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In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The surgery and anaesthesia were uneventful , but 3 days after surgery , the patient reported an area of hypoaesthesia over L3 - L4 dermatomes of the leg which had been operated on ( loss of pinprick sensation ) without reduction in muscular strength .
### Output Text: | The surgery and anaesthesia were uneventful , but 3 days after surgery , the patient reported an area of hypoaesthesia over L3 - L4 dermatomes of the leg which had been operated on ( loss of pinprick sensation ) without reduction in muscular strength . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Sensation in this area returned to normal over the following 2 weeks .
### Output Text: | Sensation in this area returned to normal over the following 2 weeks . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Prospective multicentre studies with a large population and a long follow - up should be performed in order to evaluate the incidence of this unusual side effect .
### Output Text: | Prospective multicentre studies with a large population and a long follow - up should be performed in order to evaluate the incidence of this unusual side effect . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: However , we suggest that a low solution concentration should be preferred for unilateral spinal anaesthesia with a hyperbaric anaesthetic solution ( if pencil - point needle and slow injection rate are employed ) , in order to minimize the risk of a localized high peak anaesthetic concentration , which might lead to a transient neurological deficit .
### Output Text: | However , we suggest that a low solution concentration should be preferred for unilateral spinal anaesthesia with a hyperbaric anaesthetic solution ( if pencil - point needle and slow injection rate are employed ) , in order to minimize the risk of a localized high peak anaesthetic concentration , which might lead to a transient neurological deficit . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Transient neurologic symptoms after spinal anesthesia : a lower incidence with prilocaine and bupivacaine than with lidocaine .
### Output Text: | Transient neurologic symptoms after spinal anesthesia : a lower incidence with <span class="chemical">prilocaine</span> and <span class="chemical">bupivacaine</span> than with <span class="chemical">lidocaine</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: BACKGROUND : Recent evidence suggests that transient neurologic symptoms ( TNSs ) frequently follow lidocaine spinal anesthesia but are infrequent with bupivacaine .
### Output Text: | BACKGROUND : Recent evidence suggests that transient neurologic symptoms ( TNSs ) frequently follow <span class="chemical">lidocaine</span> spinal anesthesia but are infrequent with <span class="chemical">bupivacaine</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: However , identification of a short - acting local anesthetic to substitute for lidocaine for brief surgical procedures remains an important goal .
### Output Text: | However , identification of a short - acting local anesthetic to substitute for <span class="chemical">lidocaine</span> for brief surgical procedures remains an important goal . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Prilocaine is an amide local anesthetic with a duration of action similar to that of lidocaine .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Prilocaine</span> is an amide local anesthetic with a duration of action similar to that of <span class="chemical">lidocaine</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Accordingly , the present , prospective double - blind study compares prilocaine with lidocaine and bupivacaine with respect to duration of action and relative risk of TNSs .
### Output Text: | Accordingly , the present , prospective double - blind study compares <span class="chemical">prilocaine</span> with <span class="chemical">lidocaine</span> and <span class="chemical">bupivacaine</span> with respect to duration of action and relative risk of TNSs . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: METHODS : Ninety patients classified as American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I or II who were scheduled for short gynecologic procedures under spinal anesthesia were randomly allocated to receive 2 . 5 ml 2 % lidocaine in 7 . 5 % glucose , 2 % prilocaine in 7 . 5 % glucose , or 0 . 5 % bupivacaine in 7 . 5 % glucose .
### Output Text: | METHODS : Ninety patients classified as American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I or II who were scheduled for short gynecologic procedures under spinal anesthesia were randomly allocated to receive 2 . 5 ml 2 % <span class="chemical">lidocaine</span> in 7 . 5 % <span class="chemical">glucose</span> , 2 % <span class="chemical">prilocaine</span> in 7 . 5 % <span class="chemical">glucose</span> , or 0 . 5 % <span class="chemical">bupivacaine</span> in 7 . 5 % <span class="chemical">glucose</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: All solutions were provided in blinded vials by the hospital pharmacy .
