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What does the Latin phrase ‘Ad libitum’ translate to in English? | Appendix:List of Latin phrases (A–E) - Wiktionary
Appendix:List of Latin phrases (A–E)
Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
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Appendix:List of Latin phrases (A–E)
This appendix lists direct English translations of Latin phrases. Some of the phrases are themselves translations of Greek phrases, as Greek rhetoric and literature reached its peak centuries before that of Ancient Rome:
Contents
a bene placito
"from one who has been pleased well"
Or "at will", "at one's pleasure". This phrase, and its Italian (beneplacito) and Spanish (beneplácito) derivatives, are synonymous with the more common ad libitum ("at pleasure").
abusus non tollit usum
"abuse does not preclude proper use"
a caelo usque ad centrum
"from the sky to the center"
Or "from heaven all the way to the center of the earth". In law, can refer to the obsolete cuius est solum eius est usque ad coelum et ad inferos maxim of property ownership.
a capite ad calcem
From top to bottom; all the way through. Equally a pedibus usque ad caput.
a contrario
"from the opposite"
Equivalent to "on the contrary" or "au contraire". An argumentum a contrario is an "argument from the contrary", an argument or proof by contrast or direct opposite.
a Deucalione
a fortiori
"from the stronger"
Loosely, "even more so" or "with even stronger reason". Often used to lead from a less certain proposition to a more evident corollary.
a mari usque ad mare
"from sea to sea"
From Psalm 72:8, "Et dominabitur a mari usque ad mare, et a flumine usque ad terminos terrae" ( KJV : "He shall have dominion also from sea to sea, and from the river unto the ends of the earth"). National motto of Canada .
a pedibus usque ad caput
"from feet to head"
Completely. Similar to the English expressions "from tip to toe" or "from top to toe". Equally a capite ad calcem. See also ab ovo usque ad mala.
a posse ad esse
"from being able to being"
"From possibility to actuality" or "from being possible to being actual"
a posteriori
"from the latter"
Based on observation (i.e., empirical knowledge ), the reverse of a priori. Used in mathematics and logic to denote something that is known after a proof has been carried out. In philosophy, used to denote something that can be known from empirical experience.
a priori
"from the former"
Presupposed, the reverse of a posteriori. Used in mathematics and logic to denote something that is known or postulated before a proof has been carried out. In philosophy, used to denote something that can be known without empirical experience. In everyday speech, it denotes something occurring or being known before the event.
ab absurdo
"from the absurd"
Said of an argument that seeks to prove a statement's validity by pointing out the absurdity of an opponent's position (cf. appeal to ridicule ) or that an assertion is false because of its absurdity. Not to be confused with a reductio ad absurdum , which is usually a valid logical argument.
ab abusu ad usum non valet consequentia
"a consequence from an abuse to a use is not valid"
Inferences regarding something's use from its misuse are invalid. Rights abused are still rights (cf. abusus non tollit usum).
ab aeterno
"from the eternal"
Literally, "from the everlasting" or "from eternity". Thus, "from time immemorial", "since the beginning of time" or "from an infinitely remote time in the past". In theology, often indicates something, such as the universe, that was created outside of time.
ab antiquo
ab extra
"from beyond"
A legal term meaning "from without". From external sources, rather than from the self or the mind (ab intra).
ab hinc
Often rendered abhinc (which in Latin means simply "since" or "ago").
ab imo pectore
"from the bottom of my heart"
More literally, "from the deepest chest". Attributed to Julius Caesar . Can mean "with deepest affection" or "sincerely".
ab inconvenienti
"from an inconvenient thing"
New Latin for "based on unsuitability", "from inconvenience" or "from hardship". An argumentum ab inconvenienti is one based on the difficulties involved in pursuing a line of reasoning, and is thus a form of appeal to consequences ; it refers to a rule in law that an argument from inconvenience has great weight.
ab incunabulis
"from the cradle"
Thus, "from the beginning" or "from infancy". Incunabula is commonly used in English to refer to the earliest stage or origin of something, and especially to copies of books that predate the spread of the printing press around AD 1500.
ab initio
"from the beginning"
"At the outset", referring to an inquiry or investigation. In literature, refers to a story told from the beginning rather than in medias res (from the middle). In law , refers to something being the case from the start or from the instant of the act, rather than from when the court declared it so. A judicial declaration of the invalidity of a marriage ab initio is a nullity . In science, refers to the first principles . In other contexts, often refers to beginner or training courses. Ab initio mundi means "from the beginning of the world".
ab intestato
From someone who dies with no legal will (cf. ex testamento).
ab intra
From the inside. The opposite of ab extra.
ab irato
"from an angry man"
By a person who is angry. Used in law to describe a decision or action that is detrimental to those it affects and was made based on hatred or anger, rather than on reason. The form irato is masculine; however, this does not mean it applies only to men, rather 'person' is meant, as the phrase probably elides "homo," not "vir."
ab origine
ab ovo usque ad mala
"from the egg to the apples"
From Horace , Satire 1.3. Means "from beginning to end", based on the Roman main meal typically beginning with an egg dish and ending with fruit (cf. the English phrase soup to nuts ). Thus, ab ovo means "from the beginning", and can also connote thoroughness.
ab uno disce omnes
"from one, learn all"
From Virgil's Aeneid . Refers to situations where a single example or observation indicates a general or universal truth.
(a.U.c.)
"from the founding of the city"
Refers to the founding of Rome , which occurred in 753 BC according to Livy 's count. Used as a reference point in ancient Rome for establishing dates, before being supplanted by other systems. Also anno Urbis conditae
(a.U.c.)
("in the year that the city was founded").
ab utili
absens haeres non erit
"an absent person will not be an heir"
In law, refers to the principle that someone who is not present is unlikely to inherit.
absente reo
"with the defendant being absent"
In the absence of the accused.
absit iniuria
"let injury be absent"
Expresses the wish that no insult or wrong be conveyed by the speaker's words, i.e., "no offense". Also rendered absit iniuria verbis "let injury be absent from these words". Contrast with absit invidia.
absit invidia
"let ill will/jealousy be absent"
Said in the context of a statement of excellence. Unlike the English expression "no offense", absit invidia is intended to ward off jealous deities who might interpret a statement of excellence as hubris. Also extended to absit invidia verbo, meaning "may ill will/jealousy be absent from these words." Contrast with absit iniuria. An explanation of Livy's usage.
absit omen
"let an omen be absent"
In other words, "let there not be an omen here". Expresses the wish that something seemingly ill-boding does not turn out to be an omen for future events, and calls on divine protection against evil.
absolutum dominium
absolvo
"I acquit"
A legal term said by a judge acquitting a defendant following a trial. Te absolvo or absolvo te, translated, "I forgive you," said by Roman Catholic priests during the Sacrament of Confession prior to Vatican II .
abundans cautela non nocet
"abundant caution does no harm"
Thus, one can never be too careful; even excessive precautions don't hurt anyone.
abusus non tollit usum
"misuse does not remove use"
An axiom stating that just because something can be, or has been, abused, does not mean that it must be, or always is. Abuse does not, in itself, justify denial of use
accusare nemo se debet nisi coram Deo
"no one ought to accuse himself except in the Presence of God"
A legal maxim denoting that any accused person is entitled to make a plea of not guilty, and also that a witness is not obliged to give a response or submit a document that will incriminate himself . A very similar phrase is nemo tenetur seipsum accusare.
Accipe Hoc
Motto of 848 Naval Air Squadron, Royal Navy.
acta est fabula plaudite
"The play has been performed; applaud!"
A common ending to ancient Roman comedies, also claimed by Suetonius in Lives of the Twelve Caesars to have been Caesar Augustus ' last words. Applied by Sibelius to the third movement of his String Quartet no. 2 so that his audience would realize it was the last one, as a fourth would normally be expected.
acta non verba
Acta Sanctorum
"Deeds of the Saints "
Also used in the singular, Acta Sancti ("Deeds of the Saint"), preceding a specific Saint's name. A common title of works in hagiography .
actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea
"The act is not guilty unless the mind is also guilty."
A legal term outlining the presumption of mens rea in a crime .
actus reus
"guilty act"
The actual crime that is committed, rather than the intent or thought process leading up to the crime. Thus, the external elements of a crime, as contrasted with mens rea, the internal elements.
ad absurdum
"to the absurd"
In logic, to the point of being silly or nonsensical. See also reductio ad absurdum . Not to be confused with ab absurdo ("from the absurd").
adaequatio intellectûs nostri cum re
"conformity of our minds to the fact"
A phrase used in epistemology regarding the nature of understanding.
ad abundantiam
"to abundance"
In legal language, used when providing additional evidence to an already sufficient collection. Also used commonly, as an equivalent of "as if this wasn't enough".
"to the stars through difficulty"
Motto of Kansas, and other organisations.
ad astra per alia porci
"to the stars on the wings of a pig"
A favorite saying of John Steinbeck . A professor told him that he would be an author when pigs flew. Every book he wrote is printed with this insignia.
ad captandum vulgus
"in order to court the crowd"
To do something to appeal to the masses. Often used of politicians who make false or insincere promises to appeal to popular interest. An argumentum ad captandum is an argument designed to please the crowd.
ad eundem
"to the same"
An ad eundem degree , from the Latin ad eundem gradum ("to the same step" or "to the same degree"), is a courtesy degree awarded by one university or college to an alumnus of another. It is not an honorary degree, but a recognition of the formal learning that earned the degree at another college.
A motto of Renaissance humanism . Also used in the Protestant Reformation .
ad fundum
"to the bottom"
Said during a generic toast , equivalent to "bottoms up!" In other contexts, generally means "back to the basics".
ad hoc
"to this"
Generally means "for this", in the sense of improvised on the spot or designed for only a specific, immediate purpose.
Rather than relying on ad hoc decisions, we should form a consistent plan for dealing with emergency situations.
ad hominem
"to the man"
Connotations of "against the man". Typically used in argumentum ad hominem, a logical fallacy consisting of criticizing a person when the subject of debate is the person's ideas or argument, on the mistaken assumption that the validity of an argument is to some degree dependent on the qualities of the proponent.
(ad int)
"for the meantime"
As in the term "chargé d'affaires ad interim" for a diplomatic officer who acts in place of an ambassador.
ad Kalendas Graecas
"to the Greek Kalends "
Attributed by Suetonius in Lives of the Twelve Caesars to Caesar Augustus . The phrase means "never" and is similar to phrases like " when pigs fly ". The Kalends (also written Calends) were specific days of the Roman calendar , not of the Greek , and so the "Greek Kalends" would never occur.
( ad lib )
"toward pleasure"
Loosely, "according to what pleases" or "as you wish"; libitum comes from the past participle of libere, "to please". It typically indicates in music and theatrical scripts that the performer has the liberty to change or omit something. Ad lib is specifically often used when someone improvises or ignores limitations.
ad litem
"to the lawsuit"
A legal term referring to a party appointed by a court to act in a lawsuit on behalf of another party who is deemed incapable of representing himself. An individual who acts in this capacity is called a guardian ad litem .
ad lucem
"to the light"
ad nauseam
"to the point of disgust"
Literally, "to the point of nausea ". Sometimes used as a humorous alternative to ad infinitum. An argumentum ad nauseam is a logical fallacy involving basing one's argument on prolonged repetition, i.e., repeating something so much that people are "sick of it".
ad oculos
Meaning "obvious on sight" or "obvious to anyone that sees it".
ad pedem litterae
"to the foot of the letter"
Thus, "exactly as it is written". Similar to the English idiom "to the letter", meaning "to the last detail".
ad perpetuam memoriam
"to the perpetual memory"
Generally precedes "of" and a person's name, and is used to wish for someone to be remembered long after death.
ad pondus omnium
(ad pond om)
"to the weight of all things"
More loosely, "considering everything's weight". The abbreviation was historically used by physicians and others to signify that the last prescribed ingredient is to weigh as much as all of the previously mentioned ones.
ad quod damnum
"to what damage"
Meaning "according to the harm" or "in proportion to the harm". The phrase is used in tort law as a measure of damages inflicted, implying that a remedy , if one exists, ought to correspond specifically and only to the damage suffered (cf. damnum absque injuria).
ad referendum
"for life or until fault"
Usually used of a term of office.
addendum
An item to be added, especially a supplement to a book. The plural is addenda.
adequatio intellectus et rei
"correspondence of the mind and reality"
One of the definitions of the truth. When the mind has the same form as reality, we think truth. Also found as adequatio rei et intellectus.
adsum
Equivalent to "Present!" or "Here!" The opposite of absum ("I am absent").
adversus solem ne loquitor
"Don't speak against the sun"
I.e., don't argue the obvious
aegri somnia
From Horace , Ars Poetica, 7. Loosely, "troubled dreams".
aequitas
aetatis suae
"of his own age"
Thus, "at the age of". Appeared on portraits, gravestones, etc. Sometimes extended to anno aetatis suae
(AAS)
, "in the year of his age". Sometimes shortened to just aetatis
(aet.)
.
alea iacta est
"the die is cast"
Said by Julius Caesar upon crossing the Rubicon in 49 BC , according to Suetonius . The original meaning was roughly equivalent to the English phrase "the game is afoot", but its modern meaning, like that of the phrase " crossing the Rubicon ", denotes passing the point of no return on a momentous decision and entering into a risky endeavor where the outcome is left to chance.
alenda lux ubi orta libertas
"Let learning be cherished where liberty has arisen."
The motto of Davidson College .
alias
"otherwise"
An assumed name or pseudonym . Similar to alter ego, but more specifically referring to a name, not to a "second self".
alibi
"elsewhere"
A legal defense where a defendant attempts to show that he was elsewhere at the time a crime was committed.
His alibi is sound; he gave evidence that he was in another city on the night of the murder.
alis aquilae
"on eagles wings"
taken from the Book of Isaiah, Chapter 40. "But those who wait for the Lord shall find their strength renewed, they shall mount up on wings like eagles, they shall run and not grow weary, they shall walk and not grow faint."
alis grave nil
"nothing is heavy to those who have wings"
motto of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro ( Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro - PUC-RIO).
alis volat propris
"she flies with her own wings"
State motto of Oregon . Can also be rendered alis volat propriis.
Aliquantus
"something that stands for something else"
A foundational definition for semiotics
alma mater
"nourishing mother"
Term used for the university one attends or has attended. Another university term, matriculation , is also derived from mater. The term suggests that the students are "fed" knowledge and taken care of by the university. The term is also used for a university's traditional school anthem.
alter ego
"other I"
Another self, a second persona or alias . Can be used to describe different facets or identities of a single character, or different characters who seem representations of the same personality. Often used of a fictional character 's secret identity .
alterius non sit qui suus esse potest
"Let no man belong to another that can belong to himself"
Final sentence from Aesop ascribed fable (see also Aesop's Fables ) " The Frogs Who Desired a King " as appears in the collection commonly known as the "Anonymus Neveleti" (fable "XXIb. De ranis a Iove querentibus regem"). Motto of Paracelsus . Usually attributed to Cicero .
alterum non laedere
One of Justinian I 's three basic legal precepts.
alumna or
alumnus
"pupil"
Sometimes rendered with the gender-neutral alumn or alum in English. A graduate or former student of a school, college or university. Alumna (pl. alumnae) is a female pupil, and alumnus (pl. alumni) is a male pupil—alumni is generally used for a group of both males and females. The word derives from alere, "to nourish", a graduate being someone who was raised and taken care of at the school (cf. alma mater).
amicus curiae
"friend of the court"
An adviser, or a person who can obtain or grant access to the favour of powerful group, like a Roman Curia . In current U.S. legal usage, an amicus curiae is a third party allowed to submit a legal opinion (in the form of an amicus brief) to the court.
amiterre legem terrae
"to lose the law of the land"
An obsolete legal term signifying the forfeiture of the right of swearing in any court or cause, or to become infamous.
amor est vitae essentia
"love is the essence of life"
As said by Robert B. Mackay, Australian Analyst.
amor et melle et felle est fecundissmismus
"love is rich with both honey and venom"
Amor fati
"love of fate"
Nietzscheian alternative world view to memento mori [remember you must die]. Nietzsche believed amor fati to be more life affirming.
amor omnibus idem
from Virgil 's Georgics III.
amor patriae
(an.)
"in the year"
Also used in such phrases as anno urbis conditae (see ab urbe condita), Anno Domini, and anno regni.
(A.D.)
"in the Year of the Lord"
Short for Anno Domini Nostri Iesus Christi ("in the Year of Our Lord, Jesus Christ"), the predominantly used system for dating years across the world, used with the Gregorian calendar , and based on the perceived year of the birth of Jesus Christ . The years before Jesus' birth were once marked with a. C.n ( Ante Christum Natum , "Before Christ was Born"), but now use the English abbreviation BC ("Before Christ").
Augustus was born in the year 63 BC , and died AD 14 .
anno regni
"In the year of the reign"
Precedes "of" and the current ruler.
Annuit Cœptis
"He Has Approved the Undertakings"
Motto on the reverse of the Great Seal of the United States and on the back of the U.S. one dollar bill . "He" refers to God , and so the official translation given by the U.S. State Department is "He [God] has favored our undertakings".
annus horribilis
"horrible year"
A recent pun on annus mirabilis, first used by Queen Elizabeth II to describe what a bad year 1992 had been for her, and subsequently occasionally used to refer to many other years perceived as "horrible". In Classical Latin , this phrase would actually mean "terrifying year". See also annus terribilis.
annus mirabilis
"wonderful year"
Used particularly to refer to the years 1665 – 1666 , during which Isaac Newton made revolutionary inventions and discoveries in calculus, motion, optics and gravitation. Annus Mirabilis is also the title of a poem by John Dryden written in the same year. It has since been used to refer to other years, especially to 1905 , when Albert Einstein made equally revolutionary discoveries concerning the photoelectric effect, Brownian motion and the special theory of relativity. (See Annus Mirabilis Papers )
annus terribilis
aqua vitae
"water of life"
"Spirit of Wine" in many English texts. Used to refer to various native distilled beverages , such as whisky in Scotland and Ireland, gin in Holland, brandy (eau de vie) in France, and akvavit in Scandinavia.
aquila non capit muscas
"an eagle doesn't catch flies"
A noble or important person doesn't deal with insignificant issues.
arare litus
From Gerhard Gerhards' (1466-1536) [better known as Erasmus] collection of annotated Adagia (1508). Wasted labour.
arbiter elegantiarum
"judge of tastes"
One who prescribes, rules on, or is a recognized authority on matters of social behavior and taste. Said of Petronius . Also rendered arbiter elegentiae ("judge of a taste").
arcus senilis
Also "silver coin". Mentioned in Domesday , signifies bullion , or silver uncoined .
arguendo
"for arguing"
For the sake of argument. Said when something is done purely in order to discuss a matter or illustrate a point.
Let us assume, arguendo, that your claim is correct.
argumentum
"argument"
Or "reasoning", "inference", "appeal", "proof". The plural is argumenta. Commonly used in the names of logical arguments and fallacies , preceding phrases such as a silentio ("by silence"), ad antiquitatem ("to antiquity"), ad baculum ("to the stick"), ad captandum ("to capturing"), ad consequentiam ("to the consequence"), ad crumenam ("to the purse"), ad feminam ("to the woman"), ad hominem ("to the person"), ad ignorantiam ("to ignorance"), ad judicium ("to judgment"), ad lazarum ("to poverty"), ad logicam ("to logic"), ad metum ("to fear"), ad misericordiam ("to pity"), ad nauseam ("to nausea"), ad novitatem ("to novelty"), ad personam ("to the character"), ad numerum ("to the number"), ad odium ("to spite"), ad populum ("to the people"), ad temperantiam ("to moderation"), ad verecundiam ("to reverence"), ex silentio ("from silence"), and in terrorem ("into terror").
ars celare artem
"art [is] to conceal art"
An aesthetic ideal that good art should appear natural rather than contrived.
ars gratia artis
" art for art's sake "
Translated into Latin from Baudelaire 's "L'art pour l'art". Motto of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer . This phrasing is a direct transliteration of 'art for the sake of art.' While very symmetrical for the MGM logo, the better Latin word order is 'Ars artis gratia.'
ars longa vita brevis
"art is long, life is short"
The Latin translation by Horace of a phrase from Hippocrates , often used out of context. The "art" referred to in the original aphorism was the craft of medicine, which took a lifetime to acquire.
asinus ad lyram
"an ass to the lyre"
From Gerhard Gerhards' (1466-1536) [better known as Erasmus] collection of annotated Adagia (1508). An awkward or incompetent individual.
asinus asinum fricat
"the jackass rubs the jackass"
Used to describe two people lavishing excessive praise on one another.
assecuratus non quaerit lucrum sed agit ne in damno sit
"the assured does not seek profit but just indemnity for the loss"
Refers to the insurance principle that the indemnity cannot be larger than the loss.
audeamus
"let us dare"
Motto of Otago University Students' Association , a direct response to the university's motto of sapere aude ("dare to be wise").
audemus jura nostra defendere
"we dare to defend our rights"
State motto of Alabama , adopted in 1923. Translated into Latin from a paraphrase of the stanza "Men who their duties know / But know their rights, and knowing, dare maintain" from the poem "What Constitutes a State?" by 18th-century author William Jones.
audentes fortuna iuvat
"fortune favors the bold"
From Virgil , Aeneid X, 284 (where the first word is in the archaic form audentis). Allegedly the last words of Pliny the Elder before he left the docks at Pompeii to rescue people from the eruption of Vesuvius in 79. Often quoted as audaces fortuna iuvat.
audere est facere
"to dare is to do"
audi alteram partem
"hear the other side"
A legal principle of fairness. Also worded as audiatur et altera pars ("let the other side be heard too").
audio hostem
Motto of 845 NACS Royal Navy
aurea mediocritas
From Horace 's Odes II, 10. Refers to the ethical goal of reaching a virtuous middle ground between two sinful extremes. The golden mean concept is common to many philosophers, chiefly Aristotle .
auri sacra fames
"accursed hunger for gold"
From Virgil , Aeneid 3,57. Later quoted by Seneca as "quod non mortalia pectora coges, auri sacra fames": "What aren't you able to bring men to do, miserable hunger for gold!"
auribus teneo lupum
"I hold a wolf by the ears"
A common ancient proverb, this version from Terence . Indicates that one is in a dangerous situation where both holding on and letting go could be deadly. A modern version is "To have a tiger by the tail."
aurora australis
"southern dawn"
The Southern Lights , an aurora that appears in the Southern Hemisphere . It is less well-known than the Northern Lights, or aurorea borealis. The Aurora Australis is also the name of an Antarctic icebreaker ship.
aurora borealis
The Northern Lights, an aurora that appears in the Northern Hemisphere .
aut Caesar aut nihil
"either Caesar or nothing"
Indicates that the only valid possibility is to be emperor , or a similarly prominent position. More generally, "all or nothing". Adopted by Cesare Borgia as a personal motto.
aut concilio aut ense
"either by meeting or by the sword"
Thus, either through reasoned discussion or through war. A former motto of Chile , post tenebras lux ultimately replaced by Por la Razon o la Fuerza (Spanish) ' by reason or by force '.
aut pax aut bellum
The motto of the Gunn Clan .
Aut viam inveniam aut faciam
"I will find a way, or I will make one"
Medical shorthand for "twice a day".
bona fide
In other words, "well-intentioned", "fairly". In modern contexts, often has connotations of "genuinely" or "sincerely". Bona fides is not the plural (which would be bonis fidebus), but the nominative , and means simply "good faith". Opposite of mala fide.
bona notabilia
—
In law, if a person dying has goods, or good debts, in another diocese or jurisdiction within that province, besides his goods in the diocese where he dies, amounting to a certain minimum value, he is said to have bona notabilia; in which case, the probat of his will belongs to the archbishop of that province.
bona officia
A nation's offer to mediate in disputes between two other nations.
bona patria
A jury or assize of countrymen, or good neighbors.
bona vacantia
United Kingdom legal term for ownerless property that passes to The Crown .
boni pastoris est tondere pecus non deglubere
"It is of a good shepherd to shear his flock, not to flay them."
Tiberius reportedly said this to his regional commanders, as a warning against taxing the populace excessively.
bonum commune communitatis
"common good of the community"
Or "general welfare". Refers to what benefits a society, as opposed to bonum commune hominis, which refers to what is good for an individual.
bonum commune hominis
"common good of a man"
Refers to an individual's happiness, which is not "common" in that it serves everyone, but in that individuals tend to be able to find happiness in similar things.
busillis
—
Pseudo-Latin meaning "baffling puzzle" or "difficult point". John of Cornwall (ca. 1170 ) was once asked by a scribe what the word meant. It turns out that the original text said in diebus illis magnis plenæ ("in those days there were plenty of great things"), which the scribe misread as indie busillis magnis plenæ ("in India there were plenty of large busillis").
Refers to a situation where nobody is safe from anybody, each man for himself.
capax infiniti
"capable of the infinite"
a pejorative term refering (at least) to some Christian doctrines of the incarnation of the Son of God when it asserts that humanity is capable of housing full divinity within its finite frame. Related to the Docetic heresy and sometimes a counterpoint to the Reformed 'extracalvinisticum.'
caput inter nubila (condit)
"head in the clouds"
So aggrandized as to be beyond practical (earthly) reach or understanding (from Virgil 's Aeneid and the shorter form appears in John Locke 's Two Treatises of Government)
Caritas Christi
"The love of Christ"
It implies a command to love as Christ loved. Motto of St. Franicis Xavier High School located in West Meadowlark Park (Edmonton) .
carpe diem
"seize the day"
An exhortation to live for today. From Horace , Odes I, 11.8. By far the most common translation is "seize the day," though carpere normally means something more like "pluck," and the allusion here is to picking flowers. The phrase collige virgo rosas has a similar sense.
carpe noctem
"seize the night"
An exhortation to make good use of the night, often used when carpe diem, q.v., would seem absurd, e.g., when observing a deep sky object or conducting a Messier marathon .
Carthago delenda est
"Carthage must be destroyed"
From Roman senator Cato the Elder , who ended every speech of his between the second and third Punic Wars with ceterum censeo Carthaginem esse delendam, literally "For the rest, I am of the opinion that Carthage is to be destroyed." Other translations include "In conclusion, I declare that Carthage must be destroyed." and "Furthermore, I move for Carthage to be destroyed."
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Cedant arma togae
"Let military power yield to civilian power," Cicero , De Officiis . See Toga , it:Cedant arma togae
celerius quam asparagi cocuntur
"more swiftly than asparagus is cooked"
Or simply "faster than cooking asparagus". A variant of the Roman phrase velocius quam asparagi coquantur, using a different adverb and an alternate mood and spelling of coquere .
cepi corpus
"I got the body"
In law, it is a return made by the sheriff, upon a capias, or other process to the like purpose; signifying, that he has taken the body of the party.
certum est quod certum reddi potest
"It is certain if it is capable of being rendered certain"
Often used in law when something is not known, but can be ascertained (e.g. the purchase price on a sale which is to be determined by a third-party valuer)
cessante ratione legis cessat ipsa lex
"When the reason for the law ceases, the law itself ceases."
A rule of law becomes ineffective when the reason for its application has ceased to exist or does not correspond to the reality anymore.
cetera desunt
In the sense of "approximately" or "about". Usually used of a date.
circulus vitiosus
In logic, begging the question , a fallacy involving the presupposition of a proposition in one of the premises (see petitio principii). In science, a positive feedback loop. In economics, a counterpart to the virtuous circle .
citius altius fortius
Motto of the modern Olympics .
Clamea admittenda in itinere per atturnatum
A writ whereby the king of England could command the justice in eyre to admit one's claim by an attorney, who being employed in the king's service, cannot come in person.
clausum fregit
An action of tresspass; thus called, by reason the writ demands the person summoned to answer to wherefore he broke the close (quare clausum fregit), i.e. why he committed such a trespass.
claves Sancti Petri
"the keys of Saint Peter "
A symbol of the Papacy .
The means of discovering hidden or mysterious meanings in texts, particularly applied in theology and alchemy .
clerico admittendo
"about to be made a clerk"
In law, a writ directed to the bishop, for the admitting a clerk to a benefice upon a ne admittas, tried, and found for the party who procures the writ.
clerico capto per statutum mercatorum
In law, a writ for the delivery of a clerk out of prison, who is imprisoned upon the breach of statute merchant.
clerico convicto commisso gaolae in defectu ordinarii deliberando
In law, a writ for the delivery of a clerk to his ordinary, that was formerly convicted of felony; by reason that his ordinary did not challenge him according to the privilege of clerks.
clerico intra sacros ordines constituto non eligendo in officium
In law, a writ directed to the bailiffs, etc, that have thrust a bailiwick or beadleship upon one in holy orders; charging them to release him.
Codex Iuris Canonici
The official code of canon law in the Roman Catholic Church (cf. Corpus Iuris Canonici).
Coelum non animum mutant qui trans mare currunt
"Those who hurry cross the sea change the sky [upon them], not their souls or state of mind"
"congress in the way of beasts"
An medical euphemism for the doggy-style sexual position.
"pick, girl, the roses"
"Gather ye rosebuds while ye may", 1909, by John William Waterhouse .
Exhortation to enjoy fully the youth, similar to Carpe diem, from De rosis nascentibus (also titled Idyllium de rosis ) attributed to Ausonius or Virgil .
communibus annis
"in common years"
One year with another; on an average. "Common" here does not mean "ordinary," but "common to every situation"
communibus locis
"in common places"
A term frequently used among philosophical and other writers, implying some medium, or mean relation between several places; one place with another; on a medium. "Common" here does not mean "ordinary," but "common to every situation"
communis opinio
compos mentis
"in control of the mind"
Describes someone of sound mind. Sometimes used ironically. Also a legal principle, non compos mentis ("not in control of one's faculties"), used to describe an insane person.
concordia cum veritate
Motto of the University of Waterloo .
concordia salus
The official name of Switzerland , hence the use of " CH " for its ISO country code , " .ch " for its Internet domain , and " CHF " for the ISO three-letter abbreviation of its currency, the Swiss franc .
coniunctis viribus
Or "with united powers". Sometimes rendered conjunctis viribus.
Consuetudo pro lege servatur
"Custom is kept before the law"
An inconsistently applied maxim. See also consuetudo est altera lex (custom is another law) and consuetudo vincit communem legem (custom overrules the common law)
consummatum est
The last words of Jesus on the cross in the Latin translation of John 19:30.
contemptus saeculi
"scorn for the times"
Despising the secular world. The monk or philosopher 's rejection of a mundane life and worldly values.
contra spem spero
A word that makes itself impossible
contraria contrariis curantur
"the opposite is cured with the opposite"
First formulated by Hippocrates to suggest that the diseases are cured with contrary remedies. Antonym of Similia similibus curantur (the diseases are recovered with similar remedies. )
contra bonos mores
Offensive to the conscience and to a sense of justice.
contra legem
cor ad cor loquitur
"heart speaks to heart"
From Augustine 's Confessions , referring to a prescribed method of prayer: having a "heart to heart" with God. Commonly used in reference to a later quote by John Henry Cardinal Newman . A motto of Newman Clubs.
cor meum tibi offero domine prompte et sincere
"my heart I offer to you Lord promptly and sincerely"
cor unum
"one heart"
A popular school motto. Often used as names for religious and other organisations such as the Pontifical Council Cor Unum .
coram Deo
"in the Presence of God"
A phrase from Christian theology which summarizes the idea of Christians living in the Presence of, under the authority of, and to the honor and glory of God .
coram populo
"in the presence of the people"
Thus, openly.
"the corruption of the best is the worst"
corruptus in extremis
Motto of the fictional Springfield Mayor Office in The Simpsons TV-Show
Corruptissima re publica plurimae leges
"When the republic is at its most corrupt the laws are most numerous"--Tacitus
Cras amet qui nunquam amavit; quique amavit, cras amet
"May he love tomorrow who has never loved before; And may he who has loved, love tomorrow as well"
It's the refrain from the 'Pervigilium Veneris', a poem which describes a three day holiday in the cult of Venus, located somewhere in Sicily, involving the whole town in religious festivities joined with a deep sense of nature and Venus as the "procreatrix", the life-giving force behind the natural world.
Credo in Unum Deum
"I Believe in One God"
The first words of the Nicene Creed .
credo quia absurdum est
"I believe it because it is absurd"
A very common misquote of Tertullian 's et mortuus est Dei Filius prorsus credibile quia ineptum est ("and the Son of God is dead: in short, it is credible because it is unfitting"), meaning that it is so absurd to say that God's son has died that it would have to be a matter of belief, rather than reason. The misquoted phrase, however, is commonly used to mock the dogmatic beliefs of the religious (see fideism ). This phrase is commonly shortened to credo quia absurdum, and is also sometimes rendered credo quia impossibile est ("I believe it because it is impossible")or, as Darwin used it in his autobiography, credo quia incredibile.
crescamus in Illo per omina
"May we grow in Him through all things"
crescit eundo
"it grows as it goes"
State motto of New Mexico , adopted in 1887 as the territory's motto, and kept in 1912 when New Mexico received statehood. Originally from Lucretius ' On the Nature of Things book VI, where it refers in context to the motion of a thunderbolt across the sky, which acquires power and momentum as it goes.
cruci dum spiro fido
"while I live, I trust in the cross", "Whilst I trust in the Cross I have life"
Motto of the Sisters of Loreto (IBVM) and its associated schools. A second translation is "Whilst I trust in the Cross I have life"
cucullus non facit monachum
cui bono
"Good for whom?"
"Who benefits?" An adage in criminal investigation which suggests that considering who would benefit from an unwelcome event is likely to reveal who is responsible for that event (cf. cui prodest). Also the motto of the Crime Syndicate of America , a fictional supervillain group. The opposite is cui malo ("Bad for whom?").
cui prodest
"for whom it advances"
Short for cui prodest scelus is fecit ("for whom the crime advances, he has done it") in Seneca 's Medea. Thus, the murderer is often the one who gains by the murder (cf. cui bono).
cuius est solum eius est usque ad coelum et ad inferos
"Whose the land is, all the way to the sky and to the underworld is his."
First coined by Accursius of Bologna in the 13th century. A Roman legal principle of property law that is no longer observed in most situations today. Less literally, "For whosoever owns the soil, it is theirs up to the sky and down to the depths."
cuius regio, eius religio
"whose region, his religion"
The privilege of a ruler to choose the religion of his subjects. A regional prince's ability to choose his people's religion was established at the Peace of Augsburg in 1555.
Cuiusvis hominis est errare, nullius nisi insipientis in errore perseverare.
"Anyone can err, but only the fool persists in his fault."
— Marcus Tullius Cicero, Philippica XII, ii, 5
culpa
"fault"
Also "blame" or " guilt ". In law, an act of neglect. In general, guilt, sin, or a fault. See also mea culpa .
cum gladiis et fustibus
From the Bible. Occurs in Matthew 26:47 and Luke 22:52.
cum gladio et sale
Motto of a well-paid soldier. See salary .
cum grano salis
Not to be taken too seriously or as the literal truth.
Yes, the brochure made it sound great, but such claims should be taken cum grano salis.
cum laude
"with praise"
The standard formula for academic Latin honors in the United States. Greater honors include magna cum laude and summa cum laude.
A Roman custom in which disgraced Romans (particularly former Emperors) were pretended to have never existed.
damnum absque injuria
"damage without injury"
A loss that results from no one's wrongdoing. In Roman law , a man is not responsible for unintended, consequential injury to another resulting from a lawful act. This protection does not necessarily apply to unintended damage by negligence or folly.
data venia
"with due respect" or "given the excuse"
Used before disagreeing with someone.
dat deus incrementum
Motto of Westminster School , a leading British independent school.
de bonis asportatis
Trespass de bonis asportatis was the traditional name for larceny , or wrongful taking of chattels.
Decus Et Tutamen
"An ornament and a safeguard"
Inscription on one pound coins . Originally on 17th century coins, it refers to the inscribed edge as a protection against the clipping of precious metal. The phrase originally comes from Virgil 's Aeneid .
"The descent into the cave of the rabbit"
Down the Rabbit Hole
de facto
"in fact"
Said of something that is the actual state of affairs , in contrast to something's legal or official standing, which is described as de jure. De facto refers to the "way things really are" rather than what is "officially" presented as the fact.
Although the emperor held the title and trappings of head of state, the Shogun was the de facto ruler of Japan .
de fideli
"with faithfulness"
A clerk makes the declaration De fideli on when appointed, promising to do his or her tasks faithfully as a servant of the court.
de futuro
Usually used in the context of "at a future time"
de gustibus non est disputandum
"there is not to be discussion regarding tastes"
Less literally "In matters of taste there is no dispute" or simply "There's no arguing taste". A similar expression in English is "There's no accounting for taste". Bartlett's Familiar Quotations, without attribution, renders the phrase as de gustibus non disputandum; the verb "to be" is often assumed in Latin, and is rarely required.
de integro
de jure
"by law"
"Official", in contrast with de facto. Analogous to "in principle", whereas de facto is to "in practice". In other contexts, can mean "according to law", "by right" or "legally". Also commonly written de iure, the classical form.
de lege ferenda
"from law to be passed"
de lege lata
de minimis non curat praetor
"The commander does not bother with the smallest things."
Also "The chief magistrate does not concern himself with trifles." Trivial matters are no concern of a high official (cf. aquila non capit muscas, "the eagle does not catch flies"). Sometimes rex ("the king") or lex ("the law") is used in place of praetor , and de minimis is a legal term referring to things unworthy of the law's attention.
de mortuis aut bene aut nihil
"about the dead, either well or nothing"
Less literally, "speak well of the dead or not at all" (cf. de mortuis nil nisi bonum).
de mortuis nil nisi bonum
"about the dead, nothing unless a good thing"
From de mortuis nil nisi bonum dicendum est, "nothing must be said about the dead except the good", attributed by Diogenes Laertius to Chilon . In legal contexts, this quotation is used with the opposite meaning, as defaming a deceased person is not a crime. In other contexts, it refers to taboos against criticizing the recently deceased.
de nobis fabula narratur
"about us is the story told"
Thus, "their story is our story". Originally referred to the end of Rome's dominance. Now often used when comparing any current situation to a past story or historical event.
de novo
"from the new"
"Anew" or "afresh". In law, a trial de novo is a retrial. In biology, de novo means newly-synthesized , and a de novo mutation is a mutation that neither parent possessed or transmitted. In economics, de novo refers to newly-founded companies, and de novo banks are state banks that have been in operation for five years or less.
de omnibus dubitandum
"be suspicious of everything, doubt everything"
Karl Marx 's favorite motto. He used this to explain his standpoint: "Critique everything in a capitalist economy".
de omni re scibili et quibusdam aliis
"about every knowable thing, and even certain other things"
A 15th-century Italian scholar wrote the De omni re scibili portion, and a wag added et quibusdam aliis.
"Free From Having Been Oppressed"
Commonly mistranslated as "To Liberate the Oppressed". The motto of the United States Army Special Forces .
The semi-Hispanicized form Deogracias is a Philippine first name.
Deo Optimo Maximo
(DOM)
"To the Best and Greatest God"
Derived from the Pagan Iupiter Optimo Maximo ("To the best and greatest Jupiter"). Printed on bottles of Benedictine liqueur.
Deo vindice
Motto of the Confederate States of America . An alternate translation is "With an avenging God".
Deo volente
"with God willing"
This was often used in conjunction with a signature at the end of letters. It was used in order to signify that "God willing" this letter will get to you safely, "God willing" the contents of this letter come true.
deus ex machina
"a god from a machine"
From the Greek Από μηχανής Θεός (Apo mēchanēs Theos). A contrived or artificial solution, usually to a literary plot. Refers to the practice in Greek drama of lowering by machine an actor playing a god or goddess, typically either Athena or (as in Euripides ) the Dioscuri onto the stage to resolve an insuperable conflict in the plot.
The principal slogan of the Crusades .
deus otiosus
Dicto simpliciter
"[From] a maxim, simply"
I.e. "From a rule without exception." Short for A dicto simpliciter, the a often being dropped by confusion with the indefinite article. A dicto simpliciter occurs when an acceptable exception is ignored or eliminated. For instance, the appropriateness of using opiates is dependent on the presence of extreme pain. To justify the recreational use of opiates by referring to a cancer patient or to justify arresting said cancer patient by comparing him to the recreational user would be a dicto simpliciter.
"my word [is] my bond"
Motto of the London Stock Exchange
diem perdidi
"I have lost the day"
From the Roman Emperor Titus . Passed down in Suetonius 's biography of him in Lives of the Twelve Caesars (8)
Diem Ex Dei
Dies Irae
"Day of Wrath"
Refers to the Judgment Day in Christian eschatology . The name of a famous 13th-century Medieval Latin hymn by Tommaso da Celano , used in the Mass for the dead.
differentia specifica
dirigo
"I direct"
In Classical Latin , "I arrange". State motto of Maine . Based on a comparison of the state of Maine to the star Polaris .
dis aliter visum
"it seemed otherwise to the gods"
In other words, the gods have different plans than mortals, and so events do not always play out as people wish them to.
dis manibus sacrum
(D.M.S.)
"Sacred to the ghost-gods"
Refers to the Manes , Roman spirits of the dead. Loosely "To the memory of". A conventional inscription preceding the name of the deceased on pagan grave markings, often shortened to dis manibus
(D.M.)
, "for the ghost-gods". Preceded in some earlier monuments by hic situs est
(H. S. E.)
dixi
"I have spoken"
A popular eloquent expression, usually used in the end of a speech. The implied meaning is: "I have said all that I had to say and thus the argument is settled".
["...", ...] dixit
Used to attribute a statement or opinion to its author, rather than the speaker.
do ut des
"I give that you may give"
Often said or written for sacrifices, when one "gives" and expects something back from the gods.
Docendo discitur
"It is learned by teaching"
Also translated "One learns by teaching." Attributed to Seneca the Younger .
Docendo disco, scribendo cogito
I learn by teaching, think by writing.
dolus specialis
special intent
"The ... concept is particular to a few civil law systems and cannot sweepingly be equated with the notions of ‘special’ or ‘specific intent’ in common law systems. Of course, the same might equally be said of the concept of ‘specific intent,’ a notion used in the common law almost exclusively within the context of the defense of voluntary intoxication."—Genocide scholar William Schabas [1]
Motto of the University of Oxford .
Dominus vobiscum
"Lord be with you"
Phrase used during and at the end of Catholic sermons, and a general greeting form among and towards members of Catholic organizations, such as priests and nuns. See also pax vobiscum.
dona nobis pacem
"give us peace"
Often set to music, either by itself or as part of the Agnus Dei prayer of the Mass (see above). Also an ending in the video game Haunting Ground .
donatio mortis causa
"giving in expectation of death"
A legal concept where a person in imminent mortal danger need not meet the requisite consideration to create or modify a will .
draco dormiens nunquam titillandus
"a sleeping dragon is never to be tickled"
Motto of the fictional Hogwarts school in the Harry Potter series; translated more loosely in the books as "never tickle a sleeping dragon".
dramatis personae
"the parts of the play"
More literally, "the masks of the drama"; more figuratively, "cast of characters". The characters represented in a dramatic work.
Duae tabulae rasae in quibus nihil scriptum est
"Two minds, not one single thought"
Stan Laurel , inscription for the fanclub logo Sons of the Desert .
Ductus exemplo
"Leadership by Example"
This is the motto for the United States Marine Corps' Officer Candidates School located at Marine Corps Base Quantico; Quantico, Virginia.
dulce bellum inexpertis
"war is sweet to the inexperienced"
War may seem pleasant to those who have never been involved in it, though the more experienced know better. A phrase from Erasmus in the 16th century .
dulce et decorum est pro patria mori
"It is sweet and honorable to die for the fatherland."
From Horace , Odes III, 2, 13. Used by Wilfred Owen for the title of a poem about World War I , Dulce et Decorum Est .
dulce et utile
"a sweet and useful thing"
Horace wrote in his Ars Poetica that poetry must be dulce et utile ("pleasant and profitable"), both enjoyable and instructive.
dulce periculum
e pluribus unum
'From many, (comes) One.'
Usually translated 'Out of many, (is) One.' Motto of the United States of America. Inscribed on the Capitol and many coins used in the United States of America. The motto of the Sport Lisboa e Benfica Portuguese soccer club.
Ecce Homo
'Behold the Man'
From the Latin Vulgate Gospel according to St. John (XIX.v) (19.5, Douay-Rheims) , where Pilate speaks these words as he presents Christ , crowned with thorns, to the crowd. Oscar Wilde opened his defense with this phrase when on trial for sodomy , characteristically using a well-known Biblical reference as a double entendre. It is also the title of Nietzsche 's autobiography and of the theme music by Howard Goodall for the BBC comedy Mr. Bean .
Often confused with id est (i.e.)
ego te absolvo
'I absolve you'
Part of the absolution -formula spoken by a priest as part of the sacrament of Penance (cf. absolvo).
ego te provoco
emeritus
'veteran'
Also 'worn-out'. Retired from office. Often used to denote a position held at the point of retirement, as an honor, such as professor emeritus or provost emeritus. This does not necessarily mean that the honoree is no longer active.
ens causa sui
'existing because of oneself'
Or 'being one's own cause'. Traditionally, a being that owes its existence to no other being, hence God or a Supreme Being (cf. Primum Mobile ).
errare humanum est
'to err is human'
From Seneca the Younger . The full quote is errare humanum est perseverare diabolicum: 'to err is human; to persist is of the Devil'.
erratum
'error'
Or 'mistake'. Lists of errors in a previous edition of a work are often marked with the plural, errata ('errors').
esse est percipi
'to be is to be perceived'
George Berkeley 's motto for his idealist philosophical position that nothing exists independently of its perception by a mind except minds themselves.
esse quam videri
'to be, rather than to seem'
Truly being something, rather than merely seeming to be something. State motto of North Carolina and academic motto of several schools, including North Carolina State University , Berklee College of Music , and Columbia College Chicagoas well as Connell's Point Public School and Cranbrook High School in Sydney, Australia. From chapter 26 of Cicero 's De amicitia ('On Friendship'). Earlier than Cicero, the phrase had been used by Sallust in his Bellum Catilinae (54.6), where he wrote that Cato esse quam videri bonus malebat ('he preferred to be good, rather than to seem so'). Earlier still, Aeschylus used a similar phrase in Seven Against Thebes, line 592, ou gar dokein aristos, all' enai thelei ('his resolve is not to seem the best, but in fact to be the best').
esto perpetua
'may it be perpetual'
Said of Venice by the Venetian historian Fra Paolo Sarpi shortly before his death. Also the state motto of Idaho , adopted in 1867.
et alibi
(et al.)
'and elsewhere'
A less common variant on et cetera used at the end of a list of locations to denote unlisted places.
et alii
(et al.)
'and others'
Used similarly to et cetera ('and the rest'), to stand for a list of names. Alii is actually masculine , so it can be used for men, or groups of men and women; the feminine, et aliae, is appropriate when the 'others' are all female. Et alia is correct for the neuter. [3] APA style uses et al. if the work cited was written by more than two authors; MLA style uses et al. for more than three authors.
Pluralized as et sequentia ('and the following things'), abbreviations: et seqq., et seq. ., or sqq.
et suppositio nil ponit in esse
'a supposition puts nothing in being'
More typically translated as "sayin' it don't make it so"
'And you, Brutus ?'
Also 'Even you, Brutus?' or 'You too, Brutus?' Used to indicate a betrayal by someone close. From Shakespeare 's Julius Caesar , based on the traditional dying words of Julius Caesar . However, these were almost certainly not Caesar's true last words; Plutarch quotes Caesar as saying, in Greek (which was the language of Rome's elite at the time), 'και συ, τεκνον;' (Kai su, teknon?), in English 'You as well, (my) child?' Some have speculated based on this that Brutus was Caesar's child, though there is no substantial evidence of this.
et uxor
Ex Astris Scientia
'From the Stars, Knowledge'
The motto of the fictional Starfleet Academy on Star Trek . Adapted from ex luna scientia, which in turn was modeled after ex scientia tridens.
ex cathedra
'from the chair'
A phrase applied to the declarations or promulgations of the Pope when, preserved from even the possibility of error by the action of the Holy Ghost (see Papal Infallibility ), he solemnly declares or promulgates to the Church a dogmatic teaching on faith or morals as being contained in divine revelation, or at least being intimately connected to divine revelation. Used, by extension, of anyone who is perceived as speaking as though with supreme authority or with arrogance.
ex Deo
'from fraud '
'From harmful deceit'; dolus malus is the Latin legal term for 'fraud'. The full legal phrase is ex dolo malo non oritur actio ('an action does not arise from fraud'). When an action has its origin in fraud or deceit, it cannot be supported; thus, a court of law will not assist a man who bases his course of action on an immoral or illegal act.
ex facie
'from the face'
Idiomatically rendered 'on the face of it'. A legal term typically used to note that a document's explicit terms are defective without further investigation.
ex gratia
'from kindness'
More literally 'from grace'. Refers to someone voluntarily performing an act purely out of kindness, as opposed to for personal gain or from being forced to do it. In law, an ex gratia payment is one made without recognizing any liability or legal obligation.
ex hypothesi
' nothing may come from nothing '
From Lucretius , and said earlier by Empedocles . Its original meaning is 'work is required to succeed', but its modern meaning is a more general 'everything has its origins in something' (cf. causality ). It is commonly applied to the conservation laws in philosophy and modern science. Ex nihilo often used in conjunction with the term creation, as in creatio ex nihilo, meaning 'creation, out of nothing'. It is often used in philosophy or theology in connection with the proposition that God created the universe from nothing.
ex oblivione
The title of a short story by H.P. Lovecraft .
ex officio
'from the office'
By virtue of office or position; 'by right of office'. Often used when someone holds one position by virtue of holding another. A common misconception is that ex officio members of a committee or congress may not vote, but this is not guaranteed by that title.
ex opere operantis
'from the work of the one working'
A theological phrase contrasted with ex opere operato , referring to the notion that the validity or promised benefit of a sacrament depends on the person administering it.
ex opere operato
'from the work that worked'
A theological phrase meaning that the act of receiving a sacrament actually confers the promised benefit, such as a baptism actually and literally cleansing one's sins . The Catholic Church affirms that the source of grace is God, not just the actions or disposition of the recipient.
ex oriente lux
'from the East, the light'
Superficially refers to the sun rising in the east, but alludes to culture coming from the Eastern world.
ex parte
'from a part'
A legal term meaning 'by one party' or 'for one party'. Thus, on behalf of one side or party only.
'from a thing done afterward'
Said of a law with retroactive effect.
ex scientia tridens
'from knowledge, sea power.'
The United States Naval Academy motto. Refers to knowledge bringing men power over the sea comparable to that of the trident -bearing Greek god Poseidon .
ex scientia vera
The motto of the College of Graduate Studies at Middle Tennessee State University .
ex silentio
'from silence'
In general, the claim that the absence of something demonstrates the proof of a proposition. An argumentum ex silentio (' argument from silence ') is an argument based on the assumption that someone's silence on a matter suggests ('proves' when a logical fallacy ) that person's ignorance of the matter or their inability to counterargue validly.
ex tempore
'This instant', 'right away' or 'immediately'. Also written extempore.
ex vi termini
'from the force of the term'
Thus, 'by definition'.
ex vivo
'out of or from life'
Used in reference to the study or assay of living tissue in an artificial environment outside the living organism.
ex voto
'from the vow'
Thus, in accordance with a promise. An ex voto is also an offering made in fulfillment of a vow.
excelsior
'higher'
exceptio firmat regulam in casibus non exceptis
'The exception confirms the rule in cases which are not excepted'
A juridical motto which means that exception , as for example during a ' state of exception ', does not put in danger the legitimity of the rule in its globality. In other words, the exception is strictly limited to a particular sphere (see also: exceptio strictissimi juris est .
excusatio non petita accusatio manifesta
'an excuse that has not been sought is an obvious accusation'
More loosely, 'he who excuses himself, accuses himself'—an unprovoked excuse is a sign of guilt. In French, qui s'excuse, s'accuse.
Literally 'believe one who has had experience'. An author's aside to the reader.
expressio unius est exclusio alterius
'the expression of the one is the exclusion of the other'
'Mentioning one thing may exclude another thing'. A principle of legal statutory interpretation : the explicit presence of a thing implies intention to exclude others; e.g., a reference in the Poor Relief Act 1601 to 'lands, houses, tithes and coal mines' was held to exclude mines other than coal mines. Sometimes expressed as expressum facit cessare tacitum (broadly, 'the expression of one thing excludes the implication of something else').
'still in existence; surviving'
adjective:
extant law is still existing, in existence, existent, surviving, remaining, undestroyed. Usage, when a law is repealed the extant law governs.
extra domus
'(placed) outside of the house'
Refers to a possible result of Catholic ecclesiastical legal proceedings when the culprit is removed from being part of a group like a monastery.
Extra Ecclesiam nulla salus
'Outside the Church there is no salvation'
This expression comes from the writings of Saint Cyprian of Carthage, a bishop of the third century. It is often used to summarise the doctrine that the Catholic Church is absolutely necessary for salvation.
Extra omnes
'Out, all of you.'
It is issued by the Master of the Papal Liturgical Celebrations before a session of the Papal Conclave which will elect a new Pope . When spoken, all those who are not Cardinals , or those otherwise mandated to be present at the Conclave, must leave the Sistine Chapel .
extra territorium jus dicenti impune non paretur
'he who administers justice outside of his territory is disobeyed with impunity'
| at one s pleasure |
Doi Inthanon is the highest mountain in which country? | Ad-lib | Define Ad-lib at Dictionary.com
ad-lib
verb (used with object), ad-libbed, ad-libbing.
1.
to improvise all or part of (a speech, a piece of music, etc.):
to ad-lib one's lines.
verb (used without object), ad-libbed, ad-libbing.
2.
to act, speak, etc., without preparation:
Throughout the play he had to ad-lib constantly.
adjective
1915-20, Americanism; v. use of ad lib
Related forms
[ad lib, ad] /æd ˈlɪb, ˈæd/
Spell
something improvised in speech, music, etc.:
Was that joke part of your speech or an ad lib?
adverb
at one's pleasure; without restriction.
3.
freely; as needed; without stint:
Water can be given to the patients ad lib.
Origin
Examples from the Web for ad-lib
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Contemporary Examples
British Dictionary definitions for ad-lib
Expand
to improvise and deliver without preparation (a speech, musical performance, etc)
adjective (ad lib when predicative)
2.
(music) short for ad libitum
noun
an improvised performance, often humorous
Derived Forms
C18: short for Latin ad libitum, literally: according to pleasure
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition
© William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins
Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012
Word Origin and History for ad-lib
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ad lib
1811, shortened from Latin ad libitum "at one's pleasure, as much as one likes" (c.1600), from libere "to please" (see libido ). First recorded as one word 1919 (v.), 1925 (n.).
Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper
Latin ad libitum (freely, as desired)
The American Heritage® Stedman's Medical Dictionary
Copyright © 2002, 2001, 1995 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company.
Slang definitions & phrases for ad-lib
Expand
: They danced ad lib until the conductor found his place again
modifier
: an ad-lib gag/ a quick ad-lib put-down
noun phrase
A passage or comment, etc, given spontaneously: He forgot his lines and did a stupid ad lib
verb phrase
To speak, play, dance, or otherwise perform a passage not in one's prescribed plan, often with an original and spontaneous effect: The Senator ad lib-bed for ten minutes waiting for the President to show
[fr Latin ad libitum, ''as one wishes'']
The Dictionary of American Slang, Fourth Edition by Barbara Ann Kipfer, PhD. and Robert L. Chapman, Ph.D.
Copyright (C) 2007 by HarperCollins Publishers.
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Which dessert is also known as ‘Omelette Surprise’? | Baked Alaska History, Whats Cooking America
Photo courtesy of Epicurious.com
1802 – According to some historians, Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826), third president of the United States from 1801-1809, was one of the first to serve ice cream at a state banquet in the White House. He is reported to have served ice cream encased in hot pastry at a White House dinner during his presidency. Although the name came much later, it is likely that this was a dish similar to Baked Alaska.
An article from the LeRoy PennySaver & News called “An 1802 Menu,” by Lynne Belluscio states the following:
A menu of a meal Jefferson offered on February 6, 1802, included “rice soup, round of beef, turkey, mutton, ham, loin of veal, cutlets of mutton, fried eggs, fried beef, and a pie called macaroni.” The desserts included “ice cream very good, crust wholly dried, crumbled into thin flakes; a dish somewhat like a pudding . . .”
Ice cream dishes frequently appeared in visitors’ accounts of meals with Thomas Jefferson. From the web site The Home of Thomas Jefferson, one visitor reportedly commented:
“Among other things, ice-creams were produced in the form of balls of the frozen material inclosed in covers of warm pastry, exhibiting a curious contrast, as if the ice had just been taken from the oven.”
A true Baked Alaska starts with the meringue. A meringue is a “patisserie” made from egg whites and sugar. Patisserie is the French word for various preparations made of pastry and generally baked in the oven.
1720 – The book, Larousse Gastronomique, by Prosper Montagn says the following on the history of meringue:
Historians of cookery say that this little patisserie was invented in 1720 by a Swiss pastry-cook called Gasparini, who practised his art in Mehrinyghen, a small town in the State of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. The first meringues made in France were served in Nancy to King Stanislas who, it is said, prized them highly. It was he, no doubt, who gave the recipe for this sweetmeat to Marie Leczinska. Queen Marie-Antoinette had a great liking for meringues. Court lore has it that she made them with her own hands at the Trianon, where she also made vacherins, for which a similar mixture is used. Up to the beginning of the nineteenth century, meringues were shaped in a spoon, as the pastry forcing-bag had not been invented.
1804 – Omellete surprise, which is virtually identical to Baked Alaska is said to have been first invented by an American-born physicist named Benjamin Thompson Rumford (1753-1814), later known as Count Rumford. An American Loyalist in the Revolution in Boston, it is said that he served as a spy and informant for the British Army. He was forced to flee from America to England 1776.
He had an interest in cooking and he invented the fire-grate, a double boiler, an oil lamp, a coffee percolator (drip), and the kitchen range. As a result of his interest in investigating the resistance of beaten egg whites to heat, which is based on the principle that beaten egg white is a poor conductor of heat, a created a dessert that he called “omellete surprise.” In The American Heritage Cookbook, Rumford is quoted as saying:
“Omelette surpirse was the by-product of investigations in 1804 into the resistance of stiffly beaten egg whites to the induction of heat.”
During the Victorian Era (1937-1901), elaborate ice cream desserts made by local dairies and confectioners were the height of refinement, served at the best teas and formal dinners. They prided themselves on fancy ice cream “bombes” (ice cream pressed into molds which produced elegant and elaborate frozen desserts in fancy and festive shapes. These tradition was taken from molded puddings and custards. These were also known as ice cream cakes.
The technique of covering foods with meringue and then baking until the meringue is delicately browned seemed to have been a popular dessert technique during the middle 1850s.
1855 – The cookbook, The Philadelphia Houswife, by Aunt Mary (a pseud for Mary Hodgson) added a few fanciful French desserts as “Apples aux Pommes” and “Baked Alaska Applie Pie:”
Baked Alaska Apple Pie – Do everything as directed in Meringue aux Pommes, but instead of filling the apple centers with marmalade, fill them with vanilla ice cream, and spoon ice cream in the spaces around the apples. Top with the meringue, bake and serve.
1866 – The French food writer, Baron Leon Brise, wrote a column in the French Journal, Liberte, on June 6, 1866 which suggests the creation of the dessert, Baked Alaska, was introduced into France by French Chef Balzac. According to historians, the master-cook, accompanying a visiting Chinese delegation at the Grand Hotel in Paris, taught Balzac how to bake ice cream in a pastry crust in the oven. Following is what Baron Brise wrote:
During the stay of the Chinese Mission in Paris, the master-cooks of the Celestial Empire have exchanged civilities and information with the chefs of the Grand Hotel. The French chef in charge of sweet courses is particularly delighted with this circumstance. He has learnt from his Chinese colleague the method of baking vanilla and ginger ices in the oven. The pasty is baked before the ice protected by the pastry shell can melt. This phenomenon is explained by poor conductibility of certain substances. The gourmets can thus give themselves the double pleasure of biting through piping hot crust and cooling the palate on contact with fragrant ices.
1867 – Charles Ranhofer (1836-1899), the French chef at the famous Delmonico’s restaurant in New York, created a new cake to celebrate the United States purchase of Alaska from the Russians. William H. Seward (1801-1872), a Senator from New York, negotiated the purchase of Alaska from Russia, and the bill was signed on October 18, 1867. This purchase was known as “Stewart’s Folly” and/or “Stewart’s Icebox.” In Charles Ranhofer’s 1893 cookbook, The Epicurean, he called it an Alaska, Florida, and makes it in individual portions.
Alaska, Florida – Prepare a very fine vanilla-flavored Savoy biscuit paste. Butter some plain molds two and three-quarters inches in diameter by one and a half inches in depth; dip them in fecula or flour, and fill two-thirds full with the paste. Cook turn them out and make an incision all around the bottom; hollow out the cakes and mask the empty space with apricot marmalade. Have some ice cream molds shaped as shown in Fig. 667, fill them half with uncooked banana ice cream, and half with uncooked vanilla ice cream; freeze, unmold and lay them in the hollow of the prepared biscuits; keep in a freezing box or cave. Prepare also a meringue with twelve egg-whites and one pound of sugar. A few moments before serving place each biscuit with its ice on a small lace paper, and cover one after the other with the meringue pushed through a pocket furnished with a channeled socket. beginning at the bottom and diminishing the thickness until the top is reached; color this meringue for two minutes in a hot oven, and when a light golden brown remove and serve at once.
It is possible that what Ranhofer deserves is the credit for popularizing an already known dessert.
1876 – Mary F. Henderson, in her book Practical Cooking and Dinner Giving, published in 1876, calls it “German Steamer Baked Ice-cream.” She shows some familiarity with Delmonico’s restaurant and gives a recipe for their vanilla ice cream. Following is how it is described:
This dish was at least a curiosity, served at the table of one of the German steamers. A flat, round sponge-cake served as a base. A circular mold of very hard frozen icre-cream was placed on this, and then covered with a meringue, or whipped white of egg, sweetened and flavored. The surface was quickly colored with a red-hot salamander, which gave the dish the appearance of being baked. The gentleman who told me about this dish insisted that it was put into the oven and quickly colored, as the egg surrounding the cream was a sufficiently good non-conductor of heat to protect the ice for one or two minutes. However, there is less risk with a salamander.
1880 – George Augustus Henry Sala (1828-1895), British cookbook author and journalist, wrote the following on Baked Alaska after tasting it at Delmonico’s restaurant in New York:
Imagine carrying the employment of ice to such an extent that it culminates in that gastronomical curiosity, a BAKED ICE! The “Alaska” is a BAKED ICE, of which the interior is an ice cream. This latter is surrounded by an exterior of whipped cream, made warm by means of a Salamander. The transition from the hot outside envelope to the frozen inside is painfully sudden, and not likely to be attended with beneficial effect. But the abuse of a good thing is no argument whatever against its use in a moderate and rational manner.
1894 – Agnes Marshall’s 1894 book, Fancy Ices, has a recipe for an ice cream bombe, called “Princesse Marie de Orleans Surprise Bombe,” with a meringue around the outside, seared with a hot salamander, that is similar to a Baked Alaska:
Princess Marie d’Or1eans Surprise Bomb – Prepare and freeze a white coffee ice, and when frozen put it into a plain bomb mould with a pipe, and place the shape into the cave to freeze for two and a half hours; remove the lid and pipe, and fill the hollow space with pieces of fresh sponge cake steeped in Marshall’s Maraschino Syrup; then turn out the ice on to a layer of sponge cake that is placed on the centre of the dish, and by means of a forcing bag with a large rose pipe cover it well in an ornamental style with a stiff meringue mixture prepared as below, and sprinkle it with Marshall’s Icing Sugar. Stand the dish containing the bomb in a tin with water, and place it in a quick hot oven to brown the outside of the meringue, or glaze it with a salamander, and serve it immediately with a pur of peaches (prepared as below) round the base.
Meringue Mixture for Princess Marie D’Orleans Surprise Bomb – Take four large or six small whites of eggs and whip well with a pinch of salt, then add half a pound of castor sugar, stirring it into the egg with a wooden spoon, and use.
1895 – Jean Giroix, French chef at the Hotel de Paris in Monte Carlo, is also said to have made the dish popular. He called it omelette la norvienne or Norwegian omelet.
1896 – The name Baked Alaska, seems to have first appeared in print in the The Original Fannie Farmer 1896 Cookbook by Fannie Farmer. Following is how Fannie Farmer describes making a Baked Alaska:
Whites 6 eggs
2 quart brick of ice cream
Thin sheet sponge cake
Make meringue of eggs and sugar as in Meringue I., cover a board with white paper, lay on sponge cake, turn ice cream on cake (which should extend one-half inch beyond cream), cover with meringue, and spread smoothly. Place on oven grate and brown quickly in hot oven. The board, paper, cake, and meringue are poor conductors of heat, and prevent the cream from melting. Slip from paper on ice cream platter.
A Day in the Life of Thomas Jefferson, Monticello, The Home of Thomas Jefferson.
An 1802 Menu, by Lynne Belluscio, LeRoy PennySaver & News, January 14, 2002./font>
Baked Alaska and Rumford, The Oxford Companion to Food, ed. Alan Davidson, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
Biography: Benjamin Thompson.
Boston Cookery Book, Chapter XXVI, Ices, Ice Creams, and other Frozen Desserts, by Fannie Farmer, Bartleby.com.
Chocolate, Strawberry, and Vanilla: A History of American Ice Cream, by Ann Cooper Funderburg, Bowling Green State University Popular Press, Ohio, 1995.
Delmonico’s: A Century of Splendor, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1967.
Food Reference Website.
Larousse Gastronomique: The Encyclopedia of Food, Wine & Cookery, by Prosper Montagne, Crown Pubishers, Inc., New York, 1961.
Practical Cooking and Dinner Giving. A Treatise Containing Practical Instructions in Cooking; in the Combination and Serving of Dishes; and in the Fashionable Modes of Entertaining at Breakfast, Lunch, and Dinner, Page 310, by Mary F. Henderson, Harper & Brothers, New York, 1876. – Feeding America: The American Cookbook Project.
Princess Marie d’Or1eans Surprise Bomb, by Ivan Day, Historic Food.
Rare Bits – Unusual Origins of Popular Recipes, by Patricia Bunning Stevens, published by Ohio University Press, 1998.
The American Heritage Cookbook, by the Editors of American Heritage, published by American Heritage Publishing Co., Inc., 1964.
The Art of Living in Australia: Together with Three Hundred Australian Cookery Recipes and Accessory Kitchen Information, by Philip E. Muskett and Mrs. H. Wicken, 1909.
The Delectable Past – The Joys of the Table – From Rome to the Renaissance, From Queen Elizabeth I to Mrs. Beeton, The Menus, The Manners – and the Most Delectable Recipes of the Past, Masterfully Re-created for Cooking and Enjoying Today, by Esther B. Aresty, Simon and Schuster, 1964.
The Dictionary of American Food & Drink, by John F. Mariani, Ticknor & Fields, New York, 1983.
The Epicurean, by Charles Ranhofer, Dover Publications, Inc. New York, unabridged and unaltered republication of the work originally published by R. Ranhofer, New York, in 1893.
The Man Huntington Loved to Hate: Loyalist Benjamin Thompson tried to keep the town under his boot.
The President’s Cookbook, by Poppy Cannon and Patricia Brooks, published by Funk and Wagnallis, 1968.
World Policy Institute, Brilliant Mischief: The French on Anti-Americanism, Volume XX, No 2, Summer 2003.
| Baked Alaska |
US actress Courtney Cox became famous after appearing in the 1984 video of which US singer/songwriter? | baked alaska > Omelette Surprise
Omelette Surprise
Explanation:
The original dish, attributed to the head chef at the Hotel de Paris in Monte Carlo in the 1890s, was known variously as omelette Norvégienne or omelette surprise. In German, many dishes of foreign origin may retain their original spellings or may be Germanized, so that in cookbooks and food magazines one may see baked alaska referred to by either of the French names or as Norwegische Omelette. German Wikipedia lists it as omelette surprise. In any case, the original dessert looked rather like an igloo. Hence, the reference to Norway in French, and to Alaska in English.
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Who wrote the 1975 book ‘Superwoman’? | Superwoman by Shirley Conran
Used availability for Shirley Conran's Superwoman
See all available used copies of this book at Abebooks UK or Abebooks US
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What was the name of the London pub in which gangster Ronnie Kray murdered Geroge Cornell in March 1966? | Superwoman : everywoman's book of household management (Book, 1975) [WorldCat.org]
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I thought you might be interested in this item at http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16298105 Title: Superwoman : everywoman's book of household management Author: Shirley Conran Publisher: London : Sidgwick and Jackson, 1975. ISBN/ISSN: 0283981636 9780283981630 OCLC:16298105
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The ‘Petit Trianon’ is a small chateau located in the grounds of which palace? | Petit Trianon | OpenBuildings
Petit Trianon
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The Petit Trianon is a small château located on the grounds of the Palace of Versailles in Versailles, France.
Design and construction
It was designed by Ange-Jacques Gabriel by the order of Louis XV for his long-term mistress, Madame de Pompadour, and was constructed between 1762-1768. Madame de Pompadour died four years before its completion, and it was subsequently occupied by her successor, Madame du Barry. Upon his accession to the throne in 1774, the 20-year-old Louis XVI gave the château and its surrounding park to his 19-year-old Queen Marie Antoinette for her exclusive use and enjoyment. The château of the Petit Trianon is a celebrated example of the transition from the Rococo style of the earlier part of the 18th century, to the more sober and refined, Neoclassical style of the 1760s and onward. The exterior of the château is simple and elegant, architecturally correct, and highly original. Essentially an exercise on a cube, the Petit Trianon attracts interest by virtue of its four facades, each thoughtfully designed according to that part of the estate it would face. The Corinthian order predominates, with two detached and two semi-detached pillars on the side of the formal French garden, and pilasters facing both the courtyard and the area once occupied by Louis XV's greenhouses. Overlooking the former botanical garden of the king, the remaining facade was left bare. The subtle use of steps compensates for the differences in level of the château's inclined location. Marie Antoinette would come to the Petit Trianon not only to escape the formality of court life, but also to shake off the burden of her royal responsibilities. Since all was "de par la Reine" (by order of the Queen), none were permitted to enter the property without the Queen's express permission (not even, it was said, Louis XVI). Such exclusivity alienated the court nobility since only the queen's "inner circle" (including the Princess de Lamballe, and Gabrielle de Polastron, duchesse de Polignac) were invited. A house of intimacy and of pleasure, the building was designed to require as little interaction between guests and servants as possible. To that end, the table in the salles à manger was conceived to be mobile, mechanically lowered and raised through the floorboards so that the servants below could set places sight unseen. The tables were never built, but the delineation for the mechanical apparatus can still be seen from the foundation. Within the queen's apartment, one discerns Marie Antoinette's incessant need for privacy: the decor of her boudoir displays an inventiveness unique to the age, featuring mirrored panels that, by the simple turning of a crank, can be raised or lowered to obscure the windows. Her bedroom, although simple, is also elegant, provided with furniture from Georges Jacob and Jean Henri Riesener. The wallpaper was painted by Jean-Baptiste Pillement.
Moberly-Jourdain incident
The Moberly-Jourdain incident is alleged to have occurred on August 10, 1901 in the gardens of the Petit Trianon. In 1911, two English academics, Charlotte Anne Moberly and Eleanor Jourdain, pseudonymously published a book entitled An Adventure, in which they claimed to have experienced a time slip during a visit to the Petit Trianon, and seen Marie Antoinette as well as many other people of the same period. The book caused a sensation with the public despite dismissal by critics.
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| Palace of Versailles |
The island of Corsica belongs to which country? | Petit Trianon Chandelier — 188 Galerie
138.00
Design by Paula Arntzen
Named after a small chateau located on the grounds of the Palace of Versailles, Petit Trianon is a lightweight chandelier made of post-consumer coated Tyvek. When illuminated, it emits a soft checkerboard glow from its surface of folded slits.
Material: Tyvek for shade, steel for light holder
Size: 14" x 22"
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Top hat, iron, dog and ship are all pieces in which board game? | Monopoly Pieces | eBay
Monopoly Pieces
|
2+ sold
From Various Editions. Individual Pieces to Choose From. From a smoke Free home. The second hand toys are rated according to their condition this should be used as a guide only and your opinion of the...
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+ £3.00 P&P
Deluxe Monopoly by Waddingtons. Complete, no instructions. Really nice version with wooden pieces and a rotating carousel that holds the title deeds cards. Used but decent condition. Some storage wear...
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The game is in good condition for its age. There are 6 metal playing pieces. the grey motorbike piece has lost his head which I have tried to capture in the photos. All the deed cards are here but I h...
| Monopoly |
Keith Lemon and Avid Merion are alter-egos of which British comedian? | The Story Behind Monopoly Pieces | Cool Material
The Story Behind Monopoly Pieces
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While many board games use colorful little pegs as markers, Monopoly, the game with the unique power to unite and divide a family in the matter of an hour, has those odd tokens you’re no doubt familiar with. You’ve probably played more than a few games with the little racecar or thimble but never stopped to think, “Why the hell am I a thimble?”
From Random Junk to Iconic Pieces
When Monopoly was first concocted, the game’s inventor (although whether he stole the idea is highly disputed and probably true), Charles Darrow, envisioned players using small items from around their homes as playing pieces. Your sister could have been a button and you could have been a bottle cap or a lighter, for instance. It was at the suggestion of Darrow’s niece that the pieces be charms from a girl’s charm bracelet. If Darrow didn’t give her a sizable paycheck for that advice, well, that’s a damn shame because she was really the genius behind perhaps the most iconic part of the most iconic board game ever created.
Since the game was introduced in the 1930’s, pieces have come and gone. Some have stuck around since the beginning, others have been given the boot, and one was just added earlier this year. Of course, if you are buying special editions, you may have encountered a few obscurities. For standard Monopoly players though, here’s the story behind each piece.
Top Hat
Often considered the most recognizable icon of the game, the top hat is also one of the original pieces created in 1935. The token was based on the hat the game’s lead character, Mr. Monopoly, would wear. Of course, when the game was introduced, he was known as Rich Uncle Pennybags, and many have speculated the character was based on J.P. Morgan.
Thimble
The piece of choice for reigning US Monopoly champion, Richard Marinaccio, the thimble is another of the original pieces from 1935. Much like the top hat and shoe, the thimble has appeared in most versions of the game that have been released.
Iron (Recently Retired)
Earlier this year, fans of Monopoly voted on a new token to add to the game. They also voted on which piece it would replace. With only 8% of the vote, the iron was the low man on the totem pole. Perhaps saddest to see it go is Monopoly World Champion, Bjorn Halvard Knappskog, who used the piece in his last championship match. The iron should have seen the writing on the wall, it was the second least popular piece in a 1998 vote.
Shoe
Around since the beginning, the shoe is modeled after the practical work shoe of the 30s. Instead of changing its design with the times, the Shoe has remained the same and is a symbol of both hard work and the riches that can come along with it.
Battleship
The die-cast metal battleship token is actually somewhat of a game piece celebrity. The piece was originally used by Parker Brothers in a game called “Conflict.” When that game failed it was easy enough for the company to take the pieces and use them in Monopoly. Since then, it has also been used in the game “Diplomacy” as well.
Cannon (Retired)
Often called the cannon even though rumor is the piece was supposed to be called the howitzer, this piece is closely tied to the battleship. The cannon was also used in “Conflict” and tossed in with Monopoly as that game failed. In 1946 it changed from its original design to the more recent long cannon style. Unlike most pieces, the cannon was simply dropped from the lineup without any kind of fan vote or campaign.
Racecar
The car was added just a touch earlier than the other pieces in this section, appearing as the seventh token. The racecar steals its sharp looks from a 1930’s roadster. The original idea was to design the car token based on the car Mr. Monopoly would drive around. It’s undergone a few variation changes through time and sported a “3” on its side until sometime in the 1960s.
Purse (Retired)
The purse became the eighth playing piece to join the Monopoly family, and it has a bit of an odd history. It appeared and disappeared from sets beginning in 1935/1936 until it was finally retired in the early 50s. Early on, the game pushed the limits expanding to 10 tokens (the purse being one of them) and then scaled back and continued to oscillate this way for years. The purse seemed to be thusly added and removed as these changes occurred. Photo Source
Rocking Horse (Retired)
The rocking horse is one of the more hard to find pieces nowadays. It was only around from the 30s to the 50s and it didn’t appear in many editions of the game during that time. Photo Source
Lantern (Retired)
The lantern is tied at the hip with the rocking horse. Both were added at the same time and removed in the 50s when the Scottie dog, the wheelbarrow, and the horse and rider were added. Photo Source
Scottie Dog
One of three new tokens added in the 1950s, the Scottie Dog became Mr. Monopoly’s right hand-man/pup. The token has become the most loved of all the pieces and received the most votes to keep it during the recent ousting of the Iron (29% of the vote to be precise).
Wheelbarrow
Introduced in the 1950s wave of token change, the wheelbarrow was one of the pieces that replaced the lantern, purse, and rocking horse. The wheelbarrow was included as an emblem of hard work and one of the prime tools needed to build the properties around the board. It barely survived the recent vote and is clearly not the most popular piece ever as it placed dead last in the vote in 1998.
Horse & Rider (Retired)
The horse & rider became a staple piece beginning in the early 50s until it met a similar fate as the cannon (being removed without much fanfare).
Sack of Money
The sack of money became the first new token added in over 40 years in 1999. It beat out the piggy bank (20% of the vote) and the bi-plane (29% of the vote) in a vote Hasbro ran to join the elite ranks by securing 51% of the vote of 1.5 million people. Unfortunately for the sack of money, it was retired less than a decade after it was introduced.
Cat
The winner of the vote earlier this year, the cat is the newest piece you’ll find if you purchase a new set. The cat defeated the diamond ring, a guitar, a toy robot, and the helicopter to find itself among the lot.
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Which Scottish photographer took the famous 1969 photo of The Beatles on a zebra crossing on Abbey Road? | 8 August 1969: The Abbey Road cover photography session | The Beatles Bible
The Abbey Road cover photography session
The Abbey Road cover photography session
Friday 8 August 1969 Photography 51 Comments
All four Beatles gathered at EMI Studios on the morning of Friday 8 August 1969 for one of the most famous photo shoots of their career. Photographer Iain Macmillan took the famous image that adorned their last-recorded album, Abbey Road .
Here is a photograph taken on the same day, showing the empty crossing.
Iain Macmillan was a freelance photographer and a friend to John Lennon and Yoko Ono . He used a Hasselblad camera with a 50mm wide-angle lens, aperture f22, at 1/500 seconds.
Prior to the shoot, Paul McCartney had sketched his ideas for the cover, to which Macmillan added a more detailed illustration.
As the group waited outside the studio for the shoot to begin, Linda McCartney took a number of extra photographs.
A policeman held up the traffic as Macmillan, from a stepladder positioned in the middle of the road, took six shots as the group walked across the zebra crossing just outside the studio.
The Beatles crossed the road a number of times while Macmillan photographed them. 8 August was a hot day in north London, and for four of the six photographs McCartney walked barefoot; for the other two he wore sandals.
Shortly after the shoot, McCartney studied the transparencies and chose the fifth one for the album cover. It was the only one when all four Beatles were walking in time. It also satisfied The Beatles' desire for the world to see them walking away from the studios they had spent so much of the last seven years inside.
Macmillan also took a photograph of a nearby tiled street sign for the back cover. The sign has since been replaced, but was situated at the corner of Abbey Road and Alexandra Road. The junction no longer exists; the road was later replaced by the Abbey Road housing estate, between Boundary Road and Belsize Road.
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shivabeach Wednesday 15 February 2012
The vast number of stories about that shoot are funny to think of now. Paul was dead because he wasn’t wearing shoes, I buried Paul on the album, innumerable facts about the cars etc and none of it is true. The shoot was just taken, nothing set up
Bless the Beatles forever
BID316 Wednesday 8 August 2012
Well, of course the photo was “set-up.”
The Beatles used “deceit” as a means of drawing publicity. All of the “Paul is dead” clues were “a coincidence (according to The Beatles).”
Do you believe that (maybe) the four most famous guys in the world couldn’t find four red carnations during the filming of Magical Mystery Tour and Paul just “happened” to wear the only black carnation? According to The Beatles, that’s what happened.
We’re still talking (writing) about it 45 years later!!
Reply
iselliot Sunday 12 August 2012
They probably gave Paul the black carnation in MMT because at that point they WISHED he was dead. The Beatles had much better (and worse) things to deal with in this period than to try to perpetuate an absurd fan rumor.
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iselliot Sunday 12 August 2012
I think what people forget is the Beatles more than anyone understood the value/ non-value of “meaning”. John’s writing in 67 was absurdist and confounding because he understood that no matter what he said it would be parsed for deeper meaning. So the Beatles became masters of the random- i.e. Strawberry Fields and Walrus. They did whatever they did and let other people make stuff up because that was what they were going to do anyway. And we’re still doing it. But of course it’s all a moot point because they never really existed.
Laura Nelson Saturday 27 June 2015
Huh????? It’s all fun, Let It Be.
embrasure Wednesday 28 November 2012
And John was the black wizard in MMT! The other three being in red
Pintpot Thursday 29 September 2016
Yes, I’m going to start a rumour that John is dead
George Edwards Sunday 13 March 2016
Everything is a cosmic set up. Didn’t you learn that from the 60’s “experience”?
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islander5160 Wednesday 15 February 2012
The fact that Paul wore sandals in two of the shots proves there was no intent to give a clue about his “death”. It was just another photo shoot, as shivabeach also observed.
What’s really cool is that these are pics of the Beatles that even I have never seen; and I thought I’d seen them all!
Kevin Friday 6 April 2012
is it a coincidence that there is a VW beetle parked on the side of the road?
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John Sunday 15 April 2012
The VW Beetle belonged to one of the people living in the block of flats across from the recording studio. They tried to have it moved but the owner was on holiday so they just left it there. After the album was released, the number plate (LMW 281F) was stolen repeatedly from the car. In 1986, the car was sold at auction for £2,530 and in 2001 was on display in a museum in Germany
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Daniel Tuesday 15 May 2012
I don’t see the VW in the morning photo. So, if the car’s owner was on a “holiday”, why wasn’t the VW parked there?. Was the “beetle” parked later to be with the “beatles” in the mid-morning shoot? (see the shadows).
Deano Tuesday 29 May 2012
picture was taken from the other direction as if you look closely it’s different
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Iain Tuesday 26 June 2012
Daniel is right! The picture is the same shot without the Beatles in. It isn’t taken from the other side.
You can see the white pillars on the left in both shots. You can see the horizontal line in the tarmac behind Ringo’s head in both and the big branch high in the middle of the picture is in both.
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John Sunday 22 July 2012
If the photo without the VW had been taken from the other direction it would have been totally different. Right behind the camera on the cover photo is the corner of Grove End Road. This junction would have taken up most of the shot if the photo had been taken from the other direction
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Dan Wednesday 5 September 2012
Funny about the guy’s license plate being continuously stolen. In the US, he’d get a new plate with a different plate number.
In New York someone has a personalized plate# ‘LMW281F’. It must belong to a Beatle fan willing to spend about $50/year (£32/year) extra for the plates.
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darrenholmesphotography Thursday 16 May 2013
Actually no, it’s the same spot. Facing the other way would reveal a very obvious island and sculpture in the road. The VW was parked there after the first shot.
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jm Thursday 12 July 2012
No one ever mentions that Paul had just turned 27 – i guess he was in his 28th year of life??
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ak Wednesday 8 August 2012
One of the “clues” that Paul was dead was the plate, 28IF — he’d be 28 if he lived. Also, his eyes are closed, he’s out of step with the others, he’s smoking and he’s barefoot (as are bodies when buried). The others are dressed – John in white as a preacher, George in jeans like a gravedigger, Ringo in black like a pallbearer.
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Jim Sunday 29 April 2012
plz. paul is out of step. cig in right hand. a well planned out picture. RIP Paul Cole in right side. Lennon represented God,Ringo the preacher,Paul the body & George the grave gigger.
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iselliot Wednesday 8 August 2012
please, with your absurd PID bullsh*t. would you say the other five shots are “well planned out”? clearly it was all very random and only one shot was usable. i can’t believe people are still on about that nonsense. it’s embarrassing. and John was killed by the CIA, right? amazing.
John Thursday 9 August 2012
No. John was the Minister, Ringo, the Undertaker, Paul, the “Corpse” and George, the Gravedigger…
Someone above mentioned”I buried Paul” being on Abbey Road,” but that was at the end of “Strawberry Fields Forever,” 2 years earlier. I think The Bealtles played up the “Paul is Dead” hoax, and palnted “clues… They were “Merry Pranksters,” ya know! 🙂
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Anna Sunday 19 August 2012
I agree, John. I think they knew they weren’t going to stop the rumours from spreading, so they planted more ‘clues’. But I don’t think all these clues were intended – some, but not all.
Joel Friday 15 June 2012
I wonder where that original street sign is now and how much it would be worth.
Guybrush Threepwood (@Threepwood53) Monday 11 February 2013
Four of the original tiles came up for sale on the Channel4 programme Four Rooms 1n 2012 They went for £7,000. They were the A a B the E and the Y. Andrew Lamberty bought them and he hopes to flog them for up to £16,000 each on ebay. Tidy profit.
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charlie Friday 22 June 2012
my uncle still owns the 32 ford with all the beatles in the car in NYC its on the inside cover , was shot in manhatten . how cool is that ?
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Joe Friday 22 June 2012
I’ve no idea which photograph you’re referring to. There was no gatefold cover or inner sleeve artwork for Abbey Road.
iselliot Sunday 12 August 2012
that would be cool i suppose if there were such a thing. what is he talking about?
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Scott Olsen Sunday 23 June 2013
Photo was taken on August 8, 1969 apx 11:30 am; on or about the exact date and time of the 1st Manson Family murders. Creepy…
John Wade Friday 17 April 2015
If it’s 11:30…that’s three hours after the Manson murders still close enough for jazz…
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Michael Campbell Monday 4 January 2016
Sorry to be picky, but the Tate murders happened just after midnight on the 9th August 1969. Given that LA is 8 hours behind GMT, that would put the murders at around 08.15am on the 9th August British time. Roughly 21 hours AFTER the photoshoot. Still within the same 24 hour timeframe though. Some reports state that the FIRST killing that evening was just before midnight of 18 year-old Steven Parent who was visiting a friend who lived in the gatehouse behind the main building.
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Mike Bulley Wednesday 21 August 2013
Can anyone identify the lady in the purple stripped coat talking to Ringo and then seen with another few people as they prepared to cross the road. Was she part of the photographic team (wardrobe lady?) or just a bystander. Only curious. Thanks
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Melissa Thomas Sunday 26 October 2014
She lives in the house they are standing in front of. I visited this crosswalk with my family and was admiring all of the graffiti on the wall written to the Beatles. My dad wanted to write something and my mom told him no, but then he kept bugging he for a pen. I didn’t write anything but somehow ended up with the pen. She came out of her house and of a fairly large crowd, picked me out, and shoved me! She sad, “How dare you write on my wall! Haven’t you any respect?” I was so stunned I didn’t have anything to say. My mom and dad just stared in disbelief and had nothing to say, either. She the stormed past me on her merry way. I have a feeling she gets up and does that at least once a day, haha.
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Thord Holmqvist Saturday 8 August 2015
In Linda McCartney’s photo, the lady in the purple stripped coat talking to Ringo was a neighbour of the studios.
josh adams Thursday 14 November 2013
What was paul holding in his right hand was it a cig or a coffin nail.
Daniel LESUEUR Friday 6 December 2013
and what was the name of the man looking at them ? I saw a paper about him about one or two years ago. in 1969 he didn’t knew the Beatles and was just wondering why four crazy guys were crossing the street several times !
Joe Friday 6 December 2013
His name was Paul Cole. He died in 2008.
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jeff Friday 28 March 2014
yeah isnt it strange that there were 2 pauls on the cover,and a 5th BEATLE such as Billy Preston,i mean WILLIAM PRESTON,LIKE WILLIAM CAMPBELL,,,HMMM,,,,
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Tiffany Tuesday 27 May 2014
When I see this picture I always think about how on this same day and year in America Sharon Tate was being murdered by some crazies who read too much into the Beatles’ songs…
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Michael gregory Saturday 7 June 2014
If you look at the live cams of the abbey road crossing at any time of the day you will see people trying to relive that photo,very funny.
rainyday56 Saturday 21 June 2014
Paul was out of step because he is a south paw and started on the other foot.
