they recover quickly. Advice: It will be most important for you to make use of your downtime. During such periods you can get in touch with what is working and what holds you back. Ready yourself for life’s battles beforehand, being reared is the key. Strengths: Creative, adventuresome and exciting. Weaknesses: Troubled, depressive and addictive Born on This Day: John Coltrane, Ray Charles, Walter Pigeon and Julio Iglesias Famous Inventions: 1930 Johannes Ostermeier was issued a patent for the flash bulb used in photography. This Day in History: Sep 23, 1875: Billy the Kid arrested for first time On this day in 1875, Billy the Kid is arrested for the first time after stealing a basket of laundry. He later broke out of jail and roamed the American West, eventually earning a reputation as an outlaw and murderer and a rap sheet that allegedly included 21 murders. Published Tue, Sep 21, 2010 06:43 PM Modified Tue, Sep 21, 2010 07:54 PM Authorities: Inmate hid cell phone in his rear Thomasi McDonald RALEIGH -- State department of correction officials have charged an inmate with trying to sneak a cell phone into Central Prison by hiding it in his rectum, court records show. Eric Chambers, 25, of Raleigh, was convicted in 2008 of being a habitual felon and sentenced to 10 years in prison, state records show. Described in court affidavits as a "validated Gangster Killer Blood," Chambers has managed to rack up about 16 prison infractions during the past two years. The infractions -- four in this month alone -- include involvement with a gang, unauthorized use of a phone, a weapon charge and extortion, state records show. It was a short investigation. Chambers immediately set off the metal detectors at Central Prison. In response, Chambers turned over a flattened piece of metal from his mouth. But when the metal detectors chimed a second time, he was more thoroughly searched and found to have a red and silver Samsung "flip-style" cell phone hidden inside his rectum." Investigators reviewed the phone records and determined that Chambers had been involved in the sale and possession of illegal drugs. Investigators think he had been involved in an "ongoing drug conspiracy, both inside and outside" the prison, using the cell phone to facilitate the drug enterprise with people outside the prison. Chambers also is the man who Sherita McNeil told a jury was the father of her deceased 19-montyh-old son, DeVarion Gross. McNeil, 25, was convicted last month for the first-degree murder of DeVarion. McNeil told her jury that she did not call 911 when her son was obviously injured, because she was afraid of what Chambers, who had many contacts outside prison, may do. Recalls Become a Hazard for Mayors MICHAEL COOPER September 22, 2010 The throw-the-rascals-out mood is so strong these days that some voters are not even waiting until Election Day — they are mounting recall campaigns to oust mayors in the middle of their terms, often as punishment for taking unpopular steps like raising taxes or laying off workers to keep their cities solvent. Daniel Varela Sr., the rookie mayor of Livingston, Calif., learned this the hard way when he was booted from office last month in a landslide recall election. His crime? He had the temerity to push through the small city’s first water-rate increase in more than a decade to try to fix its aging water system, which he said spewed brownish, smelly water from rusty pipes. “We were trying to be responsible,” said Mr. Varela, whose action set off a lawsuit in addition to his recall as mayor of Livingston, which is in the Central Valley. “But as soon as the rates started to kick in, people who weren’t paying attention were suddenly irate.” With irate voters in plentiful supply, recall campaigns have become a growing job hazard for mayors. Over the last two years, failed recall campaigns have sought the ouster of mayors in Akron, Ohio; Chattanooga, Tenn.; Flint, Mich.; Kansas City, Mo.; Portland, Ore.; and Toledo, Ohio, among other cities. Next month the voters of North Pole, Alaska, 140 miles south of the Arctic Circle, will vote on whether to recall their mayor. Recalls rarely get on the ballot, let alone succeed, but they are bringing the era of permanent, acrimonious campaigning to city halls. Tom Cochran, the executive director of the United States Conference of Mayors, said that the rash of recent attempts had inspired him to start making a video to teach mayors about the risk of recall. “I’m absolutely convinced that we’ve got more going on than before,” said Mr. Cochran, who attributed the increase to the dismal economy, and to the proliferation of blogs and social networking sites that make it easier for opponents to organize. It is not an easy time to be a mayor. At city halls, deficits are not viewed as some far-off problem, as they often are at the federal level, but as gaping holes that must be filled at once by raising taxes or cutting services. And because city services have a clear impact on people’s day-to-day lives — think police protection or garbage pickup — those cuts generate huge outcries. Tellingly, many recent recall campaigns have been spurred not by accusations of corruption, but by anger over higher taxes or reduced services. Tea Party activists in several states have tried to recall mayors and lawmakers, and they came close to forcing a vote this year on whether to recall Mayor Ron Littlefield of Chattanooga. The local Tea Party bonded with several other groups to seek the recall of Mr. Littlefield, largely because they objected to his decision to raise storm-water fees to comply with federal environmental regulations, and to raise property taxes. “Those are unpopular things, not things that anyone likes to do, but sometimes in a community you have to step up and do what has to be done,” Mr. Littlefield said. “I hope that the recall environment does not become so pervasive that it discourages people from doing the right thing.” The mayor’s opponents collected more than 15,000 signatures in their effort to recall him, but a judge ruled this month that many were invalid and that the groups had failed to collect enough valid signatures to force a recall vote. Mr. Littlefield said that the episode had been a major distraction just as the city was eagerly waiting for its new Volkswagen plant to go into production. Supporters of recalls say they provide a much-needed check on power and give citizens the ability to oust officials accused of corruption. In Bell, Calif., a small working-class city near Los Angeles that became notorious for paying its city manager nearly $800,000 a year, a citizens group was already seeking the recall of several city officials before they were arrested on charges of corruption this week. But opponents of recalls complain that they often allow a small minority of people to upend the political process. That appears to have happened last year in Akron, where the longtime mayor, Donald L. Plusquellic, who has been widely credited with reviving the city’s downtown since taking office in 1987, found himself facing a heated recall campaign. The campaign began after he made unpopular proposals to raise taxes and to create a college scholarship fund for all Akron students by selling or leasing the city’s sewer system, both of which failed. Getting a recall question on the ballot required gathering the signatures of 20 percent of the people who voted in the last election. But because Mr. Plusquellic had run unopposed in his last general election, few people had voted, so fewer than 3,200 signatures were required to force a recall election in a city of more than 200,000 people. “It was something like 3 percent of the city’s adult population,” Mr. Plusquellic said. “They claim it’s democracy. I claim it’s an abuse of democracy. You can find 3 percent against the Constitution of the United States, 3 percent against democracy, against the Bible.” Mr. Plusquellic prevailed in the recall election by a ratio of three to one. Afterward, Akron revised its charter to require the signatures of 20 percent of the city’s registered voters to put a recall question on the ballot. It is difficult to say for certain how many recalls there are; many are made at local levels of government, like school boards or the councils of small towns. At least 29 states allow for the recall of some local officials. Recall campaigns have sought the removal of Democrats, like Mr. Plusquellic, in Akron; Republicans, like Mayor Vincent R. Barrella of Point Pleasant Beach, N.J.; and mayors who were elected in nonpartisan campaigns, like Mr. Littlefield, in Chattanooga. But several mayors say they believe that recall efforts have become more common as the economic downturn has soured the electorate. Flint, of course, was hurting before the national downturn hit — and it was a hotbed of recalls before the trend spread. One Flint mayor was recalled in 2002; another resigned in 2009, just before another recall election was scheduled. This year the new mayor, Dayne Walling — a young, energetic former Rhodes scholar — found himself fighting yet another recall campaign after he laid off police officers and firefighters to try to make ends meet in a city with an unemployment rate of more than 25 percent. “Having to make public-safety layoffs is something that I’d hoped to never have to do,” said Mr. Walling, who noted that he had resorted to layoffs only after the police and fire unions failed to agree to the concessions he had sought, and after he cut his own salary, auctioned off the mayor’s car and started paying his own cellphone bills. When the latest recall was derailed in court this month, the mayor posted the news on his blog: “Flint’s recall fever has broken.” Jesse Jackson Jr. 'deeply sorry' about relationship Denies allegations about Senate seat NATASHA KORECKI, ABDON M. PALLASCH AND FRAN SPIELMAN Staff Reporters U.S. Rep. Jesse Jackson Jr. (D-Ill.) on Tuesday said he was "deeply sorry" about a relationship with a Washington, D.C., social acquaintance, but he called it "preposterous" to contend he asked a fund-raiser to approach former Gov. Rod Blagojevich with a $6 million Senate seat offer. Jackson was responding to a report in Tuesday's Chicago Sun-Times that revealed fund-raiser Raghuveer Nayak told federal authorities Jackson had directed him to approach Blagojevich with a campaign cash offer in exchange for President Obama's former Senate seat. The Sun-Times also reported Jackson had allegedly asked Nayak to pay to fly a social acquaintance from Washington to Chicago. Jackson dismissed Nayak's allegations as false and nothing new and asked that his family's privacy be respected with regard to the social acquaintance, Giovana Huidobro. "I've already talked with the authorities about these claims, told them they were false, and no charges have been brought against me," Jackson said in a statement, referring to Nayak's allegations. "The very idea of raising millions of dollars for a campaign other than my own is preposterous. My interest in the Senate seat was based on years of public service, which I am proud of, not some improper scheme with anyone." Jackson's statement did not address another component of the Sun-Times report: that Nayak paid to fly Huidobro from Washington to Chicago, allegedly at the congressman's request. One expert said the allegation could mean ethical questions for the congressman who is considering a run for mayor. In statements, both Jackson and the congressman's wife, Chicago Ald. Sandi Jackson (7th), asked that their privacy be respected with regard to the social acquaintance. Both said they had dealt with the social acquaintance matter before it was made public, but it was unclear how long ago. In the congressman's statement he said it was "handled some time ago." Ald. Sandi Jackson released a statement that appeared on the Chicago Tribune website Tuesday, saying the family has been "privately addressing it for several months." Her office released a statement to the Sun-Times later in the day saying it was a matter her family has been "privately addressing for two years." "Therefore, I would hope that the public and the media will respect our family's right to continue to handle this matter privately." Rep. Jackson expressed regret that the disclosure of a social acquaintance might disappoint voters, but he seemed to indicate it wouldn't scare him from office. "The reference to a social acquaintance is a private and personal matter between me and my wife that was handled some time ago," Jackson said in his statement. "I ask that you respect our privacy. I know I have disappointed some supporters, and for that I am deeply sorry. But I remain committed to serving my constituents and fighting on their behalf." The Sun-Times reported Tuesday that Nayak told authorities that, in an Oct. 8, 2008, meeting, Jackson directed him to offer Blagojevich $6 million for the Senate appointment. Three weeks later, at an Oct. 31 fund-raiser, Nayak approached Robert Blagojevich, the then-governor's brother, and offered $1 million up front from fund-raisers and $5 million later if Jackson were appointed, according to Robert Blagojevich's testimony at trial. Robert Blagojevich testified he dismissed Nayak's offer, describing him as "clumsy." Nayak told authorities that he made that approach at Jackson's direction, according to sources with knowledge of the investigation. Nayak is an Oak Brook businessman and longtime fund-raiser who remains under federal scrutiny in an IRS case, according to sources. Nayak's remarks to authorities run counter to public statements Jackson has made as recently as last week that he never authorized any deal to attempt to trade campaign cash for the Senate appointment. Nayak's statements to the feds came in late 2008 and in 2009. Neither Jackson nor Nayak has been charged. Nayak was not called as a witness in Blagojevich's trial. The allegation that Nayak paid to fly Huidobro at Jackson's request could raise ethical questions under the U.S. House of Representatives' gift ban act. Having a third party pay for flights at a congressman's request and not reporting the value of those flights as a gift, if they were worth more than $50, would appear to be "something of value" that should be reported under the House's rule, according to an expert on the act. "It defines 'gift' as any 'item having monetary value,' " said Kathleen Clark, a professor at Washington University School of Law in St. Louis, quoting from the law. " 'The term includes gifts of . . . transportation. . . . A gift to . . . any . . . individual based on that individual's relationship with the [House] Member . . . shall be considered a gift to the Member . . . if it is given with the knowledge and acquiescence of the Member.' " Jackson did not disclose the gift from Nayak on his House ethics statements or on federal campaign contribution logs. Nayak told authorities he paid for at least two flights for Huidobro and provided billing information, according to the sources. "Completely apart from disclosure, a member's solicitation of a gift like this would be troubling," Clark said. "The mere solicitation of a gift is problematic." Unless Huidobro's visit was campaign-related, Jackson's failure to disclose the gift on his campaign contribution reports does not appear to violate Federal Election Commission requirements, Clark and other experts told the Sun-Times. The FBI interviewed Huidobro about a year ago as part of its corruption probe of Blagojevich. Authorities were trying to determine whether Jackson had asked Nayak to offer Blagojevich campaign cash in exchange for the then-governor's appointment, according to sources. Reached on his cell phone on Tuesday, Jackson Jr. said, "I have nothing to say. Call my office. Have a good day." Pressed to describe the nature of his relationship with Huidobro, Jackson's answer was the same: "I have nothing to say." The recession might be over, but political impact still felt Ian Swanson 09/22/10 06:00 AM ET The Great Recession officially ended in the middle of last year, but its political impact may be felt by President Obama long after the November midterm elections. Two recent reports highlight the long-term consequences of the recession for Obama and congressional Democrats worried about being blown out of the water in November. The first, from the National Employment Law Project (NELP), concludes that higher-paying jobs in construction and financial services lost during the longest recession in the post-World War II era are being replaced by lower-paying jobs in bars, restaurants and department stores. Not only is job growth too anemic to make up for the millions of jobs lost, the NELP report shows it has been particularly weak in creating high-paying jobs. Net job growth in 2010 has been driven disproportionately by industries with median wages below $15 an hour. More than 50 percent of the growth in employment through July 2010 came from jobs paying a median wage of between $10.83 and $15 per hour, the second-lowest quintile of wages considered in the report. Another 25 percent of the employment growth has been in the lowest wage quintile of $8.92 per hour to $10.82 per hour. Jobs paying between $22.13 per hour and $31.02 per hour, in contrast, made up 0.2 percent of employment growth in that period. The study also highlights the number of high-paying jobs lost in the recession. Using statistics from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, it found that 1.2 million jobs paying between $22.13 per hour and $31.02 per hour were lost in the recession. Only about 1,000 of those jobs were added back to the economy in the first seven months of the year. Six industries actually lost jobs even as the rest of the economy took small steps toward a recovery in 2010. Those industries were construction, finance and insurance, information, real estate and rental and leasing, professional and technical services and utilities. Construction, which has been hammered by the housing crisis, offered the most dramatic change. That sector lost nearly 1.8 million jobs between December 2007 and December 2009. It lost another 123,000 jobs in the first seven months of 2010. Construction did add 19,000 jobs in August, after NELP concluded its report. “More so than in past recessions, there’s a sense that more of those jobs are permanently lost, or lost for a long time,” said Chris Owens, NELP’s executive director. It’s not unusual for lower-paying jobs to come back first in a recovery, Moody’s Analytics Chief Economist Mark Zandi said in an e-mail. Still, he suggested there’s some reason for concern given the unusual number of highly educated and skilled workers who lost their jobs during the recession. Zandi expects overall payroll employment to fall by 110,000 in September’s report, to be issued next Friday. That would include the loss of 185,000 temporary Census jobs. Next week’s report will be the final new unemployment report before Election Day. The top three occupations that have seen job growth, NELP estimated, were retail salesmen, cashiers and food-preparation workers, “a sobering figure given their poverty-level wages.” Owens said that if the pattern of weak job growth continues, there could be an increase in the number of “working poor.” The second report, from the Census Bureau, notes that poverty is on the rise. The study found that the nation’s poverty rate climbed to 14.3 percent from 13.2 percent in 2009. That’s an increase of nearly 4 million people. Since the recession began in 2007, Census estimated, the number of people in poverty increased by 6.3 million. That was a larger rise than what followed the recession of 1973 to 1975, but lower than the recession of the early 1980s. The Census calculates poverty using thresholds updated annually for inflation via the Consumer Price Index. A couple with two children were considered to be in poverty in 2009 if their annual total income was below $21,756, a lower threshold than the one used in 2008, before the recession peaked. President Obama on Monday faced tough questions from voters at a town hall on the economy and jobs. One audience member who said she had voted for the president in 2008 expressed her disillusion, adding that she had grown tired of defending him. Another questioner asked Obama whether the American Dream was dead. Obama answered that the American Dream remains alive, but the disturbing data on the jobs front, which is the main reason Democrats may lose the House and Senate this fall, shows there is some reason to doubt where the president was right. It will be difficult to keep poverty from increasing further without the creation of new jobs that pay higher wages, something both parties may need to worry about. Swanson is the news editor at The Hill. Those born on September 22nd Those born on September 22nd have a restless drive to begin all sorts of new projects. Usually they bring the one they are working on to completion but immediately set out on a new one without rest. They are also capable of handling several projects at the same time. Those born on this day have a low boredom threshold, and consequently demand challenging people and situations. They can be outgoing and dynamic types at one time, and solitary and unapproachable at another. In either case, their strong character is unmistakable. Often September 22nd people oscillate between being an offensive and defensive person. In one sense, such postures may be one and the same since a good offense is the best defense and vice versa. Whether in a broad social context or on a personal level, the issues and ideas those born on this day are most often concerned with involve fairness and equality in general, matters pertaining to the delegation and exercise of power. In putting forth their arguments, they can be ironic, witty and out right funny. Their humor, however, is not for everyone as it is liable to be off beat. September 22nd people can display a disturbing lack of stability. Although they may be involved in quite respectable professions, one often gets the ideas that the profession itself or whether they do in general lends the consistency their lives so desperately need. Those born on this day can be at risk when their restless nature brings them into conflict with the powers that be. September 22nd people think for themselves and will not tolerate others, particularly those of lesser intelligence, trying to tell them what to do. Those born on this day hide a warm heart under a forbidding exterior, but generally will only open up to people whom they deeply trust and value. Even then they may find it difficult to open all the way, however, principally because their orientation is highly realistic and the ironies of life all too visible to them. This day, indeed, carries insight and clarity of vision both literal and figurative. They are excellent judges of character, and capable of sizing people up quickly. Those born on the 22nd of the month are ruled by the number 4 (2+2=4. The number 4 represents rebellion, idiosyncratic beliefs and a desire to change the rules. Those governed by the number 4 so often take the opposing point of view are remarkably self assured, they some times arouse the antagonism and make enemies, often secret ones. Advice: Individual, perspective and well directed Weaknesses: Dark and guarded Born on This Day: Tommy Lasorda, Yang Chen Ning, David Stern and Tai Babilonia Famous Inventions: 1992 The Poolside Basketball Game was granted a patent #5,149,086. This Day In History: Sep 22, 1862 Lincoln issues Emancipation Proclamation On this day in 1862, President Abraham Lincoln issues a preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, which sets a date for the freedom of more than 3 million black slaves in the United States and recasts the Civil War as a fight against slavery. Bill Clinton: Listen to the tea party September 20, 2010 Well, Mr. President, I’ve tried to “hear” what the Tea party crowd is trying to say, but the message is entangled with so much racist, homophobic and xenophobic rhetoric, that it’s not easy to comprehend their “real intent”, IF there is one outside of those dubious but prominent messages. Politico Former President Bill Clinton is advising Democrats to pay attention to the grassroots tea party movement and talk openly about its fiscal concerns ahead of November’s midterm elections. “There are a lot of real people in this tea party movement that are saying something everyone should hear – which is ‘seems like everyone but average Americans are doing all right here. The people that caused the financial crisis are all back in great shape,’ ” Clinton said in a joint interview with Yahoo and the Huffington Post released over the weekend. Clinton advised Democrats that they may be able attract some voters who share the concerns of tea party activists if they project a more forward looking message. “I would like to see the Democrats talk much more about how we’re gonna move forward,” the former president said. “If the election is about apathy on our side [and] anger on their side, we can’t win that race,” he added. “If the election is about what are we going to do now and who’s going to do it, our side will do just fine in a difficult time.” Still, Clinton said that while he understands the general concerns of tea party activists, the anti-government rhetoric and energy behind the movement would be a destructive force. “The problem is that if you look at the financial energy behind the tea party movement, it’s not about restricting abuse of big public and private power,” Clinton said. “It’s about destroying the role of government in our life so that private centers of power will be untrammeled, and I don’t think that’s good for average Americans.” Man 'worms' his way onto Animal Planet show Doctors use a laser to kill a worm that got into the eye of Bellevue native John Matthews. TELEGRAPH HERALD The "yuck" factor of John Matthews' story earned him an episode on a national cable TV show. It all started last December when Matthews noticed two spots obscuring vision in his left eye. The Bellevue, Iowa, native who now lives in Cedar Rapids was tested by several vision specialists before being sent to the ophthalmology department at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics. After undergoing more tests there, doctors figured out his unusual problem. "A group of them came in and told me, 'You've got a worm in your eye,'" he said. Doctors rushed Matthews into a treatment room and shot a laser into his left eyeball to kill the worm. "I could see it from behind, moving, trying to dodge the laser," he said. It took a second round of laser blasts to kill the critter. Matthews' body is absorbing the worm's remains, but the damage it did to his retina is permanent. Doctors figured Matthews picked up the worm one of two ways. "It could have been hookworm I might have picked up when we were in Mexico or it could have been raccoon roundworm that I could have gotten turkey hunting," he said. Since Matthews enjoys watching the Animal Planet network show, "Monsters Inside Me," he called the show's producers, who found his story intriguing. A film crew came to Iowa to tape his segment of the program, "Shape Shifters." Surprise makeover A Dubuque woman was ambushed Friday in New York City. Kelly Cooper, a 42-year-old Hospice nurse, was one of two women selected to participate in the Plaza Ambush Makeover on the "Today" show on NBC. "I was totally unprepared," said Cooper, who went to New York to visit family for the weekend. "We went to the show on the spur of the moment because my cousin wanted to see Al Roker. It was pouring rain." Hair colorist to the stars, Louis Licari, and Jill Martin, reporter for the New York Knicks and contributor to the "Today" show on fashion trends and entertainment stories, picked Cooper and another woman for the makeover. Cooper has six children, ranging in age from 14 to 25. "I do need a little pampering," Cooper said before her makeover. "I'm very excited for this." Cooper's makeover involved a new hairstyle and coloring, a new outfit and jewelry and some new makeup. For two hours, six to seven people worked on her, she said. "It was just amazing," Cooper said. "It was neat to share the experience with another person." (ABC 4 News) SALT LAKE CITY - Beginning Monday East High School Students will be charged $5 for being late to class. If the students are late and do not want to pay the fee they have the option of attending 30 minutes of after school detention. It is up to the discretion of the teachers to determine whether or not the student is tardy or truant. If a student is late but has a good excuse they will be marked as tardy. If they are extremely late with no excuse the teacher will mark them truant, and they will have to pay the fine or go to detention. "What I have notices as an administrator is students aren't lingering anymore in the hallways," said Principle Paul Sagers, "They aren't stopping and talking, there's not enough time. They just want to get to class." School officials say the money raised will go towards paying the teacher who has to stay after school and run the detention. LINK TO PHOTO Car explodes after couple hides crack cocaine in gas tank September 21, 2010 • 12:19 pm Diana Fasanella A Brazilian couple’s car exploded after they hid crack cocaine in the fuel tank and then tried to fill it with gas. High times The pair, who were not identified, apparently tried to hide 11 pounds of crack inside their car’s natural gas fuel tank before it blew up when they filled it with gas in Brasilia, The Canadian Press reports. Shards of the car were blasted some 20 yards while the station walls were peppered with the drug. Experts speculated that the crack shoved into the small pipes of the tank caused undue pressure on its integrity and caused it to explode during filling. The 36-year-old man and 24-year-old woman both sustained non-life threatening injuries in the explosion and were taken to the hospital for treatment Those born on September 21st Those born on September 21st are very concerned with the prevailing social taste of the times, either in setting them within their own circle or observing them. It can be said that most September 21st people are extremely up to date in their thinking, their dress, the way they keep their homes, even the car they drive for at least have a strong desire to be. Consequently, if their financial circumstances do not allow for such a contemporary lifestyle, those born on this day grow rather unhappy. Often their desire to be successful financially is motivated by such needs. It must be mentioned, however, that there is a smaller group of September 21st people who are not preoccupied with these externals at all, but only concerned with being up to date intellectually and having an advanced outlook. For this type of person, a natural lifestyle, away from the bustle of the city, may come to assume great importance. The word modern is applicable to September 21st people, both in the sense of being in tune with their times and in being progressive. They are generally attracted to modern architecture, new ideas, fashion trends and advancements in science, and may await the appearance of the latest model tool, machine or gadget with great interest. The reasons for this interest are not only a fascination with innovation and wishing to be seen by others as up to date, but also a real knowledge that such developments can better their lives and allow them to work more efficiently. September 21st people have an undeniable fascination for mystery, strange people, suspense, and even danger and violence. These interests should of course be channeled creatively and kept within bounds because though they can make for a stimulating dream and fantasy life, they can also produce a highly destructive personality. The ideal occupation for those born on this day may be one which allows them to dream up new ideals and then see them through in practical application. Most September 21st people seek to be elegant and admired, some even worshiped. Their feeling for beauty is important to them and matters of aesthetic taste are usually given high priority. Those born on the 21st of the month are ruled by the number 3 (2+1=3). September 21st people may be easy with their money, which can lead to debt; overdrafts or losses from get rich quick schemes. The primary task of September 21st people is to make their way in the world in a constructive fashion. Advice: Find your true values within. Don’t get carried away by the latest and greatest. Try to keep to one path. Feel free to flaunt your differences if you wish, but don’t be obsessed by them it doesn’t matter so much what you neighbor thinks. Strengths: Tasteful, progressive and aesthetic Weaknesses: Materialistic, sensationalist and flighty Born on This Day: HG Wells, Bill Murray, Larry Hagman and Stephen King Famous Inventions: 1993 A patent for Baseball Batting Apparatus, patent #5,246,226 was granted. This Day In History: Sep 21, 1780 Benedict Arnold commits treason This day in 1780, during the American Revolution, American General Benedict Arnold meets with British Major John Andre to discuss handing over West Point to the British, in return for the promise of a large sum of money and a high position in the British army. The plot was foiled and Arnold, a former American hero, became synonymous with the word "traitor." Those born on September 20th Those born on September 20th are convinced of their ability to manage almost any situation. They are greatly concerned with the interests of their group, and will to any degree possible to insure the harmonious running of the projects in which they are involved. For some women this can mean family dedication and home values, for others the cohesiveness of their social or business organization. For men it may mean the guidance of their family, which they like to think of more as companions than subjects, and in their working life on this day know that running a tight ship financially can guarantee many benefits, and consequently they tend to be adept not only at earning money but at making good buys and shrewd investments particularly when it comes to the beauty of their home, which they often prize above all else. When things go wrong, September 20th people have great faith in their capacity to repair or heal. Healing for them may mean anything from patching up quarrels to actually helping a loved one get well using means ranging from prayer to traditional arts and massage. In this respect they must be careful not to go off the deep end and come to believe their powers are greater than they actually are which can have dangerous consequences not only for themselves but for those close to them. September 20th people usually display sound judgment but must also avoid being over self confident or blind concerning their ability to recognize the truth of any situation. The crucial point is whether they are capable of acknowledging that they have made mistakes, and having done so correcting their methods and points of view. Those September 20th people who can learn from their errors and Those born on the 20th of the month are ruled by the number 2 (2 +0 =2 ), and usually gentle and imaginative, and easily hurt by the criticism or intention of others. Those ruled by the number 2 are impressionable and emotional. Advice: learn from your mistakes. Examine results and take stock of your methods either they work or they don’t. Do not hesitate to change course if necessary. Keep your emotions a bit more guarded and lean the value of patience. Strengths: Organized, shrewd and observant. Weaknesses: Over confident, overemotional and inflated. Born on This Day: Red Auerbach, Sophia Loren, Richard McDermott and Sister Elizabeth Kenny Famous Inventions: 1938 Patent #2,130,948 was granted for "synthetic fiber" (nylon) to Wallace Carothers. This Day in History: Sep 20, 1973: King triumphs in Battle of Sexes On this day in 1973, in a highly publicized "Battle of the Sexes" tennis match, top women's player Billie Jean King, 29, beats Bobby Riggs, 55, a former No. 1 ranked men's player. Riggs (1918-1995), a self-proclaimed male chauvinist, had boasted that women were inferior, that they couldn't handle the pressure of the game and that even at his age he could beat any female player. The match was a huge media event, witnessed in person by over 30,000 spectators at the Houston Astrodome and by another 50 million TV viewers worldwide. King made a Cleopatra-style entrance on a gold litter carried by men dressed as ancient slaves, while Riggs arrived in a rickshaw pulled by female models. Legendary sportscaster Howard Cosell called the match, in which King beat Riggs 6-4, 6-3, 6-3. King's achievement not only helped legitimize women's professional tennis and female athletes, but it was seen as a victory for women's rights in general. Obama To Tea Party: 'Identify, Specifically, What Would You Do?' First Posted: 09-20-10 01:44 PM \| Updated: 09-20-10 01:44 PM White House advisers on Monday pushed back hard against a New York Times report that the administration is ready to launch a full-frontal assault on the Tea Party movement as the November elections approach. No such plans are being made, insisted senior advisers. And, sure enough, the Times quickly modified its story into something a bit duller. In a town hall meeting broadcast live by CNBC on Monday, however, President Obama seemed to be reading off the initial script. Pressed by an audience member to weigh in on what exactly drives the Tea Party, Obama, in no uncertain terms, accused the movement's members of refusing to talk in specifics. If there is anger over the economic or political landscape, he added, it is being misdirected in his direction. "The problem that I've seen in the debate that's been taking place and in some of these Tea Party events is, I think they're misidentifying sort of who the culprits are here," said Obama. "As I said before, we had to take some emergency steps last year. But the majority of economists will tell you that the emergency steps we take are not the problem long-term. The problems long-term are the problems that I talked about earlier. We had two tax cuts that weren't paid for, two wars that weren't paid for. We've got a population that's getting older. We're all demanding services, but our taxes have actually substantially gone down." "So the challenge, I think, for the Tea Party movement is to identify, specifically, what would you do?" he added. "It's not enough just to say get control of spending. I think it's important for you to say, I'm willing to cut veterans' benefits or I'm willing to cut Medicare or Social Security benefits or I'm willing to see these taxes go up. What you can't do, which is what I've been hearing a lot from the other side, is we're going to control government spending, we're going to propose $4 trillion of additional tax cuts, and that magically somehow things are going to work. Now, some of these are very difficult choices." Obama does seem to operate at his best when facing inherently adversarial questions (recall the positive coverage he received for going to a Republican conference in Baltimore during the height of the health care debate). And while several questioners at the CNBC event were sympathetic to the president, the answers that seemed to resonate best came when the pro-business or anti-government questioners were pressing him. His direct questioning of the Tea Party's motives came just moments before he acknowledged that being "healthfully skeptical about government" is in "our DNA." KTVB-TV updated 9/18/2010 6:45:29 PM ET BOISE -- Two men suspected of robbing a man at gunpoint in Boise last week were caught Thursday night because they tried the same scheme on Ada County Sheriff Gary Raney, according to police. Boise Police say the robbers pretend to be selling computers on Craigslist, and when the would-be customer arrives for a sale, the men rob them. Raney said he was off-duty and just looking to buy an Apple laptop for a good deal, but said he ended up stumbling upon two men who he says would have robbed him. "In all of the ads just in Boise out there in Craigslist, this is a popular item. There had to be a lot of responses, and for them to have that great luck to pick the sheriff to try to scam and try to rob, I think, good for them because they're going to be in jail a while," said Raney. Twenty-year-old Dominic Hinton of Boise and 19-year-old Roman Nazarko of Caldwell are charged with felony robbery and other crimes. Sheriff spotted danger, called police Raney says he saw the computer listing on Craigslist and agreed to meet the seller near a gated subdivision in Garden City. As he got close to the neighborhood, the supposed seller tried to change plans over the phone "As I got near the area, the caller told me to pull off onto the side of the road into the parking lot of some businesses that were dark and nobody was around," Raney said. The sheriff says that was a warning sign and he became suspicious, eventually calling Garden City Police for help. "I called Garden City Police and talked to Sergeant Little there and said, 'I think this is a robbery that's going to happen, so you come in from that side and I'll come in from this side and let's see what happens.'" After spotting the men and a brief chase, the sergeant and the sheriff were able to arrest the two robbers. Most popular NYT: 'The new unemployables': Workers over 50 3 children found fatally shot in Houston area 'Very large' Hurricane Igor passes Bermuda Witnesses say they saw person fall from sky Igor brings 'tremendous' beach erosion to Bermuda "In this case, I'm thankful that it was me, that I was prepared to react, that I used good common sense, but it could have been somebody innocent there that could have been hurt, but [the suspects are] in jail, and that's where they ought to be," said Raney. A strange coincidence, to say the least The irony of the situation isn't lost on Raney who laughs at the strange coincidence. "I think it's hilarious," Raney said. "I kept myself safe the whole time. I was never in danger. I was smart enough to do that. And they went away [to jail]. The only thing better than laughing at arresting criminals is laughing at arresting dumb criminals." Raney says he hopes by sharing his story, others will be careful if something doesn't seem right. He's also glad he was the one meeting the criminals last night instead of someone who may have fallen prey. September 17, 2010 3:26 PM JOHN C. ENSSLIN THE GAZETTE A Colorado Springs man was sentenced Friday to one year in federal prison after he was found guilty of filing false liens against an IRS agent. Judge Marcia Krieger imposed the sentence on Ronald Ray Hoodenpyle, 68, in U.S. District Court in Denver She also ordered him to submit to electronic monitoring within 72 hours. Hoodenpyle remains free on bond until he reports to prison on or before Oct. 29. On July 17, a jury convicted Hoodenpyle following a three-day trial. He was charged with placing false liens against the agent’s property in Jefferson County in retaliation for IRS liens placed against Hoodenpyle’s property for unpaid taxes. ORIGINAL STORY Ronald Hoodenpyle gets jail time for bogus lien on IRS agent's home J. David McSwane Colorado Crimes One gutsy Colorado Springs man is facing hard time after he filed a fraudulent lien against the home of an IRS agent in retaliation for a lien the IRS placed on his home. Ronald Roy Hoodenpyle, come on down! Hoodenpyle, 68, was convicted after a three-day trial last week of filing a false lien on the Jefferson County home of an IRS Revenue officer who he said owed an excess of $1 million in April 2008. He faces up to ten years in prison and a fine of up to $250,000. You've gotta give this Springs rebel credit for putting his (fake) money where his mouth is. It's one thing to not pay taxes, and it's another thing to fight the IRS (and probably lose). But all-out war on the tax man is nothing short of legendary. Get more details from the U.S. Attorney's Office release below: COLORADO SPRINGS MAN FOUND GUILTY OF FILING FALSE LIEN AGAINST IRS EMPLOYEE DENVER -- A jury in U.S. District Court in Denver yesterday found Ronald Roy Hoodenpyle, age 68, of Colorado Springs, Colorado, guilty of filing a false lien against an IRS employee, U.S. Attorney David Gaouette and Special Agent in Charge of Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration, Denver Field Division, Greg Jaramillo announced. The three day jury trial was before U.S. District Court Judge Marcia S. Krieger. Hoodenpyle, who is free on bond, is scheduled to be sentenced by Judge Krieger on September 17, 2010 at 9:00 a.m. He was indicted by a federal grand jury in Denver on January 6, 2009. According to the indictment, as well as facts presented to the jury during trial, on April 2, 2008, the defendant, Ronald Roy Hoodenpyle, filed a false lien against the real property owned by an IRS Revenue Officer. The false lien was