### Output Text: | All solutions were provided in blinded vials by the hospital pharmacy . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Details of spinal puncture , extension and regression of spinal block , and the times to reach discharge criteria were noted .
### Output Text: | Details of spinal puncture , extension and regression of spinal block , and the times to reach discharge criteria were noted . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In the evening of postoperative day 1 , patients were evaluated for TNSs by a physician unaware of the drug administered and the details of the anesthetic procedure .
### Output Text: | In the evening of postoperative day 1 , patients were evaluated for TNSs by a physician unaware of the drug administered and the details of the anesthetic procedure . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: RESULTS : Nine of 30 patients receiving lidocaine experienced TNSs , 1 of 30 patients receiving prilocaine ( P = 0 . 03 ) had them , and none of 30 patients receiving bupivacaine had TNSs .
### Output Text: | RESULTS : Nine of 30 patients receiving <span class="chemical">lidocaine</span> experienced TNSs , 1 of 30 patients receiving <span class="chemical">prilocaine</span> ( P = 0 . 03 ) had them , and none of 30 patients receiving <span class="chemical">bupivacaine</span> had TNSs . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Times to ambulate and to void were similar after lidocaine and prilocaine ( 150 vs . 165 min and 238 vs . 253 min , respectively ) but prolonged after bupivacaine ( 200 and 299 min , respectively ; P < 0 . 05 ) .
### Output Text: | Times to ambulate and to void were similar after <span class="chemical">lidocaine</span> and <span class="chemical">prilocaine</span> ( 150 vs . 165 min and 238 vs . 253 min , respectively ) but prolonged after <span class="chemical">bupivacaine</span> ( 200 and 299 min , respectively ; P < 0 . 05 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: CONCLUSIONS : Prilocaine may be preferable to lidocaine for short surgical procedures because it has a similar duration of action but a lower incidence of TNSs .
### Output Text: | CONCLUSIONS : <span class="chemical">Prilocaine</span> may be preferable to <span class="chemical">lidocaine</span> for short surgical procedures because it has a similar duration of action but a lower incidence of TNSs . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Suxamethonium - induced cardiac arrest and death following 5 days of immobilization .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Suxamethonium</span> - induced cardiac arrest and death following 5 days of immobilization . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The present report describes a case of cardiac arrest and subsequent death as a result of hyperkalaemia following the use of suxamethonium in a 23 - year - old Malawian woman .
### Output Text: | The present report describes a case of cardiac arrest and subsequent death as a result of hyperkalaemia following the use of <span class="chemical">suxamethonium</span> in a 23 - year - old Malawian woman . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Five days after the onset of the symptoms of meningitis , the patient aspirated stomach contents and needed endotracheal intubation .
### Output Text: | Five days after the onset of the symptoms of meningitis , the patient aspirated stomach contents and needed endotracheal intubation . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Forty seconds after injection of suxamethonium , bradycardia and cardiac arrest occurred .
### Output Text: | Forty seconds after injection of <span class="chemical">suxamethonium</span> , bradycardia and cardiac arrest occurred . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Attempts to resuscitate the patient were not successful .
### Output Text: | Attempts to resuscitate the patient were not successful . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The serum level of potassium was observed to be 8 . 4 mequiv L - 1 .
### Output Text: | The serum level of <span class="chemical">potassium</span> was observed to be 8 . 4 mequiv L - 1 . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Apart from the reduction in the patient ' s level of consciousness , there were no signs of motor neurone damage or of any of the other known predisposing conditions for hyperkalaemia following the administration of suxamethonium .
### Output Text: | Apart from the reduction in the patient ' s level of consciousness , there were no signs of motor neurone damage or of any of the other known predisposing conditions for hyperkalaemia following the administration of <span class="chemical">suxamethonium</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: It is postulated that her death was caused by hypersensitivity to suxamethonium , associated with her 5 - day immobilization .