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Michael Ciardi Friday 8 August 2014
Interestingly, on the same day that this photograph was taken…August 8, 1969, Charles Manson and his family were about to slaughter Sharon Tate and her house guests in Southern California. Why is this important? Manson’s whole premise Helter Skelter was based off the Beatles recordings, particularly the White Album. Manson was obsessed with the Beatles music. His motives for ordering the killing of the residents at Celio Drive was most likely based on a vendetta he had against Terri Melcher, who produced the Beach Boys music. Melcher reneged on a promise to give Manson a recording contract about a year earlier. Melcher rented the house on Celio Drive, a place Manson was familiar with, but unbeknownst to Manson, Melcher moved out, and Sharon Tate and Roman Polanski became the new occupants. When Manson ordered the girls and Tex Watson to kill everyone at that address on August 8th 1969, it was not a random choice. It was what Manson wanted, revenge pure and simple.
Kyösti Tirkkonen Thursday 25 September 2014
I wonder, whose car was that white Volkswagen Beetle, anyone?
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Neil Wednesday 15 October 2014
The Beetle was my fathers Car His name is Malcolm Tanner, He used to live in the flats opposite the studio, (he actually still has a spare set of keys for the car) His number plate was stolen numerous times after the release of the album..As far as any hidden messages in the number plate I’m afraid its obviously a coincidence..Wish he’d held on to the thing it must be worth a fortune now..
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terry Saturday 25 October 2014
neil was your father on holiday as someone stated earlier on the blog? The car didnt seem to be parked there in the morning shots so did he come home and park there and did he see the shoot?
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mikie Monday 1 December 2014
The cars were parked on the curb to make the street look less crowded. Two mocked license plated are visible and do have meaning.
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Pallav Friday 30 October 2015
The “Paul is Dead” rumor/conspiracy was perpetuated by some American college students..as it’s often the case with so many other conspiracies and urban legends – big foot, Sasquatch, chupacabra, alien abduction..ah, being an American is such an intellectual burden..so many things happen only to them..and it therefore took an American by the name of Mark David Chapman to bring down the lion-head of The Beatles, the one guy who consistently wrote such meaningful stuff as A Day in the Life..
alan watt Wednesday 4 November 2015
That guy on the right,Paul Cole…looks very much like Buddy Holly…erie huh?
Beatle "Ed" Saturday 12 December 2015
I have spent the morning googling headings for the front cover of The Beatles “Abbey Road”.
You are in safe hands, here. The Beatles Bible, thank you.
For the last year, my son’s lasting legacy before leaving for College was to pin up an enormous giant color poster of the iconic abbey Road album, it help inject new life in the room I grew up in during the sixties, and in turn help house and raise our firstborn.
The house that I inherited and grew up in is a small rambler, my father was an architect and engineer and responded to my sister’s request to buy and play albums by The Beatles, starting with their first two albums shortly after the Ed Sullivan Show, Winter ’64.
All the children on the block came to dance and listen to them, at what may have been a burden for my sister, garnering attention the wrong way this was my territory.
It really was something to see, the way that my parents let down their hair over the years, buying all The Beatles’ albums as they were released each succeeding year up to the white album.
And so, it really is a dreadful miscarriage that there was something about the Beatles double album that stopped my parents from purchasing their albums after 1968,, I knew most of the songs from The Beatles Abbey Road off my transistor radio but it wasn’t up until the late 70’s when I was 18 and had moved out, starving at my first rental flat that I finally got to hear how Abbey Road was meant to be heard, perfect really to experience it for the first time trying to make sense of the world as a young man starting out fresh.
Lord knows, when I inherited my parent’s house. I worked hard to collect all of The Beatles albums for our kids, I would have never predicted the direction how music would be traded a short few years after that, I am pleased to say our kids children went through a rite of passage listening to all The Beatles licensed CD’s or watching Yellow Submarine, for the first time, it really clicked for them when they understood where I got silly cryptic references or remarks like, “It’s no longer a blue world”! Or, “Where do we go from here, Argentina”?
So… yes, Abbey Road really fills in the gap for our family, to be young, vital and overall feeling that you are invincible as each succeeding generation ought to if they care and want to make a difference.
It is with some relief that I am able to finally organize my thoughts exactly what I am looking at.
1). The photographer attests, The Beatles were walking from left to right.
2). The left side of the lens is Abbey Road, the right side opens up to a garden fence with long chairs next to the street for weary pedestrians.
3).Paul McCartney had some thumbnail sketches that he had drawn up to convey what he was looking for, the fifth photo of the shoot, captures the spirit what he wanted perfectly.
4). All their legs are in a V-shape formation, demonstrating their ability to be in synch of one another, important for a band.
5). It is totally appropriate to assume by being a, “lefty” that McCartney would have a little different swagger, walking and holding his cigarette, all beautiful in The Beatle cannon.
6). All of THe Beatles look beautiful. Three of the members wore suits by the same designer, putting to rest in my mind, that they could go shopping whenever they liked, the new young millionaire that had outfits made for them.
7). Beatle George and the new up and coming blue collar look at the cusp of an exciting new decade where The Beatles promoted the working class hero, right on time and right on the money.
8).The photographer only having ten minutes to clip off some shots, remembers having to carry a ladder to position and use in the middle of the street, and that they hired a policeman to direct traffic, another Beatle moment, who’s job was to pick up the phone and enlist aid.
9). Ftting, that the photographer was able to attest, the real symbolism behind the photograph tbesides being in synch, they are walking away from the studio and their private sweat shop way of life,for those of us that never made the sojourn, who would’ve ever guessed across the crosswalk opens up to a lawn to catch the sun and lawn chairs for reprise.
10) A picnic in the middle of the freeway, really.
11). By knowing that they are walking left to right, on Beatle John’s side of the street traffic is approaching, and exiting on the left, no symbolism necessary besides to know the negative hasn’t been flipped flopped.
12). The Apple licensed product that I recently bought at a giant retail chain has The Beatles walking the opposite direction, right to left, Beatle John leading the way back to the EMI salt mines, symbolic perhaps Apple feels their work was meant to carry on, how could licensed Apple product have The Beatles going in the other direction, intentional or an oversight, really… Apple?
13). There is a picture of The Beatles’ contract that clearly shows their contract was picked up and not intended to be up for review until 1975, instilling into my heart and lifeblood, Abbey Road was the new direction where to go.
14). By knowing the proper direction, lamp post are across the street opposite from EMI, their color tone borders on white, and serve to to repel the harsh properties of the sun, black street post are on the other side, and there is an iconic red mail box beyond the V.W.
15). By all purposes the direction of the street heading toward the general vicinity of Abbey Gardens, the park that the street may have been named after, most palatial and upscale, some history there, who were the original settlers before the advent of a state of art recording studio, a place for people in the neighborhood to gather, no doubt.
16) Abbey Road helps to put The Beatles on the map.
17). Linda, Paul’s wife was present her photos attest there are all kinds of people within range of a Beatle sighting,
18). Our dear Miss Linda is wearing a black sleeveless one piece dress with lace for a collar, very British and important to discover in my book.
19). An incidental shot of he “little old lady” in a very mod housecoat and dress print talking to the band in front of her house and the website where a fan says many years after the shoot, the little old lady picked her out among a group of tourist to accost because the young lady happened to have a pen in her hand, her parent’s pen, I think that must be true.
20). In the original photo the “little old lady” looks very advanced for her age, but is probably only around her fifties, life was much harder and rougher after the war, I do believe as she progressed it must have taken all morning just to step out and accost the fans for writing graffiti on her bulkhead.
21). The American tourist to the right of Beatle John in a smart dress suit thatt lies to rest that he nay have been an EMI executive, which the media was able to locate many years later and get his testament is a bit of a creep to miss going into the local museum with his wife in order to take in some sights and sounds off the street, it’s a character right out of an unwritten Beatle tune.
22). How much did the tourist doctor his account by stating years later that he discovered himself in the picture when his wife was back home learning to play one of their songs on ther electric organ, another account to chalk up to, “Something”.
23). There is a picture of Linda on the corner of EMI where there is another older lady in a one piece dark dress that looks remarkably like George Martin’s wife, what are the odds.
24). Photographs for the album were taken with the Beatles walking in both directions, coming towards and walking away from Abbey Road studio, I obsess over who are the three people in the main photo just beyond the V.W. There are appears to be a blond lady and a large rugged man leaning over to her side, and a professional looking man next to the giant.
25). Outtakes where the band is walking the other direction to EMI show the rugged man is larger than the other man, and the lady is absent, where did she go in the length of the ten minute shoot, could The Beatles not occupy her time and attention for the length of ten minutes, is she one of them, her outfit may be a blouse and flair pants but the way that the light and distance blends she looks a lot like she is wearing overalls, the rugged man looks a lot like Tom Jones, although I think he is shorter.
26). There are pictures of very smart looking people to the side of the V.W. one lady, a brunette has a one piece black dress, very interesting that color would be popular at the height of summer.
27). When blown up to the size of our giant poster on the wall the speckled pavement indeed appears to crackling and sizzling in the summer sun, multi-colored jewels to my reckoning, and the first modern roads for horseless carriage.
28). The outtake of the duffel bag in front of Beatle John as the group lounges and smoke on the EMI steps, priceless outtakes for certain, their clothes limp from the heat, they sweat and breathe like you and i, oh, my.
29). Nice to have one picture where all the elements come together, no pun intended, but that is how it goes when you have a broad vision to attempt to try and record and preserve some of the magic in the air, floating freely when we were all still in our young bodies. No last hurrah for me, although time is precious and friends matter, The Beatles legacy is only just beginning.
Make all the seasons of your life a summer of love~
Robby Stoneman
| Iain Macmillan |
What were the first names of British politician Rab Butler? | Abbey Road: The Complete Sessions – Snap Galleries Limited
Abbey Road: The Complete Sessions snapgalleries 2016-11-22T16:00:21+00:00
Project Description
A rare opportunity to see the complete collection of Abbey Road session photographs, taken by Iain Macmillan in August 1969
Abbey Road: The complete sessions: Rare photographs by Iain MacMillan
8 August, 1969. A Friday. The date of one of the most famous photo-shoots in rock ‘n’ roll history. John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr walk over the zebra crossing next to Abbey Road studios. There and back. Three times. Six clicks of the shutter. Just six photographs, and the shoot was over. Three frames showing the Beatles crossing from left to right, and three walking from right to left. The same order in each of the six frames – John Lennon first in white, then Ringo Starr in black, Paul McCartney in grey, barefoot, holding a cigarette in his right hand (all three in Tommy Nutter suits) and at the back, a denim clad George Harrison.
The fifth frame of six, showing a left to right traverse, was chosen as the actual cover. Abbey Road (the first British Beatles LP without the name of the band or the title of the album on the front) was released in the UK on 26 September 1969 and debuted at number 1. Rolling Stone magazine voted it number 14 of the top 500 albums of all time.
The photographer – Iain MacMillan
The man behind the camera that hot August day was Scottish photographer Iain MacMillan. He had worked with Yoko Ono in 1966: he included a photograph of her in “The Book of London”, a collection of his photographs published that year. She then commissioned Iain to document her exhibition at London’s Indica gallery, and as a result, Iain was introduced to John Lennon – establishing the Beatles connection. Subsequently, John Lennon invited Iain to photograph the Abbey Road cover. Paul McCartney had already developed the initial concept of the shoot, and in a meeting with Iain, they discussed Paul’s early sketches.
On the appointed Friday, Iain only had a short time to nail it. He spent less than 15 minutes up a ladder, and they had to give way to traffic too. Because of time constraints, the shoot had been very carefully planned. Iain knew exactly what he was trying to achieve. His hand drawn sketch of the intended result shows the Beatles in step, the vanishing point in the centre of the image, the viewer’s eyes drawn in by the converging lines of pavements and trees.
Rare photographs for sale
During his lifetime, Iain MacMillan produced and signed a number of colour prints of the session photographs, made to the highest archival standards from the original transparencies. Iain passed away on 8 May 2006 and signed examples of his work, made during his lifetime, are finite and very scarce. As such they are highly prized amongst Beatles collectors. Individual examples of each of the photographs come on the secondary market from time to time, and, occasionally the holy grail – a complete suite of front cover variants and the back cover photograph becomes available. The prices of these iconic images reflect their importance in the photographic history of The Beatles. And while a full suite of seven images sold at auction in London in 2014 for £180,000, our set is for sale at a significant discount to the recent auction price.
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| i don't know |
Who wrote the novel ‘The Hunt For Red October’? | The Hunt for Red October (1990) - IMDb
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The Hunt for Red October ( 1990 )
PG |
In November 1984, the Soviet Union's best submarine captain in their newest sub violates orders and heads for the USA. Is he trying to defect or to start a war?
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Title: The Hunt for Red October (1990)
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Won 1 Oscar. Another 2 wins & 6 nominations. See more awards »
Videos
When CIA Analyst Jack Ryan interferes with an IRA assassination, a renegade faction targets him and his family for revenge.
Director: Phillip Noyce
CIA Analyst Jack Ryan is drawn into an illegal war fought by the US government against a Colombian drug cartel.
Director: Phillip Noyce
On a US nuclear missile sub, a young first officer stages a mutiny to prevent his trigger happy captain from launching his missiles before confirming his orders to do so.
Director: Tony Scott
Dr. Richard Kimble, unjustly accused of murdering his wife, must find the real killer while being the target of a nationwide manhunt.
Director: Andrew Davis
CIA analyst Jack Ryan must stop the plans of a Neo Nazis faction that threatens to induce a catastrophic conflict between the United States and Russia's newly elected president by detonating a nuclear weapon at a football game in Baltimore.
Director: Phil Alden Robinson
A mild-mannered chemist and an ex-con must lead the counterstrike when a rogue group of military men, led by a renegade general, threaten a nerve gas attack from Alcatraz against San Francisco.
Director: Michael Bay
Hijackers seize the plane carrying the President of the United States and his family, but he - an ex-soldier - works from hiding to defeat them.
Director: Wolfgang Petersen
A lawyer becomes a target by a corrupt politician and his NSA goons when he accidentally receives key evidence to a serious politically motivated crime.
Director: Tony Scott
An insurance agent is sent by her employer to track down and help capture an art thief.
Director: Jon Amiel
US Marshal Samuel Gerard (Jones) and his team of Marshals are assigned to track down Sheridan (Snipes), who has been accused of a double-murder.
Director: Stuart Baird
Investigating a gold magnate's smuggling, James Bond uncovers a plot to contaminate the Fort Knox gold reserve.
Director: Guy Hamilton
A resourceful British government agent seeks answers in a case involving the disappearance of a colleague and the disruption of the American space program.
Director: Terence Young
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Storyline
Soviets create a new nuclear submarine that runs silent due to a revolutionary propulsion system. Russian sub captain defects, goal of taking it to the U.S.A. to prevent the Russians from using the sub to wreak nuclear (missile) war against the U.S. Lots of plot turns and twists in this high-tech thriller. Written by Anonymous
The hunt is on. See more »
Genres:
2 March 1990 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
Jagd auf 'Roter Oktober' See more »
Filming Locations:
70 mm 6-Track (70 mm prints)| Dolby SR (35 mm prints)
Color:
Natalia Ramius died on November 23, 1983. See more »
Goofs
When Admiral Greer asks Ryan when's the last time he slept, Ryan says he has no idea because his watch is still on London time. If his watch is still on the same time as the place he last slept, he should know exactly how long it's been. See more »
Quotes
[telling young Sonarman Beaumont about Jones's most embarrassing moment]
Watson : Seaman Jones here is into music in a big way, and he views this whole boat as his own personal, private stereo set. Well, one day he's got this piece of Pavarotti...
Seaman Jones : It was Paganini.
Watson : Look, this is my story, okay?
Seaman Jones : Then tell it right, COB. Pavarotti is a tenor, Paganini was a composer.
Watson : So anyway, he's got this music out in the water, and he's listening to it on his headsets, and he's just happy as a...
[...]
Stanley (Sally Ryan's stuffed bear) is credited as "Himself" See more »
Connections
The Best of the Jack Ryan Films...
18 May 2003 | by MovieAddict2016
(UK) – See all my reviews
"The Hunt for Red October" is taken off of military-expert Tom Clancy's gripping novel. Tom Clancy has a knack for the inner-psyche of our fears. He doesn't openly thrill us, but rather opens our minds to the potential hazards in the US government. Most government/military thrillers skim the surface and gather us a few good things to make us go, "Whoo," but Tom Clancy's books make us fall over in amazement. The man has an incredible knowledge of the government and its subsidaries, and his novels show this.
His film adaptations normally make good. All four are at least good, and one of them, "The Hunt for Red October," is taut, tense, and powerfully moving. The plot of the film is fictional, but it is right out of the headlines.
It is about a submarine, a Russian, and an American. It sounds like the setup for a bar-joke, but it's not. The Russian man is named Ramius (Sean Connery), who, along with his crew, takes a Soviet submarine out to the North Atlantic ocean. The sub is the best-of-the-best, with an all-new propolsion system (it's faster than other submarines), and uses advanced techniques to literally disappear off radar.
After a few days out at sea, the submarine vanishes off radar, and the Russians, frantic, tell the American government that Ramius has taken the sub to America's mainland to launch a missile attack. However, CIA Analyst Jack Ryan (Alec Baldwin) thinks otherwise. He believes Ramius is defecting to the States along with his crew. Further, he believes the Russians don't want to admit this for fear of losing their best submarine.
The film is directed by John McTiernan, who brought us "Predator," "Die Hard," "The Thomas Crown Affair" (remake) and "Die Hard with a Vengeance." All of the preceding films are very good, most of them great, and "The Hunt for Red October" qualifies as "very good."
Sean Connery gives a commanding performance as the leading character, Ramius. His second-hand-man is played by Sam Neil, faking a Russian accent very badly. But Neil is lovable in his role, despite having the worst Russian accent ever. Tim Curry joins along for the ride on the misfortuned sub as well, and Alec Baldwin gives his best performance as Jack Ryan.
As much as I don't like to admit it, Harrison Ford isn't the ideal Jack Ryan for me. He differs too much from the character in the novel. Neither Ben Affleck nor Alec Baldwin take the cake, either. But if you look past the book persona, you will enjoy the performances in all the films much more.
I don't tend to like military thrillers most of the time. Most likely because they are put together sloppily on the whole. But "The Hunt for Red October" isn't sloppy, careless, nor boring. It's thrilling, exciting, and entertaining.
But the book is better.
4/5 stars -
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| Tom Clancy |
Carrageenan is a substance extracted from red and purple what? | Author Tom Clancy dead at 66 - NY Daily News
Tom Clancy, author of ‘Hunt for Red October’ and ‘Patriot Games,’ dead at 66
Author Tom Clancy dead at 66
Author Tom Clancy in 1985, a year after he published his first book, 'The Hunt for Red October.' Clancy's publisher, G.P. Putnam's Sons, confirmed that Clancy had died on Tuesday in Baltimore.
(Diana Walker)
NEW YORK DAILY NEWS
Updated: Wednesday, October 2, 2013, 10:09 PM
Megapopular author Tom Clancy , the ex-insurance salesman who wrote 17 rollicking No. 1 best sellers of international intrigue and espionage, died Tuesday.
The 66-year-old Clancy passed away at Johns Hopkins Hospital in his hometown of Baltimore, according to his publisher, Penguin Group. He died after a brief illness, the Baltimore Sun reported.
His surprising death comes two months before the scheduled publication of his next novel, “Command Authority” — likely the latest in Clancy’s run of blockbuster books.
Tom Clancy, pictured at a New York book signing in 2003, died Tuesday night in a Baltimore hospital, his hospital reported.
(ANDREW GOMBERT/EPA)
Clancy’s most popular creation was Jack Ryan, the fictional CIA analyst who eventually landed in the White House. The character was played by Hollywood stars Harrison Ford, Alec Baldwin and Ben Affleck in screen adaptations.
Movies based on Clancy books grossed nearly $800 million, and he sold more than 100 million books in his career. The movie “Jack Ryan,” starring Chris Pine, opens on Christmas Day.
Ben Affleck stars as Jack Ryan in the film adaptation of Tom Clancy's book 'The Sum of All Fears.'
(Mark Fellman/ Paramount Pictures)
“He was a consummate author, creating the modern-day thriller, and was one of the most visionary storytellers of our time,” said Penguin Group executive David Shanks.
“I will miss him dearly and he will be missed by tens of millions of readers worldwide.”
Anne Archer is thrown to the ground by Harrison Ford in a scene from the film 'Patriot Games.'
(Paramount Pictures)
Clancy sold his first book, “The Hunt for Red October,” to the Naval Institute Press for just $5,000. An unexpected rave review — “the perfect yarn,” said President Ronald Reagan — propelled the book up the best seller lists.
Reagan had received the book as a Christmas present. Clancy based the thriller on a true-life 1975 mutiny aboard a Soviet missile frigate.
Clancy’s last book was 2012’s ‘Threat Vector.’
(VINCE LUPO/AP)
The 1984 novel sold more than 5 million copies, followed by a hit movie starring Baldwin and Sean Connery. By 1988, Clancy had netted a $3 million contract with Putnam Penguin Publishing for his next three books.
“What happened to me was pure dumb luck,” Clancy once told the American Movie Channel. “I’m not the new Hemingway.”
'The Hunt for Red October' was turned into a hit movie starring Alex Baldwin and Sean Connery.
(Buyenlarge/Getty Images)
Clancy was even invited to a White House luncheon where Navy Secretary John Lehman expressed disbelief at the author’s ability to spin such accurate stories without access to classified documents.
But attention to detail became Clancy’s calling card in his military thrillers. He plumbed books, interviews and unclassified papers to create his page-turning scenarios.
Tom Clancy wrote more than 25 books, 17 of which reached the No. 1 spot on the New York Times best seller list.
(Reuters/BLOOMBERG NEWS)
His 1994 novel “Debt of Honor” even foreshadowed the 9/11 attacks, with a suicidal terrorist crashing a jetliner into the U.S. Capitol.
Clancy’s own hopes of military service were scuttled by nearsightedness, sending him into the insurance industry.
After his success, Clancy often sported fighter pilot-styled sunglasses.
Fellow best-selling author David Baldacci said Clancy’s work opened the door for other writers in the genre.
“He did help pave the way for a lot of thriller writers,” said Baldacci, author of “Absolute Power.”
The son of a mailman said boredom led him to launch his writing career. He started “Red October” in 1982, with success quickly following.
Clancy is survived by four children and his second wife, Alexandra Llewellyn.
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What type of paper changes colour when testing whether a substance is acid or alkali? | Acid or alkali? Acidic or alkaline?- Learn Chemistry
Home > Resources > Acid or alkali? Acidic or alkaline?
Acid or alkali? Acidic or alkaline?
Description
This simple experiment involves testing a variety of substances to see if they are acidic or alkaline, using litmus paper as the indicator.
This simple experiment involves testing a variety of substances to see if they are acidic or alkaline, using litmus paper as the indicator.
Subjects
:
Credits
:
This is an experiment from the Practical Chemistry project, developed by the Nuffield Foundation and the Royal Society of Chemistry.
Acid or alkali? Acidic or alkaline?
Class practical
This simple experiment involves testing a variety of substances to see if they are
acidic
paper is used as the indicator.
Lesson organisation
This experiment is most suitable for introductory level chemistry and could be done as a circus with pairs/small groups of students moving from one ‘station’ to another.
A discussion of the meaning of the words ‘acid’, ‘alkali’ and ‘neutral’ could be a good way to introduce the experiment. The idea of an ‘indicator’ should be introduced as a means of distinguishing between the three possibilities, using litmus as the indicator.
Apparatus
Watch glasses, 1 per sample (Note 1)
White tiles, 1 per sample (Note 1)
Red and blue litmus paper, 3 pieces of each per working group
Access to small amounts of common everyday substances such as (Note 2)
fizzy drinks
Refer to Health & Safety and Technical notes section below for additional information.
Wear eye protection.
1
Provide small amounts of the samples on watch glasses. The watch glasses can be placed on a white tile marked with the name of the substance - use a waterproof marker. The samples can be arranged around the room so that the students visit each in turn. If any solid sample is used, moisten it with a little de-ionised water.
2 Check hazard labels on any household substances provided. If this activitiy is set as homework, especially on substances not listed above, pupils should be warned that there are many hazardous chemicals in the home. It is recommended that if chemicals such as: ‘bleach, drain clear, scale remover’ are to be investigated that this is done by the teacher in school. Thick rubber gloves should be worn if planning to do this due to their hazards.
Procedure
a
Tear each piece of litmus paper into 3 smaller pieces so that you can test at least 9 substances.
b
Take one small piece of red litmus paper. Dip it into one of the substances to be tested. Repeat with a small piece of the blue litmus paper.
c
Record all observations in a suitable table. Then dispose of the pieces of litmus paper in the waste bin.
Teaching notes
The substance is acidic when:
the blue Litmus paper turns red and the red Litmus paper is unaffected
The substance is alkaline when:
the red Litmus paper turns blue and the blue Litmus paper is unaffected
If neither red nor the blue paper changes colour, the substance is neutral.
Students should make three lists of substances under the headings ‘acidic’, ‘alkaline’, ‘neutral’.
Encourage the students to use the terms correctly. ‘Acid’ and ‘alkali’ are nouns; the words ‘acidic’ and ‘alkaline’ are adjectives. ‘A solution of vinegar is acidic. Vinegar is an acid.’
Health & Safety checked, 2016
Credits
| Litmus |
What is the method of hair removal called in which strands of cotton are used to pluck unwanted hair? | BBC - KS3 Bitesize Science - Acids, bases and metals : Revision, Page 4
Acids, bases and metals
Next
Indicators and the pH scale
When an acid is dissolved in water we get an acidic solution, and alkalis make alkaline solutions. If a solution is neither acidic nor alkaline we call it neutral. Pure water is neutral, and so is paraffin.
Indicators are substances that change colour when they are added to acidic or alkaline solutions. You can prepare homemade indicators from red cabbage or beetroot juice - these will help you see if a solution is acidic or alkaline.
Litmus and universal indicator are two indicators that are commonly used in the laboratory.
Litmus
Litmus indicator solution turns red in acidic solutions and blue in alkaline solutions - and it turns purple in neutral solutions.
Litmus paper is usually more reliable, and comes as red litmus paper and blue litmus paper. The table shows the colour changes it can make.
Turns blue
Stays blue
Notice how we say 'stays red'. This is better than saying 'nothing' or 'stayed the same', because it tells us the colour we actually see.
Acids turn blue litmus paper red
Alkalis turn red litmus paper blue
Universal indicator and the pH scale
Universal indicator is a mixture of several different indicators. Unlike litmus, universal indicator can show us exactly how strongly acidic or alkaline a solution is. This is measured using the pH scale. The pH scale runs from pH 0 to pH 14.
Universal indicator has many different colour changes, from red for strong acids to dark purple for strong bases. In the middle, neutral pH 7 is indicated by green.
Universal indicator shows how acidic or alkaline a solution is
These are the important points about the pH scale:
neutral solutions are pH 7 exactly
acidic solutions have pH values less than 7
alkaline solutions have pH values more than 7
the closer to pH 0 you go, the more strongly acidic a solution is
the closer to pH 14 you go, the more strongly alkaline a solution is
Page
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Fray Bentos is a port in which South American country? | A Guide To Uruguay’s Culture And Heritage Sites
A Guide To Uruguay’s Culture And Heritage Sites
Culture Trip
Located on the picturesque shores of the De La Plata River, the City of Colonia del Sacramento is the only cultural site in Uruguay to have attained UNESCO World Heritage Status. However, this South American country contains a wealth of cultural and historical sites worth exploring.
Montevideo, Uruguay | © Jimmy Baikovicius/ Flickr
The Bay and the Islands of Colonia del Sacramento
The Bay and the Islands of Colonia del Sacramento encompass the entire region of Portuguese settlement surrounding the Colonia del Sacramento. The surrounding bays and islands are of similar cultural significance, although they only feature on the UNESCO Tentative World Heritage list. The bay has been described as a ‘reservoir of historic testimonies of rural life’ that paints a clear and revealing portrait of life at the time of the Portuguese settlement. It has been suggested that ‘the area forms, as a whole, a singular example of the daily colonial life carried out in the sea, the city and the country’. It was the development and use of this bay as a crossroads for merchants and entrepreneurs which would ultimately establish Colonia del Sacramento as a commercially prosperous area of trading and economic growth.
The City of Colonia del Sacramento
Colonia del Sacramento is the second oldest city in Uruguay and once played host to a century-long dispute for control between Spanish and Portuguese colonials. It was through Antonio Pedro de Vasconcellos’ role as Governor that the city became a powerhouse for commercial and cultural enterprise in 1722, and it was this commercialism and heavy focus on trade which played such a key role in shaping Buenos Aires into the region that we recognise today. Spain and Portugal fought for control over Sacramento nine times in 100 years, so it is little wonder that the architecture of the city is a blend of Spanish and Portuguese styles. Flat-roofed, white-walled Portuguese buildings line streets of Spanish influence, streets which are slightly lower on the side and higher in the middle in typical Spanish style.
Colonia del Sacramento © Philip Choi/Flickr
Chamangá, A Rock Paintings Area
Recently, this natural rock formation has become an area of real interest to the Uruguayan government and academic researchers alike. Although its position as a World Heritage site is pending, Chamangá, located in the Province of Flores in Southwest Uruguay, is a place of palpable historical significance. The area is scattered with naturally formed granite blocks that play host to 40 rock paintings (more are being discovered all the time), some of which have been estimated to be over 2000 years old. Chamangá is thus characterised as having the highest concentration of pictographic sites in all of Uruguay, while the discovery and study of these paintings has led to archaeologists digging deeper into the region. Although the archaeological investigations are not currently sufficient to secure Chamangá as a World Heritage site, the discoveries which they have uncovered indicate the existence of an ‘archaeological register’, giving real insight into the region’s cultural history.
Ciudad Vieja, Montevideo
A district of Montevideo under heritage protection, Ciudad Vieja is considered one of Uruguay ’s cultural heritage sites, with La Rambla Promenade running directly through it. This barrio ( Spanish for neighborhood) is the oldest area of Montevideo, hence its name the ‘Old City’. Despite its historic roots, the city has seen a transformation in recent years, one which came about as a direct result of the campaigning and influence of the Municipal Intendant of Montevideo. Ciudad Vieja was surrounded by a defensive wall until 1829 when the majority of it was torn down, leaving only The Gateway of the Citadel standing; this structure now acts as the emblem for this region. Its recent emergence as the area of Montevideo with the most bustling nightlife means that there is a real blend of old and new, with both contemporary and historic examples of architectural design standing side by side.
‘Old City’, Ciudad Vieja | © Montecruz Foto/ Flickr
Modern Architecture of the Twentieth Century
This is a significant collection of buildings in Montevideo which feature a vast range of architectural styles, where each one reflects both the era in which it was built and the nationality of those who designed it. It has been described as a ‘monumental complex of outstanding features’ which gives voice to a wealth of architectural expressions, providing real insight into the social, cultural and historical development of Montevideo as a city. Provisionally given the title of ‘Modern Architecture of the Twentieth Century’, in reality the list of buildings includes all architecture produced between 1915 and 1965. The differing architectural styles of each building act as a celebration of development, progress and collaboration between nations; the structures range from early architectural expressions to more modern and advanced styles born from the 60s, a period of architecture which was heavily influenced by post-war experiences and regionalisms.
Montevideo Cityscape, Uruguay © Leandro Neumann Ciuffo/WikiCommons
Fray Bentos
Fray Bentos is a key Uruguayan port perfectly situated between two of the most important rivers in the country; the Rio Negro to the South and the Uruguay River to the West. This position was ideal in encouraging the development of commercial and industrial companies which could take advantage of the rich geographical benefits of the region, such as its fertile soil. The development of this area into the Fray Bentos port, officially established in 1859, gives it a rich historical background that was partially born from its prime location. The growing trade which began in Fray Bentos in the 19th century imparted real social and political change on RÍo de la Plata, and the installation of small and medium enterprises called saladeros led to the increasing migration of people into the foundations of towns surrounding the port. The port and its surrounding structures were built in 1887 and are rooted architecturally in history, featuring original work houses and early commercial buildings, as well as providing an interesting social, cultural and industrial perspective for locals and tourists alike. Although its World Heritage status is pending, all of these factors ultimately render Fray Bentos a ‘true example of European structures in the time of the post-industrial revolution’.
Fray Bentos © Elbetobm/WikiCommons
La Rambla Promenade – Montevideo
Currently on UNESCO’s Tentative World Heritage list, La Rambla Promenade has been described as an integral part of the Montevidian identity. The promenade is a long avenue which spans the entirety of Montevideo’s coastline and, although it is a public space, it is protected as a National Historic Monument. It is made up of seven different sections, each of which encompass distinct characteristics which reflect the period in which they were constructed. Starting from the Bay of Montevideo and the Port of Capurro, and ending in the Eastern Carrasco, Rambla Tomás Berreta, the promenade runs parallel to a series of beaches which contribute to the characterization and description of each segment. Its standing in the public sphere secures La Rambla as a place of real cultural importance for Montevidian nationals, encouraging social interaction along its long stretch of walkways and keeping the concept of an ‘inclusive democracy’ alive in Uruguayan hearts.
La Rambla Promenade in Montevideo © Jose Porras/WikiCommons
Eladio Dieste – Engineer
Eladio Dieste ’s buildings and architectural designs are of significant importance to both national and international architectural landscapes. His body of work has been called ‘one of the most outstanding examples of innovative architectural design of the 20th century in Latin America ’. Typically his buildings are a fusion of functionality and cutting-edge design, where every aspect of the building, from its central structure to its overall aesthetic, serves a purpose. Dieste was something of a pioneer in architectural circles, developing the masonry structure technique which uses thin sheets of metal to produce much lighter constructions. Some of his Uruguayan works that have secured his position on the Tentative World Heritage list include the ‘Julio Herrera y Obes’ Port of Montevideo, the Church of Cristo Obrero in Atlántida and the Nueva Palmira Quays . Each of his projects feature magnificent self-supporting double-curved arches, slender towers and ‘walls of ruled surfaces’, and have cemented his position as one of the most influential architectural engineers of the 20th century.
Church of Cristo Obrero © Nicolas Barriola/WikiCommons
‘Mercado del Puerto’
This traditional Uruguayan food market takes place in the ‘Old City’ of Montevideo. Founded in 1885 by the Spanish merchant Zumarán Pedro Saenz, the market has grown to host a number of street merchants and restaurants alike, all of whom sell the best of Uruguayan food and drink. The market started as a humble project, it was originally a sectioned off area on the cobbled streets of Perez Castilian. It grew exponentially and just over a year after it opened the organizers had to purchase the Mercado del Puerto building to meet growing consumer demand. This building, and many aspects of the market itself, remain true to its traditional 19th century style. But with its continual expansion and popularity with nationals and tourists alike, there have been certain aspects of the market which have been transformed by time, making it a wonderful fusion of past and present. It was established as a National Historic Landmark in 1975.
Mercado Del Puerto © Eduardo Ruggieri/WikiCommons
Museo Del Carnaval
Dedicated to preserving and demonstrating the multi-layered culture of Uruguay , the ‘Carnival Museum’ opened in November 2006 with the aim of ‘preserving, displaying, disseminating and evaluating objects and traditions that are part of the highest festival of Uruguay’. The Uruguayan Carnival is a national celebration which can last for up to 40 days. It has developed into a dance festival in recent years, featuring Candombe, Murga and Tablados dances, and it is the aim of this museum to preserve and explain where this growth and change has come from. With an event so full of color and expression, there is the danger of its cultural significance getting lost in the excitement and execution. Museo del Carnaval ensures that the national celebration is preserved in the ‘Old City’ of Montevideo, acting as a cultural reference site for all.
Uruguayan Carnival © Marcello Casal Jr/WikiCommons
| Uruguay |
What is the title of the theme tune to the BBC radio show ‘The Archers’? | A Path Less Trodden: Uruguay | Audley Travel
Home Blog 2011 July A Path Less Trodden: Uruguay
A Path Less Trodden: Uruguay
Uruguay is a little-known country that rarely hits the headlines and has somehow managed to keep its delights under wraps. A quick poll in the non-Latin American sections of our office came up with Fray Bentos corned beef and the footballer Diego Forlán as its most famous exports, neither of which are really reason to visit. However, there is much more to this tiny South American country.
Colonia del Sacramento, Uruguay
Uruguay was created in 1828 to act as a buffer between its two massive neighbours, Argentina and Brazil , yet despite this (or maybe because of it) it has forged its own unique identity. There are enough attractions in Uruguay to make it worth a dedicated trip but many travellers tag it on to a visit to Argentina. Its sleepy colonial towns, chilled capital and countryside pursuits make it a fascinating side-trip, and with far better beaches than its neighbour, it makes a great place for a coastal break at the start or end of an Argentinean tour. Above all, it is one of the friendliest places you can visit.
Colonia del Sacramento , just an hour by hydrofoil from Buenos Aires, is usually the first stop for visitors to Uruguay. Founded by the Portuguese in the late 1600s, it is a calm place of cobbled streets, palm trees and a mixture of Portuguese and Spanish architecture. The ‘old town’ (casco antiguo) is a UNESCO World Heritage Site where charming restaurants, art galleries and small colonial hotels with shady patios and lush gardens can be found.
From Colonia, it’s a two-hour drive along the coast to the country’s capital Montevideo . This friendly, safe city has a charming historic quarter with a beautiful cathedral, interesting museums and theatres, and the traditional Mercado del Puerto (Port Market) with its Victorian structure, restaurants, little cafes and excellent food stalls. While here be sure to take a walk or drive along the ‘Rambla’, a 20-kilometre waterfront avenue lined with beaches and a favourite with joggers, walkers, cyclists and families.
Punta Del Este with its expansive golden beaches is a popular haunt for Uruguay and Argentina's wealthy. Between December and February this beach resort is thronged with holiday makers but is still worth visiting to see the Ralli Museum, which holds an impressive collection of Latin American art. For a quieter seaside retreat make your way to nearby José Ignacio, the last town on the Maldonado region’s Atlantic coastline. This charming town maintains the cosy atmosphere of a former fishing village with simple whitewashed bungalows, modest cottages and a lovely lighthouse. José Ignacio is quickly becoming one of the chicest spots in South America and has an expanding list of beautifully designed boutique hotels.
Further along the coast, Cabo Polonio is an enchanting fishing village which can only be reached by horse or four-wheel drive. Famous for its shifting sand dunes and huge colony of sea lions, this area has been declared a natural animal reserve and a Biosphere Natural Reserve by UNESCO.
Uruguay is, in many ways, a country that generates contemplation and introspection and its coastal towns offer the chance to simply disconnect and unwind. It offers a unique take on Latin American culture and history and all in all is a country of its people and experiences, and this is what makes it so special.
Tailor-made holidays to Uruguay
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Which tennis player beat Andre Agassi in the Men’s Wimbledon Singles Finals in three straight sets in 1999? | Andre Agassi | Wimbledon's top 50 male players in the Open Era - Tennis
Tennis
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12. Andre Agassi (USA)
One of the best returners the game has ever seen, Agassi’s long-flowing blonde locks brought him plenty of admirers during his breakthrough slam success in 1992 with a five-set win over Goran Ivanisevic. The baseline terrier remained a fans’ favourite and reached a second SW19 final seven years later only to fall in straight sets to Sampras.
Credit: Andy Hooper/Daily Mail / Rex
| Pete Sampras |
What is the first name of fictional diarist Adrian Mole’s mother? | ESPN.com: TENNIS - Washington: Summing up Sampras' Slams
1990 U.S. Open
Final: Beat fourth-seeded Andre Agassi 6-4, 6-3, 6-2
Highlights: Won four of seven matches in straight sets; eliminated three-time U.S. Open champion and third-ranked Ivan Lendl in five sets in quarterfinals; also beat John McEnroe and Thomas Muster.
Washington: "In addition to becoming the youngest player to ever win the U.S. Open, Sampras' quarterfinal victory over Ivan Lendl was huge and signified a changing of the guard at the U.S. Open. Lendl had reached eight consecutive finals, but Sampras snapped the streak."
Final: Beat third-seeded Jim Courier 7-6 (7-3), 7-6 (8-6), 3-6, 6-3
Highlights: Also beat fourth-ranked Boris Becker (in straight sets) and 13th-seeded Andre Agassi.
Washington: "Rain pushed the men's final back a day, and when it was played, Sampras and fellow American Jim Courier met for the title -- on July 4. Sampras went on to win his first of many Wimbledon titles."
1993 U.S. Open
Final: Beat No. 15 seed Cedric Pioline 6-4, 6-4, 6-3
Highlights: Won five of seven matches in straight sets while dropping just two sets in the tournament.
Washington: "Sampras' second Grand Slam of the year (he also won Wimbledon) really starts his domination the men's tennis tour; he wins at least two Grand Slam titles a year for three consecutive years."
1994 Australian Open
Final: Beat ninth-seeded Todd Martin 7-6 (7-4), 6-4, 6-4
Highlights: Needed five sets to beat Yevgeny Kafelnikov in a second-round victory that included a 9-7 fifth set.
Washington:"Sampras wins his first major in Australia -- and also has his best year yet, winning a career-high 10 titles, including five straight and seven of his first eight tournaments of the year."
1994 Wimbledon
Final: Beat No. 4 seed Goran Ivanisevic 7-6 (7-2), 7-6 (7-5), 6-0
Highlights: Overcame 25 aces in final -- and two tie-breakers -- to win second straight Wimbledon title; also beat sixth-ranked Todd Martin in semifinal.
Washington: "Sampras notches his eighth win of the year, and becomes the second American (Agassi was the first, in 1992) in three years to deny Goran Ivanisevic his first Wimbledon title."
1995 Wimbledon
Final: Beat third-seeded Boris Becker 7-6 (7-5), 6-2, 6-4, 6-2
Highlights: As the No. 2 seed, Sampras also notched a five-set semifinal victory over Goran Ivanisevic.
Washington: "After beating Becker in the final, Becker essentially handed over the reigns to Sampras. Although I can't remember the exact words, Becker, one of the greatest grass-court players ever, told Sampras, 'Now you're better than I am.' "
Final: Beat top-seeded Andre Agassi 6-4, 6-3, 4-6, 7-5
Highlights: Lost just three sets en route to title.
Washington: "This match is the one that triggered Agassi's two- or three-year decline in the mid-1990s decline.Although Agassi had achieved a No. 1 ranking before, he had never been No. 1 at the end of the year, which is what really matters. That year, Thomas Muster won the French Open, Agassi won the Australian Open and Sampras won Wimbledon, and entering the U.S. Open, Agassi said whoever won would be the tour's legitimate No. 1. For the next few years, Agassi really struggled mentally."
1996 U.S. Open
Final: Beat No. 2 seed Michael Chang 6-1, 6-4, 7-6 (7-3)
Highlights: Down two sets to one, Sampras rallied to beat Alex Corretja 7-6 (5), 5-7, 5-7, 6-4, 7-6 (7) in the quarterfinals. Sampras, suffering from the flu, vomited courtside during the match.
Washington: "Sampras is the best pressure player there is, and proved it here, denying fellow American Michael Chang, who was ranked No. 2 at the time, his only opportunity to become No. 1 in the world."
Final: Beat Carlos Moya 6-2, 6-3, 6-3
Highlights: Beat fifth-ranked Thomas Muster in straight sets in the semifinals.
Washington: "Sampras went 8-0 in championship matches in 1997, and overwhelmed Moya, who was making his first Grand Slam final appearance."
1997 Wimbledon
Final: Beat Cedric Pioline 6-4, 6-2, 6-4
Highlights: Also beat 18th-ranked Boris Becker, the highest-ranked opponent Sampras faced at the All England Club in '97.
Washington: "After losing in the 1996 Wimbledon quarterfinals, Sampras begins another dominating three years at the All England Club as he wins his fourth title."
1998 Wimbledon
Final: Beat No. 14 seed Goran Ivanisevic 6-7 (2-7), 7-6 (11-9), 6-4, 3-6, 6-2
Highlights: Sampras joins Bjorn Borg as the only player in the Open Era to win at least one Grand Slam title in six consecutive years; six sets decided by tie-breaker.
Washington: "For the second time in the 1990s, Sampras denies Ivanisevic, who served 32 aces, a Grand Slam title. It was Goran's best opportunity to win. The final was incredible. Rarely do you see a five-set final in a Grand Slam."
Final: Beat fourth-seeded Andre Agassi 6-3, 6-4, 7-5
Highlights: Lost just one set (3-6 to sixth-ranked Tim Henman in semifinals) throughout tournament.
Washington: "Sampras plays arguably his best match ever to win his sixth Wimbledon title in seven years, and beats Agassi just a month after Agassi's French Open win."
2000 Wimbledon
Final: Beat No. 12 seed Patrick Rafter 6-7 (10), 7-6 (5), 6-4, 6-2
Highlights: Sampras wins his 28th consecutive Wimbledon match (and improves to 53-1 at the All England Club over the past eight years) to surpass Roy Emerson for the most Grand Slam titles (13) and tie Willie Renshaw for the most Wimbledon titles (seven). In final, which was interrupted twice because of rain, Sampras served 27 aces at up to 133 mph and fought a 4-1 deficit in the second-set tiebreaker, all while playing with acute tendinitis in his left shin, which prevented him from practicing between matches.
Washington: "Pete's ability to come from behind in that second-set tiebreaker goes to show you why Pete is Pete -- he can somehow perform at the absolute top of his game when he needs it the most and at the absolute biggest moments. What's even more incredible is the amount of pressure he was able to put up with during Wimbledon. There wasn't a single press conference where someone wasn't asking him about the record (13 Grand Slams), and that had to be on his mind every day. But to play the kind of tennis he did -- and to be able to handle Rafter, who was playing his best grass-court tennis of his career -- was pretty phenomenal."
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A Pratincole is what type of creature? | Bird - definition of bird by The Free Dictionary
Bird - definition of bird by The Free Dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/bird
n.
1.
a. Any of various warm-blooded egg-laying feathered vertebrates of the class Aves, having forelimbs modified to form wings.
b. Such an animal hunted as game.
c. Such an animal, especially a chicken or turkey, used as food: put the bird in the oven.
4. Slang A rocket, guided missile, satellite, or airplane.
5. Slang A person, especially one who is odd or remarkable: a sly old bird.
6. Chiefly British Slang A young woman.
7. Slang
a. A loud sound expressing disapproval; a raspberry.
b. Discharge from employment: lost a big sale and nearly got the bird.
8. An obscene gesture of anger, defiance, or derision made by pointing or jabbing the middle finger upward.
intr.v. bird·ed, bird·ing, birds
1. To observe and identify birds in their natural surroundings.
2. To trap, shoot, or catch birds.
Idiom:
[Middle English, from Old English brid, young bird.]
bird′ing n.
(bɜːd)
n
1. (Animals) any warm-blooded egg-laying vertebrate of the class Aves, characterized by a body covering of feathers and forelimbs modified as wings. Birds vary in size between the ostrich and the humming bird.
2. informal a person (usually preceded by a qualifying adjective, as in the phrases rare bird, odd bird, clever bird)
3. slang chiefly Brit a girl or young woman, esp one's girlfriend
4. slang prison or a term in prison (esp in the phrase do bird; shortened from birdlime, rhyming slang for time)
5. a bird in the hand something definite or certain
6. the bird has flown informal the person in question has fled or escaped
7. the birds and the bees euphemistic or jocular sex and sexual reproduction
8. birds of a feather people with the same characteristics, ideas, interests, etc
9. get the bird informal
a. to be fired or dismissed
b. (esp of a public performer) to be hissed at, booed, or derided
10. give someone the bird informal to tell someone rudely to depart; scoff at; hiss
11. kill two birds with one stone to accomplish two things with one action
12. like a bird without resistance or difficulty
13. a little bird a (supposedly) unknown informant: a little bird told me it was your birthday.
14. for the birds strictly for the birds informal deserving of disdain or contempt; not important
[Old English bridd, of unknown origin]
ˈbirdlike adj
(Biography) nickname of (Charlie) Parker
bird
(bɜrd)
n.
1. any warm-blooded, egg-laying vertebrate of the class Aves, having feathers, forelimbs modified into wings, scaly legs, and a beak.
2. a fowl or game bird.
5. Slang. a person, esp. one having some peculiarity: He's an odd bird.
6. Informal. an aircraft, spacecraft, or guided missile.
7. a thin piece of meat rolled around a stuffing and braised: veal birds.
8. Chiefly Brit. Slang. a girl or young woman.
9. the bird, Slang.
a. hissing, booing, etc., to show disapproval.
b. a gesture of contempt made by raising the middle finger.
10. Archaic. the young of any fowl.
v.i.
11. to catch or shoot birds.
12. to bird-watch.
1. birds of a feather, people with similar attitudes, interests, or experience.
2. for the birds, Informal. worthless; not to be taken seriously.
[before 900; Middle English byrd, bryd, Old English brid(d) young bird]
bird′like`, adj.
bird
(bûrd)
Any of numerous warm-blooded, egg-laying vertebrate animals that have wings for forelimbs, a body covered with feathers, a hard bill covering the jaw, and a four-chambered heart.
Did You Know? Did birds evolve from dinosaurs? Most scientists who research the origin of birds think so, and they have lots of evidence to support this view. Small meat-eating dinosaurs and primitive birds share about 20 characteristics that neither group shares with other kinds of animals. Just a few of these include hollow bones, the position of the pelvis, the structure of their eggs, the shape of the shoulder blade, and a collarbone shaped into a wishbone. Dinosaurs had scales, and birds have modified scales—their feathers—and scaly feet. And it may be that at least some dinosaurs had feathers. Recently discovered fossils of a small dinosaur show that it had a feather-like covering. In fact, some primitive fossil birds and small meat-eating dinosaurs are so alike that it is difficult to tell them apart based on their skeletons alone.
ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend:
1.
bird - warm-blooded egg-laying vertebrates characterized by feathers and forelimbs modified as wings
craniate , vertebrate - animals having a bony or cartilaginous skeleton with a segmented spinal column and a large brain enclosed in a skull or cranium
Aves , class Aves - (ornithology) the class of birds
dickeybird , dickey-bird , dickybird , dicky-bird - small bird; adults talking to children sometimes use these words to refer to small birds
cock - adult male bird
nester - a bird that has built (or is building) a nest
night bird - any bird associated with night: owl; nightingale; nighthawk; etc
bird of passage - any bird that migrates seasonally
protoavis - most primitive avian type known; extinct bird of the Triassic having bird-like jaw and hollow limbs and breastbone with dinosaur-like tail and hind limbs
archaeopteryx , Archaeopteryx lithographica , archeopteryx - extinct primitive toothed bird of the Jurassic period having a long feathered tail and hollow bones; usually considered the most primitive of all birds
Sinornis - sparrow-sized fossil bird of the Jurassic period to the Cretaceous period having a keeled breastbone and vestigial tail; found in China; considered possibly the second most primitive of all birds
Ibero-mesornis - sparrow-sized fossil bird of the Cretaceous period having a vestigial tail; found in Spain; considered possibly the third most primitive of all birds
archaeornis - extinct primitive toothed bird with a long feathered tail and three free clawed digits on each wing
flightless bird , ratite , ratite bird - flightless birds having flat breastbones lacking a keel for attachment of flight muscles: ostriches; cassowaries; emus; moas; rheas; kiwis; elephant birds
carinate , carinate bird , flying bird - birds having keeled breastbones for attachment of flight muscles
passeriform bird , passerine - perching birds mostly small and living near the ground with feet having 4 toes arranged to allow for gripping the perch; most are songbirds; hatchlings are helpless
nonpasserine bird - chiefly arboreal birds especially of the order Coraciiformes
beak , neb , nib , pecker , bill - horny projecting mouth of a bird
gallinacean , gallinaceous bird - heavy-bodied largely ground-feeding domestic or game birds
parrot - usually brightly colored zygodactyl tropical birds with short hooked beaks and the ability to mimic sounds
cuculiform bird - birds having zygodactyl feet (except for the touracos)
coraciiform bird - chiefly short-legged arboreal nonpasserine birds that nest in holes
apodiform bird - nonpasserine bird having long wings and weak feet; spends much of its time in flight
caprimulgiform bird - long-winged nonpasserine birds
piciform bird - any of numerous nonpasserine insectivorous climbing birds usually having strong bills for boring wood
trogon - forest bird of warm regions of the New World having brilliant lustrous plumage and long tails
aquatic bird - wading and swimming and diving birds of either fresh or salt water
furcula - a forked bone formed by the fusion of the clavicles of most birds
feather , plumage , plume - the light horny waterproof structure forming the external covering of birds
wing - a movable organ for flying (one of a pair)
pennon , pinion - wing of a bird
bird's foot - the foot of a bird
uropygium - posterior part of a bird's body from which the tail feathers grow
croupe , rump , croup , hindquarters - the part of an animal that corresponds to the human buttocks
air sac - any of the membranous air-filled extensions of the lungs of birds
preen gland , uropygial gland - oil-secreting gland situated at the base of the tail in most birds
syrinx - the vocal organ of a bird
twitterer - a bird that twitters
bird , fowl - the flesh of a bird or fowl (wild or domestic) used as food
flock - a group of birds
chirpy - (birds or insects) characterized by or tending to chirp
2.
wishbone , wishing bone - the furcula of a domestic fowl
poultry - flesh of chickens or turkeys or ducks or geese raised for food
wildfowl - flesh of any of a number of wild game birds suitable for food
drumstick - the lower joint of the leg of a fowl
second joint , thigh - the upper joint of the leg of a fowl
wing - the wing of a fowl; "he preferred the drumsticks to the wings"
giblet , giblets - edible viscera of a fowl
oyster - a small muscle on each side of the back of a fowl
parson's nose , pope's nose - the tail of a dressed fowl
meat - the flesh of animals (including fishes and birds and snails) used as food
dark meat - the flesh of the legs of fowl used as food
3.
fille , girl , miss , missy , young lady , young woman - a young woman; "a young lady of 18"
4.
cry , outcry , shout , vociferation , yell , call - a loud utterance; often in protest or opposition; "the speaker was interrupted by loud cries from the rear of the audience"
5.
badminton equipment - equipment for playing the game of badminton
Verb
observe - watch attentively; "Please observe the reaction of these two chemicals"
bird
noun feathered friend, birdie , fledgling , fowl , warbler , songbird a rare bird
Related words
see seabirds , types of fowl
Quotations
"No ladder needs the bird but skies"
"To situate its wings,"
"Nor any leader's grim baton"
"Arraigns it as it sings" [Emily Dickinson]
"Who wills devoutly to absorb, contain,"
"birds give him pain" [Richard Wilbur The Beautiful Changes]
"I know what the caged bird feels, alas!" [Paul Lawrence Dunbar Sympathy]
Proverbs
"A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush"
"Birds of a feather flock together"
Birds
accentor, amazon, ani, avadavat or amadavat, avocet, babbler, Baltimore oriole, barbet, beccafico, bee-eater, bellbird, bird of paradise, bishopbird, bittern, blackbird, blackcap, blackcock, black grouse, blackpoll, bluebird, blue grouse, blue jay, bluethroat, bluetit, boatbill or boat-billed heron, bobolink, bobwhite, bokmakierie, bowerbird, brain-fever bird, brambling, broadbill, brolga, Australian crane, or (Austral.) native companion, budgerigar, bulbul, bullfinch, bunting, bush shrike, bushtit, bush wren, bustard, button quail, cacique, canary, Cape pigeon, capercaillie or capercailzie, Cape sparrow, capuchin, cardinal or cardinal grosbeak, carrion crow, cassowary, catbird, chaffinch, chat, chickadee, chicken or (Austral. inf.) chook, chiffchaff, chimney swallow or chimney swift, chipping sparrow, chough, chuck-will's-widow, chukar, cliff swallow, coal tit or coletit, cockatiel or cockateel, cockatoo, cock-of-the-rock, collared dove, coly or mousebird, conure, coppersmith, coquette, corella, corn bunting, corncrake, cotinga or chatterer, coucal, cowbird, crake, crane, crested tit, crocodile bird, crombec, crossbill, crow or (Scot.) corbie, cuckoo, cumulet, curassow, curlew, currawong or bell magpie, darter, anhinga, or snakebird, demoiselle (crane) or Numidian crane, diamond bird or pardalote, dipper or water ouzel, diver, dollarbird, dotterel or dottrel, dove or (archaic or poetic) culver, dowitcher, drongo, dunlin or red-backed sandpiper, egret, emperor penguin, emu, emu-wren, fantail, fernbird, fieldfare, fig-bird, finch, finfoot, firebird, firecrest, flamingo, flower-pecker, flycatcher, francolin, friarbird, frogmouth, galah, gang-gang, gnatcatcher, go-away bird, godwit, goldcrest, golden oriole, goldfinch, grackle or crow blackbird, grassfinch, grassquit, great crested grebe, great northern diver, great tit, grebe, greenfinch, green leek, greenlet, greenshank, green woodpecker, grey warbler or riroriro (N.Z.), grosbeak, grouse, guan, guinea fowl, hadedah, hawfinch, hazelhen, hedge sparrow or dunnock, helldiver, pie-billed grebe, or dabchick, hen harrier or (U.S. & Canad.) marsh harrier, heron, hill myna, hoatzin or hoactzin, homing pigeon, honey creeper, honey-eater, honey guide, honeysucker, hooded crow, hoopoe, hornbill, house martin, house sparrow, hummingbird or trochilus, ibis, jabiru, jacamar, jaçana or lily-trotter, jackdaw, jacksnipe, Jacobin, jaeger (U.S. & Canad.), Java sparrow, jay, junco, jungle fowl, kagu, kaka, kakapo, kea, killdeer, kingbird, kingfisher, king penguin, kiwi or apteryx, knot, koel, kokako, kookaburra or laughing jackass, kotuku, Lahore, lapwing or green plover, lark, limpkin or courlan, linnet, locust bird, loggerhead shrike, longspur, long-tailed tit, lorikeet, lory, lourie, lovebird, lyrebird, macaw, magpie, magpie lark, Major Mitchell, marabou, marsh tit, martin, meadowlark, meadow pipit, minivet, mistle thrush or missel thrush, mockingbird, monal or monaul, motmot or sawbill, mourning dove, myna, mynah, or mina, nighthawk, bullbat, or mosquito hawk, night heron, nightingale, nightjar or (U.S. & Canad.) goatsucker, noddy, noisy miner, nun, nutcracker, nuthatch, oil bird or guacharo, oriole, ortolan or ortolan bunting, ostrich, ouzel or ousel, ovenbird, oxpecker or tick-bird, parakeet or parrakeet, parrot, partridge, peacock, peafowl, peewit, pelican, penguin, phalarope, pheasant, pied wagtail, pigeon, pipit, plover, pratincole, ptarmigan, puffbird, puffin, pukeko, purple gallinule, pyrrhuloxia, quail, quarrian or quarrion, quetzal, racket-tail, rail, rainbow bird, raven, red-backed shrike, redbreast, red grouse, red-legged partridge, redpoll, redshank, redstart, redwing, reedbird, reed bunting, reedling or bearded tit, reed warbler, regent-bird, rhea or American ostrich, ricebird, riflebird, rifleman, ringed plover, ring-necked pheasant, ring ouzel, roadrunner or chaparral cock, robin or robin redbreast, rock dove or rock pigeon, rockhopper, roller, rook, rosella, rosy finch, ruff, ruffed grouse, runt, saddleback, saddlebill or jabiru, sage grouse, sanderling, sandgrouse, sand martin, sandpiper, sapsucker, Scandaroon, scarlet tanager, scrub bird, sedge warbler, seriema, serin, sheathbill, shoebill, shore bird or (Brit.) wader, shrike or butcherbird, sicklebill, siskin or (formerly) aberdevine, sitella or tree-runner, skimmer, skylark, snipe, snow bunting, snowy egret, solitaire, song sparrow, song thrush or mavis, sora, sparrow, spoonbill, spotted crake, spotted flycatcher, spotted sandpiper or (U.S.) peetweet, squacco, starling, stilt, stint, stock dove, stonechat, stone curlew or thick-knee, stork, sugar bird, sunbird, sun bittern, surfbird, swallow, swift, swiftlet, swordbill, tailorbird, takahe, tanager, tattler, tawny pippit, tern, thornbill, thrasher, thrush or (poetic) throstle, tit, titmouse, tody, toucan, touraco, turaco, or plantain-eater, towhee, tragopan, tree creeper, tree sparrow, trochilus, trogon, tropicbird, troupial, trumpeter, tui, turtledove, twite, umbrella bird, veery, verdin, wader or wading bird, wagtail, wall creeper, warbler, water rail, water thrush, wattlebird, waxbill, waxwing, weaverbird or weaver, weka, Maori hen, or wood hen, wheatear, whimbrel, whinchat, whip bird, whippoorwill, white-eye or (N.Z.) blighty, silvereye, or waxeye, whitethroat, whooping crane, willet, willow grouse, willow tit, willow warbler, wonga-wonga, woodchat or woodchat shrike, woodcock, wood ibis, woodlark, woodpecker, wood pigeon, ringdove, cushat, (Scot.) cushie-doo, or (English dialect) quist, woodswallow, wood warbler, wren, wrybill, wryneck, yellowhammer, zebra finch
Extinct birds archaeopteryx, archaeornis, dodo, great auk, huia, ichthyornis, moa, notornis, passenger pigeon, solitaire
bird
to kill two birds with one stone → prendere due piccioni con una fava
bird
(bəːd) noun
a two-legged feathered creature, with a beak and two wings, with which most can fly. Kiwis and ostriches are birds which cannot fly. voël طائِر птица pássaro pták der Vogel fugl πτηνό , πουλί ave, pájaro lind پرنده lintu oiseau ציפור चिड़िया ptica madár burung fugl uccello 鳥 새 paukštis putns burung vogel fugl ptak pássaro pasăre птица vták ptič ptica fågel นก kuş 鳥 птах پرندہ ، پکھیرو con chim 鸟
bird's-eye view
a general view from above. a bird's-eye view of the town from an aeroplane. voëlvlug, voëlperspektief مِن عَلٍ، مِن فَوْق от птичи поглед vista panorâmica pohled z ptačí perspektivy die Vogelperspektive fugleperspektiv πανοραμική θέα vista de pájaro linnulennuline ülevaade منظرۀ هوایی lintuperspektiivi vue d'ensemble מַבָּט מִמעוֹף הַצִיפּוֹר विहगंम दृश्य ptičja perspektiva madártávlat pandangan dari atas séður úr lofti veduta dall'alto 鳥瞰図 조감도 vaizdas iš paukščio skrydžio skats no putna lidojuma dari pandangan udara vogelvluchtperspectief fugleperspektiv widok z lotu ptaka هوايى منظره vista panorâmica privire de ansamblu вид с высоты птичьего полёта pohľad z vtáčej perspektívy pogled iz ptičje perspektive ptičja perspektiva fågelperspektiv ภาพที่มองเห็นจากมุมสูง kuş bakışı , görünüş/manzara 鳥瞰 вид з висоти пташиного польоту toàn cảnh nhìn từ trên xuống 鸟瞰
bird
| Bird |
Which month in the Gregorian calendar was originally the seventh month of the Roman calendar? | Nik in Oz
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Nik in Oz
This blog has been set up to let all you good folk out there in the UK and elsewhere just how i am doing out here and to show you pictures too.
Friday, 12 March 2010
Oriental Pratincole over-load !
After coming back from a wader count at 80 Mile beach, where 500,000 Oriental Pratincole had been counted, the team encountered 60,000 on Roebuck Plains. So a few days later i went to have a look and arriving on the plains we easily picked up the flocks wheeling around in the sky some incredibly high but starting to come down closer and finally coming in low to land.
With a few raptors around the flocks gathered into tight groups and circled around and around in huge numbers.
Grasshoppers that the Oriental Pratincole were feeding on in plague proportions.
The pratincole after hawking insects high, and avoiding predators started coming into roost and landing in the tussocky grasslands of Roebuck Plains.
A closer shot of the thousands of pratincole coming into roost
Once the sun was setting the birds left what we thought would be the roost site and heded out low over the grassland hawking for insects like nightjar.
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Nest site of Australasian pipit out on the plains
Australiasian Pipit chick- there are three in there honest !
Bnading three Australiasin Pipit chicks
Nik ringing a Paperbark Flycatcher chick
Paperbark Flycatcher chick in its delicate nest woven from spiders webs and grass decorated with bits of leaves.
Paperbark Flycatcher nest quite exposed but blends in perfectly with the branches of the Mother-in-law tree.
And there is the little fella - all head and no tail yet !
All the chicks are really showing up around the site now, this Rurouf Whistler juvenile turned up in the nets.
As did the Rufous Throated Honey eater juvenile - no rufous throat although some adults do not have a coloured throat either, but this is in lovely soft fresh plumage and has a beautiful grey head.
Rufous Throated Honeyeater chicks in the nest
Incredible nest of a Rufous Throated Honeyeater suspended at the end of a spindly branch.
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Matt and i decided that we would go to South Australia to see if we could catch up with three impossible to see birds!
Noisy Scrub bird
Western Bristlebird
Western Whipbird
Matt had already left the obs so i flew down to Perth to meet him and joined up at Perry and Alma Reberia's to borrow their camper van and drive South down the Albany highway to Cheynes beach camp site.
Soon after settling in with a cup of tea at Cheynes Beach, we heard Noisy Scrub bird singing in the scrub not just on the other side of the camp sire boundary ! A quick dash and we could pin point where it was singing but could we see the bird??!! it took over half an hour before Matt caught a glimpse and another quarter hour before the bird in question hopped across the track into the low open branches of a young eucalyptus give reasonable views. Great one of the three under our belt within a couple of hours of arriving, the others must surely fall tomorrow!
Was i wrong! despite hearing many singing both bristlebird and whipbird remain invisible in the dense heathland and scrubby area. Chasing them didn't help they just moved low in the scrub to a new position and sang at us !
While waiting not all was lost, we saw Southern Emu Wren with incredibly long fluffy tails, Red Winged Fairy Wren, Spotted and Swamp Harrier, tons of White-Cheeked and New Holland Honeyeater, Purple-Crowned Lorikeet but not a flick of a wing of the target species!
Finally, after two days listening to scrub singing, we left and went to Little beach car park at Two Peoples Bay which is where Noisy Scrub bird was rediscovered after it was thought to be extinct in the late 1800's. We didn't see scrub bird here but we did manage to get Western Bristlebird after a struggle in rain and wind, one eventually obliged by half flying flopping across the road to the traffic island, sang on one side and flopped across to the scrub again. So that was that, we decided we wouldn't get better views and decided to give up on whipbird as the weather was deteriorating and we were due to drive up to Dryandra National Park which would be a good few hours away with a detour to see Western Corrella.
White-cheeked Honeyeater
Driving out of Cheynes Beach up onto the plateau, the scene is open heath with these strange Tree ferns/sedges?
Another stunning flower but no idea what it is yet !
Southern Bandicoot visited us in the campsite and showed no fear at all as it rooted through our rubbish and almost ran up my leg !
Another common marsupial, Western Grey Kangaroo where in the coastal heath and also around the campsites.
Arriving at Dryandra National Park, we camped at the official campsite and found we had parked up under a Brush tailed possum nest. Two climbed down the tree at dusk and wandered around us looking for food.
Another night creature came to visit, a Short-beaked Echidna, which as soon as approached either run away or roll up so you can't see a thing of them apart from spines !
These engaging birds were literally everywhere and a favorite of mine - Rufous Treecreeper, more like a Nuthatch in behaviour but they were quite happy foraging on the ground as well as on dead fallen tree trunks as well as upright trees.
This is the kind of forest that occurs at Dryandra, but there are also plantations of trees for tanin, but when the market fell out of tanin the plantations were just left to mature and now provide a reasonable habitat in the total forest area.
A fantastic flower in the forest, but again not identification.
From dryandra we drove back up to Perry and Alma to join then for an Australia Day BBQ with Elanor Rowley and a neighbour.
Had a great time food and drink what more could you want !
Alma tending the lamb chops !
Throw yet another shrimp on the Barbie !
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Which luggage company is named after a Biblical strongman? | Samsonite Luggage, Suitcases & Bags | Luggage Pros
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About Samsonite
For almost 100 years, Samsonite has been regarded as a top-quality luggage producer and retailer. Named after the Biblical strongman, the company emerged as a travel trunk manufacturer during an age when travel was reserved for the elite few. The customers of those days were selective about their gear, choosing only the most attractive and most durable equipment to haul their wares with them near and far.
It's because of that dedication to quality that Samsonite has survived—and thrived—through economic depressions, recessions, and global financial crises when others could not.
Today, the Samsonite brand remains a top contender in luggage and travel gear. Its line of products has broadened to include everything from rolling luggage to briefcases to travel accessories, yet their products continue to encapsulate the strength and boldness required to be Worldproof®.
First-time purchasers soon become lifelong fans, and it's no mystery why: The company was and still remains one of the best-known manufacturers of quality travel gear in the world. Samsonite's forward-thinking designs, innovative materials, and dedication to their Golden Rule motto - "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you" - speaks to a brand that will remain relevant and fashionable for decades to come.
Award Winning
As a winner of numerous awards, Samsonite looks ahead with its designs and innovations to assure their products stay ahead of the game. Rigorous testing processes ensure each and every one of their products meets or exceeds buyers' expectations in durability, usability, comfort, and style. Innovative materials—including their exclusive Curv® technology, used in designing their best-selling Cosmolite Collection of lightweight, extra durable rolling luggage - assures that Samsonite products will continue to remain longstanding icons and favorites of the travel equipment industry for years to come.
Warranty
In the rare case that a product is found to be defective in material or workmanship, the company offers a variety of limited warranties to assist the customer in repairing or replacing the defective gear. (The length of warranty depends on the product type purchased. Learn More )
Construction Quality
All Samsonite products are thoughtfully engineered and integrate compact and streamlined appeal with space-saving pockets and compartments that won't get in the way of practical day-to-day use. On top of that, the company's designers have tacked on spinner wheels to most of their rolling products, allowing users to easily maneuver their belongings through airports, offices, hallways, hotels, or anywhere else they plan (or don't plan) to go.
Selection
Though Samsonite remains one of the world's greatest names in luggage, behind the science of remaining practical and new the company strives to stay mindful of their customers' individuality. That's why they offer up a variety of colors or patterns to coordinate with even the most particular tastes, and tack on a wide variety of accessories - from umbrellas and toiletry sets, to travel pillows and outlet adapters - to solidly prepare even the most adventurous user.
Whether you're in need of new travel and business gear, or are seeking accessories for current equipment, Samsonite's got you covered. In addition to its traditional luggage offerings, you can find gear like totes, backpacks, duffel bags, and even kid-friendly lines and accessories featuring Disney®, Star Wars®, and Marvel® characters.
Samsonite Luggage
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| Samsonite |
The ‘Great Bells of Bow’ church were used to time the executions at which London prison? | Samsonite Luggage, Suitcases & Bags | Luggage Pros
Receive Samsonite Email Alerts
About Samsonite
For almost 100 years, Samsonite has been regarded as a top-quality luggage producer and retailer. Named after the Biblical strongman, the company emerged as a travel trunk manufacturer during an age when travel was reserved for the elite few. The customers of those days were selective about their gear, choosing only the most attractive and most durable equipment to haul their wares with them near and far.
It's because of that dedication to quality that Samsonite has survived—and thrived—through economic depressions, recessions, and global financial crises when others could not.
Today, the Samsonite brand remains a top contender in luggage and travel gear. Its line of products has broadened to include everything from rolling luggage to briefcases to travel accessories, yet their products continue to encapsulate the strength and boldness required to be Worldproof®.
First-time purchasers soon become lifelong fans, and it's no mystery why: The company was and still remains one of the best-known manufacturers of quality travel gear in the world. Samsonite's forward-thinking designs, innovative materials, and dedication to their Golden Rule motto - "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you" - speaks to a brand that will remain relevant and fashionable for decades to come.
Award Winning
As a winner of numerous awards, Samsonite looks ahead with its designs and innovations to assure their products stay ahead of the game. Rigorous testing processes ensure each and every one of their products meets or exceeds buyers' expectations in durability, usability, comfort, and style. Innovative materials—including their exclusive Curv® technology, used in designing their best-selling Cosmolite Collection of lightweight, extra durable rolling luggage - assures that Samsonite products will continue to remain longstanding icons and favorites of the travel equipment industry for years to come.
Warranty
In the rare case that a product is found to be defective in material or workmanship, the company offers a variety of limited warranties to assist the customer in repairing or replacing the defective gear. (The length of warranty depends on the product type purchased. Learn More )
Construction Quality
All Samsonite products are thoughtfully engineered and integrate compact and streamlined appeal with space-saving pockets and compartments that won't get in the way of practical day-to-day use. On top of that, the company's designers have tacked on spinner wheels to most of their rolling products, allowing users to easily maneuver their belongings through airports, offices, hallways, hotels, or anywhere else they plan (or don't plan) to go.
Selection
Though Samsonite remains one of the world's greatest names in luggage, behind the science of remaining practical and new the company strives to stay mindful of their customers' individuality. That's why they offer up a variety of colors or patterns to coordinate with even the most particular tastes, and tack on a wide variety of accessories - from umbrellas and toiletry sets, to travel pillows and outlet adapters - to solidly prepare even the most adventurous user.
Whether you're in need of new travel and business gear, or are seeking accessories for current equipment, Samsonite's got you covered. In addition to its traditional luggage offerings, you can find gear like totes, backpacks, duffel bags, and even kid-friendly lines and accessories featuring Disney®, Star Wars®, and Marvel® characters.
Samsonite Luggage
Items 1 to 24 of 132 total
1
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Arboreal animals live in or among which habitat? | What are Some Arboreal Animals? (with pictures)
What are Some Arboreal Animals?
Last Modified Date: 04 January 2017
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These 10 animal facts will amaze you
Arboreal animals are animals that spend most or all of their time in trees. Many of them exist, and some are quite famous — the koala , lemur, flying squirrel , New World porcupine, tree sloth, spider monkey , tarsier, leopard , orangutan, chameleon , gecko, fruit bat, and many tree frogs, snakes, birds, and lizards. Animals of this type live in all the forests of the world, but are the most common in tropical forests, where the lush foliage and the canopy level creates a veritable floor of trees and leaves. In the nooks and crannies of trees, water collects in small pools, providing a source of moisture for a whole mini- ecosystem .
To climb in trees consistently and without falling, arboreal animals display a wide variety of adaptations, many of them shared between them. These include lithe bodies, clawed or sticky feet, and prehensile tails. Some, like tree sloths, have huge claws that let them hang from trees without expending any energy whatsoever. Some tree sloths cling so tenaciously to trees that they continue hanging for days after death.
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The primary biodiversity hotspots for arboreal animals are the world's four largest rainforests — the Amazon, Congo, Madagascar, and Southeast Asia. The reason for the evolution of the arboreal lifestyle is obvious — trees are rich in animals and fruits, and allow their occupants to avoid predators on the ground. In fact, some animals, such as sloths, are so fearful of the ground that if their offspring accidentally falls, they will avoid going down to recover them. In rainforests, thick tree branches often rise 100 ft (30 m) or more above the ground, providing ample room to live and eat. Some animals spend their entire lives jumping from tree to tree, never touching the ground.
One of the most interesting adaptations displayed by arboreal animals are stretchy membranes between their legs or toes that allow for extensive gliding. While flight has only evolved independently four times in the history of nature (insects, pterosaurs, birds, and bats), gliding has evolved dozens of times. Some gliding animals include the flying squirrel (found across Eurasia and North America, American species rarely seen due to their nocturnal lifestyle), flying frogs (a trait which has evolved independently in more than 3,400 species), and Draco lizards, which can glide for up to 100 m (328 ft) under optimal conditions.
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anon312236
Post 9
This was really helpful. Oh, and save the rainforest! By the way, you should look up red pandas even though they live in the taiga.
JackWhack
Post 8
I'm a little surprised that tree frogs are arboreal animals, because even though they have the word “tree” in their name, I frequently see them hanging out in other locations. My pond is just full of them, and they seem to gather there at twilight to sing noisy songs together.
I've also seen them clinging to the outside of my windows. I can see their little suction cups on their feet.
kylee07drg
Post 7
Some bears are arboreal animals. I've read that certain kinds will build nests in trees and sleep there.
It's also common for bear cubs to sleep in trees. This keeps them from being vulnerable to predators.
feasting
Post 6
@DylanB – Sugar gliders cannot be happy in a cage, even the big tower cages that people often keep them in. They cannot glide through the air very far at all.
One big drawback to owning a sugar glider is that they prey on small animals like birds and gross insects like spiders and grubworms. So, you have to feed them live food. I don't know if your son would be queasy about this or not, but for me, it was all it took to convince me not to get one.
They also like to suck on trees to get sap. Unless you have the means to grow a live tree in your home, you can't give him this opportunity.
DylanB
Post 5
Does anyone here have any experience with sugar gliders? My son wants one of these arboreal animals, but since they live in trees in the wild, I don't see how it can survive in a small cage. I need information that will help me talk him out of getting one.
naturesgurl3
Post 3
One of the most popular arboreal animals in captivity is the monkey!
These little guys are so cute, and many people can spend hours watching them at play.
It really makes you think though, to see how advanced their play and interaction is -- perhaps we're not so far from being arboreal animals ourselves!
CopperPipe
Post 2
Many arboreal animals have very specific purposes and roles in their local ecosystem, kind of their own niche. All animals have their niche, but arboreal animals are unique in that they often serve to fill several niches, while other types of animals may only serve one or two purposes to their surrounding environment.
StreamFinder
| Tree |
Who played Queen Victoria in the 1997 film ‘Mrs Brown’? | Animal Habitat Lesson Plan for K-2
Procedures
Talk about different natural environments with the class. What is a forest? What does it look like? How is a forest different from a desert? Explain the term "habitat" and talk about the many kinds of animals that live in different habitats . Use Animals Around Us and print resources to illustrate the unique features and animals of the forest, desert, grasslands, and wetlands.
Continue discussing forests, wetlands, deserts, and grasslands until students demonstrate a clear understanding of the basic characteristics of these environments and can identify some animals that live in each habitat. Once students have a solid understanding, tell them to draw a picture of the one they would most likely to visit. Talk about the kinds of things you would expect to see in each picture, such as the animals and plants that live and grow there. Check for comprehension by asking questions like these: Should a drawing of the desert have a lot of trees? What kinds of animals might you draw if you were making a picture of a wetlands habitat?
Allow students time to work on their drawings. Write the words " forest ," "desert," "wetlands," and "grasslands" on the board so students can write the word for their chosen habitat in a visible spot on their drawings.
Once the drawings are complete, ask students to share them with the rest of the class. Which habitat did most of the students want to visit? Ask them to explain why. What kinds of plants and animals appear in the different drawings?
At the close of the lesson, take the students outside to observe animals that live in your school environment. What do they see? How would they describe the habitat these animals live in?
Finally, display the habitat drawings in the classroom so students have a visual reminder of the unique features of the forest, desert, wetlands, and grasslands.
Definition:A dense growth of trees, plants, and underbrush covering a large area
Context:A forest, also called woodland, is a habitat with lots of trees.
grasslands
Definition:Land where mainly grass or grasslike vegetation grows, such as a prairie or a meadow
Context:Some of the biggest animals living in the grasslands are grazers, or grass eaters, such as bison.
habitat
Definition:The type of environment in which an organism or group normally lives or occurs
Context:Every habitat provides animal species with food, water, shelter, and space to move around.
wetland
Definition:An area of land where water covers the soil or is present either at or near the surface of the soil year-round or for varying periods of time during the year, including during the growing season
Context:A wetland is any place where the soil stays moist and wet, such as a bog, swamp, or marsh.
This lesson plan addresses the following national standards:
Life Science: Organisms and environments
Mid-continent Research for Education and Learning (McREL)
McREL's Content Knowledge: A Compendium of Standards and Benchmarks for K-12 Education addresses 14 content areas. To view the standards and benchmarks, visit:
http://www.mcrel.org/compendium/browse.asp
This lesson plan addresses the following national standards:
Language Arts-Reading: Uses the general skills and strategies of the reading process: Understands that print conveys meaning (i.e., knows that printed letters and words represent spoken language); and
Language Arts ? Viewing: Uses viewing skills and strategies to understand and interpret visual media: Understands the main idea or message in visual media (e.g., pictures, cartoons, weather reports on television, newspaper photographs, visual narratives)
Geography-Physical Systems: Understands the characteristics of ecosystems on Earth's surface
Science-Life Science: Understands relationships among organisms and their physical environment
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Which US animated television series 90 second pilot episode clip was called the ‘Flagstones’? | The Flintstones | The Cartoon Network Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Ended
Wiki
The Flinstones is an animated, prime-time American television sitcom that was broadcast from September 30, 1960, to April 1, 1966, on ABC. The show was produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions. The Flintstones was about a working-class Stone Age man's life with his family and his next-door neighbor and best friend. The show's continuing popularity rested heavily on its juxtaposition of modern everyday concerns in the Stone Age setting. The Flintstones was the most financially successful network animated franchise for three decades, until The Simpsons debuted.
The original pilot episode clip was called The Flagstones (which first appeared in 1959 as a 90-second promotion to draw advertisers to the show) and was later reincorporated into the show's first episode (third episode in original air date order). The show's name was changed to The Flintstones shortly thereafter.
In 1992 reruns of the series began airing on Cartoon Network . Currently The Flintstones airs on Cartoon Network's sister channel Boomerang .
Contents
[ show ]
Overview
The Flinstones follows two Stone Age families, the Flintstones and their neighbors, the Rubbles. Much of the humor was based on its comic portrayals of modern conveniences, reinterpreted using Stone Age 'technology.' Most notably were their cars, complete with absence of floorboards to allow them to be 'foot-powered.' The show is set in the Stone Age town of Bedrock. (In some of the earlier episodes, it was also referred to as "Rockville".) In this fantasy version of the past, dinosaurs, saber-toothed tigers, woolly mammoths, and other long-extinct animals co-exist with cavemen. Like their mid-20th century counterparts, these cavemen listen to records, live in split-level homes, and eat out at restaurants, yet their technology is made entirely from pre-industrial materials and largely powered through the use of animals. For example, the cars are made out of stone, wood, and animal skins, and powered by the passengers' feet (as in the theme song, "Through the courtesy of Fred's two feet").
Often the "prehistoric" analog to a modern machine uses an animal. For example, when a character takes photographs with an instant camera, inside the camera box, a bird carves the picture on a stone tablet with its beak. In a running gag, the animal powering such technology would frequently break the fourth wall, look directly into the camera at the audience and offer a mild complaint about his job. Other commonly seen gadgets in the series include a baby woolly mammoth used as a vacuum cleaner; an adult woolly mammoth acting as a shower by spraying water with its trunk; elevators raised and lowered by ropes around brontosauruses' necks; "automatic" windows powered by monkeys on the outside; birds acting as "car horns", sounded by the driver pulling on their tails or squeezing their bodies; an "electric" razor made from a clam shell, vibrating from a honey-bee inside; a pelican as a washing machine, shown with a beakful of soapy water; and a woodpecker whose beak is used to play a gramophone record. In most cases, "The Man of a Thousand Voices", Mel Blanc, contributed the animals' gag lines, often lowering his voice one to two full octaves, far below the range he used to voice the character of Barney Rubble. In the case of the Flintstones' cuckoo clocks, which varied from mechanical toys to live birds announcing the time, when the hour approached 12:00, the bird inside the clock "cuckooing" usually just ran out of steam and gave up vocally, physically, or both.
Cast
Fred Flintstone – Alan Reed (speaking voice only)
Wilma Flintstone/Pebbles Flintstone – Jean Vander Pyl
Barney Rubble – Mel Blanc; Daws Butler (season 2; episodes 1, 2, 5, 6, and 9 only)
Betty Rubble – Bea Benaderet (seasons 1–4); Gerry Johnson (seasons 5–6)
Bamm-Bamm Rubble/Hoppy/Arnold – Don Messick
Mrs. Slaghoople – Verna Felton and Janet Waldo
The Great Gazoo – Harvey Korman
Films & Subsequent Television Series
Following the show's cancellation in 1966, a film based upon the series was created. The Man Called Flintstone was a musical spy caper that parodied James Bond and other secret agents. The movie was released to theaters on August 3, 1966, by Columbia Pictures. It was released on DVD in Canada in March 2005 and in United States in December 2008.
The show was revived in the early 1970s with Pebbles and Bamm-Bamm having grown into teenagers, and several different series and made-for-TV movies (broadcast mainly on Saturday mornings, with a few shown in prime time); including a series depicting Fred and Barney as police officers, another depicting the characters as children, and yet others featuring Fred and Barney encountering Marvel Comics superhero The Thing and Al Capp's comic strip character The Shmoo – have appeared over the years. The original show also was adapted into a live-action film in 1994, and a prequel, The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas, which followed in 2000. Unlike its sister show The Jetsons (the two shows appeared in a made-for-TV crossover movie in 1987), the revival programs were not syndicated or rerun alongside the original series.
It was announced that Family Guy creator (and Hanna-Barbera alumnus) Seth MacFarlane would be reviving The Flintstones for the Fox network, with the first episode airing in 2013. The program was indefinitely delayed from the 2013 date however, due to MacFarlane's schedule.
Television Series
| The Flintstones |
The English city of Norwich lies on which river? | KeepIn Calendar | International Holidays from around the World
The Flintstones Premiered, 1960
The Flintstones Premiered, 1960
The Flintstones is an animated, prime-time American television sitcom that was broadcast from September 30, 1960, to April 1, 1966, on ABC. The show was produced by Hanna-Barbera. The Flintstones was about a working-class Stone Age man's life with his family and his next-door neighbor and best friend.
The show's continuing popularity rested heavily on its juxtaposition of modern everyday concerns in the Stone Age setting. The Flintstones was the most financially successful network animated franchise for three decades, until The Simpsons debuted.
The show is set in the Stone Age town of Bedrock. (In some of the earlier episodes, it was also referred to as 'Rockville'.) In this fantasy version of the past, dinosaurs, saber-toothed tigers, woolly mammoths, and other long-extinct animals co-exist with cavemen. Like their mid-20th century counterparts, these cavemen listen to records, live in split-level homes, and eat out at restaurants, yet their technology is made entirely from pre-industrial materials and largely powered through the use of animals. For example, the cars are made out of stone, wood, and animal skins, and powered by the passengers' feet (as in the theme song, 'Through the courtesy of Fred's two feet').
The original pilot episode clip was called The Flagstones (which first appeared in 1959 as a 90-second promotion to draw advertisers to the show) and was later reincorporated into the show's first episode (third episode in original air date order). The show's name was changed to The Flintstones shortly thereafter.
Source:
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Sevruga, Sterlet and Ossetra are all types of which delicacy? | Russian Caviar – from $32.11 – Marky’s Gourmet Store
Pages: 1 2 3 4 » View All
The kinds of Russian black caviar
The most expensive kind of the Russian caviar is the Russian Beluga caviar. Beluga has nearly extinguished because of overfishing, poaching, and water pollution, thus, the industrial fishing of this species is strictly limited and controlled, which has highly influenced its price and has stimulated the farming of this species after the official ban on import of the Caspian sea caviar. Only now after 10 years, we may see the results and we are expecting the Beluga to be supplied to our stock for we could offer it to our valued customers. The Russian Beluga caviar is considered to be the most delicious ones in the world. Its big pearlescent beads have the most delicate and subtle flavor that makes the gourmet lose their mind.
The most popular and sought after is the Russian Osetra. Indeed, the Russian Osetra caviar makes an ideal balance of the flavor, the size, and the price. So if you want to buy Russian caviar most probably you'll buy the Russian Osetra. Though this Royal delight is pretty expensive, the price will be compensated by the incredible sea flavor, tender texture and luxurious appearance. There are many different types of the Russian Osetra sorted by grades, by the manufacturer, by the size, and by the color, but all you need to know is they are all perfectly delicious for you and are worth every single cent spent on it! Furthermore, you can save by ordering the Russian caviar online at the Marky's Gourmet shop.
The closest analog to the Russian Beluga caviar is the Kaluga. This species is very similar to Beluga but just a little bit smaller and sometimes called the 'river Beluga' for its life cycle that includes a very long period of life in the rivers, unlike the Beluga that goes to the rivers only during the spawning period. Kaluga and all of its types have the flavor and texture very close to the Russian Beluga caviar. Very tender and delicious with the inherent nuttiness and butteriness, these big pearlescent beads will make your dinner unforgettable.
Despite its smaller size, the Sevruga is the most flavorful caviar in the Sturgeon family and sometimes it is called 'Strong Sturgeon'. The small pearlescent black beads conceal a briny juice with a complex sea flavor that makes the connoisseurs' taste buds tremble in expectancy of the highest delight of enjoying the nutty and buttery flavor
Russian Sevruga caviar and Sterlet caviar offered by Marky's Caviar are produced on domestic Sturgeon AquaFarm - the only aqua farm in North America to raise Beluga, Sterlet and Sevruga sturgeon
| Caviar |
In poetry, a sonnet consists of how many lines? | Caviar Fish Varieties - Beluga, Osetra, Sevruga | whatiscaviar.org
Types
Caviar Fish Varieties
There are a few fish varieties which produce what is considered to be the world's best caviar. Here is the short list.