filed in Jefferson County, Colorado, and stated that the Revenue Officer owed the defendant in excess of $1,000,000. Hoodenpyle knew that this statement was false. Also during the trial, the prosecution played a videotape of an interview of Hoodenpyle in which he stated that he did not owe any income tax. It was then revealed that the IRS had filed liens against Hoodenpyle's property stating that he owed the IRS over $1,160,000. The government presented evidence that the defendant filed the false lien in retaliation for the IRS Revenue Officer's performing his professional duties. Hoodenpyle faces not more than 10 years in federal prison, and a fine of up to $250,000, or twice the gain or loss from the offense. He could also be ordered to pay restitution to the IRS. "Paying income tax is the responsibility of every single American," said U.S. Attorney David Gaouette. "If you intentionally evade paying taxes, there will be civil and criminal consequences. In this instance, the consequence is a potential federal prison sentence." "I am very pleased with the guilty verdict," said Greg Jaramillo, Special Agent in Charge of Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration, Denver Field Division. "This should send a strong message to those individuals who would use intimidation and harassment against IRS employees to attempt to impede tax administration." The defendant is being prosecuted by Assistant U.S. Attorney Matthew Kirsch. Oh, these are just some of my favorite moments in the Obama presidency: PRESIDENT OBAMA, at a DNC event last night in Greenwich, Conn.: "[A]fter being in this job for two years, I have never been more optimistic about America. I am optimistic partly because we did some really tough things that aren't always popular but were the right things to do. Š Democrats, just congenitally, tend to get -- to see the glass as half empty. (Laughter.) If we get an historic health care bill passed -- oh, well, the public option wasn't there. If you get the financial reform bill passed -- then, well, I don't know about this particularly derivatives rule, I'm not sure that I'm satisfied with that. And gosh, we haven't yet brought about world peace and -- (laughter.) I thought that was going to happen quicker. (Laughter.) You know who you are. (Laughter.) Fun fact! This fundraiser took place at the home of a "Rich Richman." Make of that what you will! First of all, I commend the president on some touches to this schtick that speak to historical accuracy. You see, when this usually gets trotted out, we hear that the left is too insistent that we have a single-payer health care system. That's when I have to step in and point out the obvious -- that the left-most health care activists and legislators actually conceded single-payer in advance in an effort to have a health care reform package that stood a fighting chance of passing Congress. Usually, the left gets little credit for how tremendously accommodating they were during that debate, so it's nice to see the President acknowledge that the point of contention eventually became the public option and the way he screwed over everyone who had originally accommodated him. Snide humor, about what a dick you are, works best when it's a little bit accurate! Now, to be fair, there have also been those times where I've interjected my body between the White House and their despised "professional left" and reminded the President's critics that the President doesn't have magic powers to close GITMO or to give Ben Nelson a brain, and that it's actually illegal to drown Evan Bayh in a mop bucket, even though the soapy water and his bloated remains would each make better legislators than he is now. They'll point out, "But Obama could have fought harder!" And I'll point out that yes this is true, but Congress and its powers nevertheless exist, and whether he would have succeeded or failed is going to have to be a tale we'll have to tell our children, from inside Carl Paladino's Prison For The Poors, between the gruel feeding and bedtime. Mostly, however, the so-called "professional left" has a string of very good cases. Obama is to the right -- let me repeat: TO THE RIGHT -- of President George Bush, Vice President Dick Cheney, John Yoo, Jay Bybee, et al. -- on the issues of state secrets, warrantless surveillace, and detainee policy in Bagram, and has even come up with something that gives his predecessors pause: the claimed right to assassinate an American citizen at his whim! Obama, and his most idiotic defenders, seem to think that all of the people who built a career criticizing Bush for abuse of executive powers should just give Obama a pass -- never mind that he ran on a platform of dismantling those powers. Another good example: he's also slowly ceding ground to the Republicans on matters of LGBT rights. Actually, all Democrats are slowly ceding this ground! But it was the Obama White House that raced to get some anonymous sources to reporters to remind them on the same day same-sex marriage proponents won a great civil rights victory that the White House was opposed to the civil right, itself. Dick move. I mean, he could have waited! Let the LGBT community have a day to celebrate! But look, the joke here is on Obama. While Robert Gibbs was yelling at the "professional left," the "amateur left" -- that is to say, the Democratic base, was sticking by Obama, steadfastly. Traditional Democratic voters don't actually see the glass as half-empty and they aren't upset that world peace hasn't been obtained and they don't hold it against Obama that the world isn't perfect for everyone forever. Insert joke about the relative, real-world influence of progressive bloggers and I shall raise a chorus of titters along with you, even as I encourage you to not be dismissive -- but the fact remains, the liberal vote seems to be sticking by Obama through thick and thin. Where Obama is shedding support by the metric ton, is within the cohort of the electorate known as "independent voters." They are either going to stay at home in November or go looking for alternatives. Do you think it's likely that independent voters care whether we have a Canadian style health care system or not? Do you think that independent voters are the ones who base their decisions on what progressive blog critics have to say? The answer to both questions is "not bloody likely." What's eating the indies? Well, I have to imagine that a large part of it is that the boldness that attracted them to the Obama campaign has only shown itself in fits and starts since. And so, they drift away. Part of what amuses me in this whole situation is that the White House has obviously felt this criticism, but they've assigned it to the wrong people. It's a great way of potentially alienating yourself to both groups without substantively addressing the criticisms of either. At any rate, November is just a few weeks away. So, laugh it up while you still can! Those born on September 18th Those born on September 18th are very private, even secretive people who for one reason or another often find themselves in very public careers. Their world is a highly personal one to which entrance is not granted easily. They can be depended on, but perhaps not forever, because with finality and suddenness they are capable of closing the door on a friendship or love relationship. Thus they may be dangerous people to get involved with unless their partners are prepared for their changes of heart. Those born on this day are capable of attaining tremendous success, but they can equally be hounded by repeated failure and plain bad luck. The theme of beauty is central to their lives. They are highly sensitive to any kind of strife, violence or bitter competition, which they would just as soon avoid. The fact is that September 18th people are not capable of handling a lot of stress and despite their often imposing or attractive appearance may also not be blessed with the highest degree of self confidence. Most September 18 people have a special relationship with worship or belief, whether realized in personal development, artistic expression or social interaction because of their devotional nature; they do well with studies and lifestyles which demand unbroken concentration and attention, as well as a submerging of their own ego. September 18th people are often found far from their original home, either geographically or emotionally, and some born on this day refer not to be reminded of their past. In general, they what is past behind them and rarely reopen a closed issue or failed relationship. Those born on the 18th of the month are ruled by the number 9 (1+8=9, have a quick mind, but also have a tendency to be undiplomatic, even tactless. Advice: learn to be more perseverant. Conflict is sometimes necessary. Try to understand what your body is telling you, don’t ignore physical symptoms. Your mysterious nature may be keeping out the light. Strengths:Thoughtful, serious and aesthetic Weaknesses: Isolated, troubled and negative Born on This Day: Greta Garbo, Robert Blake, Edwin McMillan and Eddie Anderson Famous Inventions: 1915 Louisa May Alcott's book, "Little Women" (first published October 3, 1868) was registered. 1984 Software Arts and Visi Corp settled their lawsuit over VisiCalc, the first spreadsheet program. VisiCalc, invented in 1979, was the first "hot-selling software product" for the personal computer. This Day in History: Sep 18, 1793 Capitol cornerstone is laid On this day in 1793, George Washington lays the cornerstone to the United States Capitol building, the home of the legislative branch of American government. The building would take nearly a century to complete, as architects came and went the British set fire to it and it was called into use during the Civil War. Today, the Capitol building, with its famous cast-iron dome and important collection of American art, is part of the Capitol Complex, which includes six Congressional office buildings and three Library of Congress buildings, all developed in the 19th and 20th centuries. Rush Limbaugh Falls For Wikipedia Hoax About Judge Roger Vinson First Posted: 09-16-10 01:40 PM \| Updated: 09-16-10 02:01 PM The paper reports that, on his Tuesday show, Limbaugh spent some time discussing Roger Vinson, a District Court judge for the Northern District of Florida. Vinson had recently announced that he was likely to allow a full hearing for a challenge to the federal health care bill. Limbaugh told his listeners that the judge was a longtime hunter and amateur taxidermist, and that he had once killed three brown bears and mounted their heads above the entrance to his courtroom--in order, Limbaugh said, to "instill the fear of God into the accused." "This would not be good news" for supporters of the health care law, he added. Unfortunately, none of that information is true. It came from a Wikipedia user called Pensacolian--Vinson's court sits in Pensacola, Florida--who, on Sep. 13, updated Vinson's page to include these sentences: "Vinson is an avid hunter and amateur taxidermist. After a 2002 hunting trip during which he killed three brown bears, Vinson had their heads mounted over the door through which defendants must pass to enter the courtroom. The heads were later removed following complaints by local defendants' rights groups." The information was removed on Tuesday afternoon. Pensacolian named as the source for this information a news article which the Times found did not exist. The paper also spoke to Vinson, who corrected the record: "But, in fact, Judge Vinson has never shot anything other than a water moccasin (last Saturday, at his weekend cabin), is not a taxidermist and, as president of the American Camellia Society, is far more familiar with Camellia reticulata than with Ursus arctos...'I've never killed a bear,' he said Wednesday, 'and I'm not Davy Crockett.'" Palin in Iowa to test 2012 presidential waters? Steve Holland Fri Sep 17, 10:15 pm ET DES MOINES (Reuters) – Sarah Palin fed speculation that she might run for president in 2012 on Friday with a high-profile visit to Iowa and a call for unity between battling factions of Republicans ahead of November 2 congressional elections. "The time for unity is now," said Palin. Palin spoke at the Iowa Republican Party's Ronald Reagan Dinner, her influence among "Tea Party" activists strong after conservative candidates she backed won in Delaware and New Hampshire Senate primary races on Tuesday. The former Alaska governor, who was Republican Senator John McCain's vice presidential running mate in the 2008 campaign, was coy about whether she will join what could be a long list of challengers to Democratic President Barack Obama. She told the crowd of about 1,500 that her husband, Todd, had suggested she not go for an exercise run outdoors in Des Moines because the headlines would be, "Palin in Iowa decides to run." And she said she liked a comment from Iowa's Republican candidate for governor, Terry Branstad, that, "We need to stay focused on this election and not the next one." Iowa and New Hampshire cast the first votes in presidential nominating campaigns and potential candidates routinely stop in each state in hopes of propelling themselves into the national spotlight. The Republican lineup for 2012 will start forming late this year and in early 2011. As many as a dozen aspirants are possible and many of them have already rolled through Iowa. But none have received the attention Palin has, with a large contingent of national political reporters and a phalanx of television cameras on hand for her appearance. Palin used a sometimes rambling 30-minute speech to throw darts at many targets, including Obama, top congressional Democrats Nancy Pelosi and Harry Reid, pundits from the Republican establishment, and the "lamestream" news media. She spent considerable time castigating "gutless" reporters who she said have reported untruths about her. Palin said establishment Republicans who say some Tea Party-type candidates will not be able to win against Democratic opponents in the November 2 congressional elections need to get over it and help rally behind them. "You lose some, you win some," she said. Republicans expect big gains against Democratic majorities in the House of Representatives and the Senate but some believe Tea Party-backed Christine O'Donnell's victory over a moderate Republican in Delaware probably cost the party a chance to take command of the Senate. "Those internal power struggles need to be set aside," Palin said. "The need is great because the cause is so great." Palin urged Republican leaders to spread out across the country to help rally voters, including Karl Rove, who has been harshly critical of O'Donnell. Rove was the architect of George W. Bush's two presidential victories. "Karl," she said. "Karl, go to hear. You can come to Iowa, and Karl Rove and the leaders will see the light that these are normal, hard-working Americans.' Palin's visit to Iowa was seen by many in the crowd of 1,500 as a first step toward a possible run. "She's looking at something for the future," said Henry Reyhons, a Republican representative in the Iowa state legislature. "I think she will," said DiAnn Rose of Mapleton, Iowa. "I hope she does." Palin, admired by many conservatives, is not viewed favorably by a large segment of the American electorate, and the White House was quick to try to portray her as the best the Republican Party can muster. White House spokesman Robert Gibbs called Palin "a formidable force in the Republican Party and may well be, in all honesty, the most formidable force in the Republican Party right now." Does the White House interpret her trip as a first step in a run for the presidency? "It is normally around this time of year that you go to dip your toe in the water (in Iowa). My guess is that she is going to dip that toe," said Gibbs. If Palin runs, said University of Virginia political scientist Larry Sabato, "it would be the best news Democrats could possibly have." While popular among conservatives, Palin still has a long way to go with other Americans. A CBS News poll on Thursday said 46 percent of American voters viewed Palin unfavorably, compared with 21 percent who have a favorable opinion of her and 33 percent who are undecided. Palin promotes a traditional Republican low-tax, pro-business economic policy and aggressive foreign policy. (Additional reporting by Ross Colvin; Editing by Christopher Wilson and Eric Walsh) Tuesday, September 14th 2010, 4:00 AM How about some creepy-crawlies for dinner, Mexican-style? Adventurous diners can spring for a four-course meal of bugs at Brooklyn Kitchen. Egan-Chin/NewsRene Cervantes with crickets. He'll be eating other insects as well at Brooklyn Kitchen. Most restaurants try to keep bugs out of the kitchen. One Brooklyn foodie hot spot is putting them on the menu. The Brooklyn Kitchen is hosting a four-course dinner of creepy-crawlies on Saturday for adventurous eaters with iron stomachs. Diners at the Williamsburg cook shop are shelling out $85 to feast on caterpillars, mealworms and moth larvae, all done up Mexican-style. Luckily, it comes with mescal, a Mexican liquor, to wash it all down. "It's a little bit of a challenge to see if I can actually go through with eating it," said Alan Smith, 27, a freelance radio producer from Prospect Heights. Smith said he had read about bugs as an environmentally friendly alternative to meat and was curious to try them - as long as they're not still squirming. "If it doesn't taste good, the whole experiment is shot for me," he said. Fans of edible insects insist they can be a treat. "They're very tasty, so I want to see what everything else they're going to serve is like," said Rene Cervantes, 33, who signed up for the dinner because he loves the flavor of grasshoppers, which are often served in his home country of Mexico. "You have to give things a try, or you won't know." About half the event's 40 slots are filled, said Brooklyn Kitchen owner Taylor Erkkinen. "People are kind of interested, but also skeeved out," she said. Erkkinen isn't so sure she's up for it herself, but, "the mescal hopefully will help ease my introduction." Los Angeles-based artist Philip Ross cooked up the menu, which will include sautéed mealworms and yucca in a garlic and chipotle sauce. The tasting is a joint venture with the nearby EyeLevel BQE Gallery, where Monica Martinez, an artist and Ross' girlfriend, is exhibiting habitats she created for mealworms. Fancy flavorings and booze may not be enough to tempt some New Yorkers to dine on insects. "I can't even eat around bugs, let alone eat bugs," said Pedro Nieves, 22, a medical assistant trainee who flinched even at the mention of it. "I'm really grossed out by them." Insect cuisine isn't quite as foreign in many cultures as it is here, and bug eating is common in places like Latin America and Asia, where people snack on locusts and even scorpions. Sunset Park resident Denisse Sosa, 20, overcame her squeamishness about eating bugs after trying grasshoppers while visiting family in Mexico - but she's not eager to repeat the experience. "The legs get stuck in your throat," Sosa said. "I don't like that." The event's price tag was what stuck in the craw of Brooklynite Carlos Echeverri, 35, who said he'd be willing to eat nearly anything but a <snip>roach. "Eat bugs for $85? Probably you could just go to the park and throw them on the grill." DAILY NEWS WEST COAST BUREAU CHIEF Originally Published:Friday, September 17th 2010, 4:16 PM Updated: Friday, September 17th 2010, 4:16 PM McNew/GettyLindsay Lohan failed a court-mandated drug test last week, a source told the Daily News Lohan gives a smirk in her booking photo at the Century Regional Detention Facility in Lynwood, Calif. LOS ANGELES - Jail and rehab couldn't scare Lindsay Lohan straight - she's flunked a drug test, a source told the Daily News Friday. The positive result on a court-mandated test last week could send the "Mean Girls" starlet back to the slammer. TMZ.com reported the test was for cocaine. Prosecutors declined comment, and Lohan's lawyer could not be reached. Lohan, 24, denied it at first. "They're all nuts," she told Us magazine. "I'm fine." But the troubled starlet later copped to the failed drug test Friday night through several Tweets saying she's "prepared to appear before Judge Fox next week as a result." "Substance abuse is a disease, which unfortunately doesn't go away over night. I am working hard to overcome it and am taking positive steps forward every day. I am testing every single day and doing what I must do to prevent any mishaps in the future," Lohan said in another tweet to her 1.18 million followers. LiLo is on probation until next August for back-to-back 2007 DUI cases. She was sentenced to 90 days in jail this summer for missing booze counseling classes, but served only 14 due to overcrowding. The court ordered a 90-day inpatient rehab stint, but doctors said she could leave after 23 days. The judge put her on a strict post-jail program that includes counseling and random testing until Nov. 1. "It appears she is very serious about her sobriety," Judge Elden Fox said at the time. "She is very serious," Lohan's lawyer Shawn Chapman Holley agreed. "She has learned her lesson and wants to move on in a positive way." The judge also issued a stern warning: "Any positive or missed random tests are to be reported to the court in 72 hours and result in a violation of probation with 30 days in county jail." Because she was convicted of three counts, that could mean up to 90 days in lockup if she's found to have violated probation. Daily News Writer Friday, September 17th 2010, 2:24 PM Dave AlloccaNadya Suleman is planning to go on welfare after various reality show deals fell through. Having eight kids has taken its financial toll on Nadya Suleman. Suleman, better known as "Octomom," is going on welfare after a deal she had hoped would turn into a reality series didn't work out, RadarOnline.com reported. "Nadya has nannies and huge expenses raising 14 children," a source close to Suleman told the gossip site. "She needs a lot of money just to keep up with the basics. And now the income has dried up and she didn't make enough in the past year and a half to live off of it." Suleman, who became a tabloid sensation in 2009 when she gave birth to eight children, was reportedly unable to convince networks to produce a reality show based on her life, a la "Jon & Kate Plus Eight." "She's still hoping to pull off a deal that will pay her a fortune but at this point it just doesn't seem possible," the source said. "She was hoping for merchandizing deals, but those never came through." According to Radar, Suleman's debts nearly had her evicted from her house after she fell behind on mortgage payments. Her father reportedly purchased the house she was paying mortgage on, however he can no longer support her. "Nadya's parents have done a lot to help her despite their difficult relationship. They aren't rich and they're struggling too," the source said of Suleman's parents, adding that public assistance is the only possible solution at this point. "There's just no choice [but to go on welfare]. She's running out of money and those kids need to eat." Thursday, September 16th 2010, 9:40 AM Mone/APSarah Palin has campaigned for dozens of Republicans in the 2010 primary season. Sarah Palin may have a magic touch with candidates she endorses, but nearly half of American voters aren't impressed by the former Republican vice presidential candidate. The Tea Party isn't a hit with voters, either, a new poll finds. Just 21% of those asked have a favorable view of Palin, according to a CBS News/New York Times poll, which also found that 19% support the Tea Party. Despite drawing large, raucous crowds wherever she speaks, the number of voters who view Palin unfavorably rose six points since August to 46%. Meanwhile, 33% say they are undecided on Palin or don't know enough about her positions. Still, Palin's endorsements seem to matter. So far this primary season, Palin has backed 43 candidates and 25 of them have won, 11 have lost, with the rest not having had a primary race. Most recently, she helped lift Republicans Christine O'Donnell and Kelly Ayotte to Senate primary wins in Delaware and New Hampshire, respectively. However, two in three voters say Palin is just looking for attention with her endorsements, according to the poll. The former Alaska governor has not said whether she will run for president in 2012. However, a poll from last month shows 59% of the country thinks she would be an ineffective commander-in-chief. As for the Tea Party, 63% do not support it, though voters who are familiar with the party are more divided. The poll finds 29% have an unfavorable view, opposed to 23% who see the party in a favorable light. Still, Sen. Jim DeMint (R-S.C.), a champion of the Tea Party, thinks the budding political movement can be a force in Washington. "The Tea Party represents a broad cross-section of the American people," DeMint told NBC's "Today." "You can't change Washington unless you change people who are here," DeMint said. "People are ready to throw out the bums." September 16, 2010 That is not necessarily a predictor of victory in November — there’s a seven-week campaign to be run — but it puts the dominant Democratic Party in the unusual position of not only battling for critical independent votes but firing up its torpid base. Because the primary was the first in memory without a contest at the top of the ballot in either party, overall turnout was the lowest by far for the past six gubernatorial cycles and slightly higher than the modern low in 1986. But Republican turnout was exceptionally high in the 10th Congressional District, where there is an open seat; in many suburban and exurban areas of the Merrimack and Blackstone valleys; and in Worcester County. The turnout in traditionally Democratic cities and many liberal areas, by contrast, was low to abysmal. In Boston and Cambridge, the number of voters casting Democratic ballots was less than half what it has been on average for the past seven gubernatorial primaries, a Globe analysis shows. In a potentially troubling signal for Democratic Governor Deval Patrick, who built a diverse coalition of supporters in his 2006 victory, the turnout was especially light in Boston’s predominantly minority neighborhoods, despite two crowded Democratic primaries for open state House seats. Democrats have a more than 3-to-1 registration average statewide, but in Tuesday’s primary, in which independents could cast ballots for either party, Democrats outpolled Republicans by only about 2 to 1. That’s the narrowest spread in the past 24 years. Even in cycles when Republicans won the governorship, GOP voters comprised more than 30 percent of the electorate only once in a primary — 1994, the year of William F. Weld’s historic re-election landslide. In the 10th District, which stretches from Quincy to Cape Cod and the Islands, competitive primaries in both parties this year produced some of the highest turnouts in the state, with reported Democratic turnout exceeding the GOP by only 5 percentage points. That edge will increase slightly when Democratic results in five of the 199 precincts, still untabulated late yesterday, are added to the total. That’s a significant improvement for Republicans, however. The last time the seat was open, in 1996, Democratic turnout exceeded Republican by nearly 40 percentage points, with multi-candidate primaries in both parties. Jennifer Nassour, chairwoman of the Massachusetts Republican Party, said her party’s higher turnout “speaks volumes to the anger and frustration people are feeling now. ... People are fed up, they want everyone out, and the party in power are the Democrats.’’ Her Democratic counterpart, John Walsh, acknowledged that “in a couple of places, there was a pickup of this Tea Party enthusiasm.’’ But he said Massachusetts is different from other states. “We’re not Sarah Palin, burn-the-house-down, Delaware or Alaska,’’ he said. “No doubt this is going to be an important and challenging election for incumbents everywhere, and it will depend on how well we do our work and talk to people and execute in campaign mode.’’ The state Democratic Party, he noted, started September with a $1 million advantage over the state Republican Party in cash on hand for the final weeks of the race. But Democrats will have to spend wisely to counteract the increased Republican energy in many parts of the state. In Haverhill, a Merrimack Valley city that is nominally Democratic but sometimes votes Republican in November elections, Democratic turnout has generally exceeded that of Republicans by a wide margin in primaries in the last six gubernatorial cycles. On Tuesday, it flipped, with voters casting more Republican ballots than Democratic ones, according to unofficial results. Similarly, in Barnstable, the most populous town on Cape Cod, a swing area, Democrats averaged 57 percent of primary turnout in six previous gubernatorial cycles. On Tuesday, the percentage fell to 44 percent, unofficial tallies showed. Those born on September 16th Those born on September 16th display an indomitable spirit that does not recognize defeat or boundaries. Their desire to go beyond, to surpass what has already been done in any given area is great. Yet they are patient enough to master the technical details of their craft, not being egotists or wild eyed fame hunters. September 16th emotional energy is very strong, and it is from the heart that those born on this day express themselves. They must beware, however, or overstepping certain boundaries which even they must stop and pause with respect. September 16th people are not afraid to put it on the line. Their bravery and steadfastness under fire are outstanding qualities. But because they rarely back down from confrontation they may often be at odds with the authorities or powers that be. It can me a mistake to cramp a September 16th person’s style. Their spirit is so dynamic that it will not be suppressed. They are filled with a zest for life. Those born on this day usually have to learn how to be good team players, however, since cooperation is not their strong suit. Over time, experience usually teaches them much in this regard, and they thus develop real leadership qualities. After maturing, they become excellent teachers, as they are confident of their knowledge and convey it in their students and will be more sensitive to their feelings. Those born on the 16th of the month are ruled by the number 7 (1+6=7). Those ruled by the number 7 sometimes fail to carry through their ideas and can lose touch with reality easily. Those ruled by the number 7 can throw caution to the winds financially and leave their families financially embarrassed a good accountant or bookkeeper is thus invaluable to those born on this day. Advice: Learn to guide your prodigious energies in the right direction. Keep goals in sight. Try to explain to those who do not understand. Don’t get too far out or court disaster too often, remain in touch with the more ordinary aspects of life. Strengths: Big hearted, courageous and honest. Weaknesses: Sensationalist, rebellious and destructive Born on This Day: Henry V, B.B. King, Lauren Bacall and Charles Byrd This Day in History: Sep 16, 1932 Gandhi begins fast in protest of caste separation On this day in 1932, in his cell at Yerovda Jail near Bombay, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi begins a hunger strike in protest of the British government's decision to separate India's electoral system by caste. Famous Inventions 1857 The words & music to the famous Christmas song "Jingle Bells" was registered by Oliver Ditson and Company under the title One Horse Open Sleigh. Those born on September 15th Those born on September 15th tend to carve out an area for themselves in the world, whether modest or expansive, and then explore its possibilities to the fullest. They have an unusual ability to be specialized, thorough and at the same time aware of the big picture. Whether fulfilling the role of professionals, artists, parents, or blue collar workers, those born on this day seek to master what they do without being stressed or driven. September 15th people are often enjoy being secretiveness which is tied in with maintaining a personality of that enjoys the fullness of life, secretiveness is nonetheless characteristic of this day. At certain points September people may wish to hide what they do from relatives, peers, even their mates, and at other times share it intimately and unabashedly. Most often this secretiveness is tied with maintaining a certain image in the eyes of others. September 15th people may appear to be shy and retiring people, right into their adolescence and even up to age thirty or so but after that period is over, watch out! They often have hidden ambitions which are ultimately revealed. Time is usually on their side, for they can wait for years, patiently honing their talents, gathering information or developing their ideas in order to one make their big move. Most September 15th people display a clear desire to earn money, often lots of it. Wealth as an end is not what motivates them, however, but the recognition of success that is associated with it. Those born on this day generally make no bones about wishing to be rewarded for their efforts and paid what they deserve. Those born on the 15th day of the month are ruled by the number 6(1+5=6). Those ruled by the number 6 tend to be charismatic and even inspire worship in others. Advice: Keep your ethical principals intact, without them you are a leaf blowing in the wind. Your patience and ability to wait will take you a long way. Resist compromising for financial reward. Get a grip on your desires; don’t let the tail wag the dog. Strengths: Expansive and motivated Weaknesses: Materialistic and overly ambitious Born on This Day: Agatha Christie, William Howard Taft, Julian “Cannonball” Adderly, Jackie Cooer and Oliver Stone Famous Inventions: 1968 An Wang obtained a patent for a calculating apparatus, a basic component of computer technology. This Day in History: Sep 15, 1978 Ali defeats Spinks to win world heavyweight championship On this day in 1978, boxer Muhammad Ali defeats Leon Spinks at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans to win the world heavyweight boxing title for the third time in his career, the first fighter ever to do so. Following his victory, Ali retired from boxing, only to make a brief comeback two years later. Ali, who once claimed he could "float like a butterfly, sting like a bee," left the sport permanently in 1981 Man seriously wounds intruder during botched Brooklyn home invasion JAMIE SCHRAM and CHUCK BENNETT Last Updated: 3:39 PM, September 15, 2010 Posted: 11:11 AM, September 15, 2010 A homeowner in Brooklyn shot and seriously wounded a would-be burglar early this morning, police said. Larry Goldstein, 62, of Mill Basin was awoken shortly before 2 a.m. when he and his wife heard noise downstairs. He grabbed his licensed revolver and went to investigate when he saw two intruders brandishing guns, sources told The Post. Goldstein opened fire hitting one intruder three times while his accomplice fled. The wounded man, identified, as Alexander Manigat, of 371 E. 35th Street in Brooklyn, was taken to Brookdale Hospital in critical condition with two gunshot wounds to his torso and one time in the arm. The homeowner stopped a would-be home invasion after shooting one of the intruders. Manigat was placed under arrest. Goldstein, a retired schoolteacher, has not been charged. Neighbors praised Goldstein’s actions. "If somebody were to break into my house and try to harm my family, there's very little that's gonna come between me and my family" local resident Mike Reinhardt told WPIX. "I hope the perpetrator is hurting [and] he learns his lesson so he can share his story with other people about breaking into other people's houses." Police said there had been several break-ins and home invasions in the neighborhood in recent months. Reggie Bush gives up Heisman, blames "persistent media speculation," admits "mistakes" Mike Florio on September 14, 2010 4:58 PM ET On the same day that the Heisman Trophy Trust conducted its monthly meeting, the 2005 winner of the award for which the trust is named announced that he will give up the prize. The move comes at a time when Yahoo! Sports reported that the Heisman Trophy Trust would decide to strip the award from Bush. The chronology permits an inference that the Heisman Trophy Trust decided to take the award away, and that they gave Bush a chance to surrender it first. But Bush was strident, not contrite, in relinquishing the prize. For more, here's the full content of his comments, with some of our thoughts interspersed were appropriate. "One of the greatest honors of my life was winning the Heisman Trophy in 2005. For me, it was a dream come true," Bush said in a statement released by the Saints. "But I know that the Heisman is not mine alone. Far from it. I know that my victory was made possible by the discipline and hard work of my teammates, the steady guidance of my coaches, the inspiration of the fans, and the unconditional love of my family and friends. And I know that any young man fortunate enough to win the Heisman enters into a family of sorts. Each individual carries the legacy of the award and each one is entrusted with its good name. It is for these reasons that I have made the difficult decision to forfeit my title as Heisman winner of 2005. The persistent media speculation regarding allegations dating back to my years at USC has been both painful and distracting. In no way should the storm around these allegations reflect in any way on the dignity of this award, nor on any other institutions or individuals. Nor should it distract from outstanding performances and hard-earned achievements either in the past, present or future." So, in other words, Bush is giving it back not because he did anything wrong, but because "persistent media speculation" has undermined the "dignity of the award." "For the rest of my days," Bush added, "I will continue to strive to demonstrate through my actions and words that I was deserving of the confidence placed in me by the Heisman Trophy Trust. I would like to begin in this effort by turning a negative situation into a positive one by working with the Trustees to establish an educational program which will assist student-athletes and their families avoid some of the mistakes that I made. I am determined to view this event as an opportunity to help others and to advance the values and mission of the Heisman Trophy Trust." And there it is. For the first time, and after years of blunt denials, Bush has admitted that he made "mistakes," the biggest of which was to take money and other things of value from a prospective marketing agency and then fail to pay any of it back when deciding not to hire the agency in question. "I will forever appreciate the honor bestowed upon me as a winner of the Heisman," Bush said. "While this decision is heart-breaking, I find solace in knowing that the award was made possible by the support and love of so many. Those are gifts that can never be taken away." Regardless of the words used by Bush, the end result is that he's giving up the Heisman, he's blaming "persistent media speculation" about the situation for the move, and he's finally admitting that he made "mistakes." Last Updated: 4:43 PM, September 14, 2010 Posted: 12:26 PM, September 14, 2010 Talk about good cop bad cop. A Long Island family man with a twisted law enforcement fetish was arrested for impersonating a federal agent early Monday morning after he pulled over an off-duty Suffolk County officer. Victor Alfaro-Marquez, 35, of Selden, pulled up behind Detective William Zambito at 4:30 a.m. in a black 1999 Mercedes SUV and activated a set of red and blue lights on his dashboard and flashed his headlights. After the veteran detective pulled over, Alfaro-Marquez approached his driver's side window wearing a black t-shirt and a replica DEA badge around his neck. The suspicious cop immediately identified himself as a police officer. "He was very suspicious right off the bat," Suffolk County Det. Lt. Matt Sullivan of his colleague. "He asked my guy if he was NYPD," he said. "My guy said no, I'm a Suffolk detective and the guy said he was DEA and quickly got back into his car and left." But Zambito took down the fake fed's license plate and he was arrested without incident at his home at 8:30 p.m. Monday night. Cops found a trove of law enforcement related paraphernalia in the impounded Mercedes, including two badges, a pellet pistol in a holster, handcuffs, and a DEA baseball hat. "He was definitely some sort of buff," Sullivan said. Other than a prior arrest for having a phony driver's license, Alfaro-Marquez, who is married with children and runs an import export business, has no prior criminal record. Suffolk cops are still investigating whether Alfaro-Marquez pulled the same stunt on unsuspecting drivers in the past. Big party week for the Obamas The Hill 12/10 05:57 PM ET President Obama and first lady Michelle Obama have a packed social schedule this week, with two major galas and a reception for college athletes. On Monday evening, the president will welcome collegiate star athletes to the White House for a reception at 5:45 p.m. The annual event, first held by former President George W. Bush, recognizes outstanding student athletes in more than a dozen sports, including field-hockey, lacrosse, and volleyball. Neither of Obama's alma maters, Columbia University and Harvard University, made the grade On Wednesday the First Couple will don black tie for the annual Congressional Hispanic Caucus Institute gala, one of the more entertaining political galas of the Washington fall season. A number of entertainers are being honored with awards, including Eva Longoria Parker, five-time Grammy winner Arturo Sandoval, and musician Sheila E. Also participating in the festivities will be Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid (D-Nev.), Speaker Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.), and New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg. Hopefully the Obamas get some rest Thursday or Friday, because they will be back in formalwear on Saturday night for the Congressional Black Caucus Foundation's (CBCF) annual Phoenix Awards dinner. The dinner will mark the culmination of the foundation's 40th Annual Legislative Conference. Honorees at the dinner will include New Jersey State Assembly Speaker Sheila Y. Oliver, actor and humanitarian Harry Belafonte, journalist Simeon Booker, and renowned choreographer Judith Jamison. Washingtonians will recall that White House party-crashers Tareq and Michaele Salahi allegedly snuck into the CBCF dinner in 2009. Expect security to be extra tight this time around. The Washington social season unofficially began Saturday night with the Washington National Opera's season opening gala, and ends in early December with the Kennedy Center Honors. OUT-OF-CONTROL MICHELLE OBAMA's SPENDING SPREE 09/14/2010 After blowing nearly a half-a half-million dollars on a Spanish shopping spree, MICHELLE OBAMA has plans to spend a whopping $2 million in the coming year – while the nation struggles with its worst recession ever. Nearly 15 million people are unemployed, but that hasn’t stopped the first lady from “spending like Marie Antoinette” and appearing to live it up “like a lottery winner,” fume outraged critics. Worried White House advisers have told the president he quickly needs to get his wife “under control” because her reckless spending – on trips, shopping and redecorating – is sending an intensely negative message to Americans in a bad economy and could undermine his re-election plans. “The president’s advisers hit the roof recently when they found out Michelle was arranging other exotic trips in the new year with girlfriends – on top of sprucing up their White House living quarters and her plans to do some redecorating at their home back in Chicago,” disclosed a top Washington source. “They’ve estimated that all the spending will top more than $2 million!” While the first family was in Martha’s Vineyard on an end-of-summer vacation, Michelle’s hush-hush makeover of her husband’s Oval Office was completed. The White House had to quickly point out it was done without cost to taxpayers by the nonprofit White House Historical Association. But critics insist it sent the wrong message to a belt-tightening public, and a New York Times columnist pointed out that in 2009 when Obama released his first budget, he said: “There are times when you can afford to redecorate your house, and there are times when you need to focus on rebuilding its foundation.” Confided a D.C. insider: “Michelle was behind the redesign of her husband’s office, but the last thing he needs