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|---|---|---|---|---|
When did the Rohingya lose citizenship rights in Burma?
|
the Rohingya have been denied Burmese citizenship since the enactment of a 1982 citizenship law
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "The Rohingya people have consistently faced human rights abuses by the Burmese regime that has refused to acknowledge them as Burmese citizens (despite some of them having lived in Burma for over three generations)—the Rohingya have been denied Burmese citizenship since the enactment of a 1982 citizenship law. The law created three categories of citizenship: citizenship, associate citizenship, and naturalised citizenship. Citizenship is given to those who belong to one of the national races such as Kachin, Kayah (Karenni), Karen, Chin, Burman, Mon, Rakhine, Shan, Kaman, or Zerbadee. Associate citizenship is given to those who cannot prove their ancestors settled in Myanmar before 1823, but can prove they have one grandparent, or pre-1823 ancestor, who was a citizen of another country, as well as people who applied for citizenship in 1948 and qualified then by those laws. Naturalized citizenship is only given to those who have at least one parent with one of these types of Burmese citizenship or can provide \"conclusive evidence\" that their parents entered and resided in Burma prior to independence in 1948. The Burmese regime has attempted to forcibly expel Rohingya and bring in non-Rohingyas to replace them—this policy has resulted in the expulsion of approximately half of the 800,000 Rohingya from Burma, while the Rohingya people have been described as \"among the world's least wanted\" and \"one of the world's most persecuted minorities.\" But the origin of ‘most persecuted minority’ statement is unclear.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
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] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
Which Island is geographically considered a part of Southeast Asia?
|
The Andaman and Nicobar Islands
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "The Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India are geographically considered part of Southeast Asia. Eastern Bangladesh and the Seven Sister States of India are culturally part of Southeast Asia and sometimes considered both South Asian and Southeast Asian. The Seven Sister States of India are also geographically part of Southeast Asia.[citation needed] The rest of the island of New Guinea which is not part of Indonesia, namely, Papua New Guinea, is sometimes included so are Palau, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands, which were all part of the Spanish East Indies.[citation needed]",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
The incentive reduced the cost of what in buildings?
|
cost of living
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Another initiative, presented by the late Mayor Thomas Menino, is the Renew Boston Whole Building Incentive, which reduces the cost of living in buildings that are deemed energy efficient. This, much like the green housing developments, gives people of low socioeconomic status an opportunity to find housing in communities that support the environment. The ultimate goal of this initiative is to enlist 500 Bostonians to participate in a free, in-home energy assessment.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
What was the verdict in Roderick Maclean's trial?
|
he was found not guilty by reason of insanity
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "On 2 March 1882, Roderick Maclean, a disgruntled poet apparently offended by Victoria's refusal to accept one of his poems, shot at the Queen as her carriage left Windsor railway station. Two schoolboys from Eton College struck him with their umbrellas, until he was hustled away by a policeman. Victoria was outraged when he was found not guilty by reason of insanity, but was so pleased by the many expressions of loyalty after the attack that she said it was \"worth being shot at—to see how much one is loved\".",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
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] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
What is the Rose Garden also known as?
|
Rosengarten
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "The Rose Garden (Rosengarten), from which a scenic panoramic view of the medieval town centre can be enjoyed, is a well-kept Rosarium on a hill, converted into a park from a former cemetery in 1913.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
Among Icelandic and Dutch adults, which sex more commonly has green eyes?
|
women
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "There is no green pigment in green eyes; like the color of blue eyes, it is an optical illusion; its appearance is caused by the combination of an amber or light brown pigmentation of the stroma, given by a low or moderate concentration of melanin, with the blue tone imparted by the Rayleigh scattering of the reflected light. Green eyes are most common in Northern and Central Europe. They can also be found in Southern Europe, West Asia, Central Asia, and South Asia. In Iceland, 89% of women and 87% of men have either blue or green eye color. A study of Icelandic and Dutch adults found green eyes to be much more prevalent in women than in men. Among European Americans, green eyes are most common among those of recent Celtic and Germanic ancestry, about 16%.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
What percent of the previous population would a new digital transmitter have served in Fredicton in comparison to the analogue transmitter?