Beluga
Beluga caviar is relatively rare. Today, only about a hundred Beluga sturgeons are caught in the Caspian Sea. They can also be found in the Black Sea, and less frequently in the Adriatic Sea. Known to be the largest sturgeon, it can measure up to six meters in length. Its massive size is reflective of the size of its eggs. Beluga caviar consists of very large eggs, which makes it very desirable. It is, in fact, the most expensive caviar.
Even though Beluga weighing up to 600 kilograms existed in the past, they rarely come in those sizes nowadays because of the modern practice of overfishing. The silver-gray Beluga is the only carnivore in the sturgeon family. It usually reaches maturity between the ages of 20 to 25. Even when mature, the Beluga sturgeon might not spawn on a yearly basis if favorable conditions do not exist. Up to 25 percent (and sometimes 50 percent) of its body weight is attributed to eggs.
The color of Beluga caviar ranges from light gray to black. The lighter shades, which come from more mature fish, are highly demanded by individuals of refined taste. Beluga caviar prices are rather high. In the United States, they reach $5,000 and higher per kilogram. In Kazakhstan, they are rather affordable at around $250 per kilogram. The rarest type of Beluga caviar is the Almas, which means diamond in Farsi and sells up to $25,000 a kilogram.
Osetra
With a strong and nutty flavor, the Osetra caviar is a very popular type of Caspian Sea caviar that is harvested by Russia and Iran. It is less expensive than the Beluga and more expensive than the Sevruga. Further, it consists of eggs that are smaller than those of the Beluga and larger than those of the Sevruga.
Osetra caviar is a product of the Osetra sturgeon, which can weigh up to 200 kilograms and grow up to two meters long. The average weight of this fish, however, is 20 to 80 kilograms. Thus, it is smaller than the Beluga. The average life span of the Osetra sturgeon is around 50 to 80 years. It reaches maturity at age 12 to 15. If bred in warmer temperatures, however, maturity comes earlier.
Variety is abundant when it comes to Osetra caviar. It comes in many different colors, sizes, and flavors. Each time you eat this product, it tastes, smells and looks different. Experts say that the variations in taste occur because the Osetra is a bottom feeder. Thus, its eggs acquire the flavor of what the fish eats. With eggs that come in different colors like gold, white, dark gray, black, and dark brown, Osetra caviar is a famous elite caviar. Compared to the Beluga caviar, it is firmer. The rich Golden Osetra is a rare variety.
Sevruga
Sevruga caviar is intense in flavor. More affordable than the Osetra and Beluga caviars, it is a popular caviar variety. Its price is reflective of the fact that the Sevruga sturgeon is rather common; it is not rare like the Beluga. This sturgeon is also quick to reproduce. The female Sevruga reaches maturity earlier than other sturgeons. It produces eggs between the ages of seven and eight.
The eggs are at their best when the fish is around 18 to 22 years old. About 10 to 12 percent of its body weight is attributed to roe. This Caspian and Black Sea caviar consists of small eggs-smaller than that of the other two main caviar varieties. After all, Sevruga roe comes from the smallest sturgeon to be commercially caught. This caviar fish rarely weighs over 25 kilograms. Since its scales are star-shaped, it is often called the star sturgeon. The main distinctive feature of this fish, however, is its pointed muzzle that is shaped like a scythe.
Sevruga caviar consists of greenish gray or gray-black eggs. Because of its strong flavor, it is popular among caviar connoisseurs. It is also known for its rather crunchy texture. The other two main varieties of Iranian and Russian caviars are more delicate and smooth. Even though the Sevruga caviar prices are lower than that of Beluga and Osetra, they are definitely not as low as prices of caviar alternatives like hackleback and capelin caviar.
Some of the most well known caviar brands are the Petrossian Caviar & Romanoff Caviar. These two companies are considered the providers of the most premium caviar in the World, and their products are highly sought-after and, as you might expect, expensive.
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What is the name of the twin sister of the Disney character Donald Duck? | Donald Duck
Carl Barks
Donald - Made in Italy
In the same time as the Barks' stories, the Italian production with authors like Guido Martina, Giovan Battista Carpi, Luciano Bottaro, Romano Scarpa, Pier Lorenzo and Massimo DeVita, Giorgio Cavazzano, Marco Rota and several others continued to develope the character of Donald and remaining almost always faithful to the Disney spirit of Gottfredson, Taliaferro but over all of Barks, they created great adventures reprinted, translated and published in several countries, creating new characters to what has been called "The big duck family".
Of these stories made in Italy, the ones called parodies are probably the most characteristic ones which have seen Donald playing several famous historical literature characters like PAPERINO DON CHISCIOTTE 1955, IL DOTTOR PAPERUS 1958, PAPERIN DI TARASCONA 1957, EL KID PAMPEADOR 1959, PAPERIN FURIOSO 1966 PAPERIN FRACASSA 1967, PAPERIN DE PAPERAC 1967, PAPERIN ALÌ 1985 and much more.
Paperin De Paperac
Paperin Furioso
DUCK AVENGER the devilish avenger
In 1969 the same Italian artist group had created Donald's secret identity and alter-ego Paperinik (for which the most appropriate English translation is "DUCK AVENGER"). With a black costume which originally belonged to the gentleman thief FANTOMALLARD and a mask to hide (but not much) his identity, Donald had Gyro create a secret hideout under his house, while having him modify his car with several special devices to accomplished his night revenge missions.
His adventures had a big success and have been reprinted in several other countries.
Always in Italy in 1996 the hyper-technological super-hero version of Paperinik was created called PK (in the beginning short form for Paperinik than transformed in that for the scientific latin name Platyrhynchos Kineticus "energized duck" but in USA also known as Duck Avenger). This character which has nothing to do with the original Paperinik, lives in a futuristic habitat similar to the one of some American super heros where he acts in interdimensional complex and charming adventures but that are completely out of the classical Disney universe.
PK "Platyrhynchos Kineticus"
In Italy in the 2008 was also created by Max Monteduro another secret identity of Donald named Doubleduck. In this identity he is a Special Agent working from a misterious Intelligence Agency so secret that it has no name. The character is based on the British Agent James Bond 007 by Fleming, Also in this case because of his psico-phisic quality and the tipology of adventures, this character is completelly out of the classical
being more likely his spy-story parody.
Miquel Pujol
Among the various authors who have written Donald stories worth mentioning in various countries, are those had worked for the Disney "Studio Program", (the Disney project for export comics) such as Dick Kinney and Al Hubbar creators of Donald's cousin Fethry Duck 1964, Tony Strobl, Jack Bradbury and important great artists like the Chilean Victor Arriagada Rios, better known as Vicar, who takes much from Barks reference, or the Argentinian Daniel Branca (both collaborators of the Danish publisher Egmont). The Spanish José Cardona, Miquel Pujol and José Maria Colomèr Fonts, the Olands Daan Jippes and Fred Milton, and the Brasilians Carlos Herero, Irineu Soares and Roberto Fukue.
Daan Jippes
But who mainly took over Donald according to Barks' stories, are the American artists William Van Horn and Don Rosa. Of the former, one story drawn worth mentioning is the famous HORSING AROUND WITH HISTORY 1998, a ducks adventure written by Barks himself when he was 93 years old.
William Van Horn
Don Rosa
while Don Rosa is for sure the author able to better interprete spirit of Barks' stories, his great works about Scrooge McDuck's life story THE LIFE AND TIMES OF SCROOGE MC DUCK 1994-1996 (where the most credible logical and reasonable correct version of Donald birth and youth has been represented) and his marvelous and well thought duck family tree are the most evident proof.
No longer used in the cartoons (in the series DUCK TALES he is basicly absent), today Donald continues to excite adults and children in the comics thanks to the above mentioned artists in several parts of the world, remaining the immortal character in which all of us can identify ourselves a little bit.
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Donald Duck - an hypothetic life story
Several versions have been written and drawn about the Donald's birth and youth imagined as a character of an hypothetic comic reality. Neglecting those more or less legendary like a birth in stormy night and casually entered into the Disney Studios, or those not much credible and too simple like an egg fallen from a tree and found in the middle of the street with subseguent adoption by not related ducks who later on are identified as scrooge and grandma.
I believe that the most reasonably acceptable version is the one shown for the first time by Don Rosa in chapters 10 and 11 of Scrooge McDuck's life saga, and in several other facts contained in his other stories (hopefully others will be created in the future). These origins are well thought and are the result of a meticulous and passionate research and analysis of stories, sketchs and conjectures of artists such as Barks, Taliaferro, Hubbard, Strobl and others.
Of course in addition to the indications taken from Don Rosa's stories, I have included pertinent informations coming from stories of other Disney artists both Italian or of other countries in order to fill in some period gaps.
THE BIRTH AND CHILDHOOD (Don Rosa, Carl Barks, Strobl)
Donald Fauntleroy Duck was born in 1920 in Duckburg through the union of Hortense Mc Duck (Scrooge McDuck' sister) and Quackmore Duck (third born to Elvira Coot-better known as Grandma Duck- and Humperdink Duck).
Donald's parents (1902)
Donald and his sister Della (1930)
Donald has a twin sister Della Duck, and of his closer relatives whose worth mentioning are the cousins Gladstone Gander, Fethry Duck and Abner Duck, the uncles Scrooge McDuck, Matilda McDuck (the other Scrooge's sister who will have a relationship with Ludwig Von Drake), Daphne Duck and Goostave Gander (Gladstone's parents), Eider Duck and Lulubelle Loon (Fethry Duck and Abner Duck's parents), while uncle Gideon McDuck (created by the Italian artist Romano scarpa but not shown in Don Rosa's Duck family tree) can be considered logicly Scrooge's half-brother, son of a second "unofficial" relationship of Scrooge McDuck's father Fergus McDuck.
In 1930 the young Donald met his rich uncle for the first time, who discovers the quick-tempered personality of his nephew on his own skin, or better on his own piumage.
The interruption of relationship between the greedy rich duck and his family can be seen in this context, because they would not have any further contact until Christmas 1947.
Donald and his cousin Gladstone (1932?)
In Don Rosa's funny story THE SIGN OF THE TRIPLE DISTELFINK some sequences of Donald and Gladstone's youth are shown with "interesting references to the well known good luck of Gander and the also well known "selfdestructive tendencies" of Donald.
From this and other stories (among which also the recent Italian trend stories Paperino Paperotto about the young Donald's life) we can deduct that Donald has lived during his childhood and youth together with his parents and sister in his grandparents' farmhouse outside Duckburg.
THE AGE OF MATURITY (Gottfredson)
When he reached maturity (thus in 1938) Donald left his grandparents' farmhouse and -as shown in the THE WISE LITTLE HAN- he goes to live on his own in a houseboat along a river in Barnyard Village, also located in the country outside Duckburg.
Donald teen-ager (1938)
Donald in Mousetown (1940)
Then he moved (probably to search work and adventures) to Mousetown where he met Mickey Mouse and Goofy and togheter with them he lived several adventures (shown by Gottfredson). In this city he works as paperboy, detective's apprentice and Mickey's nephews Morty & Ferdy's babysitter.
During WWII we don't have any references if Donald had been enlisted in such kind of military service. Thus we can immage him as we prefer: or unfit to the active military service due to some psycho-physical lack (as happened for the too short Mickey and for the not very stabil Goofy), or -if we want to follow a certain logic- because of his undenyable passion for the sea, considering the area of his origins, taking into account the numerous stories where he proved to have ability to fly and a good ability as a mechanic, we can image him as a volontary enlisted in the US NAVY, first as a technician and than as a pilot of the Naval Aviation during the Pacific war.
Donald Naval Aviator?
(1942-44)
Donald, Panchito and Josè (1944)
After the military service the young Donald continues to travel searching adventures along California and the near Mexico. His meeting and friendship with Panchito and Josè Carioca can be placed in this period together with them he lived several fun and unforgettable adventures creating the famous trio known as The three Caballeros.
A YOUNG AND SMART DUCK (Taliaferro, Barks, Don Rosa)
Donald adopts his three nephews
(1945?)
Coming back to Duckburg Donald goes to live in a suburban house, he got his famous licenced plated 313 car (Don Rosa shows us that this car was built by Donald himself utilizing parts coming from old cars: a Mixwell engine from 1920, a Dudge body from 1922 and Paclac half-shaft from 1923), he holds numerous jobs, meets Daisy but most importantly he adopts his three nephews (they were born in 1940 and remained orphans at the age of four or five) sons of his sister Della and Daisy's brother of whom even today we don't know the name (hopefully sooner or later Don Rosa will show us other informations about Huey, Dewey, and Louie before they move in with Donald).
After the short gags of Taliaferro, Carl Barks shows us several situations placed in this time, the funny stories of tricks between Donald and his nephews, the long and elaborate adventures in the most lost and strange places in the world, the various jobs held by Donald like for instance: fireman, icecream man, trashman, pilot, sailor, nightguard, do-all-inventor etc.. In that period Donald has completely demostrated that he doesn't deserve the to be called good-for-nothing (especially later on by his uncle Scrooge).
THE FAMILY REUNITES (Barks, Don Rosa, Van Horn, Vicar)
Scrooge meets his nephews
The great adventure with uncle and nephews
(1948-1953)
It is Christmas in 1947 when the rich uncle Scrooge, which for many years after a disapointment with his family had lived alone, decides to call up Donald and his nephews (as shown in Barks' story CHRISTMAS ON BEAR MOUNTAIN and in the 12th chapter of Don Rosa's saga THE RICHEST DUCK OF THE WORLD). After a not so good start he makes peace with his relatives and together with them he begins a new youth searching for lost treasures, exploring the most remote places on the earth and even of other worlds, in a series of famous adventures located in the early 50s, marvelously realized by artists such as Barks, Don Rosa, Van Horn, Vicar... and various others.
DONALD ADULT - THE ADVENTURE GOES ON (Italian artist: Martina, Carpi, Scarpa, De Vita, Rota etc...)
After that period (thus not shown in Barks' and Don Rosa's stories) we can logicly include some facts coming from Italian stories in order to amplify in credible and reasonable way Donald's life without contrasting with what is shown in the stories by the American artists.
These are the years where Donald and his nephews, sometimes because obligated and almost always because blackmailed by Scrooge, continued the great explorations to search new treasures. In these adventures they use strange and unusual machines which are normally created by Gyro. In this period, Donald who always had financial problems, moved in a new house owned by Scrooge, while the richest duck of the world changed the look of his moneybin, adding a big dom on the roof typical of the Italian stories.
Other friends and relatives appeared as Scrooge's half-brotherGideon McDuck, who (in order to avoid a contrast with the Barks/Don Rosa family tree) can be considered as illegitimate son of Scrooge's father, who was unknown (maybe he was in Scotland up till now). Scrooge McDuck's admirer Brigida McBridge created by Romano Scarpa and appreciated by Barks, and Dickie Duck created by Scarpa as well. The latter is "Glittering" Goldie O'Gilt's granddaughter and maybe (but this is only an assumption) also the granddaughter of Scrooge, praticly she could be the daughter of the presumed (but not proven) daughter born from the relationship between a young Scrooge and Goldie in the Klondike in 1897.
The Moneybin's new look (1954?)
Donald's nephews and Brigida McBridge
Donald's double identity (1955?)
But overall it is in this period that Donald, with a big streak of luck, found the diary and costume of the gentleman thief FANTOMALLARD in Villa Rose. He began the adventure of his secret double identity helped by his trustworthy friend and inventor Gyro Gearloose who built the secret hideout, modified the car and equipedDonald with several special devices. And so, our beloved duck became the feared DUCK AVENGER.
The continuous and sometimes forced adventures and explorations with uncle Scrooge and the stress to keep a double identity tired Donald always more, and in thus in this period he had always more difficulties to find stabil and steady jobs... this is the time of debts, blackmails and the worthless jobs offered by his rich uncle.
A HYPOTHETICAL FUTURE (Barks, Don Rosa)
Huey, Louie, and Dewey are nominated heirs of Scrooge
There are not many references about a hypothetical future of Donald and his family. From some references of a Barks story published in WDCS 155 1953, and in the Don Rosa adventure NOBODY BUSINESS we can deduct that Huey, Dewey, Louie are nominated by Scrooge the only heirs of his fortune. It is thus logical to suppose that after Scrooge's death, in 1967 at the venerable age of 100 years (as it was shown by Don Rosa in a famous and sad illustration) the now adult nephews have taken over the management of the family fortune, having demonstated in several occasions to be better amministrator than Donald or Gladstone.
From the same drawing we can deduct that Donald and Daisy got married but we don't know if they ever had children. There are different opinions about this. First one supposes that because Donald had raised his three nephews he is now less motivated to have children of his own. The other hypothesis comes from a Brasilian story by Soares Rodrigues, Rodavin de Mello e Miyaura where Donald and Daisy are parents of six kids, four male and two female, but the story was a dream of Donald, so it can't be considered as an official reference, even if sometimes the expedient of a dream allows to shows some "truths" otherwise censured!
Donald, Daisy and nephews at Scrooge's grave
(about 1990)
Many years have passed since 1920. Our fantasy can imagine an old duck, tired of adventures and after definitly having hung up the DUCK AVENGER costume, thinking about his relatives now gone or too busy to take care of him....or maybe, why not have Donald start a second youth together with his rich nephews continuing to explore the world searcing for treasures and new adventures, just as many years before had happend to his uncle...but fortunately those stories will never been told!
"Donald has the greatest of all virtues: courage when faced with adversity"
HELEN G. THOMPSON, author
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How many points is a conversion worth in a game of rugby union? | 10 Fun Facts About Donald Duck | Mental Floss
10 Fun Facts About Donald Duck
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Donald Duck is so much more than just Mickey Mouse’s best friend. The beloved Disney character has starred in dozens of his own movies, books, comic strips, and even briefly enjoyed a period in the forties when he was more popular than the head mouse. What better way to celebrate Donald Duck Day than with some fun facts about Disney’s most well-known quacker?
1. HE’S BEEN A STAR FOR OVER 80 YEARS.
June 9 isn’t a randomly chosen day for Donald-centric celebrations: It marks the first time Donald appeared on the big screen . On June 9, 1934, Donald co-starred in the Disney “Silly Symphonies” short The Wise Little Hen (a spin on the fairy tale The Little Red Hen), where he appeared as a lazy duck who shirks helping out on a farm along with best pal Peter Pig. The pair get their comeuppance when their wise farming hen friend enjoys the literal fruits of her labors (lots of corn), while the two of them don’t get anything yummy to eat.
2. HIS BIRTHDAY IS MARCH 13, 1914.
Traditionally, a character's first appearance in a cartoon marks its birthday—but in a late '40s cartoon, it was revealed that Donald was born on March 13th. In his authorized biography published in 1941, we find out he was born on Friday the 13th. Some dedicated fans found all of the instances of Friday, March 13 and, using other clues from the Duck-verse, determined that Donald was born on March 13, 1914 .
3. HE GOT HIS FIRST STARRING ROLE IN 1937.
Although Donald had lots of supporting roles after the success of The Little Red Hen, he didn’t get his first starring role until the 1937 short , Don Donald. The eight-minute cartoon follows Donald’s adventures in Mexico (including riding a burro, which goes poorly), though it’s mainly centered on his bumbling attempts to win over his lady love, Donna Duck.
4. HIS FIRST LOVE WAS NOT DAISY.
Like Mickey and Minnie Mouse, Donald and Daisy Duck are one of Disney’s most beloved couples. But it wasn’t always that way. There’s been some debate over whether or not Daisy and Donna (a modern lady who isn’t always taken with Donald’s attempts at wooing her) are really the same person, just a duck by a different name, an issue that Disney attempted to clear up in 1951, when Donna appeared in Bob Karp’s daily comic strips . By then, Daisy was Donald’s main squeeze, and Karp’s strips imagined Donna as a sassy new neighbor (from Mexico, of course) who flirts with Donald, much to Daisy’s dismay.
5. DONALD WAS A WARTIME SCREEN STAR.
The famed duck starred in a series of shorts during World War II that involved the positive-thinking duck developing deep appreciation for the American troops and a hefty dislike of Nazi Germany (referred to as “Nutzi Land" in the films). In the most famous of these, Der Fuehrer’s Face , Donald has a horrible nightmare that he is working in a Nutzi Land factory, a dream he’s more than grateful to wake up from. The film won the Oscar for Best Short Subject, Cartoons in 1943, and turned Donald into something of a hero.
6. HE’S A UNIQUE MASCOT.
Donald is—at least on merchandise and apparel—the mascot of the University of Oregon’s Fighting Ducks sports teams. The duck got the gig thanks to an informal deal, made in 1947, between athletic director Leo Harris and Walt Disney himself. But in 2010, Disney and Oregon agreed that the Duck that appeared sideline at U of O games wasn’t actually Donald, freeing him up to do more promotional activities. But fear not! You can still get all sorts of Donald athletic gear next time you visit Oregon.
7. HIS TWIN SISTER WAS AN ASTRONAUT (ACCORDING TO THE DUTCH).
Fans of Donald know that he’s uncle to the plucky young ducks Huey, Dewey, and Louie, but what of their mother? The fate of Donald’s twin sister—known as Thelma, Della, or Dumbella in various incarnations—has always been a little unclear (as has the boys’ parentage, but that’s a worry for another day), though a Dutch cartoon purports to have an answer: she became an astronaut .
8. HE REALLY IS RELATED TO THE CLAN MCDUCK.
One of Donald’s main developers, cartoonist Carl Barks, helped kit out the Duck family tree back in the '50s (Barks also created Scrooge McDuck). Part of that expansion was to tie the Duck family in with the McDucks by marriage. Donald’s mother Hortense is a McDuck, and she married into the Ducks when she hooked up with Donald’s dad, Quackmore.
9. HE’S ALSO RELATED TO THE COOTS, THE GANDERS, AND THE GOOSES.
In 1993, cartoonist Don Rosa helped to build out the history of Scrooge McDuck in a 12-part comic book series, which included a family tree that cleared up a lot of confusion regarding the Duck’s origins. The tree made it plain that the Ducks are related to nearly every prominent family in Duckburg (his hometown). He shares a relative (Cornelius Coot) with the Goose, Gander, and Coot families. (Still, the Ducks are the most famous.)
10. DONALD IS COLORBLIND.
Despite his snazzy sartorial taste—mainly sailor shirts and the like— Donald is actually believed to be at least partially colorblind. In the wartime short Donald Gets Drafted, Donald goes to his local draft board and joins the army, getting accepted despite identifying a green card with “green” written on it as blue, having flat feet, and having no brain (apparently, being a duck was not an issue).
June 9, 2015 - 8:00am
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A purfle is an ornamental border, typically inlaid on which musical instrument? | Purfling: Definition with Purfling Pictures and Photos
Literary usage of Purfling
Below you will find example usage of this term as found in modern and/or classical literature:
1. Violins and Other Stringed Instruments: How to Make Them ; with Numerous by Paul Nooncree Hasluck (1907)
"Another purfling Gauge. the instrument, being very careful not to cut too deep ... The wood between the lines can then be picked out with a bent purfling ..."
2. A Dictionary of Music and Musicians (A.D. 1450-1889): ...edited by Sir by George Grove, John Alexander Fuller-Maitland (1890)
"Only a single strip of purfling is usually employed ; but double purfling, which in general injures the tone without improving the looks of an instrument, ..."
3. The Contemporary Review (1873)
"The purfling consists of three thread-like pieces of wood, two of ebony, the centre one of sycamore, inlaid near the edge and following the lines of the ..."
Other Resources Relating to: Purfling
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Which English town was called Camulodunum in Latin? | Purfling : definition of Purfling and synonyms of Purfling (English)
present participle of purfle (verb)
Merriam Webster
PurflePur"fle (?), v. t. [OF. pourfiler; pour for + fil a thread, L. filum. See Profile, and cf. Purl a border.]
1. To decorate with a wrought or flowered border; to embroider; to ornament with metallic threads; as, to purfle with blue and white. P. Plowman.
A goodly lady clad in scarlet red,
Purfled with gold and pearl of rich assay. Spenser.
2. (Her.) To ornament with a bordure of emines, furs, and the like; also, with gold studs or mountings.
PurflingPur"fling (?), n. Ornamentation on the border of a thing; specifically, the inlaid border of a musical instrument, as a violin.
definition - Purfling
Look up purfle in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Purfling is a narrow decorative edge inlaid into the top plate and often the back plate of a stringed instrument . Inexpensive instruments may have no purfling and instead simulate the appearance with paint.
Purfling was originally made of laminated strips of wood, often contrasting in color as a visual accent. The earliest known example of purfling is on a violin made by Andrea Amati in 1564, now on display in the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford University . It consists of two outer strips of pearwood stained black and an inner strip of poplar. [1]
Eventually, nacre from shell, usually mother of pearl or abalone , and other hard, inlay materials were incorporated to provide highly decorative effects. Elaborate inlay is found most often on fretted instruments . Laminates and composites made from nacreous shell and synthetic materials, described as "fake", "faux", or "shin paua", are sometimes used by luthiers . The channel cut for the inlay of purfling may increase the flexibility of the plates where they join the sides, affecting an instrument's pitch and sustain . In cases of heavy decorative inlay, the effective vibrational area of the sound board may be reduced.
Today plastic purfling is commonplace in mass produced instruments. One common example of plastic purfling is a sandwich of three alternating strips in black and white, measuring about .033"W x .080"D (1.25 mm x 2.00 mm). However, many distinctive variations are used.
Binding is a narrow outer strip of material on the edges of the body of stringed instruments such as lutes , mandolins , guitars and ukuleles . Binding may be made of thin wood strips. It is applied along the entire edge of top and back plates. While it can provide a decorative function, the primary purpose of binding is to block the transfer of moisture by the hygroscopic end grain of the plates of the instrument. This prevents cracks in a way that purfling cannot. It also reduces wear to instrument body edges. Hardwood, fruitwood, plastics and other synthetic materials are commonly used to make bindings. Binding may be used along the sides of fingerboards of fretted instruments. It softens the feel of the neck as ones fretting hand slides past the thin metal ends of fret wire , and it provides decorative appeal.
References
^ Faber, Toby, Stradivari's Genius, Random House, 2004; ISBN 0-375-76085-7
This article relating to string instruments is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it .
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‘Happy Rabbit’ was the original name for which cartoon character? | Happy Rabbit | Looney Tunes Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
[Source]
Happy Rabbit (simply known as: Prototype-Bugs Bunny, Prototype-Bugs, or simply just Proto-Bugs) is a character from the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series who later evolved into the Warner Bros. cartoon studio 's most famous character, Bugs Bunny . Created by Ben Hardaway in 1938, Happy Rabbit first appeared in the short Porky's Hare Hunt .
Happy Rabbit is more like Bugs Bunny in this short, except he has apricot-colored gloves and mouth, furrier tail, black nose, black-tipped ears, and a different voice. Happy's voice sounds "rural", and at times sounds rather like Daffy Duck's early voice. The laugh at the end of the cartoon, "Heh-heh-heh-HEH-heh!", is similar to the early version of Woody Woodpecker.
Like most of the other Looney Tunes characters, Happy Rabbit was voiced by Mel Blanc and later Joe Alaskey . No one remembered the name of the Bugs Bunny prototype until Blanc spoke of Bugs' origins in a 1970s interview.
History
Happy Rabbit made his screen debut in the 1938 Looney Tunes cartoon Porky's Hare Hunt , directed by Ben Hardaway. Similar in tone and execution to the previous year's Porky's Duck Hunt , which introduced Daffy Duck , Porky's Hare Hunt involves Porky hunting a white rabbit whose wild antics drive him mad. Mel Blanc would later use his "Happy Rabbit" voice characterization as the voice of Walter Lantz's Woody Woodpecker. Charles Jones used Happy Rabbit as a foil in his 1939 short, Prest-O Change-O , which marked the rabbit's second appearance. Happy was the focal point of his fourth cartoon, Hare-um Scare-um (1939), for which he was redesigned as a gray rabbit with large buck teeth. Happy Rabbit made his sixth appearance in Elmer's Candid Camera (1940), a cartoon which marked the first appearance of the "official" version of Elmer J. Fudd . The cartoon set into play the antagonistic relationship that would develop between Elmer and Happy's successor, Bugs Bunny, over the years. Throughout Elmer's Candid Camera, Happy Rabbit is very similar in appearance and personality to Bugs; the only major differences between the two were that Happy had apricot-colored gloves and muzzle, a furrier tail, a black nose, black-tipped ears, and a different voice. Happy appeared one last time with a cameo role in 1940's Patient Porky . The same year, Tex Avery directed A Wild Hare , a cartoon featuring Elmer Fudd hunting a rabbit, he had Happy Rabbit redesigned and revised with a new personality and even a different voice. The resulting rabbit character was given a new name - Bugs Bunny - in Chuck Jones' 1941 follow-up to A Wild Hare, Elmer's Pet Rabbit .
Happy Rabbit appeared in the deleted scenes of the 2003 film Looney Tunes: Back in Action .
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Comma, Peacock and Swallowtail are all types of which insect? | Top 50 Cartoon Characters of All Time
Top 50 Cartoon Characters of All Time
Modern and Classic Cartoon Characters
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Updated September 01, 2016.
Cartoon characters are as endearing to adults as children. Many times we can relate to them. Most of the time we just love to laugh at their antics and misfortune. Following is the list of top 50 cartoon characters of all time, judged for their influence, their popularity, and their hilarity.
Looking for costume ideas? Check out these TV cartoon character costumes for Halloween .
Bugs Bunny - Looney Tunes. Warner Bros.
1. Bugs Bunny
"What's up, doc?" Bugs Bunny is, perhaps, the most recognizable and famous cartoon character. Looney Tunes were first created as lead-ins to feature films. Bugs first appeared as a n-name rabbit in 1938 in "Porky's Hare Hunt." Tex Avery later named him Bugs Bunny after the infamous West Coast mobster. Decades later, Looney Tunes cartoons became a Saturday morning staple. Bugs Bunny is still tops.
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Homer Simpson. Twentieth Century Fox
2. Homer Simpson
Homer Simpson is known throughout the world. Having been on TV for over 20 seasons, this patriarch is not the father who knows best, but he certainly tries. Homer Simpson is based on creator Matt Groening's father, who is also named Homer. And if you look at Homer's profile, a bit of his hair and his ear form the initials "M G."
Mickey Mouse. Kevin Winter / Getty Images
3. Mickey Mouse
Mickey Mouse represents Disney in all its forms. He started life in black and white in 1928's Steamboat Willie, the first synchronized sound cartoon. Mickey Mouse was first voiced by Walt Disney, himself, then later by Jim MacDonald and Wayne Allwine. Mickey Mouse isn't just a cartoon character; he's an icon.
Bart Simpson. ©1999 20TH CENTURY FOX FILM CORP.
4. Bart Simpson
The second favorite character from The Simpsons is Bart. His catchphrases are "Ay caramba!" and "Eat my shorts!" He opens every episode at the chalkboard, writing out a punishment that might say, "I will finish what I sta..." He is a prankster, but a loyal friend and brother. We all knew a kid like Bart, and sometimes wished we were like him.
See also: Profile of a Prankster: Bart Simpson
1978: Portrait of American cartoonist Charles M Schulz (1922 - 2001), creator of the 'Peanuts' comic strip, sitting at his studio drawing table with a picture of his character Charlie Brown and some awards behind him. Schulz created the comic strip in 1950. CBS Photo Archive / Getty Images
5. Charlie Brown
Introduced on TV in A Charlie Brown Christmas in 1965, this comic strip staple became a holiday tradition. The kid who never kicks the football, whose dog is more popular than he is and who has a crush on the red-headed girl steals our hearts every year with a variety of cartoon specials.
The Flintstones. Turner Broadcasting
6. Fred Flintstone
Fred Flintstone is the forerunner to Homer Simpson and Peter Griffin . The Flintstones premiered in 1960, modeled after The Honeymooners, the first made-for-TV primetime cartoon. Fred was the first portly animated husband who had a hot wife, not enough brains for his schemes and a bad temper. Yet, he loved his family.
The Grinch. Cartoon Network
7. The Grinch
Dr. Seuss created many characters who made the leap from books to TV, but none as easily and successfully as The Grinch. How the Grinch Stole Christmas animates Dr. Seuss' book about the grouchy green cave-dweller who attempts to ruin Christmas for the Whos down in Whoville. The holiday special, starring Boris Karloff, first aired in 1966. Now an annual holiday favorite, his turn from selfish to selfless promotes the true meaning of Christmas.
Popeye reaches for a can of spinach in a still from an unidenitified Popeye film, c. 1945. Paramount Pictures / Getty Images
8. Popeye
Like many TV cartoon characters, Popeye began life as a comic strip. Then in 1933, he starred in a Betty Boop cartoon, Popeye the Sailor. His catchphrases include, "Well, blow me down!" and "I eats my spinach!" His bulging forearms, squinty eyes, and staccato chuckle are recognized by many generations.
Wile E. Coyote. Justin Sullivan / Getty Images
9. Wile E. Coyote
Poor Wile E. Coyote. We don't want him to catch the Road Runner, but we sure feel bad for him. Director Chuck Jones created the tenacious coyote along with Michael Maltese. The Road Runner and Wile E. Coyote were introduced in 1948's Fast and Furry-Ous.
Rocky and Bullwinkle with Flowers. Classic Media
10. Rocky and Bullwinkle
Stan and Ollie. Hope and Crosby. Martin and Lewis. In the animated world, Rocky and Bullwinkle are the comedy team who saves the day. Rocky's unending optimism coupled with Bullwinkle's lucky mishaps save their pelts every time. The duo starred in Rocky and His Friends, which premiered in 1959. Their cartoon included the segments: "Fractured Fairytales," "Aesop and Son," " Peabody 's Improbable History" and "Mr. Know It All."
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According to the nursery rhyme, what did Tom the Piper’s son steal? | Tom Tom the Pipers Son - Nursery Rhymes
Nursery Rhymes
Tom, Tom, the piper's son,
Stole a pig, and away did run;
The pig was eat And Tom was beat,
And Tom went crying
Nursery Rhymes › People And Children Songs › Tom Tom The Pipers Son
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NurseryRhymes.com is a free site offering lyrics and music to hundreds of popular nursery rhymes that have been passed down through the ages. Use our site to keep kids entertained, find lyrics to a nursery rhyme that you can't remember, or bring you back to a happy time when you were child.
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What is the title of the 1944 film in which Lauren Bacall made her movie debut? | Nursery Rhymes - Brain Water
Brain Water
Ring a ring o' rosies
Ring a ring o' rosies
A pocketful of posies
We all fall down!
Origins in English History
The lyrics to this nursery rhyme has its origins as a children's ring game. The period in history dates back to the great plague of London in 1665 (bubonic plague). The symptoms of the plague included a raised red rash on the skin (Ring a ring o' rosies) and violent sneezing (Atishoo, Atishoo) A pouch of sweet smelling herbs or posies were carried due to the belief that the disease was transmitted by bad smells. The death rate was over 60% and the plage was only halted by the Great Fire of London in 1666 which killed the rats which carried the disease which had been transmitting it to water sources.
Hush a bye baby
Hush a bye baby, on the tree top,
When the wind blows the cradle will rock;
When the bow breaks, the cradle will fall,
And down will come baby, cradle and all.
Nursery Rhyme or lullaby?
The lyrics to this famous nursery rhyme were first published in 1765.
The words and lyrics to this song are often crooned to a baby in an effort to rock them to sleep. When repeating this song children often make a rocking motion with their hands and arms. The imagery conveyed appeals to a child's imagination! The origins and history of this nursery rhyme are said to originate from America and the habit of some Native Americans of placing a baby in the low branches of a tree allowing the young child or baby to be rocked to sleep.
Little Jack Horner
He put in his thumb and pulled out a plum
And said "What a good boy am I!"
16th Century history origins of the nursery rhyme
Little Jack Horner was in fact reputed to be the Steward to the Bishop of Glastonbury. He was sent to King Henry VIII with a Christmas gift of twelve title deeds to manorial estates. Whilst on his way to the King Jack stole the deed to the manor of Mells (this being the real 'plum' of the twelve manors) which was in France. The remaining eleven manors were given to the crown but the manor of Mells became the property of the Horner family! The first publication date for the lyrics to this nursery rhyme is 1725.
Seesaw Marjorie Daw
Johnny shall have a new master
He shall earn but a penny a day
Because he can't work any faster
Origins and history in a game for children
A see-saw is one of the oldest 'toys' for children , easily constructed from logs of various sizes. The words of the nursery rhyme reflect children playing on a see-saw and often singing this rhyme to accompany their game. There was no such person that we can identify who had the name Margery Daw and we therefore make the assumption that this was purely used to rhyme with the words 'see-saw'. The last three lines appear to reflect the use of child labour in work houses where those with no where else to live would be forced to work for a pittance (a penny a day) on piece work (because he can't work any faster)
Christmas is coming
Origin lost in the depths of time?
Unable to trace a commonly agreed upon origin for this particular nursery rhyme however could be connected to Black Jack, a pirate who was notorious for escaping from the authorities in the late 16th century. The words and lyrics of this nursery rhyme cannot be further analysed due to the brevity of the text of the lyrics but could be associated with the old tradition and sport of 'candle leaping' which used to be practised at English fayres.
Little Robin Red Breast
Little Robin Red breast sat upon a tree,
Up went pussy cat and down went he;
Down came pussy, and away Robin ran;
Says little Robin Red breast, "Catch me if you can".
Little Robin Red breast jumped upon a wall,
Pussy cat jumped after him and almost got a fall;
Little Robin chirped and sang, and what did pussy say?
Pussy cat said, "Meeow!" and Robin jumped away.
A traditional English nursery rhyme
The nursery rhyme lyrics are merely teaching children about natural enemies of animals and makes good use of the English language by using similes (red breast). It has no basis in history for its origins. It does, however, introduce a child to onomatopoeia ( a word that sounds like its meaning) In this nursery rhyme the word 'meeow' when pronounced conveys the actual sound of the word! The robin is a small brown bird with a bright red breast - hence the continuous reference to red breast. The robin is always associated with the Christmas season and featured on many Christmas cards showing a snow scene.
Incy Wincy spider
Incy Wincy spider climbing up the spout
Down came the rain and washed the spider out
Out came the sun and dried up all the rain
Now Incy Wincy spider went up the spout again!
Finger nursery rhyme for children
A child will love trying to mimic the actions of this particular nursery rhyme. It assists them with improving manual dexterity whilst remembering the words of the song. The name of the spider seems to vary but 'Incy Wincy spider' is believed to be the correct and original version. The original history and origins of the Incy Wincy spider nursery rhyme cannot be traced, it is believed just to be a fun action rhyme that has survived the test of time.
Horsey horsey
Gone to fetch a rabbit skin
To wrap the Baby Bunting in
Cry Baby Bunting
The origins - lullaby lyrics for this nursery rhyme for a baby
The lyrics, origins and history to this nursery rhyme are not important - it was the sound of the music to accompany it! The song would be crooned to a young child as a lullaby. Perhaps to explain the disappearance of Daddy to a fretting child!
Star light star bright
The first star I see tonight,
I wish I may, I wish I might,
Have the wish I wish tonight.
Nursery rhyme with American history and origins
The lyrics to this nursery rhyme are believed to be of late 19th century American origins and the lyrics allude to the fantasy that you can wish upon a star. This nursery rhyme has no doubt been used on many occasions to quieten a child ready for bedtime as they patiently look out of the window waiting for it to get dark enough to see the very first star!
The Owl and the Pussycat
The Owl and the Pussycat went to sea
In a beautiful pea-green boat,
They took some honey, and plenty of money,
Wrapped up in a five pound note.
The Owl looked up to the stars above,
And sang to a small guitar,
"O lovely Pussy! O Pussy, my love,
What a beautiful Pussy you are, you are, you are,
What a beautiful Pussy you are."
Pussy said to the Owl "You elegant fowl,
How charmingly sweet you sing.
O let us be married, too long we have tarried;
But what shall we do for a ring?"
They sailed away, for a year and a day,
To the land where the Bong-tree grows,
And there in a wood a Piggy-wig stood
With a ring at the end of his nose, his nose, his nose,
With a ring at the end of his nose.
"Dear Pig, are you willing to sell for one shilling your ring?"
Said the Piggy, "I will"
So they took it away, and were married next day
By the Turkey who lives on the hill.
They dined on mince, and slices of quince,
Which they ate with a runcible spoon.
And hand in hand, on the edge of the sand.
They danced by the light of the moon, the moon, the moon,
They danced by the light of the moon.
What is a Runcible Spoon?
A traditional childrens poem , or folksong, as the lyrics have been set to music on several occasions. The author was Edward Lear (1812 - 1888) and the first publication date was 1806. Some wonderful illustrated graphics have also been set to the words and lyrics of this poem helping to fire the imagination of a child! The burning question remains, however, what exactly is a runcible spoon? The most agreed upon definition of this term is that a runcible spoon is a kind of fork with three broad prongs or tines, one having a sharp edge, curved like a spoon, used with pickles, etc.
Little Boy Blue
Little Boy Blue come blow your horn,
The sheep's in the meadow the cow's in the corn.
But where is the boy who looks after the sheep?
He's under a haystack fast asleep.
Will you wake him? No, not I - for if I do, he's sure to cry
Origins of the story
Unlike other Nursery Rhymes the words and lyrics cannot be closely connected to any historical figure in European history. There is, however, a doubtful theory that 'Little Boy Blue' could refer to Cardinal Thomas Wolsey dating back to English Tudor history (although the origins and lyrics cannot be connected to any events in his life). Neither does the rhyme have a moral objective or used to demonstrates any specific use of the English language. The most common belief is that the origins of this nursery are not based on actual events or people in history but is merely a reflection of peaceful country life which would appeal to the imagination of a young child
Hey Diddle Diddle
Hey diddle diddle, the cat and the fiddle,
The cow jumped over the moon.
The little dog laughed to see such fun
And the dish ran away with the spoon!
Fantasy Nursery Rhyme! Origins and history
The first known date of publication for the lyrics of this nursery rhyme is 1765.
Completely nonsensical rhyme whose sole aim is to fire the imagination of a child with impossible actions which are, however, very easy and amusing for a child to envision! Walt Disney uses this type of imagery in animated films to great effect! The term 'Hey diddle diddle' was a colloquialism used in much the same vein as "hey nonny no" which can be found in traditional British folk songs. The original title was known as 'High Diddle Diddle' but has been changed to 'Hey Diddle Diddle' during the course of time.
There was a crooked man
There was a crooked man and he walked a crooked mile,
He found a crooked sixpence upon a crooked stile.
He bought a crooked cat, which caught a crooked mouse.
And they all lived together in a little crooked house
The origins and lyrics of the Nursery rhyme in British history
The content and lyrics of this nursery rhyme have a basis in history. The origins of this nursery rhyme originating from the English Stuart history of King Charles 1. The crooked man is reputed to be General Sir Alexander Leslie of Scotland. The General is one of those who signed the Covenant securing religious and political freedom for Scotland. The 'crooked stile' being the border between England and Scotland. 'They all lived together in a little crooked house' refers to the fact that the English and Scots had come to an agreement. The lyrics reflect the times of old England with reference to the animosity between the English and the Scots. The word crooked is pronounced as 'crookED' the emphasis being placed upon the 'ED' in the word. This was common in olde England and many references can be found in this type of pronunciation in the works of William Shakespeare.
The Lion and the Unicorn
The lion and the unicorn were fighting for the crown
The lion beat the unicorn all around the town.
Some gave them white bread, and some gave them brown;
Some gave them plum cake and drummed them out of town.
Origins in British history
The lion and the unicorn lyrics date from 1603 when King James VI of Scotland became James I of England unifying the Scottish and English crowns . The virgin Queen Elizabeth 1 named the son of Mary Queen of Scots, James, as her heir. The new union of the two countries required a new royal coat of arms combining those of England which featured two lions, and Scotland, whose coat of arms featured two Unicorns. A compromise was made thus the British coat of arms has
one Lion and one Unicorn.
Goosie Goosie Gander
Goosie goosie gander where shall I wander,
Upstairs, downstairs and in my lady's chamber
There I met an old man who wouldn't say his prayers,
I took him by the left leg and threw him down the stairs.
Obscure morality Nursery Rhyme
Goosie, goosie gander - an attention grabber to a nursery rhyme which uses alliteration in the lyrics designed to intrigue a child. The 'lady's chamber' is a room that no longer exists today but English history refers to a high born lady having her own chamber, which was once referred to as a solar. The origins of the nursery rhyme are said to date back in history to the 16th century and refer to Catholic priests hiding in 'Priest Holes' ( very small secret rooms found in great houses in England) to avoid persecution from zealous Protestants who were completely against the old Catholic religion. If caught the priest and also members of any family found harbouring them would be executed. The moral to the story and in the lyrics is to point out that something unpleasant would occur to anyone found not saying their prayers!
What are little boys made
What are little boys made of?
Snips and snails, and puppy dogs tails
That's what little boys are made of !"
What are little girls made of?
"Sugar and spice and all things nice
That's what little girls are made of!"
The lyrics!
The origins and history of this nursery rhyme date back to the early nineteenth century - the battle of the sexes was raging even then! The lyrics obviously reflect this, but what is the meaning of 'snips and snails'? Many meanings have been suggested but the one that has the most credibility is that the original words were in fact 'snips of snails' snips meaning 'little bits of' No redemption there for describing what little boys are made of' !
Georgie Porgie
Georgie Porgie pudding and pie,
Kissed the girls and made them cry
When the boys came out to play,
Georgie Porgie ran away.
The Early Battle of the Sexes?
A Nursery Rhyme demonstrating the different attitudes between the sexes! Even at a very early age children in Britain would play a game called 'Kiss Chase' - in fact the girls would actually chase the boys and then kiss them! their were no tears from the girls but the boys fought like mad to get away! The origins and history of the lyrics to this nursery rhyme are English and refer to George (Georgie Porgie), the Duke of Buckingham, from 17th century English history. His dubious moral character was much in question! This, however, was overlooked due to his friendship with King Charles II until the parliament stopped the Kind intervening on his behalf - at this point all of the jealous husbands vowed to wreak their revenge causing Georgie Porgie to 'run away'!
For want of a nail
For want of a nail the shoe was lost.
For want of a shoe the horse was lost.
For want of a horse the rider was lost.
For want of a rider the battle was lost.
For want of a battle the kingdom was lost.
And all for the want of a horseshoe nail.
A Nursery Rhyme explaining consequences through its lyrics
A clever set of lyrics encouraging a child to apply logic to the consequences of their
actions. Perhaps used to gently chastise a child and explain the possible events that might follow a thoughtless act. The references to horses, horseshoe, riders, kingdoms and battles indicate the origins of this nursery rhyme were probably set in English History
Hickory, Dickory Dock
Hickory dickory dock
Participative Nursery Rhyme reflected in the lyrics
A nonsense song using alliteration and allowing a small child or even a baby to mimic the sound of a clock chiming one at the appropriate point in the lyrics. Obviously intended to introduce children to the rudiments and importance of telling the time. The origins and history are unknown but the first publication date for this nursery rhyme is 1744.
Pease pudding hot
Pease pudding hot, pease pudding cold,
Pease pudding in the pot - nine days old.
Some like it hot, some like it cold,
Some like it in the pot - nine days old.
Pease pudding hot - the origins of the lyrics based on a traditional British dish
The pease pudding referred to in the lyrics of this nursery rhyme is a dish which is still enjoyed in Britain today. It is a smooth, thick sauce, (referred to as a pudding in the rhyme for the sake of alliteration) which has a dark yellow colour and is made from dried peas. Pease pudding is traditionally served hot with boiled bacon or a form of sausage called a saveloy.
Thirty days hath September
All the rest have thirty one
Except for February which has twenty eight!
(And twenty nine each leap year)
Nursery Rhyme - Aide Memoire!
The words and lyrics to this useful little nursery rhyme are probably used by many adults to prompt them into remembering how many days are in each month! The origins and history of the lyrics are obscure but use of olde English can date this rhyme back to at least the 16th century. When was the last time that you found yourself muttering the words to this nursery rhyme?
The Queen of Hearts
The Queen of Hearts she made some tarts all on a summer's day;
The Knave of Hearts he stole the tarts and took them clean away.
The King of Hearts called for the tarts and beat the Knave full sore
The Knave of Hearts brought back the tarts and
vowed he'd steal no more.
The Queen of Hearts lyrics
The origins of the title the 'Queen of Hearts' can be found in the work of Lewis G. Carroll in his book entitled 'Alice in Wonderland' first published in 1805. In more recent history the term was used by Princess Diana during a famous interview as her preference to the title the Queen of Hearts to that of Queen of England. Princess Diana is now lovingly referred to as the Queen of Hearts
The lion and the unicorn
The lion and the unicorn were fighting for the crown
The lion beat the unicorn all around the town.
Some gave them white bread, and some gave them brown;
Some gave them plum cake and drummed them out of town.
Origins in British history
The lion and the unicorn lyrics date from 1603 when King James VI of Scotland became James I of England unifying the Scottish and English crowns . The virgin Queen Elizabeth 1 named the son of Mary Queen of Scots, James, as her heir. The new union of the two countries required a new royal coat of arms combining those of England which featured two lions, and Scotland, whose coat of arms featured two Unicorns. A compromise was made thus the British coat of arms has
one Lion and one Unicorn.
Three Blind Mice
Three blind mice, three blind mice,
See how they run, see how they run,
They all ran after the farmer's wife,
Who cut off their tails with a carving knife,
Did you ever see such a thing in your life,
As three blind mice?
The origins of the 'tale'!
The origins of the lyrics to this nursery rhyme are in English history. The 'farmer's wife' refers to Queen Mary I, otherwise known as 'Bloody Mary' the reference to 'farmer's wife' alludes to the massive farming estates which she possessed and those of her husband, Philip of Spain. The 'three blind mice' were three noblemen who were plotting against the Queen - she did not have them dismembered and blinded as inferred in the rhyme - but she did have them burnt at the stake!
Baa baa black sheep
Baa baa black sheep, have you any wool?
Yes sir, yes sir, three bags full!
One for the master, one for the dame,
And one for the little boy who lives down the lane.
Educational reasons of the nursery rhyme lyrics
The reason to the words and history to this song were to associate wool and wool products with the animal that produces it, not to mention the sound that a sheep would make! The first grasp of language for a child or baby is to imitate the sounds or noises that animals make onomatopoeia (words sound like their meaning e.g. baa baa). The first publication date for the lyrics to this famous nursery rhyme can be dated back to 1744.
Rock a bye baby
Rock a bye baby on the tree top,
When the wind blows the cradle will rock,
When the bough breaks the cradle will fall,
And down will come baby, cradle and all.
Origins in American history
The words and lyrics to this nursery rhyme are reputed to reflect the observations of a young pilgrim boy in America who had seen Native Indian mothers suspend a birch bark cradle from the branches of a tree enabling the wind to rock the cradle and the child to sleep. The rhyme also hold a warning on the choice of bough!
Pat a cake Pat a cake
Pat a cake, Pat a cake, baker's man
Bake me a cake as fast as you can;
Pat it and prick it and mark is with a 'B',
And put it in the oven for baby and me.
The origins and lyrics
The origins and lyrics of this nursery rhyme are unknown, but the tradition of decorating cakes with the name or initial of a child is still adhered to today!
Peter Peter pumpkin eater
Had a wife and couldn't keep her!
He put her in a pumpkin shell,
And there he kept her very well!
American origins...
The lyrics of this nursery rhyme (unlike so many others) are not based in Europe, but in America. This rhyme is known of by British children but is only in recent years that it has become clear exactly what a pumpkin is! As it is not indigenous to the British shores the vast majority of the British population have never eaten pumpkin! The tradition of dressing up for Halloween (and the subsequent use of the pumpkin for making lanterns) together with 'Trick or Treat'
Little Miss Muffet
Who sat down beside her
And frightened Miss Muffet away
Origins and history of the Nursery Rhyme
Little Miss Muffet was a small girl whose first name was Patience. Her father, Dr. Muffet, was an entomologist (someone who studies insects). Whilst eating her breakfast one day she was frightened by one of his spiders and ran away! This particular Nursery Rhyme reputedly dates back to the
late 16th century! Unlikely story!
This little piggy
This little piggy went to market,
This little piggy stayed at home,
This little piggy had roast beef,
This little piggy had none.
And this little piggy went...
"Wee wee wee" all the way home...
Action nursery rhyme for baby or young children
The lyrics for this particular nursery rhyme include action based words where the little piggy is each one of the child's toes! The last line is used to accompany the child being tickled by the teller of the rhyme! This is a typical rhyme which will be passed down from one generation to another - it has no origins in history! The lyrics for this nursery rhyme were first published in 1728.
Tom Tom the pipers son
Tom Tom the pipers son
Stole a pig and away he ran,
The pig was eat and Tom was beat
And Tom went roaring down the street.
Origins of a Scottish nursery rhyme?
The words and lyrics of this nursery rhyme were not based on a person in Scottish history (pipers son). The term 'piper's son' could allude to any piper in the British army and the origins of this tale probably date back to the 18th century It is a children's nonsense rhyme which has an obvious moral. The imagery used in the phrase 'went roaring down the street' is very strong and would indicate to a child that Tom's punishment was severe!
Pussycat, pussycat
"Pussycat, pussycat, where have you been?"
"I've been up to London to visit the Queen."
"Pussycat, pussycat, what did you dare?"
"I frightened a little mouse under her chair"
"MEOWW!"
The origins of the nursery rhyme!
The origins of this rhyme goes back to the history of 16th century Tudor England. One of the staff of Queen Elizabeth I had an old cat which tended to roam throughout one of her castles. On one occasion the cat went underneath the throne and the cat's tail brushed against the Queen's foot, startling her. But 'Good Queen Bess' had a sense of humour and declared that the cat may wander through the throne room on condition it kept it free of mice!
Here's the church
Here's the church, and here's the steeple
Open the door and see all the people.
Here's the parson going upstairs,
And here he is saying his prayers.
Visual impact! An action based Nursery rhyme
Children love this nursery rhyme as it combines lyrics and words with actions. This also improves the manual dexterity and coordination of a child whilst firing their imagination. An oft repeated song ending with the hands clasped together as if in prayer! Probably steeped in English history where the architecture of churches and its steeple dominated the skyline of all towns.
Ding dong bell
One, two, three, four, five
One, two, three, four, five.
Once I caught a fish alive,
Six, seven, eight, nine ,ten,
Then I let it go again.
Why did you let it go?
Because it bit my finger so.
Which finger did it bite?
This little finger on the right.
The lyrics of the nursery rhyme
The lyrics of this nursery rhyme are not based on origins dating back in history. This is an education rhyme with the lyrics devised with the specific intention of teaching a child to count.
Doctor Foster
Doctor Foster went to Gloucester
In a shower of rain.
He stepped in a puddle right up to his middle
And never went there again!
The History behind the words and lyrics!
The origins and history of this Nursery Rhyme are in England, which is clear due to the reference to the English county of Gloucestershire (Doctor Foster went to Gloucester). A warning to a child in days gone by, prior to modern roads, that what could appear to be a shallow puddle could in fact be far deeper! An attempt to keep a child clean and safe! The origins of this nursery rhyme are reputed to lie in English history dating back to the Plantagenant reign in the 13th century when King Edward 1 was reputed to have visited Gloucester and fell from his horse into a large muddy puddle! He was so humiliated by this event that he refused to ever return to the town of Gloucester ever again!
A Wise Old Owl
A wise old owl lived in an oak
The more he saw the less he spoke
The less he spoke the more he heard.
Why can't we all be like that wise old bird?
The origins and history of 'A wise old owl'
The origins and history of this nursery rhyme is vague but its meaning
is not, it basically would be told to a child in an attempt
to instil the wisdom of observing and keeping quiet! The association of the lyrics of this nursery rhyme derive from the saying 'a wise old owl' based on an owl's behaviour of watching and patiently waiting when hunting its prey
"Children should be seen and not heard!"
Old Mother Hubbard
So the poor little doggie had none.
Origins of lyrics in British history
The Old Mother Hubbard referred to in these nursery rhyme words and lyrics allude to the famous Cardinal Wolsey. Cardinal Wolsey was the most important politician and churchman of the Tudor history period in 16th century England. Cardinal Wolsey proved to be a faithful servant but displeased the King, Henry VIII, by failing to arrange the King's divorce from Queen Katherine of Aragon which would enable him to marry Anne Boleyn. The King was the "doggie" and the "bone" alludes to the divorce (and not money as many believe) The cupboard relates to the Catholic Church
Who killed Cock Robin
"Who killed Cock Robin?" "I," said the Sparrow,
"With my bow and arrow, I killed Cock Robin."
"Who saw him die?" "I," said the Fly,
"With my little eye, I saw him die."
"Who caught his blood?" "I," said the Fish,
"With my little dish, I caught his blood."
"Who'll make the shroud?" "I," said the Beetle,
"With my thread and needle, I'll make the shroud."
"Who'll dig his grave?" "I," said the Owl,
"With my pick and shovel, I'll dig his grave."
"Who'll be the parson?" "I," said the Rook,
"With my little book, I'll be the parson."
"Who'll be the clerk?" "I," said the Lark,
"If it's not in the dark, I'll be the clerk."
"Who'll carry the link?" "I," said the Linnet,
"I'll fetch it in a minute, I'll carry the link."
"Who'll be chief mourner?" "I," said the Dove,
"I mourn for my love, I'll be chief mourner."
"Who'll carry the coffin?" "I," said the Kite,
"If it's not through the night, I'll carry the coffin."
"Who'll bear the pall? "We," said the Wren,
"Both the cock and the hen, we'll bear the pall."
"Who'll sing a psalm?" "I," said the Thrush,
"As she sat on a bush, I'll sing a psalm."
"Who'll toll the bell?" "I," said the bull,
"Because I can pull, I'll toll the bell."
All the birds of the air fell a-sighing and a-sobbing,
When they heard the bell toll for poor Cock Robin.
The origins and history of the lyrics
'Who killed cock robin?' is better described as a British folksong rather than a nursery rhyme. The Death of Cock Robin is frequently taken as a Robin Hood analogue and the ready offers of help following this event, as described in the lyrics, reflect the high esteem that the legendary figure of
Robin Hood was, and is, still held
What are little boys made of
What are little boys made of?
Snips and snails, and puppy dogs tails
That's what little boys are made of !"
What are little girls made of?
"Sugar and spice and all things nice
That's what little girls are made of!"
The lyrics!
The origins and history of this nursery rhyme date back to the early nineteenth century - the battle of the sexes was raging even then! The lyrics obviously reflect this, but what is the meaning of 'snips and snails'? Many meanings have been suggested but the one that has the most credibility is that the original words were in fact 'snips of snails' snips meaning 'little bits of' No redemption there for describing what little boys are made of'
Old King Cole
Old King Cole was a merry old soul, and a merry old soul was he;
He called for his pipe in the middle of the night
And he called for his fiddlers three.
Every fiddler had a fine fiddle, and a very fine fiddle had he;
Oh there's none so rare as can compare
With King Cole and his fiddlers three.
Nursery rhyme lyrics based in history origins dating back to 3rd century
Old King Cole ruled part of Britain in the third century. He is reputed to have built the English town of Colchester. In Colchester there is the site of a Roman gravel pit which is still known today as 'King Cole's Kitchen.'
Cole or "Godebog" was a Dark Age British King, and, a descendant of Britain's pre-Saxon & pre-Roman royal house. The Tudor Kings, starting with Henry VII, claimed to descend from this royal lineage in attempt to further legitimise the Tudor claim to the English throne.
Wee Willie Winkie
Wee Willie Winkie runs through the town,
Upstairs and downstairs in his nightgown,
Tapping at the window and crying through the lock,
Are all the children in their beds, it's past eight o'clock?
The origins of the nursery rhyme
The origins of the words and lyrics to this nursery rhyme were to allow children to associate every day tasks with their own lives. Before the days of radio, TV and indeed the Internet and also due to levels of illiteracy within the population great reliance was made on the Town Crier who was paid to walk the streets crying out the latest news and information. 'Wee willie winkie' was a child's
version of the Town Crier! The author of the nursery was William Miller (1810 - 1872) and the first publication date of the lyrics was in 1841.
Mondays child
Mondays child is fair of face,
Tuesdays child is full of grace,
Wednesdays child is full of woe,
Thursdays child has far to go,
Fridays child is loving and giving,
Saturdays child works hard for his living,
And the child that is born on the Sabbath day
Is bonny and blithe, and good and gay.
Traditional Nursery Rhyme lyrics
The words and lyrics of this nursery rhyme poem were used to introduce a child to the order and the different days of week. The wording guaranteed to ensure that a child would take a keen interest in which day that they were born on! Sunday was traditionally referred to as the 'Sabbath day' in the religion of Christianity. This is the only reference to history for the origins of this nursery rhyme poem
Two little dicky birds (Fly away Peter, fly away Paul)
Two little dicky birds sitting on a wall,
One named Peter, one named Paul.
Fly away Peter, fly away Paul,
Come back Peter, come back Paul!
The origin?
No specific origins in history could be traced for this popular children's nursery rhyme! Neither could any other verses be traced! What is also unusual is that although the rhyme only has four lines there are two titles for it - the obvious 'Two little dicky birds' and the more obscure 'Fly away Peter, Fly away Paul'
which is also used!
How does your garden grow?
With silver bells and cockle shells
And pretty maids all in a row.
The origins are steeped in history...
The Mary alluded to in this traditional English nursery rhyme is Mary Tudor, or Bloody Mary, who was the daughter of King Henry VIII. Queen Mary was a staunch Catholic and the garden referred to is an allusion to graveyards which were increasing in size with those who dared to continue to adhere to the Protestant faith. The silver bells and cockle shells were colloquialisms for instruments of torture. The 'maids' were a device to behead people similar to the guillotine.
Twinkle twinkle little star
Mary had a little lamb
Mary had a little lamb its fleece was white as snow;
And everywhere that Mary went, the lamb was sure to go.
It followed her to school one day, which was against the rule;
It made the children laugh and play, to see a lamb at school.
And so the teacher turned it out, but still it lingered near,
And waited patiently about till Mary did appear.
"Why does the lamb love Mary so?" the eager children cry;
"Why, Mary loves the lamb, you know" the teacher did reply.
Increasing use of language
The words and lyrics of this American nursery rhyme would appeal to a young child and introduces imagery and the use of similes (white as snow) as part of use of the English language. The words also convey the morale that love is reciprocated! We can find no specific connection in history for the origins of this nursery rhyme but the origins are American as the lyrics were written by
Sarah Hale, of Boston, in 1830.
Ride a cock horse
| i don't know |
Which 18th Century artist painted a portrait of actress Sarah Siddons entitled ‘Mrs Siddons as the Tragic Muse’? | Mrs. Siddons as the Tragic Muse | artble.com
Mrs. Siddons as the Tragic Muse
Mrs. Siddons as the Tragic Muse
Mrs. Siddons as the Tragic Muse
Date of Creation:
Mrs. Siddons as the Tragic Muse Story / Theme
Mrs. Sarah Siddons
"We may look at, as Britons, at Greek sculpture and Italian paintings, with a humble consciousness that our native art has never reached their perfection; but, in the drama, we can confront Aeschylus himself with Shakespeare"
Thomas Gainsborough
Mrs. Siddons as the Tragic Muse
Joshua Reynolds
Mrs. Siddons as the Tragic Muse
Joshua Reynolds
The story of Mrs. Siddons as The Tragic Muse is two-fold. There is the story of the real-life Mrs. Siddons who was a Shakespearean actress in the 18th century, and then there's the story of the Greek and Roman myth of Melpomene, the muse of tragedy. Both are explained below.
Mrs. Sarah Siddons:
Sarah Siddons was a well-known actress of the 18th century who became famous for her role as Shakespeare's Lady Macbeth. Born Sarah Kemble, aged 18 she married William Siddons, also an actor, and they had seven children of who only two survived.
Sarah's parents sent her to work as a lady's maid and with this job she was exposed to the works of England's literary greats such as Milton and Shakespeare. She also began acting and had a natural ability.
Eventually her marriage to William became strained and they separated from each other on their own terms.
Her acting career prospered and she was offered a position at Drury Lane where she became infamous for her role as the Queen of Tragedy and eventually was the leading actress at the theater. It has been said she funneled all of her sorrows from the death of her five children and her unhappy marriage into her acting and was invited to do private performances for the royal family.
Mrs. Siddons mixed with the well-to-do society of England throughout her life as well as knowing numerous playwrights and acting alongside the famous actor David Garrick, who was also frequently painted by Reynolds and Gainsborough.
Muse of Tragedy:
Melpoméne is a character from Greek and Roman mythology, one of nine muses of the arts. She was originally the Muse of Song but then became the Muse of Tragedy. Singing was often utilized in Greek tragedies, which is how the transition from Melpoméne's identification with song shifted to tragedy.
The name Melpoméne comes from the Greek word melpo or melpomai, which means "to celebrate with dance and song. " In many statues and paintings of Melpoméne, she is represented with a tragic mask and also often holds in her other hand a knife or club.
In Greek mythology, she is the daughter of Zeus and Mnemosyne, who had eight other daughters, Melpoméne's sisters and the eight other muses are: Calliope, muse of epic poetry; Clio, muse of history; Euterpe, muse of flute playing; Terpsichore, muse of dancing; Erato, muse of erotic poetry; Thalia muse of comedy; Polyhymnia, muse of hymns; and Urania, muse of astronomy.
Mrs. Siddons as the Tragic Muse Inspirations for the Work
Mrs. Siddons as the Tragic Muse
Joshua Reynolds
Michelangelo
Reynolds was inspired not only by Sarah Siddons' extreme talent to embody the tragic heroine in Macbeth, but also by the Classical subject matter of the muses from ancient Greek/Roman mythologies that numerous sculptors tried to create. Reynolds painted Siddons as Melpomene, the muse of tragedy.
This work was painted when Mrs. Siddons was 28 years old and in the prime of her career. When she entered Reynolds' studio he took her by the hand and said, "Ascend upon your undisputed throne, and graciously bestow upon me some great idea of the Tragic Muse".
Like the old masters, Reynolds signed his name secretly in the work by putting it on the gold embroidery at the hem of her dress. Some stipulate that Reynolds had used Mrs. Siddons as a public stint to gain attention after his last exhibition which was not as well received. But this is debatable.
Many scholars believe that Reynolds was inspired by Michelangelo's " Isaiah ," (see Related Paintngs below) found on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, but Siddons maintained that the similarity in posture and body position were merely coincidental. Reynolds, she had said, had initially painted her in another position and she had shifted to a more favorable one.
Mrs. Siddons as the Tragic Muse Analysis
Mrs. Siddons as the Tragic Muse
Joshua Reynolds
Mrs. Siddons as the Tragic Muse
Joshua Reynolds
Mrs. Siddons as the Tragic Muse
Joshua Reynolds
Mrs. Siddons as the Tragic Muse
Joshua Reynolds
Composition:
Reynolds' technique for this composition relied heavily on his lighting effects and bold outlining that looked to reinforce natural harmony. The subject is in the full light and her presence is boldly outlined using this technique. The two allegories, Pity and Terror, stand behind her on two deeper planes.
Expression of Tragedy:
Reynolds painted Siddons' expression clearly in conflict yet with a very elegant and noble air that exuded a sense of grace. She looks undecided as the allegories cloud her judgment about her difficult situation which nevertheless will end in tragedy for the crime Lady Macbeth will commit, and the remorse she will suffer.
Reynolds knew that viewers of the piece would instantly identify it with Siddons' most famous acting role - Lady Macbeth.
Color Palette:
Reynolds uses elements of black and bright orange highlighting through the whole image to accentuate the sitter as the two figures, their facades painted in sweeping shadows, look to blend in with the brown, tempestuous background.
The flesh tone is achieved with various layering of whites over carmine and lake madder, with ultramarine and darker blue mixes Siddon's neck and skin in the shadow. Hints of grey are also present for the more prominent shadow areas.
Her dress is swathed in an array of delicately mixed yellow ochre, with dark and light browns. Various tints of orange can be seen showing through for the highlighted areas of the golden fabrics to create a natural sheen that reflects real life. Grays and stark white coats override the colors and image where shadow and light play.
Brush Work:
Siddons' head is very thinly painted with a delicate and fine brush while the coloring of her face is kept to a fine, thin layer. In fact, Reynolds feared that by over-glazing, he would ruin the final outcome.
The artist applies fine detail to the folds of the rich heavy fabric. The dress has looser, broader strokes as well as her shirt folds, which contain strong dashes of white strokes haphazardly applied around her arm with light brown and grey intermixed for the play of shadow in the folds to create depth. These strokes are both loose and light.
Soft, rounded strokes are used for the perilous clouds that gather around the actress' feet with rounded lines in red-orange for dramatic effect. The same bright orange can be seen in the drapery over her lap as well and in the allegorical figures.
These figures have smooth soft lines to make them look like actual sculptures in the fashion they were usually depicted in in the classical style.
Mrs. Siddons as the Tragic Muse Related Paintings
Mrs Siddons
Thomas Gainsborough: Mrs. Sarah Siddons , 1785
John Flaxman and John Charles Felix Rossi: Melpomene, 1809
Elisabetta Sirani: Melpomene, The Muse of Tragedy
Mrs. Siddons as the Tragic Muse Artist
George III
Anthony van Dyck
Antwerp
Mrs. Siddons as The Tragic Muse sold for 1,000 guineas at the time and received immense popularity. It was dubbed the "greatest female portrait in the world".
Sir Joshua Reynolds was the leading English painter of his time and almost exclusively painted portraits of the British gentry, often turning socialites into mythological characters within his works, much like in The Tragic Muse.
As a result of Reynolds's ability to prop the already high statures of his sitters up to other-worldly proportions, he is credited with creating the notion of celebrity.
His social circles became the same as those of whom he painted and the artist was eventually knighted and became the official court painter to George III. Not merely a painter, Reynolds also started a literature club and lectured about art, literature, philosophy, among other things.
The artist was well trained in the Classics from his time spent in his father's school in Plympton, Devon and he learned of the Italian masters under his mentor, Hudson. He was exposed to the works of van Dyck while he was studying in London.
However, his biggest inspiration came from his time spent in Italy where he noted all the great masters and learned about their compositional, chiaroscuro and coloring technicalities. Such knowledge impacted on his artistic career for the rest of his life.
Sir Joshua Reynolds completed over 3000 works of art, including a few preliminary sketches which were very rare as he wasn't a keen draughtsman. Reynolds' worked every hour he could, including Sundays, from morning to night. Even after his mild stroke and the deterioration of the sight in his left eye, he endeavored to discover new dimensions to the art of painting , his passion, until the end of his career and life. Thus he has been dubbed the father of British painting.
Mrs. Siddons as the Tragic Muse Art Period
Mr and Mrs Andrews
Thomas Gainsborough
Reynolds completed this painting during the Rococo era of the 18th century that lasted only about 90 years. Rococo took the opulent style of the Baroque era that preceded it and injected it will even more flamboyance.
The Rococo era originated from the French decorative style Racaille meaning 'decorative shell and rock work'. It primarily stemmed from the architecture and furniture style that was popular amongst the bourgeois and new rising wealthy class in France who wanted works that reinforced their wealth and pleasure in all their beauty and splendor.
The Rococo style soon caught on in England as the country had a huge rise in middle class and wealthy merchant businessmen due to its advances and control over new colonies in the West, South and East. Reynolds was able to serve the needs of this growing middle class with his flattering and elegant portraiture style.
The Rococo era was characterized by hedonistic freedom and a pursuit of all things aesthetically pleasurable. The Palace of Versailles was the ideal in decadent Rococo art and architecture with its ornate decoration and grandeur.
During the Rococo era portraiture was extremely across the world but particularly in Great Britain where pioneers of this style also include William Hogarth and Thomas Gainsborough.
Reynolds helped to define different concepts, not only in British painting, but across the Western world. He was a renowned intellectual who socialized in the elite social circles of London and received most recognition for his portraits, particularly of the London elite.
His popularity was due to his ability to raise the figureheads of the day to a mythological level, which flattered the subject.
Mrs. Siddons as the Tragic Muse Bibliography
For further information about Reynolds and his works please refer to the following list of recommended books.
• Farington, Joseph & Postle, Martin. Memoirs of Sir Joshua Reynolds. Pallas Athene, 2005
• McIntyre, Ian. Joshua Reynolds: The Life and Times of the First President of the Royal Academy. Allen Lane, 2003
• Reynolds, Joshua & Roberts, Keith. Joshua Reynolds. Bastei, 1968
• Reynolds, Joshua, Russell, Francis, Roberts, Keith & McIntyre, Ian. Joshua Reynolds. Purnell, 1966
• Reynolds, Joshua. Seven Discourses on Art. Kessinger Publishing, 2004
• Reynolds, Joshua & Wark, Robert R. Discourses on Art. Edition: illustrated, reprint. Huntington Library, 1959
• Wendorf, Richard. Sir Joshua Reynolds: The Painter in Society. Edition: illustrated. Harvard University Press, 1996
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| Joshua Reynolds |
Brown Windsor is what type of food dish? | Newsletter 14.1 Spring 1999
Unraveling the secrets of Sarah Siddons as the Tragic Muse
Sarah Siddons as the Tragic Muse, a 1784 painting by Joshua Reynolds, part of the Huntington Art Collections. Photo: Louis Meluso.
Sir Joshua Reynolds's portrait of the famous English tragic actress Sarah Siddons was hailed at the time of its first exhibition in 1784 as one of the greatest portraits of all time; it still ranks among the significant works of late-18th-century art. The fame and success of the picture led to the commission of a second version from the artist in 1789. The 1784 version is now in the Huntington Art Collections in San Marino, California, and the 1789 version hangs in the Dulwich Picture Gallery in London.
What can we learn from a scientific study of these paintings? Part of the work of the GCI Museum Research Laboratory involves collaborative study and technical examination of works of art with conservation and curatorial staff at the J. Paul Getty Museum. The benefits of this kind of collaboration were demonstrated recently when the two Sarah Siddons portraits underwent examination at the Getty. The impetus for studying the paintings was an upcoming Getty Museum exhibition of portraits of Siddons by leading 18th-century British painters. Scientists from the Museum Research Laboratory worked with the Paintings Conservation department of the Getty Museum and the Art Division of the Huntington to study the Reynolds paintings closely.
This collaborative study—which reunited the two paintings after more than two hundred years—revealed much about the way Reynolds and his studio developed these images of the most famous actress of her day. Scientific and technical examination of the pictures was carried out by Narayan Khandekar, associate scientist at the GCI, and Mark Leonard, conservator of paintings at the Museum, working with Shelley Bennett, curator of British and European Art at the Huntington Art Collections. The team thoroughly studied the complicated array of painting materials and techniques found in the two versions of Sarah Siddons as the Tragic Muse.
A comparison of the same portion of the Huntington portrait (left) and the Dulwich portrait (right), illustrating the varying degree of detail between the paintings. Photos: Louis Meluso.
Technical analyses included x radiography, x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, polarized light microscopy of tiny cross sections from the paintings, and analysis of the binding media. For several years, the GCI has been researching the characterization of binding media in works of art, and in analyzing for binding media in the paintings, Institute associate scientist Michael Schilling employed sophisticated techniques such as pyrolysis-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
Analysis of the original work of 1784 reveals a complex series of changes made to the painting by Reynolds, particularly to the color of Siddons's dress, which was originally blue but ultimately changed by Reynolds to the warm yellow-brown seen today. Interestingly, in an earlier painting of famed actor David Garrick depicted with the figures of Comedy and Tragedy, Reynolds painted Tragedy in a blue dress in a pose similar to that of Siddons; this similarity suggests that the artist used the earlier painting as a model before being inspired to make these changes, which were revealed by microscopic examination of a cross section of the painting. The binding media of the two versions were shown to be very different. The Huntington version was painted in oil and oil-resin mixtures, often in many layers of paint (sometimes as many as 20). The Dulwich version used a megilp-like substance—a thick resin-oil and, in this case, wax concoction—chosen to enable the later version to imitate the thick texture of the earlier picture.
The detailed results of this research will be presented in an essay, "A Sublime and Masterly Performance: The Making of Sir Joshua Reynolds's Sarah Siddons as the Tragic Muse," which serves as the final chapter in a forthcoming volume of essays. The publication of this volume, entitled A Passion for Performance: Sarah Siddons and Her Portraitists, coincides with the exhibition to be held at the Getty from July 27 to September 19, 1999.
Two magnified cross sections comparing samples taken from the clouds at the base of the footstool in both paintings. The Huntington version shows layering of paint and varnish. Photo: Narayan Khandekar.
The Dulwich version, completed 5 years later, shows megilp used to simulate the bulk of paint in the earlier portrait. Photo: Narayan Khandekar.
The collaborative interdisciplinary efforts that formed the basis for this study have resulted in a new understanding of the diverse creative processes that produced these two famous paintings.
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Which British singer released a 2009 album entitled ‘3 Words’? | Cheryl Cole - 3 Words (CHIPMUNK VERSION) - YouTube
Cheryl Cole - 3 Words (CHIPMUNK VERSION)
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Uploaded on Dec 5, 2009
3 Words is the title song from the first solo album by British pop singer Cheryl Cole and features additional vocals from will.i.am from the Black Eyed Peas.[3][4] The song will be released as Cole's second single from the album. 3 Words tells the story of a couple who socialise separately and are both approached by members of the opposite sex.
The song will be shipped with a new recording titled "Boys", the b-side was written by UK soul singer-songwriter Adele.
he music video premiered on 27 November 2009 on Cole's official website and GMTV. The video was directed by Vincent Haycock.
It features Cheryl and will.i.am in split screens which morph together and part continuously throughout the video.
Category
| Cheryl Fernandez-Versini |
‘Caballo’ is Spanish for which animal? | Cheryl Fernandez-Versini | Simon Cowell Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Edit
Born and raised in the northern English city of Newcastle, Cheryl started out as a dancer, having taken lessons when she was 4. At age 19, she tried out for a reality singing competition show called Popstars: The Rivals, hoping to earn one of 5 spots in an all-female pop group called Girls Aloud. Cheryl won one of the 5 spots.
Girls Aloud
Edit
The group, consisting of Cheryl, Nadine Coyle, Nicola Roberts, Kimberley Walsh, and Sarah Harding, released thier first single, "Sound of The Underground" in late 2002 after the show. It became a huge hit, hitting number 1 on the UK Singles Chart. Their debut album of the same name, released in May 2003, was also successful, hitting number 1 on the UK Album Charts and going platnuim. The group proved that despite being formed on a TV show, they had what it took to be successful.
After 5 studio albums, 2 compilation albums, and 10 years together, the group disbanded in 2013.
Solo career
Edit
While Girls Aloud was on hitaus starting in 2008, Cheryl decided to take a shot at a solo career. She released her debut solo album, 3 Words, in 2009. The album, consisiting of the singles "Fight for This Love" and "Parachute", was a big success, hitting number 1 on the UK Album Chart and going platnuim. Her next two solo albums, Messy Little Raindrops and A Million Lights, were just as successful.
Cheryl's fourth solo album, Only Human, came in 2014.
The X-Factor (UK version)
Edit
In 2008, Cheryl was hired to replace Sharon Osbourne as a judge/mentor on The X-Factor. She proved to be just as successful as a judge during her 3 years there with 2 of her acts, Alexandra Burke and Joe McElderry, winning and another, Rebecca Ferguson, finishing second. She was also a mentor to singer Cher Lloyd.
Cheryl left the UK show after 3 years to join Cowell as a judge/mentor on the American version of the show.
The X-Factor (American version)
Edit
Despite him having once admitted in an interview to having had a crush on her, Cheryl's relationship with Simon Cowell is purely platonic and, because they are back to working together, professional. Cowell has spoken fondly of her in several interviews, and she has done the same.
Personal Life
Edit
Cheryl was married to British soccer star Ashley Cole from 2006 to when they divorced in 2010. She married French businessman Jean-Bernard Fernandez-Versini on July 7, 2014, but the marriage ended after 19 months. She is now dating One Direction 's Liam Payne, who is 10 years her junior.
Discography
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The Italian cooking sauce pasata is made from which vegetable? | Vegetarian Pasta Sauce Recipe | Taste of Home
Vegetarian Pasta Sauce Recipe
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Loaded with fresh vegetables and herbs, this hearty, meatless sauce is a perfect way for gardeners to make delicious use of their harvest. "You can add some of your favorite red wine to the sauce during the cooking process, if you wish." —Jerry Tamburino Sacramento, California
TOTAL TIME: Prep: 35 min. Cook: 2 hours
MAKES:14 servings
TOTAL TIME: Prep: 35 min. Cook: 2 hours
MAKES: 14 servings
1 medium green pepper, chopped
1 medium sweet red pepper, chopped
2 tablespoons olive oil
3 medium yellow summer squash, chopped
3 medium tomatoes, chopped
1 medium eggplant, peeled and cubed
1/2 pound sliced fresh mushrooms
2 cans (28 ounces each) Italian crushed tomatoes
1 can (6 ounces) tomato paste
2 cans (2-1/4 ounces each) sliced ripe olives, drained
1/4 cup minced fresh basil
3 tablespoons minced fresh oregano
2 tablespoons minced fresh rosemary
2 teaspoons Italian seasoning
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Nutritional Facts
1 cup: 131 calories, 3g fat (0 saturated fat), 0 cholesterol, 705mg sodium, 23g carbohydrate (12g sugars, 6g fiber), 5g protein.
Directions
In a Dutch oven, saute the onions and peppers in oil until tender. Add garlic; cook 1 minute longer. Add the zucchini, summer squash, tomatoes, eggplant and mushrooms; cook and stir for 5 minutes.
Stir in the remaining ingredients. Bring to a boil. Reduce heat; simmer, uncovered, for 1-1/2 to 2 hours or until sauce is thickened. Yield: 14 servings (3-1/2 quarts).
Originally published as Vegetarian Pasta Sauce in Taste of Home August/September 2008, p41
| Tomato |
Slovenia was once part of which former European country? | Vegetable Pasta Recipes
Vegetable Pasta Recipes
Vegetable Stand In Italy
Vegetable pasta recipes remind me of summer in Italy. Bright greens and reds infusing the cool crisp taste of fresh garden vegetables, warmed and ripened to perfection by the summer sun. However, lets not forget that vegetable pasta's can warm your heart and your belly during the Winter months as well with deep rich flavors of mushrooms, carrots, potatoes, cauliflower and more.
The South of Italy is blessed with having the perfect conditions for fruits and vegetables which is why it's the cornerstone to fantastic tomatoes. In the days of the renaissance, meats were considered a food of luxury which is why so much of Italy's cuisine is dependent on delicious vegetables. Much to the peasants benefit. While they were living long and healthy lives their prestigious countrymen were dying at very young ages or suffering painful ailments from living the high life.
For every vegetable available to us I guarantee there is an Italian pasta recipe waiting to be created. Seasonal flavors and fresh local ingredients are what Italian food is all about and any time of the year is the season for pasta with vegetables.
Prima Vera means Spring in Italian and pasta prima vera recipes are the perfect example of spring time classic Italian pasta recipe. There is a creamy version that makes my mouth water.
Summer Fresh Vegetable Pasta Recipes:
Melanzane or Eggplant pasta sauce decorated with creamy diced buffalo mozzarella. Rich Mushrooms
Tasty Squash
Full Flavored Potatoes
Refreshing Watercress
Winter vegetables are bold, hearty and warm in texture. It's like Mother nature knows what's going to comfort us in the colder winter months.
Artichokes grow more in the South of Italy and they bring a natural unique flavor and design to any of your vegetable pasta recipes. An artichoke pesto with just the slightest taste of lemon is one of those dishes.
Purple cauliflower with golden raisins and served with Rigatoni . Toss in some toasted pinenuts and drizzle with rich olive oil.
Lets not forget a classic Porcini Mushroom cream sauce over Tagliatelli. These are just a few of the joys of eating Winter Vegetables.
But Winter, Spring, Summer or Fall it's always a great season for Pasta!
Vivere, Amare, Ridere e Mangiare Bene
Live, Love, Laugh and Eat Well!
Kira Volpi
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Which country will host the 2014 Winter Olympic Games? | BBC SPORT | Sochi given 2014 Winter Olympics
Sochi given 2014 Winter Olympics
Many in Sochi partied all night after hearing the announcement
The Russian resort of Sochi has been chosen to host the 2014 Winter Olympics, beating South Korea's Pyeongchang.
Sochi secured 51 votes at a meeting of International Olympic Committee (IOC) delegates in Guatemala, beating its South Korean rival by just four votes.
In earlier voting, the third contender, Salzburg in Austria, was eliminated.
The presidents of all three candidate countries had attended the meeting to plead their countries' cases.
Russian joy at the announcement
Russian President Vladimir Putin was credited with helping Sochi's bid, after he addressed delegates in three languages - English, Spanish and French.
It is believed to be the first time the Russian leader has been heard speaking English at a public ceremony.
For Salzburg and Pyeongchang, this was their second consecutive defeat. Both had lost out in the bidding for the 2010 Winter Games, which will be held in the Canadian city of Vancouver.
The 20th Winter Games took place in Turin in Italy in 2006.
Joy and disappointment
The announcement prompted celebrations in Sochi, where fireworks were let off above jubilant crowds in the central square.
In pictures: Joy and agony
Many people partied through the night after the news broke at 0300 local time (2300 GMT).
"We needed this victory," Pavel Ostrovsky told Reuters news agency. "For the whole country, this is a great resurgence."
In Pyeongchang meanwhile, a giant television screen near the city hall relayed the announcement to a dejected crowd, many of whom wept openly.
"It's worse than four years ago, because this time we really thought we would win," restaurant owner Son Chang-min told the Associated Press news agency, referring to an earlier unsuccessful bid for the winter Olympics.
The mood in the Austrian city of Salzburg was similarly despondent.
A small crowd gathered in a city park and jeered as the result was announced.
"It's so disappointing... Hope dies last," Peter Rittinger, a student, told the AP news agency.
'Spectacular show'
Russia's President Vladimir Putin, a keen skier, said that in Sochi 70% of athletes would live within five minutes' walk of the venues, so there would be no traffic problems.
Salzburg residents did not hide their disappointment
The Black Sea resort has a unique combination of spring-like weather and cold temperatures in the nearby Krasnaya Polyana mountains, which President Putin said would guarantee snow.
"Winter sports are popular in Russia and our sportsmen have won many competitions and have made a big contribution to the Olympic movement," he said.
"But we have never won the honour to celebrate the Winter Olympic Games.
"You know we can turn sports competitions into a really spectacular show and we are good at it."
Rome is set to apply to host the 2020 Summer Olympics instead of bidding for the 2016 Games.
"Our view is that it is highly unlikely that there will be three European Olympic Games in succession," Rome mayor Walter Veltroni said.
Rome, which hosted the 1960 Olympics, lost out to Athens for the 2004 Games.
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| Russia |
The Ashmolean Museum is in which English city? | Winter Games in Russia: Who Will Benefit from the Sochi Olympics? - SPIEGEL ONLINE
Winter Games in Russia: Who Will Benefit from the Sochi Olympics?
Winter Games in Russia Who Will Benefit from the Sochi Olympics?
Russia is celebrating its victorious bid to host the 2014 Winter Olympic games in Sochi, but the country must still invest billions in order to equip the city for the Olympics. In the end, critics fear, the richest will profit. Meanwhile, anti-Olympics protests are already being quashed.
By Simone Schlindwein in Moscow
July 05, 2007 06:21 PM
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AP
Not all smiles: After the 2014 Olympics close, Sochi will become a domain of Russia's richest -- a world-class ski resort commoners cannot afford.
"I never thought we had a chance of winning," says a jubilant Regina Walejewa, a Russian marketing expert in Moscow. It's 3:19 a.m. and International Olympic Committee President Jacques Rogge, many time zones away in Guatemala, has just announced that Sochi has been chosen to host the 2014 Winter Games. Like many people across Russia, Walejewa stayed up late on Wednesday night to watch the live results.
Throughout the evening, Russian TV stations broadcast the latest news from the IOC's vote in Guatemala City. "We won," the presenter of one sports channel said repeatedly, almost as if he couldn't believe what he had just heard. Few in Russia had much faith in their prospects for success. They kept thinking of recent disputes between Moscow and the West and the fact that Russia had already submitted previous bids for the Winter Olympics without ever winning.
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In Sochi, tens of thousands gathered awaiting the decision on a large square in front of the city's main theatre. International musicians, including German pop star Thomas Anders from Modern Talking, performed in an effort to make the tense wait a little easier. When it finally came, eruptions of joy could be heard everywhere: "Sochi, Sochi, Russia," the crowd screamed as the decision was beamed onto a giant screen in the square.