is an electorate thinking she’s living it up like a lottery winner. “They’ll flip if she takes more exotic vacations – and they won’t care if renovations to the White House living quarters and their house back in Chicago are done by benefactors. It still sends the wrong message.” As The ENQUIRER first reported, Michelle and her entourage recently spent five days in Spain, ringing up some $500,000 in expenses – much of it on the taxpayers’ tab, say sources. On top of that, the stylish first lady “loves top-dollar designer duds and hosting fancy dinner parties,” said a Beltway insider. “The bad economy seems to have no effect on her.” DAILY NEWS STAFF WRITER Tuesday, September 14th 2010, 8:47 AM Carr, Cole/APWins for Tea Party-backed candidates Christine o"Donnell in Delaware and Ovide Lamontagne in New Hampshire in Tuesday night's primaries, could mean trouble for the GOP in the general election. The Tea Party is brewing up some trouble for the GOP. If Tea Party candidates in Delaware and New Hampshire win against their moderate Republican challengers in Tuesday night's primary elections, it could drastically reduce the GOP's chances of taking control of the Senate. While the Tea Party candidates might fare well in the primaries, D.C. Republicans fear they'll face a tougher battle in the general election. Statistician and blogger Nate Silver told The New York Times that Tea Party wins in those two states would halve the chances of a Republican takeover in the Senate. If the Tea-Party backed candidates win, he put the odds of a GOP takeover at 16%. If their challengers win, he put it at 30%. While most insiders say Republicans have a good chance of winning back the House, the Senate is a tougher climb. And with Tea Party wins in Delaware and New Hampshire, the climb will be even steeper. In Delaware, moderate, nine-term GOP Rep. Mike Castle is up against Christine O'Donnell, who is backed by Sarah Palin and the Tea-Party, for Joe Biden's old Senate seat. While Castle was the favored Republican nominee, O'Donnell's campaign has gained momentum. One recent poll has shown the race in a dead heat. Republicans fear a similar primary loss in Alaska, where Joe Miller rode Tea Party support to beat Alaska GOP Sen. Lisa Murkowski. There's also Rand Paul and Sharron Angle, the Tea Party-backed candidates who shocked the GOP in Kentucky and Nevada. The GOP establishment, top strategists and even the Delaware GOP chairman have been openly working to defeat O'Donnell. Castle contended the election is being manipulated by outsiders. "This has been a complete out-of state operation," he told Politico. "…It's not been a local campaign. It's not had local donations." In New Hampshire, Kelly Ayotte, the state's attorney general is up against Tea Party-backed Ovide Lamontagne in a multi-candidate race. But unlike in Delaware, Lamontagne does not have Palin's endorsement. While Ayotte was expected to be the Republican shoo-in to replace retiring Sen. Judd Gregg, Lamontagne has picked up steam. A recent poll puts him just 7 points behind Ayotte—who is favored to win against Democrat Rep. Paul Hodes, who is running unopposed. Blogger and political reporter for the Washington Post, Chris Cillizza, said a Lamontagne win could mean trouble for Republicans. It "would breathe new life into Democrats in the Granite State and almost certain make the race more competitive on Nov. 2," he said. Those born on September 14th Those born on September 14th are very much concerned with the society in which they live. Both defenders and critics of their county and their times, they may feel it necessary to become involved not only intellectually but also actively in important projects which, as they see it, can better the human condition. Their role is to open people’s eyes to the truth and in this respect to serve them. The visually oriented individuals born on this day are able to describe what they see in easily understood terms. When evaluating the work of others, their basic premise is that the biggest room in the world is the room for improvement. Thus they are not shy about making concrete suggestions as to how certain aspects may be better. At times, however, they can be somewhat closed to viewpoints at odds with their own. September 14th people seem to have opinions on most every subject. Usually, however, in a serious discussion, they are wise enough to restrict their comments to what they know best, in particular their area of expertise. They thus despise superficial types who pretend to know much more than they actually do, and toward such people those born on this day can be quite hostile. Those born on the 14rh day of the month are ruled by the number 5 (1+4=5. September 14th people must be aware especially of being too intellectually demanding and expecting others to be as quick as they are in changing topics and directions. Whatever hard knocks or pitfalls those ruled by the number 5 encounter in life, they usually recover quickly. Advice: Sometimes keep your opinions to yourself they are not always appreciated. Learn to work behind the senses. Beware of arousing resentment when you push others let things happen in their own good time. No one has a monopoly on intelligence. Strengths: Observant, effective and efficient Weaknesses: Critical, difficult and impatient Born on This Day: Margaret Sanger, Larry Brown, Clayton Moore and Allan Bloom Famous Inventions: 1993 The Simpsons television show was registered by Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation. This Day in History Sep 14, 1901: McKinley dies of infection from gunshot wounds On this day in 1901; U.S. President William McKinley dies after being shot by a deranged anarchist during the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York. September 14, 2010 Jerry Brown has spent much of his race for governor assaulting the character of his Republican rival, Meg Whitman. But with a jaw-dropping bit of rhetoric, he has extended his criticism to a former Democratic president, Bill Clinton. And he has done so in the least delicate of ways, by referring to Clinton's dalliance with White House intern Monica Lewinsky. "Meg Whitman. She stops at nothing. She's even got Clinton lying about me. That's right. No, did you see that? Where he said I raised taxes. It's a lie," the Democratic nominee said Sunday, referring to a television ad the GOP candidate is airing that contains video of Clinton criticizing Brown during the 1992 presidential primaries. "I mean Clinton's a nice guy, but who ever said he always told the truth?" Brown told a crowd at the opening of a Democratic Party office in East Los Angeles. "You remember, right? There's that whole story there about did he or didn't he. OK, I did — I did not have taxes with this state." The last line was an oblique play on Clinton's defense against the brewing sex scandal in early 1998. At the time, Clinton asserted, "I did not have sexual relations with that woman." It was later proven that he did, and he subsequently faced impeachment proceedings. Brown's comments were captured Sunday at an unannounced visit to the Democratic Party office. Video of his comments surfaced on a political news website on Monday. Several hours later, Brown called a news conference and apologized. "Bill Clinton was an excellent president," Brown said in Oakland. "It was certainly wrong for me to joke about an incident from many, many years ago, and I'm sorry for that." Brown apologized to a senior Clinton aide but has not spoken directly with the former president and demurred when asked if he expected Clinton to endorse him. Attempts to reach a Clinton spokesperson were unsuccessful. Brown and Clinton have a tense history because of the 1992 presidential primaries, during which they tangled as they vied for the nomination. Their contest was at times ugly and personal: Brown called Clinton the "prince of sleaze," and they got into a finger-pointing dispute in a debate when Brown accused Clinton of funneling state money to Hillary Clinton's law practice, and Clinton mocked Brown's expensive suits and family wealth. After Clinton racked up enough delegates to win the nomination, Brown declined to endorse him at the party's convention. The antipathy continued through Clinton's presidency, with Brown saying in 1998 that Clinton's policy failings were "overwhelming," and that Brown voted for Ralph Nader in 1996. Last year, Clinton was seen as extending the enmity when he endorsed Gavin Newsom in the Democratic gubernatorial primary. Newsom quickly dropped out because he couldn't raise enough money to compete against Brown. Clinton became an issue in the gubernatorial contest last week, when Whitman began airing a 30-second ad that featured the footage of Clinton trying to refute Brown's claim that he lowered taxes as governor of California from 1975-83. " CNN — not me, CNN — says his assertion about his tax record was, quote, just plain wrong," Clinton says in the ad. "He raised taxes as governor of California.... He doesn't tell the people the truth." As The Times reported Friday, the CNN report was inaccurate. The Brown campaign has called on Whitman to take down the ad; the Whitman campaign has refused. Democrats were dismayed but unsurprised by Brown's gaffe. The candidate is known for his free-wheeling, anti-talking-point nature, and earlier in the campaign he faced criticism for comparing Whitman's campaign to that of a Nazi propagandist. "It represents everything that insiders simultaneously love and fear about Brown's campaign instincts. He's clever and witty but not always strategic," said Dan Newman, a Democratic operative. Garry South, who worked on Newsom's gubernatorial bid and is a harsh Brown critic, said the remarks reflected a "self-indulgent death wish," given Clinton's continued popularity in California. "He needed Bill Clinton to step up and undermine the validity of this ad," South said. "Instead of that, he trashes the guy. Unbelievable." Even as Brown apologized, he tried to steer the discussion back to questions about Whitman's honesty. "As a billionaire, she thinks she can make things up and lie in a political campaign," Brown said. "You know, I've made my mistakes, and the inappropriate joke about President Clinton is one of them. But from me you'll always get it straight. I'll tell you the truth." Sunday, September 12th 2010, 2:58 PM Drew/APFormer House Speaker Newt Gingrich is considering a run for president in 2012. Barack Obama won the Presidency with 53% of the vote in 2008, but Newt Gingrich thinks his victory was just a "wonderful con." "This is a person who is fundamentally out of touch with how the world works, who happened to have played a wonderful con, as a result of which he is now president," Gingrich said in an interview with the National Review Online. "I think he worked very hard at being a person who is normal, reasonable, moderate, bipartisan, transparent, accommodating -- none of which was true," Gingrich said. "He was being the person he needed to be in order to achieve the position he needed to achieve...He was authentically dishonest." Gingrich, the former Speaker of the House, is openly considering a bid for the White House in 2012. Since his contentious time as Speaker, during which he famously positioned himself as Bill Clinton's chief political opponent, Gingrich has kept himself in the public eye by weighing in as a political analyst. He has been a fierce critic of the Obama administration, calling him "the most radical President in American history." "I think Obama gets up every morning with a worldview that is fundamentally wrong about reality," Gingrich told the National Review. "If you look at the continuous denial of reality, there has got to be a point where someone stands up and says that this is just factually insane." "What if [Obama] is so outside our comprehension, that only if you understand Kenyan, anti-colonial behavior can you begin to piece together [his actions]?" Gingrich said. "That is the most accurate, predictive model for his behavior." Gingrich's comments were made in response to a Forbes article by Dinesh D'Souza, called "How Obama Thinks." D'Souza, the President of King's College New York and a former policy analyst in the Reagan White House, says Obama is "trapped in his fathers' time machine." "Incredibly, the U.S. is being ruled according to the dreams of a Luo tribesman of the 1950s," D'Souza wrote, in an essay drawn from his forthcoming book "The Roots of Obama's Rage." "This philandering, inebriated African socialist, who raged against the world for denying him the realization of his anticolonial ambitions, is now setting the nation's agenda through the reincarnation of his dreams in his son." Gingrich also touted his "Kenyan worldview" hypothesis on Fox News Sunday, saying "The thing that the president doesn't understand and the thing that Keynesian economics get wrong is real simple. Do you want people to have enough money to invest to create jobs? If they have a surplus of income so they can create jobs, that's somehow bad and the president wants to take away the income. That means he's leaving them with no money to create jobs." Gingrich, who has visited Iowa four times this year, says he could announce his campaign for President "by March or April." Those born on September 13th Those born on September 13th bring their full powers to bear on the job at hand. Blessed with a remarkable level of concentration and resilient determination, they may face great obstacles to their success, but not for a moment will the outcome be in doubt for them. Indeed some born on this day seem to believe that they have a magical ability to surmount any difficulty. Yet they are not particularly superstitious or disposed physical explanations for what they do. Theirs is a straight ahead, no nonsense approach. The more exceptional of September 13th people can, however, handle such difficult, complex and manifold tasks, that others marvel at how they are able to accomplish what they do. Often September 13th people strongly support certain ideas and causes, but later realize they have been a bit off track. Because of their sincerity and dedication, however, they gain the respect of others, even those who vehemently oppose them and feel that what they are doing is harmful. At a certain point in their lives those born on this day may change direction dramatically, at one stroke setting out toward new horizons. Once on this path, however, they will continue on it until the bitter or happy end. No one can dissuade them once they have made their mind up about something, although for the time being they may mark time for the sake of diplomacy, not wanting to cause undue upset. Those born on the13th of the month are ruled by the number 4(1+3=4). Although the number 13 is considered unlucky by many people it is, rather, a powerful number which does carry the responsibility of using its power wisely or run the risk of self destruction. Advice: Be sensitive to the needs of those around you. Do not neglect your spiritual self or allow your emotional side to be suppressed. Fight your tendency to choose a difficult path. Expect a degree of compromise, but not where ultimate goals are concerned. Strengths: Intense, devoted and persevering Weaknesses: Off track, hardened and unaware. Born on This Day: Walter Reed, Mel Torme, Jacqueline Bisset and Sherwood Anderson. Famous Inventions: 1870 Patent #107,304 was granted to Daniel C. Stillson for the improved monkey wrench. This Day in History: Sep 13, 1814: Key pens Star-Spangled Banner On this day in 1814, Francis Scott Key pens a poem which is later set to music and in 1931 becomes America's national anthem, "The Star-Spangled Banner." The poem, originally titled "The Defence of Fort McHenry," was written after Key witnessed the Maryland fort being bombarded by the British during the War of 1812. Key was inspired by the sight of a lone U.S. flag still flying over Fort McHenry at daybreak, as reflected in the now-famous words of the "Star-Spangled Banner": "And the rocket's red glare, the bombs bursting in air, Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there." 9/10/2010 1:24:56 PM ET PARIS — A Paris man who registered 55 children by 55 different mothers faces up to 10 years in jail and fines for suspected paternity fraud and for helping to obtain residency under false pretences, police said on Friday. The 54-year-old of African origin, who authorities did not identify, was arrested in his two-room flat in Paris during a police raid which yielded documents showing more than 50 people were registered as living at that address. Police suspect the man was involved in a social benefits scam which could have been costing the state over 1 million euros ($1.27 million) annually in claims by the mothers. "At the moment 42 women have been identified and each claim that the man is the biological father of their child," Paris police said in a statement. Authorities said the man claimed he met the women at bars, night spots and occasionally during visits to their home countries, including Senegal, Cameroon and Mali. For a fee of 150 to 200 euros, he registered the children and their mothers with French authorities, enabling them to obtain residency permits and claim social benefits. Most popular Raisin Bran among 5 worst cereals for your diet Stephen Hawking says time travel should be possible Saudis near deal to buy $60 billion in U.S. arms High school assembly turns X-rated Raw video shows San Bruno blast Some of the mothers told authorities they had received up to about 7,500 euros on various monthly allowances. "Investigations are on-going and an investigating magistrate will decide whether DNA tests have to be administered to determine the children's paternity," a police spokesman said. Sky News Online A British teenager has been banned from America for life for sending Barack Obama an abusive email. Luke Angel insulted Barack Obama after watching a programme on September 11 Luke Angel was reprimanded by police on both sides of the Atlantic after firing off a drunken message to the White House calling the president a "p****". The FBI intercepted the message and contacted police in the UK who went to see the 17-year-old at his home in Silsoe, Bedfordshire. Luke, a college student, is now on a list of people who are banned from visiting the States. We were informed by the Metropolitan Police and went to see him. He said, 'Oh dear, it was me'. Bedfordshire Police spokeswoman The teenager told the Bedfordshire On Sunday newspaper that he had sent the email after watching a TV programme about September 11. When asked about the ban, Luke said: "I don't really care. My parents aren't very happy about it. "The police who came round took my picture and told me I was banned from America forever." The FBI were furious at the email and contacted police in the UK A Bedfordshire Police spokesman said: "The individual sent an email to the White House full of abusive and threatening language. "We were informed by the Metropolitan Police and went to see him. He said, 'Oh dear, it was me'." Officers will take no criminal action. Joanne Ferreira, of the US Department of Homeland Security, said there are about 60 reasons a person can be barred. She added: "We are prohibited from discussing specific cases." 'Oprah' celebrates Oprah on last season premiere Tribune reporter 9:52 a.m. CDT, September 13, 2010 Beginning the final season of her daytime talk show Monday, Oprah Winfrey came out not swinging, but dancing. She and actor John Travolta, voted the show's all-time favorite guest after 11 appearances, did a modest pas-de-deux to the tune "Love Train," kicking off a show that Winfrey, in a pre-show teaser, promised would bring "two of the most heart-pounding, head-spinning surprises of all time." Two of those shockers included news that she'll fly the 300-person studio audience to Australia, for an eight-day December trip that will coincide with Winfrey taping at least two episodes there, and Paul Simon playing an updated version of a song he wrote for Winfrey 15 years ago, for her 10th-anniversary show. Not a surprise: Oprah tears. Her season-premiere audience was as packed with partisans as one of President George Bush's town-hall meetings: Only "ultimate" Oprah fans were invited, and they yelled, cheered, even shed a few tears of their own to see their heroine beginning the season-long process of saying farewell. Her show airs at 9 a.m. in Chicago, where Winfrey's national career began, giving local fans an earlier look than the rest of the country gets. Another surprise came when six fans from the Boston area, sent on a road trip to the taping by Winfrey's staff, were tricked into driving right onto the stage, into the middle of the show in progress. And actor Don Johnson did a walk-on, a reference to Winfrey's inability to land the then-"Miami Vice" star as a guest on her first show. Times have changed. Right away Monday, a retrospective of Travolta's appearances during Winfrey's 24 previous seasons made it clear what kind of year this will be: gushy, sentimental, celebratory of Winfrey's place in her fans' lives and in the culture. "Oprah, there's only one of you, and there'll never be another one," Travolta told the Chicago-based talk-show host, who will move on next year to host a new, less frequent, evening show on her own cable channel, the Oprah Winfrey Network. A rabid fan from Alberta, Canada -- who estimated she has watched 5,500 hours of "Oprah" through the years -- was shown on tape calling Travolta's 50th-birthday toast to Winfrey her favorite on-show moment. That not exactly understated toast? "You represent the best of our country, and what's possible in our country," Travolta said, "but more importantly you are a citizen of the world, and you are a hero to mankind." Travolta became a hero to the audience later on, when he stepped out of a mock Qantas Airlines jet in pilot's uniform. The actor is, in fact, a Qantas pilot, and he beamed as Winfrey told her audience about their trip. Confetti, tears and hugs intermingled in the studio, even more when Winfrey, in her role as bestower of gifts, also told the crowd they were each getting a new Motorola Defy mobile phone. To close the show, Winfrey listened, rapt, eyes moist, as her staff apparently surprised her with the Simon appearance and song. "Twenty-five years have come and gone," he sang, "and the story's still unfolding." The plans, producers have said, are for the season to just keep getting bigger. Fasten your seatbelts, viewers In Ad Wars, Democrats Shy From Ties to Own Party JEFF ZELENY WASHINGTON — Representative Mark Schauer of Michigan does not dwell on the legislation he has voted for during his first term in Congress, which includes the Democratic stimulus plan and health insurance overhaul. But he reminds his constituents what he has fought against, declaring, “I must ask myself 10 times a day, what is Washington thinking?” Representative Glenn Nye of Virginia does not mention in his television advertisements that he is a Democrat. But he expresses a deep worry about the national debt, saying, “I stood up to my party leaders and voted no.” Representative Suzanne M. Kosmas of Florida looks straight into the camera during her latest commercial and declares, “People in this district are mad, and I’m mad, too.” The advertisements from these three vulnerable Democrats offer a window into the party’s strategy to try to keep control of the House in November at a moment when Republicans and their allies are substantially outspending Democrats and their backers. Two years after arriving in Washington on a message of hope and change, Democratic candidates are not extolling their party’s accomplishments, but rather distancing themselves from their party’s agenda. The midterm elections may revolve around a series of big issues, particularly with control of Congress at stake. But a look at the advertising themes and images being employed by Democrats shows all the ways they are trying to personalize their contests and avoid being defined as ideological partners of President Obama’s or as part of the Washington establishment. In the last six weeks, Republicans have outspent Democrats $20 million to $13 million in television advertising, according to an analysis by The New York Times of 56 of the nation’s most competitive House and Senate races. The Republican advantage includes $9 million in spending from outside groups, compared with $3 million from left-leaning interests. The disparity in spending, particularly from third-party groups, is the central reason Mr. Obama has agreed to step up his fund-raising efforts for the party in the coming weeks, aides said, and why Speaker Nancy Pelosi is asking leading donors to dig deeper. The images of Mr. Obama and Ms. Pelosi appear with more frequency than those of any other political figures — but nearly always in Republican advertisements. They have been mentioned so many times that in their advertising some Democrats have started calling out their Republican rivals, including Representative Roy Blunt of Missouri, who is running for the Senate. “Congressman Roy Blunt seems to think he’s running for the Senate against Barack Obama and Nancy Pelosi,” says Robin Carnahan, the Democratic candidate, standing in the middle of a cow lot on her farm. “Hey Roy, you’re running against me!” For all the evolutions in technology, with voters able to gather information instantly about candidates from an ever-widening array of sources, television advertising remains the most central ingredient of political races. Many candidates say they are buying more spots than in previous election cycles, hoping to break through to viewers who often tune out the first few times they come across a commercial. The voices of politicians, along with soothing-sounding narrators talking about the economic stimulus, federal spending and bank bailouts, resonate from television sets throughout the morning, afternoon and evening. In the last six weeks alone, Republicans broadcast 45,100 commercials and Democrats broadcast 38,400 in the competitive races included in the Times analysis of advertising data collected by the independent Campaign Media Analysis Group. “The political response to a fragmented media world is to talk louder and longer,” said Evan L. Tracey, president of the group, which monitors political advertising. “This will be the most negative election we’ve probably ever seen, because everyone is trying to tap into voters on an emotional level and no one is looking to entertain right now.” Many of the most serious and stark messages come in advertisements sponsored by Americans for Prosperity, an advocacy group financed in large part by David Koch, who invests millions of dollars on behalf of conservative causes. The group has focused on a handful of races, spending $1.5 million in seven competitive House seats in the last six weeks, leaving the Democratic candidates under fire at all hours of the day on television. “To small businesses, Betsy Markey is the same as Nancy Pelosi,” a man says in one of the advertisements, referring to Representative Betsy Markey, Democrat of Colorado. For a one-week stretch in August, the group ran $40,000 worth of commercials every day against her. In Florida, Marco Rubio, the Republican candidate for the Senate, has spent $1.1 million over the last six weeks on advertisements that are largely positive and biographical, telling the story about how he is a first-generation American of Cuban heritage. Yet in the closing moments of his spots, he says he is worried about his children’s future. “As the son of exiles, I understand what it means to lose your country,” Mr. Rubio says. “I approve this message because we can’t afford to bankrupt ours.” Senator Harry Reid of Nevada barely appears in many of his commercials. In one of his latest, he said nothing about his time as majority leader, but instead talked about milk. A dairy owner offered a testimonial that Mr. Reid “really came through for us.” A review of hundreds of advertisements broadcast over the last six weeks found that Republicans were more than twice as likely to talk about jobs, often criticizing Democrats as not creating them. Republicans also mentioned health care far more than Democrats did. And when Democrats do bring up the issue, 38 percent of the commercials are critical of the new law. “I’ve said no to more government spending, no to President Obama’s big health care plan and no to Wall Street bailouts,” Representative Walt Minnick, Democrat of Idaho, said in a solemn voice, sitting on the front steps of a house in jeans and shirtsleeves, looking as if he is worlds away from Washington. The themes on display in the advertising campaigns reflect months of polling and focus groups by candidates in both parties. Democrats were twice as likely to mention financial regulation or Wall Street, according to the analysis, while Republicans mentioned the budget or government spending nearly twice as often as Democrats. With Democrats holding a 39-seat majority in the House and Republicans 10 seats short of a Senate majority, there are more Republican candidates introducing themselves as outsiders, without the need to defend their voting records in Washington. But for the few seats where Democrats are aggressively trying to knock off a Republican incumbent, the spending argument has also been deployed. A Democratic candidate in Nebraska’s Second District, Tom White, is urging voters to consider that Representative Lee Terry, a Republican, is to blame for the size of the debt. “Every day, every child in America grows deep and deeper in debt, thanks to Washington politicians like Lee Terry,” said the advertisement sponsored by Mr. White, who does not mention that he is a Democrat, branding himself “Nebraska Independence for Congress.” With early voting beginning in several states in a few weeks and with Election Day less than two months away, some of the most vulnerable Democratic candidates have turned to another approach: pleading for a second chance. “I’ve made my share of mistakes, but they were honest mistakes, and I’ve listened to your concerns and I’ve grown on the job,” said Gov. Chet Culver of Iowa, wearing a solemn expression that gives way to a slight smile. “I hope you give us the chance.” Amanda Cox contributed research. Farmer's Almanac lists Miami among `Ten Worst Weather Cities' Ask anyone: Miami's weather is miserable. Right? Well, not according to the famed Farmers' Almanac. They've found something terribly wrong with Miami's summers and put us among the ``Ten Worst Weather Cities,'' a list of destinations where the temperatures rise, or fall precipitously. In naming Miami's summers the most unbearable, here's what the almanac said: ``When it comes to sticky, wet, oppressive summer heat, few cities in America can stand up to Miami. Though pleasant to visit during winter months, Miami's subtropical climate becomes excessively hot and humid during the summer months.'' And there's more: ``Add to that the fact that it is right in the line of fire for most tropical storm and hurricane activity, and its frequent thunderstorms, with an average of 44 inches of rainfall each summer, and it becomes clear that Miami is no summertime tropical paradise.'' Rounding out the top 10 worst summertime cities: New Orleans, La., Dallas, Texas, Mobile, Ala., Corpus Christi, Texas. At the other end of the spectrum, the city with the worst winter was Syracuse, N.Y., followed by Duluth, Minn., Casper, Wyo., Cleveland, Ohio and Detroit, Mich. Farmers Almanac said it came by the list while attempting to name the best weather cities by polling more than 13,000 Facebook fans. ``The funny thing about weather is that some people enjoy what most of us consider the worst weather, snowstorms, tornadoes, hurricanes,'' notes Farmers' Almanac editor Peter Geiger, Philom. ``We've even had people ask us where to move to for the best place to see tornadoes, believe it or not.'' The list took a number of meteorological factors into consideration, including average summer and winter temperatures, humidity, precipitation, and the number of overcast days. Read your phone bill. Cramming, an old ploy that can net scammers millions of dollars, appears to be making a comeback as more consumers use their wireless phones for services ranging from news and weather reports to daily jokes and psychic connections. Crammers hide unauthorized charges, often too small to attract notice, in the baffling list of numbers on phone bills. Consumers’ Union, a nonprofit advocacy group that publishes Consumer Reports magazine, says the practice is evolving from its beginnings a decade ago as a scam adding bogus 800- and 900-number charges to land lines. “As you see more consumers making the shift from land lines to mobile phones, you see the complaints shift as well,” CU spokesman David Butler said. “The bills tend to be very complicated,” Butler said. “And we’re living in a world where most people get the information online as well and so it’s even more important for people to read their bills and go through them very carefully.” The Federal Trade Commission recently called cramming “a significant area of increasing consumer complaint.” According to an October FTC report, more than 3,000 people complained about cramming in the previous year for land line, mobile wireless and Voice over Internet Protocol [VoIP] telephone services. So far this year, consumer questions about cramming to the Federal Communications Commission are outpacing last year’s number. In the first three months of 2010, the FCC, which regulates telephone companies, received 2,142 inquiries about cramming. That’s compared with 6,714 in all of 2009. Telephone companies bill customers for services offered by outside parties, such as souped-up voice mail or music downloads. Those charges often are handled by third-party firms – aggregators — who process billing for companies that provide the add-on services. Major phone carriers, such as Verizon Wireless and AT&T, contract with those companies. So, as both land lines and cell phone bills have become more complicated, crammers have fertile ground to slide in small charges in the hope consumers won’t catch on. Earlier this month, a Florida man was sentenced to 21 months in prison for running a cramming scam from a jail cell. His third-party companies charged $35 million in collect calls that typically appeared on the last pages of consumers bills and escaped notice, federal prosecutors said. In March, the FTC halted a cramming scheme that took in $19 million over five years in charges from $12.95 to $39.95 a month. The FTC says Inc21 and its companies hired offshore telemarketers to call prospects and offer “free” trials for services such as website hosting, directory listings, search-engine advertising, and Internet-based faxing, without explaining they had to take steps to avoid charges. Consumers also can unwittingly give permission to charge for unwanted services when they fill out sweepstakes entry forms or use a toll-free service like a date line or psychic line. Such charges can be difficult to pin down, appearing just once or as a monthly subscription charge, with innocuous descriptions like “service fee,” “calling plan” or “minimum monthly usage fee”. With so many separate companies involved in billing, consumers can have difficulty getting someone to take responsibility for unauthorized charges. When the Georgia Public Service Commission receives cramming complaints, it first sends them to the telephone company, said Consumer Affairs Director Mike Nantz. Usually, he said, that fixes the problem. Last year, the Georgia Legislature adopted a bill requiring carriers to provide a way for consumers to block third party charges from their bills. In addition, wireless carriers ask vendors to abide by the Mobile Marketing Association’s standards, said Amy Storey, a spokeswoman for CTIA-The Wireless Association, a nonprofit industry group. The MMA’s guidelines say third-party vendor companies always should ask consumers twice before they can begin charging for any add-on service. Consumers also should be given a simple way to stop the service, such as sending or texting a “stop message,” Storey said. Enforcement of those standards is left to individual carriers. “Carrier members are constantly monitoring, ensuring our vendors are acting responsibly,” Storey said. Verizon Wireless is working to educate the public about their telephone bills, spokeswoman Sheryl Sellaway wrote in an e-mail. Now that consumers can sign up for weather alerts, music subscriptions and other “premium” services through cell phones and websites, Sellaway said, it’s much easier to get confused. “Frankly, the diverse wireless market place, which now consists of children, teens, young adults and others, has led to a heightened conversation about premium messaging and how to best manage and understand cost of premium services,” she wrote. “That’s why education has been the key for us. And, beyond premium messaging, we provide services to help customers manage content, block numbers, activate time restrictions, usage allowances, overage alerts and more.” She suggests Verizon customers go to the safeguards section of their “My Verizon” page for information. The best defense, said Shawn Conroy of the Governor’s Office of Consumer Affairs, is vigilance. “We encourage consumers to do three things,” Conroy said. “Read your bill read your bill, read your bill. Look at it thoroughly. If you have a land line and a cell phone, sometimes it can be a few pages, but take the time to look for it.” How to dodge cramming Examine your telephone bills closely. Make sure you got the service you pay for, even for small charges. Crammers often try to go undetected by submitting $2 or $3 charges to thousands of consumers. Check past bills for unnoticed fees. Be wary of contests, clubs and “free” calls. Read the fine print because crammers sometimes use entry forms as “permission” to enroll you in a service you only discover you signed up for when you get the bill. And calling to claim your “free” prize might entail calling a 900 number that costs you. Block your account. Ask your phone company to put a cramming block on your account to stop third-party charges. Make sure you check on any costs involved. Call the company that charged you for calls or services you didn’t make or authorize. Ask for a detailed explanation and request an adjustment to your bill. Call your telephone company. The Federal Communications Commission requires companies to place toll-free numbers on their bills for customers with billing inquiries. Ask about their procedure for removing incorrect charges. Where to get information Visit these links for further information and suggestions: /cell_phones/ild.html Georgia law allowing consumers to block third-party billing: bit.ly/a8smgQ Florida attorney general settlement with Verizon and Alltel over ring tone cramming: bit.ly/aRp3ca Federal Communication Commission advice: www.fcc.gov/cib/consumerfacts/cramming.html Federal Trade Commission tips: bit.ly/dmSdZ5 Verizon’s information on cramming and bill blocking: bit.ly/btvvmA Governor’s Office of Consumer Affairs tip sheet: bit.ly/b9LYG8 Consumers’ complaint site that features cell phone cramming: www.consumeraffairs.com?/cell_phones/ild.html FTC actions related to cramming, including cracking one scam that raked in $19 million in five years: www.ftc.gov/opa/2010/03/inc21.shtm House Minority Leader John Boehner (R-Ohio) on Sunday offered one the sharpest indications to date that the GOP may be willing to allow the Bush tax cuts for the rich expire at the end of this year. In an interview on CBS's "Face the Nation," the Ohio Republican said that he would support an extension of the Bush tax cuts just for those making under $250,000 a year if that was the only vote he'd get. His preference remained a full extension for all rates. Bob Schieffer: "I want to make sure I heard what you said correctly: You're saying that you are willing to vote for those middle class tax cuts, even though the bill will not include ... extending the tax cuts for the upper bracket American." Rep. Boehner: "Bob, we don't know what the bill's going to say, alright? If the only option I have is to vote for those at 250 and below, of course I'm going to do that. But I'm going to do everything I can to fight to make sure that we extend the current tax rates for all Americans." This is a step further in terms of political compromise than that offered by Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell, who has said he'd be open to a temporary extension for all the Bush tax cuts (as opposed to, say, an indefinite extension). The remarks were a bit of a game-changer in the context of the Bush tax cuts debate -- granting the Obama administration the green light to push forward with legislation that would allow rates for the wealthy to revert to Clinton-era levels. It also puts the spotlight on moderate Democrats who have, so far, pushed for keeping rates the same across the board. "This means President Obama won't be able to blame R's for 'holding the middle class hostage,'" said a top Republican aide in Congress. "He, and the media, will have to face the fact that the real problem is among the Democrats." But while Boehner may have made news for hinting that the GOP won't oppose the President's tax cut policy, he also offered a fairly substantive admission later in the interview. Explaining why he thought it would be bad economics to let the tax cuts for the wealthy expire, the minority leader acknowledged that only 3 percent of small business members would be affected by the hiked up rates. Bob Schieffer: Let me just say this: The Joint Committee on Taxation, which is a non-partisan body, says that only 3 percent of those small business people -- you keep talking about all the small business people that are going to get taxed -- only 3 percent would be affected by that. Do you quarrel with that figure? Is that a right figure, or a wrong figure? Rep. Boehner: Well it may be 3 percent, but it's half of small business income, because obviously the top 3 percent have half of the gross income for those companies that we would term "small businesses." And this is why you don't want to punish these people at a time when you have a weak economy. We need them to reinvest in their business. 