### Output Text: | It is postulated that her death was caused by hypersensitivity to <span class="chemical">suxamethonium</span> , associated with her 5 - day immobilization . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Acute hepatitis , autoimmune hemolytic anemia , and erythroblastocytopenia induced by ceftriaxone .
### Output Text: | Acute hepatitis , autoimmune hemolytic anemia , and erythroblastocytopenia induced by <span class="chemical">ceftriaxone</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: An 80 - yr - old man developed acute hepatitis shortly after ingesting oral ceftriaxone .
### Output Text: | An 80 - yr - old man developed acute hepatitis shortly after ingesting oral <span class="chemical">ceftriaxone</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Although the transaminases gradually returned to baseline after withholding the beta lactam antibiotic , there was a gradual increase in serum bilirubin and a decrease in hemoglobin concentration caused by an autoimmune hemolytic anemia and erythroblastocytopenia .
### Output Text: | Although the transaminases gradually returned to baseline after withholding the <span class="chemical">beta lactam</span> antibiotic , there was a gradual increase in serum <span class="chemical">bilirubin</span> and a decrease in hemoglobin concentration caused by an autoimmune hemolytic anemia and erythroblastocytopenia . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: These responded to systemic steroids and immunoglobulins .
### Output Text: | These responded to systemic <span class="chemical">steroids</span> and immunoglobulins . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Despite the widespread use of these agents this triad of side effects has not previously been reported in connection with beta lactam antibiotics .
### Output Text: | Despite the widespread use of these agents this triad of side effects has not previously been reported in connection with <span class="chemical">beta lactam</span> antibiotics . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Thyroxine abuse : an unusual case of thyrotoxicosis in pregnancy .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Thyroxine</span> abuse : an unusual case of thyrotoxicosis in pregnancy . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Eating disorders and the associated behavioural problems and drug abuse are uncommon in pregnancy .
### Output Text: | Eating disorders and the associated behavioural problems and drug abuse are uncommon in pregnancy . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: When they do occur they are often unrecognized because of denial but when significant may pose a risk to both the mother and her fetus .
### Output Text: | When they do occur they are often unrecognized because of denial but when significant may pose a risk to both the mother and her fetus . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: This case illustrates a number of problems that may be encountered in women with eating disorders in pregnancy , including prolonged and recurrent metabolic disturbances and diuretic abuse .
### Output Text: | This case illustrates a number of problems that may be encountered in women with eating disorders in pregnancy , including prolonged and recurrent metabolic disturbances and diuretic abuse . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In particular it illustrates the derangements of thyroid function seen in pregnant women with eating disorders and reminds us that when a cause for thyrotoxicosis remains obscure , thyroxine abuse should be considered and explored .
### Output Text: | In particular it illustrates the derangements of thyroid function seen in pregnant women with eating disorders and reminds us that when a cause for thyrotoxicosis remains obscure , <span class="chemical">thyroxine</span> abuse should be considered and explored . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Repeated trimipramine induces dopamine D2 / D3 and alpha1 - adrenergic up - regulation .
### Output Text: | Repeated <span class="chemical">trimipramine</span> induces <span class="chemical">dopamine</span> D2 / D3 and alpha1 - adrenergic up - regulation . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Trimipramine ( TRI ) , which shows a clinical antidepressant activity , is chemically related to imipramine but does not inhibit the reuptake of noradrenaline and 5 - hydroxytryptamine , nor does it induce beta - adrenergic down - regulation .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Trimipramine</span> ( <span class="chemical">TRI</span> ) , which shows a clinical <span class="chemical">antidepressant</span> activity , is chemically related to <span class="chemical">imipramine</span> but does not inhibit the reuptake of <span class="chemical">noradrenaline</span> and <span class="chemical">5 - hydroxytryptamine</span> , nor does it induce beta - adrenergic down - regulation . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The mechanism of its antidepressant activity is still unknown .