Salzburg had already dropped out of the running with the fewest votes in the first round on Wednesday. And Russian President Vladimir Putin had already departed in his jet for Moscow when news came that the southern Russian city Sochi had beaten out Pyeongchang in South Korea. He had traveled to Guatemala on Monday to support the Russian delegation as it promoted its bid. "If everything is done honestly in Guatemala, then we will have the best chance," Putin said before the vote. It was a reference to incidents reported earlier at the Real Intercontinental Hotel in Guatemala City.
The Russian media is claiming that articles about human rights violations in Russia were pushed under the doors of hotel rooms of IOC members in order to turn the decision-makers against Putin. The Russian president described the incidents as "sabotage." But the Russian delegation also faced the uncomfortable allegation that it had "bought" the Winter Olympics.
The Russian government spent more than $30 million on advertising and celebrations promoting its bid. The cost of mounting the two-week Winter Games is expected to cost over $1.5 billion. But, as Deputy Prime Minister Alexander Shukov said, money won't be an issue.
Which is just as well -- because an estimated $12 billion will also have to be raised through public and private sources just to make Sochi's infrastructure conform to international standards. Entire apartment blocks in the city, with its population of 330,000, don't even have electricity or gas. There aren't enough hotels or training and sporting venues to host the Olympic events. Almost everything will have to be built from scratch.
To that end, the Russians are planning to build what are being described as 19 massive "bed mountains" that can host up to 29,000 guests, new ski slopes, lifts and sporting venues. Of the three cities that made the final round, though, Sochi is by far the worst prepared to host the Olympics.
The amount of money Russia plans to invest in order to hold the Olympics is also higher than the entire national budget for education, health and family policy together. Moscow says the government will cover two-thirds of the costs. The rest is expected to come from private investments from oligarchic corporations that are always pleased to lend the Kremlin a hand.
Back in October, Putin announced that energy giant Gazprom is prepared to pay $180 million for the privilege of becoming the event's main sponsor. Oleg Deripaska, one of the world's largest aluminum producers, wants to invest 620 million to build the Olympic Village as well as ice skating and sporting venues. The company has also purchased Sochi airport, which it plans to transform into a modern international facility. Vladimir Potanin, who heads the holding company Interros and is considered one of Russia's leading businessmen, has also pledged to invest 230 million. The company is planning to turn its own retreat in the Caucasus mountains into a ski resort.
Of course, the oligarch's investments are anything but altruistic -- they're hoping the investment will turn a profit in the long-term. The prospects could be good, too. Sochi's Olympic bid has already led to a real estate boom along the Russian Black Sea coast. And Russian oligarchs and investors aren't the only ones who have the potential to make money from the mega-project.
"Foreign firms are also planning to strengthen their investments in southern Russia," Regina Valeyeva announces, full of a pride that doesn't just stem from a sense of patriotism. She works as marketing coordinator for the Swiss firm Sika. The company produces concrete additives that will be used in the construction of the walls of a highway tunnel in Sochi. "My company has a huge contract there," she says.
But critics see the mass investment planned for Sochi as just increasing the country's growing divide between rich and poor. Alexander Doskoy, mayor of Arkhangelsk, told the radio station Echo of Moscow the investments would harm other regions in the Russian Federation. "If such enormous sums were made available to fix apartments in need of repair, a lot of people in Russia would be thankful," he said.
That, says, Valeyeva, is the constant problem in Russia -- the rich are the only ones to profit from projects like this. "In the longterm, Sochi will only be affordable as a sporting area for the rich," she says. "Normal people won't likely be able to afford a winter sports vacation."
DPA
Police in Moscow arrest an environmental activist attending a protest in opposition of the Sochi bid.
"Sochi wins, the people lose," goes the slogan of the group No Olympic Games, which staged a protest against the bid in Moscow on Tuesday. Dmitry Kokurev and his group of environmental activists want the unique natural environment of the mountains surrounding Sochi to be preserved. But Russian top brass' opinion of his views is quite clear: Despite having obtained official permission for the demonstration from the police, the protest was dispersed and Kokurev temporarily taken into custody.
His arguments are difficult to dispute: Plans are afoot to build the Olympic Village right on the edge of the West Caucasus National Park, which is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The Krasnaya Polona ski area, where many events are to be held near Sochi, is also part of a nature reserve.
But the Russian government has stated that the construction measures in the protected areas are "socially necessary" and it has lifted many restrictions on building in the runup to the Olympics.
Article...
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Which British poet wrote ‘Kubla Khan’? | Kubla Khan - Poems | Academy of American Poets
Academy of American Poets
The Academy of American Poets is the largest membership-based nonprofit organization fostering an appreciation for contemporary poetry and supporting American poets. For over three generations, the Academy has connected millions of people to great poetry through programs such as National Poetry Month, the largest literary celebration in the world; Poets.org, the Academy’s popular website; American Poets, a biannual literary journal; and an annual series of poetry readings and special events. Since its founding, the Academy has awarded more money to poets than any other organization.
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Samuel Taylor Coleridge, a leader of the British Romantic movement, was born on October 21, 1772, in Devonshire, England. His father, a vicar of a parish and master of a grammar school, married twice and had fourteen children. The youngest child in the family, Coleridge was a student at his father's school and an avid reader. After his father died in 1781, Coleridge attended Christ's Hospital School in London, where he met lifelong friend Charles Lamb. While in London, he also befriended a classmate named Tom Evans, who introduced Coleridge to his family. Coleridge fell in love with Tom's older sister, Mary.
Coleridge's father had always wanted his son to be a clergyman, so when Coleridge entered Jesus College, University of Cambridge in 1791, he focused on a future in the Church of England. Coleridge's views, however, began to change over the course of his first year at Cambridge. He became a supporter of William Frend, a Fellow at the college whose Unitarian beliefs made him a controversial figure. While at Cambridge, Coleridge also accumulated a large debt, which his brothers eventually had to pay off. Financial problems continued to plague him throughout his life, and he constantly depended on the support of others.
En route to Wales in June 1794, Coleridge met a student named Robert Southey. Striking an instant friendship, Coleridge postponed his trip for several weeks, and the men shared their philosophical ideas. Influenced by Plato's Republic, they constructed a vision of pantisocracy (equal government by all), which involved emigrating to the New World with ten other families to set up a commune on the banks of the Susquehanna River in Pennsylvania. Coleridge and Southey envisioned the men sharing the workload, a great library, philosophical discussions, and freedom of religious and political beliefs.
After finally visiting Wales, Coleridge returned to England to find that Southey had become engaged to a woman named Edith Fricker. As marriage was an integral part of the plan for communal living in the New World, Coleridge decided to marry another Fricker daughter, Sarah. Coleridge wed in 1795, in spite of the fact that he still loved Mary Evans, who was engaged to another man. Coleridge's marriage was unhappy and he spent much of it apart from his wife. During that period, Coleridge and Southey collaborated on a play titled The Fall of Robespierre (1795). While the pantisocracy was still in the planning stages, Southey abandoned the project to pursue his legacy in law. Left without an alternative plan, Coleridge spent the next few years beginning his career as a writer. He never returned to Cambridge to finish his degree.
In 1795 Coleridge befriended William Wordsworth , who greatly influenced Coleridge's verse. Coleridge, whose early work was celebratory and conventional, began writing in a more natural style. In his "conversation poems," such as "The Eolian Harp" and "This Lime-Tree Bower My Prison," Coleridge used his intimate friends and their experiences as subjects. The following year, Coleridge published his first volume of poetry, Poems on Various Subjects, and began the first of ten issues of a liberal political publication entitled The Watchman. From 1797 to 1798 he lived near Wordsworth and his sister, Dorothy, in Somersetshire. In 1798 the two men collaborated on a joint volume of poetry entitled Lyrical Ballads. The collection is considered the first great work of the Romantic school of poetry and contains Coleridge's famous poem, "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner."
That autumn the two poets traveled to the Continent together. Coleridge spent most of the trip in Germany, studying the philosophy of Immanuel Kant, Jakob Boehme, and G. E. Lessing. While there he mastered the German language and began translating. When he returned to England in 1800, he settled with family and friends at Keswick. Over the next two decades Coleridge lectured on literature and philosophy, wrote about religious and political theory, spent two years on the island of Malta as a secretary to the governor in an effort to overcome his poor health and his opium addiction, and lived off of financial donations and grants. Still addicted to opium, he moved in with the physician James Gillman in 1816. In 1817, he published Biographia Literaria, which contained his finest literary criticism. He continued to publish poetry and prose, notably Sibylline Leaves (1817), Aids to Reflection (1825), and Church and State (1830). He died in London on July 25, 1834.
Selected Bibliography
Christabel: Kubla Khan, a Vision; The Pains of Sleep (1816)
Fears in Solitude (1798)
Lyrical Ballads, with a few Other Poems (1798)
Poems (1803)
Poems on Various Subjects (1796)
Samuel Taylor Coleridge, The Oxford Authors (1985)
Selections from the Sybilline Leaves of S. T. Coleridge (1827)
Sibylline Leaves: A Collection of Poems (1817)
Sonnets from various authors (1796)
The Collected Works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1969)
The Complete Poetical Works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1912)
The Devil's Walk: A Poem (1830)
The Literary Remains in Prose and Verse of Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1839)
The Poetical Works of S. T. Coleridge (1828)
Prose
A Moral and Political Lecture (1795)
Aids to Reflection in the Formation of a Manly Character (1825)
Biographia Literaria, or Biographical Sketches of my Literary Life and Opinions (1817)
Collected Letters of Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1973)
Conciones ad Populum, or Addresses to the People (1795)
Confessions of an Inquiring Spirit (1841)
Essays on His Own Times; forming a second series of "The Friend," (1850)
Hints towards the Formation of a more Comprehensive Theory of Life (1848)
On the Constitution of Church and State (1830)
Samuel Taylor Coleridge: Selected Letters (1987)
Seven Lectures upon Shakespeare and Milton (1856)
Specimens of the Table Talk of the late Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1835)
The Friend: A Literary, Moral, and Political Weekly Paper (1810)
The Friend; A Series of Essays (1812)
The Letters of Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1895)
The Notebooks of Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1957)
The Philosophical Lectures of Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1949)
The Plot Discovered, or an Address to the People Against Ministerial Treason (1795)
The Statesman's Manual, or The Bible the Best Guide to Political Skill and Foresight: A Lay Sermon (1816)
Unpublished Letters of Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1932)
Zapolya: A Christmas Tale (1817)
Drama
Remorse, A Tragedy, in Five Acts (1813)
The Fall of Robespierre. An Historic Drama (1794)
Periodicals
| Samuel Taylor Coleridge |
Which artist designed the logo for UK television children’s show ‘Blue Peter’? | Kubla Khan Poem by Samuel Taylor Coleridge - Poem Hunter
Kubla Khan Poem by Samuel Taylor Coleridge - Poem Hunter
Kubla Khan - Poem by Samuel Taylor Coleridge
In Xanadu did Kubla Khan
A stately pleasure-dome decree :
Where Alph, the sacred river, ran
Through caverns measureless to man
Down to a sunless sea.
So twice five miles of fertile ground
With walls and towers were girdled round :
And there were gardens bright with sinuous rills,
Where blossomed many an incense-bearing tree ;
And here were forests ancient as the hills,
Enfolding sunny spots of greenery.
But oh ! that deep romantic chasm which slanted
Down the green hill athwart a cedarn cover !
A savage place ! as holy and enchanted
As e'er beneath a waning moon was haunted
By woman wailing for her demon-lover !
And from this chasm, with ceaseless turmoil seething,
As if this earth in fast thick pants were breathing,
A mighty fountain momently was forced :
Amid whose swift half-intermitted burst
Huge fragments vaulted like rebounding hail,
Or chaffy grain beneath the thresher's flail :
And 'mid these dancing rocks at once and ever
It flung up momently the sacred river.
Five miles meandering with a mazy motion
Through wood and dale the sacred river ran,
Then reached the caverns measureless to man,
And sank in tumult to a lifeless ocean :
And 'mid this tumult Kubla heard from far
Ancestral voices prophesying war !
The shadow of the dome of pleasure
Floated midway on the waves ;
Where was heard the mingled measure
From the fountain and the caves.
It was a miracle of rare device,
A sunny pleasure-dome with caves of ice !
A damsel with a dulcimer
In a vision once I saw :
It was an Abyssinian maid,
And on her dulcimer she played,
Singing of Mount Abora.
Could I revive within me
Her symphony and song,
To such a deep delight 'twould win me,
That with music loud and long,
I would build that dome in air,
That sunny dome ! those caves of ice !
And all who heard should see them there,
And all should cry, Beware ! Beware !
His flashing eyes, his floating hair !
Weave a circle round him thrice,
And close your eyes with holy dread,
For he on honey-dew hath fed,
And drunk the milk of Paradise.
(1/9/2017 3:00:00 PM)
tom allport
a poem full of adventurous lines that is meant to continue on in many adventurous minds? truly fabulous writing. (Report) Reply
(9/25/2016 5:59:00 AM)
'Kubla khan' is a great poem.
In the introduction of The Lyrical Ballads (1798) , Wordsworth and Coleridge professed their points of view regarding the nature of lyric poetry and their own practical principle to be employed in their poems. Wordsworth concerned himself with nature and human nature and Coleridge often wrote dream poems under the influence of opium and the poems also appeared to be fragmentary. Among the marvellous creations - The Rime of the ancient Mariner, Christabel (in two parts) , Kubla Khan are remarkable. Coleridge is an adept master in the realm of supernatural poetry and he is indebted to Spencer and medieval metrical romance.
Kubla Khan, a vision in a dream is a fragmentary dream poem. It is about poetry and poetic inspiration. It is the most imaginative of Coleridge's poems. Swinburne observes, Every line of the poem might be subjected to the like scrutiny but the student would be none nearest to the master's secret. The spirit, the odour in it, the cloven tongue of fire that rests upon its forehead, is a thing neither explicable nor communicable.
Kubla Khan is about two kinds of poetry. The first 36 lines are about naturalness, palpability and matter of factness of poetry. The second part of the poem is essentially concerned with divine inspiration. The last part is also on the theory of poetic inspiration and creativity. The first part is concerned with the relation of man to nature. The second part is related to divine aspect of poetry. Herein lies the organic relations between the two parts.
Kubla Khan is indeed a forerunner of modern poetry. There is a chain of ambiguous and paradoxical aspects of poetry and philosophy. Its fragmentary nature indicates its modernity. It is, in its depth, a definite comment on the modern world and its separation of head and heart, action and contemplation.
Symbolism is the main criterion of Coleridge's poetical craftsmanship. G. Wilson Knight, in his illuminating article, Coleridge's Divine Comedy, has analysed the symbolism of the poem.
Kubla Khan, the great oriental king once ordered that a magnificent pleasure dome be built for him in Xanadu as his summer capital. The sacred river, Alph winding its course through immeasurably deep caves ultimately to sink into a dark subterranean sea. A fertile tract of land, about ten square miles in area was enclosed with walls and towers. There are bright gardens and ancient forests forming a vast green spot.
Next the poet describes the source of the river, Alph. There was a deep, mysterious and fearsome chasm that slanted down a green hill. There are many cedar trees. It was a savage, holy and enchanted place, frequented by a woman desperately wandering about under a waning moon in search of her demon lover. A mighty fountain burst forth from this chasm intermittently. Huge rocks are bursting out of it with the sound of hail storm. The noise is tremendous. The Alph comes out of this fountain and flows for five miles through woods and valleys. Then it sinks into the sunless sea with a loud noise. In the midst of this noise, Kubla Khan could hear the ancestral voices predicting a war. The pleasure - dome was a sunny dome. It's shadow fell midway on the river. While standing here, one could hear the mingled noises from the fountain and the caves.
In the second part of the poem, the poet gives a picture of a poet caught in poetic frenzy. Here Coleridge is dealing with the theory of poetic inspiration. In one vision, he saw an Abyssinian maid playing on her dulcimer and singing of the wild splendour of Mount Abora. The pleasure dome for the poet is a miracle of art because it includes 'sunny-dome' and 'caves of ice' - life and death. Coleridge's concept of poetic frenzy is akin to Shakespearean vision. Humphrey House considers the poem a poetic creation about the ecstasy in imaginative fulfilment.
The main metaphorical meaning of the poem is hidden in the concluding part. There is no doubt that Kubla Khan is basically a critical commentary on Plato's theory of poetry. There is the concept of madness in Plato's The Ion and Phaedrus again Shakespeare equates the poet, lover and the lunatic in the same category in A Mid Summer Night's Dream. The 'flashing eyes' and 'floating hair' of Coleridge's poem belong to a poet in the fury of creation. So there are verbal resemblances in the versions of Plato, Shakespeare and Coleridge.
Socretes in his Ion compares lyric poets to 'Bacchie maidens who drew milk and honey from the rivers'. They acted under the influence of Dionysus. In the final section, the poet speaks of a strange vision of an Abyssinian maid playing on her dulcimer and singing of the wild splendour of Mount Abora. The poet is caught in a mood of poetic frenzy with a paradise vision. The readers of inspiratory poetry will go round the poet three times to protect themselves from his magical frenzy. They will experience a kind of fear as one feels in the presence of God. It is holy fear because thought the poet is a magician, there is nothing evil about his magic. The poet seems to be fed and nourished on honey dew falling from the heaven. He drinks nectar, a sort of magical drink which produces divine inspiration in the form of melodious hymn. (Report) Reply
Susan Williams
(3/8/2016 3:15:00 PM)
Coleridge finds a lot of his dramatic material for his poetry in nature. He sees POWER in the workings of nature. He's totally captivated by that power. He wants to duplicate the lightning strike, the intense winds that blow roofs off of houses, the formation of ice, the rampaging waters of a river in flood stage. He doesn't want to just duplicate them, he wants his poetry to be them. That is typical opium using Coleridge for you. That's why his poems are so intense, emotional and rooted in the natural world. They definitely are not polite, quiet, regular type poems. Nope. He's wanting to create a riot of emotions instead of restraining it. Kubla Khan is probably the most intense, emotional, strange, power-ridden poem you'll ever read. Bringing all that raging power of nature into this is his not very subtle way to get you to think about love, death, the soul, and strange magnetic men called Kubla Khan. (Report) Reply
Savita Tyagi
(3/8/2016 6:47:00 AM)
I read this poem many times and always wondered why Coldridge named it Kubla Khan. There may be many analysts for it but to me the name itself depicts the drama of life. A warrior's life is made up of war and destruction but there must be time for their softer emotions when they try to take care of this earth and admire all it's beauty. Replica of which they try to create. This contrast of emotions crafted so skillfully in the images of this poem. Just a fantastic poem to read and read again. (Report) Reply
Suresh Mohamed
(12/22/2015 12:11:00 PM)
An Anecdote goes, when Coleridge was writing Kubla Khan seated in his garden one day, he was experiencing the Muse on full flame, a marvellous training of thought was flowing, which Coleridge was so excitedly trying to note down, but hear a sudden thud on his garden gate and he walked up to find a certain Porlock was asking for direction. After assisting him, he sat down again, but he could not recall that train of thought, however hard he tried. Had Mr. Porlock did not disturb Coleridge, we might have gotten a better version of Kubla khan. Damn you, porlock! (Report) Reply
(11/9/2014 11:16:00 PM)
this is the poem that i was asked to review in my poetry exam! ah (Report) Reply
Terry Craddock
(11/9/2014 7:59:00 PM)
This poem still intrigues with the siren call of an incredibly powerful opium dream, I have loved these lines for decades and still long for the missing lines left unwritten by an ill timed strangers knock upon the door. (Report) Reply
(11/9/2014 8:10:00 AM)
A beautiful poem and it is more meaningful with reference to historical event.I liked it. (Report) Reply
Frank Avon
(11/9/2014 3:49:00 AM)
If I had to choose THE best poem in the English language (and what a difficult task that would be!) , I would choose this one. I had to grow into it, however; at one time I thought it was very nearly a nonsense poem, crazy like a dream. But over the years, it has become more and more meaningful. It deals conclusively with Coleridge's favorite theme: the Imagination, its working and its importance.
Its subtlety and yet its accessibility, its intricate form and yet is quotability and simple syntax, its two dramatic parts which at first seem almost unrelated yet turn out to be complementary and perfectly unified - all of these aspects of the poem contribute to its overall quality. And, by the way, don't believe a word of Coleridge's excuse that it is incomplete. It is, indeed, complete and perfectly unified. It's readable and pleasurable without consulting any secondary sources, but if you want to know the sources of some of Coleridge's imagery and get a sense of what these images might have meant to him personally, consult John Livingstone Loewe's 'Road to Xanadu.' Also read the passage in the 'Biographia Literaria' which has to do with C's view of the 'commanding genius' and the creative (or imaginative) genius. Kublai Khan, of course, is the archetype of the 'commanding genius, ' one who hopes to create (or restore) an Eden, or Paradise on earth; the 'I' of the second part has the prospect of representing the creative (or imaginative) genius. The 'damsel w/ the dulcimer' is, as it were, his Muse, or his imaginative mind.
Could I revive within me
Her symphony and song,
'I' would build the Eden that Kublai Khan envisioned, but without its flaw ('that deep romantic chasm, ' 'a savage place') and without its being subject to the ravages of time ('Ancestral voices prophesying war') . With 'music loud and long, ' or with poetry or one of the other arts, he would call forth 'that dome in air, / That sunny dome') . Of course, the general public is always suspicious of the creative genius, rejecting him/her and attempting to restore common-sense order of things:
For he on honey-dew hath fed,
And drunk the milk of Paradise.
But even in their plaint they indirectly point to the success of his mission: the milk and honey of the Promised Land, the Paradise (the closing word of this complete, carefully crafted, imaginatively engrossing work of art) . (Report) Reply
Aftab Alam Khursheed
(11/9/2014 3:11:00 AM)
This poem is dream of STC yet Kubla Khan the Mongol Ruler established his kingdom in China..words are dreaming words very interesting this poem unlike Ancient Mariner very tough in its code AM is about the French Revolution and this is... lovely and famous poem of STC (Report) Reply
Kevin Patrick
(11/9/2012 10:54:00 PM)
years ago I had a collection of romantic and victorian poetry this poem was in it, when I read it I could not help but think how similar it was to the lyrics to the RUSH song of the same name, and then I realized Neal Peart stolle it almost verbatum from this. Well he stole a masterful poem and turned it into a well crafted song. But Rime of the ancient Mariner is still the best work Coleridge EVER wrote (Report) Reply
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Who wrote the 1966 comic novel ‘The Virgin Soldiers’? | Leslie Thomas obituary | Books | The Guardian
Leslie Thomas obituary
Outgoing author best known for The Virgin Soldiers, a comic novel about national service
Leslie Thomas in his garden in Salisbury, Wiltshire. Photograph: Chris Barham/Daily Mail/Rex
Wednesday 7 May 2014 12.50 EDT
First published on Wednesday 7 May 2014 12.50 EDT
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Only a few good writers are also good talkers. The novelist and journalist Leslie Thomas, who has died aged 83, was one of them: he could extract on the printed page, on radio and television or in a face-to-face interview good-natured humour from almost anything that life threw at him – including his own bleak orphaned childhood in a Barnardo's home or his national service in Malaya at a time when terrorists attempted to murder as many British troops as possible.
It was his "peacetime" national service – whose humorous possibilities he saw ahead of anyone else – that gave him the idea and material for the novel that made his name and a fortune, The Virgin Soldiers, which was published in 1966 and filmed in 1969 with John Dexter directing. It showed a group of raw young conscripts desperate to get laid while all around them enemies lurked. Thomas had been in that position himself and the bar-girl character Juicy Lucy was based on a Malayan girl who had provided his sexual initiation. She also lost him his lance-corporal's stripe when she threw his trousers out of a window.
The timing of the release of the novel in the swinging 60s was perfect, and so was its attitude. It was bawdy, but drew vivid pictures of the bar girls relentlessly in pursuit of money and adept at changing names to whatever film star was popular that week; the conscripts wetting themselves in moments of crisis and discharging their guns in the wrong direction; the often rather limited NCOs doing their best with raw recruits. Its irreverence about military life exactly suited the needs of the era.
Stand Up Virgin Soldiers, 1975
That Thomas was able to divine the funny side of almost any situation made for his survival personally and as a writer. His father was a "wandering Welsh sailor" whose home was in Newport, Gwent – a stoker in merchant ships who became domestically violent aftger getting drunk, which was often. When he was on the dole, his wife went with him to collect his money so that he could not spend it on drink before he reached home. When he once came home excessively drunk even by his standards, his wife threw a chamber pot at him. He didn't show himself again for two years: the pot was full.
During the war, Leslie would pray, "Make dad's ship sink." His father was subsequently killed when a torpedo hit his vessel; his mother took to her bed with cancer and died shortly afterwards. Leslie and his brothers were sent to various Barnardo's homes, at one of which the superintendent told the boys that their brains would be turned to milk because of all the filthy things they did at night. "He had some kindness, but it was well-buried," Thomas wrote later, when reporting it all with vivid and usually restrained humour.
To avoid getting beaten up by the bigger boys, Thomas invented stories – and did it so much better than anyone else that his services were constantly called upon. After a visit to Norwich he won a 2s 6d prize for his description of the city.
While at the Barnardo's in Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, he went to Kingston Technical school, and after meeting the journalist and author Charles Mitchell was sent to take a course in journalism at South-West Essex Technical College, Walthamstow. He found a job with a newspaper group that owned the Wickford Times, in Essex, for which he started by folding newspapers, but soon progressed to reporting via a scoop that Princess Margaret was about to visit a Barnardo's home in the area. Though he diligently studied the work of Neville Cardus, the distinguished cricket writer and music critic of the then Manchester Guardian, he wanted to be called up.
He asked to be in the Army News Service and, given the perverse logic of military officialdom, found himself in the Royal Army Pay Corps. He served from 1949 to 1951, watching men "become robots" and experiencing the doubts of many young soldiers at that time during their bayoneting practice on bags of sand: when it came to it, could he actually stick a bayonet into a human being?
In 1950 he went to Singapore for 18 months, hardly cheered by the stories circulating of jungle fighters playing with severed human heads. One conscript who sat in a pool all day in the hope that the chemicals in the water would damage his eyes enough to get him discharged was eventually discharged – for deafness. Thomas was able to recount a funny version of all this not only in The Virgin Soldiers but also in his 1984 autobiography, In My Wildest Dreams . It was when one conscript said wistfully that he hoped he would get a shag before he got a bullet that Thomas got the idea for The Virgin Soldiers, while he also sent articles to his old employers and other newspapers.
Demobbed, he got a job at the already faltering Exchange Telegraph news agency, while submitting short stories to the Evening News's World's Strangest Stories series and winning a £1,000 prize. Eventually he was taken on to the Evening News staff and, bored at the press bureau at Scotland Yard, he wrote his first novel, My Name is Mudd, a local reporter's rites of passage story that was not published.
He was a naturally opportunistic Fleet Street journalist, capitalising on everything including his own misfortunes. When a spy cut his wrists to avoid capture and was taken to a London hospital, Thomas was already there as a patient and was therefore the only journalist who could report on his condition. But his independent writing was proceeding apace. He was commissioned by the BBC to write A Piece of Ribbon, an army detective story set in Malaya. He did talks on Woman's Hour. His first published book, This Time Next Week (1964), about his life at Barnardo's, remained continuously in print long after some of his later novels had slipped out of sight.
When he was short of money, his agent, Desmond Elliott, suggested he "write that novel". It was The Virgin Soldiers and was to free him from Fleet Street and launch him as a bestselling author whose subsequent novels –including Onward Virgin Soldiers (1971), Stand Up Virgin Soldiers (1975) and The Magic Army (1981) – might not have had quite the impact of The Virgin Soldiers, but provided an entertaining view of British life in rapidly changing times. His final novel, Soldiers and Lovers (2007), was a love story set at the end of the second world war.
Thomas was especially proud of his non-fiction books on islands and other picturesque places, Some Lovely Islands (1968), A World of Islands (1983) and The Hidden Places of Britain (1981). He carried on with casual journalism, remained a familiar presence on radio and television, and in 2005 was appointed OBE. His final book, Almost Heaven (2010), was a set of stories relating to Salisbury Cathedral and people connected with it.
Thomas married his second wife, Diana Miles, in 1970. She survives him, as do their son, and the daughter and two sons from his first marriage, in 1956, to Maureen Crane, which ended in divorce.
• Leslie John Thomas, novelist and journalist, born 22 March 1931; died 6 May 2014
| Leslie Thomas |
‘Odette’ is a character in which ballet? | The Virgin Soldiers Author Leslie Thomas Dies
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The Virgin Soldiers Author Leslie Thomas Dies
The journalist-turned-novelist, who was given an OBE for services to literature in 2004, passes away after a long illness.
11:24, UK, Wednesday 07 May 2014
Image Caption: Leslie Thomas with his wife Diana
Mail
Author Leslie Thomas, famous for his national service novel The Virgin Soldiers, has died at the age of 83.
The journalist-turned-novelist died surrounded by family and friends at his home close to Salisbury in Wiltshire on Tuesday after a long illness.
His wife Diana said: "He had a wonderful life and he travelled the world. All he ever wanted to do was write and that is what he did."
Thomas was born in Newport, Wales, and grew up in a Barnardo's home.
His first job in journalism was as a reporter at a weekly newspaper.
From there he moved on to Fleet Street and the London Evening News.
Thomas covered a number of major stories, including the trial of Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann.
His time as a national serviceman in Malaya inspired the author's most famous work, a comic story of British soldiers based in the Far East.
The bestseller later became a hit film.
Thomas, who also wrote numerous non-fiction and travel books during his career, was given an OBE for services to literature ten years ago.
He leaves behind his wife, four children and four grandchildren.
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Arborio rice comes from which European country? | italian rice - types of rice – arborio rice - greatitalianfoodtrade
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Italian Rice, arborio and beyond
Italian rice has a long, deep-rooted history in the country, and is one of the fundamental Italian staple foods. Particularly in the northwest in the Italian regions of Piemonte and Lombardia, types of rice often push pasta to the back of the menu for i primi. This area alone accounts for 80% of the Italian rice harvest, though other important cultivation areas are found in Veneto and Sardinia.
Italian rice is the most predominantly consumed throughout Europe, with Italy as the EU's top producer. Two out of every three grains eaten on the continent are directly traceable to Italian production. There are 126 types of rice entered into the Italian national register, which makes it the ultimate in variation. It is also a symbol of quality and wholesomeness.
Italian rice types can be broken down into four categories. Riso comune includes varietals Balilla, Cripta and Rubino. Semifino is slightly longer and is distinguished by varieties like Lido, Titanio and Vialone nano. Fino is more tapered including Ribe, Veneria and S. Andrea. Superfino is much larger and rounder marked by the fame of Arborio, Baldo and Roma.
Cooking times and recipes depend almost exclusively on size. Due to its unique health and nutrition attributes, it is an indispensable part of the Italian diet.
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Lungotevere di Pietra Papa 111/D15, Roma - 00146 p.Iva 12082111001 capitale sociale € 50.000 i.v.
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Which three countries signed the ‘Triple Entente’ in 1907? | Risotto Rice Arborio
Risotto Rice Arborio
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Delight Your Family with Whole Grain Goodness Bob's Red Mill Arborio Rice is a freshly whole grain product that gives a rich and creamy texture when you make a traditional rice dish. This short grain rice is high in starch that binds and absorbs liquids quickly. Great source of protein Completely natural Can be used for rich and creamy textured risotto Fresh and mouth watering Bob's Red Mill Arborio Rice is made in USA from 100% natural arborio rice. Just For You: Kosher households Essential Elements: Rich in protein and starch Free of: Gluten
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Lundberg Organic Alfredo Risotto - Gluten Free Fine organic Parmesan cheese blended with a hint of pepper, exotic nutmeg and Lundberg's organic Arborio rice. Light and creamy, fast and easy, this risotto appeals to the whole family. Features: USDA organic Gluten free
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Imported. Made with Italian Arborio rice. Italy is Europe's largest producer of rice. The wetlands and cool temperatures of the Lombardi region harbor the ideal conditions for lush rice fields. Resourceful Italians combined rice with the many other items common to their area and developed a dish they lay claim to. It is known as risotto. Rich, creamy risotto is one of Northern Italy's gastronomic delights. The key ingredient in authentic risotto is the short, thick grained rice known as Arborio. This rice is the perfect grain for risotto because its texture and cooking properties allow it to retain firmness throughout preparation. Risotto should always be prepared al dente which means tender yet firm to the bite. Alessi Risotto con Funghi Porcini offers a most unique blend of flavor. Funghi Porcini are a particular type of mushroom found throughout the woodlands of Italy beneath pine trees. They are known for their woodsy, aromatic scent and are a wonderful addition to this Italian favorite. This dish is a wonderful accompaniment to most grilled meats, especially lamb.Features include: -Pack of six, 8-ounce packages (total of 48-ounces)-Completely seasoned product-Made with porcini mushrooms
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In the UK, during which year were women first allowed to vote in a General Election? | Women and the vote - UK Parliament
Women and the vote
Birmingham Case Study
Women and the vote
Before 1918 no women were allowed to vote in parliamentary elections. In the early 20th century there were two main groups active in the campaign for women's suffrage, a term used to describe the right to vote.
These two groups were the 'suffragists' who campaigned using peaceful methods such as lobbying, and the 'suffragettes' who were determined to win the right to vote for women by any means. Their militant campaigning sometimes included unlawful and violent acts which attracted much publicity.
Dr Sarah Richardson discusses the 1896 women's suffrage petition and the Special Appeal to Parliament that was signed by over 257,000 people.
| one thousand nine hundred and eighteen |
Saxony is a region of which European country? | Events in Australian electoral history - Australian Electoral Commission
Australian Electoral Commission
Events in Australian electoral history
Updated: 23 March 2016
Post-Federation (1901 – present)
Pre-Federation
Prior to European settlement Australia was occupied by groups of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples led by elders and subject to traditional laws.
1788
European settlement occurred and Australia became a penal colony run by a governor (autocratic government). When colonising Australia, the British Government used the term Terra Nullius to justify the dispossession of Indigenous people.
1829
British sovereignty was extended to cover the whole of Australia. Everyone born in Australia, including Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, became a British subject by birth.
1835
Australia’s first political party, the Australian Patriotic Association, was established under W. C. Wentworth. The party demanded democratic government for New South Wales.
1840
Australia’s first election was held on 31 October with the establishment of Adelaide City Council. Nearly 600 people cast votes.
1843
Australia’s first parliamentary election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Council.
Men with £200 free–hold or £20 annual value householders were allowed to vote.
1850
Elections for legislative councils were held in Victoria, South Australia and Tasmania.
Men with £100 free–hold, £10 annual value householders, 3 year lease of £10 annual value, or depasturing licence were allowed to vote.
1855
New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and Tasmania were granted limited self–government.
1856
The Australian version of the secret ballot was introduced in Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia. Its defining feature was the government–supplied ballot paper containing candidates’ names. It was adopted around the world and became known as the Australian Ballot.
Men over 21 years allowed to vote in South Australia.
1857
Men over 21 years allowed to vote in Victoria.
1858
Men over 21 years allowed to vote in New South Wales.
Secret ballot introduced in New South Wales.
1859
Queensland was granted self–government.
Secret ballot introduced in Queensland.
1872
Men over 21 years allowed to vote in Queensland.
1890
Western Australia was granted self–government.
1891
Draft Constitution Bill for proposed federation of colonies was presented.
1893
Men over 21 years allowed to vote in Western Australia.
Secret ballot introduced in Western Australia.
1895
Women and Indigenous people over 21 years allowed to vote in South Australia.
1896
Men over 21 years allowed to vote in Tasmania.
1899
Women over 21 years allowed to vote in Western Australia.
Post–Federation
1901
Federation occurred. The six self–governing colonies of Australia formed the Commonwealth of Australia. The Constitution of the Commonwealth of Australia came into effect on 1 January.
The first federal election for the Commonwealth Parliament was held under state legislation on 29 and 30 March. Edmund Barton became Australia’s first Prime Minister.
The Commonwealth Parliament met for the first time in Melbourne on 9 May with 75 members of the House of Representatives and 36 senators (6 for each state).
State franchises applied at the first federal election with disqualifications varying. Most men over 21 years could vote in New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland and Tasmania. In South Australia and Western Australia, men and women over 21 could vote.
Enrolment and voting was voluntary in all states.
Voting systems varied between states with the first past the post system used in New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland and Western Australia; a block voting system was used in South Australia; and a single transferrable voting system used in Tasmania. Postal and absent voting was available in some states.
1902
The first Commonwealth Parliament passed the Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902 granting universal adult suffrage for most men and women over 21. However, it specifically excluded any Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples from Commonwealth franchise unless they were already enrolled in a state. The franchise was further reduced in practice by admitting only those already enrolled in a state in 1902. The Act also excluded from voting all persons who were under sentence for an offence punishable by imprisonment for one year or longer, those of ‘unsound mind’ and those ‘attainted of treason’.
The Electoral Branch of the Home Affairs Department was established to conduct federal elections.
Women over 21 years allowed to vote in New South Wales.
The Commonwealth Electoral Act 1902 created a Chief Electoral Officer for the Commonwealth, a Commonwealth Electoral Officer for each state, Divisional Returning Officers in each division and Electoral Registrars to maintain the roll for specific polling places. It also included provisions for postal and absent voting.
1903
The first federal election under federal law was held on 16 December with a 46.86 per cent voter turnout.
The Electoral Divisions Act 1903 adopted the House of Representatives divisions provided under state legislation until a distribution made under Commonwealth legislation was approved.
The Senate Elections Act 1903 distinguished between elections for periodical vacancies (those created at the end of a senator’s term) and casual vacancies (those created before the end of a senator’s term) in the Senate.
Women over 21 years allowed to vote in Tasmania.
1905
Commonwealth electoral divisions were created under the Commonwealth Electoral Act 1905.
Women over 21 years allowed to vote in Queensland.
1906
The first Constitutional referendum for the Commonwealth was held on 12 December in conjunction with the second federal election under federal law.
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1907
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1908
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1911
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1914
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1925
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1927
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1934
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1940
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1943
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1962
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1965
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1966
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1967
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A. The words other than the aboriginal race in any State were struck out of Section 51 xxvi so that the Commonwealth Parliament could now make special laws for Australian Aboriginals.
s.51 The Parliament shall, subject to this Constitution, have power to make laws for the peace, order and good government of the Commonwealth with respect to:
xxvi The people of any race, other than the aboriginal race in any State, for whom it is deemed necessary to make special laws.
B. Section 127 was struck out in its entirety.
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1968
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1971
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1973
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1974
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1977
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1978
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1980
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1983
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1984
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1989
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Australia’s first female head of government, Rosemary Follett, was appointed Chief Minister for the Australian Capital Territory.
1990
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1991
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1992
The AEC’s responsibilities were widened to include international electoral assistance.
1994
The number of members of the House of Representatives was increased to 148 (after the Australian Capital Territory gained the seat of Namadgi).
1997
The Constitutional Convention Election was conducted as a voluntary postal ballot.
The Australian Capital Territory lost the seat of Namadgi and Queensland gained the seat of Blair. The number of members of the House of Representatives remained at 148.
1998
Computerised scrutiny for Senate votes was introduced.
1999
Constitutional referendums to determine whether Australia should become a republic with a President appointed by Parliament and whether a preamble should be included in the Constitution were defeated.
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2000
The number of members of the House of Representatives was increased to 150 (after Western Australia and the Northern Territory gained one seat each).
2001
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2004
Electoral roll no longer sold commercially.
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2006
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2007
Prisoners serving a full time sentence of less than three years allowed to enrol and vote.
Electronic voting trials were conducted at the federal election for voters who are blind or have low vision and some Australian Defence Force personnel serving overseas.
2010
Australia’s first female Prime Minister, Julia Gillard, was appointed.
Australia’s first Indigenous member of the House of Representatives, Ken Wyatt, was elected to represent the division of Hasluck in Western Australia.
Telephone voting was trialled at the federal election for voters who are blind or have low vision.
Electronic electoral enrolment introduced.
2011
The Electoral and Referendum Amendment (Enrolment and Prisoner Voting) Act 2011 restored the right of prisoners serving a sentence of less than three years to enrol and vote following the 2007 High Court decision.
2012
The Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918 was changed to allow the Electoral Commissioner to directly enrol an unenrolled person or update a voter’s address if information received by the AEC indicates the voter has moved.
2016
The Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918 was amended, changing the voting method for Senators.
Political party logos allowed to be printed on House of Representatives and Senate ballot papers introduced.
Forms of optional preferential voting for both above-the-line and below-the-line on Senate ballot papers introduced.
Group voting tickets for the Senate abolished.
A restriction that an individual cannot be a registered officer or a deputy registered officer for more than one federally registered party introduced.
| i don't know |
A ‘Scissor Hold’ is used in which sport? | Scissor hold - definition of scissor hold by The Free Dictionary
Scissor hold - definition of scissor hold by The Free Dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/scissor+hold
Also found in: Thesaurus , Wikipedia .
ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend:
Noun
1.
scissor hold - a wrestling hold in which you wrap your legs around the opponents body or head and put your feet together and squeeze
scissor grip , scissors grip , scissors hold , scissors
wrestling hold - a hold used in the sport of wrestling
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Humphrey Pumphrey is a character in which British television sitcom? | Comments: female scissor holds
Create a poll
female scissor holds
Question: i have a match coming up in 2 months with my female cousin, she said to me tht she was goin to make me submitt with her headscissors. can a women really ko a man with her thighs. if u think so share a story.
Created by: wildbill at 12:09:49 AM, Monday, March 08, 2010 PST
Comments
yes defos, im a 22 year old gym freak and i love wrestling my partner, i always win using my legs, they are my best weapon, he always submits when i get him in a head scissor. he cant stand my thighs squeezing his skull more than about 30 seconds. at the end when i have worn him out if im horny and wet i will facesit scissor him, whereby i scissor his head with my crotch over his nose and mouth and make him my bitch lol x
brandi xoxMar 08 2010 6:07pm
There is NO WAY that any guy could "excape" the powerful scissor hold of a lady, especially from the powerful scissor hold of a big strong lady with huge, powerful THUNDERTHIGHS!!! At the mall, I saw a very short but very large girl. She could probably take most of the guys down and pin them. She was definitely under five feet (probably 4'9") and about 175 lbs. I am a very tall guy (slightly over six feet) but I am also very skinny. Looking way down at her, I almost could not believe the huge size of her thighs which make my much longer skinny thighs look just like narrow flagpoles!!! I know I am certainly well over a foot taller than she is but that doesn't matter because as skinny as I am (with a morningweight of 133 lbs), I WOULD BE FINISHED!!! First, she would overpower me with that huge body of hers and then she would take me down and pin me. Then, she would grab me with those huge, powerful thunderthighs of hers and she would easily swing me up into the air right over to the other side of her huge, thick, short body. If I were foolish enough to challenge her and she ended up "facesit scissoring" me with her thick (AND WET!!!) crotch (like Brandi says about her crotch), the REAL victory would be mine instead of hers because there would be no greater joy for me than to be looking up from my downed, pinned, helpless position with her clearly in control on top of me. There would be no greater joy for me than to be looking up at her beautifully wet vulva and then sucking away at her firm, protruding clitoris (HER GLANS CLITORIS!!!) and then, probing slightly downward, inserting my long tongue deep into HER THICK, MOIST, JUICY VAGINA and then back up with my probing tongue to continue sucking away at HER GLANS CLITORIS!!!
a BONY guy (in more ways than one!!!)Mar 09 2010 3:04pm
i agree with BONY GUY about the scissoring but i must tell you it is not the greatest joy for you to be facesat scissored, when i do it to my partner i pull the back of his head into my crotch until i feel my lips covering his nose and mouth and then wrap my thighs around his head so he cant move and i sufficate him until hes still lmao. this makes me so wet i assure you and let me tell you the joy is all mine as there is no greater feeling than a man trying to get air when hes forced in your pussy, i climax nearly all the time with this move. I LOVE IT
brandi xoxMar 09 2010 3:19pm
A man, as a rule, has more powerful arms than a woman. However, a woman, as a rule, has more powerful legs than a man. I can't be sure whether or not the firmness of her clitoris (WHEN FULLY ERECT!!!) or the sheer muscular power of her vagina (when a woman is pushing hard on the penis or any object inserted deep inside her) has anything to do with the incredible power of her legs. I am certainly no expert on female anatomy. However, it is without any doubt that the clitoris and the vagina are very powerful female assets which I believe are to be envied BY EVERY MALE!!! Although I cannot prove it, I believe at least some of the incredible power of a woman's legs (particularly her thighs) arises out of her vagina and, to a slightly lesser extent, out of her clitoris which, of course, draws an immensely powerful chain of orgasms from the female. It is an absolute no-brainer that wildbill is going to get KO'd, perhaps even clobbered afterward -- BY A BIG, POWERFUL FEMALE!!!
AnonymousMar 10 2010 3:12am
oh my god are you guys serious, my cousins thighs can actually knock me out? im still not sure like but my fights in under 2 months. il just have to try and stay away from her legs as they sound lethal haha. brandi you sound like one of the naughtiest girls there is
wildbillMar 10 2010 8:06am
you guna get knocked the f*ck out man, female thighs can knock any man out
AnonymousMar 11 2010 3:34pm
Any of you from out of town?
Matthew BennellMar 20 2010 2:12pm
i can share my story - add my email [email protected] for the full confession lol!! i dont like leaving giant blocks of text on likelike
xcxcMar 22 2010 8:42pm
hey everyone im ben, ive never had any scissor stroy like brandie or anyone but i have been body scissored i think, i was just fooling around with my girlfriend and she wrapped her legs around my waiste, they were pretty strong, her thighs were quite hard aswell, it hurt pretty bad but i dont think she could knock me out with them
benMar 23 2010 7:57am
ok al add ur email, let me know when uve got it
billMar 23 2010 11:39am
share ya story man let us all here
todMar 24 2010 3:49pm
brandie u r dangerous, al wrestle u anytime and make u my bitch
AnonymousMar 24 2010 3:50pm
hey anonymous, i would kill you at wrestling, i wouldnt just headscissor you until you submitted...i would knock you out with my thighs and almost crack your skull sweetie, then id facesit scissor you until i exploded on your face and make you my bitch x
brandi xoxMar 24 2010 3:53pm
Brandi can bring it. Scissors are harder to apply than sleeperholds - and when i get mine on its light out!
CoreyMar 27 2010 11:28pm
Brandi can bring it. Scissors are harder to apply than sleeperholds - and when i get mine on its light out!
CoreyMar 27 2010 11:38pm
ha sweetie a promise you my scissors are not hard to apply, ive been wrestling my partner now more and more and iv learned my scissors are leathal, once i get my legs around your head its lights out x
brandi xoxMar 28 2010 2:59pm
ha sweetie a promise you my scissors are not hard to apply, ive been wrestling my partner now more and more and iv learned my scissors are leathal, once i get my legs around your head its lights out x
brandi xoxMar 28 2010 3:09pm
I have a feeling he may let you then... Plus scissors arent that hard to break - backarching or an ankle twist normally gets the offender off.
CoreyMar 29 2010 5:52am
From what I've read, I think I'd like to be at the mercy of brandi's thighs. Experiencing just how lethal her scissors are. Shame she post a pic of legs.
DeanApr 03 2010 10:18am
Ooops, forgot the word can't.
AnonymousApr 03 2010 10:19am
i would crush your head sweetie and knock you out ;)
brandi xoxApr 05 2010 6:56am
Pftt i could pop yer neck with my bicep girly.
CodeyApr 06 2010 10:16am
oops spelt me own name wrong lol!!! anyways, im young, fit and not a FEMAL DOMINATION (dun dun duuuuuunn) fetishist so bring it onnnnnn
Corey**Apr 06 2010 10:17am
Corey sounds like an overconfident frat boy dick!! Needs a mature muscle mama to teach him whats what lol!
NikkiApr 07 2010 12:47pm
hey nikki i agree, i bet we would kill him haha x
brandi xoxApr 07 2010 3:19pm
hey my girlfriend has tried this on me and it didnt work... well it hurt quite a bit and was alot of pressure but dont think they could ever knock me out...
jackApr 12 2010 12:46pm
me and m my girlfriend were fooling around in some kind of wrestling match. She is very athletic and her legs are powerful, big rock hard thighs, big calves. Suddenly she threw those legs around my rib cage. Her legs are long and I am slim so she got a good grip with those powerful thighs around me. She started to squeeze and I felt that I couldn't breathe. She kept on squeezing and by now I was struggling to get out of her grip but there was just no escape. She didn't understand that she stopped me from breathing and when she increased the power in her legs I actually passed out. She noticed when I went limp and got really worried. After this episode she has scissored me several times and I give up quickly as hell since I don't want to pass out again. I am sure she could crack my ribs with those legs. Apart from the first time that really was scary I enjoy being prisoner between her strong legs and she loves to have me there.
AnonymousMay 28 2010 5:53am
I have had girls use a leg squeeze around my head to make me submit tot hem several times. Once defeated, they make me submit, kiss panties, without panties, until they get off. Many like to straddle me, put me on my back and sit over me, facing my feet. A little baby oil in theor hand on my erection,and i am helpless as they rind away on me. The most humiliating part is after they get off, and want me to 'clean them up'. I try, but there is always one little drop tht runs 'bck there'. hey make me go find that drop too. I can;t resist with their hand in control. Girls can make a man do waht they want.
[email protected] 04 2010 7:57am
Gist,idle beef talk brandi xox. You have no evidence of this scissor stuff. Lay claims my friend
ikeJul 01 2010 12:06am
Yeah,my gf do me headscissor,bodyscissor, because she found me i cheat with her friend. So, they Tied me, squezee my neck and my belly with her powerfull leg. They pinch and push my ball too for the long time.
Hot guyAug 28 2010 8:07pm
Brandi, im pretty sure i can knock you out, and get a hold on u before u on me.:D infact, any girl thats not an overweight muscle freak.;p
juanitoSep 28 2010 9:30pm
hi juanito....what hold do you think you would get on me before i caught you in a headscissor and made you tap? x
brandi xoxOct 17 2010 7:13pm
hi juanito....what hold do you think you would get on me before i caught you in a headscissor and made you tap? x
brandi xoxOct 17 2010 7:20pm
pft, easily i could get u in any hold, and u wouldnt be able to make me tap.
juanitoOct 17 2010 9:07pm
i would be able to make you tap...il be too quick for you and im pretty strong for a girl...my legs will be stronger then yours and they will choke you out...my thighs will make you tap like a bitch lol x
brandi xoxOct 19 2010 1:52pm
lol i strongly doubt that, i play soccer and work out alot, so i do alot of leg muscle building work outs, and im quick. lets get it right, ur the bitch here and ill make it stay that way.lol. I'll even cum on yo face just for fun.Lmao
juanitoOct 19 2010 6:25pm
she is gonna squeeze you out. my girlfriend does it to me all the time
AnonymousNov 04 2010 11:09am
yep thats right...i will just squeeze you out...look down at you while your head is trapped between my thighs and just tease you and humiliate you...trust me you will enjoy it haha x
brandi xoxNov 04 2010 3:40pm
I have been squeezed by my wife's thighs before i am no match for them. Whenever we have wrestled, she has won because she will always manage to trap me in her thighs and sap my energy. Even when i try to avoid her legs, she is very skilled with them So I can only imagine what a much younger woman like you could do Brandi.
DaveNov 06 2010 4:11am
lol i seriously think i could actually kill a man with my headscissor...when i wrestle my partner i can squueze my inner thighs to the point he cant breath at all...so i can knock him out..i think if i kept that oressure on they would just flail around like a fish out of water until they are dead or i let them go x
brandi xoxNov 07 2010 4:32pm
I would never have believed the pressure from a womans legs around my head would be so intense until i experienced it myself from my wifes thighs. And yes, she has had me in scissor holds that restricted my air, nearly making me pass out. Fortunately, that was not her goal, and didnt want to hurt me, but she did make me acknowledge that she could have knocked me out, which I did. The only reason i was out of the leg prison was because of she let me out.
DaveNov 09 2010 2:25am
lol i like to think i could kill a man if i wanted to...it makes me feel powerfull and dominant...the best thing is when i know he knows he is stuck and at my mercy. dave if you dont mind me asking how did you get your wife to do a headscissor on you? did you just ask? x
brandi xoxNov 09 2010 4:03pm
pft, brandi i bet i can make you tap with just 1 finger.lol 2 if u put up a fight.haha ull enjoy that.:) ur legs are no match for me..
juanitoNov 09 2010 5:28pm
I was a female judo champion in France and I applied scissorholds on all my boyfriends. All were taken aback : and a man has no chance in wresling against me when I use "dirty tricks" ! It's a qustion of WHO HAS THE POWER. If the guy is not ready to punch me hard few seconds after his neck is between my legs, he is mine ! When he is trapped into a reverse head scissor (my favourite !), he has no way to protect his groin. I LOVE to grab at his balls : he knows who is the boss and that he has no other way but to submite. I confess it makes me wet. Then, I suffocate him with my musky crotch and often deny him the pleasure to lick my juices... I make a bitch out of him and keep him quite for as long as I want, you know !!! It's easy but DANGEROUS to knock a dude out using scissors !!! ;-D
sexy MissNov 16 2010 4:02pm
I'm 14 will a girl squezz me please
jakeNov 17 2010 3:04pm
How do I get a girl to do it it sounds awsome
AnonymousNov 17 2010 3:06pm
I'm 14 will a girl squezz me please
jakeNov 17 2010 3:07pm
Your hot!
sexy missNov 17 2010 6:38pm
It's to bad it is your cousin and not your wife or girlfriend. Doesn't seem really right to enjoy a head scissors of a cousin. For most married men and bf gf a head scissors is to be enjoyed by both not feared. Short term in my wife and my wrestling matches I may have a slight advantage in leg strength. I am 6'4" 220 lbs and have her. By 10" and 80 lbs. That advantage wanes quickly as she never gets tired. After about 15 minutes of wrestling we tested our leg strength by getting in a 69 position and both applied head scissors. It was no contest as I had to tap out almost immediately. She then released her head scissors and let me apply mine alone. I could not get her to submit. She then put hers back on and again instant submission. We have both come to love head scissors. Sometimes she Submits me and sometimes she just totally controls me and does not allow me to move. she also likes to get me in a rear head scissors and then switch by tucking her calve under my chin a d locking her other knee over the top of her foot into a figure four. She then gets her leg that is not ariund my head behind mu shoulder and she cam submit me in seconds by using th additional leverage. I must admit to loving all if her holds and sex is explosive after. This has been going on for 20 years and it is as good as ever
AnonymousNov 17 2010 7:08pm
my girlfriend has no problem squeezing me. she has knocked me out several times in the reverse headscissor. her thighs are 25 inch.
AnonymousNov 22 2010 8:56am
standing headscissors are the sexiest way to knock a man out...pulling their arms up behind their back so they are completely at the mercy of my dancers thighs...its up to me when i knock them out and if i let them go
hayleyNov 22 2010 2:12pm
Brandi i would love to be scissored by u
anonymous 2Nov 29 2010 12:51pm
Do any of you scissor for free?
SticksDec 01 2010 1:23pm
i have had my cartilige popped out by a gf (tall Korean girl)... she scissored me whilst "in the act" and popped my ribs a bit too hard.. if a woman gets a guys head inbetween he thighs at the right spot (i.e.cutting bloodflow) it's lights out.. I know a female wrestler/dominatrix here in London and she has taken me to the brink of KO when messing around.. she is Asian too so not all that big, I am a martial arts person (Krav Maga) but she is strong and with technique, probably not a girl to tussle with !! It IS true that guys quite often let girls win.. in a real tussle, somebody would lose an eye. scissors, sleepers etc etc.. do not get lights out as fast as a set of fingers jammed into the eyesocket so please dont mistake wrestling moves with being any danger to anyone.. That all said, i would like to feel Brandi in action, her use of words sounds sexy as hell !
Anonymous !Dec 02 2010 6:49am
lol my words are sexy as hell...my body is better..only joking lol i workout so im pretty toned but have good muscle on my legs..i have now learned that i can cut off my partners blood flow with just my inner thighs..and i totally agree that standing headscissors are the sexiest hayley..i love feeling th power of dominance over him..but its all good for him coz we have the best sex ever after he wakes up lol x
brandi xoxDec 02 2010 2:20pm
HOT Brandi!
DaveDec 03 2010 2:31am
MY GIRL FRIEND USED TO BODY SCISSORS ME ALL THE TIME AND LAUGH AS I TRIED TO GET LOOSE SHE WOULD SQUEEZE AND LAUGH WHEN I SCREAMED . SHE WOULD NOT LET GO TILL I SAID I WAS A WOOSE. AND WHEN SHE DID LET GO MY RIBS WERE SORE. SOMETIMES SHE MADE IT WORSE WHEN SHE ALSO TICKLED ME WHEN HOLDING ME IN THE BODY SCISSOR
BIG DDAWGDec 04 2010 4:41pm
brandi xox ARE YOOU ABLE TO SQUEEZE ME IN A BODY SCISSORS AND MAKE ME GIVE UP OR DO YOU JUST USE HEAD SCISSORS
BIGDDAWGDec 04 2010 9:49pm
Brandi whats the fastest youve knocked someone out
anonymous 2Dec 05 2010 9:25am
i have used bodyscissors before but headscissors are better they are more dominant and more dangerouse for you lol...ive only really scissored my partner properly..ive not tried to knock him out quick but i can stop his blood flow very quick with my inner thighs so if i squeezed full belt id ko him quickly i think..i tease him with ko'ing him..il squeeze till he nearly out then relax a bit and torment him lol..trap his arms so hes completly trapped haha..then sometimes ko him then ride him all ngiht long hahahah ;) x
brandi xoxDec 05 2010 3:37pm
awsome whats your best scissor position? the facestting scissors
anonymous 2Dec 05 2010 5:33pm
Brandi's a guy...lol.
AnonymousDec 05 2010 8:31pm
my girlfreind and me always fought so she always won. just becouse she scissored me unconcious she made me lick her lips. it was awesome but humiliating .
kellyDec 09 2010 5:10pm
brandi can u squueze me?
AnonymousDec 12 2010 6:13pm
brandi can u squueze me?
AnonymousDec 12 2010 6:15pm
i could but i would like to try and see how close u could get to actuallly get to killing a man with my thighs...espesh my inner thighs :P x
brandi xoxDec 20 2010 8:04pm
brandy, expalin how you use your inner thighs muscle (without leg lock i suppose)what is the power of your inner thighs muscle (adductors)?
VenkoJan 01 2011 9:45am
I would LOVE to meet brandi, and let her see just how close she can get to killing me :) It would be a GREAT way to go! What do you say Brandi?
GrahamJan 03 2011 8:23pm
I would LOVE to meet brandi, and let her see just how close she can get to killing me :) It would be a GREAT way to go! What do you say Brandi?
GrahamJan 03 2011 8:25pm
Brandi you can kill me with your inner thighs any day :)
mackJan 04 2011 4:33pm
Brandi you can kill me with your inner thighs any day :)
mackJan 04 2011 4:41pm
Hey all. I ran across this blog randomly and thought it was interesting. I am not a weight lifter or anything but for a girl I can run pretty fast and am pretty tall, 5'9" ish. I have a boyfriend and he is into this stuff. I am embarassingly enough into it now too. I like the feeling of his ribs sort of crushing in when I squeeze him. I think I could break them if I tried very hard, I can feel that they are really crushed in when I squeeze my thighs only like 60%. When he tries to expand his lungs to breath I like to squeeze even harder to crush the air out. He has passed out a couple times but that worried me. I dont want to hurt him too bad. My favorite is to start really with my inner thighs and then extend my legs. he loves to feel my thighs tighten until he cant grip them anymore. I gradually get tighter and tighter until I almost break his ribs but Im careful not to go to far. It would be very easy. Just knowing that there is nothing between my knees touching each other is his soft stomach. He has nice muscles there but they arent a match for legs. I can see them crushing in as I push to crush his ribs in more. I think my long legs help in this. clearly this turns me on....anyone else like this?
CindyJan 04 2011 5:07pm
wow boys i didnt relise how many people want to die between my thighs :S..i guess il try and take it as a compliment haha..i wouldnt want to try it on anoyone i didnt know lol incase things got out of hand. i could start off a business haha of killing boys with my headscissors and taking their money...hmmmm :P... to answer your question venko i like to have his neck right up in my crotch so i can clearly control his breathing with just my inner thighs...they are very strong i guess. he doent like the fact i can beat him with only part of my legs haha..however hes beginning to enjoy it ha..i guess we both win then x
brandi xoxJan 04 2011 5:35pm
Thats a shame brandi lol I'll need to find a girl of my own then ;) lol
mackJan 05 2011 10:34am
sorry mack ha it just wud probably feel wierd for me coz i didnt know you lol x
brandi xoxJan 05 2011 10:55am
Well you could always get to know me first hehe :P
mackJan 06 2011 7:10am
lol then if i didnt like you....i could just crush you to death haha...only joking..dont think my partner would approve....x
brandi xoxJan 06 2011 8:35am
You never know he might be glad its not him thats getting crushed to death :P
mackJan 06 2011 8:48am
haha yeah mebs mebs...but he probs wudnt approve of me crushing other guys to death with my legs lol...hmm just reading that back sounds naughty :P x
brandi xoxJan 06 2011 4:09pm
Thats coz it is naughty brandi, and what he didnt know wouldnt kill him lol :P so if you ever change your mind you know where to find me :) or if you know of any woman willing to do that let me know ;).
mackJan 06 2011 5:02pm
Thats coz it is naughty brandi, and what he didnt know wouldnt kill him lol :P so if you ever change your mind you know where to find me :) or if you know of any woman willing to do that let me know ;).
mackJan 06 2011 5:09pm
Thats coz it is naughty brandi, and what he didnt know wouldnt kill him lol :P so if you ever change your mind you know where to find me :) or if you know of any woman willing to do that let me know ;).
mackJan 06 2011 5:32pm
Thats coz it is naughty brandi, and what he didnt know wouldnt kill him lol :P so if you ever change your mind you know where to find me :) or if you know of any woman willing to do that let me know ;).
mackJan 06 2011 6:25pm
Thats coz it is naughty brandi, and what he didnt know wouldnt kill him lol :P so if you ever change your mind you know where to find me :) or if you know of any woman willing to do that let me know ;).
mackJan 06 2011 6:32pm
Thats coz it is naughty brandi, and what he didnt know wouldnt kill him lol :P so if you ever change your mind you know where to find me :) or if you know of any woman willing to do that let me know ;).
mackJan 06 2011 6:54pm
why you clicked it 5 times mack...were you that excited at the thought of being killed by my legs haha...only joking lol x
brandi xoxJan 07 2011 12:08pm
No lol i only clicked it once, seems the webpage cliches every now and again lol facebook does the same thing:P
mackJan 07 2011 3:04pm
my wife was a dancer all through school she can really squeeze with her legs. She makes it impossible to breathe I get lightheaded and feel like I'm going to pass out, but she usually stops before knocking me out.
AnonymousJan 08 2011 9:58pm
my wife was a dancer all through school she can really squeeze with her legs. She makes it impossible to breathe I get lightheaded and feel like I'm going to pass out, but she usually stops before knocking me out.
AnonymousJan 08 2011 10:14pm
brandi xox who are you? How do we contact you ?
normJan 12 2011 7:24pm
Where are all the strong legged woman at ? :P
mackJan 22 2011 2:37pm
Where are all the strong legged woman at ? :P
mackJan 22 2011 2:50pm
Where are all the strong legged woman at ? :P
mackJan 22 2011 3:02pm
Women only play dirty. Thats how they operate. Its sad.
AnonymousJan 22 2011 9:16pm
You think a woman would kill you like that given the chance ?
anonJan 23 2011 4:17am
Any woman on this board in facesitting men till they pass out or worse ? :)
anonJan 23 2011 9:26pm
i tried with all my strength i gave it everything i had most women once they get any guy in a scissors and locks legs there is no escape never
RussJan 26 2011 8:29pm
unless he can bridge up and get into a standing position then try to pry legs apart
RussJan 26 2011 8:30pm
but if its a combo body scissors head lock /sleeper hold forget it NO ESCAPe (called the deathlock)
AnonymousJan 26 2011 8:33pm
Sorry to burst your bubbles, but I have worked out in many bodybuilding gyms. Very few women have leg strength that matches men's or that matches the strength of men's bench press. With some skilled and strong use of your elbows a man should be able to get out of most women's scissors holds. If not, just stand up - she will either fall or you will lift her.
AnonymousJan 29 2011 12:43pm
about the second comment, headscissors me please :)
AnonymousFeb 23 2011 4:39pm
if you are a girl with very hot and strong legs.if you are, comment soon
AnonymousFeb 23 2011 4:41pm
why what do u want to know?
girl with strong legs lol xFeb 24 2011 1:11pm
Brandi xox can you post a pic of your legs for us
scissors loverFeb 25 2011 12:15pm
Tell hows would you could do with your strong legs lol or how far you willing to squeeze someone
mackMar 01 2011 4:07pm
My wife is into swimmiming,horse back riding and a green bel in jiu jitsu.I knew she had strong legs and knew how to use them.When we first stated dating she would bug me sayin she could beat me if we wrestled.I would disagree,so not long after she said fine wanna try i said sure.We started on our knees,the first match she quickly put me in a body scissor.I couldnt even move,she let me struggle then applied a squuez that made me tap out.I was shocked and wanted a rematch,this tim i avoided her scissor but after a tussle she mounted me.When i bridged to try to ecape she crossed her ankles under me sqeezed her leg and pinned my arms.I couldnt beleive i was completely pinned,i tried to get out of it till i exhausted my self.Since then we wrestle often and she wins 99% of the time.I learned from her not to under estimate a woman espesially one with strong legs.
timMar 01 2011 6:49pm
Amen Tim!
DaveMar 05 2011 4:09am
If done correctly and not in a sadistic way, this stuff can really turn on a guy. If its done to get out of, why doesn't it occur to some guys to just stand up and/or twist her body around while holding her legs...Try to make it "uncomfortable" so she breaks it instead of trying to pull her legs apart, cuz DudeLove says so! :-}
DudeLoveMar 06 2011 5:11am
tim...sounds like you have the woman of my dreams!
lelgtMar 06 2011 8:21am
And mine.
MackMar 07 2011 5:40am
I want a girl like Cindy (whose post here has gone largely unnoticed somehow). A girl who can make a man pass out in a bodyscissor is just awesome.
AnonymousMar 11 2011 10:11am
I want a girl like Cindy (whose post here has gone largely unnoticed somehow). A girl who can make a man pass out in a bodyscissor is just awesome.
AnonymousMar 11 2011 10:19am
last night for the first time in many months, my wife decided to put my head in her vice clamp like thighs and challenged me to escape. my god her legs are strong. no, i couldn't get out and she found it funny and exciting, it really turns her on to be able to dominate me physically. I have to admit, it really is hot and exciting for me too.
DaveMar 18 2011 3:15pm
i would love to try to avoid getting into your body scissors and if by very remote possibility i do get trapped i can escape
RussApr 23 2011 10:16pm
Girls can pwn u with their legs, ur at their mercy, and they can do anything to you. even make u lick their feet.
AnymusMay 08 2011 12:47pm
a headsissor is not a full lock and it is proven possible to get out of it. i was in a headscissor many times by 1 girl whom is my freind. her legs were skinny and i thought that her legs wont hurt , but it does. she is a bit flexible and she could domminate me if i let her(note that im 6,1 and she is 5,9) her legs dont look powerful but i think it is because the triangular shape of the female hips helps them apply preasure. in my point of view it is how the heascissors are applied on you. sorry it was late
E.N.AMay 14 2011 4:29am
any one want to scissor me?
AnonymousMay 14 2011 8:10am
Brandi can u head scissor
AnonymousMay 19 2011 1:26pm
Brandi can u head scissor
AnonymousMay 19 2011 1:27pm
Brandi can u head scissor me .i would like am in heavan in ur legs may be
AnonymousMay 19 2011 1:29pm
Its my dream to be headscissored by sexy women
TinMay 19 2011 1:32pm
Any woman gets you trapped between her legs thighs and puts the power on its over my ex said she could ko me whith hers. I joked whith her. So she wraped yes legs around my body crushing my rib's them sound my neck i struggled cup i just faded and passed out.
J jMay 23 2011 2:40pm
i cannot open the legs of my wife as well and she knows that. She can just force me to stay with her.
JohnnyMay 24 2011 3:21pm
Brandi can you kill me with your thighs please
TinMay 25 2011 11:24am
Lobster mobsterMay 26 2011 2:37pm
WHAT!
Lobster mobsterMay 27 2011 5:22pm
WHAT!
Lobster mobsterMay 27 2011 5:24pm
Brandi can't kill anyone. she's a women who just deserves to stay in the kitchen.:)
AnonymousMay 27 2011 7:56pm
At the end of the day the one question i have is. WHAT ABOUT THE MOOMINS? Eh? Well?
Lobster mobsterMay 29 2011 10:54am
Get off here. This is an outrage! Wtf are the moomins any how.
J jMay 31 2011 1:06pm
I challenging brandi to wrestle me ..i will make her tap its my word
TinJun 11 2011 6:16pm
heh, alot of men would want to get scisssored by brandi's legs. I bet ot woudnt hurt anyway.
E.N.AJun 14 2011 2:59am
Get lost you pair my twats tin and ena you are pencil prick so and so's
Lobster mobsterJun 15 2011 12:11pm
im just saying. i never seen her before anyway and what point is it. i bet she aint strong anyway. and i can prove it anytime if she wants to
E.N.AJun 17 2011 5:22am
il knock u out with my calf muscles alone around your neck,,i wont even have to use my roxk hard thighs and now that ive broken up with my partner il completly dominate you and facesit scossir you until i climax and you crymax..this is when i make u climax as your crying coz of the humiliation and not being able to breathe ;)
brandi xoxJun 25 2011 4:50pm
Brandi ill make u look silly, u wont be ontop of my face, ill be the one on u.:) then ull have something long and strong, its not ur legs btw.:) ha, then ull make me a sandwhich.
meJun 28 2011 6:55pm
Hey Brandi - seems like you have a lot of fans who would just love to be the slaves of your panties. Ha ha. And I am one of them. Would LOVE it be squeezed by you in any imaginable position. I remember when I got one of my GF to capture my head between her razor sharp thighs. It was before I had to go home. I asked her, she gracefully said yes and sat down and rolled up her pajama pants to do it with naked legs. Alone that looked very sexy. Than she kneeled down and I kissed her knees before I "gave myself to her". It was indescribable sexy when I came closer toward her knees, knowing she will take me every second. Than she opened her legs to receive me. I slid my head between her tight whackers. Than she clapped her thighs a few times against my head and took me a little deeper in and just squeezed me tightly with her thighs. I love the sound it makes when her sweet muscles are pressing against my ears. So sexy.
Knee kisserJun 29 2011 12:51am
The calf muscles are weak part for an headscissor. I would have thought u would use ur thighs more. And what happened to your partner? Headscissored? Yh right
E.N.AJun 29 2011 7:06am
Hey Brandi - seems like you have a lot of fans who would just love to be the slaves of your panties. Ha ha. And I am one of them. Would LOVE it be squeezed by you in any imaginable position. I remember when I got one of my GF to capture my head between her razor sharp thighs. It was before I had to go home. I asked her, she gracefully said yes and sat down and rolled up her pajama pants to do it with naked legs. Alone that looked very sexy. Than she kneeled down and I kissed her knees before I "gave myself to her". It was indescribable sexy when I came closer toward her knees, knowing she will take me every second. Than she opened her legs to receive me. I slid my head between her tight whackers. Than she clapped her thighs a few times against my head and took me a little deeper in and just squeezed me tightly with her thighs. I love the sound it makes when her sweet muscles are pressing against my ears. So sexy.
Knee kisserJun 29 2011 4:17pm
All the doubters: I am a 15 year old boy, and one time i play wrestled my 9 year old sister. She put me in a reverse headscissors, and i really could not get out. I teased her and told her that it wasnt that bad (after all, i could breathe fine). She then said that she wasnt even trying. She then squeezed hard, and i could not breathe. If she had tried, she could have made me pass out easily. Anyone who would like to talk about headscissoring, email me at [email protected] (especially brandi!!!!)
Poor brotherJun 29 2011 9:37pm
I bet her partner left because he cant take her headscisors any more. Better watch out ena!
AnonymousJun 30 2011 3:54am
What are uou talkin about anonymous? And Brandi, u can shut up about me crying while i climax
E.N.AJun 30 2011 4:11am
Brandi now that you are single, how about that deadly headscissors you were talking about a few months back ;) ?
MackJun 30 2011 8:40am
hahaha i do seem to have alot of fans...or is it just my legs u like haha
brandi xoxJun 30 2011 11:03am
brandi ill knock u out easilyyyy put u in the kitchen where u belong.:)
sdaJun 30 2011 5:10pm
She can bring it on. She will never get me in the headscissors
E.N.AJul 01 2011 12:37am
Well brandi i only know you by your legs ;) so what doya say to giving me a squeeze?
MackJul 01 2011 3:13am
You can bring it on Brandi. You can get me into any position you want. I'm game. I love you already for your legs. But can't say anything about your personality because I know nothing about you. But I wish that 90% of all women were lime you and enjoy owning a man on e in a while. At least once a day. Ha ha. Have the highest respect for you.
Knee KisserJul 01 2011 11:54am
brandi i can escape your scissors because i am wirey
RussJul 01 2011 11:24pm
You boys got nothing. Bring it on.
EmilyJul 03 2011 5:11am
Hey Brandi. Seems you got many people who want to get squeezed! I'm a 24 girl who's legs can bring hurt. I always do that to my partner. I think he doesent mind. And ena, you are very c*cky. You dont know what Brandi or my legs can do to you!
EmilyJul 03 2011 6:00am
Why what could you do to us with your legs ?
MackJul 03 2011 11:15am
Squeeze u and and knock u out. Thats what.
EmilyJul 03 2011 12:13pm
You say I'm c*cky huh? Well why don't you bring it,bitch?
E.N.AJul 03 2011 9:30pm
I can bring it anytime. But you can never get out of my scissors. Once I have you, it's lights out
EmilyJul 03 2011 10:38pm
Just as long as you kill us Emily thats fine by me :)
MackJul 04 2011 12:50am
meant to say *don't kill us* lol oops
MackJul 04 2011 12:51am
Awww i do love sarcasim
MackJul 04 2011 2:21am
Lol
EmilyJul 04 2011 3:47am
Emily you wouldnt hurt me for no reason right, i really am a nice guy :) once you get to know me hehe x
MackJul 04 2011 6:23am
Course I wouldn't. But I still have the pleasure to squeeze you hard ;) x
EmilyJul 04 2011 6:30am
Hey Brandi. You still there? Or are you just scared? I know you can't prove anything about what you said. I bet you too dam scared to show me that your legs are strong anyway.
E.N.AJul 04 2011 6:51am
Emily you wouldnt hurt me for no reason right, i really am a nice guy :) once you get to know me hehe x
MackJul 04 2011 6:53am
if you want to squeeze me hard, all you have to do i ask :) just for me being curious how far would you go? on squeezing me that is ;) ?
MackJul 04 2011 6:55am
Not so hard so I can kill you, but just to knock you out only ;) xx
EmilyJul 04 2011 7:53am
whenever you want to do that just ask, i love a strong woman :D x
MackJul 04 2011 7:54am
Haha. You are really desperate to get squeezed are you? ;)xx
EmilyJul 04 2011 8:37am
Sorry but I think my partner would mind.
EmilyJul 04 2011 8:39am
emily we should take ena on together headscissor and bodyscissor and shut him up for good haha
brandi xoxJul 04 2011 2:32pm
aww brandi and emily, u guys make me laugh. ill have u both knocked out, facesat, and in the kitchen in no time. learn your place.;)
MeJul 04 2011 5:10pm
Ha. Hey Brandi, we should scissor him as well. There's no way you can knock me out and Brandi. Once we got you in the headscissors, you wish you haven't said that. ;)
EmilyJul 04 2011 10:13pm
Oh yh Brandi and Emily? I'll dominate you and shut you up for good! How does that sound? I'm man enough to take yous on.
E.N.AJul 04 2011 10:18pm
Really. You man enough to take us on. my legs can knock you out once my ankles are locked in. And there's no escape.
EmilyJul 04 2011 11:16pm
Hey Brandi. Maybe we could share some stories and chat. My email is [email protected]. Hope to chat soon.
EmilyJul 05 2011 12:37am
I need to get a girlfriend like you or brandi emily :) x hehe
MackJul 05 2011 1:05am
Hehe. Better start looking. ;)
EmilyJul 05 2011 2:25am
You know Emily, you're all talk and no show. You have no proof of anything. Especially you Brandi.
E.N.AJul 05 2011 9:26am
lol Emily keeps making me laugh, and Brandi too.:) ill easily knock u both out with my biceps and then put u in ur place.:) ull never even get ur legs around my head yet alone ontop of me.
MeJul 05 2011 6:31pm
emily i can escape your scissors
RussJul 05 2011 9:59pm
ill give you a chance to lock your ankles and get me tight too bvefore i wiggle myself free
RussJul 05 2011 10:01pm
Emily and Brandi and well any girl outhere. enough about headscissors atm, but have any of u ever knocked out a guy with a facesit, reverse or forward doesnt matter.
Curious.Jul 05 2011 11:22pm
Wow a lot of people would want to get scissored. You must be desperate you guys.
EmilyJul 06 2011 12:02pm
So no facesitters?;o
CuriousJul 07 2011 12:59am
Emily noone wants to be scissored by u, i said ill knock u and brandi out with my biceps and then just use u both as a bed.:)
MeJul 07 2011 1:00am
I never new I was into being squeezed or sqeezing until I met my wife. my wife she was 27 I am older and in very good shape,we were just friends at first I hung out with her because she is very attractive.Medium size 5'4 130 big chest but legs did not look to strong.One nite she asked me to hang out she had a suprise for me,well ok.So we went on a little hike to a clearing in the woods she took her pants off and laughing said i am going to crush you and layed on her back in the leaves I was so taken back so i laid between her legs and she started to squeeze I would say in about20 seconds i started going limp thats how tigh it was i could not get away and i am not weak!! very powerful i was moaning and gasping luckily she decided to let go.I was shocked and embarrased.she used to crush lunch boxes between her legs when she was 10 years old her legs have always ben freaky powerful she could kill me if she wanted to.we are married now and i love when she decides to wrestle big turn on she always wins with her legs i always tap.
anonymousJul 07 2011 10:38pm
Hi (me)... What hold would you get on me before I get u in a headscissor and make you tap? X
EmilyJul 07 2011 11:15pm
Oh, any hold.;) triangle choke, or just pin u down. pretty much anything, and no u wont get me in a headscissors because ill have u pinned before u can even move, then ill just sit ontop of u and laugh.
MeJul 08 2011 12:54am
I would be able to make you tap.I'll be too quick for you and I am pretty strong for a girl. My legs will be stronger than yours and they will choke you and knock you out.My thighs will make you tap out like a bitch lol x
EmilyJul 08 2011 5:31am
I wouldnt use my legs, even though im sure im way quicker than u and can headscissors u way easier than u can. ill just use my arms and choke u out, or like i said ill just pin u down.:) either way ull lose.;)
MeJul 08 2011 4:35pm
Are you a boy or a girl 'me' because I don't understand
EmilyJul 09 2011 10:53am
Im obviously a Boy.
MeJul 10 2011 1:33am
That fine by me.I will just squeeze you out, look down at you while your head is trapped between my thighs and just tease you and humiliate you, Trust me you will enjoy it haha ;) x
EmilyJul 10 2011 10:48am
Haha right, nah ill just smush ur mouth to my crotch and let u enjoy it as u slowly get knocked out.:)
MeJul 11 2011 12:12am
Your very c*cky are you. I can just knock you out with my rock hard legs before you'll get to me. You want to know what happens when you mess with me?
EmilyJul 11 2011 12:07pm
Knock us out emily coz thats all you will do right ? :)
MackJul 12 2011 1:22am
u start to cry when i mess with u?:) get it straight ur da bitch here, ill have u down in no time.:) my rock hard abs is all i need.:)
MeJul 12 2011 1:30am
You saying that a bitch can't do anything?
EmilyJul 12 2011 10:34am
Yea thats what im saying.:) that u cant do anything to me.:)
MeJul 12 2011 12:35pm
Yeh you keep believing that. Until your head is between my legs and you are crying for mercy
EmilyJul 13 2011 6:41am
haha, thatll never happen.:) ull be under me. where u belong.:)
MeJul 13 2011 1:13pm
i can escape any womans scissors anyplace anytime
RussJul 14 2011 9:40pm
i never got headscissored so i don't understand hahaha. i made a bet with this girl tho 50 dollars to make me pass out the stories im hearing are kinda scaring me haha
cactus swinggerJul 15 2011 2:38pm
Finally the women here learned to shut up and stay in the kitchen where they belong. cactus, girls are weak, easy 50$ for u.:)
MeJul 15 2011 9:22pm
My little sister (16) beats me easily. She is taller and stronger than me and, usually plays with me crushing my head between her powerful tights. (I?m 28 years old, only weight 118 and 5?2") My sister (145 - 5?9") toys with me at home every day, and sometimes she knock me out with her tights and even forces me to kiss her big butt. What can I do Brandi?
weak for herJul 16 2011 12:55am
brandi and emily could double scissor me and i can still escape
RussJul 16 2011 10:49pm
Hmm. You seem confident there 'me'. Do you just think that women are just pushovers in wrestling? You need to learn. Are you just saying that because you want to be scissored?
EmilyJul 21 2011 9:57am
Naw, women just aren't superior than me. and haha, if i wanted to be between ur legs i would.:) im saying it cause its true, ill outwrestle u or any woman easily and thats that.:)
MeJul 21 2011 11:46pm
My boyfriend can escape my scissor even its not so easy for him. But I found out that if I scissor one of his arms and hold his other arm stret?ched out with both hands being crossed over him then I can hold him down as long as I want, no escape for him. Thats a true trap.
JohannaJul 30 2011 2:38pm
Thats a good trap johanna. My fav is the figure 4 but trapping his arms and let him choke in my legs
Emily Jul 30 2011 11:51pm
Thats pretty sadistic emily :)
Emily just talks they all do, even that johanna no girl can beat a guy.:)
MeJul 31 2011 1:17pm
i can escape any womans scissors even if you secure my arms
RussJul 31 2011 2:44pm
@Emily: i tried this to lock also one arm in a figure 4. But he is too stron and stands up with me and I cant hold anymore. The only thing I can do is that trap I discribed. Of course I cannot choke him in that position but I just dont let him free anymore.
JohannaAug 01 2011 3:37am
emily and brandy double scissoring me they think hthey have me trapped all i do to escape is......(no punching either just a simple countermove)
RussAug 03 2011 8:25pm
Come on, Russ just admit it that you want to be scissored by some woman and thats why you play the "challenger" here. But I doubt you will have your wis?h come true this way by playing Mr. Strong. Do you know Emily and Brandy? Women have very different strength based on their genetic, training etc. Bragging and overdriving in every direction is unuseful. The reality is that most time it needs a complicated hold combination for a woman if she wants to hold a man really unescapeable. And not every headscissor knocks out. So just calm down boys and girls.
JohannaAug 04 2011 2:24am
i'll let any of you girls scissor me hehe :)
MackAug 05 2011 10:18am
brandi got anyway 2 contact u i wanna no more bout ur skills
chaosAug 08 2011 11:19am
Ha. Looks like everyone wants to be scissored by some woman.
Lauren xAug 11 2011 4:33am
Well she claims she can knock someone out by squeezing them between her inner thighs so id like to see if thats true or not!!
MackAug 11 2011 2:21pm
Lauren ur wrong, ill knock any and every women out.:)
MeAug 11 2011 5:12pm
nah thers noone that can keep me in a scissor hold once applied
RussAug 11 2011 6:01pm
Seriously, u boys always do that crap,'boys are stronger than girls'. i bet u wont be saying that when both your heads is between a girls legs and you realise that you cant get out of it. And johanna is right russ. U just play Mr strong guy so you want to get scissored, and when you do, u will find out that there isn't a single 'counter-move' that you say, that can get out of a girls legs. So calm down boys. Or are u saying that because u fear u can get beaten by a girl?
Lauren xAug 12 2011 1:43am
Aww girls and there big mouth, thats all theyre good for talking and making sandwhiches. girls bow to me and thats that.:)
MeAug 13 2011 5:09pm
OMG this disscussion is so full of wannabe`s. If you want a girl that is only talking and making sandwiches you are a pretty poor narrowminded boy. Statements like "I kick out every girl" by boys are the same as stupid as "Nobody can escape my scissor holds" by girls. My boyfriend is stronger than me but regardless I can hold him and keep him with me unescapeable as long as I want if I have him in a good hold with an advantage position based on the humans anatomy. And? Whats the problem, boys?
JohannaAug 14 2011 1:25am
its simple physics hee hee
AnonymousAug 14 2011 9:37am
not to panic and struggle when in scissors..then 1,2,3 ...easy
AnonymousAug 14 2011 9:39am
dont try to pry legs apart or try to buck or turn BUt do this one simple trick and walla freedom
AnonymousAug 14 2011 4:28pm
Johanna yo Bf's just a bitch, its simple human anatomy that guys are and will always be stronger than girls and theres no hold guys cant overpower girls on, now, go bak to the kitchen!
MeAug 16 2011 12:12am
I bet no girl out there could knock me out, let alone force me to submit to a headscissors
AaronAug 16 2011 1:48pm
To tell you the truth, i think i had enough with all that crap about boys are stronger than girls. Dont get me wrong, i love to teach a woman her place, but its too much. Some girls do have a chance to beat a boy. So just calm down.
E.N.AAug 16 2011 3:35pm
E.N.A u are a fagg, go kiss some more ass, girls are weak and thats that.
MeAug 16 2011 8:29pm
Well sorry if you feel like that. However have you ever faced a girl? Or you think that by acting mr. strong would actually make them wrestle you? Trust me i have face many girls and i know that kind of talk wont get you anywhere.
E.N.AAug 17 2011 1:42am
id like a houidini challenge to escape a triple scissor with Brandy,johanna,and emily see how fasti can escape
RussAug 17 2011 8:15pm
Yup yup i have faced girls, i dont need to face more to know guys are superior, that u lost to them just makes u a bitch.:)
MeAug 17 2011 9:41pm
No. Ive beaten against girls so i aint a bitch. What im saying is that, yes its good that you are proving that boys are superior, and i like that, but what im sayin is that at one point there will be a girl which you cant beat. Not saying it will happen to us boys (well some boys since there pussys).
E.N.AAug 18 2011 12:01am
Ok. To put an end to this 'boys are stronger than girls' argument. Yes, most of the time, us guys are stronger. But there are some girls out there that are stronger than the average guy. I wouldn't be suprised if Emily or Brandi for instance could out muscle me (and i'm 6'2) And yes, I would take a scissor off either of them
Dark AngelAug 21 2011 3:05pm
hmmm i bet i can escape a triple scissor in 10 seconds or less
RussAug 24 2011 3:45pm
I feel bad about it now, but when I was younger, I used to pick on weaker boys. I'm 5'10 and played volleyball in high school, so I would find smaller boys and wrestle them down. My favorite move was the headscissors. Most boys could only take about 50% power before they submitted. Usually I would ease up on the hold, but not let them out of it completely. I liked to tease them by making them call me the champ, or "Queen Katie", or by making them beg for mercy. If they refused, I'd just tighten my thighs again until the pressure became unbearable. By the end of my senior year, I had sort of routine going where I would lock in the headscissor and make my opponent submit numerous times. Eventually they were so worn out and embarrassed that they would agree to pretty much anything. I would make them beg to kiss my butt, then I'd let them out of the scissors, stand up, and drag them to their knees. I'd make them shout as loud as they could, "I respect Katie's butt!", then I'd grab them by the hair and make them kiss it. I probably made about 5 or 6 boys do that. They were always too scared to disobey after feeling the power of my legs. Now that I'm older I feel bad about it because I realize how humiliating it must have been for them, especially cuz most of the time it was in front of other kids at the school. But none of them ever messed with me after that :-P.
KatieAug 25 2011 7:59am
Katie, u just lucky i wasnt in ur school, i wouldve wooped ur ass and made u look like a bitch.:) the guys u beat are little pussies, try a real men little girly.:)
MeAug 25 2011 8:36pm
brandi cant keep me in a scissor hold longer than 2 seconds
RussAug 26 2011 8:25pm
Could someone do me a favour and knock Me out! By Me, i mean Me and not me because it's Me and not me that needs a good slap (i have a headache now)
Dark AngelAug 28 2011 7:25am
U r all some fools talking about foolish things ! What that makes a diffrence 2 u if girls r stronger pr bpys? Its obvious that most pf boys r stronger.just c that when d wars were with swords 99/99% of warriors wret males.so pls stop f*cking around with this foolish conversation.
M.S.TAug 28 2011 1:46pm
Dark Angel, no girl's gonna do u the favor of knocking me out because no girl can.:) weak bitchesssss!