10:28 p.m., Thursday, September 9, 2010 Obama uses Bush plan for terror war Includes tactics he had criticized Michael Hayden As the ninth anniversary of the 9/11 attacks approaches, much of President Obama's counterterrorism policies and his understanding of executive power closely hew to the last administration, which he criticized as a candidate for the White House. On issues ranging from the government's detention authority to a program to kill al Qaeda terrorist suspects, even if they are American citizens, Mr. Obama has consolidated much of the power President George W. Bush asserted after Sept. 11 in the waging of the U.S. war against terror. The continuities between the two administrations were evident this week, when the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit dismissed a lawsuit that five former U.S. detainees brought against a subsidiary of Boeing Co. known as Jeppesen Dataplan. The former detainees alleged that Jeppesen Dataplan facilitated their transport to U.S. and foreign prisons, where they were tortured. The Obama Justice Department, like the Bush Justice Department before it, urged the court to dismiss the case on grounds that state secrets would be disclosed in litigation. In a 6-5 decision, the court ruled in favor of the federal government. "It can fairly be said that the Bush administration made torture the law of the land and the Obama administration is making impunity for torture the law of the land," said Ben Wizner, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) attorney who represented the plaintiffs in the case. To be sure, Mr. Obama has made some changes to Mr. Bush's counterterrorism policies. On his first day in office, Mr. Obama signed an executive order that shuttered the CIA's enhanced interrogation program, which critics say practiced torture against senior al Qaeda suspects. In an executive order, Mr. Obama also closed the secret "black site prisons," though he kept open temporary facilities where suspects could be taken before being sent elsewhere. Mr. Obama also pledged to close the Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, prison by the end of his first year in office, but that facility remains open. For now, U.S. policy is not to send any Yemeni prisoners back to Yemen, where high-profile jail breaks have resulted in the freeing of senior members of al Qaeda. More than half of the 180 prisoners at Guantanamo Bay are from Yemen. "Obama has defined this as a war, just like George Bush did. He gets great marks for the macro statement, but some of the other rhetoric confuses that fact as well," Michael Hayden, Mr. Bush's last CIA director, said in an interview Thursday. Mr. Hayden cited as an example the Justice Department reading Miranda rights to Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab, the Nigerian national who is accused of trying to blow up a flight from Amsterdam to Detroit on Christmas Day. Overall, Mr. Hayden said, there is more continuity than divergence between the Bush and Obama administrations' approaches to the war on terror. "You've got state secrets, targeted killings, indefinite detention, renditions, the opposition to extending the right of habeas corpus to prisoners at Bagram [in Afghanistan]," Mr. Hayden said, listing the continuities. "And although it is slightly different, Obama has been as aggressive as President Bush in defending prerogatives about who he has to inform in Congress for executive covert action." The White House declined to comment for this report. However, the Obama administration has specifically said it differs from the Bush administration in that Mr. Obama has rejected the view that the executive branch has inherent wartime authorities that allow it overrule laws passed by Congress. Nonetheless, the Obama administration has asserted that a congressional resolution authorizing force against al Qaeda gives the president the right to detain, kill and abduct suspected terrorists all over the world. In addition, Mr. Obama threatened to veto an amendment to the Intelligence Authorization bill for 2011 if it contained a provision that requires the full intelligence committee, instead of its chairman and ranking member, to be informed about covert action. Sen. Christopher S. Bond, Missouri Republican and vice chairman of the Senate intelligence committee, said Mr. Obama has hampered the CIA in some areas by delegating more counterterrorism authority to the Justice Department. But Mr. Bond also acknowledged similarities with the Bush administration. "I appreciate his administration supporting the state secrets doctrine in court proceedings," he said. "It is important that people not be allowed to get military and intelligence secrets through a lawsuit. That is important. There are other policies which he has continued, some of them I cannot speak officially about, but they have been effective in taking out terrorists in the Pakistani areas." Fran Townsend, a former homeland security adviser to Mr. Bush, said: "On counterterrorism policy, they found they agree with much of what we did, but that fact is politically inconvenient to acknowledge." It's not just former Bush officials who see continuity on counterterrorism in the Obama administration. An ACLU report issued in July found: "On a range of issues including accountability for torture, detention of terrorism suspects, and use of lethal force against civilians, there is a very real danger that the Obama administration will enshrine permanently within the law policies and practices that were widely considered extreme and unlawful during the Bush administration." The continuities also extend to homeland security. "From a homeland security point of view, the points of continuity are striking and the points of departure are minor," said Stewart Baker, a former policy chief for the Department of Homeland Security and author of "Skating on Stilts," a legal defense of much of the new policies in the global war on terror. "The Obama administration is, if anything, even more enthusiastic about using travel information to identify potentially risky travelers," he said. "They are actually more aggressive about the use of the 'no-fly' list than the last administration, after the Christmas Day bombing incident." In one of the most significant areas of continuity, the Obama administration also has largely based much of its war authorities on the Sept. 14, 2001, congressional resolution authorizing the use of military force against the individuals and groups responsible for the Sept. 11 attacks: the Authorization for Use of Military Force, known as the AUMF. Obama administration lawyers have argued the AUMF gives the government the authority to detain terrorism suspects indefinitely and conduct targeted killings in countries where the United States has not declared war. Jack Goldsmith, a former head of the Justice Department's office of legal counsel who rolled back some of the legal justifications for Bush-era enhanced interrogation, said: "The AUMF is the main font of authority for both detention and targeting activities in Afghanistan and for Somalia and Yemen. That was also the main font of authority for the Bush administration." The continuity also extends to the federal government's surveillance powers. "There is no better example of Obama's continuity with Bush than last year's Patriot Act reauthorization debate," said Julian Sanchez, a scholar at the Cato Institute who specializes in privacy issues. "The administration had to launder its amendments through Republicans ... to kill his own party's proposed checks on surveillance power." As a candidate, Mr. Obama at first opposed changes to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA), but then voted for the amendments. Those amendments in some ways codified surveillance programs Mr. Bush ordered after Sept. 11 that drew intense criticism from Democrats, including Mr. Obama, when they were first disclosed in the New York Times in 2005. "The FISA amendments act gave National Security Agency on balance far more authority than George Bush ever gave it," a retired senior U.S. intelligence official told The Washington Times. Mr. Bond said: "I congratulate [Mr. Obama] on following the law passed on a bipartisan basis. I am pleased he is continuing to use the authorities provided in the FISA legislation. If the people who don't want us to listen in on terrorist communications are unhappy, that shows he is on the right path." Mr. Obama's government also continues, according to some advocates, to overclassify government information, despite the high-profile release last year of some Justice Department memos justifying water-boarding and sleep deprivation and a 2004 CIA inspector general report analyzing the agency's enhanced interrogation program. "The continuities are far more prominent than the departures. One could make the same point incidentally not just with respect to 9/11 policies, but with respect to the whole Cold War security apparatus," said Steven Aftergood, director of the project on government secrecy at the Federation of American Scientists. "National security classification policy continues to follow the pattern established by Truman and Eisenhower." Mr. Aftergood added: "Fundamentally, we are persisting on a security path that was charted in radically different circumstances more than half a century ago." Those born on September 12th September 12th people are concerned with the literal meaning of both the written and spoken word. Not only are they interested in words, but also in language and communication of various types. It could be said that they greatly enjoy having an attentive audience. This is not to imply that they are particularly effusive types they understand the importance of restraint. Indeed, most born on this day are actually quiet and private people. Overtly active and hardworking, they prefer on occasion to let their actions speak for them instead of the word which they value so highly. Ethical issues are of the greatest importance to September 12th people and those who have public or administrative careers are not only capable of cleaning up the act of an organization or social group but also of managing to keep it running in a smooth and efficient, albeit unconventional , way. September 12th people are not always easy to get in touch with. Both in the workplace and at home they tend to hide out, surrounding themselves with all sorts of defense mechanisms which make it hard to get through to them. Although expansive in their thoughts and projects, those born on this day are much too pragmatic and realistic to be blind optimists. There is a strongly measured, even cynical streak running through them that despises all forms of over enthusiasm and hysterical behavior. Those born on the 12th of the month are ruled by the number 3(2+1=3. Those ruled by the number 3 frequently rise to the highest positions in their sphere. They can also be dictatorial and should be aware of this. Those ruled by the number 3 like to be independent, and may feel the urge to relinquish positions of authority for greater freedom. They can just grow tired of directing others. Advice: Try to develop a decent personal life for yourself. Moderate your workaholic tendencies if you want to live longer. Don’t make promises you can’t keep or bite off more than you can chew. Strengths: Honorable, witty and fearless Weaknesses: Dry, cynical and closed. Born on This Day: Henry Hudson, H. L. Mencken, George Jones and Barry White This Day In History: Sep 12, 1940 Lascaux cave paintings discovered Near Montignac, France, a collection of prehistoric cave paintings are discovered by four teenagers who stumbled upon the ancient artwork after following their dog down a narrow entrance into a cavern. The 15,000- to 17,000-year-old paintings, consisting mostly of animal representations, are among the finest examples of art from the Upper Paleolithic period. Famous Inventions: 1961 Patent #3,000,000 was granted for an automatic reading system for utilities to Kenneth Eldredge. September 11, 2010 WASHINGTON -- The number of people in the U.S. who are in poverty is on track for a record increase on President Barack Obama's watch, with the ranks of working-age poor approaching 1960s levels that led to the national war on poverty. Census figures for 2009 -- the recession-ravaged first year of the Democrat's presidency -- are to be released in the coming week, and demographers expect grim findings. Interviews with six demographers who closely track poverty trends found wide consensus that 2009 figures are likely to show a significant rate increase to the range of 14.7 percent to 15 percent. Should those estimates hold true, some 45 million people in this country, or more than 1 in 7, were poor last year. It would be the highest single-year increase since the government began calculating poverty figures in 1959. The previous high was in 1980 when the rate jumped 1.3 percentage points to 13 percent during the energy crisis. Among the 18-64 working-age population, the demographers expect a rise beyond 12.4 percent, up from 11.7 percent. That would make it the highest since at least 1965, when another Democratic president, Lyndon B. Johnson, launched the war on poverty that expanded the federal government's role in social welfare programs from education to health care. Demographers also are confident the report will show: >>Child poverty increased from 19 percent to more than 20 percent. >>Blacks and Latinos were disproportionately hit, based on their higher rates of unemployment. >>Metropolitan areas that posted the largest gains in poverty included Modesto, Calif.; Detroit; Cape Coral-Fort Myers, Fla.; Los Angeles and Las Vegas. The 2009 forecasts are largely based on historical data and the unemployment rate, which climbed to 10.1 percent last October to post a record one-year gain. The projections partly rely on a methodology by Rebecca Blank, a former poverty expert who now oversees the census. She estimated last year that poverty would hit about 14.8 percent if unemployment reached 10 percent. "As long as unemployment is higher, poverty will be higher," she said in an interview then. A formula by Richard Bavier, a former analyst with the White House Office of Management and Budget who has had high rates of accuracy over the last decade, predicts poverty will reach 15 percent. That would put the rate at the highest level since 1993. The all-time high was 22.4 percent in 1959, the first year the government began tracking povertyIn 2008, the poverty level stood at $22,025 for a family of four, based on an official government calculation that includes only cash income before tax deductions. Police: Suspect advertised intentions with haircut Man suspected of robbery had 'get money' shaved in hair CASEY MCNERTHNEY SEATTLE PI STAFF A robbery suspect was arrested after police say he was identified by his haircut: The phrase "GET MONEY" shaved onto one side of his head. Larry Shawn Taylor, 18, now has a room at King County Jail and a Sept. 13 arraignment, where he is expected to enter a plea. At about 10:15 p.m. on Aug. 23, two young women were parked beneath a stoplight on the north side of the 3000 block of Northeast 137th Street. The driver was sending a text message. Taylor allegedly walked by when the passenger's window was down. "Taylor stepped up to the open window and pointed a pistol at (the victim)," Seattle Police Detective David Clement wrote in a probable cause document. "He said, 'Empty out your (expletive) wallet! Give me your (expletive) money!' "The victim was very afraid, so she took $310 out of her purse and gave it to Taylor." He then ran to a vehicle that had stopped and backed up, police said. The car drove away on 32nd Avenue Northeast. Police say Taylor wasn't hard to identify. The victim described him as a black man in his 20s, with a small build of 5-foot-5 or 5-foot-6, who had small ears that were possibly deformed or folded over. Victims said the suspect wore a red and black checkered zip-up jacket and blue jeans. "He had 'MOB' shaved into one side of his hair and 'GET MONEY' on the other," Clement wrote. "He had 'GET' tattooed on his right hand and 'MONEY' on his left hand. He had flame designs on both forearms. He held the pistol with his right hand." Clement sent out two e-mails to department personnel about the case. He noted the suspect hung out at Little Brook Park -- a notorious park known for criminal activity. Some police refer to it as Little Beirut, and neighbors have tried to deter criminals there, organizing potlucks and outdoor movie nights. The day of the second e-mail, court documents Officer Sarah Mulloy said she stopped a suspect matching that description several times and told of another officer who had recently written him a ticket. Another detective, Mel Britt, searched records using tattoo information as search criteria and found Taylor's name and date of birth. That night, Mulloy, who patrols Lake City, stopped a red four-door Toyota Camry for reckless driving. She recognized Taylor, got backup and arrested him, according to court documents. A red and black checkered shirt or jacket was viewed in the backseat. Taylor was taken to police headquarters. A search warrant document stated a loaded pistol was found in the Camry. "Upon my contact with Taylor, I noticed that Taylor had writing shaved into his hair -- 'GET MONEY' on one side and I couldn't read the other side," Clement wrote. "I asked him where he got his hair done and he told me at the barbershop on Lake City Way." The victim had told the detective the suspect might have gotten his hair styled at the barbershop in the 13700 block of Lake City Way Northeast. "I noticed that Taylor's ears are deformed in a way -- the tops fold down," Clement wrote. "Taylor had 'GET' tattooed on the top of his right hand and 'MONEY' tattooed on the top of his left hand. He had flames on his left forearm." The victim identified him as the person who robbed her at gunpoint, according to the probable cause document. Taylor, who is from Oregon, has no known convictions, according to court documents. He's being held on $100,000 bail. September 9, 2010 MANSFIELD – The man shot Wednesday night by his father-in-law has been shot by the same man before - and with the same gun, authorities said today. Alvin Gentry, 39, of the 900 block of Daw Road, is recovering in LSU Hospital in Shreveport of a through-and-through gunshot wound to his back. The injury is non-life threatening, DeSoto sheriff’s Cpl. Dusty Herring said. Gentry’s 74-year-old father-in-law, Alvis McKinney, who lives next door to Gentry, is in the DeSoto Detention Center charged with aggravated battery, DWI-third offense and an assortment of traffic violations. McKinney told investigators in a statement given after his arrest Wednesday night that he did not realize he had shot Gentry, Herring said. The shooting occurred as Gentry and his wife, who is McKinney’s daughter, were arguing outside of their home in the Carmel community. “McKinney went out there and told (Gentry) to leave. He popped off a round” as a warning shot, Herring said. More words were exchanged between the three then McKinney pointed his .22-caliber pistol in Gentry’s direction and fired another shot. “That’s when the victim went down and that’s when (McKinney) realized he shot him,” Herring said. Gentry was flown by Life Air to the Shreveport hospital for treatment. McKinney left the scene in a pickup truck and was arrested less than an hour later by a state trooper who located his vehicle on U.S. Highway 84 at the intersection of state Highway 522. McKinney’s impairment was evident to the trooper. McKinney gave officers the gun he used in the shooting, as well as a confession, Herring said. Still, Gentry was reluctant to have charges pressed against his father-in-law, the detective added. It was Gentry’s decision not to have McKinney prosecuted for shooting him the first time. In that incident, which was more than five years ago, McKinney shot Gentry in both legs below the knee. Alvis McKinney, 74, is accused of shooting his son-in-law, Alvin Gentry, 39, in the back Wednesday night. (Special to The Times) 85 prisoners escape jail on Mexico-U.S. border Fri Sep 10, 2010 5:44pm EDT MONTERREY, Mexico (Reuters) - Eighty-five prisoners escaped from a jail near the U.S. border on Friday, authorities and media said, the latest prison break underscoring the challenges Mexico faces as it battles powerful drug cartels. The prisoners, mainly cartel members, climbed over a prison fence in the border city of Reynosa, across from McAllen, Texas, in the early hours of Friday morning, local radio and newspapers reported, saying 85 men escaped. A spokesman for Mexico's attorney general's office in Reynosa confirmed the jailbreak but declined to give details. Police arrested more than 40 prison guards and staff who were on duty when the men escaped, and two prison guards are missing, local radio and newspaper El Norte said. The jailbreak follows a scandal in July, when authorities discovered that prison officials had allowed convicts out of a prison in northwestern Durango state to carry out revenge attacks before returning to cells for the night. Mexican President Felipe Calderon, who sent thousands of troops across the country to fight drug gangs, has vowed to clean up prisons that in the past have allowed jailed drug lords to live in luxury or escape when they please. But the conservative leader has struggled to contain corruption and lawlessness in the Mexican prison system. Officials say rising drug violence across Mexico is a sign the army is weakening powerful cartels, but Calderon is under enormous pressure to stop escalating drug violence that has killed over 28,000 people since late 2006. The murders of 25 people by suspected hitmen in Ciudad Juarez, across from El Paso, Texas, on Thursday was the bloodiest day in almost three years in an area gripped by an escalating drug war, officials said on Friday. Gunmen burst into several houses in Ciudad Juarez and shot people accused of working for rival drug gangs, a spokesman for the Chihuahua state attorney general's office said on Friday. Four bystanders were also killed on Thursday as a convoy of hitmen shot its way out of traffic in Ciudad Juarez, local newspaper El Diario said. Police declined to confirm that report, but said 25 people had died in drug violence, in the worst single day of killings in Ciudad Juarez since January 2008, when recent drug murders began. U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton raised concerns this week about drug cartels in the region and said Mexico was starting to resemble Colombia 20 years ago, when drug traffickers controlled certain parts of that nation. President Barack Obama rejected the comparison. Mounting insecurity in Mexico could eventually pose a threat to efforts to pull Latin America's second-largest economy out of its worst recession since 1932. Export-driven cities like Ciudad Juarez, which lost 75,000 manufacturing jobs last year, have suffered particularly during the downturn. Obama Hints At Procedural Compromise On Bush Tax Cuts, Says GOP's Holding 'Middle Class Hostage' First Posted: 09-10-10 12:08 PM \| Updated: 09-10-10 12:08 PM The Huffington Post In his first press conference since late May, President Obama offered one of the sternest rebukes to date of the Republican Party's position on the Bush tax cuts, saying that those pushing to extend the cuts for the wealthy are holding the "middle class hostage." In the process, Obama may have tipped his hand as to how the Democratic Party will structure the forthcoming legislative debate. His position, he said, is to work first on an extension of the tax cuts for those making less than $250,000 a year. After that, Obama added, Republicans and Democrats can debate or vote on whether to continue extending the tax cuts for the wealthy. "My position is, lets get done what we all agree on," said the president. "What they've said is, 'We all agree that the middle-class tax cuts should be made permanent. Let's work on that, let's do it.' We can have a further conversation about how they want to spend an additional $700 billion dollars to give an average of $100,000 to millionaires. That, I think, is a bad idea. If you were going to spend that money there are a lot of better ways of spending it. But more to the point, these are the same folks who say they are concerned about the deficit -- why would we borrow money on policies that won't help the economy and help people who don't need help." This seems like one of the clearest indications yet as to how the administration is looking to structure the debate ahead. With a number of moderate Senate Democrats urging the president to extend the full package of Bush tax cuts, there has been growing uncertainty as to whether the president has the votes for extending rates just for those making under $250,000. The compromise proposal most often discussed is to have a temporary extension of all tax cuts, after which Congress can re-consider expiration. But the White House appears to be homing in on a procedural, not a policy, compromise -- pledge to have two votes: the first on extending the cuts for those making less than $250,000 followed by a second vote on extending the cuts for the wealthy. The former is, as polls show, deeply popular and could get the support of those moderate Democrats provided that a second vote takes place. The latter, owing to opposition among the majority of Democrats in the Senate, may not have the votes for passage. "I have said that middle-class families need tax relief right now and I'm prepared to work on a bill and sign a bill this month that would ensure that middle class families get tax relief," Obama said at Friday's press conference. "Ninety-seven percent of Americans make less than $250,000 a year... and I'm saying we can give those families, 97 percent, permanent tax relief. And by the way, for those who make more than $250,000, they would still get tax relief on the first $250,000. They just wouldn't get it for income above that. Now that seems like a common sense thing to do. And what I've got is the Republicans holding middle-class tax relief hostage because they are insisting we have got to give tax relief to millionaires and billionaires to the tune of about $100,000 per millionaire, which would cost over the course of ten years $700 billion and the economists say is probably the worst way to stimulate the economy. That doesn't make sense and that is an example of what this election is all about. If you want the same kind of skewed policies that led us into this crisis, then the Republicans are willing to offer that." Those born on September 11th The lives of September 11 people usually pivot around certain vital and dramatic decisions which they are forced to make. These decisions may be thrust on them when they are still quite young, perhaps before their sixteenth year. Later, when their career or private life seems to be going smoothly, when they are well established on their path, they will be met with repeated, often unexpected, crossroads. Within a society’s limits on freedom, the power to effect choice may be an individuals greatest right. This fact is not at all lost on September 11 people who know how to wield great power through the choices they make. There is no denying that people born on this day enjoy shocking others. They pride themselves on daring to risk and also enjoy recounting their exploits later. Everything that is boring, middle class, and mundane is rejected by them in thought and deed. Yet at eh same time they have a tremendous need for the kind of stability that can only be found in a warm, loving family situation. Those born on the 11th of the month are ruled by the number 2 (1+1=2), and ruled by the number 2 often make good co workers and partners, rather than leaders. Those born on this day are likely to believe in the emancipation not only of women and minority groups, but of all oppressed peoples. They despise any sort of condescending attitude on the part of power holders or politicians toward the masses and resent all false displays of caring or emotions. Born on This Day: Lola Falana, Ferdinand Marcos, Tom Landry and Paul “Bear” Bryant Strengths: Free spirited, nurturing and dramatic Weaknesses: Easily bored, manipulative and judgmental This Day In History: Sep 11, 2001: Attack on America At 8:45 a.m. on a clear Tuesday morning, an American Airlines Boeing 767 loaded with 20,000 gallons of jet fuel crashes into the north tower of the World Trade Center in New York City. The impact left a gaping, burning hole near the 80th floor of the 110-story skyscraper, instantly killing hundreds of people and trapping hundreds more in higher floors. As the evacuation of the tower and its twin got underway, television cameras broadcasted live images of what initially appeared to be a freak accident. Then, 18 minutes after the first plane hit, a second Boeing 767--United Airlines Flight 175--appeared out of the sky, turned sharply toward the World Trade Center, and sliced into the south tower at about the 60th floor. The collision caused a massive explosion that showered burning debris over surrounding buildings and the streets below. America was under attack. Famous Inventions: 1900 A motor vehicle patent was granted to Francis and Freelan Stanley Those born on September 10th Those aura surrounds September 10th people is that of capability, and indeed these are focused, resourceful and thoughtful individuals who prefer steering a steady and controlled path through life rather than acting impulsively. Motivated by the urge to bring order and implement progress where before there was chaos and unproductiveness, their attention is drawn to those subjects and situations where they adjudge improvements, thereby hoping that through their efforts they will make a real contribution to the welfare of others. Those born on this day are intellectually inquisitive types, they are fascinated by unusual and innovative topics and people, and even if they do not make a career or exploring such subjects as writers, artists or academics, for instance they will still be attracted to boldly individualist characters. September 10th individuals have a love of creating orderly structures and strategies with which to bring about direct progress intended to be of wider benefit to others. Blessed with incisive far seeing intellect, practical skills and the gift of patient determination, they have outstanding potential to achieve their goals. Those born on this day are ruled by the 1 (1+0=1). Those ruled by the number 1 generally like to be first in what they do. They communicate with swift mental activity and they have clearly defined views on most subjects. They can be extremely stubborn as well as critical and suspicious. Born on This Day: Charles Kuralt, Roger Maris, Jose’ Feliciano and Arnold Palmer. Advice: Pay more attention to yourself not only to your needs but to your wants. Follow your own path and develop the talents you have been given to the fullest. Don’t judge others too harshly, nor yourself. Expand: your horizon to include wider possibilities for the future. Strengths: Capable, pragmatic and reliable Weaknesses: Frustrated, anxious and excitable This Day in History: Sep 10, 1897: First drunk driving arrest On this day in 1897, a 25-year-old London taxi driver named George Smith becomes the first person ever arrested for drunk driving after slamming his cab into a building. Smith later pled guilty and was fined 25 shillings. Famous Inventions: 1891 The song "Ta-Ra-Ra-Boom-Der-E" by Henry J. Sayers was registered. 1977 Hamida Djandoubi, a Tunisian immigrant and a convicted murderer, became the last person executed with the guillotine. Forget What You Know About Good Study Habits BENEDICT CAREY NY Times Every September, millions of parents try a kind of psychological witchcraft, to transform their summer-glazed campers into fall students, their video-bugs into bookworms. Advice is cheap and all too familiar: Clear a quiet work space. Stick to a homework schedule. Set goals. Set boundaries. Do not bribe (except in emergencies). And check out the classroom. Does Junior’s learning style match the new teacher’s approach? Or the school’s philosophy? Maybe the child isn’t “a good fit” for the school. Such theories have developed in part because of sketchy education research that doesn’t offer clear guidance. Student traits and teaching styles surely interact; so do personalities and at-home rules. The trouble is, no one can predict how. Yet there are effective approaches to learning, at least for those who are motivated. In recent years, cognitive scientists have shown that a few simple techniques can reliably improve what matters most: how much a student learns from studying. The findings can help anyone, from a fourth grader doing long division to a retiree taking on a new language. But they directly contradict much of the common wisdom about good study habits, and they have not caught on. For instance, instead of sticking to one study location, simply alternating the room where a person studies improves retention. So does studying distinct but related skills or concepts in one sitting, rather than focusing intensely on a single thing. “We have known these principles for some time, and it’s intriguing that schools don’t pick them up, or that people don’t learn them by trial and error,” said Robert A. Bjork, a psychologist at the University of California, Los Angeles. “Instead, we walk around with all sorts of unexamined beliefs about what works that are mistaken.” Take the notion that children have specific learning styles, that some are “visual learners” and others are auditory; some are “left-brain” students, others “right-brain.” In a recent review of the relevant research, published in the journal Psychological Science in the Public Interest, a team of psychologists found almost zero support for such ideas. “The contrast between the enormous popularity of the learning-styles approach within education and the lack of credible evidence for its utility is, in our opinion, striking and disturbing,” the researchers concluded. Ditto for teaching styles, researchers say. Some excellent instructors caper in front of the blackboard like summer-theater Falstaffs; others are reserved to the point of shyness. “We have yet to identify the common threads between teachers who create a constructive learning atmosphere,” said Daniel T. Willingham, a psychologist at the University of Virginia and author of the book “Why Don’t Students Like School?” But individual learning is another matter, and psychologists have discovered that some of the most hallowed advice on study habits is flat wrong. For instance, many study skills courses insist that students find a specific place, a study room or a quiet corner of the library, to take their work. The research finds just the opposite. In one classic 1978 experiment, psychologists found that college students who studied a list of 40 vocabulary words in two different rooms — one windowless and cluttered, the other modern, with a view on a courtyard — did far better on a test than students who studied the words twice, in the same room. Later studies have confirmed the finding, for a variety of topics. The brain makes subtle associations between what it is studying and the background sensations it has at the time, the authors say, regardless of whether those perceptions are conscious. It colors the terms of the Versailles Treaty with the wasted fluorescent glow of the dorm study room, say; or the elements of the Marshall Plan with the jade-curtain shade of the willow tree in the backyard. Forcing the brain to make multiple associations with the same material may, in effect, give that information more neural scaffolding. “What we think is happening here is that, when the outside context is varied, the information is enriched, and this slows down forgetting,” said Dr. Bjork, the senior author of the two-room experiment. Varying the type of material studied in a single sitting — alternating, for example, among vocabulary, reading and speaking in a new language — seems to leave a deeper impression on the brain than does concentrating on just one skill at a time. Musicians have known this for years, and their practice sessions often include a mix of scales, musical pieces and rhythmic work. Many athletes, too, routinely mix their workouts with strength, speed and skill drills. The advantages of this approach to studying can be striking, in some topic areas. In a study recently posted online by the journal Applied Cognitive Psychology, Doug Rohrer and Kelli Taylor of the University of South Florida taught a group of fourth graders four equations, each to calculate a different dimension of a prism. Half of the children learned by studying repeated examples of one equation, say, calculating the number of prism faces when given the number of sides at the base, then moving on to the next type of calculation, studying repeated examples of that. The other half studied mixed problem sets, which included examples of all four types of calculations grouped together. Both groups solved sample problems along the way, as they studied. A day later, the researchers gave all of the students a test on the material, presenting new problems of the same type. The children who had studied mixed sets did twice as well as the others, outscoring them 77 percent to 38 percent. The researchers have found the same in experiments involving adults and younger children. “When students see a list of problems, all of the same kind, they know the strategy to use before they even read the problem,” said Dr. Rohrer. “That’s like riding a bike with training wheels.” With mixed practice, he added, “each problem is different from the last one, which means kids must learn how to choose the appropriate procedure — just like they had to do on the test.” These findings extend well beyond math, even to aesthetic intuitive learning. In an experiment published last month in the journal Psychology and Aging, researchers found that college students and adults of retirement age were better able to distinguish the painting styles of 12 unfamiliar artists after viewing mixed collections (assortments, including works from all 12) than after viewing a dozen works from one artist, all together, then moving on to the next painter. The finding undermines the common assumption that intensive immersion is the best way to really master a particular genre, or type of creative work, said Nate Kornell, a psychologist at Williams College and the lead author of the study. “What seems to be happening in this case is that the brain is picking up deeper patterns when seeing assortments of paintings; it’s picking up what’s similar and what’s different about them,” often subconsciously. Cognitive scientists do not deny that honest-to-goodness cramming can lead to a better grade on a given exam. But hurriedly jam-packing a brain is akin to speed-packing a cheap suitcase, as most students quickly learn — it holds its new load for a while, then most everything falls out. “With many students, it’s not like they can’t remember the material” when they move to a more advanced class, said Henry L. Roediger III, a psychologist at Washington University in St. Louis. “It’s like they’ve never seen it before.” When the neural suitcase is packed carefully and gradually, it holds its contents for far, far longer. An hour of study tonight, an hour on the weekend, another session a week from now: such so-called spacing improves later recall, without requiring students to put in more overall study effort or pay more attention, dozens of studies have found. No one knows for sure why. It may be that the brain, when it revisits material at a later time, has to relearn some of what it has absorbed before adding new stuff — and that that process is itself self-reinforcing. “The idea is that forgetting is the friend of learning,” said Dr. Kornell. “When you forget something, it allows you to relearn, and do so effectively, the next time you see it.” That’s one reason cognitive scientists see testing itself — or practice tests and quizzes — as a powerful tool of learning, rather than merely assessment. The process of retrieving an idea is not like pulling a book from a shelf; it seems to fundamentally alter the way the information is subsequently stored, making it far more accessible in the future. Dr. Roediger uses the analogy of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle in physics, which holds that the act of measuring a property of a particle (position, for example) reduces the accuracy with which you can know another property (momentum, for example): “Testing not only measures knowledge but changes it,” he says — and, happily, in the direction of more certainty, not less. In one of his own experiments, Dr. Roediger and Jeffrey Karpicke, also of Washington University, had college students study science passages from a reading comprehension test, in short study periods. When students studied the same material twice, in back-to-back sessions, they did very well on a test given immediately afterward, then began to forget the material. But if they studied the passage just once and did a practice test in the second session, they did very well on one test two days later, and another given a week later. “Testing has such bad connotation; people think of standardized testing or teaching to the test,” Dr. Roediger said. “Maybe we need to call it something else, but this is one of the most powerful learning tools we have.” Of course, one reason the thought of testing tightens people’s stomachs is that tests are so often hard. Paradoxically, it is just this difficulty that makes them such effective study tools, research suggests. The harder it is to remember something, the harder it is to later forget. This effect, which researchers call “desirable difficulty,” is evident in daily life. The name of the actor who played Linc in “The Mod Squad”? Francie’s brother in “A Tree Grows in Brooklyn”? The name of the co-discoverer, with Newton, of calculus? The more mental sweat it takes to dig it out, the more securely it will be subsequently anchored. None of which is to suggest that these techniques — alternating study environments, mixing content, spacing study sessions, self-testing or all the above — will turn a grade-A slacker into a grade-A student. Motivation matters. So do impressing friends, making the hockey team and finding the nerve to text the cute student in social studies. “In lab experiments, you’re able to control for all factors except the one you’re studying,” said Dr. Willingham. “Not true in the classroom, in real life. All of these things are interacting at the same time.” But at the very least, the cognitive techniques give parents and students, young and old, something many did not have before: a study plan based on evidence, not schoolyard folk wisdom, or empty theorizing. This article has been revised to reflect the following correction: Correction: September 8, 2010 An article on Tuesday about the effectiveness of various study habits described incorrectly the Heisenberg uncertainty principle in physics. The principle holds that the act of measuring one property of a particle (position, for example) reduces the accuracy with which you can know another property (momentum, for example) — not that the act of measuring a property of the particle alters that property. Quran Burning Story: This Is How The Media Embarrass Themselves First Posted: 09-10-10 02:41 PM \| Updated: 09-10-10 05:02 PM Yesterday afternoon, the leader of a microscopic cult of idiots who announced plans to stage an "international" day of Quran burning in Gainesville, Florida held a press conference, for a rapt media which decided that his moronic plans were the single most important thing going on in America. At that press conference, in front of "9/11 Truther" signs, this cult leader lied to everyone who was watching, telling them that he was going to call off his 9/11 book burning festival because he had successfully reached a deal with the people behind the Park51 community center in Lower Manhattan, in which they would move their facility away from the site of the World Trade Center. Not a word of this was true, but it was amazing, all the same -- at one fell swoop, we had finally knit up the strands of a season of irrationality into one big, shiny, synergized knot. This was supposed to be the end of Recovery Summer? More like Relapse Summer. The story of how one lone idiot, pimping an 18th-century brand of community terrorism, held the media hostage and forced some of this nation's most powerful people to their knees to fitfully beg an end to his wackdoodlery is an extraordinary one. It's a modern media retelling of Faulkner's "As I Lay Dying", in which a gang of Islamaphobes, cast in the role of Addie Bundren, bamboozle the media into carrying their coffin full of malevolence on a journey of pure debasement. Let's begin at the beginning. Earlier this year, an organization called the Cordoba Initiative were granted permission by the appropriate authorities in New York City to turn an old Burlington Coat Factory at 51 Park Place in lower Manhattan into a community center. The organization was headed by an Imam named Feisal Abdul Rauf, who has made it his life's work to stand against radical cults like al Qaeda and teach young Muslims that America is a place where one can freely worship at the appointed times and then join other faith communities in America in the task of building a great nation. The proposed community center was to include a basketball court and space for different religious communities in New York City to have interfaith relations. It was also going to have a place for Muslims to pray, if they liked. The news didn't sit well with many people in New York, most notably people who didn't live in Manhattan. This is because they were told by a gaggle of dumb Islamophobes that what was planned was a "Ground Zero mosque." Of course, the planned community center was not, strictly speaking, a "mosque." And it was most definitely not "at Ground Zero." "Ground Zero" is the site of an interminable municipal construction project. There are no plans to build a mosque there. "Ground Zero" is also not the name of a recognized New York City neighborhood, like DUMBO or Murray Hill. But, here's the thing: even if it was, the battle to stop the "Ground Zero mosque" was already lost, because there already is a mosque in that neighborhood. This logic failed to sink in, because very few people outside of me and the good people over at Wonkette made any attempt to bring these facts to light. But it might not have mattered, because the fertile field of opposition to the Park51 community center was the raw wound of the September 11th attacks. Obviously, many people are still feeling the loss of that day. And that loss breeds many emotions, among them sadness and anger. And people definitely do have the right to express their sadness and their anger. But what people don't have the right to expect is that the government will intervene to remedy claims that have no basis in law. As soon as the media saw themselves a shiny shiny shining thing shining shinily in New York City, they pounced! How perfect! Something for us to talk about during the slow-news summer! I mean, we could talk about the nation's unemployment crisis, but that would mean we'd have to talk to poor, jobless people, and there's no currency in having access to a bunch of poors. Right