|
62.5%
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "On March 23, 2011, the CRTC rejected an application by the CBC to install a digital transmitter serving Fredricton, New Brunswick in place of the analogue transmitter serving Fredericton and Saint John, New Brunswick, which would have served only 62.5% of the population served by the existing analogue transmitter. The CBC issued a press release stating \"CBC/Radio-Canada intends to re-file its application with the CRTC to provide more detailed cost estimates that will allow the Commission to better understand the unfeasibility of replicating the Corporation’s current analogue coverage.\" The press release further added that the CBC suggests coverage could be maintained if the CRTC were to \"allow CBC Television to continue providing the analogue service it offers today – much in the same way the Commission permitted recently in the case of Yellowknife, Whitehorse and Iqaluit.\"",
"start_char": 0,
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}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
enlish firms were allow to trade with India unless?
|
prohibited by act of parliament
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "This allowed any English firm to trade with India, unless specifically prohibited by act of parliament, thereby annulling the charter that had been in force for almost 100 years. By an act that was passed in 1698, a new \"parallel\" East India Company (officially titled the English Company Trading to the East Indies) was floated under a state-backed indemnity of £2 million. The powerful stockholders of the old company quickly subscribed a sum of £315,000 in the new concern, and dominated the new body. The two companies wrestled with each other for some time, both in England and in India, for a dominant share of the trade.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
Along with Marshall, who believed that the Eighth Amendment forbade the death penalty?
|
William J. Brennan, Jr.
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "In a five-to-four decision, the Supreme Court struck down the impositions of the death penalty in each of the consolidated cases as unconstitutional. The five justices in the majority did not produce a common opinion or rationale for their decision, however, and agreed only on a short statement announcing the result. The narrowest opinions, those of Byron White and Potter Stewart, expressed generalized concerns about the inconsistent application of the death penalty across a variety of cases but did not exclude the possibility of a constitutional death penalty law. Stewart and William O. Douglas worried explicitly about racial discrimination in enforcement of the death penalty. Thurgood Marshall and William J. Brennan, Jr. expressed the opinion that the death penalty was proscribed absolutely by the Eighth Amendment as \"cruel and unusual\" punishment.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
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] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
What roles were women recruited for in the 1950s?
|
medicine, communication, logistics, and administration
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "In the 1950s, the recruitment of women was open to roles in medicine, communication, logistics, and administration. The roles of women in the CAF began to expand in 1971, after the Department reviewed the recommendations of the Royal Commission on the Status of Women, at which time it lifted the ceiling of 1,500 women personnel, and gradually expanded employment opportunities into the non-traditional areas—vehicle drivers and mechanics, aircraft mechanics, air-traffic controllers, military police, and firefighters. The Department further reviewed personnel policies in 1978 and 1985, after Parliament passed the Canadian Human Rights Act and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. As a result of these reviews, the Department changed its policies to permit women to serve at sea in replenishment ships and in a diving tender, with the army service battalions, in military police platoons and field ambulance units, and in most air squadrons.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
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}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
Who group of Christians rose up against Muawiyah?
|
Mardaites
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Muawiyah also encouraged peaceful coexistence with the Christian communities of Syria, granting his reign with \"peace and prosperity for Christians and Arabs alike\", and one of his closest advisers was Sarjun, the father of John of Damascus. At the same time, he waged unceasing war against the Byzantine Roman Empire. During his reign, Rhodes and Crete were occupied, and several assaults were launched against Constantinople. After their failure, and faced with a large-scale Christian uprising in the form of the Mardaites, Muawiyah concluded a peace with Byzantium. Muawiyah also oversaw military expansion in North Africa (the foundation of Kairouan) and in Central Asia (the conquest of Kabul, Bukhara, and Samarkand).",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
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}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
Who is the owner of Columbia Pictures content?
|
Sony Pictures Entertainment
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "TCM's library of films spans several decades of cinema and includes thousands of film titles. Besides its deals to broadcast film releases from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Warner Bros. Entertainment, Turner Classic Movies also maintains movie licensing rights agreements with Universal Studios, Paramount Pictures, 20th Century Fox, Walt Disney Studios (primarily film content from Walt Disney Pictures, as well as most of the Selznick International Pictures library), Sony Pictures Entertainment (primarily film content from Columbia Pictures), StudioCanal, and Janus Films.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
What did Nassim Nicholas Taleb warn about for years prior to the financial crisis of 2007?