MeAug 28 2011 5:26pm
Somewhere out there Me is a girl a lot tougher than you (in fact, chances are, there are many) Keep talking the way you have been and one day, you'll meet the girl who's tougher than you
Dark AngelAug 29 2011 2:24am
Exactly. I may beat girls at wrestling, But i know that somewhere, there is a girl who can beat me. (Possibly a FBB). If you think that girls are weak, then i think that you are wrestling weaker woman. Try a challenge ya pussy.
E.N.AAug 29 2011 4:24am
Actually. I dare you to face brandi, emily, lauren or any other girls, If you think girls are weak.
E.N.AAug 29 2011 8:07am
lol ill challenge any woman anytime, put them in their place.thats that.:)
MeAug 29 2011 10:27am
Then why dont you challenge brandi then?
E.N.AAug 29 2011 10:56am
obviously because she's too scared to accept anyone's challenge havent u noticed??
MeAug 29 2011 9:04pm
Ok then. Who would you want then
E.N.AAug 31 2011 9:32am
lol are u pimping them out to wrestle? and u say im degrading women.lol
MeAug 31 2011 5:10pm
My wife was a dancer and still works out and still has strong legs and calf muscles. She loves to put on a tiny string thong and oils herself up and they sneaks up on me and before I know it she has me submitting in the tightest figure four reverse headscissors that I have no choice but to tap. Must admit though it's such a turn on when she starts pelvic thrusting and really wants me to tap.
AnonymousAug 31 2011 5:44pm
Which doesn't take to long at all I might add
AnonymousAug 31 2011 5:45pm
Im not. Im just seeing if there is anyone that can take you on. Im not pimpin
E.N.ASep 01 2011 3:49am
Ill take you on 'me'. Who do you think you are
JulieSSep 01 2011 3:59am
And we have a contender! lol. So who are you anyway?
E.N.ASep 01 2011 10:19am
Random girl who talks just like all of em.:)
MeSep 01 2011 12:59pm
Like to hear you say it when your between my legs. ;)
JulieSSep 01 2011 2:43pm
lol keep dreaming, i wouldnt be between ur legs.:) id be ontop of u.;)
MeSep 01 2011 6:19pm
Why dont you take me on then my e-mail is [email protected]?
JulieSSep 02 2011 12:38am
Wait a minute. Your're Julie Squeeze?!?
E.N.ASep 02 2011 12:41am
Well duh. What do you think julie S means. So' me' you wanna take my challenge
Julie SqueezeSep 02 2011 12:50am
Squeeze me if you want to squeeze someone and you can do it for as long as you want ;)
MackSep 02 2011 1:47am
I've just googled Julie. If it's the same one that came up, she's gorgeous! But, downside for me, she's in America, i'm in England
Dark AngelSep 02 2011 7:52am
Course i am dark angel. Why dont you set up a session with me?
Julie squeezeSep 02 2011 9:50am
I know DA, but I can travel. Julie it will be a honour to wrestle you. Can i?
E.N.ASep 02 2011 9:57am
Because Julie, there's about 4000 miles of Atlantic ocean between us, otherwise i'd love a session
Dark AngelSep 02 2011 2:17pm
You can, email me and we can do it
Julie SqueezeSep 02 2011 2:19pm
Sure missy id take u on since im in Cali, but if by session u mean i have to pay and let u dominate, then no thanks, seeing as ur the one trying to prove ur point.:)
MeSep 02 2011 8:47pm
Dosen't matter ill dominate you anyway. Ill make you cry in humiliation that you are beaten and trapped between my legs
Julie SqueezeSep 02 2011 11:37pm
She does MMA so she probably would (by the way, you missed the apostraphe in "i'll")
Dark AngelSep 03 2011 1:16am
Hey dark angel. Why dont we disscus this more my email is [email protected]
E.N.ASep 03 2011 2:05am
And yeah 'me' she will knock the f*ck outta ya. Since she does MMA.
E.N.ASep 03 2011 2:08am
Looks like brandi is not the centre of attention anymore. Where is she lately?
AnonymousSep 03 2011 2:11am
Well I want to put an end to this argument about ?boys are stronger than any girls? once and for all. Men have stronger upper bodies but women have stronger lower bodies. (Expect for male bodybuilders, wrestlers, rugby players and athletes). One day at the gym I saw a big guy on one of the legs machines who was lifting about half the weights on the rack, then a couple minutes later a women got on there and just about lifted the whole rack of weight and he was nearly twice her size. So don?t tell me that women don?t have strong legs. You look at any female dancer, bodybuilder, athletes, gymnast, swimmer most of them have massive (strong) thighs that could easily break someone neck with them. Boys that say there can escape any female scissors are just talking a load of crap and probably have never been scissored before cause there too scared. Anyway now that?s out of the way, ?Julie Squeeze? how big are your thighs and have you ever knock anyone out with them?
JamesSep 03 2011 7:04am
Well I want to put an end to this argument about ?boys are stronger than any girls? once and for all. Men have stronger upper bodies but women have stronger lower bodies. (Expect for male bodybuilders, wrestlers, rugby players and athletes). One day at the gym I saw a big guy on one of the legs machines who was lifting about half the weights on the rack, then a couple minutes later a women got on there and just about lifted the whole rack of weight and he was nearly twice her size. So don?t tell me that women don?t have strong legs. You look at any female dancer, bodybuilder, athletes, gymnast, swimmer most of them have massive (strong) thighs that could easily break someone neck with them. Boys that say there can escape any female scissors are just talking a load of crap and probably have never been scissored before cause there too scared. Anyway now that?s out of the way, ?Julie Squeeze? how big are your thighs and have you ever knock anyone out with them?
JamesSep 03 2011 7:06am
I don't use email much E.N.A. Do you have a Facebook or Twitter?
Dark AngelSep 03 2011 7:13am
edwin nuwe- ahereza type that in and it will come DA
E.N.ASep 03 2011 9:57am
Ok, ive sent FB requests to E.N.A and Julie
Dark Angel (Michael)Sep 03 2011 12:49pm
there is no woman who can keep me in a scissors for more than 5 seconds
RussSep 03 2011 12:59pm
I honestly believe that if julie or emily put me in a scissors, i'd be out in seconds...
Dark Angel (Michael)Sep 03 2011 1:12pm
I'd just have to hope they let me go at that point!
Dark Angel (Michael)Sep 03 2011 1:14pm
Lol
I think seconds if you tap. Mins if your knocked out.
E.N.ASep 03 2011 2:28pm
A headscissor cutting off the carotod artery would knock even the biggest guy out is seconds
Dark Angel (Michael)Sep 03 2011 3:22pm
And it would kill ya in a min or so, so be careful!
MackSep 04 2011 4:19pm
haha right, knock me out cause she does mma? and i dont train at all, right? geez fellas, julie's a paid dominatrix/wrestler, she has no real skills all she does is talk and dream.:)
MeSep 04 2011 8:53pm
You'll actually find that most session wrestlers are, in fact, highly trained. Not all guys just want to be dominated, some like to fight proper and these women need to be good enough to handle this and nine times out of ten, they are!
Dark Angel (Michael)Sep 05 2011 3:09am
emily couldnt keep me in a scissors for over 5 seconds id escape easily
RussSep 05 2011 9:00am
Oh will you shut the f*ck up russ. Nobody cares, and how do you know you can escape emilys legs? Or brandi's? So stop runin your mouth unless if you did escape their legs for real and such.
E.N.ASep 05 2011 1:45pm
Seriously cause its getting anoying
E.N.ASep 07 2011 1:09pm
Where is everyone? Seems like Brandi, Emily &?Julie Squeeze have disappear from face of the earth. Either that or there scissoring someone as 'Me' & 'Russ' are too scared to accept their challenge. I agreed 'Russ' you probably could easily escape Brandi, Emily and Julie Squeeze scissors, only because you've passed out between their thighs & they've had to open their legs to let you go. Otherwise there would have killed ya!
JamesSep 10 2011 12:36pm
Well of course they are sacred. Cant take a challenge from a couple of 'girls'.
E.N.ASep 10 2011 1:25pm
No! It's the girls who are sacred! 'Me' and Russ are just scared!
Dark Angel (Michael)Sep 11 2011 7:58am
i said ill accept, geez no wonder girls think theyre superior mentally and physically, thank's to you sissy's.lol.:) that ill pay julie thats a diff thing, if she's up to try to prove her point w.o trying to b a hoe and take money for it, than sure ill show her who's daddy anytime.:)
MeSep 11 2011 6:53pm
Who do you think you are? Calling me a hoe. Why dont you come here and say it to my face. Oh yeah. you cant cause your such a pussy to do that! Now stop bragging and take me on... Like a man!
Julie SqueezeSep 11 2011 10:48pm
Well said 'Julie Squeeze' and welcome back! Don't listen to 'Me' he's just talking a load of rubbish. Girls are superior mentally and?physically, especially when they use their legs! So 'Julie Squeeze' how big are your thighs and have you every knocked anyone out with them??
JamesSep 12 2011 3:01pm
| i don't know |
The goat represents which sign of the Zodiac? | Capricorn Zodiac Sign Symbol: Its Meaning and Origin
Get a free online I Ching reading. The 64 hexagrams of the ancient Chinese I Ching, The Book of Change, and what they mean in divination.
Books by Stefan Stenudd:
Tarot Unfolded
The imaginative reading of the Tarot divination cards focuses on what impressions the images and their symbols give. Several spreads are presented, as well as the meanings of all the 78 cards and their pictures. Click the image to see the book at Amazon.
Life Energy Encyclopedia
Qi (chi), prana, pneuma, spiritus, and all the other life force concepts around the world explained and compared. Click the image to see the book at Amazon.
Cosmos of the Ancients
All the philosophers of Ancient Greece and what they thought about cosmology, myth, religion and the gods. Click the image to see the book at Amazon.
Sunday Brunch with the World Maker
Fiction. A brunch conversation slips into the mysterious, soon to burst beyond the realm of possibility. Click the image to see the book at Amazon.
The Capricorn Symbol
Its Origin and Meaning in Astrology
The above image is the established symbol (also called glyph) for the Zodiac sign Capricorn, the Goat. It's a simplified drawing of a sea-goat, the mythological animal - half goat, half fish - originally associated with the sign. The horned head is implied to the left, and the curved fish tail to the right. Both the Zodiac sign and its symbol have been along for ages.
The Zodiac division of the ecliptic into twelve parts, each assigned a Zodiac sign, is probably of Babylonian (Mesopotamia) origin. They were very early with astrology, mapping the sky and noting planetary movements thousands of years ago.
The Zodiac, very much like the one we know today, might have emerged in Mesopotamia around 1000 BC. But Babylonian astrology is probably far older than that.
A Goat-Fish
Already the Babylonians connected this Zodiac sign and the constellation with the mythological animal, sort of a mermaid goat. They called it the Goat-Fish. The reason for this is hidden in history. It's not likely to have anything to do with the constellation in the sky, which doesn't suggest such a creature even in the wildest imagination.
The constellation is usually called Capricornus, in proper Latin. It means "goat horn" or "horned goat," not necessarily a sea-goat. No matter how the stars in the constellation are connected with lines, it's hard to see the goat.
Several of the Zodiac constellations are equally vague in depicting their Zodiac sign. Here's the constellation Capricornus:
One might regard it as the very simplified shape of a body of some kind, why not a goat, and maybe the stars at the right on the picture could indicate horns. But really, without the image of the sea-goat added, we would never have guessed it.
Below is an antique illustration of the same constellation, where the figure of a sea-goat has been added. It's from a 17th century book: Firmamentum sobiescianum, by Johannes Hevelius, 1690.
Capricorn in Ink
Below is an ink version of the symbol for Capricorn, which I did a number of years back in an experiment of using Japanese ink calligraphy (shodo) for old European astrology symbols. I've used these pictures on my astrology websites, mainly for fun and for the odd graphic effect, and I've seen them copied all over the Internet. I'm fine with that, although I think it wouldn't hurt if the source was mentioned. Well, what to do?
Anyway, here's that ink again, this time in the original black and white (click on the image to see a bigger version):
Capricorn the Sign
As for the picture commonly used to represent the Capricorn Zodiac sign, it's been an image of the mythological creature the sea-goat since the days of old Babylonia, at least - surely much longer than the symbol described above has existed. Below is one typical example of the creature and its fish tail in a knot, where the stars of the constellation Capricorn have also been marked, though not with unquestionable astronomical accuracy. It's an illustration from Poeticon astronomicon, a 1482 book by Hyginus.
But for many centuries, the Zodiac sign has also been depicted as a regular goat, without any fish tail. Here is one example, a woodcut from Compilatio de astrorum scientia by Leopoldus, 1489. Capricorn is traditionally known both as the Goat and the Sea-Goat.
For the header of this website, I simply used the picture of a proud goat with impressive horns. The background is a construction site, as a reminder of the typical Capricorn trait: the achiever, building things to last.
Zodiac Sign Symbols
Here are the symbols (glyphs) of all the twelve Zodiac signs, and links to pages telling more about each Zodiac sign symbol.
Capricorn Zodiac Sign
Astrological Meanings of the Star Sign.
In this book you find all you want to know about Capricorn, its personality traits, compatibility with other signs, symbolism, archetype, health, sexuality, profession of choice, family life, and on and on. You are also introduced to the complete horoscope and how you can continue to explore what astrology says about the human condition and personal characteristics. Click the image to see the book (and Kindle ebook) at Amazon.
Your Health in Your Horoscope
This book explains what your horoscope tells about your health, according to the old tradition of medical astrology. The Zodiac signs, the planets, and the other ingredients of the horoscope reveal many health issues and different types of illnesses. Celebrity horoscope charts are used to show how a health reading is made. Click the image to see the book (and Kindle ebook) at Amazon.
| Capricorn |
In cookery, the traditional Austrian Wiener Schnitzel is made with which meat? | The signs of the zodiac - April Elliott Kent's Big Sky Astrology
April Elliott Kent's Big Sky Astrology
The signs of the zodiac
Posted
November 1st, 2013
& filed under Aquarius , Aries , Beginners , Cancer , Capricorn , Gemini , Learning Astrology , Leo , Libra , Pisces , Sagittarius , Scorpio , Taurus , Virgo , Zodiac Signs .
Signs of the Zodiac
The signs of the zodiac, usually simply referred to as signs, are by far the most recognizable symbols of astrology. They represent the characteristics of 12 archetypal personalities that are based on the zodiac (from the Greek, “circle of animals”). The zodiac is a band of 12 constellations (groups of fixed stars) through which the Sun appears to pass in its apparent annual journey around the Earth. Understanding the symbolism of the signs of the zodiac can help you understand your personal style, attitudes, and approach to life.
Symbolism and Characteristics
Each sign takes its astrological symbolism and characteristics from the time of year when the Sun is moving through that sign. For instance, the Sun is in Aries (March 21 – April 19) at the vernal equinox, the beginning of a new annual cycle of planting and growth. As the first sign of spring, and of the zodiac, Aries represents new beginnings. For farmers and gardeners, this is an important time of year to prepare the soil for new seeds with metal implements and hard work; thus, Aries is ruled by the planet Mars, ruler of physical work, and both Aries and Mars have a strong astrological association with metal.
As befits the first sign of the zodiac, Aries people are said to be natural leaders who have the courage to try new things. Aries is the genus name for sheep, and people born when the Sun is in this sign are believed to share the ram’s characteristics of potency and jumping into situations head-first. The symbol used to represent Aries in the astrology chart (see table) looks like a ram’s horns. .
Your Sun Sign
Popular horoscope features in newspapers and magazines are based on the signs of the zodiac, and specifically on the sign through which the Sun appeared to be moving at the time of your birth. This is what is meant when someone refers to “your sign.” The Sun sign is considered important because the Sun is the most powerful single object in our sky, so the sign where it is located at your birth is considered the single most powerful influence in your birth chart and in your life. Understanding your Sun sign is a good place to begin to understand your personality and most powerful motivations.
What Your Sun Sign Means About You
The Sun moves through the entire zodiac in just about one year, staying in a single sign for about 28 – 30 days. The Sun Sign represents the dominant themes of your life. It may describe personality characteristics based on the symbolism and characteristics of the sign that the Sun is in. The prominence of these traits may be modified by the other planets or by the house placement of the Sun at the time of your birth, or especially the sign on the Ascendant of the horoscope.
How to Find Your Sun Sign
You can find your Sun sign by locating your birthday in the table below. If you are born on a day when the Sun enters or leaves a sign, you will have to have an astrology chart calculated for the time and place of your birth to determine which sign the Sun was on the day of your birth. (Calculate your birth chart for free at http://www.astro.com )
Sign
| i don't know |
Dustin Hoffman plays army medic Colonel Sam Daniels in which 1995 film? | Amazon.com: Outbreak: Dustin Hoffman, Rene Russo, Morgan Freeman, Donald Sutherland: Amazon Digital Services LLC
By Themis-Athena on March 13, 2004
Format: DVD Verified Purchase
"In war, truth is the first casualty." - Aeschylus.
In 1989, a secret U.S. Army SWAT team was called in after an Ebola outbreak among monkeys in a Reston, VA lab; a mere ten miles from Washington, D.C. They eventually determined that this particular strain wasn't contagious for humans - others, however, are; capable of producing a 90% mortality rate within a matter of days. The incident produced Richard Preston's bestselling book "The Hot Zone," on which this movie is loosely based (another project involving Robert Redford and Jodie Foster eventually folded).
Like the Reston Ebola strain, the (fictitious) Motaba virus at the center of Wolfgang Petersen's "Outbreak" is brought to the U.S. by an infected monkey, caught near a village in the Zairean (now: Congolese) Motaba Valley. Unlike the Reston Ebola it is contagious for humans, with a 100% mortality rate within a single day. And unlike any known Ebola strain it is airborne, i.e. not only transmitted by direct human-to-human contact.
Officially nobody has any prior knowledge of the virus at the time of its apparent first hit. In fact, once they've overcome their shock about its gruesome effects, USAMRIID Colonel Sam Daniels (Dustin Hoffman) and his assistants, Majors Schuler and Salt (Kevin Spacey and Cuba Gooding Jr.) - in Zaire to provide medical assistance - are downright ecstatic to have discovered a new virus; a once-in-a-lifetime event for most scientists, if it happens at all. What they don't know is that their own superiors, Brig.Gen. Billy Ford (Morgan Freeman) and Maj.Gen. Donald McClintock (Donald Sutherland) have encountered this virus before, albeit non-airborne, in a mercenary camp in 1967 ... and on McClintock's orders, firebombed the camp to secretly develop a biological weapon. Read more ›
| Outbreak |
Which planet lies between Jupiter and Uranus? | Outbreak (Blu-ray) (1995) Starring Dustin Hoffman & Rene Russo; Directed by Wolfgang Petersen; Warner Home Video | OLDIES.com
"...A tense cautionary tale..." -- 3 out of 4 stars
Entertainment Weekly - 03/17/1995
"...Sections of the movie are creepy and exciting....Hoffman is in good, tense form..."
Variety - 03/13/1995
"...Russo brings considerable warmth to the picture and is convincingly professional....Spacey weighs in with some wry comic relief..."
New York Times - 03/10/1995
"...[The] cinematography is sharp and nimble, giving OUTBREAK a crispness that suits its story..."
Chicago Sun-Times - 03/10/1995
"...OUTBREAK is a clever, daunting thriller....The roles are well written and acted..."
Product Description:
In director Wolfgang Petersen's fast-paced, intelligently written thriller, Dustin Hoffman plays Col. Sam Daniels, an expert on infectious diseases who is called in to study the outbreak of a deadly illness in Zaire. He finds a virus that spreads so quickly it could wipe out an entire nation in just a few weeks, and he believes that it might have spread to the United States. With the help of his ex-wife (Rene Russo), who works at the Centers for Disease Control, Daniels tracks the virus to the quiet seaside town of Cedar Creek, California. His superiors' reticence to help begins to raise questions in Daniels's mind, and he must find a cure before a panicky U.S. army general decides to kill the town's populace in order to save the world. The all-star cast includes Hoffman, Russo, Kevin Spacey, Donald Sutherland, Morgan Freeman, and Cuba Gooding, Jr.
Plot Synopsis:
When an African monkey gets loose and spreads a lethal virus, government and military personnel move in to try and stop it before the fast-moving disease wipes out the entire U.S. population.
Plot Keywords:
Production Notes:
Filmed on Kauai, Hawaii, and in California.
The film's deadly monkey regularly appeared in the television sitcom FRIENDS as a feisty pet named Marcel. On one episode, when his owner, Ross (David Schwimmer), has to give up the monkey, it's revealed that Marcel is working on OUTBREAK, and the FRIENDS cast go to visit him on the set.
Kevin Spacey and Morgan Freeman also appeared together in the acclaimed thriller SEVEN in 1995.
The Los Angeles Film Critics Association voted Kevin Spacey the runner-up for best supporting actor for his body of work (SEVEN, THE USUAL SUSPECTS, OUTBREAK) in 1995.
The role of Sam Daniels, played by Dustin Hoffman, was originally intended for Harrison Ford.
J.T. Walsh briefly appears in an uncredited role as the Chief of Staff.
Screenwriter Laurence Dworet made his living as an internist before writing this, his first script.
| i don't know |
English singer Sandie Shaw married which fashion designer in March 1968? | Sandie Shaw’s Biography — Free listening, videos, concerts, stats and photos at Last.fm
Listeners
Biography
Sandie Shaw (real name Sandra Ann Goodrich) (born February 26, 1947) was the most successful British girl singer of the 1960s. With her hair, slender frame, model cheekbones and outfits, she has been described as the ultimate working-class 'it' girl.
Raised in Dagenham, Essex, UK, the Ford plant IBM operator dreamed of becoming a singer. She began her recording career in 1964 at just 17-years-old having been discovered by popular singer Adam Faith .
She was spotted by Adam Faith after she appeared way down on the bill at a concert featuring himself and his group The Roulettes and The Hollies (she had gained a place in the concert having come second in a talent contest). After the show she was taken backstage to meet The Hollies and The Roulettes, and ended up being dragged to Faith's dressing room to do an impromptu rendition of "Everybody Loves A Lover." Faith was so impressed that he introduced her to his manager Eve Taylor, a former Variety manager. Within a fortnight the youngster had a record deal with Pye Records and a new stage name. Taylor signed songwriter Chris Andrews to Shaw and he wrote her first single "As Long As You're Happy Baby." However it was the second single that was to make her a household name after Eve Taylor discovered "(There's) Always Something There To Remind Me" on a song-hunting trip to America. The song had been written by legendary songwriting team Burt Bacharach and Hal David and had been a minor US hit for Lou Johnston. Shaw's version became a massive hit, spending three weeks at Number One in the UK singles chart in the autumn of 1964.
This was followed by a string of classic pop hit singles written by Chris Andrews including "Girl Don't Come," "I'll Stop At Nothing," "Long Live Love" (Shaw's second UK Number One), "Message Understood," "Tomorrow" and "Nothing Comes Easy," all of which made the Top 20. The star was also a regular on popular programmes like Top Of The Pops, Ready Steady Go and Thank Your Lucky Stars. Shaw also recorded most of her hit singles in Italian, French, German and Spanish, boosting her popularity on the continent. She was also hugely popular across South America, had even performed behind the Iron Curtain and sung at some concerts in pre-revolutionary Iran. Problems with work permits prevented Shaw from breaking America, although she has developed quite a collection of avid fans there! Her trademark was to perform in bare feet because, in her own words, "I feel more relaxed, more able to get the mood of a song." The singles were produced by Eve Taylor, Andrews and herself (though she was never credited) with help from Pye arranger Ken Woodman. Although it was mainly her singles that brought her success and popularity, Shaw also released several original albums in the 60s - Sandie, Me, Love Me, Please Love Me, The Sandie Shaw Supplement and Reviewing The Situation. These albums generally consisted of Chris Andrews-penned songs mixed with cover versions of songs made popular by other artists.
By 1967 Shaw's record sales were lower than they had previously been and her manager decided to go for a more cabaret appeal and, against her will (as she felt it would destroy her credibility), Shaw was put forward to represent the UK in that year's Eurovision Song Contest. She performed five songs on The Rolf Harris Show and the public voted that the song that should represent the country was the Bill Martin/Phil Coulter composition "Puppet On A String" (a song she hated!). The song won the contest hands down (making Sandie Shaw the first person to win the contest for the UK) and gave her another smash hit (her third UK number one single - a record for a female at the time). "Puppet On A String" was also another massive worldwide hit, and was the biggest selling single of the year in Germany. 1967 also saw Shaw marry fashion designer Jeff Banks with whom she would later have a daughter, Gracie, born in 1971. Fashion had become another of Shaw's trademarks, and in 1968 begun the Sandie Shaw fashion label, selling her own brand of clothes and, surprisingly enough, shoes!
After Eurovision, Shaw continued to put out Chris Andrews-penned pop singles including the Top 20 "You've Not Changed" as well as songs by other artists, including Harry Nilsson ("Together") and Gene Raskin ("Those Were The Days"). However the latter was outshone by a version by Opportunity Knocks' winner Mary Hopkin. By this time Shaw was also hosting her own TV show entitled "The Sandie Shaw Supplement."
Shaw's last UK Top 10 hit (her eighth in total) came in the form of 1969's "Monsieur Dupont," originally a German-language song. At the end of 1969 the single "Heaven Knows I'm Missing Him Now" was released, which would later become the inspiration for a hit by The Smiths some fifteen years later. Also around this time Shaw had her first go at producing an album. The result, Reviewing The Situation was very different to her previous albums, which had generally consisted of pop covers mixed with a few Chris Andrews songs. Reviewing The Situation contained covers of songs by more alternative artists like Bob Dylan, The Rolling Stones and also made Shaw the first known artist to cover a Led Zeppelin song. Eve Taylor was not happy with the album, and Pye did very little to promote it. In truth Shaw felt that the whole 'pop' scene had become too much of a career and marketing affair. By this time she was more interested in alternative artists (hence her covering their songs for this album) but her management was determined for her to carry on down the pop line - so the contrast between her own production of this album and the current single at the time (the aforementioned "Heaven Knows I'm Missing Him Now") was very striking!
In the early 70s Shaw begun writing songs and continued to release singles by various writers as well as several cover versions including Lynn Anderson's "Rose Garden" written by Joe South and "Father And Son" by Cat Stevens, which was to be her last Pye single in 1972. Sadly record sales had dried up more or less completely since "Monsieur Dupont" and after her final Pye release she semi-retired from public life and begun working on other ventures, including co-writing a full-length rock musical, songwriting, acting in stage productions (she played Ophelia in Hamlet and Joan of Arc in Saint Joan) and writing and painting children's books. In 1977 she released two singles on the CBS label, and the following year began a lifelong commitment to Buddhism. Since then she has taught and introduced hundreds of people to the faith.
Having divorced Jeff Banks some years previously, Shaw married Nik Powell in 1982. Powell was co-founder of the Virgin Group and chairman of the European Film Academy. He introduced her to The B.E.F. (British Electric Foundation) and in 1982 she recorded a version of "Anyone Who Had A Heart" for their Music of Quality And Distinction album, released on the Virgin label. The Bacharach/David song had been recorded in the 60s by several female singers including Dionne Warwick, Cilla Black, Dusty Springfield and Petula Clark, but Shaw felt it was the kind of song that should be recorded by a more mature, experienced woman and was particularly proud of her version. As a result of its popularity, Shaw's version of "Anyone Who Had A Heart" was released as a single and there was talk of releasing an album on the Virgin label. Though this never happened due to Shaw falling pregnant with her daughter Amie, it brought her slightly back into the public eye and she discovered that many people were in fact still big fans of hers including Pretenders lead singer Chrissie Hynde who at the end of the year invited Shaw to perform on stage with her band. After singing a rendition of Shaw's 1964 hit "Girl Don't Come" together at a Pretenders gig, the two women began a long-term friendship.
The following year Shaw wrote and recorded an album called Choose Life (her first since 1969's Reviewing the Situation), and issued 1,000 copies to publicise the World Peace Exposition in London in March 1983. However, the LP was in demand by fans and was released on the Palace label in May. The single "Wish I Was," taken from this album, was also issued. Shaw however was still officially in retirement so nothing was really done to promote the new releases. However, in August of 1983 a new phase in her career begun after she received a letter signed "Two incurable Sandie Shaw fans" telling her that "The Sandie Shaw legend cannot be over yet - there is more to be done." The letter was in fact from lead singer Morrissey and lead guitarist Johnny Marr of The Smiths.
Shaw's husband was a friend of Geoff Travis of Rough Trade Records, the label to which The Smiths were signed and due to this several more letters were passed onto Shaw. She eventually agreed to meet Morrissey and ended up recording some of their songs herself. In April 1984 her version of "Hand In Glove" (originally their first single) was released on Rough Trade. The single sold well (20,000 copies in its first three days!) and peaked just inside the UK Top 30. It was accompanied by a now-legendary performance on Top Of The Pops involving Shaw lying on the floor kicking her feet in the air, backed by The Smiths (apart from Morrissey who was dancing away in the wings) all in bare feet! She later commented "I don't intend to age gracefully. I intend to do it quite disgracefully with a lot of kicking my legs in the air!" An album on the Rough Trade label was discussed, but again this was put on hold when Shaw discovered she was pregnant with her son Jack. The second phase of Shaw's recording career continued with a new version of her first hit "(There's) Always Something There To Remind Me" for the film Letter To Brezhnev and after a change in management in 1986, two singles on the Polydor label. Both were cover versions of songs by Lloyd Cole ("Are You Ready To Be Heartbroken") and Patti Smith ("Frederick"). The B-sides of these singles were songs written by Shaw about Morrissey and Johnny Marr. 1986 also saw her embark on her first university tour for almost twenty years. Again an album was discussed, but Polydor did not feel that the singles had performed well enough for this venture to take off.
Shaw finally released her album on the Rough Trade label in 1988. Hello Angel (the name of which was inspired by a postcard from Morrissey) is considered by many fans to be the first "true" Sandie Shaw album. She wrote a good deal of the album herself, and was aided by writers and producers such as Stephen Street (who had produced a lot of material for The Smiths), Kevin Armstrong, Jim Reid and William Reid from Jesus and Mary Chain as well as Chris Andrews who had written most of her 60s hits. The album also featured a cover of "A Girl Called Johnny" by The Waterboys. Lyrically the album brought new depths and among Shaw's own compositions included was "Comrade In Arms," a song about a personal friend who had died of AIDS. All of the people involved with the album were personal friends or supporters of hers, and was one of the most acclaimed albums of the year. It also spawned the singles "Please Help The Cause Against Loneliness" (writers Morrissey/ Street) and "Nothing Less Than Brilliant," (Shaw/ Andrews) currently the last original Sandie Shaw single to date. Hello Angel also featured a brand new mix of Shaw's first Rough Trade single, "Hand In Glove." This era also Shaw embark on two more successful university tours, as well as appearances at Gay Pride and Peace festivals.
The 1990s saw the release of many compilations of Shaw's material on various different minor labels, as well as re-issues of some of her original albums. The RPM label released some of the original albums with bonus material and are to date the only label to issue the Choose Life album on the CD format.
Shaw's autobiography The World At My Feet was published in 1991, and the following year she began studying at Oxford and London University and qualified as a psychotherapist in 1994. During that time she had also recorded new versions of some of her classic 60s songs for the album Nothing Less Than Brilliant released in 1994. The album consisted of these new recordings, plus some of the original recordings from the 60s and also a selection of Shaw's 80s hits. Issued on the Virgin label, Nothing Less Than Brilliant made a brief appearance on the UK chart, as did a re-issue of the single of the same name.
Concentrating on her newfound career as a psychotherapist, Shaw opened the arts clinic in 1997 to provide psychological healthcare and creative development to those in the entertainment and media industries. The following year she was invited to join the Royal Society Of Musicians as an Honourary Professor of Music.
The new millennium saw Shaw not only set up her own official website, but also embark on a legal battle to establish ownership of her entire recording catalogue. She won this in 2002 and begun working with contemporary acts and producers re-working much of her 60s and 80s material.
In 2003 Shaw licenced her recording catalogue worldwide to EMI and continued to develop her arts clinic, also starting executive coaching and mentoring. Meanwhile EMI released compilations of her French recordings,a language that she most loved and the following year released similar compilations in Spanish and German. New remastered versions of Reviewing The Situation and Hello Angel were also issued with bonus tracks and towards the end of the year a 4-CD box set entitled Nothing Comes Easy was released, containing ALL the 'A' and 'B' sides of every UK single plus rare and unreleased tracks. All songs were digitally remastered, and some were heard in stereo for the first time. The set was accompanied by a booklet with a track-by-track commentary from Shaw herself.
EMI continued to release Shaw's material and in 2005 issued The Very Best Of Sandie Shaw - the first ever compilation to feature the original versions (digitally remastered) of all of her biggest hits from "(There's) Always Something There To Remind Me" to "Nothing Less Than Brilliant" on one CD. All of Shaw's original studio albums (with the exception of Choose Life) have since been released in digitally remastered format on CD with bonus tracks.
| Jeff Banks |
In Greek mythology, the ‘Grey Sisters’, or Graeae, shared one eye and one ‘what’ among them? | Sandie Shaw lifts the lid on the swinging sixties... | Daily Mail Online
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Sandie Shaw knew Bonnie Tyler didn’t stand a snowball’s chance in hell of winning the Eurovision Song Contest with Believe In Me.
‘It’s a pity they asked her to do such an awful song,’ she says. ‘It was always going to lose. She should have known better. Her voice is too good for that.’
Sandie, of course, knows a thing or two about Eurovision. Back in the Swinging Sixties, the self-styled ‘barefoot princess of pop’ became the first British entry to win with Puppet On A String in 1967.
She actually detested the song and didn’t want to do Eurovision at all. ‘So uncool,’ she says, but she sang her heart out nonetheless. ‘That was vengeance.’
Sandie Shaw was immune to the sordid behaviour going on around her. Now it's time to lift the lid on the swinging sixties...
Vengeance? She nods. ‘Against the BBC.’ Sandie was, you see, caught up in what she now calls ‘a horror story’ after falling head-over-heels in love with television executive Douglas Murdoch at the age of 17.
He was, she says, ‘my first big love’. What she didn’t know was that Murdoch was married. Just before Eurovision, his wife Veronica named Sandie as co-respondent in a nasty divorce hearing. BBC bosses went ballistic, wanting to fire her.
‘They were horrible,’ she says, giving her side of the scandal for the first time. ‘Rolf Harris’s manager didn’t want me on his show [the TV show in which the public voted for Britain’s song for Europe] because he was so clean-cut.’ Harris was arrested in March by police investigating historic sex abuse allegations at the BBC.
‘All I did was go out with someone I thought was going to marry me. He bought me an engagement ring but it was kept quiet because everybody wanted me to be Single Sandie.
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‘Then out of the blue I found out he was still married. My management team put me away – shut the door. He got fired from his job. I was in a terrible state for ages and ages, but I put on a front because I just didn’t want anybody to know how much this idiot had hurt me.
‘The BBC wanted to get rid of me. Nobody was talking to me. Even my manager didn’t talk to me on the flight to Eurovision. I just thought, “Vengeance. I’ll go to Eurovision and I’ll win it.” That’s what you do. You win.
‘I felt as if I was caught up in a horror story. It was the boyfriend who was the s**t – he lied to me and lied to his wife – but I was the one taking the blame. And when you think in those days with what all the guys were doing...’ She shakes her head in disgust.
Sandie is 66 now and about to retire from the music industry that has been a part of her life for almost half a century
A heck of a lot of life has passed under the bridge since that Eurovision victory. Sandie is 66 now and about to retire from the music industry that has been a part of her life for almost half a century. She’ll plant trees instead, build a house in the West Indies, knit and as for showbusiness, well, good riddance.
We’re actually here in a hip South London photographic studio to talk about her recent compilation album Long Live Love – The Very Best Of Sandie Shaw. Each song, she says, is part of her life. Real. Not fabricated. The broken love affairs. Three marriages. Two divorces.
Today she’s happily married to psychiatrist Tony Bedford and a grandmother of four. ‘You become more yourself as you get older,’ she says. ‘All the things I’d have tried to change because of the things around me – peer pressure and social pressure – I don’t now. Honesty is what’s important. Integrity.’
And so begins her most astonishingly candid interview to date. Sandie was at the peak of her career when the dreadful cases of sex abuse that are now being exposed were rife. It makes her blood boil. ‘I’ve watched so many of them be arrested,’ she says.
‘I get quite angry about it. I still feel quite hurt by it. Those were not good times to be a young woman. I found it really difficult to cope with. Sometimes I used to complain. I’d say, “I’m not going to work in the studio with that man” and have them banned, or I’d not use a certain photographer. I’d say to my manager, who was a woman, “That guy’s doing this.”’ What exactly?
‘All the stuff you read about now. Of course, nobody would dare touch me because they’d get fired but you knew what was going on. A lot of the time I’d go to parties and feel people had pulled up their knickers when I arrived at the door.
'The guys in bands were all s****ing everything that moved. People say, “Why didn’t you ever go out with a musician?” Who would want to go out with that? Jesus. I didn’t want to line up with a load of other women.’
With her knockout cheekbones and swishy bob, Sandie could pretty much have the pick of who she wanted.
She was the darling of the age with eight top 10 hits and three No 1s, including Always Something There To Remind Me, Long Live Love and, of course, Puppet On A String. She wore a fur coat even in summer, drove a white Mercedes and, after gracing the cover of the posh Queen magazine, was lusted after by every titled, hot-blooded male around.
‘In those days the aristos wanted to go out with popstars, but they just wanted a trophy person. It wasn’t you they wanted. I’d take Mick [Jagger] to parties. He was so desperate to be with people with a title and I knew lots of aristos from the people at Queen.
With her knockout cheekbones and swishy bob, Sandie could pretty much have the pick of who she wanted
'So, if I had to go to a party with Princess Margaret I’d bring Mick or Paul [McCartney]. But I never actually went out with a rock star. Why would I want to do that? Anybody could.’
Instead, she fell for fashion designer Jeff Banks and married him a year after Eurovision. ‘He didn’t have groupies but he looked like a popstar. I was shallow in my choice,’ she says, pulling an I-can’t-believe-what-an-idiot-I-was face.
They had a daughter, Gracie, but the marriage ended after 11 years. Sandie says she only stuck it for as long as she did because of her upbringing.
The only daughter of hardworking parents from Dagenham, Essex, she came from a family that would sooner ‘sweep the factory floor’ than take benefits, and they didn’t know anybody who was divorced. ‘In those days you were supposed to get married, have a child and live happily ever after, but it doesn’t work for everybody.
‘I thought I was happy in the beginning. Now I know Jeff for what he is. He could see I would take him where he wanted to be. He’s a very clever man and very capable but he’s not somebody I’d want to spend time with.
Sandie Shaw and her husband Jeff Banks at the film premier of Krakatoa East of Java
'He lost all his money then he lost all my money so I was floored – completely and utterly floored. If I did work I had to work to pay his debts.’
At one point, Sandie was reduced to waitressing to make ends meet and, for a time, they lived in a caravan. It was, she says, ‘my dark age’. ‘I thought, “Why is this happening to me? I can’t see my way out of this.” I’d been out of the business so long and I felt so s**t about myself.
'Then a friend who was a Buddhist and knew I was unhappy said, “You are the sum total of everything that’s happened in the past. Your future is the sum total of everything that happens from now on.”
‘I really began to realise I could make things happen. I could make a future by being honest – with myself and with everyone around me. Admit what I wanted. Say it, “I want to get my life back on track.”’
At 30, Sandie became a Buddhist and two years later she separated from Banks, but he refused to grant her a divorce until 1982 when she was seven months pregnant by the man who became her second husband, Virgin Records co-founder Nik Powell. ‘I said, “Look, I can’t carry on like this. My child will be a bastard. I want to marry the father,”’ says Sandie. ‘He said, “Oh all right then.”’ The wedding finally took place two weeks before their baby was born.
‘Nik’s a brilliant man. I love him so much. He did things like I’d say, “I think I can write.” The next thing he’d bought me a computer. He’s a really great person. So encouraging. He’s like that with everybody.’
They had two children and, after writing her autobiography, Sandie studied psychotherapy. But as she became more absorbed in her studies they began to drift apart.
‘I was interested in the inner life – Buddhism, psychotherapy – and his life is on the surface, so we could never have the deep spiritual connection I always yearned for. He’s still one of my best friends. I speak to him regularly.’
At one point, Sandie was reduced to waitressing to make ends meet but she's has turned her life around and found happiness now
Sandie was 50 when she met her current husband, Tony, a psychiatrist. ‘I was already separated from Nik,’ she says. ‘Tony and I were mates for about six months. He wants what I give. Whatever I am – who I am – he likes. He likes the fact I’m a whole person and he doesn’t have to make up for anything or fill a hole or vice versa. He’s my favourite,’ she continues with a grin that splits her face in two. ‘The others were just rehearsals.’
Tony, a lovely, gentle man, is here today and they do seem wondrously happy together. ‘Making love is like making bread,’ she says. ‘You have to make it fresh every day. That’s what you have to do in a relationship.
'It doesn’t just happen. If you feel that what you’ve got to offer someone is worth something, you attract that respect back, but it was very hard to hang on to that when I was a young woman in that atmosphere.’ Her eyes blaze once more in anger.
‘Men who respect women do have a great life and they’re out there. I met one.’ Eventually? She laughs. ‘Everything that happened before was to make me ready for him. Life has a way of coming back at you.’
Long Live Love: The Very Best of Sandie Shaw and her entire back catalogue are out on Union Square records.
| i don't know |
Mickey Murphy was the baker in which British children’s television programme? | Camberwick Green - Show News, Reviews, Recaps and Photos - TV.com
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For Brits of a certain age, Camberwick Green is a programme guaranteed to spark nostalgia. At the start of each episode, we saw a tall, hexagonal box sitting on a table. This was to be our way in to the charmingly old-fashioned world of Windy Miller, Mrs Honeyman the gossip, PC McGarry ("number four! five! two!") and the rest. Here is a box, a musical box, Wound up and ready to play. But this box can hide A secret inside. Can you guess what is in it today? And from the box would emerge one of the residents of Camberwick Green. Following a brief chat between the narrator (Brian Cant) and the character (who would respond to Cant's questions silently with nods, shrugs and shakes of the head), the scene mixed through into Camberwick Green itself - a quiet country village with all the basic amenities (bakery, butcher, garage) and, in the land surrounding it, Windy Miller's windmill, Jonathan Bell's farm and the army fort commanded by Captain Snort, whose personnel seemed to spend most of their time doing odd jobs for the villagers. Although Camberwick Green was looking back to a bygone era even in 1966, its olde-worlde charm still stands up well today. The animators, Bura & Hardwick, were shrewd enough to film the whole series in colour (even though British TV was still resolutely monochrome at the time), ensuring regular repeats for the series for over twenty years. Two generations grew up with the characters of Camberwick Green and its sequels, Trumpton and Chigley, and it remains one of the true classics of British television.moreless
| Camberwick Green |
The Carnation Revolution took place in which European country in the 1970’s? | The C Programmes - Kids TV - Classic programmes from yesteryear.
Camblewick Green
Camberwick Green : There is some confusion over the spelling when people search the web so I'm using both.
Camberwick green was the posh bit of Trumptonshire, Windy miller and all that lot. There was also Pippin Fort which was home to Captain Snort, Seargant Major Grout, Private Armitage, Private Featherby, Private Higgins, Private Hopwood, Private Lumley and Private Meek
Other residents were Mr Carraway (The Fishmonger), Dr Mopp, Mickey Murphy (The Baker), PC McGarry (number 452) and Mr Daggenham (the rich businessman who owned a sports car).
The programme always started with a spinning top type thing that had the main character of the day, today we feature Miller.
Captain America : One of the most ridiculous cartoons ever. Prime culprit of a show that wouldn't allow a character to do anything for 90% of the show and then at the last minute they could (See also the Ghostbusters movie). "If I can just reach this thing I couldn't reach before... I CAN". What a surprise. Of course, he belived in all that Truth, Justice and whatever.
Sound Clip
Captain Caveman : The world's first super hero.
"Cavey" and his teenangels (There was definately something going on between CC and Taffy, the blonde tenn angel). Whenever anything was needed, Cavey always found it amongst his body hair, including, on odd occasions, rather large dinsoars. Whenever his hair was shaved (for whatever reason) he'd always be wearing a pair of red-spotted boxer shorts. A man with a proper weapon, a knackered club (Derby County, ha ha ha).
"Unga Munga. Bad time for a power failure."
Captain Pugwash [DVD]
Captain Pugwash : Alright, calm down. No, stop sniggering at the back. Let's get this over with.
There weren't characters in Captain Pugwash called "Roger the Cabin Boy", "Master Bates" or "Seamen Staines" for goodness sake, kids tv makers tried to get away with a lot but even they wouldn't go that far.
What people don't remember is that this was pretty good TV and there are growing calls for it to return. The theme tune is used as often as possible which is good, as it's a pretty damn good one.
Captain Scarlet [DVD]
Captain Scarlet : The indestructable Captain Scarlet always seemed a darker programme than the other Gerry Anderson puppet shows but no less fun for all that. The Mysterons are waging a war against the people of Earth and it's up to Captain Scarlet (and Blue, and Green etc.) to save us.
Captain Zep, Space Detective : Watch the show, answer a question, win a prize. Simple really.
Casey Jones : About the American steam train driver.
Catweeale : A failed wizard form the middle ages. He fell in to a pond and travelled forwards in time to the 1970's.
Centurians : 3 super heroes, Ace McCloud, the blue guy based in the air, Jake Rockwell, dressed in Yellow, and Max Ray, based in the sea, dressed in Green. All had a sort of bio suit and whenever the situation arose they would be a call to their space station where a woman and an ape of some description would select the necessary bits that would bolt onto the suit and save the day.
One of them had a dog too and bits could be bolted onto him. They had a secret place to meet that was an old bookshop.
Champion The Wonder Horse : When this came on on summer mornings, it was time for everyone to go out to play. BORING!! Also featured Rebel the dog.
Theme Tune
YOU'LL HEAR ABOUT HIM EVERYWHERE YOU GO,
JUST SAY THE WORD
AND EVERYONE WILL KNOW - THE - NAME - OF,
CHAMPION, THE WONDER HORSE,
AT CLOPPA CASTLE
An e-mail from Geoff -
"My uncle and his band sang the theme tune for the program.they where called rainbow cottage.and his name is Arthur Kerevan and he now plays for a band in Liverpool called CY Tucker."
Now that's a claim to fame!
Cockleshell Bay : Robin and Rossie live at the seaside and this was they're story.
"It's where people stay, and two children play, with all the good friends that they've made."
Lovely
Come Back,Lucy : Based on a book of the same name by Pamela Sykes. The series was made in 1978. It was about an orphan who had been brought up by a maiden aunt. When the aunt died the heroine went to live with some distant relatives. She hated them but accidently found if she looked in a mirror she could go back to victorian times and made friends with a girl called Alice who wasn`t vey nice.
Video Clip
Crackerjack : It's Friday, it's 5 to 5 and it's time for Crackerjack (CRACK - ER - JACK). This was around for ages before I saw it. Presented in it's later years by Stu Francis ("I could crush a grape", "Ooh I could rip a tissue" and "ooh I could wrestle an action man"!) and relied far to heavily on The Crankies.
Previous (before my time) presenters included Ed Stewart, Don McClean, Bernie "Ostrich" Clifton and Peter Glaze and of course Eamon Andrews.
Remember, don't drop the cabbage and take home your Crackerjack pencils (CRACK - ER - JACK).
Why did the presenters always look at the audience while saying Crackerjack (CRACK - ER - JACK) they all knew what to do.
Curious George : The curious little monkey. Owned by a man in a yellow hat.
©1998 - 2017 kids-tv.co.uk
| i don't know |
What is the title of the 18th James Bond film? | Tomorrow Never Dies (1997) - FAQ
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FAQ
How much sex, violence, and profanity are in this movie?
For detailed information about the amounts and types of (a) sex and nudity, (b) violence and gore, (c) profanity, (d) alcohol, drugs, and smoking, and (e) frightening and intense scenes in this movie, consult the IMDb Parents Guide for this movie. The Parents Guide for Tomorrow Never Dies can be found here .
What is 'Tomorrow Never Dies' about?
When the British frigate Devonshire is fired upon and sunk in the South China Sea by what is presumed to be the Chinese Air Force, it is later discovered that a mysterious signal from a satellite belonging to media mogul Elliot Carver ( Jonathan Pryce ), head of the Carver Media Group Network (CMGN) and owner of the newspaper Tomorrow, which seems to report news events even before they happen, may have interfered with the Devonshire's communications and sent it off course, M ( Judi Dench ) sends 007 agent James Bond ( Pierce Brosnan ) to Germany to find out whether Carver or someone in his organization sent the Devonshire off course and why. Bond is further advised to use his previous relationship with Carver's wife Paris ( Teri Hatcher ) as a way of infiltrating Carver's organization. Meanwhile, the Chinese have sent in their own agent, Colonel Wai Lin ( Michelle Yeoh ) to investigate.
Is "Tomorrow Never Dies" based on a story by Ian Fleming?
Other than the character of James Bond, neither the story line nor the title is based on anything written by James Bond creator Ian Fleming. The title was inspired by the Beatles' song "Tomorrow Never Knows". The screenplay was written by American screenwriter Bruce Feirstein. The screenplay was subsequently novelized by American author Raymond Benson. Tomorrow Never Dies is the 18th Bond film in the EON series, and the second to star Pierce Brosnan as James Bond.
What exotic places does Bond visit in this movie?
In the precredit scenario, Bond has infiltrated a terrorist arms bazaar on the Russian border, from which he manages to evacuate several Soviet SB5 nuclear torpedoes. He is next seen in Oxford, England brushing up on Danish and is subsequently sent to Hamburg, Germany to investigate Elliot Carver. There, he connects with Carver's wife Paris. He learns that Carver instigated the attack on the Devonshire and retrieves the U.S. GPS encoder that may have been used to drive the boat off-course. The next day, Bond is sent to a U.S. airbase in the South China Sea where he is reunited with CIA liaison Jack Wade ( Joe Don Baker ), hands over the GPS encoder, and parachutes into the water at the last known spot of the Devonshire, which actually ends up to be in Vietnam waters. While investigating the sunken Devonshire, Bond runs into Wai Lin, who turns out to be a Chinese spy. They are captured by Carver and taken to his CMGN complex in Saigon. After escaping from Carver, Bond and Wai Lin decide to check out Ha Long Bay as the most likely position of Carver's stealth ship.
How did the Beatles come to inspire the title "Tomorrow Never Dies"?
Screenwriter Bruce Feirstein explains in an article in Vanity Fair:
So, how did the title for Tomorrow Never Dies come about?...The truth is that my original title was Tomorrow Never Lies...When I was writing the script, I simply couldn't come up with a title. But driving to lunch one day, I heard the Beatles' Tomorrow Never Knows on the radio and thought, Hmmm. Anyway, as we went into production, the producers and the director (Roger Spottiswoode) couldn't decide between Lies and Dies. After much debate, they finally picked Tomorrow Never Lies. They called in an assistant, dictated a fax, and she sent it off to MGM with a single, one-letter typo: Dies instead of Lies. The rest is celluloid history.
How does the movie end?
After alerting both their respective governments about Carver's intent to get the Chinese air force and the Royal navy to fire on each other, Bond and Wai Lin infiltrate Carver's stealth ship in Ha Long Bay. Wai Lin is immediately captured. While Carver explains to her how, once he gets the Chinese and British ships to fire on each other, he's going to fire the stolen British cruise missile on Beijing, Bond captures Carver's techo-terrorist Henry Gupta ( Ricky Jay ) and offers to trade him for Wai Lin. Instead, Carver shoots Gupta for outliving his contract. Suddenly, a bomb that Bond has placed on the stealth ship goes off, exposing its position to the British fleet. In the chaos that ensues, Wai Lin makes her way to the engine room in order to stop the ship. Bond goes after the stolen missile. The British navy fires on the exposed ship, forcing the crew to abandon it. Carver goes after Bond, and his German henchman Stamper ( Götz Otto ) goes after Wai Lin. Carver is killed by his own sea drill. With only a minute left before the missile is launched, Bond rigs it to detonate itself, traps Stamper on the ship, and jumps into the water in time to save a drowning Wai Lin by blowing his own air into her lungs. In the final scene, the ship explodes, Bond and Wai Lin take refuge on the floating wreckage and decide to stay "undercover" while the HMS Bedford searches for them.
| Tomorrow Never Dies |
Which American actress was born Ruth Elizabeth Davis? | 12 James Bond film titles explained - Telegraph
James Bond
12 James Bond film titles explained
Which Bond film owes its title to a typo? Who was Goldfinger? And what's a quantum? Ahead of the Bond 24 announcement, we reveal the meanings of previous 007 titles
Sean Connery as James Bond in 'Goldfinger' Photo: Rex Features
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1. Goldfinger (1964)
The first James Bond film to win an Oscar took its title from a man 007 creator Ian Fleming used to know called Ernő Goldfinger. He was the cousin (by marriage) of Fleming’s golf partner, John Blackwell, and threatened to sue over the use of his name. The matter was settled out of court.
2. You Only Live Twice (1967)
Fleming was inspired by the 17th-century Japanese poet Matsuo Basho, who wrote these words more than 300 years before they were used as the title for the 12th Bond novel.
3. Diamonds are Forever (1971)
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Quiz: Are you more like James Bond than you think?
04 Dec 2014
In 1947, copywriter Frances Gerety coined the phrase "A Diamond Is Forever" in an advertising campaign for De Beers. It seems inconceivable that Fleming wouldn’t have been directly influenced by this.
4. The Spy Who Loved Me (1977)
Unlike the film, The Spy Who Loved Me novel is told in the first person by a young Canadian woman, Vivienne Michel, and Bond doesn’t appear until two thirds of the way through. The title makes a lot more sense when you think about it that way.
5. Octopussy (1983)
The 1983 movie takes its name from a coracle Ian Fleming received from his neighbour – and lover – in Jamaica, Blanche Blackwell (the small boat was called Octopussy).
6. A View To A Kill (1985)
This grammatically suspect title comes from an unrelated Fleming short story called From A View To a Kill. The film attempts to make some sort of sense of it with the following lines of dialogue from villain Zorian (Christopher Walken) and his henchwoman May Day (Grace Jones): Her: "What a view." Him: "To a kill!"
7. Licence to Kill (1989)
Timothy Dalton’s second Bond outing was originally titled Licence Revoked, which makes perfect sense given that in the film M suspends 007 after he refuses to give up the hunt for the person who fed his friend Felix Leiter to a shark. However, because polled American audiences said the phrase reminded them of confiscated driving licences, it was changed to Licence to Kill – absurd, really, when you consider it’s the only film he’s not legally allowed to shoot people.
8. GoldenEye (1995)
Pierce Brosnan made his Bond debut in this 1995 film, named after Ian Fleming’s estate in Jamaica. The novelist claimed a number of origins for the name of the estate, including Carson McCullers’s Reflections in a Golden Eye and Operation Goldeneye, a plan he developed during the Second World War for maintaining communication between Britain and Gibraltar. Goldeneye is also a type of duck …
9. Tomorrow Never Dies (1997)
The film was originally supposed to be called Tomorrow Never Lies – a reference to the (fictional) newspaper, Tomorrow, run by the villainous Elliot Carver (played by Jonathan Pryce). Word has it, however, that when the title was faxed to MGM, there was a typo, and the marketing department preferred the incorrect version. The title for Tomorrow Never Lies, meanwhile, came to scriptwriter Brucen Feirstein while he was listening to The Beatles’ trippy song, Tomorrow Never Knows.
10. The World Is Not Enough (1999)
This phrase, believed to originate from Alexander the Great’s epitaph, appeared in the 1963 Bond novel On Her Majesty’s Secret Service as the family motto of Sir Thomas Bond, whose Coat of Arms 007 is shown while on assignment.
11. Die Another Day (2002)
There’s a 1896 poem by AE Housman’s called A Shropshire Lad, which features the line “But since the man that runs away / Lives to die another day”. That’s the only explanation for this terrible title for an equally terrible film.
12. Quantum of Solace (2008)
After this title was announced in 2008, many struggled to understand its meaning – including the film's screenwriter, Paul Haggis. "I have no idea," he admitted when asked. "It's not my title." Indeed, it's the title of a Fleming short story about Bond meeting a cuckolded husband, and more inquiring minds were quick to point out that "quantum" is the smallest possible amount of a physical property. For Daniel Craig, it was about relationships: "When they go wrong, when there's nothing left, when the spark has gone, when the fire's gone out, there's no quantum of solace," he clarified. But perhaps comedian Adam Buxton explained it best in his alternative Quantum of Solace theme song: “I want a quantum of solace, but just a quantum / I know they do big bags of solace, but I don’t want ‘em.”
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In which century did the Montgolfier brothers succeed in launching the first manned ascent in a hot-air balloon? | MONGOLFIER BROTHERS HOT AIR BALOON
The brothers, Joseph Michel Montgolfier (26 August 1740 � 26 June 1810) and Jacques-�tienne Montgolfier (6 January 1745 � 2 August 1799) were the inventors of the montgolfi�re, globe airostatique or hot air balloon. The brothers succeeded in launching the first manned ascent to carry a young physician and an audicious army officer into the sky.
In 1782, while watching a fire in his fireplace, Joseph became interested in the "force" that caused the sparks and smoke to rise. He made a small bag out of silk and lit a fire under the opening at the bottom causing it to rise. The brothers thought the burning created a gas which they called "Montgolfier gas". They didn't realize that their balloons rose because the heated air inside was lighter than the surrounding air.
Early years
The brothers were born into a family of successful paper manufacturers in Annonay, in the Ard�che, France. Pierre Montgolfier (1700-1793), the father of sixteen children established his eldest son Raymond (1730-1772) as his successor. As a result, the younger sons were initially sent away to school to learn other professions.
Joseph (12th child) possessed a typical inventor's temperament - a maverick and dreamer but impractical in terms of business and personal affairs. �tienne had a much more even and businesslike temperament than Joseph. As the 15th child he was sent to Paris to train as an architect and met there with Jean-Baptiste R�veillon. However, after the sudden and unexpected death of Raymond in 1772, he was recalled to Annonay to run the family business. In the subsequent 10 years, �tienne applied his talent for technical innovation to the family business (papermaking was a high tech industry in the 18th century.) He succeeded in incorporating the latest Dutch innovations of the day into the family mills. His work led to recognition by the government of France as well as the awarding of a government grant to establish the Montgolfier factory as a model for other French papermakers, but also to the family wealth.
Initial experiments
Of the two brothers, it was Joseph who first contemplated building "machines". Gillispie puts it as early as 1777 when Joseph observed laundry drying over a fire incidentally form pockets that billowed upwards. Joseph made his first definitive experiments in November of 1782 while living in Avignon. He reported, some years later, that he was watching a fire one evening while contemplating one of the great military issues of the day - an assault on the fortress of Gibraltar , which had proved impregnable by both sea and land. Joseph mused on the possibility of an air assault using troops lifted by the same force that was lifting the embers from the fire. He believed that contained within the smoke was a special gas, called 'Montgolfier Gas', with a special property he called 'levity'.
As a result of these musings, Joseph set about building a box-like chamber 1x1x1,3m (3 ft by 3 ft by 4 ft) out of very thin wood and covering the sides and top with lightweight taffeta cloth. Under the bottom of the box he crumpled and lit some paper. The contraption quickly lifted off its stand and collided with the ceiling. Joseph then recruited his brother to balloon building by writing the prophetic words: "Get in a supply of taffeta and of cordage, quickly, and you will see one of the most astonishing sights in the world."
Montgolfier brothers balloon Paris 1983
At that time the Montgolfiers did not fully understand the physical basics of the lift produced by the air. They thought it was the dense smoke that was responsible for the upward lift, so they produced it from damp straw and chopped wool. Very pleased with the results they then constructed a silk globe which they took to the gardens of Brogieux . After paper was set to fire under the mouth of the globe, it rose approximately 20 metres into the air and descended slowly back. The results of this experiment were handed over to the Science Academy of France, that invited the two brothers to demonstrate their hot air balloon. The launch date was set to June 4th.
The whole town had gathered to see the demonstration, but almost everyone was convinced the experiment was bound to fail. How could a balloon with a diameter of 10 meters go up by burning a little bit of straw? Most of the people present considered the whole project merely as a publicity stunt of the paper manufacturers. However, after stirring up the fire the balloon rose to the respectable height of 300 meters. After a flight of 1 kilometre it slowly descended to earth. People were stunned, not understanding the miracle.
Since that day onwards June 4th 1783 has official become the birth date of the hot air balloon. The news of the balloon ascent spread like wild-fire and also reached Paris.
The two brothers then set about building a contraption 3 times larger in scale (27 times larger in volume). The lifting force was so great that they lost control of their craft on its very first test flight on 14 December 1782. The device floated nearly 2 kilometres (about 1.2 mi). It was destroyed after landing by what Etienne later called the "indiscretion" of passers by.
Public demonstrations
Given these initial successes, the brothers decided to make a public demonstration of a balloon in order to establish their claim to its invention. They constructed a globe-shaped balloon of sackcloth with three thin layers of paper inside. The envelope could contain nearly 790 m3 (28,000 cubic feet) of air and weighed 225 kg (500 lb). It was constructed of four pieces (the dome and three lateral bands), and held together by some 1,800 buttons. A reinforcing "fish net" of cord covered the outside of the envelope.
Montgolfier brothers balloon postage stamp
On 4 June 1783, they flew this craft as their first public demonstration at Annonay in front of a group of dignitaries from the Etats particulars. Its flight covered 2 km (1.2 mi), lasted 10 minutes, and had an estimated altitude of 1.600 - 2.000m (5,200 - 6,600 ft). Word of their success quickly reached Paris. Etienne went to the capital to make further demonstrations and to solidify the brothers' claim to the invention of flight. Joseph, given his unkempt appearance and shyness, remained with the family. Etienne was the epithome of sober virtues ... modest in clothes and manner... He was dressed stylishly in black.
In collaboration with the successful wallpaper manufacturer, Jean-Baptiste R�veillon, Etienne constructed a 37,500 cubic foot envelope of taffeta coated with a varnish of alum. The balloon was sky blue and with golden flourishes, signs of the zodiac, suns. The design was the influence of R�veillon, the wallpaper maker. On the 27th of August a hydrogen balloon was launched from the Champs de Mars in Paris by Jacques Charles. Six thousand people paid for a seat. A downpower of rain ended the show. The next test was on the 11th of September from the parc la Folie Titon, close to the house of R�veillon. There was some concern about the effects of flight into the upper atmosphere on living creatures. The king proposed to launch two criminals, but it is most likely that the inventors decided to send animals aloft first.
On 19 September 1783 the Aerostat R�veillon (as Etienne referred to it) was flown with the first living beings in a basket attached to the balloon: a sheep, called Montauciel (Climb-to-the-sky), a duck and a rooster. This demonstration was performed before a huge crowd at the royal palace in Versailles, before King Louis XVI of France , Queen Marie Antoinette.
The flight lasted approximately 8 minutes, covered 2 miles, and obtained an altitude of about 1500 feet. The flight would have been longer but the craft was unstable. It tipped wildly just after launch which allowed a considerable amount of hot air to spill from the mouth. The animals survived the trip unharmed. ...the sheep was discovered nibbling imperturbably on straw while the cock and the duck cowered in a corner.
Human flight
With the successful demonstration at Versailles, and again in collaboration with R�veillon, Etienne started construction of a 60,000 cubic foot balloon for the purpose of making flights with humans. (Etienne's excursion, albeit tethered was the cause of much paternal consternation as he had promised his father that he would not ride in a balloon himself.) The craft was once again decorated with flourishes and was 75 feet tall and 46 feet in diameter.
The balloon was tested in tethered flights later in 1783 on 15 October by Pil�tre de Rozier, a twenty-six-year-old physician, who offered his services. On the 17th the experiment was repeated before a group of scientists and 19 October Rozier and Andr� Giroud de Villette, a wallpaper manufacturer from Madrid, reached 324 foot within 15 seconds along retaining ropes.
On 21 November 1783, the first free flight by humans was made Pil�tre, together with an army officer, the marquis d'Arlandes. They flew aloft for 25 minutes about 100 metres above Paris for a distance of nine kilometres. The flight began near the Bois de Boulogne in the courtyard of the Ch�teau de la Muette in the western outskirts of Paris and landed between the windmills on the Butte-aux-Cailles.
Enough fuel remained on board at the end of the flight to have allowed the balloon to fly four to five times as far. However, burning embers from the fire were scorching the balloon fabric and had to be daubed out with sponges. Thus the baloonists decided to land as soon as they were over open countryside.
The ascensions made a sensation. Numerous engravings commemorated the events. Chairs were designed with balloon backs, and mantel clocks were produced in enamel and gilt-bronze replicas set with a dial in the balloon. One could buy crockery decorated with naive pictures of balloons.
Following launches
In 1766, the British scientist Henry Cavendish had discovered hydrogen, by adding sulphuric acid to iron, tin, or zinc shavings. The development of gas balloons proceeded almost in parallel with the work of the Montgolfiers. This work was led by M. Charles. Work on each type of balloon was spurred on by the knowledge that there was a competing group and alternative technology.
For a variety of reasons, including the fact that the French government chose to put a proponent of hydrogen in charge of balloon development, hot air balloons were superseded by hydrogen balloons. Hydrogen balloons became the predominant technology for the next 180 years.
Balloons were used for all major ballooning accomplishments such as the crossing of the English Channel on 7 January 1785, by one of the most tireless astronauts Jean-Pierre Blanchard and Dr. John Jeffries, from Boston.
Montgolfier brothers balloon flight Paris street scene
Competing claims
Some claim that the hot air balloon was actually invented some 74 years earlier by the portuguese priest Bartolomeu de Gusm�o. A description of his invention was published in 1709, in Vienna, and another one that was lost was found in the Vatican (circa 1917). However, this claim is not generally recognized by aviation historians outside the Portuguese speaking community, in particular the FAI.
Revival of the hot air balloon
Although balloons employing heated air for lift were used from time to time, the modern revival of the hot air balloon began on 22 October 1960 in Bruning, Nebraska on when Ed Yost improved the safety of the classic Montgolfier design by using a plastic envelope and a kerosene fueled heater.
Today, hot air balloons that use propane fuel and rip-stop nylon envelopes are by far the predominant method for obtaining buoyant flight.
| 18th century |
Preto is Portuguese for which colour? | history of balloon flying
balloon FAQs
history of balloon flying
While some were dreaming of flying like a bird, others preferred to take it one step at a time and simply try to lift into the air. The idea of using Archimedes� buoyancy principle to rise in the atmosphere by creating an object lighter than the air it displaces had been introduced in 1670 by a Jesuit priest, Father Francesco de Lana of Brescia, Italy. De Lana suggested (in print) that copper could be used to create spheres thin enough to be light- weight yet strong enough to be evacuated of all air, thereby making the total sphere lighter than the air the sphere displaced.
The theory was sound, but producing sufficiently light spheres that would not collapse under the pressure of the air proved too difficult. In 1766, the British scientist Henry Cavendish discovered hydrogen gas (as the product of mixing iron, tin, zinc shavings, and sulphuric acid) and found it to be one-tenth the weight of air. This should have stirred someone to realize that hydrogen gas could be used to fill a balloon and the result would be a lighter-than-air object. Inexplicably, it did not, and the first balloons to fly were filled with hot air.
Barthelmy-Laurent de Gusman�s flying boat, from a 1709 engraving. The craft was to be kept aloft by magnets in the two globes fore and aft. How this was to be accomplished was never explained.
Adding sulfuric acid to iron filings creates hydrogen, as illustrated by this eighteenth-century drawing.
In the mid-1770s, Joseph and Etienne Montgolfier, brothers who worked in their father�s paper factory in Annonay in southeastern France, noted that paper rose in the updrafts of the factory�s chimney, and occasionally a sheet would fold into a dome and continue rising even after leaving the immediate area of the chimney. They conducted some simple experiments with silk bags and soon became convinced that a large bag with heated air inside would rise. In actuality, this effect had already been demonstrated nearly seventy-five years earlier by the Brazilian priest C Bartolomeu de Guasmao, who conducted a spectacular demonstration in the court of King John V in Lisbon, Portugal.
But the Montgolfiers knew nothing of this demonstration, and they knew little about the reason their balloon rose into the air. They believed that the balloon was filled with a gas they called �Montgolfier gas� that had a special property they called �levity.� They did not even associate heated air with Montgolfier gas�they believed that the levity was contained in the smoke. Still, the Montgolfiers conducted their experiments and trials with care and learned much from each trial run.
After experimenting with smaller models, they constructed a large balloon of linen covered with stiff paper�prints of the time show a large blue ovoid, brightly decorated and held together with buttons�and conducted many trials, beginning on April 25, 1783 (the first known date), and culminating in a public demonstration in the town square of Annonay on June 5. Etienne was immediately summoned to Paris to address the Academy of Sciences about the brothers� invention. Even before Etienne arrived, the French physicist Jacques Charles, mistakenly believing the Montgolfiers had used hydrogen in their ascent, hastily constructed a balloon of varnished silk, filled it with hydrogen (an expensive chemical procedure on such a large scale), and launched it from the Champs de Mars, Paris, on August 27. It rose through heavy rains that fell that day and was carried away by the storm to the village of Gonesse some fifteen miles (24km) away, where it finally came to rest.
The superstitious peasants of the village, believing the balloon to be a monster that was attacking them from the sky, proceeded to rip it to shreds with scythes and pitchforks. The flight of the first �Charliere,� as hydrogen-filled balloons were to be called for many years afterwards, had therefore been a qualified success. The Montgolfier brothers then built an even larger balloon�some seventy feet (21m) high�equipped with a circular gallery for the aeronauts. Two adventurers, Jean-Francois Pilatre de Rozier and Francois Laurent, Marquis d�Arandes, volunteered for the flight, which was prepared for and anticipated with the same nail-biting nervousness that characterized the first manned rocket launches of modern times.
Tests were conducted with animals to determine what possible ill effects there might be on living beings, and then, beginning on October 15, tethered flights with humans were conducted from the courtyard of the Palace of Versailles. On November 21, the same pair made a free (untethered) flight in their Montgolfier, landing about ten miles (16km) away about twenty-three minutes after launching. That event is often considered the first time humankind flew.
On December 1, Charles and his associate, Nicolas Robert launched a new hydrogen balloon from the Tuileries Gardens. They landed twenty-seven miles (43.5km) away after a flight of two hours, and except for the fact that the balloon took off again with Charles when Robert abruptly jumped out of the gondola after their first landing (only to land several miles away), filling a balloon with hydrogen was quickly seen as the superior method: it did not require constant attention to a heat source to warm the air (and anyway, the heat source was a smoky mess since the Montgolfiers refused to accept Charles� instruction that it was merely the heated air that was carrying their craft aloft and not the smoke). The explosive nature of hydrogen was not to become important until years later, when very large volumes of hydrogen were placed in close proximity to flames and sparks.
above: The Charles hydrogen balloon, which was launched on August 27, 1783, was ripped to shreds by the fearful townsmen of Gonesse,
above: The throng that gathered to watch the historic flight of Montgolfier�s crewed balloon on November21 was less superstitious.
The French wasted no time exploiting the new technology. Eleven years later, in France�s war with Austria, tethered balloons were used in the siege of Mainz and were decisive at the Battle of Fleurus. The captain of the Company of Aerostiers was a man named Coutelle, a shadowy figure who was ridiculed for espousing the use of balloons on the battlefield. After France�s victory, he became a national hero. De Lana had foreseen the possible military uses of his flying evacuated copper globes, and feared flight for �the disturbance it would cause to the civil government of men.� It took more than a century, but his words proved prophetic.
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Who plays crime boss John Rooney in the 2002 film ‘Road to Perdition’? | Click to email this to a friend (Opens in new window)
A brilliant cast and exquisite cinematography bring Max Allan Collins’ graphic novel Road to Perdition to life in the 2002 movie by the same name.
Tom Hanks plays Michael Sullivan, a mob enforcer with conscience working for an Irish crime family in 1931. His surrogate father John Rooney ( Paul Newman in his final live-action role) is the boss . Tyler Hoechlin plays 12-year-old Michael Jr., whose curiosity about his father’s career leads him to witness a hit executed by John’s son Connor (Daniel Craig), pitting Sullivan against his former crime family and setting the plot in motion.
Rooney is based on the real-life mobster John Patrick Looney of Rock Island. Looney’s son Connor was killed after a conflict with former enforcer Dan Drost, it says here .
Conrad L. Hall deservedly won the Academy Award (posthumously) for his dark, chilling and elegant cinematography. Hall previously won Oscars for American Beauty (1999) and another Newman film, Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (1969).
Director Sam Mendes brings a quiet beauty to some of the most violent scenes, such as Michael Sullivan’s Tommy-Gun takedown of Rooney and his gang.
The Out of Theaters team’s only beef with the picture was the unnecessary narration at the close of the movie. The voiceover was not only needless, but it was strangely done in the voice of 12-year-old Michael Jr. despite purporting to be a message from his older self.
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Who was the mother of English monarch James I? | 'Road To Perdition'
'Road To Perdition'
Hanks and Newman work the dark side in Depression-era Chicago
Friday, July 12, 2002
By Ron Weiskind, Post-Gazette Movie Editor
Playing a bad guy for the first time, Denzel Washington won an Academy Award as the corrupt cop in "Training Day." Now, Tom Hanks, who already has two Oscars, comes over to the dark side in "Road to Perdition." He plays enforcer and hit man Michael Sullivan, who works for Depression-era Chicago gangster boss John Rooney, portrayed by Paul Newman.
RATING: R for violence and language.
PLAYERS: Tom Hanks, Paul Newman, Jude Law.
DIRECTOR: Sam Mendes.
So can nice guy Hanks play an effective villain? Yes, but in this case the question is almost superfluous.
By casting Hollywood's best-liked actor in the role, the producers of "Road to Perdition" stack the deck in Sullivan's favor -- especially because, while he commits some grim deeds on camera, we are fully sympathetic to his actions because of the circumstances surrounding them.
An equally skilled but less popular actor would have made Sullivan a more ambiguous character in our eyes and perhaps given the movie the one extra level of depth that would make it as great as the DreamWorks hype machine would have you believe.
Nevertheless, "Road to Perdition" is quite good enough, a beautifully crafted and well-acted gangster movie built around interlocking father-son relationships involving Sullivan, Rooney and their offspring.
The rifts that develop are the stuff of tragedy, and while they hit us in the gut at times, director Sam Mendes ("American Beauty," but I won't hold that against him) maintains a certain emotional distance that keeps us at arm's length. Much of this necessarily occurs in the relationship between the two Michael Sullivans, father and son.
The year is 1931, but the Sullivan family lives well in a nice house in what looks like the suburbs. Young Michael (Tyler Hoechlin) has no idea what his father does for a living -- "putting food on your plate," retorts his mother (Jennifer Jason Leigh) when he asks one night at the dinner table.
He finds out soon enough, by hiding in his father's car before he goes out on a mission with Rooney's son, Connor (Daniel Craig), who is a loose cannon. Things go wrong and young Michael sees it all.
Connor, who is jealous of the older Michael's close relationship with John Rooney, takes matters into his own hands. The two Michaels end up on the run, trying to save their skin while trying to get back at Connor. But John will have none of it, even though he knows his son bears responsibility for unforgivable acts.
In the meantime, the two Michaels must depend on each other. The father must turn his son into his accomplice, yet his most fervent wish is that the boy take a different path in life than his own road to perdition. The movie, scripted by David Self from the graphic novel by Max Allan Collins and Richard Piers Rayner, notes this contradiction but does not emphasize it until the very end.
One of the best scenes in the film occurs when the two Michaels have found temporary refuge on a farm downstate. The father is going through files that he hopes will give him leverage against the Rooneys and their protector, crime lord Frank Nitti (Stanley Tucci). The son likens it to homework, and as they continue to talk, we realize just how little the older Sullivan knows about his boy -- how much he has had to shut him out of his life in order to protect him.
Hanks plays the older Sullivan as a terse and wary man, quiet of speech but quick of action. He does not -- can not -- open up to anyone, contributing to the film's emotional reserve. The good will that Hanks brings to any role makes him seem warmer and less remote. Newman is more expansive, often avuncular, but capable of flashing a steely edge at any time. Tucci is an interesting choice to play Nitti, a low-key and cultured alternative to the brash, uncouth stereotype created by Bruce Gordon on the TV series "The Untouchables." And young Hoechlin seems like a natural in his first major role.
But the most fascinating performance in the film comes from Jude Law as Maguire, a press photographer who specializes in, as he calls it, "shooting the dead." For the right price, you can specify just whom you want him to shoot. On the trail of the Sullivans, he looks like a cross between Malcolm McDowell in "A Clockwork Orange" and a demented Stan Laurel.
While Maguire recalls the film's comic-book origins, the cinematography by Conrad Hall and the production design by Dennis Gassner immerse us in the dark chill of the landscape that the characters inhabit, from the skyscrapers of Chicago to the lonely country highways.
"Road to Perdition" takes us on an impressive, if somewhat impassive, journey.
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What type of creature is an argali? | Argali - Ovis ammon - Details - Encyclopedia of Life
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Argalis are highly gregarious animals, found in large single-sex herds that may number up to 100 individuals (2). During the mating season, these herds come together and males will compete for access to the receptive females (2). These are often violent and the clashing of horns can be heard reverberating around the mountains (2). Around 5 months later, females give birth to a litter of 1 or 2 lambs; they separate from the main herd in order to give birth and the newborns remain hidden in the grass whilst their mother feeds (2). These sheep graze on grasses, herbs and sedges; herds may migrate to higher elevations during the summer months in search of fresh pasture (2).
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The argali is the largest of the wild sheep, and the males have impressive horns that are highly prized by hunters (2). Currently 9 different subspecies are recognised, which vary both in their appearance and in their range (1)(2). In general, argalis have a light brown coat with white legs and a white rump patch (4). Although both sexes have horns, those of the male are much larger and more impressive; they can be up to 13% of the males' body mass (4). The corkscrew horns wind forwards and are of a formidable weight; those of mature Altai argali (Ovis ammon ammon) males weigh 20 - 22 kg (4). Males also have a ruff of white hair around the neck and a pronounced crest along the back, which adds to their impressive appearance (2).
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This species is found in northeastern Afghanistan, China (Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Qinghai, possibly western Sichuan, Tibet, and Xinjiang), northern India (Ladakh, Sikkim, and Spiti), eastern Kazakhstan, eastern Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, northern Nepal (near the Chinese border), extreme northern Pakistan, Russia (Tuvan and Altai Republics in the Altai Mountains), eastern Uzbekistan, and eastern Tajikistan (Fedosenko and Blank 2005). There are no recent records of argali occurrence in Bhutan (Tschewang Wangchuck pers. comm., 2008).
Afghanistan
Argali were historically present in much of the Afghan Pamirs of the Wakhan district (Habibi 1977, Petocz 1973, Petocz et al. 1978), between the Panj (Amu Darya) and Wakhan Rivers, but were not known from elsewhere in Afghanistan during recent times. They currently occupy the western section of the Big Pamirs, most of the Little Pamirs, and are often found in the Wakhjir Valley as well (Harris and Winnie 2008, Schaller and Kang 2008). Their status in the eastern portion of the Big Pamir, where they were documented by Petocz (1978) in the early 1970s remains uncertain. They are occasionally reported from elsewhere within the Wakhan Corridor. These animals are considered to be O. a. polii.
China
Argali are distributed in most mountain ranges of Xinjiang (Yu et al. 1999), including the Altai Shan, Arjin Shan, Kara-Kunlun Shan, Pamirs, and Tian Shan and associated ranges. Some authorities consider all these argali except those in the Pamirs to be O. a. karelini; others sub-divide these into other subspecies. Within the ranges of the Tibetan Plateau, argali are distributed discontinuously and irregularly (Liu and Yin 1993, Schaller 1998, Schaller et al. 2007, Harris 2007). Although present in ranges from the Himalaya to the Qilian Shan in Gansu, argali on the Tibetan Plateau appear to be rare where temperatures are exceedingly low, winter snows deep, and/or precipitation amounts too low to support grass (Harris 2007). However, relatively healthy populations occur in the Qilian and Kunlun Mountains of Gansu and Qinghai (although from written accounts, argali are rare in the drier, western portions of the Kunlun Shan [Feng 1990, G. Schaller, unpublished data, 2001]). Chinese sources report the species as present in extreme western Sichuan (Wang 2002) but recent documentation of this is weak. Most authors consider argali on the Tibetan Plateau (including the Qilian Shan in Gansu) O. a. hodgsoni, although some Chinese authors consider O. a. hodgsoni limited to southern Tibet, and consider argali north of that to be O. a. dalailamae. Argali are patchily distributed in Inner Mongolia (Bu et al. 1998). They are historically known from parts of Shaanxi and Ningxia Provinces (in the Helan Shan, which forms Ningxias western border with Inner Mongolia), but recent records suggest that they no longer occurs in either of these provinces (Liu Zhensheng, Gong Minghao pers. comm., 2008). These animals are variously described as O. a. darwini or O. a. jubata.
India
Within India, argali are restricted to the eastern plateau of Ladakh, a nearby area in Spiti (Himachal Pradesh), and, separately, in northern Sikkim adjacent to Tibet (Fox and Johnsingh 1997, Bhatnagar 2003, Ul-Haq 2003, Namgail et al. 2004). Indian biologists consider these animals O. a. hodgsoni.
Kazakhstan
In Kazakstan, argali (usually considered O.a. collium) are present in the Kazakhshiy and Melkosopoachnik regions, north of Lake Balkash, in the northeastern part of the country. Small populations are also present in the Kara-Tau Mountains (O. a. nigrimontana, although Shakula 2000 raised doubts about the validity of this subspecies), and the ranges of the West Tian Shan, both north and west of Almaty (Weinberg et al. 1997). O. severtzovi historically inhabited the Beltau Mountains and eastern portions of the Aktau range (Ishunin 1970), but the subspecies is believed to be extirpated from Kazakhstan (N. Beshko pers. comm.).
Kyrgyzstan
In Kyrgyzstan, argali are present along the eastern quarter of the country toward the Chinese border from Kazakhstan in the north to Tajikistan in the south, as well as along portions of the eastern Tian Shan toward the Uzbek border (Fedosenko and Blank 2005). Animals in southern southeastern Kyrgyzstan are usually considered O. a. polii; some authorities consider those in northern Kyrgyzstan O. a. karelini, but geographic and morphological separation remains unclear.
Mongolia
Argali are distributed widely, but patchily across a large portion of Mongolia. Historically, argali occurred in disjunct populations across all, but eastern Mongolia, in areas with rolling hills, mountains, rocky outcrops, canyons, and plateaus (Amgalanbaatar and Reading 2000, 2003, Reading et al. 2001). Argali appear to be expanding their distribution in eastern Mongolia, but contracting and becoming even more fragmented in western Mongolia (Mallon et al. 1997, Amgalanbaatar and Reading 2000, Amgalanbaatar et al. 2002a, 2002b, Clark et al. 2006). Large areas formerly occupied by argali in western Mongolia now lack the species. The species current distribution includes portions of the Altai, Trans-Alai, Gobi-Altai, Khangai, Khentie, and Khovsgol Mountain ranges, as well as isolated areas in the Gobi Desert (Amgalanbaatar et al. 2002b, Clark et al. 2006). More specifically, isolated populations exist in the mountains of the Mongolian Altai and Gobi Altai Mountains, primarily the western and southern Khangai Mountains, near the source of the Arsain River in the Khovsgol Mountains, and the southernmost Khentii Mountains. Other populations persist patchily in the Dzungarian Gobi Great Gobi, Trans-Altai Gobi, Alashan Gobi, Middle Gobi, and eastern Gobi (Bannikov 1954, Dulamtseren 1970, Sokolov and Orlov 1980, Reading et al. 1997, 2001, Amgalanbaatar et al. 2002a, 2002b, Fedosenko and Blank 2005, Clark et al. 2006)).
Nepal
Argali (usually considered O. a. hodgsoni) are known from the Damodar Kunda area of Mustang District, bordering Tibet (Shrestha et al. 2005). They may also persist in the Dolpo region, north of the Dhualagiri Range (Wegge and Oli 1997).
Pakistan
Argali in Pakistan are known only from Khunjerab National Park (KNP) and environs, including the Khunerab, Kilik, and Mintaka passes with China (Hess et al. 1997, Khan and Khan, n.d.). It is unknown whether argali (considered O. a. polii) use the mountains separating these areas from Afghanistans Wakhan Corridor to the west.
Russia
Argali were formerly found in Zabaikal, Kuray, and the South-Chuya ranges and the Ukok plateau (Weinberg et al. 1997). More recently, they are known only from Tuva and Altai Republics (Weinberg et al. 1997, Paltsyn 2001, Maroney 2004). Russian authorities considered these O. a. ammon.
Tajikistan
Argali are present through most of the eastern third of Tajikistan (Luschekina 1994, Weinberg et al. 1997, Schaller and Kang 2008), from the border with Xinjiang, China west to Langar in the south and Sarez Lake in the north. Authors agree that all argali in Tajikistan are O. a. polii.
Uzbekistan
O. ammon severtzovi was previously distributed over a wide area of Uzbekistan from the northeastern part of the Pamiro-Alaya mountain range rhought the low mountains of the Kyzylkum Desert. Historically, it occupied the mountains of Nuratau, Aktau, Koratau, Malguzar east of Turkenstanski in Pistalitau, Tamdytau, Bukantua, Kuldjuktau, and other low ranges in the Kyzylkum Desert (Ishunin 1970, N. Beshko pers. comm.). Today, the majority of animals surviving are restricted to the higher mountains of Nuratau, primarily with the Nuratinski Strictly Protected Area, north of Samarkand (Uzbekistan). Very small populations persist in the western Aktau, Tamdytau, and Malguzar Ranges (N. Beshko pers. commun.).
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Habitat and Ecology
Argali inhabit mountains, steppe valleys and rocky outcrops (Reading et al., 1997; Schaller 1998; Amgalanbaatar and Reading, 2000; Harris 2007); they also occur in open desert habitats at the south-eastern end of its range (Reading et al., 2003; Tserenbataa et al., 2004; Reading et al., 2005). Argali are sensitive to deep snow, particularly if forage is limiting; often migrating from high mountain habitats during winter, but are present all year round at lower elevations in the Gobi desert (Reading et al., 2005). Most argali live on alpine grasslands between 3,000-5,500 m, often descending lower in winter (particularly if snow accumulates to more than a few cm). In some areas, (e.g., Gobi desert of southern Mongolia, Karaganda area of Kazakhstan), they live in lower elevation, semi-arid areas. They generally avoid forested areas (except in Kazakhstan, where they are presumed to occupy forests because of displacement from preferred habitats, Fedonsenko and Blank 2005). They prefer to occupy open areas with a gentle slope; females generally occupy steeper (cliff) terrain following lambing. Argali feed on grasses, sedges, and some herbs and lichens, and they regularly drink from open springs and rivers. Where sympatric with blue sheep they are more likely to occur in grass-dominated communities compared to the sedge-dominated communities occupied by blue sheep. Argali are gregarious and live in groups from 2-150 individuals. Wolves (Canis lupus) are their primary natural predator. Gestation is about 160 days, and females give birth to one offspring (twins are occasionally reported in the literature, but documentation is poor). Mothers separate from the herd to give birth and remain alone with her offspring for several days. Females are sexually mature at 2 years, while males may not sexually mature until 5 years. Maximum life-span is 10-13 years (Fedosenko and Blank 2005).
Systems
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Classified as Vulnerable (VU - A2cde) on the IUCN Red List 2002 (1), and listed on Appendix II of CITES (3). Subspecies: Altai argali (Ovis ammon ammon) classified as Vulnerable (VU - A2cde, C1); Kazakhstan argali (O. a. collium) classified as Vulnerable (VU - A2cde, C1); Gobi argali (O. a. darwini) Endangered (EN - C1); Tibetan argali (O. a. hodgsonii) Vulnerable (VU - A2cde); Northern Chinese argali (O. a. jubata) Critically Endangred (CR - C2a); Tien Shan argali (O. a. karelini) Vulnerable (VU - A2cde, C1+2a); Kara Tau argali (O. a. nigrimontana) Critically Endangered (CR - C2b); Marco Polo argali (O. a. polii) Vulnerable (VU - A2cde, C1); Kyzylkum sheep (O. a. severtzovi) Endangered (EN - A2cde, C2b) (1).