away, they accepted the premise that this was a "Ground Zero mosque," when it wasn't. And so, by the power vested in the media, things that weren't in fact true were accorded the privilege of being "one side of a great debate" and "an interesting point of view." Charlie Brooker, calling out the media for this bull<snip>, states what should have happened at this very moment: New York being a densely populated city, there are lots of other buildings and businesses within two blocks of Ground Zero, including a McDonald's and a Burger King, neither of which has yet been accused of serving milkshakes and fries on hallowed ground. Regardless, for the opponents of Cordoba House, two blocks is too close, period. Frustratingly, they haven't produced a map pinpointing precisely how close is OK. That's literally all I'd ask them in an interview. I'd stand there pointing at a map of the city. Would it be offensive here? What about here? Or how about way over there? And when they finally picked a suitable spot, I'd ask them to draw it on the map, sketching out roughly how big it should be, and how many windows it's allowed to have. Then I'd hand them a colour swatch and ask them to decide on a colour for the lobby carpet. And the conversation would continue in this vein until everyone in the room was in tears. Myself included. That hasn't happened. Instead, 70% of Americans are opposed to the "Ground Zero mosque", doubtless in many cases because they've been led to believe it literally is a mosque at Ground Zero. And if not...well, it must be something significant. Otherwise why would all these pundits be so angry about it? And why would anyone in the media listen to them with a straight face? And because the media couldn't do their job, a group of hack politicians, like Rick Lazio and Newt Gingrich, desperate to get a little famewhore attention for their quixotic political career goals, saw an opportunity to horn in on the "discussion." They started telling all the sad and angry people that they actually did have the right to expect someone to provide a remedy to their claims. Their case was primarily based on the idea that nobody has the rights of religious freedom, no one has property rights and that the government has the right -- nay, the duty! -- to intrude. Right away, they should have been entirely ridiculed, because the people pimping this bilge were primarily right-wing types who would ordinarily say that church and state should not be separated, that property rights are sacrosanct, and that government should be small and unobtrusive. Someone really should have said to Newt Gingrich, "Is this seriously the stand you want to take? Because if it is, we shall never allow you to claim to be a supporter of small government or a 'Constitutional constructionist' ever again. And if you try to assert that claim, we will drop on you like a ton of bricks. We will cause you real, public pain." But of course, that's not what happened. The media has too much invested in flattering people like Newt Gingrich, and whoever writes Sarah Palin's tweets. And so, these inherent contradictions simply became "one side of a great debate" and "an interesting point of view." And from there, some idiot news producer said, "Hey, I bet we can shoehorn this into our election narrative somehow!" And so the Park51 community center became an election issue. Imagine that, in a world with a nine year-long, going nowhere war and a massive unemployment crisis! Imagine how many times you would have to hit yourself in the head with a ball peen hammer before you would ask a politician from California how they stood on a local zoning issue in Manhattan. But ask they did, all the way to the White House. And that's when Democrats like Harry Reid stepped forward to publicly cover themselves in cowardice. This turned the frenzy up several notches for the media, because suddenly, they had obtained a very precious thing -- the right to say "both sides do this." The matter had become a folie a deux -- a madness made for two! -- but the media focused all their attention on the "two" and none on the "madness." And in that climate, a pastor named Terry Jones saw an opportunity to make himself famous. Jones heads up a heretofore unknown and uncared-about gang of Florida morons known as the Dove Outreach Church -- minor bit players in the field of antagonizing American Muslims. This idiot announced that he was going to burn some Qurans on September 11th, and was anyone interested in giving this nonsense a whole lot of media attention? And boy howdy, lots of people took him up on the offer! And you know why they did that? Because of the shame. Because deep down, your media all-stars knew that they had aided and abetted something that closely resembled an intellectual atrocity, and now it was time to atone by finding the lowest-hanging fruit available and make themselves feel better by beating on them repeatedly for being <snip>s -- something they should have already been doing for months! And this gave an opportunity for some of those who had opposed the Park51 community center -- who deserved the treatment being meted out to Terry Jones -- to do the same. They joined their friends in the media in this demonstration of game-show absolution, saying, "This level of bigotry is unacceptable! It's so declasse in comparison to our own bigotry, which is a refined, 'Sunday Afternoon On The Island Of La Grande Jatte' form of despicableness." A few people, like John Boehner and whoever writes Sarah Palin's tweets went so far as to say, "See, this is exactly the same thing we were decrying with the Ground Zero mosque." Except it wasn't, because the Ground Zero mosque was a thing they had made up! None of this bothered Terry Jones at all! Why should it? In the long history of fringe religious figures saying and doing stupid things, it is exceedingly rare for the media to provide much attention to them. Pat Robertson has been telling America that gay people cause hurricanes for years, and it never amounts to much in the way of coverage beyond a periodic reminder that Pat Robertson is a complete fool. Terry Jones, however, had been given something very precious: he was now "one side of a great debate" who possessed "an interesting point of view." And the media worked very hard to push the case that Jones was part of a debate. Now, Quran burning was an election-year issue, for which every candidate had to answer. And they even went so far as to ask Jones repeatedly, "What if President Obama told you not to do this? What if former President George W. Bush told you not to do this?" They were literally brokering negotiations between an idiot cult leader and some of the most powerful and important people in the world! By now, things were terribly out of control. President Obama had to publicly state that Quran burning is a stupid thing to do. Imagine how out of touch you have to be that you need to go all the way to the White House to find that answer! Other important people were compelled to interject at this point. General David Petraeus had to come forward and state the plainly obvious: that all the public attention being given to this Quran burning would undermine the ability of U.S. forces to conduct their counterinsurgency operations, which depend heavily on winning the "hearts and minds" of Afghans. I think a lot of people read this as Petraeus speaking out against the attention-seeker, Terry Jones. But I think he was speaking more directly to the attention-givers. And everything that Justin Elliot reports here, I believe, lends credence to my contention. Eventually, Robert Gates -- the Secretary of Defense, who is running two wars! -- had to call Jones up and try to convince him not to do this. "Which is crazy," says Alex Pareene, accurately, because when, exactly, did the Pentagon start negotiating with two-bit terrorists? All of this finally culminated with yesterday's press conference, where Terry Jones lied and said that the Park51 community center was going to move, thanks to him. You see where this is headed now, don't you? Now the people behind Park51 are on the hook for stopping this Quran burning, and all of the negative external impact it may have. Now, all of the refined hate-merchants from early in the story can say that if the "Ground Zero mosque" isn't moved, immediately, American troops could die! To go back to Charlie Brooker, let's remember that after sizing up the incompetence that pervaded the Park51 coverage, he warned that the "media" should just "give up" before they "[made] things worse." Pretty prophetic, isn't it? They got played, and played badly, by a dude with 14th-century religious beliefs, 19th-century facial hair and ultra-modern media savvy. Terry Jones has essentially blackmailed some of the most important people in America, with the assistance of the media. Let's remember that all of this paralysis was caused by 50 people who wanted to burn a book that's available for free, on the Internet! There were many, many moments where someone could have simply said, "No, we should really not be doing this. These Islamophobes are objectively wrong, objectively stupid, objectively contradictory, objectively harmful, and by God, as someone with a functioning brain and a devotion to the pursuit of reason above all else, I am going to stand here and say no to all of this." But as it turns out, it wasn't until yesterday afternoon that someone finally had the guts to say maybe we cannot really believe a word this man is saying. Well, they should have thought of that before they decided to point a bunch of teevee cameras at him, I guess. Police: Man Got Massage, Robbed Spa Employees Posted: 7:39 am EDT September 9, 2010 Updated: 8:53 am EDT September 9, 2010 DALTON, Ga. -- Dalton police are asking for the public’s help in identifying a man who held employees of a massage parlor at gunpoint and robbed them – after he got a massage. Dalton police said the robbery happened at 10 p.m. at the GQ Spa on Chattanooga Road on Tuesday. Officials said the man received a massage and after it was over, he produced a semi-automatic handgun and demanded money from the three women who were working. Police said he got $140 in cash. Before he left, he tied the women up with plastic zip ties and gagged them with white masks, police said. Officials believe the robber left on foot. The robber is described as a black male, between 5 feet 10 inches and 6 feet 2 inches tall with balding hair and a short, thin beard. He was wearing a white Hawaiian-type shirt with floral print and a white floppy hat with dark stripes during the robbery, police said. Thursday, September 9, 2010 NEW YORK — The number of U.S. children being raised by their grandparents rose sharply as the recession began, according to a new analysis of census data. The reasons, while somber, were not all economic. These grandparents often give themselves high marks as caregivers, but many face distinctive stresses as they confront unanticipated financial burdens and culture shock that come with the responsibilities of child-raising. In all, roughly 7 million U.S. children live in households that include at least one grandparent, according to a Pew Research Center analysis of the most recent Census Bureau data, from 2008. Of that number, 2.9 million were being raised primarily by their grandparents — up 16 percent from 2000, with a 6 percent surge just from 2007 to 2008. "Clearly something was going on" in those years, said Pew senior researcher Gretchen Livingston, a co-author of Thursday's analysis. "We don't have the data to explicitly state that this is related to recession, but it's a very educated guess." Reasons for grandparents taking over child-rearing duties are manifold — often involving a single parent who becomes overwhelmed with financial problems, is incarcerated, succumbs to illness or substance abuse, or dies. High rates of divorce and teen pregnancies fuel the phenomenon, as do long overseas deployments confronting some parents in the military. "It's almost inevitable that there is some stress around the reason these grandparents and grandchildren come together," said Donna Butts, executive director of the nonprofit advocacy group Generations United. "You're talking about older adults who have agreed to make some sacrifice in their life, and they need to have some support and respect," Butts said. "There are a lot of emotions that the children and the grandparents experience — an anger, a loss of their traditional role." Roberta Jackson of Winston-Salem, N.C., went through that sort of emotional wringer eight years ago when she agreed to raise her grandson, Drew, who was 6 at the time, after his mother became incapacitated by bipolar disorder. "When he came to live with me, I had just retired," said Jackson, 63. "I had raised six children of my own, and I wanted to do what I wanted. Drew didn't want to be with me, and I really didn't want to be responsible for him." For several years, Jackson said, Drew proved to be a disciplinary challenge — "The more rules I laid down, the more rebellious he got." But she enrolled the two of them in counseling sessions, got support from local agencies and sought out a host of activities for Drew, including a Big Brothers Big Sisters program and a youth football league. Drew, who will turn 15 later this month, has improved his grades, and his grandmother hopes he's on track to go to college. "We've become partners now," she said. "We've learned to trust each other." Jackson is African-American and single. Overall, according to the Pew center, 34 percent of grandparent caregivers are unmarried and 62 percent are women. The phenomenon of grandparents raising grandchildren has been proportionally higher among blacks and Hispanics than among whites, but the sharpest rise from 2007 to 2008 was among whites, with a 9 percent jump, according to Pew. In all, 53 percent of the grandparent caregivers are white, 24 percent are black, and 18 percent Hispanic. According to the Pew Center, most grandparents give themselves high marks for the role they are playing in their grandchildren's lives — with a majority saying they are doing a very good or excellent job and fewer than 10 percent rating themselves at "fair" or "poor." The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry notes that many children living with grandparents enter that arrangement with preexisting problems stemming from abuse, neglect, prenatal exposure to drugs and alcohol, and loss of their parents. "Many grandparents in this caretaking role underestimate or are unaware of the added burdens their new role as 'parents' will place upon them," warns the academy. It urges these grandparents to seek support and assistance from other family members, clergy, social agencies and mental health professionals. In New York City, an array of special services are available onsite at a 50-unit apartment building in the Bronx specifically designed for grandparents raising grandchildren. There are support groups and counseling for the elders; art and academic programs for the kids. Financed by Presbyterian Senior Services and the West Side Federation for Senior and Supportive Housing, the building has a long waiting list of more families wishing to get in. Among the tenants is Annie Barnes, 67, who is raising two teens placed in her custody in 1994 when their father — Barnes' son — was fatally stabbed. Back in 2005, when the apartment building opened and Barnes and her grandchildren moved in, she reflected on the turn her life had taken. "When I turned 50 I wanted to do things for myself and travel places," she told the Gotham Gazette at the time. "I had to put my plan on hold to provide for my grandchildren." Thursday, September 9th 2010, 2:11 PM Chevrestt for NewsPenthouse Executive Club says James Clooney is a lap dance deadbeat. A Long Island man who racked up a whopping $46,000 tab at a Manhattan strip club is being sued as a lap dance deadbeat. James Clooney allegedly stiffed the Penthouse Executive Club on $46,698 worth of booze, steaks and private time with the club's stable of strippers, according to the lawsuit filed in Manhattan Supreme Court. The strip club says in court papers that Clooney and his guests ran up the tab at the W. 45th St. flesh palace and its in-house Robert's Steakhouse from May 2008 to last December. "Although Mr. Clooney made some small partial payments from time to time...there remains due...$46,698.18, no portion of which has been paid," the suit says. A lawyer and a spokesman for the Penthouse Executive Club did not return calls. Clooney could not immediately be reached at his Oyster Bay home. Clooney joins the ranks of other so-called lap dunces who have landed in hot water over strip-club shenanigans, including a Westchester man who was sued by the Penthouse club for not paying a $102,000 tab and a Missouri executive who got sacked from his job after he put $241,000 on his corporate card at Scores. Obama says GOP hopes 'I fail' He rallies in Cleveland to end Bush-era tax policies Kara Rowland 9:01 p.m., Wednesday, September 8, 2010 Using his strongest political rhetoric yet, President Obama said Wednesday that Republicans are banking on the calculation that "if I fail, they win," and he told Congress to make a clean break with the Bush-era tax policies by letting the tax cuts for the wealthiest expire. In a stump-style speech in Cleveland, Mr. Obama blasted the GOP for sitting "on the sidelines" while he and congressional Democrats have pushed to pump money into the economy and to clean up what he said were the excesses of the Bush administration that led to the economic downturn. Ahead of November's midterm elections, Mr. Obama directly took on House Minority Leader John A. Boehner, Ohio Republican, who in his own speech in Cleveland late last month challenged Mr. Obama to join a bipartisan effort to cut spending and extend all the Bush-era tax cuts. "There was just the same philosophy we already tried for the last decade - the same philosophy that led to this mess in the first place: Cut more taxes for millionaires and cut more rules for corporations," the president said. He has proposed three major steps he said would help boost jobs: Pouring more taxpayer funds into road and rail infrastructure projects, making the research-and-development tax credit permanent and speeding up tax write-offs for firms when they purchase equipment. Republicans, led by Mr. Boehner, outlined their own proposal Wednesday: Continue all Bush tax cuts, including those for the wealthiest Americans, and return spending to 2008 levels, which Mr. Boehner said would save nearly $100 billion in the next fiscal year. "If the president is serious about finally focusing on jobs, a good start would be taking the advice of his recently departed budget director and freezing all tax rates, coupled with cutting federal spending to where it was before all the bailouts, government takeovers and 'stimulus' spending sprees," he said. The Bush-era tax cuts expire at the end of the year. Mr. Obama and most Democrats back an extension of those tax cuts only for families earning less than $250,000 a year and individuals earning less than $200,000 a year. Republicans said they want to give businesses and consumers certainty and that an expiration of the tax cuts would hurt small businesses in particular. Democrats, though, have sought to expropriate Republican concerns about the deficit in their defense of allowing the tax cuts for wealthier Americans to expire. They say an extension would add $700 billion to the federal tab over the next decade. Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton jumped into the fray Wednesday, labeling the U.S. deficit, projected to weigh in at about $1.4 trillion this year, a national security threat. Speaking at the Council on Foreign Relations, she warned that mounting debt undermines the nation's "capacity to act in our own interest." Mr. Obama's infrastructure proposal faces a precarious future as lawmakers in both parties are wary of additional spending. Indeed, one of Mr. Obama's key allies, Sen. Michael Bennet of Colorado, has announced that he would oppose the measure. He said infrastructure projects can be funded through last year's $814 billion Recovery Act. The president has not received any support from Senate Republicans, who hold enough votes to block action. With congressional elections less than two months out, Mr. Obama is seeking to bolster his party's chances and improve his own sagging approval ratings. He is telling voters that they have a choice of either continuing the policies of President George W. Bush or his own policies, which he said have subdued the recession, although "progress has been painfully slow." Polls show voters increasingly disapprove of Mr. Obama's record on the economy and don't see results from the $814 billion stimulus. The president is also facing the headwind of an unemployment rate that ticked up in August to 9.6 percent. In Cleveland, Mr. Obama drew a stark line between Democrats and Republicans, and said the political battles on Capitol Hill seem to center on battling him, not improving the country. "They're making the same calculation they made just before the inauguration: If I fail, they win," he said. "Well, they might think this will get them where they need to go in November, but it won't get our country where it needs to go in the long run." Those born on September 9th THE DAY OF DIFFICULT DEMAND Those born on September 9th repeatedly face all kinds of demanding situations, usually more the product of their own complicated nature than of fate. If they could learn to more often take the path of least resistance, and not invariably the most difficult way they would lead much more peaceful but perhaps less eventful lives. There is no doubt that September 9th people are drawn to challenges. Easily bored, they find it insufferable to just sit back and do the same predictably rewarding or unrewarding things year after year. Consequently, they are either consciously or unconsciously on the lookout for complex people, places and things with which to become involved. Such a desire may grow out of an internal longing, a feeling that there is somehow something missing, no matter how successful or fortunate they have been. Those born on this day can be very private people, but usually their occupation or main interest brings them into contact with society. They are very adept at sensing and even defining what the public taste is, and how it may be satisfied. Life can be a constant battle for many born on this day against their fears and insecurities. Strangely enough, such fears can drive them on to be surprisingly successful. This is another reason why challenges have such a powerful stimulating effect on them. Those born on the 9th of the month are ruled by the number 9. September 9th people are able to influence those around them. Advice: Building your self confidence is a big item. Allow for reflection, then find your real abilities and act on them decisively. Worry and fear will eat you up if you let them, you alone hold yourself back stay joyful and never despair Strengths: Discriminating, challenge oriented and introspective. Weaknesses: Fearful, insecure and needy. Born On This Day:Leo Tolstoy, Otis Redding, Harland “Colonel” Sanders and Billy Preston This Day in History: Sep 9, 1893:Frances Folsom Cleveland, the wife of President Grover Cleveland, gives birth to a daughter, Esther, in the White House Famous Inventions: 1886 ten countries, not including the U.S. joined the Berne Convention for the protection of literary and artistic works. The Daily Mirror 8/09/2010 A grandad became a crack dealer because he couldn't survive on his pension, a court heard yesterday. White-haired David Hartley delivered the drug from a supplier to street dealers because he was worried about paying his TV licence and water bill, it was claimed. The 65-year-old middleman admitted having crack cocaine with intent to supply and was jailed for four and a half years. He was caught when police stopped his car and smelled cannabis. In his pocket were 50 grams of crack cocaine. Julian Kesner, prosecuting, said: "He was refreshingly candid. He said 'Yes, this is crack. I can't survive on my pension. I am just delivering it for other people. There is more in my landing cupboard'." Hartley had drugs worth a total of £8,400, said Mr Kesner. He said: "He would not name the man he was working for. He said he got £200 for dropoffs and pick-ups. His mobile and fuel were paid for." Andrew Hobson, defending, said Hartley, from Gloucester, was jailed for nine years in 2002 for importing drugs from Jamaica which he had claimed were planted. Mr Hobson added: "He does not fit the profile of a person involved in the supply of class A drugs. He is 65 and has three children, six grandchildren and two great grandchildren. "He became involved in drugs 10 years ago when he took pity on someone he knew at work and helped her get off heroin. "For some reason he became a user and has not been able to kick his habit until very recently while on remand in prison. "His concerns were TV licence arrears and water arrears. For a man of his age such small debts weighed heavily on his mind. It made him cross the boundary from being a drug user to being involved in supply." Judge William Hart told him at Gloucester crown court: "Your age may well be one of the attractions of using your services. You do not fit the profile of someone involved in this sort of offending." Teresa Lewis, Mentally Disabled Woman, To Be Executed In Virginia This Month First Posted: 09- 7-10 07:09 PM \| Updated: 09- 7-10 07:11 PM Teresa Lewis, a borderline mentally retarded woman charged with "masterminding" the murder of her husband and stepson in 2002, is slated to be the first woman in almost a century to be executed in Virginia this month. Lewis, 40, pleaded guilty to hiring two men, Matthew Shallenberger and Rodney Fuller, to murder her husband and stepson so that she could collect a $350,000 life insurance policy. Both triggermen were handed life sentences, but Judge Charles Strauss gave Lewis the death penalty, reasoning that she was "clearly the head of this serpent." Since the 2002 verdict, new evidence about Lewis and the gunmen has emerged that raises questions about whether she was fairly sentenced and whether, after already having lost one appeal, the Supreme Court should reopen her case. Lewis took two IQ tests after the trial, one by her own expert and one by the state's expert, and she scored 73 and 70 on them, respectively. An intelligence quotient below 70 qualifies as mentally retarded according to the Supreme Court, and Lewis' tests placed her in the "borderline intellectual functioning" zone. Three different forensic psychology experts also testified that Lewis had "dependent personality disorder," making it difficult for her to carry out functions as simple as making a grocery list without the support of another person. And in 2003, Shallenberger wrote in a letter to a fellow inmate that he had deliberately manipulated Lewis into going along with his plan because he needed the money to start a drug business in New York City. "I met Teresa at the Walmart in Danville, VA. From the moment I met her I knew she was someone who could be easily manipulated," Shallenberger wrote. "Killing Julian and Charles Lewis was entirely my idea. I needed money, and Teresa was an easy target." Three years later, Shallenberger committed suicide in prison, and Lewis' defense team has not yet been able to use the letter as evidence to a court. Lynn Litchfield, Teresa's chaplain at the maximum-security prison in Virginia where she was confined, describes Lewis in a recent Newsweek article as "slow and overly eager to please -- an easy mark, in other words, for a con." "She didn't look like a remorseless killer, a 'mastermind' who plotted two murders, as the judge put it," Litchfield writes. "In one of our sessions, she collapsed into great soul-shattering, body-heaving sobs and cried into my wrist, the only part of me I could get through the slot in the door." Lewis' pro bono defense lawyer, James Rocap, told HuffPost that Lewis' behavior on death row has been exemplary and that he hopes Gov. Bob McDonnell (R) will consider that when he reviews her petition for clemency. "This is one of the better examples of what is wrong with the death penalty," he said. "Up until October of 2002, Teresa had no record of any violent conduct at all. Since she went to prison, she has been not only a model prisoner, but she has a huge amount of remorse and has developed a prison ministry under very harsh conditions. She can't recreate with anyone, she can't hold anyone's hand, play cards with anyone, and so on. Because of the death penalty in Virginia, we have a remarkable individual who did not have any violent record at all being judged on her participation in one event in one day of her life." Rocap said he took on Lewis' case in 2004 because he believes the U.S. justice system is flawed regarding the death penalty. "The legal system for the most serious sanction you can possibly have doesn't operate well," he said. "There is so much serendipity in what happens to people who do the same thing or even worse things than other people. There's so much inconsistency in who gets executed and who doesn't. I think it's important for the legal profession that we provide the most legal representation we can for people who are in danger of losing their lives." The United States is counted among the countries with the highest numbers of executions in the world, along with China, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Congo, Egypt and Iraq, and, barring intervention by McDonnell or the U.S. Supreme Court, Lewis will be added to the tally on Sept. 23. Rocap, in the meantime, is not going to give up on defending her. "Teresa is a terrific candidate for clemency, and we hope the Governor sees it that way," he said. After Barack Obama, a dose of Hillary Clinton? Many moderates would support the secretary of state S.E. Cupp Wednesday, September 8th 2010, 4:00 AM Kamm/GettyHillary Clinton, who fell short against President Obama in 2008, has insisted she won't run for the White House again. Over Labor Day weekend, in between failed fishing excursions and burgers, my friends and I played a popular party game: Guess the likely 2012 presidential field. We tossed around the usual suspects - Mike Huckabee, Newt Gingrich, Sarah Palin, Mitt Romney, Tim Pawlenty - and we agreed that if things don't get considerably better over the next two years, any one of them could give President Obama a run for his money. But for my friends - three thirtysomething left-of-center moderates who voted for Obama in 2008 - only one name would make them consider pulling the lever for someone else: Hillary Clinton. It's a ridiculous prospect. Clinton has insisted she will not run again. She's been a loyal soldier for Obama, and challenging an incumbent doesn't usually work out too well for the challenger. Still, the unlikely prospect of a Clinton-Obama faceoff got me thinking. Maybe she could run. And more to the point, maybe she should run. Sure, I'm a Republican who can hardly be trusted to offer objective advice to Democrats I've long lambasted. But believe me when I tell you, two years of Obama has even me seeing Clinton in a much different light than in 2008, when I thought the only thing worse than a new President named Obama was another one named Clinton. My friends aren't the only ones who think that Clinton should reconsider her vow not to run again. A dentist from Chicago has paid for a slew of Hillary for President ads that tout her as "one of the most admired women in our nation's history." Even though I disagree vehemently with her political world-view, he's right. Just as I've taken issue with some of the liberal attacks against Sarah Palin, I challenge conservatives to acknowledge that Hillary is exactly the kind of woman - accomplished, intelligent, successful and self-made - that we should encourage our daughters to look up to. Since becoming secretary of state, she's stayed out of the political weeds, doing serious work with diligence while most other cabinet members - Janet Napolitano, Eric Holder, Timothy Geithner, Kathleen Sebelius - have been tarnished by their involvement in unpopular and controversial political fights over health care and the economic stimulus package. While many on the right have been successfully using Nancy Pelosi, Harry Reid and Obama for archery practice, Clinton is one of the few big-name Democrats who doesn't have her fingerprints on any of the left's domestic failures. And more than merely staying out of trouble, she's even had some key victories. She was instrumental in persuading Obama to send more troops into Afghanistan, defeating Vice President Biden in an internal debate on the matter. She convinced 33 other governments to toughen their position on allowing Cuba back into the Organization of American States. She saved the signing of the historic Turkish-Armenian accord. And now she has a chance - albeit a slim one - to make history by helping forge a compromise between Israelis and Palestinians. Even if she fails, Clinton will likely remain a sober politician who avoids the divisive rhetoric upon which so many on both sides of the spectrum seem hopelessly dependent. To be clear, I'll most likely vote Republican in 2012. But Obama's lackluster performance has suddenly made Clinton an attractive option for frustrated Democrats and independents. Add to that group of disaffecteds Clinton's famously rabid supporters, and we might start seeing Clinton 2012 bumper stickers soon. And just imagine if she runs as an independent. Those born on September 8th THE DAY OF THE PUZZLING PURIST Those born on the 8th of September are by no means easy to figure out. In their own minds they are interested in cleaning up shop, straightening things out and generally improving the lot of their family, social or national group. Yet if and when they go off on the wrong track, they are likely to maintain the absolute belief that they are acting reasonably or responsibly. Whether their efforts turn out well or badly in the end, there is no denying that September 8th people impact greatly on their environment. Most September 8th people see the world in terms of black and white, and as such highly subjected to the forces of good and evil. Their chosen role is often as protector of the faith against the enemies of the family, state, party or church. September 8th people generally like to be at the very head whether public or private. Politics in particular may hold an attraction for them, and even if they do not take an active leadership role socially, they usually have a marked interest in the crucial issues of their times. Those born on this day are not easy to get along with per se. They do not, however, depend on the opinions of others but firmly hold their own course, knowing in their hearts that they do what is best for all. Those born on the 8th of the month are ruled by the number 8. Those ruled by the number 8 generally build their lives and careers slowly and carefully. Advice: Your ideas are not always easy for others to accept. Don’t push them too hard, let others breathe a bit. Strive to be yourself. Beware of a tendency to be bossy or insensitive. Strengths: Serious, dynamic and performative Weaknesses: Unyielding, authoritarian, and misdirected. Those Born On This Day: Richard I, Sam Nunn, Sid Caesar, and Lyndon H. La Rouche, Jr. This Day in History: Sep 8, 1974: Ford pardons Nixon In a controversial executive action, President Gerald Ford pardons his disgraced predecessor Richard Nixon for any crimes he may have committed or participated in while in office. Ford later defended this action before the House Judiciary Committee, explaining that he wanted to end the national divisions created by the Watergate scandal. Famous Inventions: 1868 William Hinds patented a candlestick. 1994 Microsoft gave Windows 95 its new name; previously, the operating system had been referred to by its code name of "Chicago". MEDITATION I heard someone say, “Most of life is a gray area.'' THIS IS FOR ENTERTAIN ONLY!!! DAILY NEWS STAFF WRITER Wednesday, September 8th 2010, 4:00 AM Goulding/Times-Herald RecordPictured before their marriage, Michael O'Connell holds fiancee Jessica Vega's hand as she reads their marriage license. O'Connell holds their daughter Ava, who was 11 months at the time. A newlywed bride from upstate New York faked a case of terminal leukemia to score a free wedding dress, honeymoon and gifts, her estranged husband claims. Michael O'Connell accused his chef wife Jessica Vega of cooking up a sad story that duped strangers into showering her with freebies and sympathy. The Times Herald Record in April published a story about the upcoming dream wedding of the young couple, who met two years earlier while both were studying at the Institute of Culinary Education in Manhattan. "I had to prepare for her to die," O'Connell told the Middletown, NY, newspaper. Now, Michael O'Connell says his wife's illness was a sham - though he also admits slapping "the fire out of her" during a brawl and biting her on the elbow. He's now filed for divorce in Sullivan County Court, just months after marrying Vega in front of 60 loved ones. O'Connell, 23, claims he was snowed by a phony letter from a Westchester County cancer specialist that supposedly confirmed Vega's diagnosis of terminal acute myeloid leukemia. The Westchester Institute for Treatment of Cancer & Blood Disorders did not return calls. The reporter who wrote the original story for the Times Herald Record wrote today that he listened in when O'Connell said he called the clinic and was told Vega, 23, was "never a patient" there. "Jessie would never do something so manipulative," her mother, Diana, told the Daily Mail. Jessica Vega insisted to the Times Herald Record that she had received the letter confirming she had cancer - after earlier saying the letter had been typed in front of her. She then stood the reporter up on a planned visit to get a blood test at her new doctor's office in the Bronx, and has claimed her husband was physically abusive. "I don't think he really wants to go down that route of me exposing him," she said, according to the newspaper. Sheriff's Office: Miami couple breaks into Key Largo house to 'make out' Sun Sentinel 10:40 AM EDT, September 6, 2010 A Miami man and woman were arrested and charged Sunday night with criminal mischief after they broke into a Key Largo home to "make out," police said. According to Becky Herrin, spokeswoman for the Monroe County Sheriff's Office: A neighbor called the Sheriff's Office just after 9 p.m. to report two people breaking in to the vacant home on Lower Matecumbe Road in Key Largo. When deputies arrived at the scene, they found a window broken and the door unlocked at the stilt home. When they entered, they found Adrian Alonso and Iliu Gonzalez lying on the floor. The couple had broken a window and Gonzalez had crawled through it and opened the door for Alonso. They said they broke in to "make out." Chicago mayor retires sparking talk about bid by Rahm Emanuel Jordan Fabian and Sam Youngman The Hill 09/07/10 08:52 PM ET Chicago Mayor Richard Daley’s (D) surprise announcement Tuesday that he will not seek another term spurred widespread speculation that White House Chief of Staff Rahm Emanuel will run for the job. Even though he has a plum position as President Obama’s senior staffer, Emanuel has spoken openly about his desire to run for mayor. He released a statement Tuesday that didn’t answer the question. “While Mayor Daley surprised me today with his decision to not run for reelection, I have never been surprised by his leadership, dedication and tireless work on behalf of the city and the people of Chicago,” he said. He won’t have much time to decide — the election is Feb. 22, 2011, and candidates need to file by Nov. 22. A senior administration official requesting anonymity told The Hill: “I would be surprised if he [Emanuel] wasn’t a candidate.” Emanuel, a Chicago native who has represented part of the city in the House, spoke of his interest in the job earlier this year. In April, he told television host Charlie Rose he hoped Daley would seek reelection, but that he would like to run for the position “one day.” “I hope Mayor Daley seeks reelection. I will work and support him if he seeks reelection,” Emanuel said at the time. “But if Mayor Daley doesn’t, one day I would like to run for mayor of the City of Chicago. That’s always been an aspiration of mine even when I was in the House of Representatives.” In a short statement, Obama, who represented Illinois in the Senate, praised Daley’s service without mentioning Emanuel. “No mayor in America has loved a city more or served a community with greater passion than Rich Daley. He helped build Chicago’s image as a world-class city, and leaves a legacy of progress that will be appreciated for generations to come,” the president said. Daley’s announcement was shocking: He is the son of Chicago’s longest-serving mayor and has occupied the office since 1989. There was little indication he would not seek a seventh term. It’s “time for me, it’s time for Chicago to move on,” he said at a Tuesday press conference. “The truth is I have been thinking about this for the past several months,” Daley said. “In the end this is a personal decision, no more, no less.” His wife, Maggie, is battling cancer, according to the Chicago Tribune. The surprise announcement didn’t stop people from speculating on who would replace Daley. Emanuel’s name was floated by radio and print news outlets in Chicago, including in banner headline stories on the Chicago Tribune and the Chicago Sun-Times websites. But Emanuel could be one of more than a dozen candidates. Other names floated Tuesday include Daley’s brother, William Daley, and longtime Democratic Alderman Ed Burke. The mayor’s announcement also inspired a flurry of Twitter posts from Washington reporters, who have long had an eye on Emanuel’s next step. Adding to the speculation surrounding Emanuel’s future is the typically short shelf lives of White House chiefs of staff. President George W. Bush had only two, but President Clinton went through four in his two terms, and President George H.W. Bush employed three in his single term. One of Emanuel’s top aides, Sarah Feinberg, left the White House in May to take a senior position with Bloomberg news service, which also fueled the curiosity surrounding Emanuel’s next move in politics. Emanuel is not the only top White House aide to be subject to rumors regarding their futures. Senior advisers Valerie Jarrett and David Axelrod both moved from Chicago to Washington to serve in the White House, prompting speculation about how long they will stay in their jobs. The former congressman uprooted his wife and three children from the Chicago area and left the House of Representatives in order to take the chief of staff position in Washington. While in Congress, Emanuel served as the chairman of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee during the 2006 cycle in which the Democrats took control of the House. He was rumored to have coveted the Speaker’s gavel. This story was originally posted at 2:42 p.m. and updated at 8:52 p.m. David Axelrod: Republican Congress Could Be 'More Extreme' Than Bush (EXCLUSIVE) First Posted: 09- 7-10 10:46 AM \| Updated: 09- 7-10 10:46 AM With polls and prognosticators predicting a massive Republican rout -- and the likely election of uncompromising, out-of-the-mainstream conservatives -- in the fall, the Obama administration has begun raising dire alarms in its pitch to voters. Remember the Bush administration, the argument goes. It could be worse. "I saw that [Alaska GOP Senate candidate] Joe Miller said that he would abolish Social Security if he had the chance and he is not alone," said chief adviser David Axelrod. "This is akin to what [Nevada GOP Senate candidate] Sharron Angle has said in Nevada and also a number of these other Republicans. So, this could go one step beyond the policies of the Bush administration to something more extreme than we have seen." In an interview with the Huffington Post from his West Wing office late last week, Axelrod's criticism of the president's Republican critics were some of the most sweeping to date. The senior adviser called the GOP strategy for scuffling Obama, "insidious" if not "clever." Republican leadership, he ventured, has "put emphasis on throttling things down... hoping that the mess that they created... would be so difficult to clean up that they could then blame us for their problems." "I think realistically what you have is a Republican Party that is now thoroughly focused on one thing and they have been frankly from the beginning: which is to try and regain power," he said. "And their strategy is to lock everything down and not let anything happen." The remarks suggest a White House that is frustrated at the hand it's been dealt, as well as increasingly concerned about the state of the electorate. Axelrod declined to place a marker on how November will play out. But he did note that history is not on the side of the president he serves. By Monday, that history's repetition was crystallizing. Stu Rothenberg, editor of the Rothenberg Political Report, released new predictions, putting the number of Republican gains in the House at 37 to 42 seats. Forty-five to 55 seats, he added, are "quite possible." A poll released by ABC News and the Washington Post the night before, meanwhile, revealed that for the first time in more the four years, the GOP is running even with Democrats in terms of the confidence it earns from registered voters. Faced with the possibility of a major, historic sweep on Election Day, however, the Democratic base isn't showing signs of turning out in November. "In a sense, we are a victim of our own success, of the expectations that the president aroused, and the fact that we have gotten so much done," Axelrod said, in attempting to explain the enthusiasm gap between Republican and Democratic voters. "Everyone who has a particular passion says, 'Well if you got that done why couldn't you get this done? If you got health care done why couldn't you get energy reform done? If you got financial reform why couldn't you get something else done?' The successes we've had have been a double-edged sword. I hope that at the end of the day, however, people will realize that this has been a period of enormous progress. I'm not begrudging people's desire to get more done. There is a lot of pent-up energy and aspirations and all these things are important. But objectively this has been an enormously productive time and everyone who helped elect the president should feel gratified at what's been accomplished because it wouldn't have happened but for their efforts." The problem facing the White House is that there is little they can do at this point to significantly affect the type of economic or political changes that would appeal to voters of any or all stripes. The president, over Labor Day weekend, laid out a set of fairly robust proposals to spur business growth, including extending tax breaks for research and development as well as money for infrastructure projects. Axelrod, likewise, pledged to have a vote the first day that Congress is back in session on a $30 billion small business tax cut bill that Republicans had stalled in the Senate. But even those measures don't seem likely to change the trajectory of public opinion or electoral politics. "The depth of the problem that was created, the irresponsible policies, is something we are going to live with for a long time," Axelrod acknowledged. "People are struggling and you want a silver bullet that will make that all better but there is no silver bullet." And herein lies, perhaps, the point that causes the most introspection among the Obama communications team -- how could they allow so many of those voters looking for a silver bullet to believe that the party that caused the strife in the first place is the one to fix it? An NBC/WSJ Poll released on Monday, for instance, showed that 58 percent of the public thinks Republicans would have different policies than President Bush's. "Perhaps this is where we have been failing to communicate," said Axelrod. "[A] large number of people [don't] believe that a Republican Congress would go back to the policies of George W. Bush, even though their own leaders have said as much in public. Pete Sessions said we want to go back to the same exact agenda that was there before this president took office. So our job in the next eight weeks is to make sure that people understand that, that they understand the stakes." Queens mom says 5-year-old son was sexually assaulted at school by four fellow kindergartners Meredith Kolodner and James Fanelli DAILY NEWS STAFF WRITERS Tuesday, September 7th 2010, 4:00 AM Hagen for NewsYenny Valero says her son was attacked and sexually assaulted by fellow kindergarten classmates a week before the end of last school year. The mother of a 5-year-old Queens boy claims her son was jumped inside his elementary school and sexually assaulted by four classmates - all of them kindergartners. Mom Yenny Valero said the shocking attack occurred in the school's bathroom just weeks before the end of the school year. "I'm very sad and disappointed," Valero told the Daily News. "You never expect this to happen to your child, especially in school. You expect them to go to school and come back safe." The Astoria resident filed a notice of claim on Aug. 27 - the first step in suing the city - alleging her son was assaulted, sexually abused and raped. The News is withholding the name of the boy and his school to protect his identity. Valero said their ordeal began when her son went to the bathroom on June 11. Four boys, all 6 or 7 years old, held him down, removed his pants and inserted at least one finger into his anus, according to the legal papers. The young victim, who wears ankle braces because of balance issues, suffered physical injuries and posttraumatic stress disorder, the filing states. "He's already started with a psychologist," said Valero's lawyer Sean Serpe. "He's having nightmares, gender identification issues." The boy told his mother and her sister about the attack the next day, saying he had been bullied by the students in the past. "I couldn't believe this was happening to my son," said Valero, 30. "I thought I was living a nightmare." The mother called 311, which put her in touch with the city's Administration for Children's Services and an NYPD special victims squad detective, who investigated the alleged assault. Because her son only had oneweek left of class, she kept him out of school, but said she spoke to the assistant principal on June 16 about the incident. "They said they didn't know anything about it and that they would investigate," Valero said. She said she still has not heard from the city Education Department about the outcome of the investigation, but the four alleged attackers were allowed to attend kindergarten graduation. "They said they couldn't suspend anyone because the investigation wasn't over," Valero. Her son didn't attend the graduation and has since gotten a safety transfer to another school. According to police sources, detectives investigated the incident, but the criminal case was closed because of the young ages of the students. The Education Department declined to comment. Elizabeth Thomas, a spokeswoman for the city Law Department, said her agency has not filed any charges in Queens Family Court against the alleged attackers. 