|
the breakdown of the banking system
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Stock trader and financial risk engineer Nassim Nicholas Taleb, author of the 2007 book The Black Swan, spent years warning against the breakdown of the banking system in particular and the economy in general owing to their use of bad risk models and reliance on forecasting, and their reliance on bad models, and framed the problem as part of \"robustness and fragility\". He also took action against the establishment view by making a big financial bet on banking stocks and making a fortune from the crisis (\"They didn't listen, so I took their money\"). According to David Brooks from the New York Times, \"Taleb not only has an explanation for what’s happening, he saw it coming.\"",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
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}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
By what means is the President of the Republic elected?
|
by direct, universal suffrage
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "The Head of State of Portugal is the President of the Republic, elected to a five-year term by direct, universal suffrage. He or she has also supervision and reserve powers. These powers are often compared[by whom?] with the \"moderator power\" that was held by the King in the Portuguese Constitutional Monarchy.[citation needed] Presidential powers include the appointment of the Prime Minister and the other members of the Government (where the President takes into account the results of legislative elections); dismissing the Prime Minister; dissolving the Assembly of the Republic (to call early elections); vetoing legislation (which may be overridden by the Assembly with a supermajority); and declaring a state of war or siege. The President is also the ex officio Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
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}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
Who was excluded from the censuses conducted by the Greeks?
|
the Turkish population
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Due to the inter-communal ethnic tensions between 1963 and 1974, an island-wide census was regarded as impossible. Nevertheless, the Greek Cypriots conducted one in 1973, without the Turkish Cypriot populace. According to this census, the Greek Cypriot population was 482,000. One year later, in 1974, the Cypriot government's Department of Statistics and Research estimated the total population of Cyprus at 641,000; of whom 506,000 (78.9%) were Greeks, and 118,000 (18.4%) Turkish. After the partition of the island in 1974, Greeks conducted four more censuses: in 1976, 1982, 1992 and 2001; these excluded the Turkish population which was resident in the northern part of the island.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
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}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
In what country is the Surzhyk dialect spoken?
|
Ukraine
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Today the boundaries of the Ukrainian language to the Russian language are still not drawn clearly, with an intermediate dialect between them, called Surzhyk, developing in Ukraine.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
Where did this type of thinking next travel to?
|
Athens
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "6th-century BCE pre-Socratic Greek philosophers Thales of Miletus and Xenophanes of Colophon were the first in the region to attempt to explain the world in terms of human reason rather than myth and tradition, thus can be said to be the first Greek humanists. Thales questioned the notion of anthropomorphic gods and Xenophanes refused to recognise the gods of his time and reserved the divine for the principle of unity in the universe. These Ionian Greeks were the first thinkers to assert that nature is available to be studied separately from the supernatural realm. Anaxagoras brought philosophy and the spirit of rational inquiry from Ionia to Athens. Pericles, the leader of Athens during the period of its greatest glory was an admirer of Anaxagoras. Other influential pre-Socratics or rational philosophers include Protagoras (like Anaxagoras a friend of Pericles), known for his famous dictum \"man is the measure of all things\" and Democritus, who proposed that matter was composed of atoms. Little of the written work of these early philosophers survives and they are known mainly from fragments and quotations in other writers, principally Plato and Aristotle. The historian Thucydides, noted for his scientific and rational approach to history, is also much admired by later humanists. In the 3rd century BCE, Epicurus became known for his concise phrasing of the problem of evil, lack of belief in the afterlife, and human-centred approaches to achieving eudaimonia. He was also the first Greek philosopher to admit women to his school as a rule.",
"start_char": 0,
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] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
What organization invited Northwestern to become a member in 1917?
|
The Association of American Universities
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Northwestern fielded its first intercollegiate football team in 1882, later becoming a founding member of the Big Ten Conference. In the 1870s and 1880s, Northwestern affiliated itself with already existing schools of law, medicine, and dentistry in Chicago. The Northwestern University School of Law is the oldest law school in Chicago. As the university increased in wealth and distinction, and enrollments grew, these professional schools were integrated with the undergraduate college in Evanston; the result was a modern research university combining professional, graduate, and undergraduate programs, which gave equal weight to teaching and research. The Association of American Universities invited Northwestern to become a member in 1917.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
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squad_v2
|
none
|
What type of climate did Gondwana have during the Cambrian period?