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Population
Afghanistan
There is no comprehensive population estimate for argali in Afghanistan. In the early 1970s, Petocz et al. (1978) accounted for approximately 1,260 argali in the Pamirs (including both Big and Little Pamir segments), from which they estimated a total abundance of about 2,500. During their survey in autumn 2004 (primarily of the Little Pamir), Schaller and Kang (2008) tallied 624 argali (87% of which were in the Little Pamir), and speculated that the total number in the Wakhan might be 1,000. Some of the argali tallied in the Little Pamir may periodically cross into Tajikistan, and thus possibly be counted within surveys there. Harris and Winnie (2008) estimated that they observed 120-210 individual argali in the western segment of the Big Pamir in November-December 2007. Eight-five individuals (all males) had been encountered by B. Habib in the Wakhjir Valley near the Chinese border in July of 2007, which likely were not part of the Big Pamir counts. Efforts to refine a population estimate for Big Pamir argali are currently underway, using DNA microsatellites extracted from fecal samples.
China
Wang et al. (1997) put forward estimates of 29,000-36,000 for O. a. hodgsoni alone (in Tibet, Qinghai, and southeastern Xinjiang; although Wang [1998] subsequently wrote that such an estimate was probably a significant overestimate), with an additional 2,100-2,800 O. a. darwini (in Inner Mongolia), 600-700 O. a. jubata (in Inner Mongolia), 8,000-11,000 O. a. karelini (in the Tian Shan), 2,000-3,000 O. a. polii (in the Pamirs), and some additional O. a. ammon (in northern Xinjiang near the Mongolia border). This would suggest an estimate during the early 1990s of 41,700-53,500 argali in China. Later, as part of a nationwide attempt to generate numerical estimates for wildlife, Yu estimated the total number of argali in China to be between 23,298 and 31,910 (Yu Yuqun, Northwest Institute of Endangered Species, Xian, personal communication, 2004). Both of these estimates were extrapolations based on density estimates from limited areas, and neither was associated with sufficient explanation to asses their accuracy. Given the tendency for density estimates to be taken from areas known to have the densest concentrations and to use models that are usually biased high (Harris and Burnham 2001), these estimates are more likely to be biased high than low.
On the Tibetan plateau, Schaller (1998) considered that the total number of Tibetan argalis could be as low as 7,000. For the Tibetan Autonomous Region, Liu and Yin (1993) estimated 5,000 argali. For Gansu, in a letter to the US Fish and Wildlife Service dated May 17, 1991, Wang Zhangyun of Chinas CITES Management Office suggested that there were as many as 20,000 argali in this province alone. In Qinghai, Zheng (2003) estimated a total population for Qinghai of 3,588. Earlier, Zheng and Zhu (1990) had estimated a population size of 665 (with a 95% confidence interval of 245) within selected study sites totaling approximately 600 km of the Buerhanbuda Shan portion of the Kunlun Shan (based on 18 groups observed).
There are at least four written estimates of argali abundance in the Hashihaer International Hunting Area of Gansu encompassing the northern slopes of the Danghenan Shan and the nearby Yemanan Shan in Subei County, Gansu. A provincial survey from 1990 estimated 1,452 argali (with unspecified confidence limits of 831-2,073; Gao Jun, Gansu Wildlife Protection Bureau, Lanzhou, unpublished data), an internal report of unclear origin estimated 1,525 (with confidence limits of 9902,060; Zhao Lianghong, Subei International Hunting Area, unpublished data), Liu et al. (2000) cited a mean density figure of 0.482 (which is higher than either of the 2 density estimates underlying the above abundance estimates, and which equates to an abundance estimate of 4,479), and Liu (2001) estimated a population of 3,294 within Yanchiwan township (which roughly equates with the Hashihaer hunting area boundary). All of these estimates relied on some variation of ground-based distance sampling, but in no case were sampling methods described, although Liu (2001) revealed that his density estimate was based on a sample size of 6, and the total number of animals observed was 60. A brief survey in April 1999 suggested that all these estimates were biased high (R. Harris, unpublished data). In an adjacent hunting area in Aksai county, Gansu, the 1990 provincial population estimate was 1,545 (with confidence limits of 1,1271,963; Gao Jun, unpublished data), and the density estimate from Liu et al. (2000) suggested a population size of 3,879. In contrast, ~ 1-month-long surveys in both 2000 and 2003 with KIHA staff, focusing on what was believed to be the best argali habitat, documented 204-255 individual argali, and although some were no doubt missed, Harris et al. (2005) concluded that it was highly unlikely that the total population exceeded 500.
In Xinjiang, no estimates are available specifically for the Tian Shan or Altai Mountains (although estimates for the former are in the thousands, for the latter in the hundreds). In Taxkorgan County where Xinjiang shares the Pamir range with Tajikistan and Afghanistan, Schaller et al. (1987) documented only 87 argali and believed the population to be rather small. However, a later survey (Schaller and Kang 2008) yielded documentation of 851 argali in the Taxkorgan Nature Reserve and 1,448 argali north of it. In a separate survey during the same year (2005), Gong et al. (2007) surveyed selected drainages within Taxkorgan Nature Reserve, tallying 433 argali. Based on the area sampled and assumptions about suitable habitat, they extrapolated an estimate of 1,500-1,700 argali within the Reserve. No population estimates are available for argali in Inner Mongolia, but most populations appear to be isolated and small (Wang and Schaller 1996, Bu et al. 1998, Wang 1998).
Due to the lacking of consistent trend monitoring, population trends in China are largely unknown. A population monitored periodically over 12 years in Yeniugou, in the Kunlun Mountains south of Golmud in Qinghai apparently declined (Harris and Loggers 2004); no marked difference in abundance was noted in a population monitored in Aksai, Qilian Mountains in Gansu (Harris et al. 2005).
India
Argali are very rare in Sikkim (Sharma and Lachungpa 2003), and only occasionally move into the Spiti area of Himachal Pradesh from adjacent Ladakh (Pandey 2003). Fox and Johnsingh (1997) estimated that about 200 remained in Ladahk. Namgail (2004) counted 127 in a ~500 km study area in the Gya-Miru Wildlife Sanctuary and adjacent Tsokar Basin in spring 2003. Adding unpublished recent reports of an additional 120-140 argali elsewhere in Ladakh, he concluded that there might be slightly more than 200 argali in the Ladakh. Namgail (2004) cautioned against interpreting these later numbers as an increase of the 200 estimated earlier by Fox and Johnsingh (1997).
Kazakhstan
Sources are currently unavailable from which an estimate of the total abundance of argali in Kazakhstan might be inferred. Weinberg et al. (1997) estimated 8,000 to 10,000 in the northeastern distribution (of the putative subspecies O. a. collium), i.e., the Karaganda area, with perhaps 250 in the Kara Tau Mountains, and an unknown number in the West Tian Shan. Fedosenko (1999b) reported that Smirnov (1965, not seen) had estimated 16,000 argali in Karaganda during the early 1960s, but that later estimates in the 1970s and 1980s had put the number at 7,000 or even 5,000. A helicopter survey in November 1991 resulted in an estimate of 9,717 Karaganda argali, but whether this was a direct count or an extrapolation was not made clear by Fedosenko (1999b). Fedosenko (1999b) quotes R. Baidavletov as assuming a total abundance of 13,500 in the Karaganda area, including 6,500 in Karaganda oblast, 2,100 in Semipalatinsk oblast, 4,300 and the remainder in other oblasts as of the early 1990s. Magomedov et al. (2003) report tallying 449 individuals within a survey area of 1,544 km in the upper course of the Baralbas River of Karaganda and Semipalatnisk, but declined to extrapolate this figure to areas not surveyed. Recent surveys in Kazakhstan revealed a disappointing picture of argali status (A. Subbotin pers. comm., 2008). Uncontrolled killing by those who carry firearms appeard to be common; local militia and customs officials had come to areas inhabited by argali and killed dozens with gun-machines. In the Kara-Tau Mountains, Shakula (2000) believed that the population could have been as low as 100 animals.
Kyrgyzstan
There is little consensus regarding the abundance of argali in Kyrgyzstan. Luschekina (1994) counted 565 individuals in the western part of the Kokshalatau range in summer 1993. Based on these counts plus older, unpublished counts, she extrapolated an estimate of 6,000 argali in northeastern Kyrgyzstan. Magomedov et al. (2003) surveyed 190 km of transects in a similar area during spring 2002, tallying 717 argali. Weinberg et al. (1997) reported no more than 2,000 argali in Tian Shan (which may have included parts of Kazakhstan), and estimates of from 9,900 to 16,000 in the Pamir and Tian Shan of putative O.a. polii subspecies (which included parts of Tajikistan). Weinberg et al. (1997) believed argali in both the Tian Shan and Pamirs were declining. According to Fedosenko (1999b), aerial surveys conducted during winters 1990 and 1991 tallied 5,493 argali, and estimated a total population of approximately 8,000 in the early 1990s. Fedosenko and Blank (2005) reported estimates of argali in Kygzystan as 10,000-12,000 in the Pamir and 5,000 in the Tian Shan, but without citing sources or methods. Based on extrapolations from counts in Aksai, Arpa-Naryn, Dzhety-Oguz, and Issyk-Kul oblasts, Kyrgyz government surveys have estimated approximately 15,900 argali in 2006, slightly lower than in previous years, and down from an estimated 26,000 in 2003.
Mongolia
No rigorous population estimates exist for Mongolia nation-wide. The Mongolian Academy of Sciences has conducted a few country-wide surveys; however, the methods used do not permit accurate population estimation. Alternatively, they do provide some measure of population trends because similar methods were used. The methods involved several teams of biologists driving and hiking in areas known to at least historically contain populations of argali sheep and discussions with local people and local government officials in these areas. These surveys yielded round number estimates (lacking measures of precision) of 40,000 in 1970, 50,000 in 1975, 60,000 in 1985, and between 13,000-15,000 in 2001 (Dulamtseren 1970, Amgalanbaatar et al. 2002b, Zahler et al. 2004, Clark et al. 2006, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, unpubl. Data). Reading et al. 1997 suggested that no more than 20,000 argali inhabited Mongolia in 1994. The 2001 Academy of Sciences survey suggested that approximately 10,000 12,000 argali inhabited the Gobi Region of Mongolia (roughly corresponding to the range of O. a. darwini) and 3,000 5,000 argali inhabited the Altai Region (roughly the range of O. a. ammon in Mongolia). It is difficult to gauge the accuracy of these figures given the methods and data provided in government reports, but on regional distribution data, it does appear that argali continue to decline in western and central Mongolia, while populations in eastern Mongolia appear to be expanding. Argali populations in southern Mongolia appear to be relatively stable. Probably no more than a few thousand Altai argali (O. a. ammon) persist in Mongolia, while several thousand Gobi argali (the putative O. a. darwini) inhabit a growing range in the south and east.
Nepal
No estimates of the number of argali in Nepal exist; it is likely to be a small number (Shrestha et al 2005).
Pakistan
Animals using the Khunjerab area of Pakistan may also use the Chinese side; the number of animals occurring in Pakistan remains unknown, but is likely to be small, possibly less than 100 (Hess et al. 1997). In 2002 or 2003, Khan and Khan (n.d.) report observing 34 argali. These authors also provide qualitative evidence of a general decline in argali abundance in the area.
Russia
In the mid-1990s, Weinberg et al. (1997) estimated that between 450-700 argali occurred in the Altai Mountains of southern Russia, distributed among numerous subpopulations none of which exceed 50 animals. Paltsyn (2001) reports counts of 80-85 argali within Altaisky Zapovednik (speculating that 100-110 individuals may have existed), 150-160 in headwaters of rivers of Sailugem Ridge (south of the Zapovednik, near the Mongolian border), and 40-45 individuals along the slopes of Chikhachevs Ridge in the Tuvan Republic.
Tajikistan
Numerous figures have been put forward for the total number of argali in Tajikistan; all suffer from methodological problems of one sort or another. Luschekina (1994) reported that helicopter surveys conducted in 1991 tallied 9,415 animals, with the estimated total in Tajikistan being 9,900-10,300. Density was highest in the eastern-most section, near the border with China where engineering works limited human access. Fedosenko (1999a), based on local information in the Saluistyk River area, believed this estimate to be slightly low, asserting that population size in the early 1990s was 11,500-12,000. Based on poaching records and political events within Tajikistan at the time, Fedosenko (1999a) hypothesized a decline to about 9,500-10,000 during the mid-1990s. Fedosenko (1999a) reported tallying 4,948 argali in southeastern portions of Tajikistan in 1999 where he had tallied only 1,242 in 1995, and concluded that the population in Tajikistan had increased to 13,000-14,000. Other estimates during the 1990s by K. Kasirov (quoted by Schaller 2003) were in the 8,000-9,000 range. Magomedov et al. (2002, 2003) surveyed 900 km of transects during late February and early March 2002 in southeastern Tajikistan, estimating that they tallied 5,951 individual argali. Extrapolations from these counts (based on poorly documented assumptions) yielded an estimate of 14,500 argali within southern and eastern study areas, and 39,900 for all of Tajikistan (their surveys evidently took place where Luschekina [1994] and Fedosenko [1999a] had earlier postulated this highest densities in Tajikistan). Schaller and Kang (2008) tallied 1,528 argali in summer 2003 within selected census blocks totaling 1,977 km (and in winter 2005, counted 2,200 animals within their South Alichur block in Murgab). Schaller and Kang (2008) declined to project an estimate for all of Tajikistan, but believed that the 13,000-14,000 estimated by Fedosenko (1999a) was of the correct order of magnitude.
Uzbekistan
Within Nuratinski Strictly Protected Area (SPA) of the Nuratau Mountains, about 1,200-1,300 argali survive. Outside of the protected area the Nuratau Mountains supports about 250-300 argali, of which ~150-200 occur in western Nuratau and 100 individuals occur in eastern Nuratau and the Koitash Range. Under 100 argali remain in the Tamdytau and Aktau Ranges. A few individuals may persist in the Malguzar Range near the Zaaminsk SPA. Therefore, a total of under 1,800 Severtzovs argali persist in Uzbekistan, of which 90% occur in the Naratau Range (N. Beshko pers. commun.).
Population Trend
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Major Threats
The main threats are over-hunting and poaching (for meat); competition, displacement and possibly disease transmission by domestic livestock; and habitat loss. In general, argali appear to be extremely intolerant of human disturbance (Fedosenko 1999, Namgail 2004, Maroney 2006, Namgail et al. 2007, Harris 2007, Schaller and Kang 2008.) These threats appear to vary little among argali populations, even though habitats vary.
In Afghanistan, poaching is generally considered to be a continuing threat to argali, the presidential ban on hunting notwithstanding. Weapons are not uncommon in Afghanistan.
In China, poaching has been considered to be a substantial threat (Wang et al. 1997, Schaller 1998). In the mid-1990s however, a nationwide effort to confiscate guns from pastoralists substantially reduced the weaponry available for poaching. This, together with continued efforts to publicize the national law prohibiting killing protected species, appears to have reduced poaching during the last decade or so. At the same time however, efforts to regularize and sedentarize pastoralists generally increased habitat conflicts, because pastoralists typically intensified their use of productive grasslands preferred by argali, thus displacing them (Harris 2007).
Some of the strongest data suggesting interference competition from livestock as a limiting factor for argali comes from Ladakh, India, where Namgail et al. (2007) documented a group of argali shifting their habitat preference toward escape terrain and away from preferred foraging areas when livestock were present.
As elsewhere, livestock grazing and poaching were considered the principal limiting factors to argali in Kazakhstan by Fedosenko (1999b). There is general consensus that habitat conditions for argali improved after Kyrgyzstans independence in 1991, due to the collapse of the state-supported livestock sector and consequent reduction in grazing pressure in the Tian Shan and Pamirs (Farrington 2005). It is unclear whether relatively low livestock density near the Chinese border will continue. Poaching and competition with livestock are also considered threats in Kyrgyzstan (Weinberg et al. 1997). After independence in 1991, the number of domestic sheep herded into argali habitat declined dramatically, which likely had a beneficial effect. However, since 2000 there have been informal reports that livestock numbers have again risen.
The main threat facing argali in Mongolia is poaching for subsistence (meat) and increasingly for their horns, which are increasingly being used as substitute horn in traditional Chinese medicine (Mallon et al. 1997, Reading et al. 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, Amgalanbaatar 2002b). Also important are the impacts from local, nomadic pastoralists who displace argali, whose livestock feed on the same forage as argali, and whose dogs chase and even kill argali (Mallon et al. 1997, Reading et al. 1997, 1998, 2003, 2005, Wingard 2005, Amgalanbaatar et al. 2006). More minor and localized threats include unsustainable trophy hunting (Amgalanbaatar 2002a, Zahler et al. 2004, Wingard and Zahler 2006) and habitat loss resulting from rapidly increasing resource extraction (i.e., mining) (Reading et al. 1998, 1999, 2001, 2005). Subsistence poaching by miners general represents a greater threat than actual mining activities, but this may change as the number of mines continues to grow rapidly. These threats remain important due to poor or non-existence law enforcement throughout most of the range of the species in Mongolia. Very little money from trophy hunting currently supports conservation activities in Mongolia (Amgalanbaatar et al. 2002a, Wingard and Zahler 2006).
In Pakistan, in addition to disturbance from livestock (grazing in Khunjerab remains legal; Knudsen 1999, Khan and Khan, n. d.), increased access to the area through the Karakoram Highway is believed to have increase poaching pressure (Hess et al. 1997).
Unlike in Mongolia, domestic livestock herds in the Russian Altai were reported has having declined during the 1990s (Paltsyn 2001), providing a potential opportunity for expansion of the protected area network in the Altai-Sayan area.
In Uzbekistan, poaching represents the main threat facing Severtzovs argali, which continues to occur even within protected area (N. Beshko pers. comm.). The second major threat to Severtzovs argali is a loss of habitat and competition with domestic livestock for forage. Finally, inbreeding and harsh climatic conditions represent threats for the very small, isolated populations in the Aktau, Tamdytau, and Malguzar Mountains (N. Beshko pers. comm.).
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Conservation Actions
Argali are included on Appendix II of CITES, excepting the subspecies O. a. nigrimontana and O. a. hodgsonii, which are included on Appendix I. The United States Endangered Species Act lists argali as endangered, except in Mongolia, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan, where they are listed as threatened. (Threatened classification allows for importation of trophies from legally taken argali in those countries under specifically-authorized permits from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Permits for importation of trophies are generally not authorized for taxa listed as Endangered).
Afghanistan
A trophy hunting program for argali in the Big Pamir operated from ~ 1966-1978, but was discontinued following the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan, and to date, has not been re-established. Under this program, livestock grazing in high elevation habitats favoured by argali during summer was effectively prohibited, and poaching by local pastoralists reduced. However, domestic livestock grazing was concentrated on argali winter ranges, with the result that the overall effect on argali habitat of the hunting program was unclear (Petocz et al. 1978). All hunting in Afghanistan was banned by order of President Hamid Karzai in 2006. There do not, however, appear to be serious effort so to enforce the ban. In 2009. argali were officially-listed as a Protected Species in Afghanistan, strictly prohibiting all hunting and trading of this species within the country. There are currently no protected areas within the distribution of argali in Afghanistan, although plans exist to establish one or more in the Big and Little Pamir areas. Land management regulations or restrictions in any such future protected areas are not yet known.
China
Argali are classified as a Category II key species under the Chinese National Wildlife Law of 1988. As such, permits to take argali must be obtained from province-level authorities. In practice, only the trophy hunting programs have procured permits to take argali under this legislation (Harris 2007).
Argali occur in a number of Chinese nature reserves. In Xinjiang, they occur in occur in at least six nature reserves in Xinjiang (Du and Zhang 2006), including Arjin Shan, Kalamaili, Source of the 2 Altai Rivers (Altai mountains), West Tian Shan, Hami Shan (Tian Shan range) and Taxkorgan (Pamirs). On the Tibetan Plateau, argali occur in the 247,120 km Qiangtang Reserve in Tibet and the 83,000 km Kekexili Reserve in Qinghai, as well as in scattered populations within the Sanjiangyuan Nature Reserve in Qinghai (Schaller et al. 2007). In Gansu, argali occur in Yanchiwan Nature Reserve, and may occur in the Qilian Nature Reserve. Nature reserve designation in China does not necessarily preclude habitat conflicts, as grazing, mining, and other activities often take place.
A number of trophy hunting areas have been established with argali as the focal species. Hunting areas in Xinjiang include Baicheng, Buerjin, Fuyun, Hami, Hejing, Qiemo, Tacheng, Tashikuergan, and Tulufan counties; in Gansu in Aksai and Subei counties (Subeis consisted of two distinct areas, the Hashihaer area in the Qilian Mountains and the Mazong Shan area in the Gobi Desert abutting Mongolia). In addition, two hunting areas in Qinghai Province, focusing primarily on blue sheep, have argali populations: Dulan (within separate townships, Balong and Gouli) and Maduo counties. One hunting area in Inner Mongolia (Yabulei) contains argali. Hunting areas in China have generally succeeded in reducing poaching and in generating some local enthusiasm for argali, but have not yet succeeded in treating habitat conflicts (Harris and Pletscher 2002, Harris 2007).
India
Argali are listed as a threatened species by the Government of India and are fully protected under Jammu and Kashmirs Wildlife Act of 1978 (Fox and Johnsingh 1997). Poaching appears to have declined in recent years (Namgail 2004), but has evidently not been accompanied by an increase in argali. Little has been done to address the likely deleterious effects of displacement increasing numbers of livestock on argali in Ladakh. Argali are rare but present in Khangchengzonga National Park in Sikkim (Sharma and Lachungpa 2003).
Kazakhstan
Fedosenko (1999b) considered that some of the hunting concessions in Karaganda oblast protected argali well. Between 1990 and 2000, 75 argali rams were shot in the Karaganda area, and the approximately $900,000 earned was used for scientific studies, according to Fedosenko (1999b). However, Fedosenko (1999b) also believed that trophy hunting was having deleterious effects on breeding behavior and resultant productivity of females, and recommended a reduction in the yearly offtake quota. Trends in habitat conflicts with domestic livestock in Kazakhstan have not been well documented.
Kyrgyzstan
A research and conservation plan for argali was approved by the government of the Kyrgyz republic on April 7, 2004 (Krygyz Republic 2004), but it is unclear if it has proceeded, and if so, what results have been achieved. In February 2006, the United State Department Fish and Wildlife Service suspended their program of issuing import permits to US hunters taking argali in Kyrgyzstan, pending receipt of additional information on the status of the taxon there (M. Carpenter, USFWS pers. comm., 2006). Issuing permits was partially reinstated in 2007, with 10 permits allowed.
Mongolia
Argali sheep are protected as Rare under the 2001 revision (Mongolian Government Act No. 264) of the 2000 Mongolian Law on Animals (Wingard and Odgerel 2002). General hunting of argali has been prohibited since 1953, and is the species is further protected as Rare under the 1995 Mongolian Hunting Law (Wingard and Odgerel 2002). Argali are included in Appendix II of CITES (UNEP-WCMC, 2006), with an export quota of 80 hunting trophies with horns and 44 skins and horns in 2005. Altai argali (O. a. ammon) were listed as Rare in both the 1987 and 1997 Mongolian Red Books, and the species was upgraded to Endangered in Mongolia in the most recent nationwide assessment (Clark et al. 2006). Approximately 14% of the species range in Mongolia occurs within federal protected areas, including Altai Taivan Bogd National Conservation Park (NCP), Gobi Gurvan Saikhan NCP, Great Gobi Strictly Protected Area (SPA) sections A and B, Ikh Nart NR, Khokh Serkh SPA, Khoredal Saridag SPA, Khustai Nuruu NCP, Myangan Ugalzat Nature Reserve (NR), Sielkhem Uul NCP, Tsagaan Shuvuut SPA, Tsambagarav Uul NCP, and Turgen Uul SPA (Amgalanbaatar et al. 2002b). Small populations likely occur in other federal and provincial (aimag) or county (soum) protected areas as well.
Although protected from general hunting, trophy hunters can purchase licenses. Under the Mongolian Hunting Fee Law of 1995, revenue generated from argali trophy hunting is divided among the federal governments general funds (70%), the local province (20%), and the hunting organization (10%); specifically, US$ 18,000 for O. a. ammon trophies and US$ 9,000 for O. a. darwini trophies is allocated to local and federal governments (Wingard and Odgerel 2002). Ostensibly this money should benefit local people, government agencies, and help implement important conservation actions for argali and the ecosystems they inhabit, but unfortunately, little of this money makes it back to local people or to the conservation of the species (Amgalanbaatar and Reading, 2000, Amgalanbaatar et al., 2002a, Wingard and Zahler 2006). Indeed, because local governments generally receive no additional revenue from trophy hunting (the federal government simply reduces payments to local governments that receive trophy hunting permits), many local governments are actively establishing protected areas to prevent future hunting (Amgalanbaatar et al. 2002a). Recent reforms to Mongolian trophy hunting practices have led to proposals for community-based wildlife management programmes (Amgalanbaatar et al. 2002a). Initial efforts by WWF-Mongolia, the Argali Wildlife Research Center, Denver Zoological Foundation, and local governments stalled; however, after initiation of a Global Environment Facility Project in the region and no progress has been made in recent years.
WWF and the Ministry of Nature and Environment organised a workshop on Conservation of Argali in Mongolia in 2000 that resulted in a Argali Conservation Management Plan in 2002. However, this plan has not yet been adopted by the government and is not being implemented.
Mongolias Argali Wildlife Research Centre, Denver Zoological Foundation, and Mongolian Academy of Sciences cooperate on a number of conservation and research projects, including an interdisciplinary research and conservation project in Ikh Nart Nature Reserve, Dornogobi Aimag in cooperation with the Dalanjargal Soum Administration. That work, begun in the late 1990s, has resulted in several publications (e.g., Amgalanbaatar and Reading 2000, 2003, Reading et al. 2001, 2003, 2005; Amgalanbaatar et al., 2002a; 2002b, 2006; Tserenbataa et al. 2004, Wingard 2005), development of ecotourism to support conservation, a broad conservation education program, and active conservation management of the reserve by the Dalanjargal Soum Administration.
Additional conservation measures are desperately required in Mongolia. Clark et al. (2006) outlined the following:
Implement the recommendations outlined in the Argali Conservation Management Plan.
Improve enforcement of existing legislation that would help conserve argali.
Enhance conservation management in protected areas where argali are found at high population densities, and increase the capacity of protected areas personnel and other environmental law enforcement officers.
Work to improve the livelihoods of local communities in areas where argali are protected by local initiatives and re-initiate community-based approaches to argali conservation (Amgalanbaatar et al. 2002a).
Develop public education programmes to raise awareness of the status of and threats to the species.
Continue ecological research, monitor population trends, and study the impacts of threats, including work in the Altai and Khangai Mountains to complement research occurring in the Gobi Desert.
Implement the recommendations from the Mongolian Wildlife Trade Workshop as outlined in Wingard and Zahler (2006).
Major revisions to argali trophy hunting practices in Mongolia as outlined in Amgalanbaatar et al. (2002a) could generate substantial revenue for conservation and ensure that local people benefit, greatly benefitting argali conservation. However, the barriers to changing the way trophy hunting is managed and implemented in Mongolia are formidable.
Pakistan
Working with local people in the Khunjerab area toward mutually agreeable conservation solutions has been a contentious issue for many years. Successful resolution of competing claims with concerns for the interests of argali will ultimately be beneficial for conservation.
Russia
Argali are listed in the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation, and hunting is legally banned; it is unclear how effective this legal protection is. Argali occur in the Altaisky Zapovednik, but most argali in the Russian Federation are outside of protected areas. Both Weinberg et al. (1997) and Paltsyn (2001) suggested expanding the area under protected area status in the area. Weinberg et al. (1997) suggested that the eastern portion of Sailguem Ridge near the Mongolian border could be a possible new protected area, as well as in the upper reaches of the Chagan-Burgazy River. Paltsyn (2001) noted that WWF has become a long-term program to promote sustainable development in the Altai-Sayan region, which could have benefits for argali.
Tajikistan
Argali occur in Pamir National Park (26,000 km), and the Zorkul Zapovednik (870 km), although neither protected area is fully functional (Schaller and Kang 2008). Trophy hunting began in 1987, the same year that local hunting was prohibited (Fedosenko 1999b). Quotas for trophy hunts have recently been 40-60/year (Schaller and Kang 2008), up from ~ 20/year in the late 1980s and early 1990s (Fedosenko 1999b). There are reports that additional animals are sometimes sold beyond the official quotas. Some hunting concessions actively protect argali and limit disturbance, others do not (Schaller 2003).
Sources disagree on the status of argali in Tajikistan. Protection from excessive human mortality and human disturbance appears to be strong in the southeastern corner of the country; somewhat less so in other portions of argali range (Schaller 2003). Argali have generally benefited from the substantial reduction in domestic livestock grazing in the high-elevation Pamirs following Tajikistans independence in 1991 (Fedosenko 1999a). However, poaching, by pastoralists, military, and border guards, may have increased since that time perhaps in part due to the civil war of the mid 1990s -- and is only partly controlled by hunting concessions (Schaller 2003). Trophy hunts represent a substantial source of revenue that could be used for argali conservation; this appears to be occurring in some hunting concessions within Tajikistan, but not in others (Schaller 2003).
Uzbekistan
Severtzovs argali are protected with the Nuratinski SPA and a few individuals possibly survive in the Zaaminsk SPA. The species is included in the Red Book of Uzbekistan and protected from general hunting, although limited trophy hunting is permitted and occurs irregularly. Unfortunately, little law enforcement to prevent poaching occurs outside of the protected areas. Strong anti-poaching activities, expansion of the Nuratinski SPA, and would help conservation efforts. Support for anti-poaching and pasture improvement efforts are crucial.
A captive breeding program for Severtzovs argali occurs just outside Nuratinski SPA to supplement the wild population and provide animals for trophy hunters. Unfortunately, this facility is relatively small, has limited resources, and occasionally releases breeding males for trophy hunters. Nevertheless, this program demonstrates that, captive propagation is possible and could aid in restoring animals to portions of their range where protection from poaching and over-grazing occurs.
© International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
| Sheep |
Aristotle Bolt, Tia Malone and Biff Jenkins are all characters in which 1975 Disney film? | Argali sheep
Argali sheep
Citation: Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1:70.
Type locality: Kazakhstan, Vostochno-Kazakhstansk. Obl., Altai Mtns, Bukhtarma; near Ust-Kamenogorsk.
General Characteristics
Body Length: 120-200 cm / 4-6.6 ft.
Shoulder Height: 90-120 cm / 3-4 ft.
Tail Length: 14 cm / 5.6 in.
Weight: 65-180 kg / 143-396 lb.
The general colouration of argalis is variable, ranging from a light buff to darker grey-brown, with white hairs being interspersed in some cases (especially in older individuals). The underparts are whitish, and separated from the main body colour by a darker band which runs along the sides. The face is noticeably lighter. In addition, males have a whitish neck ruff, which encompasses most of the neck's surface, and a dorsal crest, both of which are more prominent in the winter coat. Argalis have a whitish rump patch, although there is much variation between subspecies in terms of size and borders. Adult males carry two enormous corkscrew-like horns, which can reach 190 cm / 6.3 feet when measured along the spiral. Females also bear horns, although these are much smaller, rarely exceeding 30 cm / 1 foot in length.
Ontogeny and Reproduction
Sexual Maturity: Females at 2 years, males by 5 years.
Life span: 10-13 years.
Just prior to parturition, females separate from the herd and retreat to an inaccessible spot to give birth. The mother and her newborn will remain separate from the herd for several days, during which the lamb lies motionless while its mother takes brief forays to graze.
Ecology and Behavior
Reported population densities range from 1.0-1.2 animals per square kilometer. Seaonal migrations have been reported for some populations (especially the males), while there is a general trend to live at higher elevations in the sumertime. With relatively long legs, argalis are fast runners and may flee from predators, although refuge is often taken on steep mountain slopes. The primary vocalizations are an alarm whistle and a warning hiss made by blowing air through the nostrils. When competing, males rear up on their hind legs and, leaning forward, race towards their opponent, crashing horns in the process.
Family group: Herds segregated by sex (except for breeding season) with 2 to over 100 animals.
Diet: Grasses, herbs, sedges.
Hilly terrain near high mountains at elevations of 1,300-6,100 meters / 4,200-19,500 feet throughout central Asia.
Range Map
(Compiled from Shackleton, 1997)
Conservation Status
The argali is a vulnerable species (IUCN, 2000). The subspecies O. a. ammon, O. a. collium, O. a. hodgsonii, O. a. karelini, and O. a. polii are considered vulnerable, O. a. darwini and O. a. severtzovi endangered, and O. a. jubata and O. a. nigrimontana critically endangered.
Remarks
The fantastic horns of males are highly prized by hunters which has put pressure on some wild populations, although a more serious threat is habitat loss from the grazing of domestic sheep. Argali is a Mongolian name for this sheep. Ovis (Latin) a sheep. Ammon or Amen was an Egyptian deity, usually represented as a human form with the head of a ram.
Literature Cited
Nowak, R. M. [editor]. 1991. Walker's Mammals of the World (Fifth Edition). Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Schaller, G. B. 1977. Mountain Monarchs: wild sheep and goats of the Himalayas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Shackleton, D. M. [Editor] and the IUCN/SSC Caprinae Specialist Group. 1997. Wild Sheep and Goats and their Relatives. Status Survey and Action Plan for Caprinae. IUCN: Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
Valdez, R. 1990. Giant wild sheep or argali (Ovis ammon). In Grzimek's Encyclopedia of Mammals. Edited by S. P. Parker. New York: McGraw-Hill. Volume 5, pp. 550-553.
Wilson, D. E., and D. M. Reeder [editors]. 1993. Mammal Species of the World (Second Edition). Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. Available online at http://nmnhwww.si.edu/msw/
| i don't know |
Which US President was given the nickname ‘The Great Emancipator’? | The 'Great Emancipator' and the Issue of Race
The 'Great Emancipator' and the Issue of Race
Abraham Lincoln's Program of Black Resettlement
By Robert Morgan
Many Americans think of Abraham Lincoln, above all, as the president who freed the slaves. Immortalized as the "Great Emancipator," he is widely regarded as a champion of black freedom who supported social equality of the races, and who fought the American Civil War (1861-1865) to free the slaves.
While it is true that Lincoln regarded slavery as an evil and harmful institution, it is also true, as this paper will show, that he shared the conviction of most Americans of his time, and of many prominent statesmen before and after him, that blacks could not be assimilated into white society. He rejected the notion of social equality of the races, and held to the view that blacks should be resettled abroad. As President, he supported projects to remove blacks from the United States.
Early Experiences
In 1837, at the age of 28, the self-educated Lincoln was admitted to practice law in Illinois. In at least one case, which received considerable attention at the time, he represented a slave-owner. Robert Matson, Lincoln's client, each year brought a crew of slaves from his plantation in Kentucky to a farm he owned in Illinois for seasonal work. State law permitted this, provided that the slaves did not remain in Illinois continuously for a year. In 1847, Matson brought to the farm his favorite mulatto slave, Jane Bryant (wife of his free, black overseer there), and her four children. A dispute developed between Jane Bryant and Matson's white housekeeper, who threatened to have Jane and her children returned to slavery in the South. With the help of local abolitionists, the Bryants fled. They were apprehended, and, in an affidavit sworn out before a justice of the peace, Matson claimed them as his property. Lacking the required certificates of freedom, Bryant and the children were confined to local county jail as the case was argued in court. Lincoln lost the case, and Bryant and her children were declared free. They were later resettled in Liberia.1
In 1842 Lincoln married Mary Todd, who came from one of Kentucky's most prominent slave-holding families.2 While serving as an elected representative in the Illinois legislature, he persuaded his fellow Whigs to support Zachary Taylor, a slave owner, in his successful 1848 bid for the Presidency.3 Lincoln was also a strong supporter of the Illinois law that forbid marriage between whites and blacks.4
"If all earthly power were given me," said Lincoln in a speech delivered in Peoria, Illinois, on October 16, 1854, "I should not know what to do, as to the existing institution [of slavery]. My first impulse would be to free all the slaves, and send them to Liberia, to their own native land." After acknowledging that this plan's "sudden execution is impossible," he asked whether freed blacks should be made "politically and socially our equals?" "My own feelings will not admit of this," he said, "and [even] if mine would, we well know that those of the great mass of white people will not ... We can not, then, make them equals."5
One of Lincoln's most representative public statements on the question of racial relations was given in a speech at Springfield, Illinois, on June 26, 1857.6 In this address, he explained why he opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which would have admitted Kansas into the Union as a slave state:
There is a natural disgust in the minds of nearly all white people to the idea of indiscriminate amalgamation of the white and black races ... A separation of the races is the only perfect preventive of amalgamation, but as an immediate separation is impossible, the next best thing is to keep them apart where they are not already together. If white and black people never get together in Kansas, they will never mix blood in Kansas ...
Racial separation, Lincoln went on to say, "must be effected by colonization" of the country's blacks to a foreign land. "The enterprise is a difficult one," he acknowledged,
but "where there is a will there is a way," and what colonization needs most is a hearty will. Will springs from the two elements of moral sense and self-interest. Let us be brought to believe it is morally right, and, at the same time, favorable to, or, at least, not against, our interest, to transfer the African to his native clime, and we shall find a way to do it, however great the task may be.
To affirm the humanity of blacks, Lincoln continued, was more likely to strengthen public sentiment on behalf of colonization than the Democrats' efforts to "crush all sympathy for him, and cultivate and excite hatred and disgust against him ..." Resettlement ("colonization") would not succeed, Lincoln seemed to argue, unless accompanied by humanitarian concern for blacks, and some respect for their rights and abilities. By apparently denying the black person's humanity, supporters of slavery were laying the groundwork for "the indefinite outspreading of his bondage." The Republican program of restricting slavery to where it presently existed, he said, had the long-range benefit of denying to slave holders an opportunity to sell their surplus bondsmen at high prices in new slave territories, and thus encouraged them to support a process of gradual emancipation involving resettlement of the excess outside of the country.
Earlier Resettlement Plans
The view that America's apparently intractable racial problem should be solved by removing blacks from this country and resettling them elsewhere -- "colonization" or "repatriation" -- was not a new one. As early as 1714 a New Jersey man proposed sending blacks to Africa. In 1777 a Virginia legislature committee, headed by future President Thomas Jefferson (himself a major slave owner), proposed a plan of gradual emancipation and resettlement of the state's slaves. In 1815, an enterprising free black from Massachusetts named Paul Cuffe transported, at his own expense, 38 free blacks to West Africa. His undertaking showed that at least some free blacks were eager to resettle in a country of their own, and suggested what might be possible with public and even government support.7
In December 1816, a group of distinguished Americans met in Washington, DC, to establish an organization to promote the cause of black resettlement. The "American Colonization Society" soon won backing from some of the young nation's most prominent citizens. Henry Clay, Francis Scott Key, John Randolph, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe, Bushrod Washington, Charles Carroll, Millard Fillmore, John Marshall, Roger B. Taney, Andrew Jackson, Daniel Webster, Stephen A. Douglas, and Abraham Lincoln were members. Clay presided at the group's first meeting.8
Measures to resettle blacks in Africa were soon undertaken. Society member Charles Fenton Mercer played an important role in getting Congress to pass the Anti-Slave Trading Act of March 1819, which appropriated $100,000 to transport blacks to Africa. In enforcing the Act, Mercer suggested to President James Monroe that if blacks were simply returned to the coast of Africa and released, they would probably be re-enslaved, and possibly some returned to the United States. Accordingly, and in cooperation with the Society, Monroe sent agents to acquire territory on Africa's West coast -- a step that led to the founding of the country now known as Liberia. Its capital city was named Monrovia in honor of the American President.9
With crucial Society backing, black settlers began arriving from the United States in 1822. While only free blacks were at first brought over, after 1827, slaves were freed expressly for the purpose of transporting them to Liberia. In 1847, black settlers declared Liberia an independent republic, with an American-style flag and constitution.10
By 1832 the legislatures of more than a dozen states (at that time there were only 24), had given official approval to the Society, including at least three slave-holding states.11 Indiana's legislature, for example, passed the following joint resolution on January 16, 1850:12
Be it resolved by the General Assembly of the State of Indiana: That our Senators and Representatives in Congress be, and they are hereby requested, in the name of the State of Indiana, to call for a change of national policy on the subject of the African Slave Trade, and that they require a settlement of the coast of Africa with colored men from the United States, and procure such changes in our relations with England as will permit us to transport colored men from this country to Africa, with whom to effect said settlement.
In January 1858, Missouri Congressman Francis P. Blair, Jr., introduced a resolution in the House of Representatives to set up a committee
to inquire into the expediency of providing for the acquisition of territory either in the Central or South American states, to be colonized with colored persons from the United States who are now free, or who may hereafter become free, and who may be willing to settle in such territory as a dependency of the United States, with ample guarantees of their personal and political rights.
Blair, quoting Thomas Jefferson, stated that blacks could never be accepted as the equals of whites, and, consequently, urged support for a dual policy of emancipation and deportation, similar to Spain's expulsion of the Moors. Blair went on to argue that the territory acquired for the purpose would also serve as a bulwark against any further encroachment by England in the Central and South American regions.13
Lincoln's Support for Resettlement
Lincoln's ideological mentor was Henry Clay, the eminent American scholar, diplomat, and statesman. Because of his skill in the US Senate and House of Representatives, Clay won national acclaim as the "Great Compromiser" and the "Great Pacificator." A slave owner who had humane regard for blacks, he was prominent in the campaign to resettle free blacks outside of the United States, and served as president of the American Colonization Society. Lincoln joined Clay's embryonic Whig party during the 1830s. In an address given in 1858, Lincoln described Clay as "my beau ideal of a statesman, the man for whom I fought all of my humble life."14
The depth of Lincoln's devotion to Clay and his ideals was expressed in a moving eulogy delivered in July 1852 in Springfield, Illinois. After praising Clay's lifelong devotion to the cause of black resettlement, Lincoln quoted approvingly from a speech given by Clay in 1827: "There is a moral fitness in the idea of returning to Africa her children," adding that if Africa offered no refuge, blacks could be sent to another tropical land. Lincoln concluded:15
If as the friends of colonization hope, the present and coming generations of our countrymen shall by any means succeed in freeing our land from the dangerous presence of slavery, and, at the same time, in restoring a captive people to their long-lost fatherland, with bright prospects for the future, and this too, so gradually, that neither races nor individuals shall have suffered by the change, it will indeed be a glorious consummation.
In January 1855, Lincoln addressed a meeting of the Illinois branch of the Colonization Society. The surviving outline of his speech suggests that it consisted largely of a well-informed and sympathetic account of the history of the resettlement campaign.16
In supporting "colonization" of the blacks, a plan that might be regarded as a "final solution" to the nation's race question, Lincoln was upholding the views of some of America's most respected figures.
Lincoln-Douglas Debates of 1858
In 1858 Lincoln was nominated by the newly-formed Republican Party to challenge Steven Douglas, a Democrat, for his Illinois seat in the US Senate. During the campaign, "Little Giant" Douglas focused on the emotion-charged issue of race relations. He accused Lincoln, and Republicans in general, of advocating the political and social equality of the white and black races, and of thereby promoting racial amalgamation. Lincoln responded by strenuously denying the charge, and by arguing that because slavery was the chief cause of miscegenation in the United States, restricting its further spread into the western territories and new states would, in fact, reduce the possibility of race mixing. Lincoln thus came close to urging support for his party because it best represented white people's interests.
Between late August and mid-October, 1858, Lincoln and Douglas travelled together around the state to confront each other in seven historic debates. On August 21, before a crowd of 10,000 at Ottawa, Lincoln declared:17
I have no purpose directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the states where it exists. I believe I have no lawful right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so.
He continued:
I have no purpose to introduce political and social equality between the white and black races. There is physical difference between the two which, in my judgment, will probably forever forbid their living together upon the footing of perfect equality, and inasmuch as it becomes a necessity that there must be a difference, I, as well as Judge Douglas, am in favor of the race to which I belong having the superior position.
Many people accepted the rumors spread by Douglas supporters that Lincoln favored social equality of the races. Before the start of the September 18 debate at Charleston, Illinois, an elderly man approached Lincoln in a hotel and asked him if the stories were true. Recounting the encounter later before a crowd of 15,000, Lincoln declared:18
I will say then that I am not, nor ever have been, in favor of bringing about in any way the social and political equality of the white and black races; I am not nor ever have been in favor of making voters or jurors of negroes, nor of qualifying them to hold office, nor to intermarry with white people.
He continued:
I will say in addition to this that there is a physical difference between the white and black races which I believe will forever forbid the two races living together on terms of social and political equality. And inasmuch as they cannot so live, while they do remain together there must be the position of superior and inferior, and I, as much as any other man, am in favor of having the superior position assigned to the white race.
Candidate for President
Though he failed in his bid for the Senate seat, the Lincoln-Douglas debates thrust "Honest Abe" into the national spotlight.19 In 1860, the Republican Party passed over prominent abolitionists such as William H. Seward and Salmon P. Chase to nominate Lincoln as its presidential candidate.
In those days, presidential contenders did not make public speeches after their nomination. In the most widely reprinted of his pre-nomination speeches, delivered at Cooper Union in New York City on February 27, 1860, Lincoln expressed his agreement with the leaders of the infant American republic that slavery is "an evil not be extended, but to be tolerated and protected" where it already exists. "This is all Republicans ask -- all Republicans desire -- in relation to slavery," he emphasized, underscoring the words in his prepared text. After stating that any emancipation should be gradual and carried out in conjunction with a program of scheduled deportation, he went on to cite Thomas Jefferson:20
In the language of Mr. Jefferson, uttered many years ago, "It is still in our power to direct the process of emancipation, and deportation, peaceably, and in such slow degrees, as that the evil will wear off insensibly; and in their places be, pari passu [on an equal basis], filled up by free white laborers."
On the critical question of slavery, the Republican party platform was not altogether clear. Like most documents of its kind, it included sections designed to appeal to a wide variety of voters. One plank, meant to appease radicals and abolitionists, quoted the "all men are created equal" passage of the Declaration of Independence, though without directly mentioning either the Declaration or non-whites. Another section, designed to attract conservative voters, recognized the right of each state to conduct "its own domestic institutions" as it pleased -- "domestic institutions" being an euphemism for slavery. Still another, somewhat equivocally worded, plank, upheld the right and duty of Congress to legislate slavery in the territories "when necessary."21
On election night, November 7, 1860, Abraham Lincoln was the choice of 39 percent of the voters, with no support from the Deep South. The remainder had cast ballots either for Stephen A. Douglas of the Northern Democratic Party, John C. Breckinridge of the Southern Democratic Party, or John Bell of the Constitutional Union Party. Still, Lincoln won a decisive majority in the electoral college.22
By election day, six southern Governors and virtually every Senator and Representative from the seven states of the lower South had gone on record as favoring secession if Lincoln were elected.23 In December, Congress met in a final attempt to reach a compromise on the slavery question. Senator John H. Crittenden of Kentucky proposed an amendment to the Constitution that would guarantee the institution of slavery against federal interference in those places where it was already established.24 A more controversial provision would extend the old Missouri compromise line to the west coast, thereby permitting slavery in the southwest territories.
On December 20, the day South Carolina voted to secede from the Union, Lincoln told a major Republican party figure, Thurlow Weed, that he had no qualms about endorsing the Crittenden amendment if it would restrict slavery to the states where it was already established, and that Congress should recommend to the Northern states that they repeal their "personal liberty" laws that hampered the return of fugitive slaves. However, Lincoln said, he would not support any proposal to extend slavery into the western territories. The Crittenden Amendment failed.25
Southern Fears
Less than one third of the white families in the South had any direct connection with slavery, either as owners or as persons who hired slave labor from others. Moreover, fewer than 2,300 of the one and a half million white families in the South owned 50 or more slaves, and could therefore be regarded as slave-holding magnates.26
The vast majority of Southerners thus had no vested interest in retaining or extending slavery. But incitement by Northern abolitionists, where fewer than 500,000 blacks lived, provoked fears in the South, where the black population was concentrated, of a violent black uprising against whites. (In South Carolina, the majority of the population was black.) Concerns that the writings and speeches of white radicals might incite blacks to anti-white rampage, rape and murder were not entirely groundless. Southerners were mindful of the black riots in New York City of 1712 and 1741, the French experience in Haiti (where insurgent blacks had driven out or massacred almost the entire white population), and the bungled effort by religious fanatic John Brown in 1859 to organize an uprising of black slaves.
What worried Southerners most about the prospect of an end to slavery was fear of what the newly-freed blacks might do. Southern dread of Lincoln was inflamed by the region's newspapers and slave-owning politicians, who portrayed the President-elect as a pawn of radical abolitionists. Much was made of Lincoln's widely-quoted words from a June 1858 speech:27
A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free ... I do not expect the house to fall; but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing, or all the other.
During the critical four-month period between election and inauguration days, Southern Unionists strongly urged the President-elect to issue a definitive public statement on the slavery issue that would calm rapidly-growing Southern fears. Mindful of the way that newspapers in the slave-holding states had either ignored or twisted his earlier public statements on this issue, Lincoln chose to express himself cautiously. To the editor of the Missouri Republican, for example, he wrote:28
I could say nothing which I have not already said, and which is in print and accessible to the public.
Please pardon me for suggesting that if the papers like yours, which heretofore have persistently garbled and misrepresented what I have said, will now fully and fairly place it before their readers, there can be no further misunderstanding. I beg you to believe me sincere, when ... I urge it as the true cure for real uneasiness in the country ...
The Republican newspapers now, and for some time past, are and have been republishing copious extracts from my many published speeches, which would at once reach the whole public if your class of papers would also publish them. I am not at liberty to shift my ground -- that is out of the question. If I thought a repetition would do any good, I would make it. But my judgment is it would do positive harm. The secessionists, per se believing they had alarmed me, would clamor all the louder.
Lincoln also addressed the decisive issue in correspondence with Alexander H. Stephens, who would soon become Vice President of the Confederacy. Stephens was an old and much admired acquaintance of Lincoln's, a one-time fellow Whig and Congressman. Having seen reports of a pro-Union speech in Georgia by Stephens, Lincoln wrote to express his thanks. Stephens responded with a request that the President-elect strike a blow on behalf of Southern Unionists by clearly expressing his views. In a private letter of December 22, 1860, Lincoln replied:29
Do the people of the south really entertain fears that a Republican administration would, directly or indirectly, interfere with their slaves, or with them, about their slaves? If they do, I wish to assure you, as once a friend, and still, I hope, not an enemy, there is no cause for such fears.
Lincoln went on to sum up the issue as he saw it: "You think slavery is right and ought to be extended; while we think it is wrong and ought to be restricted. That I suppose is the rub. It certainly is the only substantial difference between us."
To Horace Greeley, editor of the New York Tribune, who had passed along a report of a rabid anti-Lincoln harangue in the Mississippi legislature, Lincoln wrote that "madman" there had quite misrepresented his views. He stated he was not "pledged to the ultimate extinction of slavery," and that he did not "hold the black man to be the equal of the white."30
When a Mississippian appeared at a reception for Lincoln in the Illinois statehouse, and boldly announced he was a secessionist, Lincoln responded by saying that he was opposed to any interference with slavery where it existed. He gave the same sort of general assurance to a number of callers and correspondents. He also wrote a few anonymous editorials for the Illinois State Journal, the Republican newspaper of Springfield. Additionally, he composed a few lines for a speech delivered by Senator Trumball at the Republican victory celebration in Springfield on November 20. In those lines Lincoln pledged that "each and all" of the states would be "left in as complete control of their own affairs" as ever.31
Inauguration
Abraham Lincoln took the oath as President on March 4, 1861. Among the first words of his Inaugural Address was a pledge (repeating words from an August 1858 speech) intended to placate Southern apprehensions: "I have no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery in the states where it exists. I believe I have no lawful right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so." Referring to the proposed Crittenden amendment, which would make explicit constitutional protection of slavery where it already existed, he said, "I have no objection to its being made express, and irrevocable." He also promised to support legislation for the capture and return of runaway slaves.32
At the same time, though, Lincoln emphasized that "no state, upon its own mere motion, can lawfully get out of the Union." With regard to those states that already proclaimed their secession from the Union, he said:
I shall take care, as the Constitution itself expressly enjoins upon me, that the laws of the Union be faithfully executed in all the states. Doing this I deem to be only a simple duty on my part; and I shall perform it, so far as practicable, unless my rightful masters, the American people, shall withhold the requisite means, or, in some authoritative manner, direct the contrary.
In his masterful multi-volume study of the background and course of the Civil War, American historian Allan Nevins attempted to identify the conflict's principle underlying cause:33
The main root of the conflict (and there were minor roots) was the problem of slavery with its complementary problem of race-adjustment; the main source of the tragedy was the refusal of either section to face these conjoined problems squarely and pay the heavy costs of a peaceful settlement. Had it not been for the difference in race, the slavery issue would have presented no great difficulties. But as the racial gulf existed, the South inarticulately but clearly perceived that elimination of this issue would still leave it the terrible problem of the Negro ...
A heavy responsibility for the failure of America in this period rests with this Southern leadership, which lacked imagination, ability, and courage. But the North was by no means without its full share, for the North equally refused to give a constructive examination to the central question of slavery as linked with race adjustment. This was because of two principal reasons. Most abolitionists and many other sentimental-minded Northerners simply denied that the problem existed. Regarding all Negroes as white men with dark skins, whom a few years of schooling would bring abreast of the dominant race, they thought that no difficult adjustment was required. A much more numerous body of Northerners would have granted that a great and terrible task of race adjustment existed -- but they were reluctant to help shoulder any part of it ... Indiana, Illinois and even Kansas were unwilling to take a single additional person of color.
Outbreak of War
Dramatic events were swiftly creating enormous problems for the new President, who had greatly underestimated the depth of secessionist feeling in the South.34 In January and early February, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas followed South Carolina's example and left the Union. Florida troops fired on the federal stronghold of Fort Pickens. When South Carolina seceded, she claimed as rightfully hers all US government property within her borders, including federal forts and arsenals. While announcing a willingness to pay the federal government for at least a share of the cost of improvements it had made, South Carolina insisted that these properties belonged to the state, and would no longer tolerate the presence of a "foreign" power upon her soil. The other newly-seceding states took the same position.35
On the day Lincoln took the presidential oath, the federal government still controlled four forts inside the new Confederacy. In Florida there were Forts Taylor, Jefferson, and Pickens, the first two of which seemed secure, while in South Carolina there was Fort Sumter, which was almost entirely encircled by hostile forces.36 While historians do not agree whether Lincoln deliberately sought to provoke an attack by his decision to re-supply the Fort, it is known that on April 9, while the bombardment of the stronghold was underway, the new President received a delegation of Virginia Unionists at the White House. Lincoln reminded them of his inaugural pledge that there would be "no invasion -- not using force," beyond what was necessary to hold federal government sites and to collect customs duties. "But if, as now appeared to be true, an unprovoked assault has been made upon Fort Sumter, I shall hold myself at liberty to repossess, if I can, like places which have been seized before the Government was devolved upon me."37
In the aftermath of the Confederate seizure of Fort Sumter in mid-April, Lincoln called upon the states to provide 75,000 soldiers to put down the rebellion. Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas and North Carolina responded by leaving the Union and joining the newly-formed "Confederate States of America." This increased the size of the Confederacy by a third, and almost doubled its population and economic resources. Remaining with the Union, though, were four slave-holding border states -- Delaware, Missouri, Maryland and Kentucky -- and, predictably, the slave-holding District of Columbia.
The American Civil War of 1861-1865 -- or the "War Between the States," as many Southerners call it -- eventually claimed the lives of 360,000 in the Union forces, and an estimated 258,000 among the Confederates, in addition to hundreds of thousands of maimed and wounded. It was by far the most destructive war in American history.
Even after fighting began in earnest, Lincoln stuck to his long-held position on the slavery issue by countermanding orders by Union generals to free slaves. In July 1861, General John C. Fr�mont -- the Republican party's unsuccessful 1856 Presidential candidate -- declared martial law in Missouri, and announced that all slaves of owners in the state who opposed the Union were free. President Lincoln immediately canceled the order. Because the Southern states no longer sent representatives to Washington, abolitionists and radical Republicans wielded exceptional power in Congress, which responded to Lincoln's cancellation of Främont's order by passing, on August 6, 1861, the (first) Confiscation Act. It provided that any property, including slaves, used with the owner's consent in aiding and abetting insurrection against the United States, was the lawful subject of prize and capture wherever found.38
In May 1862, Union General David Hunter issued an order declaring all slaves in Georgia, Florida and South Carolina to be free. Lincoln promptly revoked the order. An irate Congress responded by passing, in July, a second Confiscation Act that declared "forever free" all slaves whose owners were in rebellion, whether or not the slaves were used for military purposes. Lincoln refused to sign the Act until it was amended, stating he thought it an unconditional bill of attainder. Although he did not veto the amended law, Lincoln expressed his dissatisfaction with it. Furthermore, he did not faithfully enforce either of the Confiscation Acts.39
Deaths in Union 'Contraband Camps'
Slaves seized under the Confiscation Acts, as well as runaway slaves who turned themselves in to Union forces, were held in so-called "contraband" camps. In his message to the Confederate Congress in the fall of 1863, President Jefferson Davis sharply criticized Union treatment of these blacks. After describing the starvation and suffering in these camps, he said: "There is little hazard in predicting that in all localities where the enemy have a temporary foothold, the Negroes, who under our care increased sixfold ... will have been reduced by mortality during the war to no more than one-half their previous number." However exaggerated Davis' words may have been, it remains a grim fact that many blacks lost their lives in these internment camps, and considerably more suffered terribly as victims of hunger, exposure and neglect. In 1864, one Union officer called the death rate in these camps "frightful," and said that "most competent judges place it as no less than twenty-five percent in the last two years."40
The Chiriqui Resettlement Plan
Even before he took office, Lincoln was pleased to note widespread public support for "colonization" of the country's blacks.41 "In 1861-1862, there was widespread support among conservative Republicans and Democrats for the colonization abroad of Negroes emancipated by the war," historian James M. McPherson has noted. At the same time, free blacks in parts of the North were circulating a petition asking Congress to purchase a tract of land in Central America as a site for their resettlement.42
In spite of the pressing demands imposed by the war, Lincoln soon took time to implement his long-standing plan for resettling blacks outside the United States.
Ambrose W. Thompson, a Philadelphian who had grown rich in coastal shipping, provided the new president with what seemed to be a good opportunity. Thompson had obtained control of several hundred thousand acres in the Chiriqui region of what is now Panama, and had formed the "Chiriqui Improvement Company." He proposed transporting liberated blacks from the United States to the Central American region, where they would mine the coal that was supposedly there in abundance. This coal would be sold to the US Navy, with the resulting profits used to sustain the black colony, including development of plantations of cotton, sugar, coffee, and rice. The Chiriqui project would also help to extend US commercial dominance over tropical America.43
Negotiations to realize the plan began in May 1861, and on August 8, Thompson made a formal proposal to Secretary of the Navy Gideon Wells to deliver coal from Chiriqui at one-half the price the government was then paying. Meanwhile, Lincoln had referred the proposal to his brother-in-law, Ninian W. Edwards, who, on August 9, 1861, enthusiastically endorsed the proposed contract.44
Appointing a commission to investigate the Thompson proposal, Lincoln referred its findings to Francis P. Blair, Sr. Endorsing a government contract with the Chiriqui Improvement Company even more strongly than Edwards had, the senior Blair believed the main purpose of such a contract should be to utilize the area controlled by Thompson to "solve" the black question. He repeated Jefferson's view that blacks would ultimately have to be deported from the United States, reviewed Lincoln's own endorsement of resettlement, and discussed the activities of his son, Missouri Representative Francis P. Blair, Jr., on behalf of deportation. Blair concluded his lengthy report with a recommendation that Henry T. Blow, US Minister to Venezuela, be sent to Chiriqui to make an examination for the government.45
Lincoln ordered his Secretary of War, Simon Cameron, to release Thompson from his military duties so he could escort Blow to Central America46
for the purpose of reconnaissance of, and a report upon the lands, and harbors of the Isthmus of Chiriqui; the fitness of the lands to the colonization of the Negro race; the practicability of connecting the said harbors by a railroad; and the works which will be necessary for the Chiriqui Company to erect to protect the colonists as they may arrive, as well as for the protection and defense of the harbors at the termini of said road.
Cameron was to provide Thompson with the necessary equipment and assistants. The mission was to be carried out under sealed orders with every precaution for secrecy,47 because Lincoln did not have legal authority to undertake such an expedition.
While Blow was investigating the Chiriqui area, Lincoln called Delaware Congressman George Fisher to the White House in November 1861 to discuss compensated emancipation of the slaves in that small state -- where the 1860 census had enumerated only 507 slave-holders, owning fewer than 1,800 slaves. The President asked Fisher to determine whether the Delaware legislature could be persuaded to free slaves in the state if the government compensated the owners for them. Once the plan proved feasible in Delaware, the President hoped, he might be able to persuade the other border states and, eventually, even the secessionist states, to adopt it. With assistance from Lincoln, Fisher drew up a bill to be presented to the state legislature when it met in late December. It provided that when the federal government had appropriated money to pay an average of $500 for each slave, emancipation would go into effect. As soon as it was made public, though, an acrimonious debate broke out, with party rancor and pro-slavery sentiment combining to defeat the proposed legislation.48
'Absolute Necessity'
In his first annual message to Congress on December 3, 1861, President Lincoln proposed that persons liberated by the fighting should be deemed free and
that, in any event, steps be taken for colonizing [them] ... at some place, or places, in a climate congenial to them. It might be well to consider, too, whether the free colored people already in the United States could not, so far as individuals may desire, be included in such colonization.
This effort, Lincoln recognized, "may involve the acquiring of territory, and also the appropriation of money beyond that to be expended in the territorial acquisition." Some form of resettlement, he said, amounts to an "absolute necessity."49
Growing Clamor for Emancipation
Lincoln's faithful enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Law not only filled Washington, DC, jails with runaway slaves waiting to be claimed by their owners, but also enraged many who loathed slavery. In an effort to appease his party's abolitionist faction, Lincoln urged that the United States formally recognize the black republics of Haiti and Liberia, a proposal that Congress accepted.50
Lincoln realized that the growing clamor to abolish slavery threatened to seriously jeopardize the support he needed to prosecute the war to preserve the Union. Accordingly, on March 6, 1862, he called on Congress to endorse a carefully worded resolution:51
Resolved, that the United States ought to cooperate with any state which may adopt gradual abolishment of slavery, giving to such state pecuniary aid, to be used by such state in its discretion, to compensate for the inconvenience, public and private, produced by such change of system.
In a letter to New York Times editor Henry J. Raymond urging support for the resolution, Lincoln explained that one million dollars, or less than a half-day's cost of the war, would buy all the slaves in Delaware, and that $174 million, or less than 87 days' cost of the war, would purchase all the slaves in the border states and the District of Columbia.52
Although the resolution lacked authority of law, and was merely a declaration of intent, it alarmed representatives from the loyal slave-holding border states. Missouri Congressman Frank P. Blair, Jr. (who, in 1868, would campaign as the Democratic party's vice presidential candidate) spoke against the resolution in a speech in the House on April 11, 1862. Emancipation of the slaves, he warned, would be a terrible mistake until arrangements were first made to resettle the blacks abroad. Blair spoke of shipping them to areas south of the Rio Grande.
In spite of such opposition, though, moderate Republicans and Democrats joined to approve the resolution, which was passed by Congress and signed by Lincoln on April 10, 1862. Not a single border state lawmaker had voted for the measure, however.53
In an effort to assuage such concerns, in July Lincoln called border state Congressmen and Senators to a White House meeting at which he explained that the recently-passed resolution involved no claim of federal authority over slavery in the states, and that it left the issue under state control. Seeking to calm fears that emancipation would suddenly result in many freed Negroes in their midst, he again spoke of resettlement of blacks as the solution. "Room in South America for colonization can be obtained cheaply, and in abundance," said the President. "And when numbers shall be large enough to be company and encouragement for one another, the freed people will not be so reluctant to go."54
Congress Votes Funds for Resettlement
In 1860, the 3,185 slaves in the District of Columbia were owned by just two percent of the District's residents. In April 1862, Lincoln arranged to have a bill introduced in Congress that would compensate District slave-holders an average of $300 for each slave. An additional $100,000 was appropriated 55
to be expended under the direction of the President of the United States, to aid in the colonization and settlement of such free persons of African descent now residing in said District, including those to be liberated by this act, as may desire to emigrate to the Republic of Haiti or Liberia, or such other country beyond the limits of the United States as the President may determine.
When he signed the bill into law on April 16, Lincoln stated: "I am gratified that the two principles of compensation, and colonization, are both recognized, and practically applied in the act."56
Two months later, as part of the (second) Confiscation Act of July 1862, Congress appropriated an additional half-million dollars for the President's use in resettling blacks who came under Union military control. Rejecting criticism from prominent "radicals" such as Senator Charles Sumner, most Senators and Representatives expressed support for the bold project in a joint resolution declaring57
that the President is hereby authorized to make provision for the transportation, colonization and settlement in some tropical country beyond the limits of the United States, of such persons of African race, made free by the provisions of this act, as may be willing to emigrate ...
Lincoln now had Congressional authority and $600,000 in authorized funds to proceed with his plan for resettlement.
Obstacles
Serious obstacles remained, however. Secretary of the Interior Caleb B. Smith informed the President that Liberia was out of the question as a destination for resettling blacks because of the inhospitable climate, the unwillingness of blacks to travel so far, and the great expense involved in transporting people such a vast distance. Haiti was ruled out because of the low level of civilization there, because Catholic influence was so strong there, and because of fears that the Spanish might soon take control of the Caribbean country. Those blacks who had expressed a desire to emigrate, Secretary Smith went on to explain, preferred to remain in the western hemisphere. The only really acceptable site was Chiriqui, Smith concluded, because of its relative proximity to the United States, and because of the availability of coal there.58 Meanwhile, the United States minister in Brazil expressed the view that the country's abundance of land and shortage of labor made it a good site for resettling America's blacks.59
In mid-May 1862, Lincoln received a paper from Reverend James Mitchell that laid out arguments for resettling the country's black population:60
Our republican system was meant for a homogeneous people. As long as blacks continue to live with the whites they constitute a threat to the national life. Family life may also collapse and the increase of mixed breed bastards may some day challenge the supremacy of the white man.
Mitchell went on to recommend the gradual deportation of America's blacks to Central America and Mexico. "That region had once known a great empire and could become one again," he stated. "This continent could then be divided between a race of mixed bloods and Anglo-Americans." Lincoln was apparently impressed with Mitchell's arguments. A short time later, he appointed him as his Commissioner of Emigration.
A Historic White House Meeting
Eager to proceed with the Chiriqui project, on August 14, 1862, Lincoln met with five free black ministers, the first time a delegation of their race was invited to the White House on a matter of public policy. The President made no effort to engage in conversation with the visitors, who were bluntly informed that they had been invited to listen. Lincoln did not mince words, but candidly told the group:61
You and we are different races. We have between us a broader difference than exists between almost any other two races. Whether it is right or wrong I need not discuss, but this physical difference is a great disadvantage to us both, as I think your race suffers very greatly, many of them, by living among us, while ours suffers from your presence. In a word, we suffer on each side. If this is admitted, it affords a reason at least why we should be separated.
... Even when you cease to be slaves, you are yet far removed from being placed on an equality with the white race ... The aspiration of men is to enjoy equality with the best when free, but on this broad continent, not a single man of your race is made the equal of a single man of ours. Go where you are treated the best, and the ban is still upon you.
... We look to our condition, owing to the existence of the two races on this continent. I need not recount to you the effects upon white men growing out of the institution of slavery. I believe in its general evil effects on the white race.
See our present condition -- the country engaged in war! -- our white men cutting one another's throats, none knowing how far it will extend; and then consider what we know to be the truth. But for your race among us there could not be war, although many men engaged on either side do not care for you one way or the other. Nevertheless, I repeat, without the institution of slavery, and the colored race as a basis, the war would not have an existence.
It is better for us both, therefore, to be separated.
An excellent site for black resettlement, Lincoln went on, was available in Central America. It had good harbors and an abundance of coal that would permit the colony to be quickly put on a firm financial footing. The President concluded by asking the delegation to determine if a number of freedmen with their families would be willing to go as soon as arrangements could be made.
Organizing Black Support
The next day, Rev. Mitchell -- who had attended the historic White House meeting as Lincoln's Commissioner of Immigration -- placed an advertisement in northern newspapers announcing: "Correspondence is desired with colored men favorable to Central America, Liberian or Haitian emigration, especially the first named."62 Mitchell also sent a memorandum to black ministers urging them to use their influence to encourage emigration. Providence itself, he wrote, had decreed a separate existence for the races. Blacks were half responsible for the terrible Civil War, Mitchell went on, and forecast further bloodshed unless they left the country. He concluded:63
This is a nation of equal white laborers, and as you cannot be accepted on equal terms, there is no place here for you. You cannot go into the North or the West without arousing the growing feeling of hostility toward you. The south must also have a homogeneous population, and any attempt to give the freedmen equal status in the South will bring disaster to both races.
Rev. Edwin Thomas, the chairman of the black delegation, informed the President in a letter of August 16 that while he had originally opposed colonization, after becoming acquainted with the facts he now favored it. He asked Lincoln's authorization to travel among his black friends and co-workers to convince them of the virtues of emigration.64
While Thompson continued working on colonization of the Chiriqui site, Lincoln turned to Kansas Senator Samuel Pomeroy, whom he appointed United States Colonization Agent, to recruit black emigrants for Chiriqui resettlement, and arrange for their transportation. On August 26, 1862, Pomeroy issued a dramatic official appeal "To the Free Colored People of the United States":65
The hour has now arrived in the history of your settlement upon this continent when it is within your own power to take one step that will secure, if successful, the elevation, freedom, and social position of your race upon the American continent ...
I want mechanics and labourers, earnest, honest, and sober men, for the interest of a generation, it may be of mankind, are involved in the success of this experiment, and with the approbation of the American people, and under the blessing of Almighty God, it cannot, it shall not fail.
Although many blacks soon made clear their unwillingness to leave the country, Pomeroy was pleased to report in October that he had received nearly 14,000 applications from blacks who desired to emigrate.66
On September 12, 1862, the federal government concluded a provisional contract with Ambrose Thompson, providing for development and colonization of his vast leased holdings in the Chiriqui region. Pomeroy was to determine the fitness of the Chiriqui site for resettlement. Along with the signatures of Thompson and Interior Secretary Caleb Smith, the contract contained a note by the President: "The within contract is approved, and the Secretary of the Interior is directed to execute the same. A. Lincoln." That same day, Lincoln also issued an order directing the Department of the Interior to carry out the "colonization" provisions of the relevant laws of April and July 1862.67
The President next instructed Pomeroy, acting as his agent, to accompany the proposed colonizing expedition. Lincoln authorized him to advance Thompson $50,000 when and if colonization actually began, and to allow Thompson such sums as might immediately be necessary for incidental expenses.68 Interior Secretary Smith sent Pomeroy more specific instructions. He was to escort a group of black "Freedmen" who were willing to resettle abroad. However, before attempting to establish a colony at Chiriqui, no matter how promising the site, he should first obtain permission of the local authorities, in order to prevent diplomatic misunderstandings.69
Acting on these instructions, Pomeroy went to New York to obtain a ship for the venture. Robert Murray, United States Marshall at New York, was advised of Pomeroy's status as special colonization agent, and was asked to help him secure a suitable ship.70 On September 16, Interior Secretary Smith wired Pomeroy: "President wants information ... has Murray the control and custody of the vessel? Is there order of sale; and if so, when? Is any deposit necessary to get the vessel?"71 President Lincoln's concern with black resettlement at this time is all the more significant because September 1862 was a very critical period for Union military fortunes. In spite of this, he took time to keep himself abreast of the project, even to the point of having a telegram sent to hurry the procurement of a ship for the venture.
The Emancipation Proclamation
During the winter and spring 1861-1862, public support grew rapidly for the view that slavery must be abolished everywhere. Lincoln did not ignore the ever louder calls for decisive action.72 On June 19, he signed a law abolishing slavery in all the federal territories.73 At the same time, he was quietly preparing an even more dramatic measure.
At a cabinet meeting on July 22, Lincoln read out the draft text of a document he had prepared -- a proclamation that would give the Confederate states a hundred days to stop their "rebellion" upon threat of declaring all slaves in those states to be free.
The President told his cabinet that he did not want advice on the merits of the proclamation itself -- he had made up his mind about that, he said -- but he would welcome suggestions about how best to implement the edict. For two days cabinet members debated the draft. Only two -- Secretary of State William Seward and Treasury Secretary Salmon Chase, abolitionists who had challenged Lincoln for the 1860 Republican presidential nomination -- agreed even in part with the proclamation's contents. Seward persuaded the President not to issue it until after a Union military victory (of which so far there had been few), or otherwise it would appear "the last measure of an exhausted government, a cry for help."74
Union General McClellan's success on September 17 in holding off the forces of General Lee at Antietam provided a federal victory of sorts, and the waited-for opportunity. Five days later, Lincoln issued his Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, which included a favorable reference to colonization:75
I, Abraham Lincoln ... do hereby proclaim and declare that hereafter, as heretofore, the war will be prosecuted for the object of practically restoring the constitutional relation between the United States, and each of the states, and the people thereof ...
That it is my purpose, upon the next meeting of Congress to again recommend the adoption of a practical measure tendering pecuniary aid to the free acceptance or rejection of all slave-states, so called, the people whereof may not be then be in rebellion against the United States, and which states, may then have voluntarily adopted, or thereafter may voluntarily adopt, immediate, or gradual abolishment of slavery within their respective limits; and that the effort to colonize persons of African descent, with their consent, upon this continent, or elsewhere, with the previously obtained consent of the Governments existing there, will be continued.
Lincoln then went on to state that on January 1, 1863,
all persons held as slaves within any state, or designated part of a state, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever, free ...
The edict then cited the law passed by Congress on March 13, 1862, which prohibited military personnel from returning escaped slaves, and the second Confiscation Act of July 1862.
Proclamation Limitations
On New Year's Day, 1863, Lincoln issued the final Emancipation Proclamation.76 Contrary to what its title suggests, however, the presidential edict did not immediately free a single slave. It "freed" only slaves who were under Confederate control, and explicitly exempted slaves in Union-controlled territories, including federal-occupied areas of the Confederacy, West Virginia, and the four slave-holding states that remained in the Union.
The Proclamation, Secretary Seward wryly commented, emancipated slaves where it could not reach them, and left them in bondage where it could have set them free. Moreover, because it was issued as a war measure, the Proclamation's long-term validity was uncertain. Apparently any future President could simply revoke it. "The popular picture of Lincoln using a stroke of the pen to lift the shackles from the limbs of four million slaves is ludicrously false," historian Allan Nevins has noted.77
'Military Necessity'
Lincoln himself specifically cited "military necessity" as his reason for issuing the Emancipation Proclamation. After more than a year of combat, and in spite of its great advantages in industrial might and numbers, federal forces had still not succeeded in breaking the South. At this critical juncture of the war, the President apparently now hoped, a formal edict abolishing slavery in the Confederate states would strike a blow at the Confederacy's ability to wage war by encouraging dissension, escapes, and possibly revolt among its large slave labor force.78
As the war progressed, black labor had become ever more critical in the hard-pressed Confederacy. Blacks planted, cultivated and harvested the food that they then transported to the Confederate armies. Blacks raised and butchered the beef, pigs and chicken used to feed the Confederate troops. They wove the cloth and knitted the socks to clothe the grey-uniformed soldiers. As Union armies invaded the South, tearing up railroads and demolishing bridges, free blacks and slaves repaired them. They toiled in the South's factories, shipping yards, and mines. In 1862, the famous Tredegar iron works advertised for 1,000 slaves. In 1864, there were 4,301 blacks and 2,518 whites in the iron mines of the Confederate states east of the Mississippi.79
Blacks also served with the Confederate military forces as mechanics, teamsters, and common laborers. They cared for the sick and scrubbed the wounded in Confederate hospitals. Nearly all of the South's military fortifications were constructed by black laborers. Most of the cooks in the Confederate army were slaves. Of the 400 workers at the Naval arsenal in Selma, Alabama, in 1865, 310 were blacks. Blacks served with crews of Confederate blockade-runners and stoked the firerooms of the South's warships.80
Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest, the legendary cavalry commander, said in a postwar interview: "When I entered the army I took 47 Negroes into the army with me, and 45 of them were surrendered with me ... These boys stayed with me, drove my teams, and better Confederates did not live."81
On several occasions, Lincoln explained his reasons for issuing the Proclamation. On September 13, 1862, the day after the preliminary proclamation was issued, Lincoln met with a delegation of pro-abolitionist Christian ministers, and told them bluntly: "Understand, I raise no objections against it [slavery] on legal or constitutional grounds ... I view the matter [emancipation] as a practical war measure, to be decided upon according to the advantages or disadvantages it may offer to the suppression of the rebellion."82
To Salmon Chase, his Treasury Secretary, the President justified the Proclamations's limits: "The original [preliminary] proclamation has no constitutional or legal justification, except as a military measure," he explained. "The exceptions were made because the military necessity did not apply to the exempted localities. Nor does that necessity apply to them now any more than it did then."83
Horace Greeley, editor of the influential New York Tribune, called upon the President to immediately and totally abolish slavery in an emphatic and prominently displayed editorial published August 20, 1862. Lincoln responded in a widely-quoted letter:84
My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and is not either to save or destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves, I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also do that. What I do about slavery and the colored race, I do because I believe it helps to save the Union ...
Concern about growing sentiment in the North to end slavery, along with sharp criticism from prominent abolitionists, was apparently another motivating factor for the President. (Abolitionists even feared that the Confederate states might give up their struggle for independence before the January first deadline, and thus preserve the institution of slavery.)85
Lincoln assured Edward Stanly, a pro-slavery Southerner he had appointed as military governor of the occupied North Carolina coast, that "the proclamation had become a civil necessity to prevent the radicals from openly embarrassing the government in the conduct of the war."86
Impact of the Proclamation
While abolitionists predictably hailed the final Proclamation, sentiment among northern whites was generally unfavorable. The edict cost the President considerable support, and undoubtedly was a factor in Republican party setbacks in the Congressional elections of 1862. In the army, hardly one Union soldier in ten approved of emancipation, and some officers resigned in protest.87
As a work of propaganda, the Proclamation proved effective. To encourage discontent among slaves in the Confederacy, a million copies were distributed in the Union-occupied South and, as hoped, news of it spread rapidly by word of mouth among the Confederacy's slaves, arousing hopes of freedom and encouraging many to escape.88 The Proclamation "had the desired effect of creating confusion in the South and depriving the Confederacy of much of its valuable laboring force," affirms historian John Hope Franklin.89
Finally, in the eyes of many people -- particularly in Europe -- Lincoln's edict made the Union army a liberating force: all slaves in areas henceforward coming under federal control would automatically be free.
The Proclamation greatly strengthened support for the Union cause abroad, especially in Britain and France, where anti-slavery sentiment was strong. In Europe, the edict transformed the conflict into a Union crusade for freedom, and contributed greatly to dashing the Confederacy's remaining hopes of formal diplomatic recognition from Britain and France.90 "The Emancipation Proclamation," reported Henry Adams from London, "has done more for us [the Union] here than all our former victories and all our diplomacy. It is creating an almost convulsive reaction in our favor all over this country."91
End of the Resettlement Efforts
Lincoln continued to press ahead with his plan to resettle blacks in Central America, in spite of opposition from all but one member of his own Cabinet, and the conclusion of a scientific report that Chiriqui coal was "worthless."92
Mounting opposition to any resettlement plan also came from abolitionists, who insisted that blacks had a right to remain in the land of their birth. In addition, some Republican party leaders opposed resettlement because they were counting on black political support, which would be particularly important in controlling a defeated South, where most whites would be barred from voting. Others agreed with Republican Senator Charles Sumner, who argued that black laborers were an important part of the national economy, and any attempt to export them "would be fatal to the prosperity of the country."93 In the (Northern) election campaign of November 1862, emancipation figured as a major issue. Violent mobs of abolitionists opposed those who spoke out in favor of resettlement.94
What proved decisive in bringing an end to the Chiriqui project, though, were emphatic protests by the republics that would be directly effected by large-scale resettlement. In Central America, the prospect that millions of blacks would soon be arriving provoked alarm. A sense of panic prevailed in Nicaragua and Honduras, the American consul reported, because of fears of "a dreadful deluge of negro emigration ... from the United States." In August and September, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica protested officially to the American government about the resettlement venture. (Objection from Costa Rica was particularly worrisome because that country claimed part of the Chiriqui territory controlled by Thompson.)95
On September 19, envoy Luis Molina, a diplomat who represented the three Central American states, formally explained to American officials the objections of the three countries against the resettlement plan. This venture, he protested, was an attempt to use Central America as a depository for "a plague of which the United States desired to rid themselves." Molina also reminded Seward that, for the USA to remain faithful to its own Monroe Doctrine, it could no more assume that there were lands available in Latin America for colonization than could a European power. The envoy concluded his strong protest by hinting that the republics he represented were prepared to use force to repel what they interpreted as an invasion. Learning later that the resettlement project was still underway, Molina delivered a second formal protest on September 29.96
Secretary of State Seward was not able to ignore such protests. After all, why should Central Americans be happy to welcome people of a race that was so despised in the United States? Accordingly, on October 7, 1862, Seward prevailed on the President to call a "temporary" halt to the Chiriqui project.97 Thus, the emphatic unwillingness of the Central American republics to accept black migrants dealt the decisive blow to the Chiriqui project. At a time when the Union cause was still precarious, Secretary of State Steward was obliged to show special concern for US relations with Latin America.98
Lincoln Proposes a Constitutional Amendment
In spite of such obstacles, Lincoln re-affirmed his strong support for gradual emancipation coupled with resettlement in his second annual message to Congress of December 1, 1862. On this occasion he used the word deportation. So serious was he about his plan that he proposed a draft Constitutional Amendment to give it the greatest legal sanction possible. Lincoln told Congress:99
I cannot make it better known than it already is, that I strongly favor colonization.
In this view, I recommend the adoption of the following resolution and articles amendatory to the Constitution of the United States ... "Congress may appropriate money, and otherwise provide, for colonizing free colored persons, with their consent, at any place or places without the United States."
Applications have been made to me by many free Americans of African descent to favor their emigration, with a view to such colonization as was contemplated in recent acts of Congress ... Several of the Spanish American republics have protested against the sending of such colonies [settlers] to their respective territories ... Liberia and Haiti are, as yet, the only countries to which colonists of African descent from here could go with certainty of being received and adopted as citizens ...
Their old masters will gladly give them wages at least until new laborers can be procured; and the freedmen, in turn, will gladly give their labor for the wages, till new homes can be found for them, in congenial climes, and with people of their own blood and race.
Fellow-citizens, we cannot escape history. We of this Congress and this administration will be remembered in spite of ourselves ...
The President's December 1862 proposal had five basic elements:100
1. Because slavery was a "domestic institution," and thus the concern of the states alone, they -- and not the federal government -- were to voluntarily emancipate the slaves.
2. Slave-holders would be fully compensated for their loss.
3. The federal government would assist the states, with bonds as grants in aid, in meeting the financial burden of compensation.
4. Emancipation would be carried out gradually: the states would have until the year 1900 to free their slaves.
5. The freed blacks would be resettled outside the United States.
The 'Ile à Vache' Project
With the collapse of the Chiriqui plan, Lincoln next gave serious consideration to a small Caribbean island off the coast of the black republic of Haiti, Ile à Vache, as a possible resettlement site for freed blacks.
In December 1862, the President signed a contract with Bernard Kock, a businessman who said that he had obtained a long-term lease on the island. Kock agreed to settle 5,000 blacks on the island, and to provide them with housing, food, medicine, churches, schools, and employment, at a cost to the government of $50 each. About 450 blacks were accordingly transported to the island at federal government expense, but the project was not a success. As a result of poor organization, corruption, and Haitian government opposition, about a hundred of the deportees soon died of disease, thirst and starvation. In February-March 1864, a government-chartered ship brought the survivors back to the United States. After that, Congress cancelled all funds it had set aside for black resettlement.101
End of Resettlement Efforts
In early 1863, Lincoln discussed with his Register of the Treasury a plan to "remove the whole colored race of the slave states into Texas." Apparently nothing came of the discussion.102
Hard-pressed by the demands of the war situation, and lacking a suitable resettlement site or even strong support within his own inner circle, Lincoln apparently gave up on specific resettlement efforts. On July 1, 1864, presidential secretary John Hay wrote in his diary: "I am happy that the President has sloughed off that idea of colonization."103
Whatever its merits, the notion that America's racial question could be solved by massive resettlement of the black population probably never had much realistic prospect of success, given the realities of American life. Writing in The Journal of Negro History, historian Paul Scheips summed up:104
... Large-scale colonization of Negroes could only have succeeded, if it could have succeeded at all, if the Nation had been willing to make the gigantic propaganda, diplomatic, administrative, transportation and financial effort that would have been required. As it was, according to [historian Carl] Sandburg, "in a way, nobody cared." But even had hundreds of thousands of Negroes been colonized, the Nation's race problem would not have been solved.
Abolishing Slavery
A Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which would prohibit slavery throughout the United States, was passed by the Senate on April 8, 1864. Because the House failed immediately to approve it with the necessary two-thirds majority vote, Lincoln, in his Annual Message of December 6, asked the House to reconsider it. On January 31, 1865, and with three votes to spare, the House approved it. By this time, slavery had already been abolished in Arkansas, Louisiana, Maryland and Missouri, and a similar move seemed imminent in Tennessee and Kentucky.105
On February 3, 1865, Lincoln and Secretary of State Seward met with a Confederate peace delegation that included Confederate Vice President Stephens. Lincoln told the delegation that he still favored compensation to owners of emancipated slaves. It had never been his intention, the President said, to interfere with slavery in the states; he had been driven to it by necessity. He believed that the people of the North and South were equally responsible for slavery. If hostilities ceased and the states voluntarily abolished slavery, he believed, the government would indemnify the owners to the extent, possibly, of $400 million. Although the conference was not fruitful, two days later Lincoln presented to his cabinet a proposal to appropriate $400 million for reimbursement to slave owners, providing hostilities stopped by April 1. (The cabinet unanimously rejected the proposal, which Lincoln then regretfully abandoned.)106
On April 9, General Lee surrendered his army to General Grant at Appomatox Courthouse, and by the end of May, all fighting had ceased. The Civil War was over.
Lincoln's Fear of 'Race War'
A short time before his death on April 15, 1865, Lincoln met with General Benjamin F. Butler, who reported that the President spoke to him of "exporting" the blacks.107
"But what shall we do with the negroes after they are free?," Lincoln said. "I can hardly believe that the South and North can live in peace, unless we can get rid of the negroes ... I believe that it would be better to export them all to some fertile country with a good climate, which they could have to themselves." Along with a request to Butler to look into the question of how best to use "our very large navy" to send "the blacks away," the President laid bare his fears for the future:
If these black soldiers of ours go back to the South, I am afraid that they will be but little better off with their masters than they were before, and yet they will be free men. I fear a race war, and it will be at least a guerilla war because we have taught these men how to fight ... There are plenty of men in the North who will furnish the negroes with arms if there is any oppression of them by their late masters.
To his dying day, it appears, Lincoln did not believe that harmony between white and black was feasible, and viewed resettlement of the blacks as the preferable alternative to race conflict. " ... Although Lincoln believed in the destruction of slavery," concludes black historian Charles Wesley (in an article in The Journal of Negro History), "he desired the complete separation of the whites and blacks. Throughout his political career, Lincoln persisted in believing in the colonization of the Negro."108
Frederick Douglass, a gifted African American writer and activist who knew Lincoln, characterized him in a speech delivered in 1876:109
In his interest, in his association, in his habits of thought, and in his prejudices, he was a white man. He was preeminently the white man's President, entirely devoted to the welfare of the white man. He was ready and willing at any time during the first years of his administration to deny, postpone, and sacrifice the rights of humanity in the colored people, to promote the welfare of the white people of this country.
Allan Nevins, one of this century's most prolific and acclaimed historians of US history, summed up Lincoln's view of the complex issue of race, and his vision of America's future:110
His conception ran beyond the mere liberation of four million colored folk; it implied a far-reaching alteration of American society, industry, and government. A gradual planned emancipation, a concomitant transportation of hundreds of thousands and perhaps even millions of people overseas, a careful governmental nursing of the new colonies, and a payment of unprecedented sums to the section thus deprived of its old labor supply -- this scheme carried unprecedented implications.
To put this into effect would immensely increase the power of the national government and widen its abilities. If even partially practicable, it would mean a long step toward rendering the American people homogeneous in color and race, a rapid stimulation of immigration to replace the workers exported, a greater world position for the republic, and a pervasive change in popular outlook and ideas. The attempt would do more to convert the unorganized country into an organized nation than anything yet planned. Impossible, and undesirable even if possible? -- probably; but Lincoln continued to hold to his vision.