### Output Text: | The mechanism of its <span class="chemical">antidepressant</span> activity is still unknown . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The aim of the present study was to find out whether TRI given repeatedly was able to induce adaptive changes in the dopaminergic and alpha1 - adrenergic systems , demonstrated by us previously for various antidepressants .
### Output Text: | The aim of the present study was to find out whether <span class="chemical">TRI</span> given repeatedly was able to induce adaptive changes in the dopaminergic and alpha1 - adrenergic systems , demonstrated by us previously for various <span class="chemical">antidepressants</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: TRI was given to male Wistar rats and male Albino Swiss mice perorally twice daily for 14 days .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">TRI</span> was given to male Wistar rats and male Albino Swiss mice perorally twice daily for 14 days . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In the acute experiment TRI ( given i . p . ) does not antagonize the reserpine hypothermia in mice and does not potentiate the 5 - hydroxytryptophan head twitches in rats .
### Output Text: | In the acute experiment <span class="chemical">TRI</span> ( given i . p . ) does not antagonize the <span class="chemical">reserpine</span> hypothermia in mice and does not potentiate the <span class="chemical">5 - hydroxytryptophan</span> head twitches in rats . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: TRI given repeatedly to rats increases the locomotor hyperactivity induced by d - amphetamine , quinpirole and ( + ) - 7 - hydroxy - dipropyloaminotetralin ( dopamine D2 and D3 effects ) .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">TRI</span> given repeatedly to rats increases the locomotor hyperactivity induced by <span class="chemical">d - amphetamine</span> , <span class="chemical">quinpirole</span> and ( + ) - 7 - hydroxy - dipropyloaminotetralin ( <span class="chemical">dopamine</span> D2 and D3 effects ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The stereotypies induced by d - amphetamine or apomorphine are not potentiated by TRI .
### Output Text: | The stereotypies induced by <span class="chemical">d - amphetamine</span> or <span class="chemical">apomorphine</span> are not potentiated by <span class="chemical">TRI</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: It increases the behaviour stimulation evoked by phenylephrine ( given intraventricularly ) in rats , evaluated in the open field test as well as the aggressiveness evoked by clonidine in mice , both these effects being mediated by an alpha1 - adrenergic receptor .
### Output Text: | It increases the behaviour stimulation evoked by <span class="chemical">phenylephrine</span> ( given intraventricularly ) in rats , evaluated in the open field test as well as the aggressiveness evoked by <span class="chemical">clonidine</span> in mice , both these effects being mediated by an alpha1 - adrenergic receptor . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: It may be concluded that , like other tricyclic antidepressants studied previously , TRI given repeatedly increases the responsiveness of brain dopamine D2 and D3 ( locomotor activity but not stereotypy ) as well as alpha1 - adrenergic receptors to their agonists .
### Output Text: | It may be concluded that , like other tricyclic <span class="chemical">antidepressants</span> studied previously , <span class="chemical">TRI</span> given repeatedly increases the responsiveness of brain <span class="chemical">dopamine</span> D2 and D3 ( locomotor activity but not stereotypy ) as well as alpha1 - adrenergic receptors to their agonists . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: A question arises whether the reuptake inhibition is of any importance to the adaptive changes induced by repeated antidepressants , suggested to be responsible for the antidepressant activity .
### Output Text: | A question arises whether the reuptake inhibition is of any importance to the adaptive changes induced by repeated <span class="chemical">antidepressants</span> , suggested to be responsible for the <span class="chemical">antidepressant</span> activity . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Pethidine - associated seizure in a healthy adolescent receiving pethidine for postoperative pain control .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Pethidine</span> - associated seizure in a healthy adolescent receiving <span class="chemical">pethidine</span> for postoperative pain control . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: A healthy 17 - year - old male received standard intermittent doses of pethidine via a patient - controlled analgesia ( PCA ) pump for management of postoperative pain control .
### Output Text: | A healthy 17 - year - old male received standard intermittent doses of <span class="chemical">pethidine</span> via a patient - controlled analgesia ( PCA ) pump for management of postoperative pain control . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Twenty - three h postoperatively he developed a brief self - limited seizure .