|
mild
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "During the Cambrian period, Gondwana had a mild climate. West Antarctica was partially in the Northern Hemisphere, and during this period large amounts of sandstones, limestones and shales were deposited. East Antarctica was at the equator, where sea floor invertebrates and trilobites flourished in the tropical seas. By the start of the Devonian period (416 Ma), Gondwana was in more southern latitudes and the climate was cooler, though fossils of land plants are known from this time. Sand and silts were laid down in what is now the Ellsworth, Horlick and Pensacola Mountains. Glaciation began at the end of the Devonian period (360 Ma), as Gondwana became centered on the South Pole and the climate cooled, though flora remained. During the Permian period, the land became dominated by seed plants such as Glossopteris, a pteridosperm which grew in swamps. Over time these swamps became deposits of coal in the Transantarctic Mountains. Towards the end of the Permian period, continued warming led to a dry, hot climate over much of Gondwana.",
"start_char": 0,
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}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
How can natural predators benefit crops?
|
reducing damage to crops, and are one alternative to the use of chemical agents such as pesticides
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Predators may be put to use in conservation efforts to control introduced species. Although the aim in this situation is to remove the introduced species entirely, keeping its abundance down is often the only possibility. Predators from its natural range may be introduced to control populations, though in some cases this has little effect, and may even cause unforeseen problems. Besides their use in conservation biology, predators are also important for controlling pests in agriculture. Natural predators are an environmentally friendly and sustainable way of reducing damage to crops, and are one alternative to the use of chemical agents such as pesticides.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
What spectrum of light is red within?
|
visible light
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Red is the color at the end of the spectrum of visible light next to orange and opposite violet. Red color has a predominant light wavelength of roughly 620–740 nanometres. Red is one of the additive primary colors of visible light, along with green and blue, which in Red Green Blue (RGB) color systems are combined to create all the colors on a computer monitor or television screen. Red is also one of the subtractive primary colors, along with yellow and blue, of the RYB color space and traditional color wheel used by painters and artists.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
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squad_v2
|
none
|
Where was BYU ranked No. 12 in schools with the lowest student-incurred debt?
|
U.S. News and World Report's "Great Schools, Great Prices" lineup
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "For 2016, U.S. News & World Report ranked BYU as tied for 66th for national universities in the United States. A 2013 Quarterly Journal of Economics study of where the nation's top high school students choose to enroll ranked BYU No. 21 in its peer-reviewed study. The Princeton Review has ranked BYU the best value for college in 2007, and its library is consistently ranked in the nation's top ten — No. 1 in 2004 and No. 4 in 2007. BYU is also ranked No. 19 in the U.S. News and World Report's \"Great Schools, Great Prices\" lineup, and No. 12 in lowest student-incurred debt. Due in part to the school's emphasis on undergraduate research, in rankings for 2008-2009, BYU was ranked No. 10 nationally for the number of students who go on to earn PhDs, No. 1 nationally for students who go on to dental school, No. 6 nationally for students who go on to law school, and No. 10 nationally for students who go on to medical school. BYU is designated as a research university with high research activity by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.]] Forbes Magazine ranked it as the No. 1 \"Top University to Work For in 2014\" and as the best college in Utah.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
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}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
Who was assassinated on September 22, 189 AD?
|
He Jin
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "General-in-Chief He Jin (d. 189 AD), half-brother to Empress He (d. 189 AD), plotted with Yuan Shao (d. 202 AD) to overthrow the eunuchs by having several generals march to the outskirts of the capital. There, in a written petition to Empress He, they demanded the eunuchs' execution. After a period of hesitation, Empress He consented. When the eunuchs discovered this, however, they had her brother He Miao (何苗) rescind the order. The eunuchs assassinated He Jin on September 22, 189 AD. Yuan Shao then besieged Luoyang's Northern Palace while his brother Yuan Shu (d. 199 AD) besieged the Southern Palace. On September 25 both palaces were breached and approximately two thousand eunuchs were killed. Zhang Rang had previously fled with Emperor Shao (r. 189 AD) and his brother Liu Xie—the future Emperor Xian of Han (r. 189–220 AD). While being pursued by the Yuan brothers, Zhang committed suicide by jumping into the Yellow River.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
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}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
What group did Sultan Selim I consider heretics and subsequently slaughter?