For most Americans today, Lincoln's plan to "solve" America's vexing racial problem by resettling the blacks in a foreign country probably seems bizarre and utterly impractical, if not outrageous and cruel. At the same time, though, and particularly when considered in the context of the terrible Civil War that cost so many lives, it is worth pondering just why and how such a far-fetched plan was ever able to win the support of a leader of the stature and wisdom of Abraham Lincoln.
Notes
1. Benjamin Quarles, Lincoln and the Negro (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1962), pp. 21-27.; Nathaniel Weyl and William Marina, American Statesmen on Slavery and the Negro (Arlington House, 1971), pp. 197-198.; Carl Sandburg, Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1926 [two volumes]), Vol. I, pp. 330-334.
2. Benjamin Thomas, Abraham Lincoln (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1952), pp. 85, 89, 260, 480. While Mary Todd Lincoln's eldest brother and a half-sister remained loyal to the Union during the Civil War, another brother, David, three half-brothers, and the husbands of three half-sisters fought on the side of the Confederacy. (Brother David, a half-brother named Alec, and the husband of a half-sister lost their lives in the fighting.)
3. B. Thomas, Abraham Lincoln (1952), pp. 121-122.
4. Benjamin Quarles, Lincoln and the Negro (New York: 1962), pp. 36-37.; Stephen B. Oates, With Malice Toward None: The Life of Abraham Lincoln (New York: Harper & Row, 1977), p. 158.
5. Roy P. Basler, editor, et al, The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln (New Brunswick, N. J.: Rutgers Univ. Press, 1953-1955 [eight volumes and index]), Vol. II, pp. 255-256. (Cited hereinafter as R. Basler, Collected Works.).; David A. Hollinger and Charles Capper, eds., The American Intellectual Tradition (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1989), vol. I, pp. 378-379.
6. R. Basler, Collected Works (1953), vol. II, pp. 405, 408, 409.
7. John Hope Franklin, From Slavery to Freedom: A History of Negro Americans (New York: A. Knopf, 1964 [2nd ed.]), pp. 234-235. [In the fifth edition of 1980, see pages 108-109, 177.].; Leslie H. Fischel, Jr., and Benjamin Quarles, The Negro American: A Documentary History (New York: W. Morrow, 1967), pp. 75-78.; Arvarh E. Strickland, "Negro Colonization Movements to 1840," Lincoln Herald (Harrogate, Tenn.: Lincoln Memorial Univ. Press), Vol. 61, No. 2 (Summer 1959), pp. 43-56.; Earnest S. Cox, Lincoln's Negro Policy (Torrance, Calif.: Noontide Press, 1968), pp. 19-25.
Thomas Jefferson outlined his plan for black resettlement in Notes on the State of Virginia (apparently first published in 1785): "To emancipate all slaves born after passing of the act [a proposed law] ... [They] should continue with their parents to a certain age, then be brought up, at public expense, to tillage, arts, or sciences, according to their geniuses, till the females should be eighteen, and the males twenty-one years of age, when they should be colonized to such place as the circumstances of the time should render most proper, sending them out with arms, implements of household and of the handicraft arts, seeds, pairs of the useful domestic animals, etc., to declare them a free and independent people, and to extend to them our alliance and protection till they have acquired strength ..." (Source: Life and Selected Works of Thomas Jefferson [New York: Modern Library, 1944], p. 255. Also quoted in: Nathaniel Weyl and William Marina, American Statesmen on Slavery and the Negro [Arlington House, 1971], p. 83.) For more on Jefferson's view of the race issue, and his support for forcible deportation, see: N. Weyl and W. Marina, American Statesmen on Slavery and the Negro (1971), pp. 71-100.
8. Nathaniel Weyl and William Marina, American Statesmen on Slavery and the Negro (Arlington House, 1971), pp. 132-134.; Allan Nevins, Ordeal of the Union (New York: C. Scribner's Sons, 1947), vol. I ("Fruits of Manifest Destiny, 1847-1852"), pp. 511-517.; Robert William Fogel, Without Consent or Contract: The Rise and Fall of American Slavery (New York: 1989), pp. 251-254.
9. Henry N. Sherwood, "The Formation of the American Colonization Society," The Journal of Negro History, Vol. II, (July 1917), pp. 209-228.; Earnest Cox, Lincoln's Negro Policy (1968), pp. 19-25.; Allan Nevins, Ordeal of the Union (New York: C. Scribner's Sons, 1960), vol. I ("Fruits of Manifest Destiny, 1847-1852"), pp. 511-516.; Congressional Globe, 25th Congress, 1st Session, Pt. 1, pp. 293-298.
10. C. I. Foster, "The Colonization of Free Negroes in Liberia, 1816-1835," The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 38 (January 1953), pp. 41-66.; John Hope Franklin, From Slavery to Freedom (New York: 1964 [2nd ed.]), pp. 235-236,; Allan Nevins, Ordeal of the Union (New York: C. Scribner's Sons, 1960), vol. I ("Fruits of Manifest Destiny, 1847-1852"), pp. 511-516.
11. John Hope Franklin, From Slavery to Freedom: A History of Negro Americans (New York: A. Knopf, 1964 [2nd ed.]), p. 235.
12. General Laws of the State of Indiana, Passed at the 34th Session of the General Assembly (Indianapolis: 1850), [Chap. XXVII], p. 247.
13. Congressional Globe, 35th Congress, 1st Sess., Pt. 1, pp. 293-298. See also: Allan Nevins, The War for the Union, volume II, "War Becomes Revolution, 1862-1863" (New York: C. Scribner's Sons, 1960), pp. 516-517. [This is volume VI of The Ordeal of the Union.]
14. R. Basler, Collected Works (1953), vol. III, p. 29.; In 1864, Lincoln told Congressman James Rollins: "You and I were old whigs, both of us followers of that great statesman, Henry Clay, and I tell you I never had an opinion upon the subject of slavery in my life that I did not get from him." Quoted in: Nathaniel Weyl and William Marina, American Statesmen on Slavery and the Negro (Arlington House, 1971), p. 196.
15. R. Basler, The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln (1953), Vol. II, p. 132. Also quoted in: Stephen B. Oates, With Malice Toward None: The Life of Abraham Lincoln (New York: Harper & Row, 1977), pp. 105-107.; See also: Allan Nevins, The War for the Union, volume II, "War Becomes Revolution, 1862-1863" (New York: C. Scribner's Sons, 1960), p. 7.
16. R. Basler, Collected Works (1953), Vol. II, pp. 298-299.
17. R. Basler, The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln (1953), Vol. III, p. 16.; Paul M. Angle, ed., Created Equal?: The Complete Lincoln-Douglas Debates of 1858 (Univ. of Chicago Press, 1958), p. 117.
18. R. Basler, The Collected Works Of Abraham Lincoln (1953), Vol. III, pp. 145-146.; James M. McPherson, The Struggle for Equality (Princeton Univ. Press, 1964), pp. 23-24.; Paul M. Angle, ed., Created Equal?: The Complete Lincoln-Douglas Debates of 1858 (Univ. of Chicago Press, 1958), p. 235.
19. B. Thomas, Abraham Lincoln (1952), p. 192.
20. R. P. Basler, ed., et al, The Collected Works Of Abraham Lincoln (1953), vol. III, pp. 522-550, esp. pp. 535, 541.; The complete text is also in: Robert W. Johannsen, Democracy on Trial: 1845-1877 (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1966), pp. 105-119.; See also: Richard N. Current, The Lincoln Nobody Knows (New York: McGraw Hill, 1958), p. 220.
21. Richard N. Current, The Lincoln Nobody Knows (New York: 1958), p. 83.
22. R. Current, The Lincoln Nobody Knows (1958), p. 77.
23. B. Thomas, Abraham Lincoln (1952), pp. 224-225.
24. One of Crittenden's sons would later serve as a Confederate army General, while another would serve as a General in the federal forces.
25. R. Current, The Lincoln Nobody Knows (1958), pp. 87-92.; Stephen Oates, With Malice Toward None (New York: 1977), pp. 199-200.
26. Leland D. Baldwin, The Stream of American History (New York: American Book Co., 1952 [two volumes], vol. I, 293. It is likewise often overlooked that there were more than 250,000 free blacks in the South. In New Orleans alone, more than 3,000 free blacks owned black slaves themselves, many being ranked as slave magnates. More than 8,000 black slaves were owned by Indians in Florida and the West who supported and often fought on the side of the Confederacy.
27. B. Thomas, Abraham Lincoln (1952), p. 180.; Roger Butterfield, The American Past (New York: 1947), pp. 153-154.
28. B. Thomas, Abraham Lincoln (1952), pp. 226-227.
29. R. P. Basler, The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln (1953), Vol. IV, p. 160.; R. Current, The Lincoln Nobody Knows (1958), p. 85.
30. R. Current, The Lincoln Nobody Knows (1958), pp. 85-86.
31. R. Current, The Lincoln Nobody Knows (1958), p. 86.
32. B. Thomas, Abraham Lincoln (1952), p. 246.; The complete text of Lincoln's 1861 Inaugural Address is in: Robert W. Johannsen, Democracy on Trial: 1845-1877 (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1966), pp. 161-168, and in: R. P. Basler, The Collected Works Of Abraham Lincoln (1953), vol. IV, pp. 262-271.
33. Allan Nevins, The Emergence of Lincoln: Prologue to Civil War, 1859-1861 (New York: C. Scribner's Sons, 1950), pp. 468-469. [This is volume IV of The Ordeal of the Union.]
34. Stephen B. Oates, With Malice Toward None: The Life Of Abraham Lincoln (1977), pp. 196, 197, 204, 209, 226-227. See also: Sam G. Dickson, "Shattering the Icon of Abraham Lincoln," The Journal of Historical Review (Vol. 7, No. 3), Fall 1986, p. 327.
35. R. Current, The Lincoln Nobody Knows (1958), p. 105.
36. R. Current, The Lincoln Nobody Knows (1958), p. 110.
37. R. Current, The Lincoln Nobody Knows (1958), p. 117.
38. R. Current, The Lincoln Nobody Knows (1958), p. 221.; B. Thomas, Abraham Lincoln (1952), pp. 275-277.
39. R. Current, The Lincoln Nobody Knows (1958), p. 221.
40. J. H. Franklin, From Slavery to Freedom (1964 [2nd ed.]), pp. 268-271. [In the fifth edition of 1980, this is pp. 207-208.].; See also: Allan Nevins, The War For The Union, vol. III, "The Organized War, 1863-1864" (New York: 1971), pp. 418-419, 428, 432. [This is volume VII of The Ordeal of the Union.]
41. In January 1861, the influential New York Tribune proposed a plan for the gradual, compensated emancipation of the 600,000 slaves in Delaware, Maryland, Missouri, Arkansas, Texas and Louisiana. The federal government, the paper urged, should appropriate enough money to compensate slave-holders an average of $400 per slave. See: James M. McPherson, The Struggle for Equality (1964), p. 40.; Allan Nevins, The War for the Union, volume II, "War Becomes Revolution, 1862-1863," (New York: C. Scribner's Sons, 1960), p. 7 (fn. 9). [This is volume VI of The Ordeal of the Union.] In 1854, Jacob Dewees of Philadelphia published a 236-page book, The Great Future of Africa and America; an Essay showing our whole duty to the Black Man, consistent with our own safety and glory. Dewees urged compensated emancipation, to be paid for by the proceeds of sales of public lands, and transportation of the Negroes to Africa, a process that might take as long as a century. Source: Allan Nevins, Ordeal of the Union (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1960), vol. I ("Fruits of Manifest Destiny, 1847-1852"), p. 517 ( fn. 29).
42. James M. McPherson, The Struggle for Equality (1964), p. 155.; A. Nevins, The War For The Union, volume II, "War Becomes Revolution, 1862-1863" (New York: 1960), p. 8 (fn. 12).
43. 36th Congress, 1st Session, House of Representatives, Report No. 568: Report of the Hon. F.H. Morse, of Maine, from the Committee on Naval Affairs, H.R. in Relation to the Contract made by the Secretary of the Navy for Coal and Other Privileges on the Isthmus of Chiriqui.; At that time, the Chiriqui region was part of New Granada.; On the Chiriqui project, see also: Paul J. Scheips, "Lincoln and the Chiriqui Colonization Project," The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 37, No. 4, (October 1952), pp. 418-420.; Nathaniel Weyl and William Marina, American Statesmen on Slavery and the Negro (1971), pp. 215-216.; Allan Nevins, The War For The Union, volume II, "War Becomes Revolution, 1862-1863" (New York: C. Scribner's Sons, 1960), p. 7.; R. P. Basler, ed., et al, The Collected Works Of Abraham Lincoln (1953), Vol. V, pp. 370-371 (note).
44. "Important Considerations for Congress," enclosure with Ninian W. Edwards to Abraham Lincoln, August 9, 1861. The Robert Todd Lincoln Collection of the Papers of Abraham Lincoln (Washington: Library of Congress, 1947 [194 volumes]), vol. 52, f. 11109. (Hereafter cited as Lincoln Collection.).; Also cited in: Paul J. Scheips, "Lincoln and the Chiriqui Colonization Project," The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 37, No. 4 (October 1952), pp. 420-421.
45. F. P. Blair, Sr. to A. Lincoln, November 16, 1861. Lincoln Collection, Vol. 61, ff. 13002-13014.; Also cited in: P. J. Scheips, "Lincoln ... ," The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 420-421.
46. A. Lincoln to Simon Cameron, December [?], 1861, Lincoln Collection, vol. 64, f. 13636.; Also cited in: P. J. Scheips, "Lincoln ... ," The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 37, No. 4 (1952), p. 421.
47. A. Lincoln to Gideon Welles, December [?], 1861, Lincoln Collection (cited above), Vol. 64, ff. 13637-13638.
48. Allan Nevins, The War For The Union, volume II, "War Becomes Revolution, 1862-1863," (New York: C. Scribner's Sons, 1960), pp. 6-8. [This is volume VI of The Ordeal of the Union.]
49. R. P. Basler, et al, The Collected Works Of Abraham Lincoln (1953), Vol. V, pp. 35-53, esp. p. 48.
50. Stephen B. Oates, With Malice Toward None: The Life Of Abraham Lincoln (New York: Harper & Row, 1977), p. 299.; Nathaniel Weyl and William Marina, American Statesmen on Slavery and the Negro (1971), p. 216.
51. Allan Nevins, The War For The Union, volume II, "War Becomes Revolution, 1862-1863," (New York: C. Scribner's Sons, 1960), p. 31.
52. A. Nevins, The War For The Union, volume II, "War Becomes Revolution, 1862-1863" (New York: 1960), p. 32.
53. A. Nevins, The War For The Union, volume II, (1960), pp. 32-33.
54. R. Basler, ed., et al, Collected Works (1953), vol. V, p. 318.; Robert W. Johannsen, Democracy on Trial: 1845-1877 (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1966), p. 265.
55. N. Weyl and W. Marina, American Statesmen (1971), pp. 216-217.; 37th Congress, 2nd Session, Public Laws of the United States (Boston, 1861-1862), XII, p. 378.
56. R. Basler, Collected Works (1953), vol. V, p. 192.
57. Charles H. Wesley, "Lincoln's Plan for Colonizing the Emancipated Negroes," The Journal of Negro History, Vol. IV, No. 1 (January 1919), p. 11.; Paul J. Scheips, "Lincoln ... ," The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 422-424.; N. Weyl and W. Marina, American Statesmen on Slavery and the Negro (1971), pp. 216-217.; R. P. Basler, The Collected Works Of Abraham Lincoln (1953), Vol. V, p. 32.; B. Thomas, Abraham Lincoln (1952), p. 360.
58. Caleb Smith to A. Lincoln, April 23, 1862, 47th Congress, 1st Session, House of Representatives, Exec. Doc. 46, Resolutions of the House of Representatives Relative to Certain Lands and Harbors Known as the Chiriqui Grant, p. 132. (Hereafter referred to as Report on the Chiriqui Grant.) . ; This document is cited in: P. J. Scheips, "Lincoln ... ," The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 37, No. 4 (1952), p. 425.; See also: A. Nevins, The War For The Union, volume II, "War Becomes Revolution, 1862-1863," (New York: 1960), p. 148 (fn. 16).
59. A. Nevins, The War For The Union, volume II, "War Becomes Revolution, 1862-1863" (New York: 1960), p. 148 (fn. 16).
60. James Mitchell to A. Lincoln, May 18, 1862. Lincoln Collection (cited above), Vol. 76, f. 16044.; P. J. Scheips, "Lincoln ... ," The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 37, No. 4 (1952), pp. 426-427.
61. R. Basler, et al, Collected Works (1953), vol. V, pp. 370-375.; A record of this meeting is also given in: Nathaniel Weyl and William Marina, American Statesmen on Slavery and the Negro (1971), pp. 217-221.; See also: Paul J. Scheips, "Lincoln ... ," The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 428-430.
62. "The Colonization Scheme," Detroit Free Press, August 15 (or 27), 1862. See also: Paul J. Scheips, "Lincoln ... ," The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 437-438.
63. James Mitchell, Commissioner of Emigration, to United States Ministers of the Colored Race, 1862. Lincoln Collection (cited above in footnote 44), Vol, 98, ff. 20758- 20759.
64. Edwin M. Thomas to A. Lincoln, August 16, 1862. Lincoln Collection (cited above), Vol. 84, ff. 17718-17719.
65. Bedford Pim, The Gate of the Pacific (London: 1863), pp. 144-146.; Cited in: Paul J. Scheips, "Lincoln ... ," The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 37, No. 4 (1952), pp. 436-437.; James M. McPherson, The Negro's Civil War (New York: 1965), p. 95.; "Colonization Scheme," Detroit Free Press, August 15 (or 27), 1862.
66. Paul J. Scheips, "Lincoln ... ," The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 37, No. 4 (1952), pp. 437-438.
67. Report on the Chiriqui Grant (cited above in footnote 58), pp. 134-136.; Paul J. Scheips, "Lincoln ... ," The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 37, No. 4 (1952), pp. 432-433.
68. 39th Congress, 1st Sess., Senate Executive Document 55. Report on the Transportation, Settlement, and Colonization of Persons of the African Race, pp. 16-17.
69. Caleb Smith to Robert Murphy, Sept. 16, 1862. 39th Congress, 1st Sess., Senate Executive Document 55. Report on the Transportation, Settlement, and Colonization of Persons of the African Race, p. 17.
70. Caleb Smith to Samuel Pomeroy, Sept. 20, 1862. 39th Congress, 1st Sess., Senate Exec. Doc. 55. Report on the Transportation, Settlement, and Colonization of Persons of the African Race, p. 17.
71. Caleb Smith to S. Pomeroy, Sept. 20, 1862. Same source, p. 17.
72. James M. McPherson, The Struggle for Equality (1964), pp. 80, 81, 82, 89, 93, 94.
73. John H. Franklin, From Slavery to Freedom (New York: 1964 [2nd ed.]), p. 277.; Stephen Oates, With Malice Toward None (1977), p. 299.
74. Benjamin Quarles, Lincoln and the Negro (New York: 1962), pp. 126-127.; B. Thomas, Abraham Lincoln (1952), p. 334.
75. The complete text of Lincoln's preliminary Emancipation Proclamation of September 22, 1862, is printed in: Robert W. Johannsen, Democracy on Trial: 1845-1877 (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1966), pp. 266-268, and in: R. P. Basler, The Collected Works Of Abraham Lincoln (1953), vol. V, pp. 433-436.
76. The complete text of the final Emancipation Proclamation is printed in: Carl Sandburg, Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years and The War Years, (New York: 1954 [One-volume edition]), pp. 345-346.
77. Allan Nevins, The War For The Union, volume II, "War Becomes Revolution, 1862-1863" (New York: 1960), p. 235.
78. Benjamin Thomas, Abraham Lincoln (1952), p. 333. As historians acknowledge, Lincoln did not issue the Emancipation Proclamation out of altruistic concern for blacks in bondage. If his objective truly had been solely to free slaves in the Confederacy, he could simply have faithfully enforced the second Confiscation Act, by which Confederate slaves coming under Union control were set free. It is also possible that, having announced on September 22, 1862, that he would make a final proclamation of emancipation on January 1, 1863, Lincoln had an excuse for disregarding the Confiscation laws, and could stave off support for pending legislation, which he opposed, that would permit blacks to fight for the Union. It also appears that edict provided the President with a means to frustrate Thaddeus Stevens and other abolitionists in Congress, who had introduced legislation to make freedmen and soldiers out of the slaves from the four slave-holding states that had remained with the Union. According to this interpretation, holds, Lincoln hoped to make use of the hundred-day period before the final proclamation was to be issued in order to make irreversible progress on implementing the Chiriqui colonization project, and to gain additional support for the gradual black resettlement.
79. John H. Franklin, From Slavery to Freedom (1964 [2nd ed.]), pp. 283-286. [This is apparently p. 228 of the 1974 edition.]
80. Same source as footnote 79.
81. Forrest interview in the Cincinnati Commercial, August 28, 1868. Reprinted in: Stanley Horn, Invisible Empire: The Story of the Ku Klux Klan, 1866-1871 (Montclair, N.J.: Patterson-Smith, 2nd ed., 1969), p. 414.
82. R. Basler, ed., et al, Collected Works (1953), vol. V, p. 421.
83. B. Thomas, Abraham Lincoln (1952), p. 361.
84. A. Nevins, The War For The Union, vol. II, "War Becomes Revolution, 1862-1863" (New York: 1960), pp. 231-233.; Facsimile of text of Lincoln's letter of Aug. 22, 1862 to Greeley in: Stefan Lorant, Lincoln: A Picture Story of His Life (New York: Bonanza, 1969), pp. 158-159.; See also: R. Current, The Lincoln Nobody Knows (1958), p. 224.; B. Thomas, Abraham Lincoln (1952), pp. 342-343.
85. B. Thomas, Abraham Lincoln (1952), pp. 333, 356-359.
86. R. Current, The Lincoln Nobody Knows (1958), p. 227.; N. Weyl and W. Marina, American Statesmen on Slavery and the Negro (1971), p. 226.
87. John H. Franklin, From Slavery to Freedom (New York: 1964 [2nd ed.]), p. 278.; Stephen Oates, With Malice Toward None (1977), pp. 322, 339, 343.
88. Roger Butterfield, The American Past (New York: 1947), p. 172.; Allan Nevins, The War For The Union, volume II, "War Becomes Revolution, 1862-1863" (New York: 1960), pp. 235-237.
89. John H. Franklin, From Slavery to Freedom (New York: 1964 [2nd ed.]), p. 280.
90. Stephen Oates, With Malice Toward None (1977), p. 340.; A. Nevins, The War For The Union, volume II, "War Becomes Revolution, 1862-1863" (New York: 1960), pp. 236-237.
91. Carl Sandburg, Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years and The War Years, (New York: 1954 [One-volume edition]), p. 347.; Thomas A. Bailey, A Diplomatic History of the American People (New York: 1964 [7th edition]), p. 342.; See also: A. Nevins, The War For The Union, volume II, "War Becomes Revolution, 1862-1863" (New York: 1960), pp. 270-273.
92. Joseph Henry to A. Lincoln, Sept. 5, 1862. Lincoln Collection (cited above), Vol. 86, ff. 18226-18227.; Paul J. Scheips, "Lincoln ... ," The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 37, No. 4 (1952), pp. 430-431.; Nathaniel Weyl and W. Marina, American Statesmen (1971), p. 224.; Gerstle Mack, The Land Divided (New York: 1944), p. 276.
93. Perley Poore, Reminiscences of Sixty Years in the National Metropolis (Philadelphia: 1866), II, pp. 107-108.
94. James L. Sellers, "James R. Doolittle," The Wisconsin Magazine of History, XVII (March 1934), pp. 302-304.
95. James R. Partridge to William Seward, August 26, 1862, A.B. Dickinson to W. Seward, Sept. 12, 1862, and Pedro Zeledon to A.B. Dickinson, Sept. 12, 1862. Papers Relating to Foreign Affairs, pp. 891-892, 897-898.; Paul J. Scheips, "Lincoln ... ," The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 37, No. 4 (1952), pp. 443-444 (incl. note 50).; N. Andrew Cleven, "Some Plans for Colonizing Liberated Negro Slaves in Hispanic America," The Southwestern Political and Social Science Quarterly, VI (September 1925), p. 157.
96. Luis Molina to W. Seward, Sept. 19, 1862. Papers Relating to Foreign Affairs, pp. 899-903.
97. John Usher to Samuel Pomeroy, Oct. 7, 1862. 39th Congress, 1st Sess., Senate Exec. Doc. 55. Report on the Transportation, Settlement, and Colonization of Persons of the African Race, p. 21.; Paul J. Scheips, "Lincoln ... ," The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 37, No. 4 (1952), pp. 440-441.
98. Paul J. Scheips, "Lincoln ... ," The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 37, No. 4 (1952), p. 441.; Nathaniel Weyl and W. Marina, American Statesmen (1971), p. 224.
99. R. Basler, ed., et al, Collected Works (1953), vol. V, pp. 518-537, esp. pp. 520, 521, 530, 531, 534, 535. Also quoted, in part, in: N. Weyl and W. Marina, American Statesmen (1971), pp. 225, 227.
100. R. Current, The Lincoln Nobody Knows (1958), pp. 221-222, 228.
101. James M. McPherson, The Negro's Civil War (New York: Pantheon, 1965), pp. 96-97.; Charles H. Wesley, "Lincoln's Plan ... ," The Journal of Negro History, Vol. IV, No. 1 (January 1919), pp. 17-19.; B. Thomas, Abraham Lincoln (1952), pp. 362-363.; N. Weyl and W. Marina, American Statesmen on Slavery and the Negro (1971), pp. 227-228.; Stephen Oates, With Malice Toward None (1977), p. 342.
102. N. Weyl and W. Marina, American Statesmen on Slavery and the Negro (1971), pp. 228-229. Source cited: L. E. Chittenden, Recollections of Abraham Lincoln.; Lincoln apparently also gave consideration to setting aside Florida as a black asylum or reservation. See: Paul J. Scheips, "Lincoln ... , " The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 37, No. 4 (October 1952), p. 419.
103. Tyler Dennett, ed., Lincoln and the Civil War in the Diaries and Letters of John Hay (New York: 1930), p. 203.; Also, quoted in: Paul J. Scheips, "Lincoln ... ," The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 37, No. 4, p. 439.
104. Paul J. Scheips, "Lincoln ... ," The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 37, No. 4 (October 1952), p. 453.
105. B. Thomas, Abraham Lincoln (1952), pp. 493-494.
106. B. Thomas, Abraham Lincoln (1952), pp. 501-503.
107. Benjamin Butler, Autobiography and Personal Reminiscences of Major-General Benjamin F. Butler (Boston: 1892), pp. 903-908.; Quoted in: Charles H. Wesley, "Lincoln's Plan for Colonizing the Emancipated Negroes," The Journal of Negro History, Vol. IV, No. 1 (January 1919), p. 20.; Earnest S. Cox, Lincoln's Negro Policy (Torrance, Calif.: 1968), pp. 62-64.; Paul J. Scheips, "Lincoln and the Chiriqui Colonization Project," The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 37, No. 4 (October 1952), pp. 448-449. In the view of historian H. Belz, the essence of what Butler reports that Lincoln said to him here is "in accord with views ... [he] expressed elsewhere concerning reconstruction." See: Herman Belz, Reconstructing the Union: Theory and Policy During the Civil War (Ithaca: 1969), pp. 282-283. Cited in: N. Weyl and W. Marina, American Statesmen on Slavery and the Negro (1971), p. 233 (n. 44). The authenticity of Butler's report has been called into question, notably in: Mark Neely, "Abraham Lincoln and Black Colonization: Benjamin Butler's Spurious Testimony," Civil War History, 25 (1979), pp. 77-83. See also: G. S. Borritt, "The Voyage to the Colony of Linconia," Historian, No. 37 , 1975, pp. 629- 630.; Eugene H. Berwanger, "Lincoln's Constitutional Dilemma: Emancipation and Black Suffrage," Papers of the Abraham Lincoln Association (Springfield, Ill.), Vol. V, 1983, pp. 25-38.; Arthur Zilversmit, "Lincoln and the Problem of Race," Papers of the Abraham Lincoln Association, Vol. II, 1980, pp. 22-45.
108. Charles H. Wesley, "Lincoln's Plan for Colonizing the Emancipated Negroes," The Journal of Negro History, Vol. IV, No. 1 (January 1919), p. 8.
109. Frederick Douglass, "Oration Delivered on the Occasion of the Unveiling of the Freedman's Monument in Memory of Abraham Lincoln," in Washington, DC, April 14, 1876. Quoted in: Nathaniel Weyl and William Marina, American Statesmen on Slavery and the Negro (Arlington House, 1971), p. 169; and in: Benjamin Quarles, ed., Frederick Douglass (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: 1968), p. 74.
110. Allan Nevins, The War For The Union, volume II, "War Becomes Revolution, 1862-1863" (New York: C. Scribner's Sons, 1960), p. 10. [Volume VI of The Ordeal of the Union.]
From: The Journal of Historical Review, Sept.-Oct. 1993 (Vol. 13, No. 5), pages 4-25.
About the author
Robert Morgan is the pen name of a writer who holds a bachelor degree in general studies from Indiana University-Purdue University (Indianapolis), as well as graduate certificates in Public Management (Indiana University, South Bend) and Labor Union Studies (I.U.-Purdue, Indianapolis). At the time he wrote this item, he was working toward a Master of Public Affairs degree (I.U., South Bend). He has been published more than 65 times in 15 periodicals, including the Indiana Bar Association's Res Gestae, the National Council on Crime and Delinquency's Crime & Delinquency, Indiana University's Preface, Indiana Criminal Law Review, and the Indianapolis Star.
| Abraham Lincoln |
What is the name of the cow in the television series ‘The Magic Roundabout’? | Six Black Presidents
Were There Black US Presidents?
By Kwaku Person-Lynn, Ph.D.
The ascendancy of Senator Barack Obama as the presumptive Democratic Party presidential nominee has resurrected a debate that has existed for decades. There have been various rumors floating around that the United States had black presidents. Seeking clarification on this issue is trickier than it would normally seem.
Several have written on this subject, including: Joel Augustus Rogers, The Five Negro Presidents; Auset Bakhufu, The Six Black Presidents - Black Blood: White Masks; and Leroy Vaughn, Black People and Their Place in History. Although most writers talk about five presidents, Bakhufu adds Dwight D. Eisenhower as the sixth. However, the most recent discussion did not involve any of the above.
Around a decade ago, on several black talk radio programs, Dick Gregory was touting the subject of a black president. The headline of an article on his website is "A �Black� Man, A Moor, http://www.dickgregory.com/index_hanson.html John Hanson, was the First President of the United States! 1781-1782 A.D." He had a darkened gentleman circled on the back of the two-dollar bill as John Hanson for proof. It actually turns out to be Governor George Walton, a delegate to the signing of the Declaration of Independence; the scene on the back of the two dollar bill.
Gregory�s article states, "Hanson, as President, ordered all foreign troops off American soil, as well as the removal of all foreign flags. Hanson established the Great Seal of the United States, which all Presidents have since been required to use on all official documents. He declared that the fourth Thursday of every November was to be Thanksgiving Day, which is still true today." One variable someone did not clearly think through, America was not going to select a black president during the heart of the enslavement period.
There was a John Hanson. He was the ninth president of the Continental Congress overall, and the first president of the Continental Congress to serve a full term after ratification of the Articles of Confederation. Some refer to him as the third president, but that was during the Second Continental Congress. He was Caucasian.
Around 1881, after the US Congress was formed, there was a black John Hanson. He was a senator from Grand Bassa County, Liberia, America�s only Afrikan colony. He advocated for enslaved Afrikans to be sent to Liberia. This is where Gregory, a long time activist, had some confusion. Senator Hanson is the photograph Gregory mistakenly displays on his website.
Hollywood, with the creative freedom to make anything possible on screen, jumped into the black president caricatures going all the way back to 1933. Sammy Davis Jr., at 7 years old, played the first black president in the musical/comedy short, "Rufus Jones for President".
Things got a little more serious with stellar black actors playing presidents in feature films. Some pundits have suggested that the dignity and acceptance of the following may have provided a greater openness for a black president today: Morgan Freeman in "Impact; Dennis Haysbert in "24"; and James Earl Jones in "The Man". Chris Rock also played a black president in the comedy "Head of State". (Greg Braxton. Los Angeles Times)
Many young people and some oldsters too, were probably puzzled when author Toni Morrison made the following statement about then president Bill Clinton. "In an October 1998 essay in The New Yorker, Morrison wrote: �Years ago, in the middle of the Whitewater investigation, one heard the first murmurs: white skin notwithstanding, this is our first black president. Blacker than any actual person who could ever be elected in our children's lifetime.�" (ABC News blog) Ms. Morrison may have a revised statement in the not to distant future.
Orville R. Taylor, in an article, "Black Presidents", was more negatively cynical when he wrote, "Bill Clinton is reputed to be the first because of his stereotypical similarity to African-American men; weed, womanizing, Red Stripe beer and jazz music. Furthermore, like Obama, his father was an absentee but more cleverly hidden from public scrutiny."
Before diving into the main subject, most of us were trained to have good manners, such as, "Ladies first." Let�s look at the lineage of probably the most popular first lady in American history, the former wife of President John F. Kennedy. "Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, whose blood lines, according to the historian Mario de Valdes y Cocom, goes back to the van Salees, a Muslim family of Afro-Dutch origin prominent in Manhattan in the early 1600's. (Mitchell Owens. "Surprises in the Family Tree." New York Times)
An explanation is offered on how some presidents may have Afrikan ancestry. "If any branch of your family has been in America since the 17th or 18th centuries," Dr. Berlin, a professor of American history at the University of Maryland and the founding director of the Freedmen and Southern Society Project said, "it's highly likely you will find an African and an American Indian.
"There were communities in 17th- and 18th-century America where blacks and whites, both free, of equal rank and shared experiences, were working together, living together, drinking and partying together, and inevitably sleeping together.�" (Owens) If there was a genetic investigation into other first ladies, surprises could come in abundance.
We now turn our attention directly towards the controversial topic of undeclared black presidents. The literary standard, and the most referenced work on this subject, is Joel A. Rogers 19 page pamphlet, The Five Negro Presidents.
Obviously, the one-drop rule applied here. This was a decree that defined a person black, if one drop of Afrikan ancestry was in a person�s lineage. It was used during slavery, the Jim Crow period of segregation in the South, and upheld in southern courts.
One might say it is an unwritten rule today. Take the case of North Carolina congressman G. K. Butterfield. One hundred percent of anyone who sees him would, without hesitation, classify him as Caucasian. No doubt, to the surprise of many, he is black, and a member of the Congressional Black Caucus.
Dr. Charles B. Copher, godfather of biblical scholars of Afrikan descent, in his famous lecture, "Black People In And Of The Bible" stated "Black people range from chalk to charcoal."
Rogers, in chronicling five black presidents, according to European descent sources he used, offers a strong argument that there may have been black presidents in the past. Critics claimed he did not supply enough credible evidence.
He begins with Thomas Jefferson, the 3rd president of the US. "The chief attack on Jefferson was in a book written by Thomas Hazard in 1867 called The Johnny Cake Papers. Hazard interviewed Paris Gardiner, who said he was present during the 1796 presidential campaign, when one speaker states that Thomas Jefferson was �a mean-spirited son of a half-breed Indian squaw and a Virginia mulatto father.�" Jefferson destroyed all papers, portraits and personal effects of his mother when she died.
It is no secret Jefferson sired children of Afrikan descent from his favorite slave at Monticello, his residence, Sally Hemings. Modern DNA tests confirm this. A Nature Magazine article titled "Founding Father" concluded, "Almost two hundred years ago Thomas Jefferson was alleged to have fathered children by his slave Sally Hemings. The charges have remained controversial. Now, DNA analysis confirms that Jefferson was indeed the father of at least one of Hemings' children." (Eric S. Lander & Joseph J. Ellis. November 5, 1998)
Andrew Jackson, the 7th president, also has a curious background. In the Virginia Magazine of History, it states that Jackson was the son of an Irish woman who married a black man. The magazine also stated that Jackson's oldest brother had been sold as a slave. (John M. Belohlavek. "Assault on the president: the Jackson-Randolph affair of 1833")
Another source stated, "General Jackson�s mother was a common prostitute � brought to this country by the British soldiers! She afterward married a mulatto man, with whom she had several children, of which number General Jackson is one." (Robert Remini. Andrew Jackson)
Abraham Lincoln, the 16th president, was seen as the man who abolished slavery; thus, his nickname, "The Great Emancipator". His motives were other than altruistic, as well as his view that enslaved Afrikans were inferior. "I will say, then, that I am not, nor ever have been, in favor of bringing about in any way the social and political equality of the white and black races--that I am not nor ever have been in favor of making voters or jurors of Negroes, nor of qualifying them to hold office, nor to intermarry with white people; and I will say in addition to this that there is a physical difference between the white and black races which will ever forbid the two races living together in terms of social and political equality. And inasmuch as they cannot so live, while they do remain together, there must be the position of superior and inferior. I am as much as any other man in favor of having the superior position assigned to the white race."
(Sixth Debate with Steven A. Douglas at Quincy, Ill. Oct. 13, 1858)
Rogers says of Lincoln, that he "was the illegitimate son of an African man. Lincoln�s mother was said to have admitted that he was the progeny of a black man. William Herndon, Lincoln's law partner, said that Lincoln had very dark skin and coarse hair and that his mother was from an Ethiopian tribe. In Herndon's book entitled The Hidden Lincoln he says that Thomas Lincoln (Lincoln�s acknowledged father) could not have been Abraham Lincoln's father because he was sterile from childhood mumps and was later castrated."
Warren Harding, the 29th president, never denied his black heritage. "Harding had black ancestors between both sets of parents. William Chancellor, a white professor of economics and politics at Wooster College in Ohio, wrote a book on the Harding family genealogy and identified Black ancestors among both parents of President Harding. Justice Department agents allegedly bought and destroyed all copies of this book. Chancellor also said that Harding's only academic credentials included education at Iberia College, which was founded in order to educate fugitive slaves." (Rogers)
Monica Haynes, of the Pittsburg Courier wrote, in her infamous article, "Racial heritage of six former presidents is questioned," "However, Marsha Stewart doesn't need any professional research. Mrs. Stewart, a 60-year-old black woman who teaches in suburban Detroit, said Mr. Harding is her cousin. She said it's something the family always has known but didn't publicly talk about. (February 5, 2008)
Dr. Leroy Vaughn, who quoted J.A. Rogers liberally, stated in his book, Black People and Their Place in World History, about Calvin Coolidge, the 30th president, "He claimed his mother was dark because of mixed Indian ancestry. Coolidge's mother's maiden name was �Moor�, in Europe the name was given to all blacks. Dr. Auset Bakhufu says that by 1800 the New England Indian was hardly any longer pure Indian, because they had mixed so often with Blacks."
Bakhufu, in his previously mentioned out of print book, lists Dwight D.
Eisenhower, the 34th President, as the sixth black president. He was the WWII commanding officer, and saw the Afrikan general Hannibal as his favorite war hero. "According to research found in Wikipedia, the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration confirms Eisenhower, the 34th president, also had black ancestors. His mother, Ida Elizabeth Stover Eisenhower, an anti-war advocate, was part black. This is also verified by Answers.com and several other web sites." (Aysha Hussain. "Eisenhower, Too? Were There More Than 5 'Black' Presidents?")
"Many of Eisenhower�s ancestors, from his mother�s side of the family, carried African names � names that were heard in and around the pyramids and temples in ancient times. Two female ancestors� names were Hypatia, i.e., Hypatia Link and Hypatia McGhee. Hypatia was an African mathematician and teacher." (Bakhufu)
Rogers, in his previous mentioned pamphlet, referred to Eisenhower as a black president, but did not mention his name. Eisenhower was still alive when he completed his work, and perhaps did not want to spark a nasty debate. However, the evidence shows Rogers was clandestinely talking about Eisenhower. He mentioned this unnamed president�s mother being born in Virginia. No other president�s mother after Harding was born there.
Currently, there is no known DNA evidence on any of the previously mentioned presidents to add to the eyewitness and secondary accounts of racial identification. There was a DNA test done on President William Harding, but that was only to determine if a child was his from an alleged lover. There has been some talk, but as imagined, there is some reluctance to go ahead. The discussion is probably similar to that which took place in Kemet (Egypt) after Dr. Cheikh Anta Diop, master historian, anthropologist, physicist and politician, conducted the melanin dosage test on certain royal mummies, proving they were black. Such tests are no longer allowed.
Ironically, it is interesting how Senator Barack Obama�s political journey has re-ignited this topic. We can only wait to see if he becomes the first declared black president, which may serve to bring out those in the color closet, as well as give children of Afrikan descent hope that they can be whatever they choose to work hard at. There is one side effect; President�s Day may eventually have a totally different meaning.
By the way, Obama, in Kiswahili (spoken in Kenya, home of his father) means �sent by God.�
Dr. Kwaku website: www.drkwaku.com
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Who released a 2009 album entitled ‘The Element of Freedom’? | Alicia Keys, The Element Of Freedom New Music, Songs, & Albums, 2016
Alicia Keys
The Element Of Freedom
12 time Grammy Award winner Alicia Keys returns with her 4th studio album The Element Of Freedom.
Alicia has sold over 26 million albums worldwide and over 6.7 million digital tracks in the US.
Featuring the hits 'Doesn't Mean Anything' and 'Try Sleeping With A Broken Heart,' The Element Of Freedom promises to be one of Alicia Keys biggest releases to date.
The Element Of Freedom (Intro)
Love Is Blind
Try Sleeping With A Broken Heart
Wait Til You See Me Smile
That's
How Strong My Love Is
Un-Thinkable (I'm Ready)
Put It In A Love Song (Feat. Beyonce)
This Bed
How It Feels To Fly
Empire State Of Mind (Part II) Broken Down
Upcoming Tour Dates
Los Angeles, CA, US Alicia Keys at Belasco Theater
Mar 10
| Alicia Keys |
What is the capital of Malaysia? | Album Review: Alicia Keys - The Element of Freedom | Prefix
Abstract
According to Alicia Keys, The Element of Freedom is a diverse album thematically, with both vulnerable and strong-willed songs. The lead single, "Doesn't Mean Anything," is definitely one of her more open-hearted songs, which says a lot for the woman behind "If I Ain't Got You" and "No One." The album was recorded in Long Island at The Oven, a three-story house that she renovated into a studio, where she was able to write new material more comfortably than she had before. The new album also places an emphasis on a harder drum sound, as evidenced on "Try Sleeping With A Broken Heart," which throws a slight nod to her love of hip hop. The Element of Freedom features production from longtime collaborator Kerry "Krucial" Brothers and Jeff Bhasker (Kanye West, Jay-Z, Kid Cudi).
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Formula One racing driver Robert Kubica was born in which country? | Robert Kubica : AutoRacing.com: NASCAR, F1, News, Reviews, Blogs, Events, Photos and Videos
Browse > Home / Formula 1 / Formula One Drivers / Robert Kubica
Robert Kubica
Born in Kraków, Poland, on 7 December 1984, Robert Kubica has the distinction of being the first Polish driver to compete in Formula One racing . Kubica started his racing career by competing in the Italian Formula Renault 2000 and Formula Renault 200 Eurocup in 2001. He progressed to Formula Three and continued to build his reputation as a competitive and consistent driver, winning the Renault World Series in 2005.
The year 2006 proved to be a turning point in Kubica’s career as he was appointed as Formula One reserve driver with BMW Sauber. He went on to replace Jaques Villeneuve for the final six races of the season, thereby becoming the first Polish driver to compete in the sport. Claiming third place in the Italian Grand Prix, he became the first driver to finish on the podium within his first three F1 races since Villeneuve achieved this in 1996. It was confirmed at the end of the 2006 F1 season that Kubica would be driving for BMW Sauber for the 2007 season.
Kubica started off well in the 2007 season, consistently achieving point scoring finishes. However, at the Canadian Grand Prix Kubica had a serious accident, resulting in his car rolling across the track, striking a wall and landing on its side. Considering that he had been subjected to a peak G-force of 75G when his car hit the wall, he escaped with relatively minor injuries of a concussion and sprained ankle. It did, however, result in him being unable to compete at the 2007 US Grand Prix , where test driver Sebastian Vettel took the wheel. Kubica was back in action for the French Grand Prix where he finished in fourth place, going on to achieve a fourth place finish for the British Grand Prix as well.
Retained by BMW Sauber for the 2008 season, Kubica soon established himself as a serious contender for the title, taking the first pole position at the Bahrain Grand Prix, and notching up second place finishes at both the Malaysian and Monaco events. It was on the June 8, at the 2008 Canadian Grand Prix that Kubica achieved his first F1 victory. Having started second on the grid, he soon passed Lewis Hamilton , who was in the lead. On leaving the pits after the first pit stop, Hamilton crashed into the back of Kimi Raikkonen’s Ferrari, putting both cars out of the race and leaving the field open for Kubica who had been in the pits at the same time. Kubica won the race, joking that it had been his good fortune that Hamilton had not crashed into him seeing as he was alongside Raikkonen when the incident happened. Kubica finished the season fourth in the drivers’ championship.
Following the excitement and success of 2008, the 2009 season proved to be disappointing, with the new BMW Sauber F1.09 underperforming all the way. Robert Kubica managed to earn a second place in Brazil, which boosted his points, but he started to look for an alternative team for the 2010 season. With BMW announcing plans to withdraw from F1, Kubica signed with Renault in October 2009 for the 2010 season, with Russian driver Vitaly Petrov as his team-mate. No doubt fans will be watching the career of this talented young driver very closely as the 2010 season progresses.
| Poland |
What is the V-shaped formation of a flock of wild geese called? | Robert Kubica Official Website
ROBERT KUBICA IDriver profile
Born on 7.12.1984 in Cracow, Poland
He found his greatest passion before he turned five. That was when Robert saw his first car - a miniature of an off-road car with a 2 hp engine - displayed on the shop window. And so he got his best birthday and Christmas present ever. It was not long before he started going kart racing, winning six Polish championship titles in just three years. These were merely the beginnings of his great international career. It was not surprising to anybody he met on his way to F1, when he finally got to the pinnacle of motorsport. It took him little time to establish himself as one of the best racing drivers in Formula One - with his full commitment, incredible speed and extraordinary racing intelligence. He made it 12 times to the podium, including the historic 2008 Canadian Grand Prix win. His career was cut short by a horrific rally accident at the beginning of 2011, but two years later, Robert sat behind a wheel of a rally car to make a stunning comeback. He won the WRC-2 title in his very first rally season in 2013 and earned himself a place in the World Rally Car in the following year. At the opening Robert surpassed his goal for the season which was to win at least one stage, by winning two first Special Stages in Rallye Monte Carlo. In no time Kubica became a very promising, brilliant newcomer to the sport, climbing to the top of the World Championship, exactly as he did before, in Formula One.
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What was the first name of British film producer J Arthur Rank? | J. Arthur Rank - IMDb
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Miscellaneous Crew | Producer | Writer
Lord 'J. Arthur Rank' was the millionaire flour miller and devout methodist who got into films to spread the gospel. When some early films that he was involved with didn't get a very good circulation he realised that control of the movie theatres was the key to success. He quickly established the Odeon chain of cinemas, started by Oscar Deutsch (... See full bio »
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1949 Kind Hearts and Coronets (presenter - as J.Arthur Rank)
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If I could recall to you some of my various adventures and experiences in the film world, it would I think be as plain to you as it is to me that I was being led by God.
Trivia:
He was a deeply religious man who credited his success to his faith and the will of God. During the Twenties he owned a Methodist newspaper, and when he realized the value of films in Sunday school instruction, he entered the film bushiness with British National Pictures in order to improve the quality of these religious films. See more »
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The gong struck by Bombadier Billy Wells (amongst others) at the start of Rank films.
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In cookery, what are the two ingredients of ganache? | Read J. Arthur Rank And The British Film Industry (Cinema And Society) online download e-book id:508mlln w5i5n
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Which chemical element is also known as Hydrargyrum? | Mercury: Element of the Ancients - Dartmouth Toxic Metals Superfund Research Program
Mercury: Element of the Ancients
The Promise of Power
Intriguing because of its silver hue and liquid state at room temperature, elemental mercury was known to the ancient Greeks, Romans, Chinese and Hindus. Each civilization had its own legends about mercury, and it was used as everything from a medicine to a talisman. Mercury's chemical symbol, Hg, comes from the Greek "hydrargyrum" meaning liquid silver. Mercury is also known as "quicksilver," a reference to its mobility. Speed and mobility were characteristics of the Roman god, Mercury, who served as a messenger to all the other gods and shared his name with the planet nearest the sun. The symbol for the planet was used by the alchemists to identify mercury before it was given its more modern chemical notation.
Although mercury's mystique held the promise of power, many of the ancients also knew it to be toxic. It was in the mining of the element where mercury first became associated with human illness beginning as tremors and progressing to severe mental derangement. The largest natural source of mercury is cinnabar, its only known ore, and the richest deposits are found in Spain and Italy. This reddish mineral containing mercury and sulfur has been used as a pigment since prehistoric times. Cinnabar dating from 500 BC has been identified at a Mayan site in Guatemala, and prehistoric skulls painted with cinnabar have been found in Italy.
The Romans used their mercury mines as penal institutions for criminals, slaves, and other undesirables. The warders were among the first to recognize that there was a high likelihood that the prisoners would become poisoned and spare the keepers the need for formal executions. Mercury is primarily a neurological poison, causing tremors, extreme mood changes, and eventually loss of hearing and restricted vision. Certain forms of mercury poisoning also cause damage to the liver and kidneys. The life span of a worker in those mines was tragically brief.
From Mercury to Gold?
In the ancient art of alchemy, mercury, sulfur, and salt were the Earth's three principle substances. The Hindu word for alchemy is "Rasasiddhi", meaning "knowledge of mercury." Believing that mercury was at the core of all metals, alchemists supposed that gold, silver, copper, tin, lead and iron were all mixtures of mercury and other substances. While alchemists in different cultures had different beliefs, one of the central themes to European alchemy was the belief that the correct combination of mercury and other ingredients would yield riches of gold.
The Roman emperor Diocletian (245-313) issued an edict in the late 3rd century calling for the destruction of all written works dealing with alchemy. Diocletian feared that artificially created gold would debase the value of the Roman currency and allow alchemists to amass huge fortunes with which they could bribe officials and gain power.
Chinese alchemist - Ko Hung
False Promises of Longevity and Health
The line between alchemy and medicine was not always clear. In 2nd century China, the study of mercury centered on a search for an elixir of life to confer longevity or immortality. The prominent Chinese alchemist Ko Hung, who lived in the 4th century, believed that man is what he eats, and so by eating gold he could attain perfection. Yet, he reasoned, a true believer was likely to be poor, and so it was necessary to find a substitute for the precious metal. This, in his estimation, could be accomplished by making gold from cinnabar. Ko Hung's other uses for cinnabar included smearing it on the feet to enable a person to walk on water, placing it over a doorway to ward off thieves, and combining it with raspberry juice to enable elderly men to beget children.
In the era before antibiotics, sexually-transmitted diseases were deadly. Some scholars believe that syphilis was the most critical medical problem of the first half of the 16th century. A great number of printed works dealing with syphilis first appeared at the end of the 15th century when it was known by such names as "morbus gallicius," "the French disease," "the pox," and "lues venera." In the desperate search for a cure, it was almost inevitable that various forms of mercury would be tried. Indeed, the treatment appeared to benefit some patients. While it is unclear whether mercury actually did cure syphilis (some cases of the disease resolve spontaneously), the use of mercury therapy continued into the early 20th century.
Mercury and Hatters
The felt hat industry has been traced to the mid-17th century in France, and it was probably introduced into England some time around 1830. A story passed down in the hat industry gives this account of how mercury came to be used in the process: In Turkey camel hair was used for felt material, and it was discovered that the felting process was speeded up if the fibers were moistened with camel urine. It is said that in France workmen used their own urine, but one particular workman seemed consistently to produce a superior felt. This person was being treated with a mercury compound for syphilis, and an association was made between mercury treatment of the fibers and an improved felt.
Danbury Hat Factory
Eventually the use of solutions of mercuric nitrate was widespread in the felt industry, and mercury poisoning became endemic. Danbury, Connecticut, an important center of America's hat-making industry until men's hats went out of fashion in the 1960s, developed its own reputation for madness. Regionally, the "Danbury shakes" were a commonly recognized series of ailments.
On December 1, 1941 the United States Public Health Service banned the use of mercury in the felt industry in this country. Although it has been suggested that the expression "mad as a hatter" and the character portrayed in Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland may have other origins other than mercurialism among hatters, few can resist making this apocryphal analogy.
Mercury in the Aquatic Food Web
In nature mercury can be found in several forms. It can be converted from one form to another by natural processes. For example, when the elemental mercury released in emissions from coal-burning power plants or waste incinerators is deposited on lakes and streams it can be converted to inorganic mercury and then to organic forms by microorganisms. Some forms of mercury are particularly potent poisons.
In 1958 a unique illness began to be recognized in the area around Minamata Bay, on the Japanese island of Kyushu. Sixty-eight people died while 397 others exhibited neurological problems. The highest rate of illness was among fishermen and their families. It turned out that chemical industries around the bay had been discharging inorganic mercury wastes into the waters, where anaerobic bacteria in the detritus on the floor of the bay converted the inorganic mercury into methylmercury. The methylmercury became concentrated as it was passed along natural food webs. It found its way into fish and shellfish that were consumed by people living around the bay. Scientists estimated that biomagnification in food chains may have been as high as a millionfold.
Methylmercury produces a much more devastating human illness than inorganic mercury, affecting primarily the central nervous system with many neurologic disturbances including paralysis, "tunnel vision" and blindness. There is no effective antidote as there is for inorganic mercury salts, nor are there any truly efficacious means for hastening its excretion from the body. Unfortunately, methylmercury is also very dangerous to a developing fetus. Offspring exposed in utero, if they survive, may have an irreversible affliction resembling cerebral palsy. Experimentally, methylmercury has been shown to cause mutations in DNA as well.
Since the Japanese community lived on locally caught fish, the problem was limited to a relatively small area and population, and the problem came to light quickly. While the local people were exposed to high levels, the contamination was not widespread beyond this region. Japanese officials were reluctant to publicize this incident, however, which might have prevented the occurrence of other episodes in subsequent years. A very similar poisoning, leaving 13 dead and 330 affected, took place in 1965 around Niigata, Japan, on the island of Honshu.
There are a number of populations in the world that consume large amounts of mercury-contaminated fish, such as the indigenous populations of Cree and Inuit Native Americans living in the province of eastern Quebec, Canada. Some of these communities were displaced in a huge project to develop hydroelectric power. During the James Bay project by Hydro-Québec, the rerouting of rivers and massive flooding of previously dry lands mobilized environmental mercury that had always been in the soil. Bacterial action transformed some of that pool into methylmercury, which began to accumulate in natural food chains. Freshwater fish are a dietary staple for these native populations. The provincial government has instituted hair analysis programs to monitor exposure.
Methylmercury is also found in saltwater fish, again posing a dilemma to public health officials. The health benefits of even modest fish consumption are well known, particularly in the prevention of cardiovascular disease, so there is a delicate balance between achieving those benefits and the risk of too much mercury exposure. The Native American populations of Quebec consume fish primarily during the summer months, and the mercury content of their hair reflects peak concentrations during the summer and lower concentrations during the winter. In contrast, populations that depend on ocean fish as their main source of protein tend to have relatively stable elevated levels of mercury in their hair. Fortunately, limited studies in both types of consumers suggest that they are not exhibiting even the most subtle signs of poisoning.
Studies of wildlife have come to different conclusions, however. In Maine and New Hampshire there is evidence that loons have experienced reproductive and immune problems due to cumulative poisoning from eating mercury-contaminated fish.
A Mass Poisoning
In 1971-72, a major epidemic occurred in Iraq in which 6,530 persons were hospitalized and almost 500 died. In a well-intentioned humane response to famine, several nations shipped wheat grain intended for planting to Iraq. The seeds had been treated with a methylmercury-containing fungicide to hold down mold growth and preserve the viability of the seeds. The seeds were also dyed red to serve as a warning, and attempts were made to inform the natives of the hazards of eating the seeds directly. Unfortunately, the warnings on the bags were in Spanish, because some of the grain had originated in Mexico, and the skull and crossbones, recognized by westerners as meaning poison, meant nothing to the Iraqis. In the face of starvation many families milled the seeds directly into flour, and made and consumed the contaminated bread. There would have been no danger in eating grain grown from the treated seeds, because the subsequent crop would contain little or no methylmercury.
The population of the United States has been fortunate in avoiding mass poisonings in the past, but there was one isolated series of cases in 1970 involving a single family in Almagordo, New Mexico. The father worked in a seed store, which supplied local farmers, and he maintained a few pigs at home. He noticed a significant amount of wastage in the form of spilled seed grain at the store, and he began sweeping it up to feed to his pigs. Within a short time his pigs became obviously ill. Fearful of the loss of his investment, the father had them butchered, and he froze the meat for the use of his family. Three of them were eventually poisoned severely.
Twenty-two years after this incident all surviving members of the family were carefully examined and tested. In this interim the two youngest children had died, and autopsy and toxicological findings were available from one of these. Both were left in a vegetative state until their deaths. Some recovery did occur in the older children, but the visual defects, including blindness in one and constricted visual fields in the other, did not improve. Neither parent showed signs of poisoning, although both were exposed. Toxicological studies suggested that methylmercury, which readily crosses the blood-brain-barrier, is converted to inorganic mercury in the brain. Since inorganic mercury does not readily cross biological membranes, it is effectively trapped in the brain, but it is not clear which of the two species is responsible for the brain pathology.
The use of methylmercury as a fungicide has been suspended in the United States, and since this was the only commercial use for the chemical, it is no longer manufactured in this country. It is, however, still found in the environment as a result of bacterial methylation of inorganic mercury.
The Ubiquitous Thermometer
Throughout the 20th-century, mercury has been useful in a number of everyday items alkaline batteries, fluorescent light bulbs, electrical switches, scientific and medical devices and the ubiquitous thermometer. Thermometers contain the less toxic elemental form of mercury and have almost never been a safety issue in peoples' homes. However, in the 1970s and '80s, workers at the Staco thermometer plant in Poultney, Vermont, began to notice a common series of health problemsheadaches, bleeding or sore gums, upset digestive systems, and coordination problems. Upon investigation, mercury was detected in the air of workers' homes, on their clothing and furniture, and most tragically, in the bodies of many workers and their children. This was the first time in which the children of mercury-handling workers were proven to have been affected. The plant closed in 1984. Several plant workers have since settled lawsuits with the company for undisclosed sums. Another lawsuit brought against the company by the town of Poultney and the state of Vermont was settled in September of 1991. Staco paid $289,000 to the town of Poultney for costs related to the clean-up of the town's water treatment plant.
As part of a goal to eliminate mercury from medical equipment, some communities have sponsored thermometer exchanges. For example, at a one-day event in 1999, the Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center in Hanover, New Hampshire exchanged approximately 800 mercury thermometers brought in by staff for digital, non-mercury thermometers.
Mercury Tragedy at Dartmouth
Karen Wetterhahn, Ph.D.
Mercury caused a tragic incident in Hanover, New Hampshire, in 1997. The story of Dartmouth College Chemistry professor Karen E. Wetterhahn made national headlines when mercury poisoning claimed her life at the age of 48. Wetterhahn, a specialist in toxic metals, was poisoned in her lab by a few drops of the rare, extremely toxic compound dimethylmercury which accidentally penetrated her protective glove. Dimethylmercury, a colorless liquid, is a synthetic compound used almost exclusively as a reference standard in a particular type of specialized chemical analysis. Ironically, Wetterhahn was investigating the toxic properties of another metal, cadmium, and was merely using the dimethylmercury as a reference for her instrumentation when she was poisoned. While the accidental spill occurred in August of 1996, symptoms of her mercury poisoning were not detected until six months later, at which time the illness was irreversible. Wetterhahn became suddenly ill in January of 1997 and was hospitalized. She rapidly went into a coma and died that June. As a result of her tragedy, safety standards for gloves and other protective equipment were revised, and a movement began to eliminate production and use of this most deadly form of mercury.
Article by: Julie Sloane, Science Writer
Supported by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Superfund Research Program
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What is the medical term for the shoulder blade? | Mercury (Metal) facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Mercury (Metal)
Note: This article, originally published in 1998, was updated in 2006 for the eBook edition.
Overview
Mercury is a transition metal. A transition metal is one of the elements found between Groups 2 (IIA) and 13 (IIIA) on the periodic table. The periodic table is a chart that shows how chemical elements are related to one another. Mercury has long been known as quicksilver, because it is a silver liquid. The chemical symbol also reflects this property. The symbol, Hg, comes from the Latin term hydrargyrum, meaning "watery silver."
Mercury has been known for thousands of years. In many cultures, people learned to make mercury metal from its most important ore, cinnabar. When heated cinnabar releases mercury as a vapor (gas). The vapor is cooled and captured as liquid mercury.
SYMBOL
PRONUNCIATION
MER-kyuh-ree
Some mercury compounds are known to be poisonous. For example, mercuric chloride (corrosive sublimate) was often used to kill pests and, sometimes, people. On the other hand, some mercury compounds have been used as medicines. For instance, mercurous chloride (calomel) was long used as a cure for skin rashes. In the last forty years, the dangers of mercury have become better known. As a result, mercury use is now being phased out.
Discovery and naming
The oldest sample of mercury dates to about the fifteenth or sixteen century b.c. It was found in an Egyptian tomb at Kurna, stored in a small glass container.
Mercury and cinnabar are both mentioned in ancient manuscripts. The Chinese, Hindus, Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans all recorded information about the element and its ore. Greek philosopher Theophrastus (372-287 b.c.), for example, described a method for preparing mercury. Cinnabar was rubbed together with vinegar in a clay dish. Theophrastus wrote that the cinnabar had been found in silver mines. When the metal was first made, he said, people thought it might contain gold. They were misled by the metal's shiny appearance. They soon realized, however, that it was quite different from gold.
Many reports on mercury told of its poisonous effects. Slaves who worked in Roman mercury mines, for example, often died of exposure to mercury. Strangely enough, trees and plants around these mines were not affected. Mercury was sometimes very dangerous and sometimes quite safe. People even drank from streams that ran through mercury mines. Scientists now know that mercury's effects depend on the form in which it occurs.
Mercury amalgams have also been around for a long time. An amalgam is a combination of mercury with at least one other metal. Amalgams are formed when a metal, such as silver, dissolves in mercury. The process is similar to dissolving salt in water. Amalgamation is used in mining to remove silver from ore. The silver dissolves in the mercury and a silver amalgam is formed. Heating the amalgam releases the silver. This method was used by miners as early as the sixteenth century.
Physical properties
Mercury is the only liquid metal. In fact, there is only one other liquid element, bromine. Bromine is a non-metal. Mercury can be frozen (changed into a solid) at a temperature of –38.85°C (–37.93°F). It can be changed into a gas ("boiled") at 365.6°C (690.1°F). Its density is 13.59 grams per cubic centimeter.
Mercury has two physical properties of special interest. First, it has very high surface tension. Surface tension is a property of liquids that make them act like they are covered with a skin.
For example, some water bugs are able to walk on the surface of water. With care, one can float a needle on the surface of water. These incidents are possible because of water's surface tension.
Mercury is also a very good conductor of electricity. This property is used in a number of practical devices. One such device is a mercury switch, such as the kind that turns lights on and off. A small amount of mercury can be placed into a tiny glass capsule. The capsule can be made to tip back and forth. As it tips, the mercury flows from one end to the other. At one end of the capsule, the mercury may allow an electric current to flow through a circuit. At the other end, no mercury is present, so no current can flow. Mercury switches are easy to make and very efficient.
Chemical properties
Mercury is moderately active. It does not react with oxygen in the air very readily. It reacts with some acids when they are hot, but not with most cold acids.
Occurrence in nature
The abundance of mercury in the Earth 's crust is estimated to be about 0.5 parts per million. That makes it one of the 20 least common elements. It very rarely occurs as an element. Instead, it is usually found as a compound. Its most common ore is cinnabar, or mercuric sulfide (HgS). Cinnabar usually occurs as a dark red powder. It is often called by the common name of vermillion or Chinese vermillion.
The largest producer of mercury outside the United States is Spain . U.S. production numbers are not announced in order to protect U.S. industries from revealing important company secrets. Other producers after Spain are Kyrgyzstan , Algeria , China , and Finland .
In the United States, mercury is produced as a by-product of gold mining. It comes from eight gold mines in California , Nevada , and Utah .
Isotopes
Seven naturally occurring isotopes of mercury are known. They are mercury-196, mercury-198, mercury-199, mercury-200, mercury-201, mercury-202, and mercury-204. Isotopes are two or more forms of an element. Isotopes differ from each other according to their mass number. The number written to the right of the element's name is the mass number. The mass number represents the number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus of an atom of the element. The number of protons determines the element, but the number of neutrons in the atom of any one element can vary. Each variation is an isotope.
Mercury is the only liquid metal.
About a dozen radioactive isotopes of mercury are known also. A radioactive isotope is one that breaks apart and gives off some form of radiation. Radioactive isotopes are produced when very small particles are fired at atoms. These particles stick in the atoms and make them radioactive.
Two radioactive isotopes of mercury are used in medicine, mercury-197 and mercury-203. Both isotopes are used to study the brain and the kidneys. The isotopes are injected into the body where they travel to the brain and the kidneys. Inside these two organs, the isotopes give off radiation that is detected by instruments held above the body. The pattern of radiation provides information about how well the brain and kidneys are functioning.
Extraction
Mercury is still prepared as it was hundreds of years ago. Cinnabar is heated in air. The compound breaks down to give mercury metal:
The mercury metal is then purified by distillation. Distillation is the process of heating two or more liquids to their boiling points. Different liquids boil at different temperatures. The liquid that is wanted (such as mercury) can be collected at its boiling point. Mercury that is more than 99 percent pure can be collected by distillation.
Uses
The most important use of mercury is in the preparation of chlorine. Chlorine is produced by passing an electric current through sodium chloride:
There is a problem with using this method, however. Sodium (Na) is a very reactive metal. If any water is present, the sodium will react violently with the water. This reaction makes the production of chlorine much more difficult.
In 1892, two English chemists developed a method for solving this problem. They made a container with a layer of mercury on the bottom. As sodium is produced by the electric current, it dissolves in the mercury, forming an amalgam. The sodium is unable to react with water. For many years, the "mercury cell" invented in 1892 was a very popular method for producing chlorine.
But today, companies are looking for other ways to make chlorine. They are worried about the harmful effects of mercury. They are also concerned that mercury can get into the environment and harm humans, animals, and plants.
The second most important use of mercury in the United States is in switches and other electrical applications. Again, there are increasing concerns about the health effects of mercury. Many companies are switching to electronic switches.
One application in which concerns about mercury have had little effect is fluorescent lamps. A fluorescent lamp contains mercury vapor (gas). When the lamp is turned on, an electric current passes through the mercury vapor, causing it to give off invisible radiation. The radiation strikes the inside of the glass tube, whose walls are coated with a phosphor. A phosphor is a material that gives off visible light when struck by electrons. The tube glows as the radiation strikes the phosphor.
Lamp manufacturers have reduced the amount of mercury in fluorescent lamps by about 60 percent. They developed ways to make the Lamps work just as well with less mercury. However, mercury lamps are much more popular. Each lamp now contains much less mercury. But there are many more lamps than ever before.
For a time, mercury batteries were quite popular. In the early 1980s, more than 1,000 tons of mercury a year were used to make mercury batteries. These batteries are a special environmental problem, however. People tend to just throw them away when they no longer work. The cases split open easily, releasing mercury into the environment. As a result, much less mercury is now being used to make such batteries. In 1996, less than one ton of mercury was used in these batteries. They are now restricted almost entirely to military and medical uses.
Mercury is also used in dental applications, measuring instruments (such as mercury thermometers and barometers), and coatings for mirrors.
Compounds
Mercury compound use is also decreasing because of health concerns. A few of the compounds still in use follow. Notice that two different endings are used for mercury compounds. Those that end in -ous have less mercury than those that end in -ic.
mercuric arsenate (HgHAsO4): waterproofing paints
mercuric benzoate (Hg(C7G5O2)2): medicine; used to treat syphilis
mercuric chloride, or mercury bichloride, or corrosive sublimate (HgCl2): disinfectant, tanning of leather, spray for potato seedlings (to protect from disease), insecticide, preservation of wood, embalming fluid, textile printing, and engraving
mercuric cyanide (Hg(CN)2): germicidal soaps (soaps that kill germs), photography
mercuric oxide (HgO): red or yellow pigment in paints, disinfectant, fungicide (to kill fungi), perfumes and cosmetics
mercuric sulfide (HgS): red or black pigment in paints
mercurous chloride, or calomel (Hg2Cl2): fungicide, maggot control in agriculture, fireworks
mercurous chromate (Hg2CrO4): green pigment in paints
mercurous iodide (Hg2I2): kills bacteria on the skin
The tragic effects of mercury poisoning
I n a tragic irony, a scientist who was helping to improve the environment died as a result of her efforts. On June 8, 1997, Dartmouth College chemistry professor Karen Wetterhahn died of mercury poisoning. Less than a year earlier, she had been experimenting with dimethyl mercury when she spilled a tiny amount on her hands. Dimethyl mercury is one of the most toxic of mercury compounds.
Wetterhahn was studying the effects that heavy metals (mercury, chromium, lead, and arsenic) have on living things. She was concerned about how these elements pollute the environment and cause disease in people.
In August 1996, as Wetterhahn was transferring some dimethyl mercury to a tube, the accident occurred. She was wearing latex gloves, but they were not adequate protection against the dangerous chemical. The mercury seeped into her skin. Wetterhahn did not begin to feel the effects of the exposure until six months later. She then started losing her balance, slurring her speech, and suffering vision and hearing loss. Tests showed her system had eighty times the lethal dose of mercury. Wetterhahn died of mercury poisoning on June 8, 1997.
Wetterhahn's death prompted some safety changes. Bright stickers on latex glove boxes should warn against using the gloves with hazardous chemicals. Workshops were held to teach proper glove selection. The dangers of dimethyl mercury were stressed. And scientists were urged to use a less dangerous chemical than dimethyl mercury. Overall, her death heightened awareness in the scientific community of potential laboratory dangers.
Health effects
Mercury metal and most compounds of mercury are highly toxic. Interestingly enough, scientists have become aware of this fact only quite recently. The toxicity of some mercury compounds has been known for many centuries. One form of mercury chloride known as calomel, for example, was sometimes used as a poison to kill people. It was also once used extensively to kill fungi and control maggots in agricultural crops.
But even as recently as fifty years ago, there was relatively little concern about mercury metal and many mercury compounds. High school chemistry students often played with tiny droplets of mercury in the laboratory. They used mercury to coat pennies and other pieces of metal.
Mercury was also widely used in dentistry. It was used to make amalgams, alloys of mercury with other metals, used to fill teeth. Most people even today are likely to have dental fillings that contain a small amount of mercury metal.
In the last fifty years, chemists have learned a great deal more about the toxic effects of both mercury metal and most of its compounds. They now know that mercury itself enters the body very easily. Its vapors pass through the skin into the blood stream. Its vapors can also be inhaled. And, of course, it can also be swallowed. In any of these cases, mercury gets into blood and then into cells. There it interferes with essential chemical reactions and can cause illness and death.
Sometimes, these effects occur over very long periods of time. People who work with mercury, for example, may take in small amounts of mercury over months or years. Health problems develop very slowly. These problems can include inflammation of the mouth and gums; loosening of the teeth; damage to the kidneys and muscles; shaking of the arms and legs; and depression, nervousness, and personality changes.
"Mad as a hatter!"
B ack in the 1800s, most of the negative effects of mercury and its compounds were not yet known. Hatmakers of that time commonly used a mercury compound in their craft. It was used to treat the felt and beaver fur that lined the hats. Eventually, exposure to the mercury began to cause changes in the hatmakers' bodies. Their personalities and behavior became erratic. Recognizing the bizarre personalities of many hatmakers, people often used the expression "mad as a hatter." In fact, author Lewis Carroll (1832-98) created a character for Alice's Adventures in Wonderland that owes its origins to the symptoms of mercury poisoning: The Mad Hatter.
People can also be exposed to large doses of mercury over short periods of time. In such cases, even more serious health problems can arise. These include nausea, vomiting diarrhea, stomach pain, damage to the kidneys, and death in only a week or so.
So is mercury still safe to use in dental fillings? That question is the source of considerable controversy. Some people say that so little mercury is lost from fillings that the metal presents no danger to people. Other people think that dentists should take no chances with this dangerous metal. They should stop using mercury fillings entirely.
Cite this article
Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography.
MLA
Brady, George S., Henry R. Clauser, and John A. Vaccari. Materials Handbook, 14th Edition. McGraw-Hill, 1997.
Heiserman, David L. Exploring Chemical Elements and Their Compounds. TAB Books, 1992.
Kroschwitz, Jacqueline I., executive editor, and Mary Howe-Grant, editor. Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 4th edition. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1993.
Stwertka, Albert. A Guide to the Elements. Oxford University Press, 1996.
Periodicals
Raloff, J. "Mercurial Airs: Tallying Who's to Blame." Science News (February 19, 1994): 119.
Spencer, Peter, and G. Murdoch. "Mercury in Paint." Consumers' Research Magazine (January 1991): 2.
Stone, R. "Mercurial Debate." Science (March 13, 1992): 1356-1357.
Other
http://www.intercorr.com/periodic/80.htm [This website contains a summary of the history, sources, properties, and uses of mercury.]
—Chris Cavette
u.s. environmental protection agency. "mercury study report to congress." available from http://www.epa.gov/oar/mercury.html.
Johan C. Varekamp
The most common exposure to mercury in the home comes when a mercury thermometer is dropped and broken. Children should be removed from the room immediately. DO NOT VACUUM SPILLED MERCURY. Vacuuming will disperse the mercury into the air; inhaling mercury poses high risk. Mercury naturally beads and if it is on a hard surface, it can be scooped up with index cards or a file folder. Seal in a ziplock bag and call the health department or a hospital to arrange safe disposal. Call the health department if mercury has spilled on a carpet or other fabric.
Cite this article
density: 13.54 g/cm3
most common ions: Hg22−, Hg2+
Mercury is at room temperature a silver-white, volatile liquid metal . It is reputed to have been known in ancient Egypt . Dioscorides, a Greek physician who flourished ca. 60 c.e., recounted the condensation of mercury vapor after the heating of cinnabar, the major ore of mercury. In the modern era mercury is produced via a variation on the procedure used by the ancients: The bright red ore (cinnabar) is now heated in oxygen, with lime, or with iron.
HgS(s) + O2(g) → SO2(g) + Hg
HgS(s) + Fe → Hg + FeS
4HgS(s) + 4CaO(s) → 4Hg + 3CaS(s) + CaSO4(s)
Mercury has three oxidation states: 0, 1+ (mercurous), and 2+ (mercuric). It forms few simple compounds. It does form several simple, water-soluble mercuric compounds: mercuric chloride, HgCl2; mercuric nitrate, Hg(NO3)2; and mercuric acetate, Hg(CH3COO)2. The mercurous chloride, Hg2Cl2, is insoluble in water. Relatively stable organometallic compounds are formed with aliphatic and organic compounds. Methylmercury (CH3–Hg+) is the major polluting form of mercury. Methylmercury reacts with thiol groups in enzymes.
The mining of mercury has declined in recent decades, as major international concern over the health threat of mercury's extensive pollution of the environment has mounted. Much American freshwater fish is contaminated. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency estimates 3,000 uses of mercury. Mercury usage is down in the chloroalkali industry, in which mercury is the cathode material used in the electrolysis of sodium chloride solutions, which produce sodium hydroxide and chlorine. An abundance of 500 ppb (0.5 μ g/g) in Earth 's crust gives rise to a discharge into the atmosphere of mercury on combustion of fossil fuels and the manufacture of metals and cement.
see also Heavy Metal Toxins; Inorganic Chemistry.
Robert A. Bulman
Bibliography
Magos, L. (1987). "Mercury." In Handbook of the Toxicity of Inorganic Compounds, ed. Hans G. Seiler, Helmut Sigel, and Astrid Sigel. New York: Marcel Dekker.
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Royal Gala is a variety of which fruit? | Our Varieties
Our Varieties
Summerland Varieties Corp (SVC) licenses new varieties of tree fruits and berries domestically and internationally.
In addition, SVC has evaluation, distribution, propagation and commercialization rights from the Minister of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) for plant material developed in the apple, cherry, berry and soft fruits breeding programs of Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre (PARC) at both Summerland and Agassiz, British Columbia Canada.
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In motoring, which creature is featured on the logo of the Porsche? | Canadian Food Inspection Agency - Galaxy
Canadian Food Inspection Agency
Kenneth Kiddle, Huarangi Farm, Hawkes Bay, New Zealand
Agent in Canada:
Variety Description
Varieties used for comparison: 'Olsentwo Gala' and 'Royal Gala'
Summary: The variety 'Galaxy' has slightly globose conical to flat globose shaped fruit. The fruit shape of the reference varieties 'Olsentwo Gala' and 'Royal Gala' is conical to slightly globose. The fruit skin of 'Galaxy' has a darker overcolour than the reference varieties. The overcolour of 'Galaxy' is very dark red to purple, in prominent stripes which cover 95 to 100% of the apple. The lenticels on the fruit of 'Galaxy' are smaller and less prominent than those of 'Olsentwo Gala' and 'Royal Gala'.
Description:
'Galaxy' is an apple variety which has moderately vigourous trees with an upright growth habit and high branching frequency. The fruit is born on spurs. The one-year old shoots have weak pubescence and a medium number of small lenticels. The sunny side of the shoot is purple to brown. The lateral bud is medium in size, with a pointed tip. The bud support is small to medium in size. The shoots of 'Galaxy' have a green growing tip.
In cross section the shoot tip leaves of 'Galaxy' are concave. Pubescence on the upper side is absent to weak. The lower side of the shoot tip leaves is green with purple in the margins, midribs and veins. The leaves are dark green, medium in size, unlobed and oriented in an upwards direction. The apex of the leaf of 'Galaxy' is acuminate, the margins are crenate and there is medium glossiness on the upper side and strong pubescence on the lower side. Anthocyanin colouration of the veins is weak and there is no anthocyanin on the upper side of the leaf blade. Before leaf fall the leaves are yellow. 'Galaxy' has moderately long petioles and large stipules.
'Galaxy' begins flowering late in the spring. In full balloon stage the bud is medium pink and white. The flowers are single, with a green pedicel. The petals are ovate in shape and the margins are touching.
The fruit of 'Galaxy' are medium in size and globose conical to short globose conical in shape. In side view the fruit is symmetric. There is moderate ribbing and moderate crowning at the distal end. The eye is medium in size and half open. The calyx of 'Galaxy' is persistent and the sepals are touching. 'Galaxy' has a moderately deep, moderately wide eye basin. The fruit stalk is medium in thickness and medium to long in length. The stalk cavity is medium in depth and narrow to medium in width. 'Galaxy' fruit have a smooth surface with a moderate amount of bloom and waxiness. The fruit skin is thin to medium in thickness. The ground colour is yellow, with a very high amount of dark red to purple overcolour. The overcolour pattern is a wash with flecks and streaks. There is very little russet on 'Galaxy', which, if present, is only located in the stalk cavity. The lenticels are small and not prominent. The flesh of the fruit is cream in colour. In cross section the core line is absent or very weakly conspicuous. The locules are closed.
'Galaxy' produces a high yield of fruit, which matures mid-to late season (September 25th to 27th in Summerland, British Columbia). At maturity the seeds are dark brown. The skin of 'Galaxy' fruit does not have a tendency to crack in the stem cavity. The fruit flesh is juicy and moderately firm.
Origin & Breeding History: 'Galaxy' originated as a natural genetic mutation of the 'Tenroy' cultivar (tradename Stark Royal Gala). The cause and molecular character of the mutation is unknown. The original mutated limb of the 'Galaxy' cultivar was discovered by the breeder in 1985 on a seven year old tree of the 'Tenroy' variety. The mutation appeared as a single spur which produced fruit of a distinctive colouration. The parent tree was growing at the Huarangi Farm, Havelock North, Hawkes Bay, New Zealand. The mutation was propagated onto apple rootstock by top grafting.
Tests & Trials: Tests and trials for 'Galaxy' were conducted by the okanagan Plant Improvement Co. Ltd. , (PICO) at the Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre in Summerland, British Columbia during 2003 and 2004. The trials consisted of a minimum of 8 trees of each variety, grafted onto M4 rootstock. Measured characteristics were based on a minimum of 10 measurements.
Comparison tables for 'Galaxy' with reference varieties 'Olsentwo Gala' and 'Royal Gala'
Leaf length ( cm )
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Kyudo is the Japanese art of which sport? | Kyudo — Encyclopedia of Japan
Brief Overview of Japanese Art of Archery
Traditional Art of Archery using Japanese Bow and Arrow
"Kyudo" is a Japanese martial art in which the mind and body are trained through a series of conduct in shooting a Japanese bow and arrow at a target. It developed long ago as Kyujutsu (the art of Japanese archery) for tactics and military art, and today it's also considered a sport or a healthful exercise. Meanwhile, some schools from ancient times still exist and are preserving the traditional school while coexisting with modern Kyudo.
Difference with the Western Art of Archery
Japanese Kyudo developed independently and has its own technique, culture, and history, and is totally different from modern sports like archery, based upon Tankyu (short bow) from Europe. Historically known as; Kyujutsu, Shajutsu, or Shagei, but at present, traditional Yumiire/Kyusha (弓射) culture in Japan is called 'Kyudo (Japanese art of archery)' and the term 'Kyujutsu' is often used to distinguish the old martial art before it changed to 'Kyudo.' However, some schools are still in existence which use the term 'Kyujutsu' to maintain a strict Tradition and others use the term 'Kyudo' even though they maintain a Traditional School, so, the borderline between 'Kyudo' and 'Kyujutsu' is not necessarily clear nor classified clearly from the aspect of concept and technique.
Uniquely Developed in the Long History of Japan
It's not sure when Japanese Kyudo was systematized as a "technique" not only because of the lack of clear records, but also partly because the use of the bow and arrow began in prehistoric times. It is possible that in the Yayoi Period a technique existed for shooting a bow and arrow which was the original present day Wakyu (Japanese long bow with long upper half and short lower half - mentioned below) used in battle, but the details are not known. At the end of the Asuka Period, since the establishment of "Taisha-rokuho" by Emperor Monmu, Reisha and rules of decorum for Yumiire began to be gradually organized and the technique was also systematized and established as "Kyudo" at the same time, based on the simple technique of shooting. On the other hand, not only was a bow used as a weapon for hunting and for battle, but also Yumiya/Kyushi (bow and arrow) were believed to have spiritual power, so that in Nara Period dedications of Yumiya and Yumiire shrine rituals were performed, which became the origin of present festivals and shrine rituals in various places.
A Way to discipline the Mind and Body of Samurai
In the Heian Period some schools of Kyudo were founded and each school had their own technique, lesson style, and mannerisms. In the battlefields, festival events and Kojitsu (ancient practices of customs) or annual events at the Imperial Court, each school of Kyudo had flourished and developed. Around the middle of the Sengoku Period, the introduction of firearms retired bows and arrows from actual fighting in battlefields, but Kyudo kept the same status as a martial art even after departing the actual fighting, and remained popular as a martial art for Samurai and a way to discipline the mind and body in the peaceful Edo Period. Over time, its technique and equipment had been improved and each school developed individually at the same time.
Kyudo was completed in the Edo Period
As some schools had lesson which simulated actual battlefield conditions, their lessons were more varied than those of today's Kyudo. However, around the end of the Edo Period the basic system of technique for Kyudo among each school became similar and the Yumiire technique for using Wakyu is essentially the same with very minor differences. It's not an exaggeration to say that Kyujutsu, that led to today's Kyudo, was completed in the Edo Period both for technique and equipment.
Kyudo is Spreading Worldwide
Kyudo attracted the attention of foreigners through books such as "Zen in the Art of Archery," by Eugen Herrigel, in which the focus on spirituality was introduced, and even though it isn't an Olympic sport it's enjoyed especially in Europe and the United States with sports associations established there. On May 2, 2006, the International Kyudo Federation was founded in order to popularize and promote Kyudo.
Traditional Kyudo Ritual in a Shrine
Yabusame, Traditional Horseback Archery of Japan
Kyudo practice in France
Comparison to the Archeries of Other Countries
Distinctive Japanese Bow, “Wakyu”
What is the most distinct feature is the length of Wakyu (bow), which is far longer than the height of a person. The length of a normal Wakyu is 221cm long, which is said to be the longest for a bow, in the world. It is said that Wakyu was made long for durability and strength because it was made from plant material such as wood and bamboo which were less elastic, while Tankyu was made from animal material which were more elastic. In addition, another distinct feature is that the grip is on the underside of Yugara (wooden or bamboo part between Motohazu (the lower top of the bow) and Urahazu (the top of the bow)). This asymmetricity upper and lower sides produce a difference in the power of the bow, which results in the characteristic technique of Kyudo, and, Wakyu is made to take advantage of this technique.
Japanese Bow String is pulled back to the Ear
Moreover, in foreign countries the bow string is usually pulled back as far as the archer's neck, in Japanese Kyudo it is pulled all the way back to the archer's ear. Accordingly, the length of arrow is made longer. When a person sets an arrow to the bow, he sets it on the right side of the bow and adopts the "Mongol form" for Torikake hook, in which Torikake is held at the root of right thumb, hooking the bow string. (Yokyu (Western-style archery) adopts "Mediterranean style" in which a string is held with the forefinger, mid finger and annular finger.) The Torikake of Menggu style is seen commonly in regions where Tankyu is used such as Turkey, Mongolia, China, and Korea, and in the Menggu style of shooting an arrow is often set on the right side of the bow. It is said that this was devised so not to lose an arrow from the opposing wind on a running horse.
Kyudo developed to fit the Japanese Environment
While in foreign countries Tankyu (short bow) is used because of it's advantage on horseback, Wakyu of Chokyu has been used in Japan as an exception. A warp called "Iriki" is set on Wakyu in order to push the arrow along the right side of a bow, and the technique of shooting called "Tunomi (the balance of tension at the root of the thumb)" was developed to take advantage of it. In addition, after the Edo Period the form of Yugake leather glove worn on the right hand had largely changed, which also stimulated a particular form and technique in Japan.
Kyudo activity in a University
Kyudo match in Tokyo
Comparison to the Sport Archery
Kyudo uses Mongolian Style of Archery
Technically, archery uses the 'Mediterranean style,' in which the arrow is fixed on the left side of the bow (as viewed from the body) and the string is drawn with the index, middle and third fingers of the right hand, while Kyudo uses the 'Menggu (Mongol) style,' in which the arrow is fixed on the right side of the bow and torikake (gripping of the bowstring with the right hand) is maintained by hooking the string with the base of the right thumb (see the comparison with archery of foreign countries in Kyudo). Additionally, archery in Japan adopts Kyudo's Shaho hassetsu.
Japanese Bow consists of Bow and String Only
In terms of tools, Kyudo and archery are essentially the same, but while in archery many supplementary tools (stabilizer, sight (sighting device), clicker, etc.) are attached to the bow (depending on the athletic event), the Japanese bow is basically a bow and string. In archery, there are bows for both the left and right hand, but in Kyudo the bows are basically only for the left hand (in Kyudo, the bow is held in the left hand and the string is drawn with the right hand).
In terms of rules, Kyudo doesn't allow the arrow to be returned to its original position in a match, and the arrow that is dropped before shooting is disqualified as 'shitsu' (an error).
Kyudo Practice in the School Club
Kyudo in Shinto Ritual
History of Kyudo
Origin from the Jomon Period to the Kofun Period (tumulus Period)
The history of the bow and arrow goes back to the Stone Age. Sekizoku (a flint arrowhead) and simple wooden bow were used. In Japan the bow and arrow appeared in the beginning of the Jomon Period (10,000-13,000 years ago) and was used as a tool for hunting. As decorated, lacquered bows were buried with prey, it seems to have been used already for witching and spiritual events. In the Yayoi Period life changed from hunting and gathering to rice farming, which led to many problems on lands in order to getting field and water, so the bow and arrow developed into weapons on the battlefield. During this period, the bow and arrow were improved for strength and a long bow with a grip on the lower side, was devised. According to a description in the Gishi-wajin-den (魏志倭人伝), there was already an original Wakyu in the Kofun Period.