### Output Text: | Twenty - three h postoperatively he developed a brief self - limited seizure . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Both plasma pethidine and norpethidine were elevated in the range associated with clinical manifestations of central nervous system excitation .
### Output Text: | Both plasma <span class="chemical">pethidine</span> and <span class="chemical">norpethidine</span> were elevated in the range associated with clinical manifestations of central nervous system excitation . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: No other risk factors for CNS toxicity were identified .
### Output Text: | No other risk factors for CNS toxicity were identified . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: This method allowed frequent self - dosing of pethidine at short time intervals and rapid accumulation of pethidine and norpethidine .
### Output Text: | This method allowed frequent self - dosing of <span class="chemical">pethidine</span> at short time intervals and rapid accumulation of <span class="chemical">pethidine</span> and <span class="chemical">norpethidine</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The routine use of pethidine via PCA even for a brief postoperative analgesia should be reconsidered .
### Output Text: | The routine use of <span class="chemical">pethidine</span> via PCA even for a brief postoperative analgesia should be reconsidered . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: An unusual toxic reaction to axillary block by mepivacaine with adrenaline .
### Output Text: | An unusual toxic reaction to axillary block by <span class="chemical">mepivacaine</span> with <span class="chemical">adrenaline</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: An increase in blood pressure , accompanied by atrial fibrillation , agitation , incomprehensible shouts and loss of consciousness , was observed in an elderly , ASA classification group II , cardiovascularly medicated male , 12 min after performance of axillary block with mepivacaine 850 mg containing adrenaline 0 . 225 mg , for correction of Dupuytren ' s contracture .
### Output Text: | An increase in blood pressure , accompanied by atrial fibrillation , agitation , incomprehensible shouts and loss of consciousness , was observed in an elderly , ASA classification group II , cardiovascularly medicated male , 12 min after performance of axillary block with <span class="chemical">mepivacaine</span> 850 mg containing <span class="chemical">adrenaline</span> 0 . 225 mg , for correction of Dupuytren ' s contracture . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: After intravenous administration of labetalol , metoprolol and midazolam the patient ' s condition improved , and 15 min later he woke up .
### Output Text: | After intravenous administration of <span class="chemical">labetalol</span> , <span class="chemical">metoprolol</span> and <span class="chemical">midazolam</span> the patient ' s condition improved , and 15 min later he woke up . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The block was successful and surgery was conducted as scheduled despite persisting atrial fibrillation .
### Output Text: | The block was successful and surgery was conducted as scheduled despite persisting atrial fibrillation . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Postoperatively , the patient refused DC cardioversion and was treated medically .
### Output Text: | Postoperatively , the patient refused DC cardioversion and was treated medically . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Both the temporal relationship of events and the response to treatment suggest that a rapid systemic absorption of mepivacaine with adrenaline and / or interaction of these drugs with the patient ' s cardiovascular medications were responsible for the perioperative complications .
### Output Text: | Both the temporal relationship of events and the response to treatment suggest that a rapid systemic absorption of <span class="chemical">mepivacaine</span> with <span class="chemical">adrenaline</span> and / or interaction of these drugs with the patient ' s cardiovascular medications were responsible for the perioperative complications . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Drug - associated acute - onset vanishing bile duct and Stevens - Johnson syndromes in a child .
### Output Text: | Drug - associated acute - onset vanishing bile duct and Stevens - Johnson syndromes in a child . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Acute vanishing bile duct syndrome is a rare but established cause of progressive cholestasis in adults , is most often drug or toxin related , and is of unknown pathogenesis .
### Output Text: | Acute vanishing bile duct syndrome is a rare but established cause of progressive cholestasis in adults , is most often drug or toxin related , and is of unknown pathogenesis . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: It has not been reported previously in children .
### Output Text: | It has not been reported previously in children . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Stevens - Johnson syndrome is a well - recognized immune complex - mediated hypersensitivity reaction that affects all age groups , is drug or infection induced , and has classic systemic , mucosal , and dermatologic manifestations .