|
Anatolian Alevis (Qizilbash)
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Muslim sects regarded as heretical, such as the Druze, Ismailis, Alevis, and Alawites, ranked below Jews and Christians. In 1514, Sultan Selim I, nicknamed \"the Grim\" because of his cruelty, ordered the massacre of 40,000 Anatolian Alevis (Qizilbash), whom he considered heretics, reportedly proclaiming that \"the killing of one Alevi had as much otherworldly reward as killing 70 Christians.\"[page needed] Selim was also responsible for an unprecedented and rapid expansion of the Ottoman Empire into the Middle East, especially through his conquest of the entire Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, which included much of the region. With these conquests, Selim further solidified the Ottoman claim for being an Islamic caliphate, although Ottoman sultans had been claiming the title of caliph since the 14th century starting with Murad I (reigned 1362 to 1389). The caliphate would remain held by Ottoman sultans for the rest of the office's duration, which ended with its abolition on 3 March 1924 by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey and the exile of the last caliph, Abdülmecid II, to France.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
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squad_v2
|
none
|
The portion of energy which does not do work during the transfer is called what?
|
heat
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Energy transfer can be considered for the special case of systems which are closed to transfers of matter. The portion of the energy which is transferred by conservative forces over a distance is measured as the work the source system does on the receiving system. The portion of the energy which does not do work during the transfer is called heat.[note 4] Energy can be transferred between systems in a variety of ways. Examples include the transmission of electromagnetic energy via photons, physical collisions which transfer kinetic energy,[note 5] and the conductive transfer of thermal energy.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
How long do ITPs last?
|
allow incidental takes for varying amounts of time
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "The person or organization submits a HCP and if approved by the agency (FWS or NMFS), will be issued an Incidental Take Permit (ITP) which allows a certain number of \"takes\" of the listed species. The permit may be revoked at any time and can allow incidental takes for varying amounts of time. For instance, the San Bruno Habitat Conservation Plan/ Incidental Take Permit is good for 30 years and the Wal-Mart store (in Florida) permit expires after one year. Because the permit is issued by a federal agency to a private party, it is a federal action-which means other federal laws can apply, such as the National Environmental Policy Act or NEPA. A notice of the permit application action is published in the Federal Register and a public comment period of 30 to 90 days begins.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
Which community is the longest continuous Chinese settlement in the Western World?
|
Melbourne Chinatown
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "An influx of interstate and overseas migrants, particularly Irish, German and Chinese, saw the development of slums including a temporary \"tent city\" established on the southern banks of the Yarra. Chinese migrants founded the Melbourne Chinatown in 1851, which remains the longest continuous Chinese settlement in the Western World. In the aftermath of the Eureka Stockade, mass public support for the plight of the miners resulted in major political changes to the colony, including changes to working conditions across local industries including mining, agriculture and manufacturing. The nationalities involved in the Eureka revolt and Burke and Wills expedition gave an indication of immigration flows in the second half of the nineteenth century.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
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}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
Which publication said that protesters were trampling human rights?
|
Xinhua
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Xinhua and CCTV quoted relay spectators who condemned the protests, to a greater extent than most Western media, but did not quote any alternate viewpoints, providing no coverage of support for the protests by some ordinary citizens in Western countries. It quoted athletes who expressed pride at taking part in the relays, to a greater extent than Western media, but not those who, like Marie-José Pérec, expressed understanding and support for the protestors. The Beijing Organising Committee for the Games mentioned the \"smiling faces of the elderly, children and the artists on the streets\", of cheering and supportive Londoners. Xinhua said that protesters were \"radicals\" who \"trampled human rights\" and whose activities were condemned by \"the people of the world who cordially love the Olympic spirit\".",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
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}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
What caused the sea to rise during the Jurassic?