'Four monsters out there' Serpe said he was shocked that none of the boys has been brought to justice. "Basically, you got four monsters out there who are getting a free pass," Serpe said. "They haven't even been required to receive therapy for their actions." One expert said she did not want to downplay the seriousness of the incident but said it is unlikely that children so young would realize the the full extent of what they were doing. "It's a horrible thing to happen to any child, but it's not unheard of," said Dr. Susan Sherkow, a child psychiatric expert and instructor at the child and adolescent division of the New York Psychoanalytic Society & Institute. "Why would they pick on him? They may see him as vulnerable," Sherkow said. "They may know that they're doing something humiliating, but typically they wouldn't really understand it as criminal intent, as sexual assault in the way adults do." Republicans own big lead over Democrats heading into November midterm elections, poll show Sean Alfano DAILY NEWS STAFF WRITER Tuesday, September 7th 2010, 9:10 AM Douliery/PoolHouse Speaker Nancy Pelosi and President Barack Obama must weather a growing tide of anti-Democratic sentiment from voters this November. Two separate polls released Tuesday tell the same grim story for Democrats: Prepare to lose in the November midterm elections. An ABC News/Washington Post poll gives the GOP a 53%-40% advantage over Democrats in this year's congressional races, the largest gap in that poll since 1981. Republicans enjoy a 49%-40% lead in an NBC News/Wall Street Journal poll, with the GOP advantage swelling to 20 points among voters with the highest amount of interest in this year's elections. Voters overall, however, are tied at 43% apiece when asked if they prefer a Democratic or Republican-controlled Congress in the NBC/WSJ poll. "We all know that there is a hurricane coming for the Democrats," said Peter D. Hart, the Democratic pollster who conducted the NBC News/WSJ survey with Republican pollster Bill McInturff. "We just don't know if it will be a Category 4 or a Category 5." Both polls show dwindling approval for President Obama's handling of the economy. "That is a huge danger sign," McInturff said of the president's 39% approval rating on his work with the economy. Not surprisingly, Republicans plan to hammer Democrats over the stagnant economy and current 9.6% unemployment rate all the way to the voting booths. "Stay focused on the issue the public is concerned about, and that is the economy," Rep. Eric Cantor (R-Va.), the number two House Republican, is telling fellow GOP candidates. The numbers in Tuesday's poll mirror a Gallup Poll last month, which showed Republicans with a 10-point lead over Democrats. In order to take control of Congress, Republicans need to win a net of 39 seats in the House and 10 Senate seats Sources: Trust to take Bush’s Heisman Charles Robinson and Jason Cole Yahoo Sports September 7, 2010 9:38 AM The Heisman Trophy Trust is expected to strip former University of Southern California star running back Reggie Bush of college football’s top honor by the end of September, sources told Yahoo! Sports. Bush would become the first player in the 75-year history of the award to have the trophy taken away. The NCAA found major violations in the Trojans’ football program in June and levied serious sanctions against the school. Two sources close to the Heisman trust said the body’s investigation is coming to a close, and will ultimately concur with the NCAA’s determination that Bush was ineligible during his Heisman-winning season in 2005. Because of that independent conclusion, sources said the trust will relieve Bush of the award and leave the honor for that season vacant. The sources said Bush met with Heisman representatives last month at the New York law offices of Emmet, Marvin & Martin. The sources would not reveal details of that meeting. It appears as if the Heisman Trophy Trust is about to strip Reggie Bush of his 2005 trophy. Julie Jacobson/AP Bush, now a standout with the Super Bowl champion New Orleans Saints, could not immediately be reached for comment. The Heisman trust has been conducting its own independent inquiry into Bush’s eligibility since the NCAA ruled in June that the USC star had committed multiple violations by accepting cash, gifts and other impermissible benefits while playing for the Trojans. Yahoo! Sports first detailed the extra benefits in September 2006. In its findings, the NCAA retroactively ruled Bush ineligible for part of the 2004 season and all of 2005. The NCAA also ordered the USC program to remove all references to Bush from its sporting venues and promotional materials and vacate his statistics from all games in which he was ineligible. In July, incoming USC president C.L. Max Nikias announced that the university would be returning its copy of Bush’s Heisman to the trust, stating the Trojans would honor and respect athletes who “did not compromise their athletic program or the opportunities of future USC student-athletes.” New USC athletic director Pat Haden followed up in August, stating during an interview with the Dan Patrick radio show that Bush should also voluntarily return his Heisman. While others pressed for a swift decision, the trust opted for a patient, meticulous effort. Sources said the trust did its own detailed investigation over the past three months, using a litany of resources and reviewing its information against the NCAA’s findings. The trust also offered Bush a chance to impact the decision. The process apparently came with considerable debate – in part because of the trust’s quest for due process, but also because of the unique nature of the decision. Never in the history of the award has the trust been forced to retroactively rule on the eligibility of a past winner. That reality, along with the NCAA’s findings, created a tangled knot of deliberation regarding the trust’s place in the role of enforcement. Sources said the prominent issues discussed included accountability, on-field vs. off-field conduct, implications of retroactively stripping an award and possible impact on future athletes and the NCAA. Two factors outweighed all others, sources said: The Heisman ballot necessitates candidates be in compliance with NCAA bylaws and concern over the Heisman’s reputation in the wake of the NCAA findings against Bush. The status of USC’s 2004 Bowl Championship Series national title remains to be determined. BCS officials are awaiting the NCAA’s ruling on the Trojans’ appeal of the June finding. Those born on September 7th THE DAY OF SUCCESS SEEKERS Novels could be written about September 7th people and their never ending pursuit of personal success. That they encounter obstacles on their way is indeed an understatement. The road is generally long, the difficulties manifold and perilous, but these determined individuals will not give up until they achieve what they have set out to do, even if it takes their dying breath to accomplish it. The world is not quick to understand or to recognize those born on this day, but by sheer force of their willpower or the imaginative creative thrust of their ideas they eventually win people over to them. Strangely enough, September 7th people who rise more easily to the top of their field, perhaps at a young age, may feel denied their need to struggle for success. Some of them can even give up everything they have accomplished and start all over again in another pursuit, much to the consternation of their family and friends. September 7th people who work in technical or highly specialized areas will not rest until they have gained complete mastery over their materials. They exhibit great integrity in their work. Those who are involved in leading or ruling will fuse their subjects, followers or employees into a cohesive, smooth running unit, with no doubt whatsoever about who’s the boss or what the goal is. As family head, those born on this day provide direction and inspiration to their children and mates, but will tolerate no insubordination. Those born on the 7th day of the month are ruled by the number 7. Those ruled by the number 7 traditionally like change and travel this agrees with their need for excitement. Advice: Find it in your heart to accept. Learn to enjoy yourself and then pass that gift to others. Don’t be so hard on yourself and those near and dear to you. An inflexible attitude plants seeds of rebellion. Strengths: Diligent, goal oriented and determined. Weaknesses: Over competitive, insensitive and unforgiving. Born on This Day: Queen Elizabeth 1, Grandma Moses, David Packard, and Gloria Gaynor This Day in History: On this day in 1813, the United States gets its nickname, Uncle Sam. The name is linked to Samuel Wilson, a meat packer from Troy, New York, who supplied barrels of beef to the United States Army during the War of 1812. Wilson (1766-1854) stamped the barrels with "U.S." for United States, but soldiers began referring to the grub as "Uncle Sam's." The local newspaper picked up on the story and Uncle Sam eventually gained widespread acceptance as the nickname for the U.S. federal government. Famous Inventions: 1948 Patent # 2,448,908 was granted to Louis Parker for a television receiver. His "intercarrier sound system" is now used in all television receivers in the world. Without it TV receivers would not work as well and would be more costly. This is for entertainment only. Andy Winter Sky News Online A notorious wildlife trafficker has been caught trying to smuggle nearly 100 live boa constrictors into Indonesia after his bag broke at an airport. The snakes were found in Anson Wong's bag Malaysian Anson Wong - nicknamed the Lizard King - was stopped by security officials at Kuala Lumpur airport after his luggage split open on a conveyer belt. As well as 95 live endangered boa constrictors, two rhinoceros vipers and a matamata turtle were also found inside his bag. Wong has now been jailed for six months and fined $40,000 - but campaigners have denounced the sentence as a "tragedy". Two rhinoceros vipers and a matamata turtle were also discovered The 52-year-old could have been locked up for seven years and faced fines of $40,000 per snake. He has already served a 71-month prison term in the United States for trafficking wildlife. William Schaedla of Traffic, a wildlife trade monitoring organisation, said: "(The sentence) clearly tells wildlife traffickers that they have little to fear from Malaysian law. "This is a tragedy." Juror fined, more, after posting early 'verdict' to Facebook September 5th, 2010 4:27 pm ET Wnen you're on a jury, not only are you not supposed to discuss the case with anyone outside the jury, you're certainly not supposed to make your mind up before all the evidence is presented. Thus, Michigan resident Hadley Jons made two mistakes when serving on a Jury in early August. Jons, 20, posted to her Facebook that it was "gonna be fun to tell the defendant they're GUILTY." The post was discovered by the defense team on Aug. 11, before they had even begun presenting their side of the case, and Jons was removed from the jury the next day. That wasn't the end of the story. Earlier this week, Jons received her punishment, which was actually quite mild. She was assigned a five-page essay to write about the constitutional right to a fair trial, by Macomb County Circuit Judge Diane Druzinski. "I'm sorry, very sorry," Jons told Druzinski. She has to complete the essay, as well as pay a $250 fine, by Oct. 1st. Facebook perhaps was worse than telling a friend about the case. After all, all Jons' friends (or at least those given the rights to) could see her post. "You violated your oath. You had decided she was already guilty without hearing the other side," Druzinski said. The Facebook post was found by Jaxon Goodman, the 17-year-old son of the defendant's defense lawyer. Leann Etchison had been charged with resisting arrest. She was eventually found guilty. This is just another example of how difficult things are for the courts in this day of smartphones and social networking. Among other things, courts also have to deal with folks using their smartphones (and the Internet) to research cases, which is something else taboo for jurors. Those born on September 6th Those born on September 6th are extremely vulnerable to the hidden workings of chance. More than others, their lives seem guided by the hand of fate, for better or worse. For many born on this day, life may be proceeding predictably when seemingly for no reason at all WHAMMO! When September 6th people try to direct and in a sense restrict the course of their lives, things often just seem to work against them. They can make highly detailed plans, preparing for every contingency and still find that events are not unfolding at all as they had expected. Though their lives may be quite uneven, September 6 people themselves are remarkably constant and faithful. Friends and family are extremely important to them and can serve as a protective buffer between them and the harsher side of life. Those born on the 6th day of the month are ruled by the number 6, they are magnetic in attracting love and admiration. Often love becomes the dominant theme in life of those ruled by the number 6, certainly true for those on born day. Advice: Learn to work with Fate. It is neither your enemy not your friend, but it can become an accepted companion. Don’t be afraid to take the initiative. Build solidly and let go of some of your cherished illusions. Don’t believe that you are misfortune prone. Strengths: Accepting, sympathetic and tasteful. Weaknesses: Self involved, repressed and fatalistic. Born On This Day: Jane Adams, Joseph Kennedy, Johnny Kelley and Roger Law. Great Inventions: 1988 The Combined Cap & Baseball Mitt patent #4,768,232 was granted. This Day in History: First tank produced On this day in 1915, a prototype tank nicknamed Little Willie rolls off the assembly line in England. Little Willie was far from an overnight success. It weighed 14 tons, got stuck in trenches and crawled over rough terrain at only two miles per hour. However, improvements were made to the original prototype and tanks eventually transformed military battlefields. This is for entertainment only. 11:24 AM ET Republican Sen. Lindsey Graham (S.C.) on Sunday slammed President Obama as "tone-deaf" on sensitive political matters, and said that the November elections will prove most Americans disagree with his views. Graham, an occasional ally of the administration on immigration, energy policy and military issues, also told NBC's "Meet The Press" host David Gregory that Obama's agenda is too liberal for the country. Democrats, led by Obama, have gone "hard to the left," Graham said. "Now they have nothing to show for their efforts but bigger government and more debt," he said. "Now they own this agenda that I think has been the most liberal agenda in modern times, and at the end of the day the public is not in the left ditch, they're not in the right ditch, they're in the right-center of the road. And the only way the president can possibly survive is to come back to the middle. "He's tone-deaf. Putting KSM on trial in New York City? Made no sense. Interjected himself into the mosque debate? Made no sense. He's tone-deaf on terrorism issues, and he's certainly tone-deaf on the economy." DAILY NEWS STAFF WRITER Sunday, September 5th 2010, 4:00 AM Xanthos/NewsYerko DiFonis, partially deaf and legally blind, is a piano prodigy. An illegal immigrant from Chile, he will return to his native country to preserve the chance of a future student visa. Though blind and partially deaf, Yerko DiFonis has wowed audiences and taken home top prizes for his remarkable piano playing. But his dazzling musical talents can't keep him in the country. The 17-year-old prodigy and his family have lived illegally in the United States since 2000, in hopes that the boy would receive better treatment than in their native Chile. Yerko, who plays music from memory, has thrived - even getting accepted at the city's prestigious LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts. But instead of starting his junior year this week, he and his family will return to their homeland on Sept. 25 under the threat of deportation. "I say my wish would be that myself and my family would all either get green cards or have the possibility of becoming American citizens," he said. Born legally blind, Yerko can only differentiate between light and dark and needs hearing aids in both ears. None of the public schools in Chile could handle his disabilities. "The only reason that we came here was that I wasn't getting a good education in Chile," Yerko said. "The first year that I went there, I basically sat around and did nothing." Yerko, his mother and brother flew to New York in 2000 on a temporary visa, the family says. His father, Stefanos DiFonis, snuck into the country through Canada that same year, but was arrested. He remained in New York despite a judge's order removing him from the country, records show. The family has led a comfortable life on Staten Island since, with his father running a contracting business. All that changed on July 1, when an immigration officer arrested his father and told him he would soon receive deportation papers, an Immigration and Customs Enforcement official said. While the DiFonises want to remain in New York, they fear doing so will jeopardize Yerko's chances of attending a top U.S. conservatory after graduation. His family hopes by returning to Chile, he can eventually come back to study at a conservatory or college. "It will be difficult for any of us to start over," he said. His mentors are distraught. Dalia Sakas, his piano teacher at Lighhouse International, a school for the visually impaired, said she was "just dumbstruck" when she heard. "It was like a dagger through the heart," she said. Yerko's parents first noticed his interest in music when he was still in diapers. "I used to move my head a lot when they put music on," Yerko said. When he was 4, he asked his dad - an accomplished guitar and bass player - to teach him some chords. By the next day, he could play perfectly. And at 6, Yerko asked his uncle to teach him the basics of the piano and then learned the rest by ear. "He received a God gift," said his mother, Beatriz, 40. "He listens to any music and plays it right now." Three to four hours of daily practice and classical training have honed his talent. He can play from memory masterpieces by Frederic Chopin, Claude Debussy, Robert Schumann and many other great composers. His talents led to a solo performance at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in a concert put on by students at Lighthouse. Last year, he took first place in New York State in the Very Special Arts Young Soloists Competition. He has even composed his own piece, a stirring, romantic ballad he calls "Flying Away." Using a cane in public and navigating his home by touching walls and railings, Yerko is most comfortable when his hands find the 50-year-old Steinway piano in his living room. "I like to concentrate on the emotions of the music," he said. Under U.S. immigration laws, if Yerko were 18 and caught as an illegal, he would be considered an adult and subject to a 10-year ban from entering the United States. At 17, he can elude the penalty by returning to Chile and later applying for a student visa, the State Department and U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services confirm. In the meantime, the move means going back to teaching himself the classics. "I am planning to take music with me, so I can self-study some pieces until I find a piano teacher I can study with," Yerko said. "I'll probably have to be on my own for a bit." Sunday, September 5th 2010, 4:00 AM Dazeley/GettyYikes! More than 250,000 students in New York City were found to be too heavy. overweight or obese - with about half the youngsters in some zip codes tipping the scales too heavily, a new city report shows. In the largest study of childhood obesity ever conducted in the city, 40% of kindergartners through eighth-graders - more than 250,000 kids - were found to be too heavy. Officials say even though the data seem startling, the rate of obesity in city kids is actually flat-lining, while it's rising nationwide. "While it would be great if we saw the numbers go down, it is encouraging that they're holding steady," said Laurie Benson, executive director of the Department of Education's Office of School Wellness, refering to previous studies with smaller sample sizes. The report, based on Fitnessgram assessments of more than 635,000 kids in eighth grade or lower, showed wide variation in obesity levels throughout different neighborhoods. In the upper West Side zip code of 10069, less than 12% of kids were found to be obese or overweight. But in Corona's 11368, a shocking 51% of kids were found to be too heavy. "I'm not surprised," said Corona mom Leslie Rivera, 34, whose 7-year-old son, George, is entering the second grade at Public School 13. "There's so much fast food around here." Gabriella Mendoza, 39, while dining with her 6-year-old son Kevin at a Corona McDonald's, said she tries to carefully control his eating - but it's not always easy. "Sometimes I bring him here, but not often because I know it's too much calories," Mendoza said. Among the report's additional alarming findings: About 48% of children in two Central Harlem/Morningside HeighTS zip codes - 10037 and 10039 - are too heavy. About 47% of kids in four zip codes in Washington Heights/Inwood - 10031, 10040, 10033, 10032 - are overweight or obese. More than 46% of youngsters in Williamsburg/BushwicKs 11237 and East Harlem's 10029 are carrying too much weight. City officials conceded that the dramatic geographic divide is disappointing but not surprising. "If you look at the adult levels of obesity, you're going to see very similar trends," Benson said. "Unfortunately, there is a lot of correlation between socioeconomics and health status." Kathy Nonas, director of physical activity and nutrition programs at the Department of Health, stressed that the data show the city's effort to tackle poor health among schoolchildren is showing results. She pointed to measures such as eliminating sugary drinks from school vending machines, offering healthier lunches and increasing physical activity. The data shows that "we're doing something right," Nonas said. "It also tells us that we have a lot more to do in order to get this down." The departments of health and education compiled the data by examining the "Fitnessgrams," personal health evaluations based on strength, endurance, flexibility and body mass index. The fitness report cards have been used to assess student health and offer specific tips since 2006, but the number of students participating in the program has increased every year. "This helps us see whether the initiatives that we've put in are having some effect," Nonas said. Those born of September 5th Those born of September 5th like to use their active and alert minds to dream up the most imaginative and romantic plans. They are very adept indeed at making such ideal notions real, but unfortunately can be highly unrealistic about their degree of success. Prone to excessive pride or indulgence, they may lose touch with reality and hence be afflicted with all kinds of maladies whey they least expect them. A recurrent theme in the lives of some September 5th people is that of working against themselves in self defeating attempts. Those born on this day can really get caught up in their regal egos and bury themselves in what they are doing. Consequently they may not only lose sight of what others think of them but also what is actually going on in their heart and subconscious. September 5th people are capable of wonderful fantasies of all sorts. Although their personal lives may appear quite ordinary to some, what they surround themselves with, their creations or acquisitions are often amazing. They can feel like a king or queen in a fairytale palace. This magical world they create can hold the deepest meaning for them, unfortunately, their personal human values can get lost in the shuffle. Those born on the 5th of the month are ruled by the number 5 and are quick thinkers. Those born on this day are likely to overreact mentally and to change their minds and physical surroundings with great regularity. The hard knocks that those ruled by the number 5 receive from life traditionally have little lasting effect on them, they recover quickly. Advice: Without losing your romantic sparkle, keep a firm grip on reality. Get to know yourself better, and like yourself more. Strengths: Imaginative, romantic and fun Weaknesses: Self destructive, unaware and excessive Born on This Day: Louis XIV, John Cage, Raquel Welch and Joan Kennedy This Day In History 1972: Israeli athletes killed at Munich Olympics On this day in 1972, at the Summer Olympics in Munich, Germany, a group of Palestinian terrorists storms the Olympic Village apartment of the Israeli athletes, killing two and taking nine others hostage. The terrorists, known as Black September, demanded that Israel release over 230 Arab prisoners being held in Israeli jails and two German terrorists. In an ensuing shootout at the Munich airport, the nine Israeli hostages were killed along with five terrorists and one West German policeman. Olympic competition was suspended for 24 hours to hold memorial services for the slain athletes. Great Inventions: 1787 The constitutional clause concerning patents and copyrights was adopted by the constitutional convention in 1787. Those born on September 4th The dominant theme in the lives of September 4th people is that of building. No matter what their careers family situation or social circle is, they are taken up matters of structure, form, organization and putting things together to make them work. Although many September 4th people possess technical ability, it is more envisioning in planning than those born on this day shine. Building systems, for example, that produce goods or services, in material or theoretical terms, is their forte. Pragmatic to the extreme, September 4th people believe that the true measure of methods is in results. Because of their understanding of how systems function, those born on this day are also able to criticize, analyze and sometimes tear constructs apart to show when and where they do not work. Furthermore, September 4th people can often suggest practical solutions or improvements that really make a difference. Those born on this day believe that the old must be cleared to make room for the new, if faced with structure based on an unfair foundation, their impulse is generally to raze it and rebuild, not just to patch and paste. Others may not be so understanding of this attitude, themselves preferring to leave things as they are, no matter how rotten. Those born on this day of the month are ruled by the number 4. Those ruled by the number 4 tend to be difficult and argumentative, since they so often see things differently from everyone else. Advice: Try to put your knowledge of how things work to a morally sound end. Follow your desire to serve, but don’t neglect your own needs. Let up on your demands where you can, while still maintaining high standards. Strengths: Methodical, capable and constructive. Weaknesses: Inflexible, demanding and over exacting. Born On This Day: Tom Watson, Dawn Frazier, George H. Love, and Craig Claiborne. Great Inventions: 1888 George Eastman patented the roll film camera This Day In History: On this day in 1886, Apache chief Geronimo surrenders to U.S. government troops. For 30 years, the mighty Native American warrior had battled to protect his tribe's homeland; however, by 1886 the Apaches were exhausted and hopelessly outnumbered. General Nelson Miles accepted Geronimo's surrender, making him the last Indian warrior to formally give in to U.S. forces and signaling the end of the Indian Wars in the Southwest. This is for entertainment only! Inside “Vanity Fair” world of Sarah Palin Sep 2, 2010 00:28 EDT So you think you know Sarah Palin? There’s so much more to the former Alaska governor and possible 2012 presidential candidate than is on public view, according to a new and very lengthy “Vanity Fair” profile, which takes readers behind the scenes and into “the surreal new world Palin now inhabits.” It’s not pretty. Indeed, her supporters at Conservataives4Palin have gone on defense calling it “a hit piece.” And Palin tweets that it’s “yellow journalism.” The article by writer Michael Joseph Gross goes on extensively about a lot of things that do not cast the former governor in a nice light, including: Palin’s new vocation — “She keeps tight control of her pronouncements, speaking only in settings of her own choosing, with audiences of her own selection, and with reporters kept at bay.” Her temperament — “As soon as she enters her property and the door closes, even the insects in that house cringe. She has a horrible temper, but she has gotten away with it because she is a pretty woman.” (attributed to a friend of the Palins’) Her image — “This whole hunter thing, for Sarah? That is the biggest fallacy,” says one longtime friend of the family. “That woman has never hunted.” Her tipping — Not so generous with the gratuities, according to maids and bellhops at a couple of hotels in the Midwest. And her underwear — Something about Spanx girdles and push-up bras. There’s a reason they call them unmentionables. The folks at Conservatives4Palin point out that even some people who aren’t Palin fans agree that mentioning the underwear was just wrong. Among them, New York Times Op-Ed columnist Charles M. Blow who tweeted: “When’s the last time you read a profile of a male politician that mentioned his underwear? This is the kind of thing that crosses the line.” WCSOKevin Michael Gilman The case: Undercover detectives purchased three stolen ladders from Kevin Michael Gilman, 36, before arresting him last month, authorities said. On July 28, a man called Washington County Sheriff's deputies saying that Gilman tried to sell him a ladder stolen from him just days before. The victim kept Gilman on site until deputies arrived and arrested him. After Gilman was released from jail, Gilman called the same man and asked if he still wanted to buy a ladder that he listed on Craigslist, deputies said. Gilman was unaware that he was calling the same man who helped deputies arrest him. The victim reported the incident to deputies and undercover investigators arranged a meeting time with Gilman. Deputies said they bought three stolen ladders from Gilman on Aug. 3, then arrested him. Update: Gilman was charged with one count of first-degree burglary, three counts of first-degree theft and one count of second-degree theft. On Aug. 23, he pleaded guilty to the burglary charge and one count of first-degree theft and the other charges were dismissed. Sentence: County prosecutor Chris Lewman said Gilman was sentenced to six months in jail and three years of formal probation. The state is still determining how much Gilman will pay restitution. Text meant for drug dealer sent to sheriff Friday, September 3, 2010 12:20 am A Helena teen sent out a text message last week looking to buy marijuana, only instead of texting the drug dealer, he hit a wrong number. Who received it? The Lewis and Clark County sheriff. The text message said: “Hey Dawg, do you have a $20 I can buy right now?” Sheriff Leo Dutton initially thought someone was playing a joke on him, but quickly realized it was a real request for a drug exchange. “I’m thinking, ‘Hey this is odd,’ ” Dutton said. “I was looking around to see if there was someone outside my window playing a prank.” He played along as if it were legitimate. “How much we talking?” Dutton replied to the teen. The sender said he was close to the dealer’s house, so Dutton got the Missouri River Drug Task Force involved. A detective pretending to be the dealer agreed to meet the sender at a business at the north end of town at 6 p.m. last Wednesday, Dutton said. Inside the business the detective spotted two male juveniles with an adult male. To ensure it was the right person, the detective called the number three times, Dutton said. The detective called the teens over and showed them his badge. Dutton said the young boys turned white and their knees began to wobble. The group went outside to discuss the issue further and one of the teens passed out. “Was it divine intervention or just bad luck?” Dutton said. The adult male with the group turned out to be the father of one of the teens. He was a big, military-looking guy and he wasn’t happy, Dutton said. The drug detective got both of the teens’ parents involved and decided not to issue any citations. “When the detective saw there were parents that wanted to be involved he took the right action and I’m really proud of the deputy,” Dutton said. “Trying to buy drugs is a crime, but it’s probably worse that they had to face their parents.” Phones shot into jail with bow, arrow Teen caught when arrow struck officer on the back Updated: Thursday, 02 Sep 2010, 12:42 PM EDT Published : Thursday, 02 Sep 2010, 12:42 PM EDT SAO PAULO (AP) - Police say a 17-year-old teen was detained after he shot arrows with cell phones attached over the walls of a prison in southern Brazil to inmates waiting on the other side. Authorities say the boy was caught after one of the arrows he launched struck a police officer on the back. The officer was not seriously injured because the cell phone was tied to the tip of the arrow and softened the impact. Police Lt. Mauricio Cravo told RBS TV that a local gang hired the teen, giving him a professional bow and training him how to use it. Authorities said the teen was able to shoot at least four cell phones into the prison before he was caught late Wednesday. Inmates are prohibited from owning or using cell phones in Brazil. Those born on September 3rd Those born on September 3rd are not always what they seem. Because others so often misread their nature and potentials, those born on this day may be forced to play roles in life which, although not always disagreeable, are not exactly what they want either. Though September 3rd people are generally multi-talented, often one of their attributes is appreciated at the expense of the rest. Physical beauty in September 3rd females is a case in point, because of good looks, their other fine qualities may go unrecognized. Men born on this day tend to be mistaken by other for an easy touch, or pigeonholed by career or family status. Although they can impress others as quiet and tractable, no one who has ever tried to take advantage of a September 3rd person will forget the result. Those born on this day have a steel-like armor that seals them off from all forms of flattery. They may appear gentle, even a bit soft, but they will insist on being treated honorably and fairly, and vigorously resist effort to push them around. The greatest challenge for September 3rd people is in being more open with others and fearlessly confronting self-doubts. They put their high moral code and sense of justice to work in defense of those who need help, rather than being defensive about what they perceive as criticism directed against themselves. These born on the 3rd of the month are ruled by the number 3. Number 3 generally seeks to rise to the highest position in their sphere. Number 3 people also love their independence, so those born on September 3rd in particular must avoid playing a part for others which they would rather not play. Advice: Actively seek to do what you really want to do. Develop your self-confidence and assertiveness. Don’t be afraid to fail. Try not to cultivate too much mystery around what you do, take the time to explain your methods and motives to others. Strengths: Multi-talented, socially adept and patient. Weaknesses: procrastinating, overly stoic or yielding Born On This Day: Louis Sullivan, Carl D. Anderson, Dixie Lee Ray, Charlie Sheen and Mort Walker. This Day In History: September 3, 1783: Treaty of Paris signed The American Revolution officially comes to an end when representatives of the United States, Great Britain, Spain and France sign the Treaty of Paris on this day in 1783. The signing signified America's status as a free nation, as Britain formally recognized the independence of its 13 former American colonies, and the boundaries of the new republic were agreed upon: Florida north to the Great Lakes and the Atlantic coast west to the Mississippi River. Great Inventions: 1940 A patent for the production of diuretics was obtained by Bockmuhl, Middendorf and Fritzsche. Those born on September 2nd Those born on September 2nd are not big on frills. They hate phoniness and despise all forms of affectation. Rarely will they make excuses for their work or behavior. They also have little time for robbing analytic explanations of their motives, referring to let their actions speak for themselves. September 2 people just want to get on with the job, and indeed become workaholics. Most September 2nd people present an unassuming exterior, and do not go out of their way to draw attention to themselves. If blessed with moderate talents, they generally choose a tried and true career path with a low risk factor. The more unusual people born on this day may seek some degree of danger and excitement, but usually prefer to generate it themselves rather than just go along for the ride. September 2nd people are usually good at handling money and finances, particularly their own, even if they don’t have that much to manage. Materially oriented, many September 2nd are strongly physical types. They are attuned to the usefulness and beauty of objects and materials, recognizing their value and handling them accordingly. In matters of love, September 2 people can be pretty particular about what they want, and choose to settle for nothing rather than compromise their expectations. To say they are rather demanding of mates and lovers may well be an understatement. Those born on the 2nd of the month are ruled by the number 2. Number 2 people make good co-workers and partners, rather than leaders, and this influence may aid