### Output Text: | Stevens - Johnson syndrome is a well - recognized immune complex - mediated hypersensitivity reaction that affects all age groups , is drug or infection induced , and has classic systemic , mucosal , and dermatologic manifestations . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: A previously healthy child who developed acute , severe , rapidly progressive vanishing bile duct syndrome shortly after Stevens - Johnson syndrome is described ; this was temporally associated with ibuprofen use .
### Output Text: | A previously healthy child who developed acute , severe , rapidly progressive vanishing bile duct syndrome shortly after Stevens - Johnson syndrome is described ; this was temporally associated with <span class="chemical">ibuprofen</span> use . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Despite therapy with ursodeoxycholic acid , prednisone , and then tacrolimus , her cholestatic disease was unrelenting , with cirrhosis shown by biopsy 6 months after presentation .
### Output Text: | Despite therapy with <span class="chemical">ursodeoxycholic acid</span> , <span class="chemical">prednisone</span> , and then <span class="chemical">tacrolimus</span> , her cholestatic disease was unrelenting , with cirrhosis shown by biopsy 6 months after presentation . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: This case documents acute drug - related vanishing bile duct syndrome in the pediatric age group and suggests shared immune mechanisms in the pathogenesis of both Stevens - Johnson syndrome and vanishing bile duct syndrome .
### Output Text: | This case documents acute drug - related vanishing bile duct syndrome in the pediatric age group and suggests shared immune mechanisms in the pathogenesis of both Stevens - Johnson syndrome and vanishing bile duct syndrome . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: High incidence of primary pulmonary hypertension associated with appetite suppressants in Belgium .
### Output Text: | High incidence of primary pulmonary hypertension associated with <span class="chemical">appetite suppressants</span> in Belgium . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Primary pulmonary hypertension is a rare , progressive and incurable disease , which has been associated with the intake of appetite suppressant drugs .
### Output Text: | Primary pulmonary hypertension is a rare , progressive and incurable disease , which has been associated with the intake of <span class="chemical">appetite suppressant</span> drugs . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The importance of this association was evaluated in Belgium while this country still had no restriction on the prescription of appetite suppressants .
### Output Text: | The importance of this association was evaluated in Belgium while this country still had no restriction on the prescription of <span class="chemical">appetite suppressants</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Thirty - five patients with primary pulmonary hypertension and 85 matched controls were recruited over 32 months ( 1992 - 1994 ) in Belgium .
### Output Text: | Thirty - five patients with primary pulmonary hypertension and 85 matched controls were recruited over 32 months ( 1992 - 1994 ) in Belgium . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Exposure to appetite - suppressants was assessed on the basis of hospital records and standardized interview .
### Output Text: | Exposure to <span class="chemical">appetite - suppressants</span> was assessed on the basis of hospital records and standardized interview . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Twenty - three of the patients had previously taken appetite suppressants , mainly fenfluramines , as compared with only 5 of the controls ( 66 versus 6 % , p < 0 . 0001 ) .
### Output Text: | Twenty - three of the patients had previously taken <span class="chemical">appetite suppressants</span> , mainly <span class="chemical">fenfluramines</span> , as compared with only 5 of the controls ( 66 versus 6 % , p < 0 . 0001 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Five patients died before the interview , all of them had taken appetite suppressants .
### Output Text: | Five patients died before the interview , all of them had taken <span class="chemical">appetite suppressants</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In 8 patients the diagnosis of primary pulmonary hypertension was uncertain , 5 of them had taken appetite suppressants .
### Output Text: | In 8 patients the diagnosis of primary pulmonary hypertension was uncertain , 5 of them had taken <span class="chemical">appetite suppressants</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The patients who had been exposed to appetite suppressants tended to be on average more severely ill , and to have a shorter median delay between onset of symptoms and diagnosis .