|
increase in seafloor
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Sea levels began to rise during the Jurassic, which was probably caused by an increase in seafloor spreading. The formation of new crust beneath the surface displaced ocean waters by as much as 200 m (656 ft) more than today, which flooded coastal areas. Furthermore, Pangaea began to rift into smaller divisions, bringing more land area in contact with the ocean by forming the Tethys Sea. Temperatures continued to increase and began to stabilize. Humidity also increased with the proximity of water, and deserts retreated.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
From what did parliament evolve?
|
Curia Regis, or Royal Council
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Originally, legislative power was exercised by the sovereign acting on the advice of the Curia Regis, or Royal Council, in which important magnates and clerics participated and which evolved into parliament. The so-called Model Parliament included bishops, abbots, earls, barons, and two knights from each shire and two burgesses from each borough among its members. In 1265, the Earl of Leicester irregularly called a full parliament without royal authorisation. The body eventually came to be divided into two branches: bishops, abbots, earls, and barons formed the House of Lords, while the shire and borough representatives formed the House of Commons. The King would seek the advice and consent of both houses before making any law. During Henry VI's reign, it became regular practice for the two houses to originate legislation in the form of bills, which would not become law unless the sovereign's assent was obtained, as the sovereign was, and still remains, the enactor of laws. Hence, all acts include the clause \"Be it enacted by the Queen's (King's) most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows...\". The Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949 provide a second potential preamble if the House of Lords were to be excluded from the process.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
From what work of Durkheim's was interaction ritual theory derived?
|
totemic rituals
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Subsequent to these developments, Randall Collins (2004) formulated his interaction ritual theory by drawing on Durkheim's work on totemic rituals that was extended by Goffman (1964/2013; 1967) into everyday focused encounters. Based on interaction ritual theory, we experience different levels or intensities of emotional energy during face-to-face interactions. Emotional energy is considered to be a feeling of confidence to take action and a boldness that one experiences when they are charged up from the collective effervescence generated during group gatherings that reach high levels of intensity.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
What formal features in objects do anthropologists of art focus on?
|
evident 'aesthetic' qualities
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "One of the central problems in the anthropology of art concerns the universality of 'art' as a cultural phenomenon. Several anthropologists have noted that the Western categories of 'painting', 'sculpture', or 'literature', conceived as independent artistic activities, do not exist, or exist in a significantly different form, in most non-Western contexts. To surmount this difficulty, anthropologists of art have focused on formal features in objects which, without exclusively being 'artistic', have certain evident 'aesthetic' qualities. Boas' Primitive Art, Claude Lévi-Strauss' The Way of the Masks (1982) or Geertz's 'Art as Cultural System' (1983) are some examples in this trend to transform the anthropology of 'art' into an anthropology of culturally specific 'aesthetics'.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
When a system is over-damped, what does it typically not experience?
|
a voltage reversal
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "In DC circuits and pulsed circuits, current and voltage reversal are affected by the damping of the system. Voltage reversal is encountered in RLC circuits that are under-damped. The current and voltage reverse direction, forming a harmonic oscillator between the inductance and capacitance. The current and voltage will tend to oscillate and may reverse direction several times, with each peak being lower than the previous, until the system reaches an equilibrium. This is often referred to as ringing. In comparison, critically damped or over-damped systems usually do not experience a voltage reversal. Reversal is also encountered in AC circuits, where the peak current will be equal in each direction.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
Who bought Virgil's tomb?
|
Silius
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "The works of Virgil almost from the moment of their publication revolutionized Latin poetry. The Eclogues, Georgics, and above all the Aeneid became standard texts in school curricula with which all educated Romans were familiar. Poets following Virgil often refer intertextually to his works to generate meaning in their own poetry. The Augustan poet Ovid parodies the opening lines of the Aeneid in Amores 1.1.1–2, and his summary of the Aeneas story in Book 14 of the Metamorphoses, the so-called \"mini-Aeneid\", has been viewed as a particularly important example of post-Virgilian response to the epic genre. Lucan's epic, the Bellum Civile has been considered an anti-Virgilian epic, disposing with the divine mechanism, treating historical events, and diverging drastically from Virgilian epic practice. The Flavian poet Statius in his 12-book epic Thebaid engages closely with the poetry of Virgil; in his epilogue he advises his poem not to \"rival the divine Aeneid, but follow afar and ever venerate its footsteps.\" In Silius Italicus, Virgil finds one of his most ardent admirers. With almost every line of his epic Punica Silius references Virgil. Indeed, Silius is known to have bought Virgil's tomb and worshipped the poet. Partially as a result of his so-called \"Messianic\" Fourth Eclogue—widely interpreted later to have predicted the birth of Jesus Christ—Virgil was in later antiquity imputed to have the magical abilities of a seer; the Sortes Vergilianae, the process of using Virgil's poetry as a tool of divination, is found in the time of Hadrian, and continued into the Middle Ages. In a similar vein Macrobius in the Saturnalia credits the work of Virgil as the embodiment of human knowledge and experience, mirroring the Greek conception of Homer. Virgil also found commentators in antiquity. Servius, a commentator of the 4th century AD, based his work on the commentary of Donatus. Servius' commentary provides us with a great deal of information about Virgil's life, sources, and references; however, many modern scholars find the variable quality of his work and the often simplistic interpretations frustrating.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
The Haunted Mansion at Disneyland in California and the one in Paris, France sharewhat attribute?