September 2 people in adjusting jobs or relationships. However, it may also act as a brake on individual initiative and action, producing frustration. Advice: Learn to balance your feelings. Do not be satisfied with second best. If you believe you can do it, get on with it. However, allow for inspiration- don’t just work for work’s sake. Share affections with others. Strengths: Fair, honest and unpretentious. Weaknesses: Unyielding, moody and explosive. Born On This Day: Jimmy Connor, Terry Bradshaw, Eric Dickerson, Chista McAullie, and John Thomson. This Day in History: First ATM opens for business On this day in 1969, America's first automatic teller machine (ATM) makes its public debut, dispensing cash to customers at Chemical Bank in Rockville Center, New York. ATMs went on to revolutionize the banking industry, eliminating the need to visit a bank to conduct basic financial transactions. By the 1980s, these money machines had become widely popular and handled many of the functions previously performed by human tellers, such as check deposits and money transfers between accounts. Today, ATMs are as indispensable to most people as cell phones and e-mail. " We're about to crash," passengers told in error" 7:57pm EDT LONDON \| Fri Aug 27, 2010 11:32am EDT LONDON (Reuters) - British Airways apologized to passengers after an emergency message warning they were about to crash into the sea was played by mistake. About 275 passengers were on the London Heathrow to Hong Kong flight on Tuesday evening when the automated message went out. The plane was flying over the North Sea at the time. Cabin crew quickly realized the error and moved to reassure the terrified passengers. "We all thought we were going to die," Michelle Lord, 32, of Preston, northern England, told The Sun newspaper. Another passenger was reported saying: "I can't think of anything worse than being told your plane's about to crash." A spokesman for British Airways said an investigation was under way to discover whether it was human error or a computer glitch. "We apologize to passengers on board the flight for causing them undue distress," he added in a statement. "Our cabin crew immediately made an announcement following the message advising customers that it was an error and that the flight would continue as normal." Originally published August 30, 2010 at 11:13 a.m., updated August 31, 2010 at 9:49 a.m. PESHASTIN — A Snohomish man accidentally shot himself in his left buttock Saturday when he put a handgun in his back pocket. Darrel Elam, 52, was preparing to go hiking on Blewett Pass and had moved his 40-caliber Smith & Wesson handgun from its holster to his back pocket to see if that position would be more comfortable for walking, said Jerry Moore, chief of administration for the Chelan County Sheriff’s Office. The gun discharged and shot down his left buttock and left leg, coming to rest just above his knee. Elam was treated at Central Washington Hospital and released, a hospital spokeswoman said. The incident happened on Blewett Pass about 12 miles from Peshastin. Man arrested has $50,000 in duffle bag Charged for money laundering, third-degree felony Updated: Tuesday, 31 Aug 2010, 11:48 AM MDT Published : Tuesday, 31 Aug 2010, 6:54 AM MDT Pamela Cosel AUSTIN (KXAN) - Austin police stopped a man for a traffic violation on Thursday, and when he did not produce a driver's license nor proof that he owned the vehicle, events led officers to find a duffle bag with more than $50,000 in it. Christopher Emanu Carbujal, 22, was driving a Ford Taurus that police later found was being rented for $100 a day from a woman in Dallas who never expected the car to leave the Dallas area. During the traffic stop, the officer smelled marijuana, and police conducted a narcotics search with a trained police dog. That's when cash was found in the car's trunk, in a shoe box inside a duffle bag. Police found no luggage nor changes of clothing. According to the affidavit, Carbujal told police the money was an inheritance from his deceased father's estate. He said he was an unemployed brick layer and that he bought the car but hadn't had the title transferred yet since he had no driver's license. When police asked Carbujal to produce a paper trail on the inheritance and the purchase of the vehicle, he could not, according to the report. He allegedly told police he kept his money out of banks and in his backyard, since he did not handle money well nor trusted banks. He told police there was $75,000 in the bag, when police found only $50,125. He also told police he was en route to Mexico to invest the cash with his aunt in Michoacan, who owned a grocery store. Once jailed, he allegedly told police he dealt in small amounts of hydromarijuana. The affidavit states police believe due to the amount of cash and the way Carbujal was using a car that belonged to someone else, along with his statements and the circumstances, that he is likely a courier for drugs and/or drug money into Mexico. Based on probable cause, Carbujal was charged with money laundering, a third-degree felony. Bond was set at $50,000. Originally Published:Tuesday, August 31st 2010, 9:33 PM Updated: Tuesday, August 31st 2010, 11:45 PM 'Portrait of a Girl,' the missing painting worth $1.35 million. Lombard for NewsKristyn Trudgeon is suing over the loss of her painting. A Manhattan man is being sued for losing a $1.35 million painting. He blames the booze - saying the Jean Baptiste Camille Corot masterpiece, "Portrait of a Girl," vanished following a bender at The Mark hotel. The artwork's co-owner, Kristyn Trudgeon, isn't buying James Haggerty's tale. "I think he's a complete fumbling idiot," a visibly annoyed Trudgeon said outside her West Side apartment. "He's just a complete a--hole." Trudgeon and Tom Doyle, who co-own the painting, had hired Haggerty, an old pal, to assist with a possible sale of "Portrait of a Girl" to London gallery owner Offer Waterman. A July 28 afternoon appointment in Doyle's Empire State Building office fell apart when the Brit wanted a closer look at the painting. The men agreed to meet later at midtown bistro Rue 57 with Doyle,who then ordered Haggerty to take the painting to The Mark, which is on the upper East Side, for further inspection by Waterman. What happened next remains a boozy blur. The suit, filed in Manhattan Supreme Court, says hotel security footage at 10:54 p.m. shows Haggerty sitting at a table with the painting. Six minutes later, he left the painting at the hotel's front desk and entered its bar with Waterman, who yesterday told the Daily News he was annoyed that Haggerty showed up without an appointment. "That struck me as wrong," he said in a phone interview from London. At 11:30 p.m., the two men left the bar, retrieved the painting and had a conversation in the hotel lobby, court papers say. "Something just didn't feel right and I didn't want to be involved," Waterman said. "So I said no, and I said goodbye." Haggerty went back to the hotel bar at 11:34 p.m. and once more deposited the painting at the front desk. He resurfaced 90 minutes later, the suit says, when he stumbled out with the painting and a doorman asked if he needed a taxi. "No," Haggerty allegedly slurred. "I have a car." At 2:30 a.m., he finally returned home to his Trump Place apartment, minus the painting. Later that morning, the suit says, he informed Doyle that he couldn't recall its whereabouts because of his boozy blowout. "We're skeptical as to the explanation," said Max DiFabio, a lawyer for Trudgeon. The painting was part of a collection that made the rounds of museums in Paris, Beijing, San Francisco, Tokyo and Buffalo. Doyle, an executive with Imperial Jets, did not return calls, and Haggerty, who also works at the company, was missing in action at his homes in Manhattan and Long Island. "Until we are able to account for that one hour and 40 minutes, we suspect anything," DiFabio said. Those Born On This Day September 1st September 1st people are tough, and able to handle the difficulties fate has in store for them. They tend to be pragmatic, practical yet charming, with an approach to life that is straightforward and direct. Those born on this day often have quite spectacular fantasies but demonstrate a knack for bringing such dreams down to the practical level, which can earn them a good financial return on their ideas. September 1st people do not fool around at all when it comes to their work. They resent any attempt to make light of what they do or to undercut their efforts, they are, however, capable of listening to constructive criticism-always interested in knowing how they can do something better. Those born on the 1st of the month are ruled by the number 1. Often people born on the 1st like to be first. Generally, those ruled by the number 1 are highly individualistic and opinionated, and eager to rise to the top, particularly those born on September 1st. Advice: Learn to quit, when to walk away, even when to run away. You may not be quite as powerful as you think you are. Be guarded in dispensing advice. Try to cultivate a less serious aspect. Actively seek out and learn from others. Strengths: Conscientious, physical and fearless. Weaknesses: Insistent, grim and unyielding. Born On This Day: Rocky Marciano, Lily Thomlin, Ann Richards, and Barry Gibbs This Day In History: Atlanta falls to Union forces On this day in 1864, Union Army General William Tecumseh Sherman lays siege to Atlanta, Georgia, a critical Confederate hub, shelling civilians and cutting off supply lines. The Confederates retreated, destroying the city's munitions as they went. On November 15 of that year, Sherman's troops burned much of the city before continuing their march through the South. Sherman's Atlanta campaign was one of the most decisive victories of the Civil War. Famous Inventions: 1486 the first known copyright was granted in Venice.	i don't know
Although it has been around since 1901, which baseball league is known as the Junior Circuit?	Baseball History in 1901: The American League 1901 Leaders & Numbers 1900 1902 1900s 1901 The American League Ban Johnson upgrades his minor league circuit to the big time and scores an impressive and colorful debut, thanks to aggressive player raids upon National League rosters. For nine full years, the National League was afforded the privilege of being unchallenged. Like a true monopoly, the NL’s magnates pretty much got away with whatever they wanted. Yet the senior circuit’s corrupt arrogance was matched only by its sloppiness. As it reveled and rested in baseball’s castle of supremacy, no one was minding the watchtower, neither fearful nor aware that a possible upstart would charge forth. But little had the NL realized that, by 1893—barely two years after becoming the sole major league with the death of the American Association—the seeds had already been sown from which serious competition would sprout. The birth of the American League, its slow and steady progress toward major league status, and its hostile arrival in 1901 as an intended equal to the NL would have a profound influence in shaping the destiny of big league baseball through the 20th Century and beyond. Long before acquiring the unofficial title of God in the AL, Byron Bancroft “Ban” Johnson was a young Cincinnati sportswriter who loved baseball but hated its immoral attitudes. Through his columns, Johnson aggressively campaigned for a clean game where players behaved, umpires were in control, and rowdy hooligans gotten rid of. It never dawned on Johnson that he could act on his scriptures of reform by getting involved in baseball—until prodded to do so one evening at a bar with Charles Comiskey, a successful player-manager in the majors since the age of 23. Though it was not the be-all, end-all of baseball, the Western League was a good place for Johnson to start—a minor league operation westward and wayward enough to avoid constant badgering from conniving NL owners. Johnson took over the circuit in 1893 at age 29 and quickly proved that, pound for pound—both figuratively and literally—his 300-lb. presence was as powerful as his pen, passionately persuading his way to a role as league czar and instilling his doctrine of fair and clean play. Under Johnson’s rule, the WL instantly became a financial and critical hit; NL owners took notice, casually nodded and carried on with their shenanigans. With Comiskey in tow as the head man for the WL’s St. Paul franchise, Johnson’s self-confident (if not self-righteous) stature grew to the point that he eyed self-promotion of his league from minor to major. In 1900, he fired two warning shots across the NL’s bow; he renamed his circuit the American League, and he moved Comiskey’s team to Chicago. The NL was fine with its first direct competition from Johnson in the Windy City, but only on the conditions that it stay minor league and play in Chicago’s filthy industrial south side without a city ID—leaving the team to be formally listed simply as the “White Stockings.” Johnson, who risked outlaw status per the sport’s National Agreement if he violated the terms, agreed. He was just happy to be in the NL’s backyard. For 1901, Johnson removed the kid gloves and went for the kill. Conditions were abundantly ripe for AL advancement. The NL had opened up several idle baseball marketsJohnson quickly took advantage of one former NL city for 1900: Cleveland. Their first home game drew 6,500, more than the woebegone 1899 NL Spiders drew all year. by reducing its lineup from 12 teams to eight in 1900. Frustrated NL players had formed a union, but their owners laughed it off. Rowdyism remained rampant in the NL, enhancing Johnson’s position to sell the AL as a civilized alternative. And, most importantly, the National Agreement was set to expire—unchaining Johnson to do as he pleased without formal retribution. Johnson expanded his reach nationwide. Retaining franchises in Chicago, Detroit, Milwaukee and Cleveland, Johnson began relocating the othersThe four AL cities spurned in the league’s quest for major league ascension: Buffalo, Indianapolis, Kansas City and Minneapolis. eastward, starting with the abandoned NL markets of Baltimore and Washington. The NL, which had no use for these cities, reacted graciously in public and wished the AL good luck. But Johnson wasn’t done; he switched two more teams into the NL strongholds of Philadelphia and Boston, defiant moves that tore down the NL’s goodwill façade and sparked full-scale interleague war. For the players, the ensuing battle of league vs. league was pure bliss. No longer locked to the NL’s take-it-or-leave-it $2,400 salary ceiling, they were free to accept any generous AL offer—or use the upstart circuit as leverage to wring more money out of their incumbent NL employers. Those who considered jumping to the AL understood the risks; baseball’s last two major league start-ups—the Union Association in 1884 and the Players’ League in 1890—both collapsed within a year, leaving NL expatriates exposed to possible payback once they returned to the NL, if they were invited back at all. But the players knew Johnson was no pied-piping one-year wonder; he had, after all, paid his dues working his way to the top, just like many of the players. And besides, Johnson was more attentive to the players and their union, offering binding arbitration, player approval of any trades and medical reimbursements for game-related injuries. Johnson’s command, bravado and experience were enough to convince NL superstars and common players alike that the AL was worth the risk. And so they came: Cy Young, Jimmy Collins, Nap Lajoie, John McGraw, Mike Donlin, Joe McGinnity, Clark Griffith and Hugh Duffy, among many, many others. When the Opening Day rosters were set for 1901, nearly two-thirds of all American Leaguers were NL veterans. Others were highly tempted but decided to stick with the NL’s relative fear of the known. One such player was a young yet highly touted Christy Mathewson, who had signed with the AL’s Philadelphia Athletics—he even received an advance—before developing cold feet and returningPhiladelphia manager and minority owner Connie Mack considered suing Mathewson, but ultimately decided against it. to the New York Giants. The Chicago White Stockings clearly set the pace for the AL’s debut as a major circuit, winning the league’s first-ever game— April 24Three other AL games scheduled for April 24 were rained out. over the Cleveland Blues, 8-2—and its first-ever pennant. The team once managed and now owned by Charles Comiskey grabbed first place the way they often would throughout its early existence: With pitching, speed and very little hitting. Buffeted by the pitching (and managing) of veteran ace Clark Griffith (24 wins, seven losses and a 2.67 earned run average) and the rookie presence of Roy Patterson (20-16, 3.37), the White Stockings overcame a mid-season rally from the Boston Americans to win the AL flag by four games. The range of talent throughout the AL, one that mixed all-stars with veterans and career minor leaguers who slipped through the cracks, firmly suggested that there was some fleshing out needed to develop a consistent level of play. Two storied players would especially take advantage of the talent imbalance and feast upon the AL. Cy Young set out to prove that his former employer, St. Louis Cardinal owner Frank Robison, was wrong to assume that the 34-year-old pitcher was at the end of the line. Given a three-year contract by the AL’s Boston Americans after Robison offered only a one-year deal, the quiet, masterful Young shut down the opposition with a 33-10 record, 1.62 ERA and just 37 walks allowed in a prodigious 371.1 innings. That was the good news for Boston. Here was the better news: Young was settling in, not down as Robison had predicted. As Young stood head and shoulders among AL pitchers, he found an equal among the hitters in Nap Lajoie. A 26-year-old Rhode Island native with a tightly-packed, muscular physique worthy of Adonis, Lajoie decimated the competition for the Philadelphia Athletics with a triple crown performance— batting a 20th Century-high .426Lajoie’s .426 average remains a point of contention; some sources list him at .422, while others debate the relative sanctity of an average accomplished when foul balls were not counted as strikes. with 14 home runs and 125 runs batted in. The Baltimore Orioles’ Mike Donlin finished second in the AL batting race behind Lajoie—by a full 86 points. Lajoie’s crushing performance helped the Athletics rebound from a mediocre start to a respectable fourth-place finish, nine games back of the White Stockings. Although Ban Johnson succeeded in acquiring National League players in bulk, he also inherited whatever on-field roguery they brought with them. The American Leaguers behaved for the first half of the year in accordance with Johnson’s decree to do away with the game’s uncivilized elements. But by mid-summer a number of players, perhaps assuming Johnson had been bluffing all along with his pledge to clean up the game, reverted to their old ways. Those who took the risk paid dearly. Baltimore’s Bret Hart and Chicago’s Frank Shugart punched out umpires in separate incidents—and quickly got kicked out of the AL; neither would play again in the majors. Joe McGinnity, the tireless ace of the Orioles’ staff, also received an expulsion notice after spitting at another umpire—and had to all but beg on his knees for reinstatement. Johnson, in a rare case of forgiveness, gave it to him. In the end, the AL held its own against the NL. Attendance checked in at 3,100 per game, not far behind the NL’s average of 3,500. More importantly, in the three cities where the two leagues rammed head-to-head, the AL scored a technical knockout. The AL outdrew its NL competition two-to-one not only in Chicago but in Boston, the latter city a stunning case of a first-year AL franchise outdrawing a once proud NL franchise in the Beaneaters—who in desperation slashed admission prices in half during the season in a vain attempt to win backThe Americans were impressive enough to make converts out of the Royal Rooters, a band of enthusiastic Irish fans who had been following the Beaneaters. their fans. Only in Philadelphia did the NL hold firm—but barely, as the AL’s Athletics proved their worth to their crosstown NL rival in the Phillies with an almost equal gate. On the field as well as at the turnstiles, the National League remained the better of the two leagues for the moment, in spite of the players’ mass defections to the AL. And while most NL teams shared in the pain of the talent drain, the NL pennant would be easily captured by the one team virtually unaffected by AL encroachment: The Pittsburgh Pirates. Most of the hard work that enabled the Pirates to win the first pennant in their 20-year history was actually done before, not during, the 1901 season, as Pirates owner Barney Dreyfuss fought battles on two fronts. One battle was internal; after buying half-interest in the Pirates a year earlier, Dreyfuss emerged successfully from a bitter, off-season power struggle to get the other half from his equally hostile co-owner, William Kerr. The other battle was external; Ban Johnson and his AL spies zealously tried to lure Pittsburgh superstar Honus Wagner away, but Dreyfuss just as fervently wedged himself in to prevent it. Wagner remained anyway, content to stay the course in the more established NL even as the AL offered more money. Now solely in charge upstairs, Dreyfuss watched as the Pirates took first place in mid-June and never gave it back, taking the NL flag by seven games. Wagner stayed put and continued his offensive dominance, batting .353 and leading the NL with 126 RBIs and 49 steals. Just as fearsome to opponents was the Bucs’ starting rotation, featuring three right-handers in Deacon Phillippe (22-12, 2.22 ERA), Jack Chesbro (21-10, 2.38), Sam Leever (14-5, 2.86) and a southpaw Jesse Tannehill (18-10, 2.18) who put together the league’s best ERA. For the time being, the idea of a postseason series between the two leagues remained as distant as Neptune. The American League, relishing over its solid major league debut, might have been up for it—but it held no illusions that the National League would embrace this exultant new kid on the block. War would rage into the coming offseason with a new round of player raids—not just by the AL, but also by a vengeful NL. Meanwhile, a salivating and hardly content Ban Johnson readied to invade more NL markets. It was just a matter of time before the lawyers got involved. Thanks to the American League’s entrance onto the big league stage, baseball was alive again. Fans had more choices. Players took advantage of competitive bidding to receive long-overdue wage increases. Even the owners, with all their money being poured out to retain and acquire new players, would eventually get it and comprehend their own positives. The monopoly party may have been over for the National League’s magnates, but in its place was a healthy atmosphere of competition that forced them to get off their cans and put out a top-flight product. Because if they didn’t, someone over in the other league would. Forward to 1902: Enemies Within the Gate Warfare between the American and National Leagues turns brutal with increased player raids and sabotage. Back to 1900: On the Brink of Adulthood The monopolistic National League lumbers into the 20th Century by continuing its self-served sleepwalk a year before the American League is forced to wake it up. The 1900s Page: The Birth of the Modern Age The established National League and upstart American League battle it out, then make peace to signal in a new and lasting era. Share this page with a friend. Have a comment, question or request? Contact us at This Great Game. © 2017 This Great Game. It Happened in 1901 Sorry, Charlie Before he begins his short and turbulent reign as manager of the Baltimore Orioles, John McGraw attempts to sign up Charlie Grant, a light-skinned African-American, and disguise him as an Indian by the name of Charlie Tokohama. But before he pitches his first inning in the American League, Grant is seen being congratulated in public by two of his friends—both black—and is also noticed by White Stockings owner Charles Comiskey, who recognizes him from a Negro team in Chicago years earlier. Thus the AL—which adopts the National League’s unspoken rule for barring blacks from baseball—overrules McGraw’s signing; it is the closest an African-American will get to playing in the majors until Jackie Robinson’s debut in 1947. Erroneous! The AL may claim to be major league, but the glovework shown in its first big-time campaign has, at times, a minor league look to it. Numerous displays of bad defense enter the record book and over 100 years later remain listed there. Among them: The most errors by a team in one game (Detroit, 12), most by a team in a doubleheader (Cleveland, 16), and most by a player in one inning (Milwaukee third baseman Jimmy Burke, four). The overall league fielding average of .938 remains, by far, the worst in AL history to date. Comeback Central Just as no routine defensive play is assured, the AL also proves in its first big league year that no lead is safe. In the Detroit Tigers’ first-ever major league contest, they come from nine runs behind in the ninth inning—an Opening Day record—to defeat the Milwaukee Brewers, 14-13, on April 25. A month later on May 23, the Cleveland Blues are down to their last out trailing the Washington Senators, 13-5—and score nine straight runs to win, 14-13. No other major league team, before or since, has ever won a game trailing by as many runs with no outs to spare. All Aboard! Despite the splurge of wild finishes, the Blues believe a 22-run comeback is not in the cards and, rather than play out a 21-0 deficit to the Tigers on September 15, abandon the game in the middle of the eighth inning…to catch a train. The 21-0 decision will remain the most lopsided shutout in AL history until 2004. The Ultimate Compliment How good is Nap Lajoie in 1901? The eventual triple-crown winner among AL batters is given an intentional walk by White Stockings ace Clark Griffith—with the bases loaded. Griffith’s gamble against the Philadelphia Athletics on May 23 brings the tying run to the plate with nobody out—yet each of the next three hitters behind Lajoie ground out, preserving an 11-7 Chicago win. Only four other major leaguers—Mel Ott, Del Bissonette, Bill Nicholson, Barry Bonds and Josh Hamilton—have been given a free pass with the bags full since 1900. Just Passing Through Cy Young earns his 300th career victory on July 3 at Boston in the Americans’ 9-1 defeat of the Baltimore Orioles. What’s normally a major milestone for most pitchers is but a pit stop for the 34-year old Young, who still has over 200 victories left in him. Rounding the Bases the Hard Way Sam Crawford, who at age 21 is exploding into stardom at Cincinnati, hits 12 of his National League-leading 16 home runs inside the park to set an all-time mark. Advantage, Pitcher In what may be the most pivotal rule change of the 20th Century, the NL declares that hitters will now be charged with strikes on any foul ball unless they already have two strikes on them. Before, such plays were waived off with no change in the count. The alteration will give a decided edge to pitchers, who now find themselves more frequently ahead in the count. The AL will follow suit in 1903. Advantage, Hitter One other rule change by the NL will be short-lived. It is initially decreed that any pitch hitting a player will be called a ball. Bruised batters will complain early in the year, and soon after the league rescinds the change, allowing hit batsmen to be awarded first base as before. This Doc is Not the Cure On June 21, Cincinnati Reds pitcher Doc Parker starts in his first major league appearance since 1896—and his ensuing performance against Brooklyn will prove to be his last ever. Parker will go the allowable maximum eight innings in a road loss to the Superbas, allowing all 21 runs on a major-league record 26 hits; he also walks two and commits a balk. Only the strikebreaking Al Travers in 1912 will match Parker’s 26 hits allowed. The Reds lose, 21-3. Fire of the Year A fire erupts in the wooden grandstand of St. Louis’ Robison Field during the tenth inning of a 4-4 game between the Cardinals and the Chicago Orphans on May 4. No one is hurt as fans safely retreat to the playing field from the blaze, said to start in a garbage can by a discarded cigarette. The game is called and, amazingly, the Cardinals patch things up and resume their home schedule after canceling only one game at Robison. In Double Figures The New York Giants, in the midst of a late-season freefall in which the NL preseason favorites lose 63 of their last 85 games, hit a truly awful patch of play when they allow ten or more runs in a record seven straight games—all losses—from September 3-6. The latter six of the seven games are doubleheaders played on three consecutive days. The Giants are outscored by a total of 90-27 during this stretch. Giant Hit Parade When things are better for the Giants back on June 9, they set a modern major league record for a nine-inning game by knocking out 31 hits in a 25-13 rout at Cincinnati. The game is ended with one out to go when an overflow crowd, which had lined the field all day and contributed to ground rules that favored the offense, uncontrollably spills out onto the field. The Last of the Bare-Handers Gus Weyhing, a veteran pitching workhorse of three different major leagues before suffering a career downturn with the revised, 60’6” distance between the mound and home plate in 1892, retires at age 34 after splitting the season between the NL’s Reds and the AL’s Blues. What’s of special note is that Weyhing is the last major leaguer to play without a glove. They’re Selling Like…What Do Call Those Things? Concessionaire Harry M. Stevens is having an awful time trying to sell ice cream on a cold April day at a Giants game in New York, and decides to improvise—boiling sausages and having them wrapped in a bun. The result: The birth of the hotdog. 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According to the proverb, the road to hell is what?	Top 10 Best Developmental Ice Hockey Leagues (North America) Top 10 Best Developmental Ice Hockey Leagues (North America) July 10th, 2013 Reddit Mail Over the last few decades, the hockey world has been blessed to see some of the best talent compete on ice surfaces throughout North America. While the NHL is the destination that talented hockey players aspire to reach one day, most hockey players usually improve their skill sets by playing in various developmental leagues. Honing one’s skill is not only a tedious process, it is a delicate one as well. Despite the fact that talent can be squandered at any level of professional or semi-professional hockey for a variety of reasons, a number of developmental hockey leagues have managed to keep a strong reputation because of their ability to consistently produce professional hockey players. Regardless of which developmental league hockey players might find themselves in, the ultimate goal is always one that culminates in said player(s) making it to the NHL. Although the development level that a hockey player will experience will be different as they traverse various hockey leagues, Canadian and American junior and professional leagues are doing all that they can to prepare their incumbents with the skills necessary to be successful in the NHL. Developmental Hockey Leagues – North American Style 10.) CCHL (Central Canada Hockey League) The CCHL was initially sponsored by the Montreal Canadiens in 1961 as the team wanted to have a development program from which they could select and sign certain individuals for NHL play. While team-specific signing and playing rights were ultimately ignored in the Junior A league, the Central Canada Hockey League began to flourish in the late twentieth century and actually had a number of NHL greats grace the league. Hall of Famers such as Billy Smith, Larry Robinson, and Steve Yzerman were part of the older generation of NHL players to make their way through the CCHL ranks, but the league didn’t stop aiding talent development as time went on. Current players such as Jimmy Howard, Claude Giroux, Patrick Sharp, and Martin St-Louis also competed in the CCHL before making their way to the NHL, and there should be little surprise as to why the Central Canada Hockey League should be considered one of the better developmental hockey leagues in Canada. Despite the fact that the CCHL only houses twelve teams in two divisions, the league has remained a strong staple of Jr. A Canadian hockey for five-plus decades and hasn’t shown any signs of weakening over the last several years. 9.) NAHL (North American Hockey League) The NAHL has been developing some very interesting goaltending prospects over the last couple of years, and Evan Cowley is among that crop. (Troy Young – Wildcats Hockey) The NAHL is sometimes viewed as an alternative to the USHL for young hockey players, but the league is one rung lower than the United States Hockey League as the NAHL is considered to be a Tier II Junior A league. Even though the North American Hockey League might be one tier below the USHL, it is the oldest Junior A hockey league in America. While the NAHL might have a storied history as the oldest Junior A league in America, the hockey league has helped developed a number of quality hockey players over the last several years. Individuals such as James Van Riemsdyk, Ryan Miller, Cory Schneider, Ryan Kesler, and Patrick Kane are just some of the players to grace the NAHL over the years, and there certainly doesn’t seem to be a shortage of players developing within the league’s ranks every year. 8.) GOJHL (Greater Ontario Junior Hockey League) The Greater Ontario Junior Hockey League was founded recently (2007), but the Junior B league has been holding its own over the last several years. While the GOJHL might be a newly formed Junior hockey league in Canada, hockey fans must remember that many teams in the league were around for quite a while before the amalgamation of three Junior B leagues comprised the GOJHL. There are quite a number of similarities between the level of play that the GOJHL and OJHL offer to its prospective incomers, but the GOJHL has certainly ascended hockey league rankings in its few years since its inception. Despite the fact that the GOJHL is technically only six years old, the league has already made a name for itself in a short span of time as many GOJHL players go on to eventually play in the OJHL or OHL. As long as the GOJHL keeps on producing alumni such as Mark Scheifele and Tanner Pearson, the league will continue to flourish and have a big impact in the Southern Ontario area. Related: Who Will Win the Vezina Trophy? 7.) OJHL (Ontario Junior Hockey League) The formation and consolidation of the OJHL might have been a more recent event in hockey-world happenings, but the roots of the Ontario Junior Hockey League stretch back to 1954 when the league was founded. After a dispute dissolved the Ontario Provincial Junior A Hockey League into two hockey leagues (CCHL & OJAHL), the two leagues reconciled and rejoined to form the OJHL. While the amalgamated OJHL decided to feature only 22 teams, the league has not failed to develop quality hockey talent over the last decade-plus. Players such as John Tavares, Ryan Callahan, Rick Nash, Cory Conacher, and Corey Perry are just a few OJHL alumni to have had success in the NHL. Even though the BCHL is considered by many to be Canada’s top Junior “A” loop, the OJHL is certainly not that far behind as it is constantly helping young talent develop their skill sets for future play. 6.) BCHL (British Columbia Hockey League) The BCHL might be considered to be the best Junior “A” loop in Canada, but that distinction does not come without merit. The British Columbia Hockey League was established in 1961 and has been developing hockey talent on a consistent basis over the last five-plus decades. Some of the more notable players to graduate from the BCHL and eventually make their way to the NHL are Brett Hull, Glenn Anderson, Bob Nystrom, Paul Kariya, Cliff Ronning, Tyler Bozak, Duncan Keith, and Jamie Benn. A number of other NHL players (Carey Price, Scott Gomez, Dallas Drake) also had BCHL roots before ascending to the professional level, and the hockey league’s reputation sure does speak for itself as it continues to help younger hockey players hone some of their raw talents. 5.) USHL (United States Hockey League) The United States Hockey League has been producing some of the best NHL Entry Draft talent over the last several years, and there is a reason that the hockey league is considered to be top tier. Even though the USHL is an amateur league, hockey fans should not let that title fool them as there is a plethora of talent that goes through the hockey league’s ranks every years. While the USHL went through a number of changes since its foundation in 1947, the hockey league has become the most competitive American junior hockey league. Despite the fact that the USHL only has 16 teams, the league has not failed to produce talented hockey players as Joe Pavelski, Tomas Vanek, Kyle Okposo, and Paul Stastny all played in the league before making the jump to the NHL. As NHL Entry Drafts pass by every year, it is becoming more and more apparent that such a bountiful amount of talent is passing through the USHL because of the opportunities that the league offers to its incoming youngsters. 4.) NCAA (National Collegiate Athletic Association) The NCAA has been helping some of the finest young hockey talent develop over the decades as a number of hockey players have The NCAA has been a very popular destination for young hockey players hoping to get into the NHL one day. chosen to take the collegiate route when trying to break into the NHL. When it comes to depth, the NCAA sure isn’t a stranger as there are a total of 138 colleges and universities (spread out over three divisions) that compete in NCAA Men’s Ice Hockey. While Division III Men’s Ice Hockey in the NCAA can lay claim to having the greatest amount of conferences and programs, Division I Men’s Ice Hockey in the NCAA is just as stacked and powerful as its Division III counterpart. The NCAA offers its players some of the finest development programs around and has been viewed as one of the biggest potential springboards that a prospect could use to eventually gain entry into the NHL. Not only has the NCAA developed a very sizable amount of NHL players and prospects, the athletic association will continue to be a popular destination for young hockey players as the opportunities that the NCAA affords to its incumbents are not so easily matched. Related: Who Will Win the Vezina Trophy? 3.) CHL (Canadian Hockey League) The combination of the WHL, QMJHL, & OHL is hard to compete with at any level. Not only are Canada’s “Big Three” major junior hockey leagues a popular destination for young hockey players, they serve as some of the best ice hockey developmental programs in North America. Over the last several years and decades, some of the best NHL talent has gone through the ranks of the Canadian Hockey League. Naming well-known alumni from each of the CHL’s three development programs would be an arduous task as there are a countless amount of NHLers that have played in the WHL, OHL, or QMJHL before being drafted and brought up by their respective NHL teams. There is no doubt that Canada’s major junior leagues have been helping young hockey players hone their skill sets for quite some time now, and it is highly unlikely that another major junior circuit will rival the likes of the CHL any time soon. 2.) ECHL Formerly known as the East Coast Hockey League, the ECHL is widely believed to be a notch below the AHL. Even though the level of play in the ECHL might not be completely on par with that of the AHL, the ECHL is still considered to be a mid-level professional ice hockey league. The ECHL was founded in 1988 and currently features 22 teams and five divisions of play. Not only has the ECHL been going strong over the two and a half decades since its inception, it is also a frequent stop for many NHL hopefuls. While some players are shipped off for development in the AHL, the ECHL is also a popular stopping point for hockey talent as NHL teams might not have room to immediately place certain prospects at the AHL level. Over the years, a slew of talented NHLers have made their way to the NHL by proving their worth in the ECHL, and the league will continue to be one of the most recognized developmental ice hockey programs as long as NHL teams deem it fit to send their talent to destinations within the hockey league. 1.) AHL (American Hockey League) The American Hockey League is usually viewed as the last stop for a prospect before an NHL call-up. The American Hockey League is commonly viewed as the last level of play where a prospect must prove themselves ready for NHL duties. While some prospects are shipped off to the ECHL for further development, the AHL is usually the last stop for prospects that are very close to being called up to their respective NHL club. Despite the fact that both the ECHL and AHL are semi-professional and professional hockey leagues respectively, the two leagues provide its players with an opportunity to complete their maturation before they are considered for any NHL duties. The AHL currently has 30 teams playing in six different divisions, so one can imagine the sheer amount of talent that passes through the league on a yearly basis. Even though hockey players complete a whole level of development before arriving in the AHL, the American Hockey League is still a destination where young hockey players can improve both physical and mental aspects of their game. Honorable Mention Shattuck-Saint Mary’s While Shattuck-Saint Mary’s is not its own developmental ice hockey league, the prep school has been heralded as a Center for Excellence in various sports. Shattuck-Saint Mary’s was established during the mid-nineteenth century in Faribault, Minnesota and the school has established itself as one of the leading prep schools for young kids with big hockey dreams. The list of Shattuck-Saint Mary’s alumni is quite prestigious as Kyle Okposo, Jonathan Toews, Sidney Crosby, Drew Stafford, Ryan Malone, and Zach Parise all attended the boarding school before they were NHL-bound. Even though Shattuck-Saint Mary’s might not be considered to be on par with other hockey development programs, the school has been preparing lots of young NHL-hopefuls for the next level of play – whether it be in college or in the junior circuit. Other schools such as Culver Military Academy and Avon Old Farms also boast very strong ice hockey programs that have helped develop NHLers such as Jack Johnson, Brian Leetch, and Jonathan Quick. While prep schools are not considered to be their own ice hockey leagues, hockey fans must keep in mind that institutions such as Shattuck-Saint Mary’s, Culver Military Academy, and Avon Old Farms try to impart a specific knowledge on young hockey players so that these individuals can maximize their skill sets in the future. 387 Feel free to go #2 Shattuck….and revise #1 as Notre Dame It’s thee hockey factory aka- Notre Dame Hounds, Saskatchewan, canada NHL List: Rod brind’a’amour Curtis Joseph Courtnell brothers Morgan Reilley JUST TO NAME A FEW……… Brad Richards Jordan Eberle SSM Alum Not that it changes the point you were making, but for accuracy’s sake, Jack Johnson played at SSM (then went to NTDP), not culver or avon. Nice Toli, agree with most but how about a little love for the Central Hockey League. They’re still alive and kicking since being revived in 1992. Mike stoots Why isn’t the DVHL (Delaware Valley Hockey League) listed, the parents of those kids are convinced that there kids are going to the NHL, so it must be a consideration. John MacLean I would have to consider the EJHL (Eastern Junior Hockey League) along with the GOJHL. Every year this league has a number of it’s players drafted. See below for the most recent 2013 picks. 2 42 New Jersey Steve Santini New York Apple Core 2 61 Washington Zach Sanford Islanders Hockey Club 3 66 Carolina Brett Pesce Jersey Hitmen 4 120 Boston Ryan Fitzgerald Valley Jr. Warriors 5 133 Phoenix Connor Clifton Jersey Hitmen 6 161 Ottawa Chris LeBlanc South Shore Kings Great work Toli. But why isn’t my beer league on here? Related Articles	i don't know