### Output Text: | The patients who had been exposed to <span class="chemical">appetite suppressants</span> tended to be on average more severely ill , and to have a shorter median delay between onset of symptoms and diagnosis . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: A policy of unrestricted prescription of appetite suppressants may lead to a high incidence of associated primary pulmonary hypertension .
### Output Text: | A policy of unrestricted prescription of <span class="chemical">appetite suppressants</span> may lead to a high incidence of associated primary pulmonary hypertension . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Intake of appetite suppressants may accelerate the progression of the disease .
### Output Text: | Intake of <span class="chemical">appetite suppressants</span> may accelerate the progression of the disease . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Inappropriate use of carbamazepine and vigabatrin in typical absence seizures .
### Output Text: | Inappropriate use of <span class="chemical">carbamazepine</span> and <span class="chemical">vigabatrin</span> in typical absence seizures . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Carbamazepine and vigabatrin are contraindicated in typical absence seizures .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Carbamazepine</span> and <span class="chemical">vigabatrin</span> are contraindicated in typical absence seizures . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Of 18 consecutive referrals of children with resistant typical absences only , eight were erroneously treated with carbamazepine either as monotherapy or as an add - on .
### Output Text: | Of 18 consecutive referrals of children with resistant typical absences only , eight were erroneously treated with <span class="chemical">carbamazepine</span> either as monotherapy or as an add - on . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Vigabatrin was also used in the treatment of two children .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Vigabatrin</span> was also used in the treatment of two children . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Frequency of absences increased in four children treated with carbamazepine and two of these developed myoclonic jerks , which resolved on withdrawal of carbamazepine .
### Output Text: | Frequency of absences increased in four children treated with <span class="chemical">carbamazepine</span> and two of these developed myoclonic jerks , which resolved on withdrawal of <span class="chemical">carbamazepine</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Absences were aggravated in both cases where vigabatrin was added on to concurrent treatment .
### Output Text: | Absences were aggravated in both cases where <span class="chemical">vigabatrin</span> was added on to concurrent treatment . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Optimal control of the absences was achieved with sodium valproate , lamotrigine , or ethosuximide alone or in combination .
### Output Text: | Optimal control of the absences was achieved with <span class="chemical">sodium valproate</span> , <span class="chemical">lamotrigine</span> , or <span class="chemical">ethosuximide</span> alone or in combination . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Choreoathetoid movements associated with rapid adjustment to methadone .
### Output Text: | Choreoathetoid movements associated with rapid adjustment to <span class="chemical">methadone</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Choreatiform hyperkinesias are known to be occasional movement abnormalities during intoxications with cocaine but not opiates .
### Output Text: | Choreatiform hyperkinesias are known to be occasional movement abnormalities during intoxications with <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> but not opiates . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: This is a case report of euphoria and choreoathetoid movements both transiently induced by rapid adjustment to the selective mu - opioid receptor agonist methadone in an inpatient previously abusing heroine and cocaine .
### Output Text: | This is a case report of euphoria and choreoathetoid movements both transiently induced by rapid adjustment to the selective mu - opioid receptor agonist <span class="chemical">methadone</span> in an inpatient previously abusing <span class="chemical">heroine</span> and <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In addition , minor EEG abnormalities occurred .
### Output Text: | In addition , minor EEG abnormalities occurred . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Possible underlying neurobiological phenomena are discussed .
### Output Text: | Possible underlying neurobiological phenomena are discussed . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Adverse effects of the atypical antipsychotics .
### Output Text: | Adverse effects of the atypical antipsychotics . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Collaborative Working Group on Clinical Trial Evaluations .
### Output Text: | Collaborative Working Group on Clinical Trial Evaluations . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Adverse effects of antipsychotics often lead to noncompliance .
### Output Text: | Adverse effects of antipsychotics often lead to noncompliance . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Thus , clinicians should address patients ' concerns about adverse effects and attempt to choose medications that will improve their patients ' quality of life as well as overall health .