|
takes place on an elevator
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Part of the Haunted Mansion attraction at Disneyland in Anaheim, California, and Disneyland in Paris, France, takes place on an elevator. The \"stretching room\" on the ride is actually an elevator that travels downwards, giving access to a short underground tunnel which leads to the rest of the attraction. The elevator has no ceiling and its shaft is decorated to look like walls of a mansion. Because there is no roof, passengers are able to see the walls of the shaft by looking up, which gives the illusion of the room stretching.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
What was created in Bell's image in 1940?
|
commemorative stamp
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "In 1936 the US Patent Office declared Bell first on its list of the country's greatest inventors, leading to the US Post Office issuing a commemorative stamp honoring Bell in 1940 as part of its 'Famous Americans Series'. The First Day of Issue ceremony was held on October 28 in Boston, Massachusetts, the city where Bell spent considerable time on research and working with the deaf. The Bell stamp became very popular and sold out in little time. The stamp became, and remains to this day, the most valuable one of the series.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
How much more power does a standard incandescent bulb use compared to LED?
|
10%
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "LED lamps have been advocated as the newest and best environmental lighting method. According to the Energy Saving Trust, LED lamps use only 10% power compared to a standard incandescent bulb, where compact fluorescent lamps use 20% and energy saving halogen lamps 70%. The lifetime is also much longer — up to 50,000 hours. A downside is still the initial cost, which is higher than that of compact fluorescent lamps.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
What did France get that gave them a supply of sugar?
|
Caribbean island colonies of Guadeloupe and Martinique, France chose the latter
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "The Anglo-French hostilities were ended in 1763 by the Treaty of Paris, which involved a complex series of land exchanges, the most important being France's cession to Spain of Louisiana, and to Great Britain the rest of New France except for the islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon. Faced with the choice of retrieving either New France or its Caribbean island colonies of Guadeloupe and Martinique, France chose the latter to retain these lucrative sources of sugar, writing off New France as an unproductive, costly territory. France also returned Minorca to the British. Spain lost control of Florida to Great Britain, but it received from the French the Île d'Orléans and all of the former French holdings west of the Mississippi River. The exchanges suited the British as well, as their own Caribbean islands already supplied ample sugar, and, with the acquisition of New France and Florida, they now controlled all of North America east of the Mississippi.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
Underground electrolytic malfunctions in hydraulic elevators can result in the destruction of what?
|
the cylinder and bulkhead
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Past problems with hydraulic elevators include underground electrolytic destruction of the cylinder and bulkhead, pipe failures, and control failures. Single bulkhead cylinders, typically built prior to a 1972 ASME A17.1 Elevator Safety Code change requiring a second dished bulkhead, were subject to possible catastrophic failure. The code previously permitted only single-bottom hydraulic cylinders. In the event of a cylinder breach, the fluid loss results in uncontrolled down movement of the elevator. This creates two significant hazards: being subject to an impact at the bottom when the elevator stops suddenly and being in the entrance for a potential shear if the rider is partly in the elevator. Because it is impossible to verify the system at all times, the code requires periodic testing of the pressure capability. Another solution to protect against a cylinder blowout is to install a plunger gripping device. One commercially available is known by the marketing name \"LifeJacket\". This is a device which, in the event of an uncontrolled downward acceleration, nondestructively grips the plunger and stops the car. A device known as an overspeed or rupture valve is attached to the hydraulic inlet/outlet of the cylinder and is adjusted for a maximum flow rate. If a pipe or hose were to break (rupture), the flow rate of the rupture valve will surpass a set limit and mechanically stop the outlet flow of hydraulic fluid, thus stopping the plunger and the car in the down direction.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
What kind of team left Beijing to go to Wenchuan?