What car company was forced to recall over 2.3 million vehicles earlier this year over reports of stuck accelerator pedals in 9 different models?	Toyota to Recall Over 2 Million Vehicles for Gas Pedal Flaws - The New York Times The New York Times Business Day \|Toyota to Recall Over 2 Million Vehicles for Gas Pedal Flaws Search Toyota to Recall Over 2 Million Vehicles for Gas Pedal Flaws By NICK BUNKLEY Continue reading the main story DETROIT — Floor mats and accelerators continue to plague Toyota . Toyota said on Thursday that it was recalling another 2.17 million vehicles to fix problems that could cause their accelerator pedals to become stuck, a setback in its efforts to rebound from the uncertainty that swirled around the carmaker last year. Toyota initiated two new recalls on Thursday, covering about 769,000 sport utility vehicles and 20,000 Lexus sedans, and added nearly 1.4 million vehicles to its November 2009 recall related to what Toyota called “floor mat entrapment.” Since 2009, Toyota has recalled more than 14 million vehicles globally, with most connected to the floor-mat issue or a defect in the design of the accelerator pedal. The affected models are the 2004-6 Toyota Highlander , the 2004-7 Lexus RX, the 2006-7 Lexus GS, the 2003-9 Toyota 4Runner , the 2008-11 Lexus LX 570 and the 2006-10 Toyota Rav4. Federal regulators said the announcement concluded their investigation into whether Toyota had recalled enough vehicles. Advertisement Continue reading the main story “The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration reviewed more than 400,000 pages of Toyota documents to determine whether the scope of its recalls for pedal entrapment was sufficient,” the agency’s administrator, David Strickland, said in a statement. As a result of the review, he added, the agency “asked Toyota to recall these additional vehicles, and now that the company has done so, our investigation is closed.” The news came a few weeks after the agency delivered a victory for Toyota in concluding that it could not find flaws in the electronics system to explain reports of sudden acceleration, as some critics and lawyers suing the company have asserted. The transportation secretary, Ray LaHood, said at that time that the problems were limited to two previously revealed defects and that Toyota’s cars were safe to drive. The safety agency forced Toyota to pay $48.8 million in three separate fines for waiting too long to announce the sudden-acceleration recalls and an unrelated 2005 recall. Each of the fines was the maximum allowed by law. Please verify you're not a robot by clicking the box. Invalid email address. Please re-enter. You must select a newsletter to subscribe to. Sign Up Privacy Policy Though recalling millions more vehicles looked bad, lumping them all into one announcement could help the company finally put the problem behind it, said David Thomas, senior editor of Cars.com , which follows the auto industry. “I think they’re trying to put the final chapter on it,” Mr. Thomas said. “Their sales are already seriously damaged from the first rounds. A large chunk of the people who used to just go back and get another Toyota without thinking twice are now thinking twice, and they’re never going to get that back.” Toyota was the only major carmaker to report a decline in sales in 2010. It sold 0.4 percent fewer vehicles, while the rest of the industry grew 13.4 percent. Toyota said several different issues were involved in the latest recalls. On the GS sedans, dealers will modify the shape of a plastic pad embedded in the driver’s side floor carpet because it could interfere with the accelerator pedal. Owners will receive notices by mail starting in March. On the Highlander and RX S.U.V.’s, Toyota said dealers would replace the driver’s side carpet cover and two clips that keep those covers in place. If one clip is installed improperly, the cover could interfere with the accelerator pedal arm, causing it to become stuck or partly depressed. Owners of those models will receive an interim notice explaining how to inspect for the problem and inviting them to have a dealer perform an inspection, and a second notice when replacement covers are available. Owners of the 4Runner, LX 570 and Rav4, which were added to the floor-mat recall in 2009, will receive one notice informing them of the problem and another after a remedy is developed. A version of this article appears in print on February 25, 2011, on Page B4 of the New York edition with the headline: Toyota to Recall Over 2 Million Vehicles for Gas Pedal Flaws. Order Reprints \| Today's Paper \| Subscribe	Toyota
July 8, 1958 was the birth of what American actor, who, due to his prolific career, can supposedly be linked to another actor in as little as 6 steps?	Toyota Camry Recall Information - Recalls and Problems Toyota Camry Recall Information NEWS: Toyota is recalling certain 2016 Avalon, and 2017 Camry vehicles; AIR BAGS Report Receipt Date: DEC 16, 2016 NHTSA Campaign Number: 16V906000 Component(s): AIR BAGS Potential Number of Units Affected: 12 DECEMBER 2016 -- Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing (Toyota) is recalling certain model year 2016 Avalon, and 2017 Camry vehicles manufactured August 3, 2016, to September 12, 2016. The front passenger knee air bag module may have been attached to the lower instrument panel with incorrect fasteners. If the air bag was installed with incorrect fasteners, the fasteners may become loose over time, affecting the air bag deployment and increasing the risk of injury. Toyota will notify owners, and dealers will inspect the fasteners, and if necessary, replace the instrument panel brace and body bracket and reattach the air bag assembly, free of charge. The recall is expected to begin in December 2016. Toyota's number for this recall is G05. Owners may also contact the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Vehicle Safety Hotline at 1-888-327-4236 (TTY 1-800-424-9153), or go to www.safercar.gov. MORE RECALL INFO NEWS: Toyota is recalling certain 2016 Avalon and Camry vehicles; AIR BAGS Report Receipt Date: APR 14, 2016 NHTSA Campaign Number: 16V215000 Component(s): AIR BAGS Potential Number of Units Affected: 58,515 MAY 2016 -- Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing (Toyota) is recalling certain model year 2016 Avalon and Camry vehicles manufactured November 30, 2015 to March 4, 2016. The occupant classification system (OCS) that activates or deactivates the front passenger seat air bag system may have been improperly calibrated. As a result, the front passenger air bag and the front passenger knee air bag may not deploy as intended in certain crash scenarios. As such, these vehicles fail to comply with Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) number 208, "Occupant Crash Protection." Air bags that do not deploy as intended during a crash increase the risk of injury. Toyota will notify owners, and dealers will recalibrate the OCS, free of charge. The recall is expected to begin by May 31, 2016. Toyota's number for this recall is G0J. Owners may also contact the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Vehicle Safety Hotline at 1-888-327-4236 (TTY 1-800-424-9153), or go to www.safercar.gov MORE RECALL INFO Toyota Camry NEWS: Toyota is recalling certain 2009-2011 Tundra, Sequoia, Corolla, Corolla Matrix and Scion xB, 2008-2011 Highlander and Highlander Hybrid, 2007 Camry and Camry Hybrid, 2009 Camry and Camry Hybrid, 2006-2011 RAV4, 2006-2010 Yaris, and 2009-2010 Scion xD and Pontiac Vibe vehicles; VISIBILITY Report Receipt Date: OCT 22, 2015 NHTSA Campaign Number: 15V689000 Component(s): VISIBILITY Potential Number of Units Affected: 2,000,000 OCT 2015 -- Toyota Motor Company (Toyota) is recalling certain model year 2009-2011 Tundra, Sequoia, Corolla, Corolla Matrix and Scion xB, 2008-2011 Highlander and Highlander Hybrid, 2007 Camry and Camry Hybrid, 2009 Camry and Camry Hybrid, 2006-2011 RAV4, 2006-2010 Yaris, and 2009-2010 Scion xD and Pontiac Vibe vehicles. During the manufacturing of the Power Window Master Switch (PWMS), grease lubricant may have been inconsistently applied to the sliding electrical contacts. If the sliding electrical contacts are not protected by lubricant, debris and moisture that get into the switch may cause a short circuit and the switch assembly may overheat and melt, increasing the risk of a fire. Toyota will notify owners, and dealers will inspect the switch, applying a lubricant if no abnormality is found. If abnormality is found, the PWMS circuit board will be replaced, free of charge. The recall is expected to begin December 20, 2015. Toyota's number for this recall is C0M. Owners may also contact the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Vehicle Safety Hotline at 1-888-327-4236 (TTY 1-800-424-9153), or go to www.safercar.gov. MORE RECALL INFO NEWS: Toyota is recalling certain 2015 Camry, Camry Hybrid, Highlander, and Highlander Hybrid, and 2014-2015 Rav4 vehicles; STEERING Report Receipt Date: MAR 13, 2015 NHTSA Campaign Number: 15V144000 Component(s): STEERING Potential Number of Units Affected: 110,085 MARCH 2015 -- Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing (Toyota) is recalling certain model year 2015 Camry, Camry Hybrid, Highlander, and Highlander Hybrid, and 2014-2015 Rav4 vehicles. A component of the electric power steering (EPS) electronic control unit (ECU) may have been damaged during the manufacturing process. Over time, this damage may result in failure of the electric power steering system. An unexpected loss of power steering increases the risk of a crash. Toyota will notify owners, and dealers will inspect the serial number of the EPS ECU or steering column assembly. If the number is within the affected range, the EPS ECU will be replaced, free of charge. The recall is expected to begin in April 2015. Owners may also contact the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Vehicle Safety Hotline at 1-888-327-4236 (TTY 1-800-424-9153), or go to www.safercar.gov Toyota Rav4 NEWS: Southeast Toyota Distributors, LLC is recalling certain model year 2010-2011 Prius and Corolla, 2009-2011 Venza, 2006-2010 Avalon, 2007-2010 FJ Cruiser, 2005-2011 Sienna and Sequoia, 2006-2011 Tacoma 4x2 and 4x4, Camry, Highlander, Tundra 4x2 and 4x4, and 2007-2011 Rav4 and 4Runner; SEATS Report Receipt Date: NOV 19, 2014 NHTSA Campaign Number: 14V743000 Component(s): SEATS Potential Number of Units Affected: 3,233 DECEMBER 2014 -- Southeast Toyota Distributors, LLC (SET) is recalling certain model year 2010-2011 Prius and Corolla, 2009-2011 Venza, 2006-2010 Avalon, 2007-2010 FJ Cruiser, 2005-2011 Sienna and Sequoia, 2006-2011 Tacoma 4x2 and 4x4, Camry, Highlander, Tundra 4x2 and 4x4, and 2007-2011 Rav4 and 4Runner. The affected vehicles may experience compression of the seat cushion which may damage the seat heater wiring. Damage to the seat heater wiring could cause the wires to short, increasing the risk of the seat burning and causing personal injury to the occupant. SET will notify owners, and dealers will disconnect the heaters with copper strand heating elements and refund the purchase price of the seat heater accessory, free of charge. The recall is expected to begin December 24, 2014. Owners may also contact the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Vehicle Safety Hotline at 1-888-327-4236 (TTY 1-800-424-9153), or go to www.safercar.gov.vehicles MORE RECALL INFO: NEWS: Toyota is recalling certain 2011 Toyota Camry vehicles; SUSPENSION Report Receipt Date: NOV 13, 2014 NHTSA Campaign Number: 14V732000 Component(s): SUSPENSION Potential Number of Units Affected: 56 DECEMBER 2014 -- Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing (Toyota) is recalling certain model year 2011 Toyota Camry vehicles manufactured March 8, 2011, to July 20, 2011. In the affected vehicles, the rubber boot on the front suspension lower arm ball joint may have been damaged during manufacturing. The damage could cause the boot to leak lubricant grease which could then cause the ball joint to wear and loosen prematurely. A loosened ball joint may separate from the knuckle and could cause a loss of vehicle control, increasing the risk of a crash. Toyota will notify owners, and dealers will inspect and replace the ball joint, free of charge. The recall is expected to begin on or around December 15, 2014. Owners may also contact the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Vehicle Safety Hotline at 1-888-327-4236 (TTY 1-800-424-9153), or go to www.safercar.gov. MORE RECALL INFO: NEWS: Toyota is recalling certain 2014 Toyota Camry, Camry HV, Avalon, and Avalon HV vehicles; SUSPENSION Report Receipt Date: NOV 07, 2014 NHTSA Campaign Number: 14V715000 Component(s): SUSPENSION Potential Number of Units Affected: 5,650 DECEMBER 2014 -- Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing (Toyota) is recalling certain model year 2014 Toyota Camry, Camry HV, Avalon, and Avalon HV vehicles equipped with 16-inch and 17-inch rims. In the affected vehicles, the left-side front suspension lower arm may have been incorrectly manufactured. As a result, the left side lower arm may not have enough clamping surface area for one of the bolts that secures the lower arm to the lower ball joint. Because of the insufficient clamping force, the lower arm may separate from the ball joint, increasing the risk of a crash. Toyota will notify owners, and dealers will replace the left side lower arm, free of charge. The recall will begin around mid-December 2014. Owners may also contact the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Vehicle Safety Hotline at 1-888-327-4236 (TTY 1-800-424-9153), or go to www.safercar.gov. MORE RECALL INFO: Detroit News @ September 19, 2014 SEPT 2014 -- Toyota Motor Corp. said Thursday it will recall 20,000 new vehicles in North America for fuel leaks that could spark a fire. The Japanese automaker said the recall includes 2014 Avalon, Camry, Highlander, Sienna, and 2015 Lexus RX vehicles equipped with the 2GR-FE engine. Toyota said in the recalled vehicles “the end cap on the right-hand fuel delivery pipe in the engine compartment could have been insufficiently welded during manufacturing at the supplier. In this condition, fuel could leak from the fuel delivery pipe and, in the presence of an ignition source, could increase the risk of a vehicle fire.” Toyota said is not aware of any fires, crashes, injuries or fatalities stemming from the issue. Toyota dealers will inspect the fuel delivery pipe and if it was produced at the involved supplier, replace it with a new one. MORE RECALL INFO: NEWS: Toyota is recalling certain 2013-2014 Camry, 2013 Avalon and 2014 Corolla vehicles; VISIBILITY Report Receipt Date: OCT 17, 2013 NHTSA Campaign Number: 13V505000 Component(s): VISIBILITY Potential Number of Units Affected: 9,795 NOVEMBER 2013 - Toyota Motor Engineering & manufacturing North America, Inc. (Toyota) is recalling certain model year 2013-2014 Camry and Camry HV, model year 2013 Avalon and Avalon HV and model year 2014 Corolla vehicles. In the affected vehicles, the windshield wiper switch assembly may short circuit. As such, these vehicles fail to conform to the requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard, No. 104, "Windshield Wiping and Washing Systems." A short circuit could cause inoperative windshield wipers, reducing driver visibility and increasing the risk of a crash. Toyota will notify owners, and dealers will replace the wiper switch assembly, free of charge. The recall began on November 8, 2013. Owners may also contact the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Vehicle Safety Hotline at 1-888-327-4236 (TTY 1-800-424-9153), or go to www.safercar.gov. MORE RECALL INFO: NEWS: Toyota is recalling certain 2012-2013 Avalon, Venza and Camry vehicles Report Receipt Date: OCT 17, 2013 NHTSA Campaign Number: 13V442000 Component(s): AIR BAGS , ELECTRICAL SYSTEM , EQUIPMENT Potential Number of Units Affected: 802,769 OCTOBER 2013 - Toyota is recalling certain model year 2012-2013 Avalon, Avalon HV, Venza, Camry, and Camry HV vehicles. In the affected vehicles, the drain hose for the air conditioning condenser may become clogged causing water to accumulate at the bottom of the air conditioning condenser unit housing. The accumulated water may then leak through a seam in the housing onto the air bag control module potentially resulting in a short circuit of the module. A short circuit may cause the air bags to become disabled or inadvertently deploy. An inadvertent airbag deployment can increase the risk of injury or the possibility of a crash. An inoperative airbag can increase the risk of injury in a severe crash. The power steering assist could also become inoperable resulting in increased steering effort and can increase the risk of a crash at low speeds. Toyota will notify owners, and dealers will seal the air conditioning condenser unit housing and install a protective cover on the airbag control module, free of charge. The manufacturer has not yet provided a notification schedule. Owners may also contact the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Vehicle Safety Hotline at 1-888-327-4236 (TTY 1-800-424-9153), or go to www.safercar.gov. MORE RECALL INFO: Yahoo News @ October 18, 2013 OCTOBER 2013 - Toyota said Thursday it was recalling 885,000 vehicles worldwide to fix a problem with air conditioning equipment that could cause a leak that could affect air bags. Toyota said the recall was for model years 2012 and 2013 of its Camry, Camry Hybrid, Avalon, Avalon Hybrid, and Venza vehicles. The bulk of the recalled vehicles are in the United States -- 803,000 -- while 15,000 are in the Middle East and 1,600 in Europe. The problem is with the air conditioning condenser unit housing in the vehicles, the Japanese automaker said in a statement. Water from the housing could leak onto the airbag control module and cause a short circuit, resulting in illumination of the airbag warning light and, in some instances, the air bag "could become disabled or could inadvertently deploy." Toyota also said there was also a chance the power steering assist function could become inoperable if a communication line in the airbag control module were damaged. The company said its dealers will apply sealant and install a cover to the air conditioning condenser unit housing seam on the recalled vehicles. MORE RECALL INFO: NEWS: Toyota to recall 2.5 million vehicles in the USA over power window glitch NHTSA Recall Campaign ID# 12V491000 @ www.SaferCar.gov OCTOBER 2012 -- Toyota is recalling certain model year 2007-2009 Camry, Camry Hybrid, RAV4, Corolla, Corolla Matrix, Tundra, Sequoia, Highlander, Highlander Hybrid, Yaris, Scion xB, Scion xD and Pontiac Vibe vehicles. The power window master switch assemblies in some of these vehicles were built using a less precise process for lubricating the internal components of the switch assemblies. Irregularities in this lubrication process may cause the power window master switch assemblies to malfunction and overheat. If the switch overheats, it may melt, possibly resulting in a fire. Toyota will notify its owners, and dealers will inspect the switch and apply a special grease that inhibits heat build up or replace any switch damaged by the defect, free of charge. Toyota owners that experience a problem with a switch should not attempt to make repairs, but should contact their Toyota dealer or the Toyota Customer Experience Center. General Motors will contact the Pontiac Vibe owners affected by this recall and GM dealers will inspect and repair switches as necessary. Owners may also contact the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Vehicle Safety Hotline at 1-888-327-4236 (TTY 1-800-424-9153), or go to www.safercar.gov. 12V491000 MORE RECALL INFO: NEWS: Toyota to recall 2.5 million vehicles in the USA over power window glitch YAHOO NEWS -- October 9, 2012 OCTOBER 2012 -- Toyota Motor Corp said it would recall more than 7.4 million vehicles worldwide as a faulty power window switch was a potential fire hazard, the latest in a series of setbacks that have dented the reputation of Japan's biggest automaker. The voluntary move is the biggest single recall since Ford pulled 8 million vehicles off the road in 1996 to replace defective ignition switches that could have caused engine fires. The recall, intended to fix a malfunctioning power window switch on the driver's side, primarily affects cars in the United States, China and Europe. The recall will include some Yaris and Corolla models, with repairs taking about 40 minutes, the company said. "The process to repair (the power window switch) is not an extensive one," spokeswoman Monika Saito said, adding that it would involve putting heat-resistant grease on the switches, or exchanging them. "Of course, 7 million vehicles is a huge number, but it's probably not going to be like last time when customers in the United States avoided buying Toyota cars. This sounds like a completely different scale from then," he said. The recall will include 2.47 million vehicles in the United States, 1.4 million in China and 1.39 million in Europe, the company said. No accidents, injuries or deaths have been reported as a result of the problem, though there is a possibility the malfunctioning switches could emit smoke, Saito said. Toyota's U.S. news release said the problem could lead to fire if commercially available lubricants were used on the switch. The first time the problem was reported was in September 2008 in the United States, Saito said. MORE RECALL INFO: NEWS: Toyota is recalling 700,000 vehicles in the United States. Tacoma:faulty air bags; Camry & Venza:faulty brake light switch Detroit News -- March 8, 2012 MARCH 2012 -- Toyota Motor Corp. said Wednesday it is recalling almost 700,000 vehicles in the United States to fix potentially faulty air bags and replace a faulty brake light switch. ....Toyota said it's recalling 495,470 Tacoma pickup trucks made between 2005 and 2009 because friction might result in a loss of a electrical connection in the driver's air bag module. That could cause the air bag warning lamp on the instrument panel to remain illuminated after starting the vehicle, and the driver's air bag might be deactivated and fail to deploy during a crash. The automaker said it began investigating an increase in the number of out-of-warranty claims on the Tacoma from March through October last year. Toyota duplicated the problem during testing and decided to issue the recall. Since 2005, Toyota has received 162 complaints. The Japanese automaker said it's also recalling 70,500 Camry and 116,000 2009-2011 Venza vehicles to replace a brake light switch. Toyota said the sedans might not start or might not shift out of park READ MORE >>> MORE RECALL INFO: NEWS: Feds open fire probe into 830K Toyota Camry, RAV4 vehicles Detroit News -- February 10, 2012 FEBRUARY 2012 -- Federal safety regulators have opened an investigation into 830,000 Toyota vehicles over complaints of fires sparked by power window switches. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration said Friday it was opening a preliminary investigation into the 2007 Camry and RAV4 after receiving six consumer complaints alleging a fire in the driver's side door. "Based on the available information, it appears the fires are originating from the power window master switch located on the driver's door," NHTSA said. None of the complaints filed with NHTSA allege any injuries but some say the fires caused serious damage....One complaint said the driver was coming home from work last month and saw a flame came out of the left power switch. "I was so scared," the driver wrote. Another owner of a 2007 Camry said she saw flames coming from the door and the vehicle was declared a total loss. Another driver said the window power switch caught fire in August. "Toyota would not fix because (too) many miles," the complaint said. "I was so afraid to drive the fire trap I traded it in for a new car. .....Toyota said it is aware of the investigation and is working with NHTSA. "Toyota will fully cooperate with the agency in its efforts to investigate these allegations," Toyota spokeswoman said. READ MORE... MORE RECALL INFO: NEWS: Toyota recalls 550,000 vehicles on steering YAHOO NEWS -- November 9, 2011 – (Reuters) - Toyota Motor Co is recalling 550,000 vehicles worldwide, including more than 420,000 in the United States, to replace an engine component that could hamper steering, the Japanese automaker said on Wednesday. Models involved include the Toyota-branded Camry sedan, Solara coupe, Highlander SUV, and Sienna minivan for the 2004 and 2005 model years. The recall also covers the 2004 Toyota Avalon sedan and 2006 Highlander HV. Toyota luxury brand Lexus models recalled were the 2006 Lexus RX 400H SUV as well as the 2004 and 2005 ES330 sedan and RX330 crossover. The recall is the latest in a reputation-damaging series that began in the fall of 2009, mainly involving complaints of unintended acceleration linked to defective floor mats and gas pedals. This recall affects 283,200 Toyota and 137,000 Lexus vehicles in the United States, bringing the total in the country so far this year to a little more than 3.3 million vehicles. Toyota will replace the crankshaft pulley on the six-cylinder engines of the models. The company said the outer ring of the pulley may not be aligned with the inner ring. If the condition were not fixed, a component of the power steering pump could be detached from the pulley and force the driver to put in more effort to steer. About 27,000 vehicles were recalled in Canada and 38,000 recalled in Japan, a Toyota spokesman said MORE RECALL INFO: Lexus RX330 NOVEMBER 2011 -- Toyota is recalling certain model year 2004 Avalon vehicles; 2004 and 2005 Camry, Camry Solara, Highlander, and Sienna vehicles, 2006 Highlander Hybrid; 2004 and 2005 Lexus ES330 and RX330; and 2006 Lexus RX400h vehicles manufactured from June 1, 2004 through March 31, 2005, equipped with the 1MZ-FE or 3MZ-FE engine. The amount of adhesive agent applied between the outer ring and the torsiona l rubber damper (inner ring) in the crankshaft pulley may be inadequate. If the adhesive is insufficient, there is a possibility that the outer ring may become misaligned and it may not properly rotate with the inner ring, causing noise and/or illumination of the battery discharge indicator light. In some cases, the belt for the power steering pump may become detached from the pulley which could result in a loss of power steering and a sudden increase in steering effort, increasing the risk of a crash. Toyota will notify owners, and dealers will check the crankshaft pulley to identify whether it was produced by the U.S. supplier. If so, the dealer will replace the pulley with a new one at no charge. The safety recall is expected to begin during early January 2012. . 11V-539 FEBRUARY 2010 -- Toyota is recalling certain model year 2010 Camrys. The length of the power steering pressure hose on vehicles equipped with the 4-cylinder (2AR-FE) engine may be insufficient, such that the gap between the crimp on the pressure hose and the brake tube for the left rear brake may be insufficient. Under these circumstances the brake tube may interfere with the crimp and may wear and then perforate. A brake tube perforation may result in brake fluid leakage. A leak in brake fluid may impact braking performance increasing the risk of a crash. Toyota will notify owners and, if necessary, dealers will replace or adjust the brake tube free of charge. The safety recall began on March 4, 2010. 10V-040 JANUARY 2010 - Toyota is recalling certain model year 2005-2010 Avalon, model year 2007-2010 Camry, model year 2009-2010 Corolla, Corolla Matrix, Rav4, model year 2010 Highlander, model year 2008-2010 Sequoia, and model year 2007-2010 Tundra vehicles. Due to the manner in which the friction lever interacts with the sliding surface of the accelerator pedal inside the pedal sensor assembly, the sliding surface of the lever may become smooth during vehicle operation. In this condition, if condensation occurs on the surface, as may occur from heater operation (without A/C) when the pedal assembly is cold, the friction when the accelerator pedal is operated may increase, which may result in the accelerator pedal becoming harder to depress, slower to return, or, in the worst case, mechanically stuck in a partially depressed position. The accelerator pedal may become hard to depress, slow to return to idle, or, in the worst case, mechanically stuck in a partially depressed position, increasing the risk of a crash. Dealers will install a reinforcement bar in the accelerator pedal which will allow the pedal to operate smoothly. GM will notify owners for the Pontiac Vibe please see 10V-018. This service will be performed free of charge. The safety recall is expected to begin early February and will be completed in late April 2010. 10V-017 OCTOBER 2009 -- Toyota is recalling certain model year 2004-2010 passenger vehicles. The accelerator pedal can get stuck in the wide open position due to its being trapped by an unsecured or incompatible driver's floor mat. A stuck open accelerator pedal may result in very high vehicle speeds and make it difficult to stop the vehicle, which could cause a crash, serious injury or death. Toyota will notify owners of affected vehicles to remove any driver's floor mat and not replace it with any other floor mat pending the development of model-specific remedies. Toyota will mail a second notification to owners of affected vehicles notifying them of the free remedy when it is available. The first notice was mailed on October 30, 2009 and Toyota will advise NHTSA an estimate of the date when the remedy parts will be available. 09V-388 NEWS: Toyota expanding recall by another 1 million vehicles YAHOO NEWS -- Jan 27, 2010 -- Toyota Motor Corp late on Wednesday said it is expanding a recall of its cars and trucks by another 1.1 million vehicles to address the risk of accelerator pedals becoming dangerously stuck. The recall involves 2009-2010 model year Corolla, Venza, Matrix vehicles and the 2008-2010 Highlander, as well as the 2009-2010 Pontiac Vibe. The Vibe had been assembled at a plant in California that Toyota had operated jointly with GM. Toyota told federal officials of the expanded recall on Wednesday. It is the second high-profile safety action in less than a week for the automaker. Last week, Toyota recalled 2.3 million vehicles that it said may have a faulty accelerator pedal that sticks. Last year, Toyota said it was recalling more than 4 million vehicles for what it then said were safety risks linked to improperly placed floormats. In November, after the issue was investigated by the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Toyota said it would also modify or replace accelerator pedals as well. The total number of recalled Toyotas in 2009 and 2010 now stands at 5.9 million. There are some models involved in last week's as well as last year's recall. In a letter to the NHTSA on Wednesday, Toyota said its plan is to modify or replace accelerator pedals. Modifying vehicle floors also will be considered on some models, Toyota said. "Initially, dealers will be instructed on how to reshape the accelerator pedal for the repair," Toyota's letter to U.S. safety regulators said. "As replacement parts...become available, they will be made available to the dealers," Toyota said Models covered by the latest GAS PEDAL recall include the JANUARY 25, 2010 NEWS: Toyota halts US sales of 8 recalled models YAHOO NEWS -- Jan 26, 2010 -- Toyota is suspending U.S. sales of eight car and truck models to fix sticking gas pedals and halting production lines at plants from Texas to Canada to deal with the problem, the latest to confront the world's No. 1 automaker. The suspended sales, announced Tuesday, involve a significant portion of Toyota Motor Co.'s fleet and some of its most popular vehicles, including the Camry and Corolla. As part of the plan, Toyota is halting some production at five assembly plants beginning the week of Feb. 1 "to assess and coordinate activities." There are 2.3 million vehicles involved in the recall, which was announced last week. Toyota has said it was unaware of any accidents or injuries due to the pedal problems associated with the recall, but could not rule them out for sure. "This action is necessary until a remedy is finalized," said Bob Carter, Toyota's group vice president and general manager. The Japanese automaker said the sales suspension includes the following models: the 2009-2010 RAV4, the 2009-2010 Corolla, the 2007-2010 Camry, the 2009-2010 Matrix, the 2005-2010 Avalon, the 2010 Highlander, the 2007-2010 Tundra and the 2008-2010 Sequoia. Models covered by the latest recall include the 2008-10 Sequoia Aaron Bragman, an auto analyst for the consulting firm IHS Global Insight in Troy, Mich., said Toyota typically sells about 65,000 Camrys and Corollas a month, and the frozen sales could strike the company's bottom line and reputation for quality. "That's huge if they can't sell these and they don't have a fix identified. They need to go and get a solution to this fast," Bragman said. Toyota sold more than 34,000 Camrys in December, making the midsize sedan America's best-selling car. It commands 3.4 percent of the U.S. market and sales rose 38 percent from a year earlier. Sales of the Corolla and Matrix, a small sedan and a hatchback, totaled 34,220 last month, with 3.3 percent of the market and sales up nearly 55 percent from December of 2008. It was unclear how long Toyota would suspend production of the vehicles. In an e-mail to employees, company officials said, "we don't know yet how long this pause will last but we will make every effort to resume production soon." Toyota officials did not immediately return phone messages. The automaker said the move would affect plants in Princeton, Ind., Lafayette, Ind., Georgetown, Ky., San Antonio, Texas, and a facility in Ontario, Canada. About 300 workers who build V8 engines at a Toyota plant in Huntsville, Ala., will also be affected, said Stephanie Deemer, a spokeswoman for the plant. Deemer said workers there would have the option of receiving additional training, take vacation or unpaid leave. Toyota said no other North American Toyota facility would be affected by the decision. Toyota dealers said they were concerned the move would hamper sales and were hopeful parts to fix the problem could be distributed quickly. "They're going the extra mile to reassure people that they really care about the customers," said Earl Stewart, owner of a Toyota dealership in North Palm Beach, Fla. "It is something that's going to be at least a short-term hardship on the dealers, and especially on Toyota." The auto company said the sales suspension would not affect Lexus or Scion vehicles. Toyota said the Prius, Tacoma, Sienna, Venza, Solara, Yaris, 4Runner, FJ Cruiser, Land Cruiser and select Camry models, including all Camry hybrids, would remain for sale. Toyota said last week it was recalling 2.3 million vehicles in the U.S. to fix accelerator pedals with mechanical problems that could cause them to become stuck. The announcement followed a larger recall months earlier of 4.2 million vehicles because of problems with gas pedals becoming trapped under floor mats, causing sudden acceleration. That problem was the cause of several crashes, including some fatalities. NEWS: Toyota issues new recall for 2.3M vehicles over sticking pedals YAHOO NEWS – Jan 21, 2010 -- Toyota Motor Corp said on Thursday it would recall 2.3 million vehicles in the United States to fix potentially faulty accelerator pedals in an admission of more wide-ranging problems with dangerous acceleration in its cars and trucks. The recall marked an acknowledgment that potential safety problems on Toyota vehicles run deeper than the automaker had first announced and broadened a recall that already ranked as its largest ever. The moves have threatened to damage Toyota's reputation for market-leading quality and safety at a time when the automaker's U.S. sales remain under pressure. Toyota had previously maintained that there was no evidence of a mechanical fault linked to reports of bursts of unintended acceleration that prompted the recall of about 4.2 million vehicles last year. The recall announced on Thursday is separate from the earlier action that Toyota said was aimed at addressing the risk that the accelerator pedals could become entrapped by loose or improperly installed floor mats. About 1.7 million Toyota vehicles are subject to both recalls, Toyota said. Models covered by the latest recall include the 2008-10 Sequoia The 2009-10 Pontiac Vibe -- which was assembled at the same factory as the Matrix -- is also going to be recalled. Toyota said its own investigation in recent months had found that some accelerator pedals on those Toyota brand models might stick in a partially depressed position or return slowly to idle. The problems could occur when the pedal mechanism becomes worn, it said. "Toyota will continue to investigate incidents of unwanted acceleration and take appropriate measures to address any trends that are identified," it said in a statement. As recently as November,.... Toyota's U.S. brand chief, had said there was "no evidence" to support claims that the reported safety problems could be caused by anything other than loose floor mats interfering with the accelerator pedal. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration had received reports of 100 incidents at the time of Toyota's first recall. Those reports included 17 crashes and five fatalities possibly linked to floor mats and accelerator pedals in Toyota cars and trucks. Toyota's earlier recall covers the Camry and Avalon sedans, the Prius hybrid, the Tacoma and Tundra pickup trucks, and the luxury Lexus models IS250, IS350 and ES350. NHTSA had conducted a similar investigation of floor mats in Toyota vehicles that began in 2007 and resulted in a recall of more than 50,000 cars. That probe focused on the Lexus ES350 and concluded that grooves in the floor mat could trap the accelerator if the mat was not secured with retaining hooks. NEWS: Toyota to recall 3.8M vehicles over floor mats September 29, 2009 -- Yahoo News – Toyota Motor Corp. said Tuesday it will recall 3.8 million vehicles in the United States, the company's largest-ever U.S. recall, to address problems with a removable floor mat that could cause accelerators to get stuck and lead to a crash. The recall will involve popular models such as the Toyota Camry, the top-selling passenger car in America, and the Toyota Prius, the best-selling gas-electric hybrid. Toyota said it was still working with officials with the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration to find a remedy to fix the problem and said owners could be notified about the recall as early as next week. Toyota spokesman Irv Miller said until the company finds a fix, owners should take out the removable floor mat on the driver's side and not replace it. "A stuck open accelerator pedal may result in very high vehicle speeds and make it difficult to stop a vehicle, which could cause a crash, serious injury or death," Miller said. NHTSA said it had received reports of 102 incidents in which the accelerator may have become stuck on the Toyota vehicles involved. It was unclear how many led to crashes but the inquiry was prompted by a highspeed crash in August in California of a Lexus barreling out of control. As the vehicle hit speeds exceeding 120 mph, family members made a frantic 911 call and said the accelerator was stuck and they couldn't stop the vehicle. "This is an urgent matter," Transportation Secretary Ray LaHood said in a statement. "For everyone's sake, we strongly urge owners of these vehicles to remove mats or other obstacles that could lead to unintended acceleration." The recall will affect 2006-2010 Lexus IS250 and IS350. Toyota's previously largest U.S. recall was about 900,000 vehicles in 2005 to fix a steering issue. The company declined to say how many complaints it had received about the accelerator issue. The Japanese automaker warned owners that if they think their vehicle is accelerating out of control, they should check to see whether their floor mat is under the pedal. If a driver can't remove the floor mat, Toyota advises drivers to step on the brake pedal with both feet until the vehicle slows and then try to put it into neutral and switch the ignition to accessory power. For vehicles with engine start/stop buttons, Toyota said the engine can be shut off by holding the button down for three seconds. In the August incident near San Diego, the fiery crash of a 2009 Lexus ES 350 killed California Highway Patrol Officer Mark Saylor, 45, and three members of his family on State Route 125 in Santee. The runaway car was traveling at more than 120 mph when it hit a sport utility vehicle, launched off an embankment, rolled several times and burst into flames. One of the family members called police about a minute before the crash to report the vehicle had no brakes and the accelerator was stuck. The call ended with someone telling people in the car to hold on and pray, followed by a woman's scream. NHTSA investigators determined that a rubber all-weather floor mat found in the wreckage was slightly longer than the mat that belonged in the vehicle, something that could have snared or covered the accelerator pedal. Toyota spokesman John Hanson said the final report had not yet been submitted in the California case. "We don't know what the actual cause was of that accident other than preliminary reports that have been published so it's impossible for us to comment on that particular incident," Hanson said. In mid-September, Toyota ordered 1,400 Toyota and Lexus dealers nationwide to ensure that each new, used and loaner vehicles had the proper floor mats and that the mats were properly secured. In September 2007, Toyota recalled an accessory all-weather floor mat sold for use in some 2007 and 2008 model year Lexus ES 350 and Toyota Camry vehicles because of similar problems. NEWS: Toyota recalls floor mats that jam gas pedals Detroit Free Press -- September 27, 2007 -- Toyota Motor Co. will recall floor mats from 55,000 Camry and Lexus ES 350 models due to complaints of unintended acceleration caused by the mats sticking underneath the accelerator pedal, federal safety officials and the automaker said Wednesday. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration took the unusual step of highlighting Toyota's recall announcement, advising owners of other Toyota models -- including the Prius hybrid and Avalon sedans -- to ensure their floor mats are properly installed. "We have also received complaints about the RAV 4" crossover "and Tacoma" pickup, said Rae Tyson, a spokesman for NHTSA. "We will continue to monitor all of the other Toyota vehicles not involved in the recall." As the Free Press first reported last month, NHTSA had opened an investigation into the floor mats after amassing 40 reports of unintended acceleration in 2007 Lexus ES 350 sedans, including eight crashes and 12 injuries. Since then, NHTSA has received complaints from owners of other Toyota models about the problem. In several of the original complaints, drivers said the vehicles only stopped after an accident. One driver told the agency the vehicle had hit speeds of 100 m.p.h. over a 6-mile stretch of freeway due to the problem. A Michigan woman said the problem caused her to lose control of her Lexus, triggering a rollover crash on I-75 that totaled her car. Because some ES 350s are sold with stop/start buttons rather than traditional ignitions, some drivers said they were unable to shut off the engine by pressing the button as the car accelerated. At the time, Toyota told safety officials it had identified an optional all-weather floor mat that if not properly secured by clips to the floor could stick under the accelerator pedal; in some cases, Toyota said owners had simply put the rubber mat over the standard floor mats. The company contended it had dealt with the problem through a mailing to customers earlier this year. Toyota said Wednesday the recall involves 30,500 mats for the ES 350 and 24,500 mats for the 2007 and 2008 Toyota Camry. Owners will be told of the recall in October and offered replacement mats in November. The company also warned drivers to check their floor mats and make sure that only one was installed. Sudden and unintended acceleration cases carry a stigma in the U.S. auto industry, due to the collapse of the Audi brand in the late 1980s following a "60 Minutes" report alleging runaway cars. Federal safety officials later cleared Audi, but it took years for the company to rebuild its reputation. In a separate move, Nissan Motor Co. said it was recalling nearly 420,000 sport utility vehicles because of possible corrosion in the tube where motorists pump gas. The recall involves Nissan Pathfinder and Infiniti QX4 SUVs from the 1997-2001 model years. More than 370,000 of the vehicles under recall were originally sold or are currently registered in 22 cold weather states and the District of Columbia. Another 45,000 vehicles are in Canada. CONTACT - 1-888-453-6667	i don't know

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