Ancient times (from the Asuka Period to the early Heian Period)
"The Chronicles of Japan" says that the 'Emperor went to Asazuma. He saw horses owned by someone below the Daiseni rank at Nagara-jinja shrine. At that time, he made them practice archery on horseback,' as well as 'Umayumi (騁射)' and 'Haseyumi (馳射),' so, original Kisha seemed to have been performed as a shrine ritual, and it also describes that "Taisha-rokuho" was defined by Emperor Monmu and put on exhibition at the end of the Asuka Period. According to the "Shoku-Nihongi," Kisha (Japanese archery style on horseback) was actively performed during the Nara Period. The origin of the "Yakatamochi-no-shinji ritual" of Muroki-jinja Shrine goes back to the Nara Period, which shows that the spiritual power of the bow and arrow was already believed in. It is suspected that some forms of Kyuju and codes of etiquette existed in ancient times, but there is little historical data to explain Yumiire in ancient times. It is unknown whether schools of that time in fact existed or not and what their origins were.
From the Heian Period to the Edo Period
Over hundreds of years, the structure of Wakyu progressed (for details, see the article; History of Wakyu) and Kyudo developed greatly which led to today's Kyudo, Kataboshi Yugake was invented (a type of thumb glove) at the beginning of Edo Period (see the article on Yugake) and the techniques of 'Tsunomi' and 'Yugaeri (the technique where the Japanese bow turns in the left hand after the release).' Since Samurai appeared in the 10th centuries during the Heian Period, Kisha and Kyudo had been considered to be Kyuba-no-michi as a profession of the Samurai. Kisha and Kyudo were major forces in battle and were practiced actively as operational martial arts until the middle of the Sengoku Period. In addition, bow and arrows were considered to have the power to drive off evil and were treated as highly spiritual goods or sacred equipment (even today Hamayumi (ceremonial bow is used to drive off evil) keeps a trace of faith and Kyudo and the Yabusame-shinji ritual are performed in various places). In the Kamakura Period 'Kisha-Mitsumono,' three archers riding horses, Inuou-mono, Kasagake, and Yabusame, were actively performed as one of the military arts or as a performance at events, but it declined temporarily in Azuchi-momoyama Period. The 'Bow and arrow' retired from the status of major weapon in battlefields in the latter part of the Sengoku Period, but 'Yumiire' remained popular as a profession among Samurai so, that drawing a bow was considered to be a discipline of mind and body even during the peaceful Edo Period and various schools of Kyudo and ways of shooting developed.
In the Edo Period the activities of each school were at their peak. At the beginning of the Edo Period, 'Toshiya,' a competitive sport of shooting at a target through Nokishita (about 120m long) of Sanjusangendo, gradually became popular and the sharp shooters of feudal retainers from each domain competed in order to be called 'Tenka-soitsu (the best shooter in Japan)' by staking their domain's prestige and their lives. In 1669 Kanzaemon HOSHINO (Bishu-Chikurin group of Heki school) recorded 8,000 Toshiya shooting 10,242 arrows and in 1686 Daihachiro WASA (Kishu-chikurin group of Heki school) recorded 8,133 Toshiya shooting 13,053 arrows. In the mid-Edo Period, Yabusame, which once declined temporarily, was promoted by Yoshimune TOKUGAWA and had revived as a shrine ritual all over Japan.
In the Meiji and Taisho Period
Kyudo, which was a profession of the samurai, was forced to make a major change with the times from the end of Edo period to the Meiji period. At the end of the Edo period, in 1862, the 'ceremony of presenting Kyudo' at the Edo bakufu (the Japanese feudal government headed by a samurai shogun) was abolished, and Kyudo was eliminated from the subjects taught at Kobusho (institute for martial arts training). Then, with the Taisei Hokan (transfer of power back to the Emperor) in 1867, traditional Kyudo culture was forced into a decline when the feudal system characteristic of the shogunate and samurai society collapsed. In 1871, with the Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures), martial arts education at hanko (a domain school) disappeared and its practicality was lost not only in Kyudo but in martial arts in general, further accelerating the decline of martial arts. Until the Meiji Restoration, with some exceptions, only members of the samurai class were allowed to draw bows, but after the restoration the common people were allowed to draw bows, and it rapidly became a game or an amusement. On the other hand, Yumiya (bow and arrow) as a tool for pleasure already existed among the common people, and gambling archery halls at public resorts were very popular in urban areas after the revolution. Many of the gambling archery halls were entertainment and amusement businesses, and they flourished so much that the Meiji government enacted restrictions.
By early Meiji, Yumiire/Kyusha culture declined to the extent that the bow was often associated with gambling archery halls. While the public Kyudo dojos (training halls) disappeared under such social conditions, Japanese Kyudo and its traditional culture survived thanks to activities by sincere Kyudo-ka (Kyudo artists), who worked on properly passing down the ancient Kyudo traditions by opening private Kyudo dojos, etc. In the mid-Meiji, with the beginning of elementary education, full enforcement of conscription, victory in the Japanese-Sino and Japanese-Russo wars, etc., a nationalistic thinking arose in society along with a surge in patriotism. Martial arts began being used as national policy, and citizens once again recognized and respected the various martial arts, including Kyudo and Bushido (the code of the samurai). This social trend led to the 1895 founding of Dai Nippon Butoku Kai, an organization managing various martial arts, by key figures living in Kyoto, and was headquartered in the Butokuden constructed in the precincts of Heian-jingu Shrine in Kyoto. Various martial arts, including Kyudo, shifted their focus from technique to the cultivation of the Japanese spirit, and in 1920 the Bujutsu Senmon Gakko was renamed as Budo Senmon Gakko.
On the other hand, in reaction to the sentiment, "It's good as long as it hits," which prevailed in the period of decline, a tendency toward the sentiment, "If the shooting form is good, it doesn't matter if it does not hit," meaning an overemphasis on the spirit, was becoming common. Additionally, from the Taisho period to the early Showa period, a shooting form called Shomen-uchiokoshi (shooting with front-facing posture), as performed by the Honda-ryu school and its disciples, became very popular. Later, the disciples of Toshizane used this shooting form to distinguish themselves as members of the Honda-ryu school.
The early Showa Period and end of World War II
The Butoku Kai aimed toward the unification of forms in various martial arts as one of its projects, and while 'the kyudo form of the Empire of Japan' for kyudo and 'the Jujutsu form of the Dai Nippon Butokukai' for Judo were established, the shooting forms of Kyudo were set for unification as well. In September 1933, based on requests from the national meeting of Hanshi (the top rank) and Kyoshi (prestigious title) held in May of that year, a 'kyudo kata (shooting form) research committee' was formed by famous Kyudo artist, who were called from all over the country by the chairman of Butoku Kai, Soroku SUZUKI. Sadajiro ATOBE, the director of the Kyudo section in Butoku Kai, became the committee's chairman, and discussions for 'the united shooting form' were held for three days, beginning on November 10, at the Butokuden in Kyoto. The first day, three Jarai (shooting ceremonies), Makiwara-jarai (a way of ceremonial shooting to shoot straw butt), formal shooting facing targets and formal standing shooting, based on the Ogasawara school, were decided. The second day, shooting forms were discussed, but when 'Uchiokoshi (anchoring)' was discussed they each advocated their own school's shooting forms, 'Shomen-uchiokoshi' or 'Shamen-uchiokoshi (anchoring in slanting position)' and would not give in, leading to a hot debate and ending the day without a conclusion. On the final day, the discussion seemed to break down, all agreed to adopt the compromise proposal of 'an intermediate method for Shomen-uchiokoshi and Shamen-uchiokoshi' presented by Hanshi Noribe, and a tentative decision was made. In November 1934, this was called 'Kyudo-yosoku (basic art of shooting an arrow)' and was officially established as the united shooting form. Butoku Kai tried to spread and enforce it nationwide, but this 'intermediate compromise' raised many opinions pro and con from the Kyudo world, and a major debate emerged in magazines and newspapers, eventually mocking it a 'Nue-mato shaho (slippery art of shooting an arrow).'
In 1937, the Sino-Japanese War erupted, and in the following year the 'National General Mobilization Act' was issued. Martial arts were thus gradually incorporated under government management for 'enhancement of the national strength and enhancement of the national prestige,' and were put to use. In 1942, the existing Butoku Kai was reorganized with Prime Minister Hideki TOJO as its chairman, the ministers of the Ministry of Health and Welfare, Ministry of Education, Ministry of the Army, Ministry of the Navy, Ministry of the Interior and an academic expert as vice-chairmen, a private citizen as administrative director, and governors of the region as the heads of the branches. The headquarters operation was transferred from the Butokuden in Kyoto to the Ministry of Health and Welfare in Tokyo, and thus a new Dai Nippon Butoku Kai was established as an extra-departmental organization of the government, co-managed by five government ministries. Hanshi, Yozaburo UNO, was assumed as the chairman of the Kyudo section in Butoku Kai and also served as the executive director of Butoku Kai. Martial arts grew and spread significantly with this new start as an extra-departmental organization of the government.
Kyudo, which was treated somewhat like a conserved martial art and an intangible cultural property, participated actively in activities such as the dispatch of players to Shinkyo (Xingjing) (July 1942) for the 'Japan-Manchuria Budo Championship,' celebrating the tenth anniversary of the founding of Manchukuo. In March 1943, the new Butoku Kai changed the titles to Hanshi, Tasshi and Renshi (Senior Teacher), and the dan-i (qualification of rank) to a to-i system, with the fifth 'to' as the first dan level, the fourth 'to' as the second dan level, and so on to the first 'to' as the fifth dan, thus abolishing the sixth dan and those above it. In March 1944, Hanshi, Yozaburo UNO, the chairman of the Kyudo section in the new Butoku Kai, established and became the chairman of the 'Kyudo-Kyohan Seitei Iinkai (committee to establish Kyudo-Kyohan)' and created the 'Kyudo-Kyohan (teaching method of Kyudo).' Regarding the pending issue of the form of Uchiokoshi, they accepted the 'Kyudo-yosoku' while also accepting the traditional Shomen and Shamen, and adopted the three styles of Shomen, Shamen and Kyudo-yosoku.
While they were active, for instance performing guidance tours and traveling reviews, when the Pacific War situation became imminent the government strongly recommended martial arts training to the citizens in order to focus the lives of the citizens entirely on the pursuance of the war. However, toward the end of the war, air raids and naval gunfire by the Allied Forces became fierce in various parts of Japan, and many Kyudo dojo burned down. The Kyudo dojo that survived the fires were used for purposes other than Kyudo (warehouses, lodges, etc.), and the environment for pursuing Kyudo and martial arts became very much worse. Furthermore, due to the hardship of life there was no room for the bow in terms of time nor psychology, and people became distanced from Kyudo. After the war, due to a backlash against the rigorous enforcement of martial arts from before the war to during the war--which was something of a national policy--people's feelings toward the martial arts became very harsh.
The Postwar Period
When World War II ended, Butoku Kai tried to immediately change its existing nature to that of a private organization, and therefore privatized its operation in January 1946. Efforts were made on behalf of conservation and development through mutual cooperation with various martial arts organizations, the board members were appointed from among the private citizens, being recommended through a council elected from around the country, and the items they handled were limited to kyudo, Judo and Kyudo. They were approved by the Minister of Education, but the surveys by the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers gradually became vigorous, and for the following reasons there emerged an atmosphere in which dissolution was ordered. It was a powerful, centralized organization. They comprised high-level military personnel and police officers related to the Special Higher Police both centrally and locally, and were connected to national organizations. They had enormous assets. Butoku Kai and the Ministry of Education held various talks, but eventually they recognized that dissolution was unavoidable and so ultimately decided on dissolution. They presented a report to the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers on September 28, 1946, and announced a voluntary dissolution on October 31, bringing an end to the 52-year history of Butoku Kai. However, the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers did not accept the voluntary dissolution of Butoku Kai and instead ordered the dissolution of Butoku Kai on November 9, expelling around 5,000 people from the public and private sectors who were involved in Butoku Kai. With the dissolution of the Butoku Kai, enthusiasts organized local federations in various regions, spreading them nationwide.
The All Nippon Kyudo Federation was formed in 1947, gathering the consensus of these various organizations. However, due to various factors it resulted in dissolution in December 1948. On April 3, 1949, the 'Nihon Kyudo Federation' was founded, and on August 2 it was formally accepted as member of the Japan Amateur Sports Association. On September 15, 1953, it received permission from the Ministry of Education to establish a foundation. When the state of society settled in 1954, the movement to re-establish Dai Nippon Butoku Kai, which had occurred two years earlier, became active again and emerged as an issue within the Kyudo federation as well. However, after careful discussions the Ministry of Education rejected the request for the establishment of Butoku Kai in August 1955, given the existence of a national organization democratically organized and operating soundly, and which was also a member of the Japan Amateur Sports Association. Consequently, archers participating in the movement to re-establish Butoku Kai within the Kyudo federation left the federation. On January 18, 1957, it was renamed as the 'All Nippon Kyudo Federation.'
In August 1953, 'Textbook of Archery, Volume 1' was published to alleviate the confusion in shooting forms that had occurred after the war, as well as to clarify the fundamental principles of Kyudo. The advantages of various schools were utilized as indicators of modern Kyudo, and the fundamental principles of Kyudo could be learned without the need for a participant to belong to a specific school. In the 'Textbook of Archery,' Shaho hassetsu was defined, and the united uchiokoshi (intermediate uchiokoshi) in the 'Kyudo-yosoku,' which was established in the Dai Nippon Butoku Kai, was officially abolished, so that the Shomen and Shamen uchiokoshi methods were adopted. Manners and movements of the Ogasawara school were mainly adopted for Jarai and Taihai (posture and manner of the martial art), unifying the Jarai and Taihai, which varied among schools, to a style consistent with that of the federation, and correcting the confusion in matches and reviews.
Contemporary Kyudo
Today, the All Nippon Kyudo Federation is taking the lead in adopting the characteristics of the schools, and with the mainstream shooting forms taking into consideration its nature as a sport in modern society, the shooting forms are becoming more consistent nationwide, so that there are fewer differences among regions. However, the 'shooting form based on a unified view' of the All Nippon Kyudo Federation is vague, with differences in regard to technical theory being apparent among instructors, and consequently there is no so-called 'united shooting form' such as the 'kyudo form of Japan' by the All Japan kyudo Federation (AJKF). Shaho hassetsu', 'manners' and 'distance' are the only aspects that are officially defined by the All Nippon Kyudo Federation. As an extreme example, it's considered acceptable for now, when the same bow, arrow and Kyudo gloves are used at the same shooting range, but the techniques are completely opposite. The reason for such differences in technical theory is in the unique evolutionary process of Japanese Kyudo. There is a history of development behind it, where the evolution and development occurred separately among the schools depending on the purpose, such as for horseback shooting 'Kisha' (to shoot an arrow while riding a horse), shooting on foot 'Busha' (to shoot an arrow while walking) and Toshiya shooting, 'Dosha,' (long-range archery). The techniques of the schools and techniques from traditional technical systems in Japanese Kyudo, such as Busha, Kisha and Dosha, became intermixed in the 'Shaho hassetsu,' and techniques were sorted out by archers and instructors, so that today many archers follow the 'shooting form' that is a mixture of those techniques. Archers who draw the bow with a clear understanding of Busha, Kisha and Dosha, which have different goals, have become very rare. Thus, with the change taking place in the high dan-i instructor class, the rising and fading popularity of shooting techniques and shooting forms over time is viewed as one of the characteristics of today's Kyudo. Meanwhile, the Kyudo and Kyudo schools continuing from ancient times either value the foundation (either Kisha, Busha or Dosha) of their development or assume the ancient tradition through consistent techniques and teachings that meet the different purposes by preserving the teachings of the ryuso (a founder of a school, an originator), traditional schools, etc. Many schools and organizations operate under the All Nippon Kyudo Federation, but there are schools and organizations that operate without any involvement with the All Nippon Kyudo Federation.
Kyudo Hunting by Samurai in the Muromachi Period
Old Archery Exhibition Contest at Sanjusangendo Hall in Kyoto
Samurai using Japanese Bow Wakyu fighting against Mongolian Army
Tools and Uniform of Kyudo
Japanese Bow "Wakyu"
Japanese bow, approximately 221cm long (possibly being slightly longer or shorter), held about one-third the way from the bottom. Originally, it was a bamboo bow made of bamboo and wood glued together with isinglass (a kind of gelatin), but today bamboo bows glued with synthetic adhesive or affordable ones made of fiber-reinforced plastic (glass fiber, carbon fiber) are popular.
Arrow
Metallic arrowhead, nock to fix the arrow and three feathers attached to a no (spatula) (also called the shaft) made of bamboo, duralumin or carbon. Two arrows per set: a haya (a male arrow) and an otoya (a female arrow)
Yugake
A deerskin glove that's worn on the right hand when drawing the bow. There are the Mitsugake (glove covering three fingers), Yotsugake (glove covering four fingers) and Morogake (glove covering all five fingers), depending on the number of fingers to insert. Today, the kataboshi (a glove with hardened thumb) with a wooden tsuno (called a boshi) inside for the thumb is common. In the past, waboshi (a soft glove (without a hardened thumb)), which had no tsuno inside, was mainstream (the tsuno can be inconvenient because one can neither draw a bow while on horseback nor hold a sword).
String
Twined hemp or synthetic (Kevlar, aramid, etc.) coated with kusune (pine resin boiled with oil) for additional strength. Some made with synthetics are not coated with kusune.
Target
Examples include hoshimato, kasumimato, sanshokumato (三色的), iro mato for long-distance shooting, iwari, etc. The sizes vary from 1 m to 8 cm in diameter.
Straw butt
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Which American-born engineer invented the first portable, fully automatic machine gun? | Kyudo - a brief overview of Japanese Archery - YouTube
Kyudo - a brief overview of Japanese Archery
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Uploaded on Aug 19, 2011
Recorded from the programme Transworld Sport. This short film gives a brief insight into the martial art of Kyudo
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What is the state capital of South Australia? | Capital of South Australia - definition of Capital of South Australia by The Free Dictionary
Capital of South Australia - definition of Capital of South Australia by The Free Dictionary
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Ad·e·laide
(ăd′l-ād′)
A city of southern Australia northwest of Melbourne. Founded in 1836, Adelaide is the capital of South Australia.
Adelaide
(ˈædɪˌleɪd)
n
(Placename) the capital of South Australia: Port Adelaide, 11 km (7 miles) away on St Vincent Gulf, handles the bulk of exports. Pop: 1 225 235 (2011)
Ad•e•laide
a city in and the capital of South Australia, in Australia. 1,050,000.
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Adelaide - the state capital of South Australia
South Australia - a state in south central Australia
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Adelaide
[ˈædəleɪd] N → Adelaida f
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South Australia
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As the cosmopolitan coastal capital of South Australia, Adelaide is home to renowned museums such as the Art Gallery of South Australia, displaying expansive collections including noted indigenous art, and the South Australian Museum, devoted to natural history.
Uni uncovers Adelaide heritage
BONUS WINNER: SARA MYERS, OUTWOOD, WAKEFIELD ACROSS DOWN 1 Soviet astronaut (9) 6 &7A HaveIGot News For You team captain (3,6) 7 See 6 Across 10 Flood, overwhelm (8) 12 Substance added to the water supply to reduce tooth decay (8) 14 Make less effective (6) 15 See 2 Down 16 In Seattle, film starring Tom Hanks and Meg Ryan (9) 2 & 15A British rock group who opened the Live Aid concert in 1985 (6,3) 3 Flying (8) 4 Charge for using a road, bridge, etc (4) 5 Engaged in work (8) 8 Common word for the trachea (8) 9 State capital of South Australia (8) 11 Vital statistic?
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The bustling capital of South Australia certainly packs a punch.
ON THE ROCKS; Kim Pilling enjoys breathta aking views and some spiritual enlight tenment on a journey to the heart of f Australia
Iconic sites The bustling capital of South Australia certainly packs a punch.
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According to the Bible, who was King Solomon’s father? | Adelaide | South Australia | Great Wine Capitals
Great Wine Capitals
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Adelaide | South Australia
Adelaide is the capital city of the state of South Australia and the gateway to 18 distinctive, world renowned wine regions. Located between the white sand beaches to the west and the cool, rolling hills to the east, Adelaide boasts an eclectic small bar scene, restaurants that embrace Australia’s cultural diversity and the most vibrant food market precinct in the country.
Wine is an integral part of life in Adelaide and the city offers a diverse range of opportunities to taste it and talk about it, combined with excellent local produce and food, stunning scenery and unique tourism experiences. There are more than 200 cellar doors within an hour’s drive of Adelaide city encompassing all manner of varietals and experiences. Some cellar doors are heritage stone buildings, others are contemporary and modern. Many offer excellent dining facilities and tours.
The 18 wine regions South Australia are found in some of the most picturesque parts of the state, from the southern Flinders Ranges (where the great Australian outback begins) and the banks of the mighty Murray River to picturesque Kangaroo Island (KI to the locals), where you can combine wine tasting with spotting wildlife and walking among sea lions.
Adelaide has 30km of white, sandy beaches along its suburban coastline and a Mediterranean climate with hot dry summers and mild winters.
Wine
South Australia’s 18 wine regions have a diverse variation in climate, topography, rainfall and terroir resulting in a variety of wines and styles. Pinot Noir, Chardonnay and Sauvignon Blanc thrive along the ridges and valleys of the cool Adelaide Hills. The Clare Valley produces pristine, crisp, dry Riesling and 300km to the south, the Coonawarra grows exceptional Cabernet and Merlot. While we are world famous for our Shiraz, we have also embraced a greater range of Mediterranean varietals. Grapes such as Grenache, Tempranillo, Nero d’Avola, Sangiovese, Fiano, Vermentino and Mourvedre require less water and thrive in our warm climate with fewer inputs in the vineyard resulting in increased sustainability. The wines made from these grapes in our warm regions, have great natural balance, complexity and flavour.
South Australia has more than 3,400 grape growers, over 700 wineries and an estimated 76,000 hectares under vine. In 2014–15, the industry produced 738,000 tonnes of grapes valued at AUD$470 million. South Australia has more than 300 cellar doors where visitors can taste wines and purchase directly from the vineyard.
The 18 South Australia wine regions are:
Adelaide Hills
Riverland
Adelaide, a Centre for Research, Winemaking and Viticultural Education
The University of Adelaide School of Agriculture, Food and Wine is a world-class centre for the study of Viticulture and Oenology. The programs have an international reputation for excellence. The Waite campus, 5km from the Adelaide central business district, houses state-of-the-art facilities including its own vineyard, winery and wine science laboratory.
The Australian Wine Research Institute (AWRI), also based at the Waite campus, is the Australian grape and wine industry’s own research organisation. It supports a sustainable and successful grape and wine industry through world-class research, practical solutions and knowledge transfer. Established in 1955, the AWRI is part of a unique Wine Industry Cluster that also includes the South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI), the national science body the CSIRO, the University of Adelaide’s Wine Science Group and the Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production.
History
South Australia’s wine history may be short by Old World standards, but it is incredibly rich. This prestigious place in the wine world was born of equal parts vision, planning and hard work. And it all happened quickly. Barely three years after the original Colony was founded in 1836, a German settler saw the immense potential of the area north of Adelaide we now know as the Barossa Valley, noting a resemblance to France’s famous Rhone Valley.
Just a handful of years later, vineyards were flourishing in the Barossa to the north, McLaren Vale to the south and the nearby Adelaide Hills (three of modern South Australia’s pre-eminent wine regions) and pioneering winemakers were beginning to make their mark. It is significant that eight of the 13 oldest wine companies or continuously operating brands in Australia are South Australian. Established between 1841 and 1853 they include household names Penfold’s, Orlando, Seppeltsfield, and Yalumba, alongside Bleasdale, Normans, Sevenhill Cellars and Oliver’s Taranga. The likes of Saltram and Hardys Tintara were soon to follow.
South Australia has the some of the oldest producing grape vines in the world because our industry remains Phylloxera free. The State has strict biosecurity measures in place to prevent this root eating bug from taking hold in the wine regions.
Today, the industry supports not only highly regarded, established wine producers, but a large number of exciting young, innovative winemakers who embrace the use of alternative varietals and natural winemaking principles of minimal interventions and organic farming.
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Oberon, Puck and Lysander are characters in which Shakespeare play? | SparkNotes: A Midsummer Night’s Dream: Character List
A Midsummer Night’s Dream
A Midsummer Night’s Dream
William Shakespeare
Plot Overview
Analysis of Major Characters
Puck - Also known as Robin Goodfellow, Puck is Oberon’s jester, a mischievous fairy who delights in playing pranks on mortals. Though A Midsummer Night’s Dream divides its action between several groups of characters, Puck is the closest thing the play has to a protagonist. His enchanting, mischievous spirit pervades the atmosphere, and his antics are responsible for many of the complications that propel the other main plots: he mistakes the young Athenians, applying the love potion to Lysander instead of Demetrius, thereby causing chaos within the group of young lovers; he also transforms Bottom’s head into that of an ass.
Read an in-depth analysis of Puck.
Oberon - The king of the fairies, Oberon is initially at odds with his wife, Titania, because she refuses to relinquish control of a young Indian prince whom he wants for a knight. Oberon’s desire for revenge on Titania leads him to send Puck to obtain the love-potion flower that creates so much of the play’s confusion and farce.
Titania - The beautiful queen of the fairies, Titania resists the attempts of her husband, Oberon, to make a knight of the young Indian prince that she has been given. Titania’s brief, potion-induced love for Nick Bottom, whose head Puck has transformed into that of an ass, yields the play’s foremost example of the contrast motif.
Lysander - A young man of Athens, in love with Hermia. Lysander’s relationship with Hermia invokes the theme of love’s difficulty: he cannot marry her openly because Egeus, her father, wishes her to wed Demetrius; when Lysander and Hermia run away into the forest, Lysander becomes the victim of misapplied magic and wakes up in love with Helena.
Demetrius - A young man of Athens, initially in love with Hermia and ultimately in love with Helena. Demetrius’s obstinate pursuit of Hermia throws love out of balance among the quartet of Athenian youths and precludes a symmetrical two-couple arrangement.
Hermia - Egeus’s daughter, a young woman of Athens. Hermia is in love with Lysander and is a childhood friend of Helena. As a result of the fairies’ mischief with Oberon’s love potion, both Lysander and Demetrius suddenly fall in love with Helena. Self-conscious about her short stature, Hermia suspects that Helena has wooed the men with her height. By morning, however, Puck has sorted matters out with the love potion, and Lysander’s love for Hermia is restored.
Helena - A young woman of Athens, in love with Demetrius. Demetrius and Helena were once betrothed, but when Demetrius met Helena’s friend Hermia, he fell in love with her and abandoned Helena. Lacking confidence in her looks, Helena thinks that Demetrius and Lysander are mocking her when the fairies’ mischief causes them to fall in love with her.
Read an in-depth analysis of Helena.
Egeus - Hermia’s father, who brings a complaint against his daughter to Theseus: Egeus has given Demetrius permission to marry Hermia, but Hermia, in love with Lysander, refuses to marry Demetrius. Egeus’s severe insistence that Hermia either respect his wishes or be held accountable to Athenian law places him squarely outside the whimsical dream realm of the forest.
Theseus - The heroic duke of Athens, engaged to Hippolyta. Theseus represents power and order throughout the play. He appears only at the beginning and end of the story, removed from the dreamlike events of the forest.
Hippolyta - The legendary queen of the Amazons, engaged to Theseus. Like Theseus, she symbolizes order.
Nick Bottom - The overconfident weaver chosen to play Pyramus in the craftsmen’s play for Theseus’s marriage celebration. Bottom is full of advice and self-confidence but frequently makes silly mistakes and misuses language. His simultaneous nonchalance about the beautiful Titania’s sudden love for him and unawareness of the fact that Puck has transformed his head into that of an ass mark the pinnacle of his foolish arrogance.
Read an in-depth analysis of Nick Bottom.
Peter Quince - A carpenter and the nominal leader of the craftsmen’s attempt to put on a play for Theseus’s marriage celebration. Quince is often shoved aside by the abundantly confident Bottom. During the craftsmen’s play, Quince plays the Prologue.
Francis Flute - The bellows-mender chosen to play Thisbe in the craftsmen’s play for Theseus’s marriage celebration. Forced to play a young girl in love, the bearded craftsman determines to speak his lines in a high, squeaky voice.
Robin Starveling - The tailor chosen to play Thisbe’s mother in the craftsmen’s play for Theseus’s marriage celebration. He ends up playing the part of Moonshine.
Tom Snout - The tinker chosen to play Pyramus’s father in the craftsmen’s play for Theseus’s marriage celebration. He ends up playing the part of Wall, dividing the two lovers.
Snug - The joiner chosen to play the lion in the craftsmen’s play for Theseus’s marriage celebration. Snug worries that his roaring will frighten the ladies in the audience.
Philostrate - Theseus’s Master of the Revels, responsible for organizing the entertainment for the duke’s marriage celebration.
Peaseblossom, Cobweb, Mote, and Mustardseed - The fairies ordered by Titania to attend to Bottom after she falls in love with him.
| A Midsummer Night's Dream |
Matthew Boulton was the business partner of which Scottish inventor and engineer? | A MIDSUMMER NIGHT'S DREAM
A Midsummer Night's Dream is a play by William Shakespeare. Believed to have been written between 1590 and 1596, it portrays the events surrounding the marriage of the Duke of Athens, Theseus, and the Queen of the Amazons, Hippolyta. These include the adventures of four young Athenian lovers and a group of six amateur actors, who are controlled and manipulated by the fairies who inhabit the forest in which most of the play is set. The play, categorized as a Comedy, is one of Shakespeare's most popular works for the stage and is widely performed across the world.The play features three interlocking plots, connected by a celebration of the wedding of Duke Theseus of Athens and the Amazon queen, Hippolyta, which is set simultaneously in the woodland and in the realm of Fairyland, under the light of the moon.
SYNOPSIS
In the opening scene, Hermia refuses to follow her father's, Egeus, instructions to marry Demetrius, whom he has chosen for her. In response, Egeus quotes before Theseus an ancient Athenian law whereby a daughter must marry the suitor chosen by her father, or else face death. Theseus offers her another choice: lifelong chastity while worshiping the goddess Diana as a nun.
At that same time, Peter Quince and his fellow players gather to produce a stage play, "the most lamentable comedy and most cruel death of Pyramus and Thisbe", for the Duke and the Duchess. Quince reads the names of characters and bestows them to the players. Nick Bottom, who is playing the main role of Pyramus, is over-enthusiastic and wants to dominate others by suggesting himself for the characters of Thisbe, the Lion, and Pyramus at the same time. He would also rather be a tyrant and recites some lines of Ercles. Quince ends the meeting with "at the Duke's oak we meet".
Meanwhile, Oberon, king of the fairies, and his queen, Titania, have come to the forest outside Athens. Titania tells Oberon that she plans to stay there until she has attended Theseus and Hippolyta's wedding. Oberon and Titania are estranged because Titania refuses to give her Indian changeling to Oberon for use as his "knight" or "henchman," since the child's mother was one of Titania's worshippers.
Oberon seeks to punish Titania's disobedience, so he calls for his mischievous court jester Puck or "Robin Goodfellow" to help him apply a magical juice from a flower called "love-in-idleness", originally it was a white flower but when struck by Cupid's bow it tints the flower purple. When someone applies the potion to a sleeping person's eyelids, it makes the victim fall in love with the first living thing seen upon awakening. He instructs Puck to retrieve the flower so that he can make Titania fall in love with the first thing she sees when waking up, which he is sure will be an animal of the forest. Oberon's intent is to shame Titania into giving up the little Indian boy. He says, "And ere I take this charm from off her sight, / As I can take it with another herb, / I'll make her render up her page to me."
Having seen Demetrius act cruelly toward Helena, Oberon orders Puck to spread some of the magical juice from the flower on the eyelids of the young Athenian man. Instead, Puck mistakes Lysander for Demetrius, not having actually seen either before, and administers the juice to the sleeping Lysander. Helena, coming across him, wakes him while attempting to determine whether he is dead or asleep. Upon this happening, Lysander immediately falls in love with Helena. Oberon sees Demetrius still following Hermia and is enraged. When Demetrius decides to go to sleep, Oberon sends Puck to get Helena while he charms Demetrius' eyes. Upon waking up, he sees Helena. Now, both men are in pursuit of Helena. However, she is convinced that her two suitors are mocking her, as neither loved her originally. Hermia is at a loss to see why her lover has abandoned her, and accuses Helena of stealing Lysander away from her. The four quarrel with each other until Lysander and Demetrius become so enraged that they seek a place to duel each other to prove whose love for Helena is the greatest. Oberon orders Puck to keep Lysander and Demetrius from catching up with one another and to remove the charm from the two men, so that they are back to normal. Lysander continues to love Hermia, and Demitrius realizes that he does love Helena.
Meanwhile, Quince and his band of six labourers ("rude mechanicals", as they are described by Puck) have arranged to perform their play about Pyramus and Thisbe for Theseus' wedding and venture into the forest, near Titania's bower, for their rehearsal. Bottom is spotted by Puck, who (taking his name to be another word for a jackass) transforms his head into that of a donkey. When Bottom returns for his next lines, the other workmen run screaming in terror, much to Bottom's confusion, since he hasn't felt a thing during the transformation. Determined to wait for his friends, he begins to sing to himself. Titania is awakened by Bottom's singing and immediately falls in love with him. She lavishes him with attention and presumably makes love to him. While she is in this state of devotion, Oberon takes the changeling. Having achieved his goals, Oberon releases Titania, orders Puck to remove the donkey's head from Bottom, and arrange everything so that Hermia, Lysander, Demetrius, and Helena will believe that they have been dreaming when they awaken.
The fairies then disappear, and Theseus and Hippolyta arrive on the scene, during an early morning hunt. They wake the lovers and, since Demetrius does not love Hermia any more, Theseus overrules Egeus's demands and arranges a group wedding. The lovers decide that the night's events must have been a dream. After they all exit, Bottom awakes, and he too decides that he must have experienced a dream "past the wit of man". In Athens, Theseus, Hippolyta and the lovers watch the six workmen perform Pyramus and Thisbe. Given a lack of preparation, the performers are so terrible playing their roles to the point where the guests laugh as if it were meant to be a comedy, and afterward everyone retires to bed. Afterward, Oberon, Titania, Puck, and other fairies enter, and bless the house and its occupants with good fortune. After all other characters leave, Puck "restores amends" and suggests to the audience that what they just experienced might be nothing but a dream (hence the name of the play).
Theseus � Duke of Athens
Hippolyta � Queen of the Amazons, betrothed to Theseus
Philostrate � Master of the Revels
Egeus � father of Hermia, wants her to marry Demetrius
Hermia � in love with Lysander
Helena � in love with Demetrius
Lysander � in love with Hermia
Demetrius � in love with Hermia at first but later loves Helena
The Fairies
Oberon � Titania's husband and King of the Fairies
Titania � Oberon's wife and Queen of the Fairies
Robin Goodfellow/Puck � servant to Oberon
Peaseblossom � fairy servant to Titania
Cobweb � fairy servant to Titania
Moth � fairy servant to Titania
Mustardseed � fairy servant to Titania
First Fairy, Second Fairy
The Mechanicals (An acting troupe)
Peter Quince � carpenter, leads the troupe and plays Prologue
Nick Bottom � weaver, plays Pyramus
Francis Flute � bellows-mender, plays Thisbe
Robin Starveling � tailor, plays Moonshine
Tom Snout � tinker, plays Wall
Snug � joiner, pl
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Who wrote the 18th Century play ‘The Rivals’? | The Rivals as a Parody of 18th Century :: essays research papers
The Rivals as a Parody of 18th Century
Length: 1437 words (4.1 double-spaced pages)
Rating: Excellent
Open Document
A significant influencing factor on drama of the eighteenth century was the changing nature of the audience. By the middle of the eighteenth century, a straitlaced middle class audience had imparted to drama its vision of morality and disapproval of anything immoral. Comedy had become watered down and sentimentalized. Furthermore, the audience’s rejection of unappealing facts following the ugly reality of the French Revolution and the American War of Independence, made emotionalism and tearfulness the order of the day. Oliver Goldsmith and Richard Brinsley Sheridan were two playwrights who saw that if comedy were allowed free reign along this path of sentimentalism, it would signal the end of mirth. Both appreciated the power of pure comedy and the spirit of joyous laughter and wrote plays with situations that had no call for showing the redeeming features of vice and folly at the end, but just good healthy fun.
The Rivals too denounces the hollow morality and hypocrisy associated with the sentimental attitude then prevailing, projecting its writer’s own ideal of a spontaneous and lively light-heartedness. The plot is based on confusion over identities and multiple suitors – a combination that leads to plenty of scope for truly funny situations: Absolute caught in the same room with both Mrs. Malaprop and Lydia present, having to play himself for one and Beverley for the other till the presence of Sir Anthony too prevents him from doing so successfully; Absolute humouring Mrs. Malaprop as himself and poking fun at her as Beverley in his note; Lydia’s acceptance and rejection of the same man according to her romantic whims and fancies; the final duel where one man has to fight two rivals virtually simultaneously. Sheridan’s skill is only underlined by the fact that in an age – and the performance house in which he produced plays – where spectacle, scenery and lighting had become indispensable to success, he achieved his comedy and triumph without recourse to any of it, merely on the strength of his own writing, wit and dialogue.
Sentimentalism is found largely in the characters of Lydia and Faulkland. Sheridan attacks their traits in the overall plot and theme in which he shows how a healthy deep love can be threatened by such fanciful thinking. The only ‘redeeming’ feature – probably in a reversal of the trend of soppy final redemptions - he shows at the end is that both are brought with a rude shock down to earth following the very real possibility of losing the partners they come to know they love deeply.
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The satire against sentimentalism is found in the exchanges between Lydia and Julia and Faulkland and Absolute, as the voices of Sheridan’s more practical and solid sense of love battle the stupidity of ‘sentimental’ love. Julia contrasts Lydia’s immaturity by her own sensible behaviour and tells her cousin that her conduct in love is laughable and that she “earnestly entreat(s)” her not to sacrifice her sincere lover to her “caprice”. Lydia sighing for an elopement that will disinherit her so that she can live a life of pennilessness with an ensign for whom she has rejected a richer suitor is as ludicrous as Faulkland’s sighing and anxiousness over his love – his fretting over her spirits being low and then just as readily over her spirits not being obviously low. Sheridan puts his impatience with such sighs in Absolute’s words that hit the nail on the head:
a captious sceptic in love, a slave to fretfulness and whim – who has no difficulties but of his own creating – is a subject more fit for ridicule than compassion.
The Rivals is set in Bath, within a circle that Sheridan himself frequented. Part of that culture was the witty disparagement of Puritanical thought that had made its way in some form or the other into the social norms of the time. Sir Anthony’s denouncement of reading and its effect on the minds of young girls is so absurd that it is obvious Sheridan does not believe a word of it and is actually parodying the thought, even as he comments on the popular literature of the time in the opening lines between Lucy and Lydia in Scene II of the first Act. Sir Anthony tells Mrs. Malaprop roundly
all this is the natural consequence of teaching girls to read. Had I a thousand daughters, by heaven! I’d soon have them taught black art as their alphabet!
The drawing-room culture of the fashionable had a certain artificiality that Sheridan’s nature rebelled against. Even as the more serious minded and moral rejected theatre, the beau monde, fond of social display and enjoying the exclusiveness attached to visiting the theatre, had continued to patronize the two or three houses that plays were performed in. This class had imposed its own prejudices and traditions. The desire to cultivate self-respect and courtesy gradually had grown into a meticulous observance of outward forms, and a condemnation of the display of natural feeling, that in its own way pushed comedy into the realm of sentiment where powerful emotion was repressed under a refined manner so that every look and gesture then became a flashpoint of feeling. Sheridan directed some of his wittiest lines against this form of artificiality.
Absolute is the epitome of the refined young aristocrat, albeit as heir to a mere baronetcy he is not the highest in the hierarchy. He moves in the fashionable circles, affects their mannerisms and is part of the new elite that Sheridan approved of: the virile and energetic class of soldiers that gained prominence in the days of the expanding British Empire. Absolute’s was an aristocracy that appreciated the humanizing influence of polite learning and domestic refinement; that assiduously cultivated delicate attentions, sympathetic compliments, discernment, subtle turns of phrase and graceful manners. This class affected no strong passions beneath a veneer of politeness, rather it preferred a superb serenity – all too visible in the character of a remarkably self-assured Absolute who handles a capricious mistress, her overbearing aunt and a headstrong father with great aplomb. He is capable of feeling, as evinced by his utter devotion to Lydia and all that he does for her love and by his one and only show of despondency when she is furious with him at his charade, but the feeling is sincere and deep and has none of the show of obviously suppressed passions that escaped in exaggerated gestures.
The language and mannerisms of sentiment are left to Lydia and Faulkland, and their rejection of hitherto cultivated traits at the end is a telling comment on Sheridan’s own stand. The difference between the language of everyday life and the romantic language used by the characters is clear, and Sheridan uses this stark contrast, especially that provided by the cool and calculated speeches made by Absolute, to comic effect. Both Lydia and Faulkland use language appropriate to their sensibilities. Faulkland declares
Ah! Jack, your heart and soul are not, like mine, fixed immutably on one only object. … I have set my sum of happiness on this cast, and not to succeed, were to be stript of all.
He laments woefully – and rather unnecessarily
There, Jack, there. – Oh, by my soul! there is an innate levity in women, that nothing can overcome. – What! happy, and I way!
Even when he begs forgiveness from Julia, he cannot let go of this last remnant of his sentimentality even as he confronted by an angry mistress on the verge of walking out on him
How shall I plead to be forgiven this last unworthy effect of my restless, unsatisfied disposition?
He even has the normally self-composed Julia in a state of high passion when he is around, speaking the language of sentiment
My heart has long known no other guardian…we will fly together.
Likewise, Lydia is prone to melodramatics. She flings Absolute’s miniature saying
But here, sir, here is the picture – Beverley’s picture! which I have worn, night and day, in spite of threats and entreaties! – There, sir, and be assured I throw the original from my heart as easily
The futility and foolishness of such manner and speech, both of which characterize her behaviour throughout, is shown up by Absolute’s calm action that immediately follows.
Excesses of language are rampant in Mrs. Malaprop’s speeches. Her malapropisms or the inappropriate use of words have gone down in the annals of literary history: the ‘pineapples of perfection’, the ‘allegories on the banks of Nile’, the ‘ineffectual’ as against intellectual ladies and the ‘illiterating’ a lover from the mind. Mrs. Malaprop is not only a tool for comic effect and the satire against such excesses of conduct, but also a character type.
| Richard Brinsley Sheridan |
Who wrote the 1963 novel ‘The Bell Jar’? | Polarity Ensemble Theatre presents The Rivals
April 10 - May 17, 2009
Jonas Grey Jamie Bragg
Sly Waitress/Servant
Corsets and pistols and swords, oh my!
Polarity Ensemble Theatre presented Richard Brinsley Sheridan's classic play THE RIVALS. Written by Sheridan at the age of 24, THE RIVALS satirizes the trappings of marriage and wealth and is filled with mistaken identity, quarrels, duels and misconstrued circumstances. Now considered to be one of Sheridan's masterpieces, the play introduced the character of Mrs. Malaprop, a woman who proudly misuses complex vocabulary to comic effect. This character is credited as the source of the term �malapropism.�
"Sheridan wrote THE RIVALS to poke fun at the ridiculous behavior that existed among the middle and upper classes in 18th century British society," says Director Laura Sturm. "I wanted to do the show because it is brilliantly funny and full of timeless human foibles. Also, I believe laughing is the best medicine for tough times."
Special thanks for support from:
Ticket Info
THE RIVALS ran at Polarity's new space in the Josephinum Academy, 1500 N. Bell, Chicago from April 10 to May 17, 2009 with $10 preview performances on April 10, 11 and 13 at 7:30pm. Opening night April 14 at 7:30pm.
Production Staff
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Painter Joshua Reynolds was knighted by which British monarch? | Sir Joshua Reynolds, Painter - Timeline Index
Timeline Index
Sir Joshua Reynolds, Painter
Sir Joshua Reynolds, English portrait painter and aesthetician who dominated English artistic life in the middle and late 18th century. Through his art and teaching, he attempted to lead British painting away from the indigenous anecdotal pictures of the early 18th century toward the formal rhetoric of the continental Grand Style. With the founding of the Royal Academy in 1768, Reynolds was elected its first president and knighted by King George III.
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Tritanopia is a visual defect characterised by the inability to discern which two colours? | Joshua Reynolds (1723–1792) | Art UK Art UK | Discover Artists Joshua Reynolds (1723–1792)
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(Born Plympton [now a suburb of Plymouth], Devon, 16 July 1723; died London, 23 February 1792). English painter and writer on art. Reynolds was the leading portraitist of his day, the first president of the Royal Academy, a major art theorist, and perhaps the most important figure in the history of British painting, for through his social and intellectual eminence he raised his profession to a new level of dignity.
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He was the son of a scholarly clergyman, and was brought up in an atmosphere of learning (he said he owed his ‘first fondness’ for art to Jonathan Richardson the Elder's Essay on the Theory of Painting, which he read in his father's library).
From 1740 to 1743 he studied painting in London under Hudson (likewise a Devonshire man), then set up independently as a portraitist a year before his apprenticeship was due to end (the parting was amicable—he and Hudson remained on good terms). In 1750–2 he spent two and a half years in Italy (mainly Rome), where he made an intensive study of the antique and the great masters of the 16th and 17th centuries (whilst copying Raphael in the wintry chill of the Vatican he caught a cold that left him hard of hearing for the rest of his life). He not only absorbed the formal language of his models, but also developed a deliberate cult of learning and classical allusion that coloured his whole approach to art. In tune with established art theory, he thought that history painting was the highest branch of art, but he believed that portraiture could rise above its traditional status as mere ‘face-painting’ by making reference to the great art of the past. Thus, in the work that established his reputation after he settled in London in 1753—Commodore Keppel (1753–4, Nat. Maritime Mus., London)—the sitter's heroic attitude is based directly (albeit in reverse) on that of the Apollo Belvedere, regarded at the time as the matchless ideal of male beauty. However, his approach involved far more than simply borrowing poses from approved models, for he tried to create an image that was in keeping with the character and status of each particular sitter. In the Keppel portrait, for example, he not only alludes to an ancient statue, but also depicts a contemporary man of action with great verve.
Reynolds quickly achieved a leading position in his profession. He had 150 sitters a year by 1758, and by 1764 was earning the enormous annual sum of £6,000 (his career is exceptionally well documented, as many of his ‘sitter books’ and financial ledgers survive). His success was achieved through hard work and careful business management as well as talent: he sometimes worked on Sundays (to the dismay of his pious relatives) and on the day he was knighted (21 April 1769) his visit to St James's Palace was fitted in between two sittings with clients. Moreover, although he always retained traces of his provincial origins (notably his Devonshire accent), he was completely at home with his eminent sitters. His pupil James Northcote said that ‘His general manner, deportment and behaviour were amiable and prepossessing; his disposition was naturally courtly. He…contrived to move in a higher sphere of society than any other English artist had done before. Thus he procured for the Professors of the Arts a consequence, dignity and reception which they never possessed in this country.’ Reynolds's elevation of the status of the artist depended, then, not only on the intellectual quality of his work, but also on his social acceptability, and it is significant that his friends were mainly men of letters—notably Samuel Johnson and Oliver Goldsmith—rather than other painters (James Boswell dedicated his celebrated Life of Johnson to Reynolds).
On the foundation of the Royal Academy in 1768, he was the clear choice for president (even though George III preferred the work of Gainsborough and Ramsay), and he arranged for Johnson and Goldsmith to be appointed to the honorary positions of professors of ancient history and literature. Between 1769 and 1790 he delivered a series of lectures to the Academy's students, and these fifteen Discourses are one of the most impressive bodies of writing ever made by a practising artist, forming the classic expression of the academic doctrine of the Grand Manner (each Discourse was published separately and the first collected edition appeared in 1797). In 1789 failing eyesight forced Reynolds to give up painting and by the time of his death he was almost completely blind. He bore his final illness with what his friend Edmund Burke (see Sublime) called a ‘mild and cheerful fortitude’ and was buried in St Paul's Cathedral with ceremonial never before accorded a British painter: his ten pallbearers were made up of three dukes, three earls, two marquesses, a viscount and a baron.
As a portraitist Reynolds is remarkable above all for his versatility—his inexhaustible range of response to the individuality of each sitter: man, woman, or child. The famous remark of his rival Gainsborough, ‘Damn him! How various he is!’, is echoed in the praise of Ruskin: ‘Considered as a painter of individuality in the human form and mind, I think him the prince of portrait painters. Titian paints nobler pictures and van Dyck had nobler subjects, but neither of them entered so subtly as Sir Joshua did into the minor varieties of human heart and temper.’ His huge output necessitated the employment of assistants and drapery painters, and his experimentation with bitumen has resulted in some of his pictures being in poor condition, but there is nevertheless much beauty of handling in his work, and his finest pictures rank among the great masterpieces of British portraiture. On the other hand, his history paintings, dating mainly from the end of his career, are generally considered ponderous failures (Hester Thrale—a friend of Dr Johnson—said he had ‘a rage for sublimity ill-understood’).
Reynolds's work is in numerous public collections, great and small, in Britain and elsewhere, and many of his best pictures are still in the possession of the families for which they were painted. His output was so varied that no single collection can be regarded as fully representative. Frances Reynolds (1729–1807), Sir Joshua's sister and for many years his housekeeper, was an amateur painter, but evidently not a very good one, for he said of her copies of his work: ‘They make other people laugh and me cry.’
Text Source: The Oxford Dictionary of Art and Artists (Oxford University Press)
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In which country was the 1990 FIFA World Cup held? | 1990 FIFA World Cup | Football Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
1990 FIFA World Cup
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1990 FIFA World Cup
Coppa del Mondo FIFA Italia '90
1990 FIFA World Cup official logo
Tournament details
1994 →
The 1990 FIFA World Cup was the 14th FIFA World Cup , the quadrennial international football world championship tournament. It was held from 8 June to 8 July 1990 in Italy, the second country to host the event twice (the first being Mexico in 1986 ). Teams representing 116 national football associations entered, and qualification began in April 1988. A total of 22 teams qualified from this process, along with host nation Italy and defending champion Argentina .
The tournament was won by West Germany , their third World Cup title. They beat Argentina 1–0 in the final , a rematch of the previous final four years earlier. Italy finished third, and England fourth, after both lost their semi-finals in penalty shootouts. This was the last tournament to feature a team from the divided Germany, with the country being reunified later in 1990. Costa Rica , Ireland and the UAE made their first appearances in the finals, and Egypt its first since 1934. The official match ball was the Adidas Etrusco Unico.
The 1990 World Cup is widely regarded as one of the poorest World Cups. It generated an average 2.21 goals per game – a record low that still stands – and a then-record 16 red cards, including the first ever dismissal in a final. This World Cup saw the introduction of the pre-match Fair Play Flag (then inscribed with "Fair Play Please") to encourage fair play. Negative tactics led to the introduction of the back-pass rule in 1992, and three points for a win instead of two at future World Cups.
Nonetheless, the 1990 World Cup stands as one of the most watched events in television history, garnering an estimated 26.69 billion non-unique viewers over the course of the tournament. This was the first World Cup to be officially recorded and transmitted in HDTV by the Italian broadcaster RAI in association with Japan's NHK. At the time it was the most watched World Cup in history in non-unique viewers, but was bettered by the 1994 and 2002 World Cups .
Contents
[ show ]
Host selection
The vote to choose the hosts of the 1990 tournament was held on 19 May 1984 in Zürich, Switzerland. Here, the FIFA Executive Committee chose Italy ahead of the only rival bid, the USSR, by 11 votes to 5. This awarding made Italy only the second nation to host two World Cup tournaments, after Mexico had also achieved this with their 1986 staging . Italy had previously had the event in 1934 , where they had won their first championship.
Austria, England, France, Greece, West Germany and Yugoslavia also submitted initial applications for 31 July 1983 deadline. A month later, only England, Greece, Italy and the Soviet Union remained in the hunt after the other contenders all withdrew. All four bids were assessed by FIFA in late 1983, with the final decision over-running into 1984 due to the volume of paperwork involved. In early 1984, England and Greece also withdrew, leading to a two-horse race in the final vote. The Soviet boycott of the 1984 Olympic Games, announced on the eve of the World Cup decision, was speculated to have been a major factor behind Italy winning the vote so decisively, although this was denied by the FIFA President João Havelange .
Qualification
Main article: 1990 FIFA World Cup qualification
116 teams entered the 1990 World Cup, including Italy as host nation and Argentina as reigning World Cup champions, who were both granted automatic qualification. Thus, the remaining 22 finals places were divided among the continental confederations, with 114 initially entering the qualification competition. Due to rejected entries and withdrawals, 103 teams eventually participated in the qualifying stages.
Thirteen places were contested by UEFA teams (Europe), three by CONMEBOL teams (South America), two by CAF teams (Africa), two by AFC teams (Asia), and two by CONCACAF teams (North and Central America and Caribbean). The remaining place was decided by a play-off between a CONMEBOL team and a team from the OFC (Oceania).
Both Mexico and Chile were disqualified during the qualification process; the former for fielding an overage player in a prior youth tournament, the latter after goalkeeper Roberto Rojas faked injury from a firework thrown from the stands, which caused the match to be abandoned. Chile were also banned from the 1994 qualifiers for this offence.
Three teams qualified for the first time: Costa Rica , the Republic of Ireland and the United Arab Emirates .
Returning after long absences were Egypt, who appeared for the first time since 1934; the United States , who competed for the first time since 1950; Colombia, who appeared for the first time since 1962; and Romania, who last appeared at the Finals in 1970.
Among the teams who failed to qualify were France, Denmark, Poland and Hungary. As of 2014, this was the last time that Egypt and United Arab Emirates qualified for a FIFA World Cup finals.
Venues
Twelve stadiums were selected to host the World Cup matches in twelve different cities. The Stadio San Nicola in Bari and Turin's Stadio delle Alpi were completely new venues opened for the World Cup.
The remaining ten venues all underwent extensive programmes of improvements in preparation for the tournament, forcing many of the club tenants of the stadia to move to temporary homes. Additional seating and roofs were added to most stadia, with further redevelopments seeing running tracks removed and new pitches laid. Due to structural constraints, several of the existing stadia had to be virtually rebuilt to implement the changes required.
Like Espana '82, the group stage of this tournament was organized in such a way where specific groups only played in two cities close in proximity to each other. Group A only played in Rome and Florence (Hosts Italy played all their competitive matches in Rome, except for their semi-final match), Group B played their matches in Naples and Bari (except for Argentina vs. Cameroon, which was the opening match of the tournament, played in Milan), Group C played their matches in Turin and Genoa, Group D played all their matches in Milan and Bologna, Group E played only in Udine and Verona, and Group F played on the island cities of Cagliari and Palermo. The cities that hosted the most World Cup matches were the 2 biggest cities in Italy: Rome and Milan, each hosting 6 matches, and Bari, Naples, and Turin each hosted 5 matches. Cagliari, Udine and Palermo were the only cities of the 12 selected that did not host any knockout round matches.
The England national team, at the British government's request, were forced to play all their matches in Cagliari. Hooliganism, rife in English football in the 1980s had followed the national team while they played friendlies on the European continent – the distrust of English fans was so high that the English FA's reputation and even diplomatic relations between the UK and Italy were seen to be at risk if England played any group stage matches on the Italian mainland. Thanks largely to British Sports Minister Peter Moniyhan's negative remarks about English fans weeks before the match, security around Cagliari during England's three matches there was extremely heavy – in addition to 7,000 local police and Carabineri, highly trained Italian military special forces were also there patrolling the premises.
Most of the construction cost in excess of their original estimates, and total costs ended up being over £550 million (approximately $935 million). Rome's Stadio Olimpico which would host the final was the most expensive project overall, while Udine's Stadio Friuli , the newest of the existing stadia (opened 14 years prior), cost the least to redevelop.
Rome
For more details on this topic, see 1990 FIFA World Cup squads .
Squads for the 1990 World Cup consisted of 22 players, as for the previous tournament in 1986. Replacement of injured players was permitted during the tournament at FIFA's discretion. Two goalkeepers – Argentina's Ángel Comizzo and England's Dave Beasant – entered their respective squads during the tournament to replace injured players ( Nery Pumpido and David Seaman ).
Match officials
41 match officials from 34 countries were assigned to the tournament to serve as referees and assistant referees. Officials in italics were only used as assistants during the tournament. Referees dressed only in traditional black jerseys for the final time at a World Cup (a red change shirt was used for two Group C games in which Scotland wore their navy blue shirts).
Africa
Groups
Seedings
The six seeded teams for the 1990 tournament were announced on 7 December 1989. The seeds were then allocated to the six groups in order of their seeding rank (1st seed to Group A, 2nd seed to Group B, etc.).
The seeds were decided by FIFA based on the nations' performance in, primarily, the 1986 World Cup with the 1982 World Cup also considered as a secondary influence. Six of the final eight in 1986 had qualified for the 1990 tournament. Italy – who were seeded first as hosts – had not reached the final eight in 1986, and this left FIFA needing to exclude one of the three (qualified) nations who were eliminated in the 1986 quarter-finals: Brazil, England or Spain.
Owing to their performance in 1982 but also to their overall World Cup record, Brazil were seeded third and not considered to drop out of the seedings. FIFA opted to seed England ahead of Spain. Spain had only been eliminated in 1986 on penalties, while England had been defeated in 90 minutes; both countries had also reached the second stage in the 1982 event, playing in the same group in the second group stage with England ending up ahead of Spain, but Spain had also appeared in the 1978 event , while England had failed to qualify. FIFA President João Havelange had reportedly earlier stated that Spain would be seeded.
Spanish officials believed the seeding was contrived to ensure England would be placed in Group F, the group to be held off the Italian mainland, in a bid to contain England's hooliganism problems. Their coach Luis Suárez said, "We feel we've been cheated...they wanted to seed England and to send it to Cagliari at all costs. So they invented this formula". FIFA countered that "the formula was based on the teams' respective showings during the previous two World Cups. England merited the sixth position. This is in no way a concession to English hooliganism".
Seeds
Yugoslavia
Final draw
On 9 December 1989 the draw was conducted at the Palazzetto dello Sport in Rome, where the teams were drawn out from the three pots to be placed with the seeded teams in their predetermined groups. The only stipulation of the draw was that no group could feature two South American teams. The ceremony was hosted by Italian television presenter Pippo Baudo, with Italian actress Sophia Loren and opera singer Luciano Pavarotti conducting the draw alongside FIFA general secretary Sepp Blatter .
The draw show was FIFA's most ambitious yet with Pelé , Bobby Moore and Karl-Heinz Rummenigge appearing, as well as a performance of the Italian version of the tournament's official song "To Be Number One" by Giorgio Moroder, performed as "Un'estate italiana" by Edoardo Bennato and Gianna Nannini.
The event also featured the official mascot of this World Cup, Ciao, a stick figure player with a football head and an Italian tricolor body that formed the word "ITALIA" when deconstructed and reconstructed. Its name is an Italian greeting.
Tournament review
The finals tournament began in Italy on 8 June and concluded on 8 July. The format of the 1990 competition remained the same as in 1986 : 24 qualified teams were divided into six groups of four. The top two teams and four best third-place finishers from the six groups advanced to the knockout stage, which eliminated the teams until a winner emerged. In total, 52 games were played.
Negative tactics
The tournament generated a record low goals-per-game average and a then-record of 16 red cards were handed out. In the knockout stage, many teams played defensively for 120 minutes, with the intention of trying their luck in the penalty shoot-out, rather than risk going forward. Two exceptions were the eventual champions West Germany and hosts Italy, the only teams to win three of their four knockout matches in normal time. There were four penalty shoot-outs, a record subsequently equalled in the 2006 and 2014 tournaments. Eight matches went to extra time, a record equalled in the 2014 tournament .
Ireland and Argentina were prime examples of this trend of cautious defensive play; the Irish scored just twice in five games in drawing all their matches until their defeat to Italy in the quarter-finals. Losing finalists Argentina, meanwhile, scored only five goals in the entire tournament (a record low for a finalist). Argentina also became the first (and so far only) team to advance twice on penalty shoot-outs and the first team to fail to score and have a player sent off in a World Cup final.
Largely as a result of this trend FIFA introduced the back-pass rule in time for the 1994 tournament to make it harder for teams to time-waste by repeatedly passing the ball back for their goalkeepers to pick up. Three, rather than two points would be awarded for victories at future tournaments to help further encourage attacking play.
Emergence of Cameroon
Cameroon reached the quarter-finals, where they were narrowly defeated by England. They opened the tournament with a shock victory over reigning champions Argentina, before topping the group ahead of both them and European Championship runners-up the Soviet Union . Their success was fired by the goals of Roger Milla , a 38-year-old forward who came out of international retirement to join the national squad at the last moment after a personal request from Cameroonian President Paul Biya . Milla's four goals and flamboyant goal celebrations made him one of the tournament's biggest stars as well as taking Cameroon to the last eight. Most of Cameroon's squad was made up of players who played in France's premier football league, Ligue 1 - French is one of the officially spoken languages in Cameroon, it being a former French territory. In reaching this stage, they had gone further than any African nation had ever managed in a World Cup before; a feat only equalled twice since (by Senegal in 2002 and Ghana in 2010 ). Their success was African football's biggest yet on the world stage, and FIFA subsequently decided to allocate the CAF qualifying zone an additional place for the next World Cup tournament.
All-champion final four
Despite the performances of nations such as Cameroon, Colombia and Costa Rica, the semi-finalists consisted of Argentina, England, Italy and West Germany, all previous World Cup winners, with a total of eight previous titles between them. After the 1970 tournament , this is only the second time in the history of the World Cup this has occurred. The teams which finished first, second and third had also contested both the two previous World Cup Finals between themselves.
Results
Group winners, runners-up, and best four third-placed teams advance to the Round of 16
The Group stage saw the twenty-four teams divided into six groups of four teams. Each group was a round-robin of six games, where each team played one match against each of the other teams in the same group. Teams were awarded two points for a win, one point for a draw and none for a defeat. The teams coming first and second in each group qualified for the Round of 16. The four best third-placed teams would also advance to the next stage.
If teams were level on points, they were ranked on the following criteria in order:
Greatest total goal difference in the three group matches
Greatest number of goals scored in the three group matches
If teams remained level after those criteria, a mini-group would be formed from those teams, who would be ranked on:
Most points earned in matches against other teams in the tie
Greatest goal difference in matches against other teams in the tie
Greatest number of goals scored in matches against other teams in the tie
If teams remained level after all these criteria, FIFA would hold a drawing of lots
Group A
Main article: 1990 FIFA World Cup Group A
Hosts Italy won Group A with a 100 percent record. They beat Austria 1–0 thanks to substitute Salvatore 'Totò' Schillaci , who had played only one international before but would become a star during the tournament. A second 1–0 victory followed against a United States team already thumped 5–1 by Czechoslovakia . The Czechoslovaks ended runners-up in the group, while the USA's first appearance in a World Cup Finals since 1950 ended with three consecutive defeats.
Team
Main article: 1990 FIFA World Cup knockout stage
The knockout stage involved the 16 teams that qualified from the group stage of the tournament. There were four rounds of matches, with each round eliminating half of the teams entering that round. The successive rounds were: round of 16, quarter-finals, semi-finals, final. There was also a play-off to decide third/fourth place. For each game in the knockout stage, any draw at 90 minutes was followed by 30 minutes of extra time; if scores were still level there would be a penalty shoot-out (at least five penalties each, and more if necessary) to determine who progressed to the next round. Scores after extra time are indicated by (aet), and penalty shoot outs are indicated by (p).
Round of 16
All times listed are local (UTC+2)
Round of 16
Two of the ties – Argentina vs Brazil and Italy vs Uruguay – pitted former champion countries against each other, and West Germany met the Netherlands in a rematch of the 1974 World Cup Final .
The all-South American game was won for Argentina by a goal from Claudio Caniggia with 10 minutes remaining after a run through the Brazilian defence by Diego Maradona and an outstanding performance from their goalkeeper Sergio Goycochea . It would later come to light that Branco had been offered water spiked with tranquillisers by Maradona and Ricardo Giusti during half time, to slow him down in the second half. Initially discredited by the press, Branco would be publicly proven right years later, when Maradona confessed the episode in a TV show in Argentina. As for Italy, a strong second half showing saw the hosts beat Uruguay 2–0, thanks to another goal from Schillaci and one from Aldo Serena .
The match between West Germany and the Netherlands was held in Milan, and both sides featured several notable players from the two Milanese clubs (Germans Andreas Brehme , Lothar Matthäus and Jürgen Klinsmann for Internazionale , and Dutchmen Marco van Basten , Ruud Gullit and Frank Rijkaard for Milan ). After 22 minutes Rudi Völler and Rijkaard were both dismissed after a number of incidents (including Rijkaard spitting on Völler) between the two players left the Argentine referee with no option but to send them both off. As the players walked off the pitch together, Rijkaard spat on Völler a second time. Early in the second half, Jürgen Klinsmann put the West Germans ahead and Andreas Brehme added a second with eight minutes left. A Ronald Koeman penalty for the Netherlands in the 89th minute narrowed the score to 2–1 but the Germans saw the game out to gain some revenge for their exit to the Dutch in the previous European Championship .
Meanwhile, the heroics of Cameroon and Roger Milla continued in their game with Colombia. Milla was introduced as a second-half substitute with the game goalless, eventually breaking the deadlock midway in extra time. Three minutes later he netted a second after Colombian goalkeeper, René Higuita was dispossessed by Milla while well out of his goal, leaving the striker free to slot the ball into the empty net. Though the deficit was soon reduced to 2–1, Cameroon held on to become the first African team ever to reach the World Cup quarter-finals. Costa Rica were comfortably beaten 4–1 by Czechoslovakia, for whom Tomáš Skuhravý scored the tournament's second and final hat-trick.
The Republic of Ireland's match with Romania remained goalless after extra time, and the Irish side won 5–4 on penalties. David O'Leary converted the penalty that clinched Ireland's place in the quarter-finals. Ireland thus became the first team since Sweden in 1938 to reach the last eight in a World Cup finals tournament without winning a match outright. Yugoslavia beat Spain 2–1 after extra time, with Dragan Stojković scoring both the Yugoslavs' goals. England were the final qualifier against Belgium, as midfielder David Platt 's swivelling volley broke the stalemate with the game moments away from a penalty shoot-out.
23 June 1990
Report
Quarter-finals
The first game of the last 8 saw Argentina and a Yugoslav side, reduced to 10 men after only half an hour, play out a goalless stalemate. The holders reached the semi-finals after winning the penalty shoot-out 3–2, despite Maradona having his penalty saved. A second Argentine miss (by Pedro Troglio ) looked to have eliminated them until goalkeeper Sergio Goycochea – playing because first choice Nery Pumpido broke his leg during the group stage – rescued his side by stopping the Yugoslavs' final two spotkicks.
The Republic of Ireland's World Cup run was brought to an end by a single goal from Schillaci in the first half of their quarter-final with hosts Italy. West Germany beat Czechoslovakia with a 25th minute Lothar Matthäus penalty.
The quarter-final between England and Cameroon was the only quarter-final to produce more than one goal. Despite Cameroon's heroics earlier in the tournament, David Platt put England ahead in the 25th minute. At half-time, Milla was brought on. In the second half, the game was turned on its head during a five-minute stretch: first Cameroon were awarded a penalty from which Emmanuel Kunde scored the equaliser; then in the 65th minute Eugene Ekeke put Cameroon ahead. Cameroon came within eight minutes of reaching the semi-finals before then they conceded a penalty, which Gary Lineker converted. Midway through extra time, England were awarded another penalty, and Lineker again scored from the spot. England were through to the semi-finals for the first time in 24 years.
30 June 1990
83' (pen.), 105' (pen.)
Semi-finals
The first semi-final featured the host nation, Italy, and the world champion, Argentina in Naples. 'Toto' Schillaci scored yet again to put Italy ahead in the 17th minute, but Claudio Caniggia equalised midway through the second half, breaking Walter Zenga 's clean sheet streak throughout the tournament. There were no more goals in the 90 minutes or in extra time despite Maradona (who played for Naples in Serie A at the time) showing glimpses of magic, but there was a sending-off: Ricardo Giusti of Argentina was shown the red card in the 13th minute of extra time. Argentina went through on penalties, winning the shoot-out 4–3 after more heroics from Goycochea.
The semi-final between West Germany and England at Juventus 's home stadium in Turin was goalless at half-time. Then, in the 60th minute, a shot from Andreas Brehme was deflected by Paul Parker into his own net. England equalised with ten minutes left; Gary Lineker was the scorer. The game ended 1–1. Extra time yielded more chances. Klinsmann was guilty of two glaring misses, and both sides struck a post. England had another Platt goal disallowed for offside. The match went to penalties, and West Germany went on to win the shout-out 4–3.
3 July 1990
Waddle
Third-place match
The game saw three goals in a 15-minute spell. Roberto Baggio opened the scoring after a rare mistake by England's goalkeeper Peter Shilton, in his final game before international retirement, presented a simple opportunity. A header by David Platt levelled the game 10 minutes later but Schillaci was fouled in the penalty area five minutes later, leading to a penalty. Schillaci himself got up to convert the kick to win him the tournament's Golden Boot for his six-goal tally. Nicola Berti had a goal ruled out minutes later, but the hosts claimed third place. England had the consolation prize of the Fair Play award, having received no red cards and the lowest average number of yellows per match.
7 July 1990
Main article: 1990 FIFA World Cup Final
The final between West Germany and Argentina has been cited as the most cynical and lowest-quality of all World Cup Finals. In the 65th minute, Argentina's Pedro Monzon was sent off for a foul on Jürgen Klinsmann , the first player ever to be sent off in a World Cup Final.
Argentina, weakened by suspension and injury, offered little attacking threat throughout a contest dominated by the West Germans, who struggled to create many clear goalscoring opportunities. The only goal of the contest arrived in the 85th minute when Mexican referee Edgardo Codesal awarded a penalty to West Germany, after a foul on Rudi Völler by Roberto Sensini . Andreas Brehme , who later said there was no foul, converted the spot kick to settle the contest. In the closing moments, Argentina were reduced to nine after Gustavo Dezotti received a red card when he hauled Jürgen Kohler to the ground during a stoppage in play. The 1–0 scoreline provided another first: Argentina were the first team to fail to score in a World Cup Final.
With its third title (and three second-place finishes) West Germany – in its final tournament before national reunification – became the most successful World Cup nation at the time. West German manager Franz Beckenbauer became the only man to both captain (in 1974 ) and manage a World Cup winning team, and only the second man (after Mário Zagallo of Brazil) to win the World Cup as a player and as team manager. It was also the first time a team from UEFA won the final against a non-European team.
8 July 1990
| Italy |
By what name was Mongol leader Temujin better known? | 1990 FIFA World Cup - Free definitions by Babylon
1990 FIFA World Cup
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1990 FIFA World Cup
The 1990 FIFA World Cup was the 14th FIFA World Cup , the quadrennial international football world championship tournament. It was held from 8 June to 8 July 1990 in Italy, the second country to host the event twice (the first being Mexico in 1986 ). Teams representing 116 national football associations entered, and qualification began in April 1988. A total of 22 teams qualified from this process, along with host nation Italy and defending champion Argentina .
Video results for the word "1990 FIFA World Cup"
The following video provides you with the correct English pronunciation of the word "1990 FIFA World Cup", to help you become a better English speaker.
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Fictional character Detective Inspector John Rebus was created by which author? | Great fictional characters from Scotland — The Official Gateway to Scotland
Great fictional characters from Scotland
Harry Potter
The biggest phenomenon in 21st century children's fiction was brought to life in Scotland's capital city.
J K Rowling famously wrote the first of her Harry Potter books in a series of cafes in her adopted home of Edinburgh.
Her stories of the bespectacled boy wizard and his adventures at Hogwarts' school have since become an incredible global success.
The series has sold more than 450 million books in 67 languages, set records as the fastest-selling books in history and been turned into a series of big budget Hollywood movies which continue to break box office records.
Toad of Toad Hall
Despite being written more than a century ago, Kenneth Grahame's tale of the riverbank and the rich cast of animal characters that inhabit it is still much loved by children of all ages.
The largest of life of all of these characters is without doubt the impulsive Mr Toad. Known for his love of fast cars and the sound of his own voice, Toad constantly gets into trouble, including being jailed, but always bounces back.
Edinburgh-born Kenneth Grahame's 1908 children's classic started out as a series of bedtime stories for his son Alastair.
Some have suggested 'The Wind in the Willows' was inspired by the Crinan Canal because Grahame spent some of his childhood in Ardrishaig, Argyll.
Sherlock Holmes
The world's best known detective Sherlock Holmes was created by Edinburgh born writer Arthur Conan Doyle.
The character of Holmes was said to have been inspired by Dr Joseph Bell for whom Doyle had worked as a clerk at the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary.
Famous for his logical reasoning and his use of forensic science skills to solve difficult cases, Holmes made his literary debut in 1887 and has grown in popularity ever since.
The Guinness World Records has consistently listed Sherlock Holmes as the 'most portrayed movie character' with 75 actors playing the part in over 200 films.
Peter Pan
Scottish author and dramatist J.M. Barrie found international success and acclaim with his immortal - figuratively and literally - creation, Peter Pan.
The enduring story of Peter, the boy who refuses to grow up, Wendy and the Lost Boys has enchanted both adults and children across the world.
First performed as a stage play in 1904, Disney's iconic feature-length animated cartoon brought the adventures of Peter, Wendy, Captain Hook and Tinker Bell to the big screen in 1953.
Today, over 100 years after the play first debuted on the London stage and more than 70 years affter Barrie's death, Peter Pan still fires the imagination.
The 2004 film 'Finding Neverland' turned the story of how Barrie was inspired to write Peter Pan into a critically acclaimed movie starring Johnny Depp and Kate Winslet.
Long John Silver
Stevenson's swashbuckling pirate villain Long John Silver is without doubt one of the most powerful and formidable characters in literature.
Cunning, disloyal and a cold blooded murderer, Silver can also be extremely charismatic and is quick to inspire trust in those who meet him. He also seems to have a genuine fondness for the story's young protagonist Jim Hawkins and eventually becomes a father figure to the boy.
Stevenson's 1883 adventure novel 'Treasure Island' and the character of Long John Silver has greatly influenced today's popular perception of pirates - including treasure maps with an 'x', the Black Spot and one-legged seamen with parrots on their shoulders.
Miss Jean Brodie
Muriel Spark’s much-loved 1961 novel introduced the world to the fascinating character of Jean Brodie, a schoolmistress at the Marcia Blaine School for Girls in Edinburgh in the 1930s.
The unconventional Miss Brodie, who has chosen to dedicate the prime of her life to the girls she teaches is one of the most complex characters in Scottish fiction. Both attractive and repellent at the same time, her passion for teaching is to be admired. However, as the story unfolds, her hold over her chosen group of pupils - her crème de la crème - becomes increasingly ominous.
The character of Miss Jean Brodie brought international fame to Spark, who died in 2006 at the age of 88.
The book has been adapted for TV, stage and screen and includes a memorable 1969 performance by Maggie Smith who went on to win a Best Actress Oscar for her portrayal of the eccentric teacher.
Para Handy
One of Scotland's best-loved literary creations, the Highland skipper and his exploits on the puffer boat known as the Vital Spark first came to public prominence in 1905.
More than a hundred years later and the puffer boat's famous crew- skipper Captain Peter MacFarlane (aka Para Handy), engineer Dan MacPhail, Dougie the shipmate, Sunny Jim and The Tar – continue to captivate generations of fans with their antics.
The characters were born from the imagination of Neil Munro, a journalist and writer from Inverary who came up with the idea to fill his weekly newspaper columns.
Inspector Rebus
Detective Inspector John Rebus was first introduced to the world in Ian Rankin's 1987 book 'Knots and Crosses', and has since gone on to become one of the most memorable characters in Scottish fiction.
The former SAS operative turned hard-drinking detective is the focus of a series of detective novels that have sold millions of copies worldwide in 20 languages.
Rebus' daily investigations involve tackling Edinburgh's grim underbelly, introducing readers to an alternative side of the city that lies behind the normal tourist haunts.
The celebrated maverick detective has been brought to life on screen by Scottish actors John Hannah and Ken Stott.
Fife born Ian Rankin, a graduate of Edinburgh University, is one of Scotland's most commercially successful writers. He has received numerous crime-writing awards including America's celebrated Edgar Award for the book 'Resurrection Men'.
Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde
'The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde' met with immediate success when it was published in 1886, selling 40,000 copies in six months.
Described by its writer Robert Louis Stevenson as a 'fine bogey tale', it tells the story of Dr Henry Jekyll, an outwardly respectable doctor who transforms himself into a savage murderer, Mr Edward Hyde.
Stevenson's dark fable and its exploration of the duality of human nature has inspired hundreds of stage and film adaptations. This includes a 1947 Tom and Jerry film in which the mouse is transformed into a monster after drinking a saucer of milk spiked with bug powder!
Oor Wullie
Ok, not generally regarded as a literary character as such but no list of top Scottish fictional characters would be complete without a reference to Oor Wullie.
The spiky-haired, bucket-sitting comic strip hero first conceived over 50 years ago has a special place in the heart of Scots.
The first Oor Wullie cartoon ran on 8 March 1936, in the newly launched "Fun Section" of the Scottish newspaper, the Sunday Post.
Drawn by artist Dudley D Watkins in his trademark black dungarees and tackety boots, Wullie caught the imagination of young and old with his comedic misadventures.
Still going strong to this day, the loveable tearaway is described in his annual Christmas compendium as 'Oor Wullie! Your Wullie! A'body's Wullie!'
| Ian Rankin |
Originating in France, what is the name of the small ball of choux pastry, usually filled with cream and often covered with chocolate? | An Evening with Ian Rankin | Culture Northern Ireland
An Evening with Ian Rankin
An Evening with Ian Rankin
The acclaimed author on why his latest release isn't 'really a Rebus novel', as the retired detective moves out on his own in the Scottish capital
Ian Rankin 1.jpg
Northern Ireland is home to some fantastic crime writers – it's a genre of fiction which has really taken off in the past few years. Tonight however, Belfast is playing host to a firm favourite from across the pond, as Ian Rankin lifts the cover off his latest Rebus novel, Even Dogs in the Wild.
Crime fans stream into Redeemer Central Church on Donegall Street and the venue is soon packed as the sold-out event, organised by No Alibis Bookstore, gets underway. Before the main attraction takes to the stage though, we’re eased into proceedings with a spot of jazz from renowned trumpet player and BBC jazz broadcaster, Linley Hamilton.
He’s also brought along a couple of guests in the form of pianist Scott Flanigan and blues and jazz guitarist Ronnie Greer. The relaxed rhythms of jazz certainly mellow the crowd, but there’s still a frisson of excitement when Rankin appears with his interviewer for the evening - Eamonn Hughes of the Queen's University English Department.
The Scottish writer's latest book brings his much-loved Detective Inspector John Rebus back into play, albeit in a slightly new set-up. Now retired from the force, this time around readers will see Rebus operating as a private eye, not unlike another famous detective. Rebus however, is probably not the type to be wearing a deerstalker hat...
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle was of course, from Edinburgh, although unlike Rankin, he didn’t set his books in the city, so Sherlock Holmes did his detecting elsewhere.
'I thought it would be a wee bit of fun if Rebus is in retirement and comes in as a private eye,' says Rankin. 'Then he would perhaps have a wee bit of fun himself as a consulting detective. I never read any Conan Doyle or any crime fiction until late on – until I’d written crime fiction actually.
'It was a revelation to me that I’d written a crime novel when I was published. I was trying to write something like Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde.'
Born in Cardenden in Fife, Rankin, like his fictional creation, is not originally from Edinburgh, although it’s where he now lives. When asked whether Rebus, who’s still discovering parts of the city, has surely seen everywhere by now, he says the challenge now is for Rebus to view it with fresh eyes.
'He’s seen the sights as a detective, so all he can see are crime scenes,' says Rankin. 'He has to unlearn that side of his nature. He’s always seen the Mr Hyde, but it would be nice to see the Jekyll now and again.
'But there are bits of Edinburgh I’ve not seen and if I’ve not seen them, he might not have either. I dare say he hasn’t gone into many museums and galleries…'
The story meanwhile, unravels differently from previous Rebus novels, and is therefore arguably, not a 'Rebus novel' per se suggests Hughes. Rankin agrees with this assessment, insisting that Even Dogs in the Wild is about legacy and what’s passed down through the generations.
'It’s about families and relationships, and this dysfunctional family I’ve created between Rebus and (DIs) Malcolm and Siobhan,' he says. 'So it’s not really a ‘Rebus novel’.'
When it comes to writing, Rankin’s stories start to take root when he identifies a theme or question he wants to explore. He then finds a plot and from there, decides which characters will front the story. 'And so far, that’s always been Rebus,' he says. 'I keep thinking I have unfinished business with him.'
In response to the question then about whether DI Siobhan Clarke or even gangster, Big Ger Cafferty, might ever get their own book, Rankin says it all depends on whether the right story comes along. So far, it hasn’t happened.
'With Siobhan, she was never going to be the central character,' he says. 'I’ve never had a plot or theme that I thought was hers. The ideas I get suggest themselves as being ideal for one character or another.'
With Even Dogs in the Wild, Rankin throws Glaswegian and Edinburgh police together as a group of Glasgow gangsters arrive in the city. There’s also a murder to be dealt with and the story sees Rebus and Cafferty come face-to-face as the crime boss comes under fire from an unknown source.
'At 65, they now have to use their street smarts and guile instead of their physical presence…' says Rankin, who’s aged his characters realistically, albeit admitting to ‘slowing time’ a little over the last few books.
Having lost various friends last year, including fellow author Iain Banks, Rankin is all too aware of the stealth of mortality, which is reflected in his writing. Indeed, it caused him to take a break in 2014, although despite his wife and agent advising him to take a full year, he couldn’t quite make the 12 months. 'I nearly did… but I started writing short stories,' he says.
When questioning is opened to the floor, the first query is perhaps one most Rebus fans want to know. Does Rankin prefer Ken Stott or John Hannah in the TV dramas of his books?
'I’ve never watched them,' he says, deftly side-stepping the question. 'I have all the DVDs but I didn’t watch them because I didn’t want actors’ faces and voices in my head when I wrote. I know fans were happy with Ken Stott. John Hannah was too young perhaps.'
Part of what makes the Rebus books so popular, and which fans love the stories for, is their authenticity, and how Rankin depicts the realities of working in Police Scotland. However, he says all research is done after writing the first draft – so he knows what he needs to know then. He also likes to play games with his readers.
'I’ll use real places and then I’ll make up a fictional place and people will go – where’s that?'
Even Dogs in the Wild is published by Orion and is available now.
Topics
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In the UK, which animals are traditionally associated with the first of the month? | British Superstitions
Superstitions can be defined as, "irrational beliefs, especially with regard to the unknown"
(Collins English Dictionary)
General Superstitions
Good Luck
Lucky to meet a black cat. Black Cats are featured on many good luck greetings cards and birthday cards in England.
Lucky to touch wood. We touch; knock on wood, to make something come true.
Lucky to find a clover plant with four leaves.
White heather is lucky.
A horseshoe over the door brings good luck. But the horseshoe needs to be the right way up. The luck runs out of the horseshoe if it is upside down.
Horseshoes are generally a sign of good luck and feature on many good luck cards.
On the first day of the month it is lucky to say " white rabbits, white rabbits white rabbits ," before uttering your first word of the day.
Catch falling leaves in Autumn and you will have good luck. Every leaf means a lucky month next year.
Cut your hair when the moon is waxing and you will have good luck.
Putting money in the pocket of new clothes brings good luck.
Bad Luck
Unlucky to walk underneath a ladder.
Seven years bad luck to break a mirror. The superstition is supposed to have originated in ancient times, when mirrors were considered to be tools of the gods.
Unlucky to see one magpie, lucky to see two, etc..
Unlucky to spill salt. If you do, you must throw it over your shoulder to counteract the bad luck.
Unlucky to open an umbrella in doors.
The number thirteen is unlucky. Friday the thirteenth is a very unlucky day. Friday is considered to be an unlucky day because Jesus was crucified on a Friday.
Unlucky to put new shoes on the table.
Unlucky to pass someone on the stairs.
Food Superstitions
When finished eating a boiled egg, push the spoon through the bottom of the empty shell to let the devil out
In Yorkshire, housewives used to believe that bread would not rise if there was a corpse (dead body) in the vicinity, and to cut off both ends of the loaf would make the Devil fly over the house!
Table Superstitions
If you drop a table knife expect a male visitor, if you drop a fork a female visitor.
Crossed cutlery on your plate and expect a quarrel.
Leave a white tablecloth on a table overnight and expect a death.
Animal Superstitions
Animals feature a lot in our superstitions as they do in superstitions around the world.
One ancient British superstition holds that if a child rides on a bear's back it will be protected from whooping-cough. (Bears used to roam Britain but now they are not seen on our shores)
In some parts of the UK meeting two or three Ravens together is considered really bad. One very English superstition concerns the tame Ravens at the Tower of London . It is believed if they leave then the crown of England will be lost.
It is said to be bad luck if you see bats flying and hear their cries. In the middle ages it was believed that witches were closely associated with bats.
If a Sparrow enters a house it is an omen of death to one of the people who live there. In some areas it is believed that to avoid bad luck, any Sparrow caught must be immediately killed otherwise the person who caught it will die.
In some areas black Rabbits are thought to host the souls of human beings. White Rabbits are said to be really witches and some believe that saying 'White Rabbit' on the first day of each month brings luck. A common lucky charm is a Rabbit's foot, but not for the Rabbit.
It is thought very unlucky to have the feathers of a Peacock within the home or handle anything made with them. This is possibly because of the eye shape present upon these feathers i.e. the Evil-Eye associated with wickedness.
Wedding Superstitions
| White Rabbit (disambiguation) |
On the UK television game show ‘The Chase’ which chaser is known as ‘The Governess’? | British Superstitions
Superstitions can be defined as, "irrational beliefs, especially with regard to the unknown"
(Collins English Dictionary)
General Superstitions
Good Luck
Lucky to meet a black cat. Black Cats are featured on many good luck greetings cards and birthday cards in England.
Lucky to touch wood. We touch; knock on wood, to make something come true.
Lucky to find a clover plant with four leaves.
White heather is lucky.
A horseshoe over the door brings good luck. But the horseshoe needs to be the right way up. The luck runs out of the horseshoe if it is upside down.
Horseshoes are generally a sign of good luck and feature on many good luck cards.
On the first day of the month it is lucky to say " white rabbits, white rabbits white rabbits ," before uttering your first word of the day.
Catch falling leaves in Autumn and you will have good luck. Every leaf means a lucky month next year.
Cut your hair when the moon is waxing and you will have good luck.
Putting money in the pocket of new clothes brings good luck.
Bad Luck
Unlucky to walk underneath a ladder.
Seven years bad luck to break a mirror. The superstition is supposed to have originated in ancient times, when mirrors were considered to be tools of the gods.
Unlucky to see one magpie, lucky to see two, etc..
Unlucky to spill salt. If you do, you must throw it over your shoulder to counteract the bad luck.
Unlucky to open an umbrella in doors.
The number thirteen is unlucky. Friday the thirteenth is a very unlucky day. Friday is considered to be an unlucky day because Jesus was crucified on a Friday.
Unlucky to put new shoes on the table.
Unlucky to pass someone on the stairs.
Food Superstitions
When finished eating a boiled egg, push the spoon through the bottom of the empty shell to let the devil out
In Yorkshire, housewives used to believe that bread would not rise if there was a corpse (dead body) in the vicinity, and to cut off both ends of the loaf would make the Devil fly over the house!
Table Superstitions
If you drop a table knife expect a male visitor, if you drop a fork a female visitor.
Crossed cutlery on your plate and expect a quarrel.
Leave a white tablecloth on a table overnight and expect a death.
Animal Superstitions
Animals feature a lot in our superstitions as they do in superstitions around the world.
One ancient British superstition holds that if a child rides on a bear's back it will be protected from whooping-cough. (Bears used to roam Britain but now they are not seen on our shores)
In some parts of the UK meeting two or three Ravens together is considered really bad. One very English superstition concerns the tame Ravens at the Tower of London . It is believed if they leave then the crown of England will be lost.
It is said to be bad luck if you see bats flying and hear their cries. In the middle ages it was believed that witches were closely associated with bats.
If a Sparrow enters a house it is an omen of death to one of the people who live there. In some areas it is believed that to avoid bad luck, any Sparrow caught must be immediately killed otherwise the person who caught it will die.
In some areas black Rabbits are thought to host the souls of human beings. White Rabbits are said to be really witches and some believe that saying 'White Rabbit' on the first day of each month brings luck. A common lucky charm is a Rabbit's foot, but not for the Rabbit.
It is thought very unlucky to have the feathers of a Peacock within the home or handle anything made with them. This is possibly because of the eye shape present upon these feathers i.e. the Evil-Eye associated with wickedness.
Wedding Superstitions
| i don't know |
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