### Output Text: | Thus , clinicians should address patients ' concerns about adverse effects and attempt to choose medications that will improve their patients ' quality of life as well as overall health . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The side effect profiles of the atypical antipsychotics are more advantageous than those of the conventional neuroleptics .
### Output Text: | The side effect profiles of the atypical antipsychotics are more advantageous than those of the conventional neuroleptics . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Conventional agents are associated with unwanted central nervous system effects , including extrapyramidal symptoms ( EPS ) , tardive dyskinesia , sedation , and possible impairment of some cognitive measures , as well as cardiac effects , orthostatic hypotension , hepatic changes , anticholinergic side effects , sexual dysfunction , and weight gain .
### Output Text: | Conventional agents are associated with unwanted central nervous system effects , including extrapyramidal symptoms ( EPS ) , tardive dyskinesia , sedation , and possible impairment of some cognitive measures , as well as cardiac effects , orthostatic hypotension , hepatic changes , anticholinergic side effects , sexual dysfunction , and weight gain . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The newer atypical agents have a lower risk of EPS , but are associated in varying degrees with sedation , cardiovascular effects , anticholinergic effects , weight gain , sexual dysfunction , hepatic effects , lowered seizure threshold ( primarily clozapine ) , and agranulocytosis ( clozapine only ) .
### Output Text: | The newer atypical agents have a lower risk of EPS , but are associated in varying degrees with sedation , cardiovascular effects , anticholinergic effects , weight gain , sexual dysfunction , hepatic effects , lowered seizure threshold ( primarily <span class="chemical">clozapine</span> ) , and agranulocytosis ( <span class="chemical">clozapine</span> only ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Since the incidence and severity of specific adverse effects differ among the various atypicals , the clinician should carefully consider which side effects are most likely to lead to the individual ' s dissatisfaction and noncompliance before choosing an antipsychotic for a particular patient .
### Output Text: | Since the incidence and severity of specific adverse effects differ among the various atypicals , the clinician should carefully consider which side effects are most likely to lead to the individual ' s dissatisfaction and noncompliance before choosing an antipsychotic for a particular patient . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: A randomized , placebo - controlled dose - comparison trial of haloperidol for psychosis and disruptive behaviors in Alzheimer ' s disease .
### Output Text: | A randomized , placebo - controlled dose - comparison trial of <span class="chemical">haloperidol</span> for psychosis and disruptive behaviors in Alzheimer ' s disease . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: OBJECTIVE : The goal of this study was to compare the efficacy and side effects of two doses of haloperidol and placebo in the treatment of psychosis and disruptive behaviors in patients with Alzheimer ' s disease .
### Output Text: | OBJECTIVE : The goal of this study was to compare the efficacy and side effects of two doses of <span class="chemical">haloperidol</span> and placebo in the treatment of psychosis and disruptive behaviors in patients with Alzheimer ' s disease . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: METHOD : In a 6 - week random - assignment , double - blind , placebo - controlled trial ( phase A ) , haloperidol , 2 - 3 mg / day ( standard dose ) , and haloperidol , 0 . 50 - 0 . 75 mg / day ( low dose ) , were compared in 71 outpatients with Alzheimer ' s disease .
### Output Text: | METHOD : In a 6 - week random - assignment , double - blind , placebo - controlled trial ( phase A ) , <span class="chemical">haloperidol</span> , 2 - 3 mg / day ( standard dose ) , and <span class="chemical">haloperidol</span> , 0 . 50 - 0 . 75 mg / day ( low dose ) , were compared in 71 outpatients with Alzheimer ' s disease . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: For the subsequent 6 - week double - blind crossover phase ( phase B ) , patients taking standard - or low - dose haloperidol were switched to placebo , and patients taking placebo were randomly assigned to standard - or low - dose haloperidol .
### Output Text: | For the subsequent 6 - week double - blind crossover phase ( phase B ) , patients taking standard - or low - dose <span class="chemical">haloperidol</span> were switched to placebo , and patients taking placebo were randomly assigned to standard - or low - dose <span class="chemical">haloperidol</span> . |