|
earthquake emergency relief
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "An earthquake emergency relief team of 184 people (consisting of 12 people from the State Seismological Bureau, 150 from the Beijing Military Area Command, and 22 from the Armed Police General Hospital) left Beijing from Nanyuan Airport late May 12 in two military transport planes to travel to Wenchuan County.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
What is the CGS unit of lumiance?
|
stilb
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Measurement of light or photometry is generally concerned with the amount of useful light falling on a surface and the amount of light emerging from a lamp or other source, along with the colors that can be rendered by this light. The human eye responds differently to light from different parts of the visible spectrum, therefore photometric measurements must take the luminosity function into account when measuring the amount of useful light. The basic SI unit of measurement is the candela (cd), which describes the luminous intensity, all other photometric units are derived from the candela. Luminance for instance is a measure of the density of luminous intensity in a given direction. It describes the amount of light that passes through or is emitted from a particular area, and falls within a given solid angle. The SI unit for luminance is candela per square metre (cd/m2). The CGS unit of luminance is the stilb, which is equal to one candela per square centimetre or 10 kcd/m2. The amount of useful light emitted from a source or the luminous flux is measured in lumen (lm).",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
Beyonce won an award for which activity in 2011?
|
writing
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Her fourth studio album 4 was released on June 28, 2011 in the US. 4 sold 310,000 copies in its first week and debuted atop the Billboard 200 chart, giving Beyoncé her fourth consecutive number-one album in the US. The album was preceded by two of its singles \"Run the World (Girls)\" and \"Best Thing I Never Had\", which both attained moderate success. The fourth single \"Love on Top\" was a commercial success in the US. 4 also produced four other singles; \"Party\", \"Countdown\", \"I Care\" and \"End of Time\". \"Eat, Play, Love\", a cover story written by Beyoncé for Essence that detailed her 2010 career break, won her a writing award from the New York Association of Black Journalists. In late 2011, she took the stage at New York's Roseland Ballroom for four nights of special performances: the 4 Intimate Nights with Beyoncé concerts saw the performance of her 4 album to a standing room only.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
How can a researcher study a childs memory?
|
elicited imitation techniques
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Infants do not have the language ability to report on their memories and so verbal reports cannot be used to assess very young children’s memory. Throughout the years, however, researchers have adapted and developed a number of measures for assessing both infants’ recognition memory and their recall memory. Habituation and operant conditioning techniques have been used to assess infants’ recognition memory and the deferred and elicited imitation techniques have been used to assess infants’ recall memory.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
What are labs trying to produce hydrogen from?
|
solar energy and water
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "There are more than 200 thermochemical cycles which can be used for water splitting, around a dozen of these cycles such as the iron oxide cycle, cerium(IV) oxide–cerium(III) oxide cycle, zinc zinc-oxide cycle, sulfur-iodine cycle, copper-chlorine cycle and hybrid sulfur cycle are under research and in testing phase to produce hydrogen and oxygen from water and heat without using electricity. A number of laboratories (including in France, Germany, Greece, Japan, and the USA) are developing thermochemical methods to produce hydrogen from solar energy and water.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
What August 1965 event caused Eisenhower to drop out of public life?
|
heart attack
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "The last three years of Eisenhower's second term in office were ones of relatively good health. Eventually after leaving the White House, he suffered several additional and ultimately crippling heart attacks. A severe heart attack in August 1965 largely ended his participation in public affairs. In August 1966 he began to show symptoms of cholecystitis, for which he underwent surgery on December 12, 1966, when his gallbladder was removed, containing 16 gallstones. After Eisenhower's death in 1969 (see below), an autopsy unexpectedly revealed an adrenal pheochromocytoma, a benign adrenaline-secreting tumor that may have made the President more vulnerable to heart disease. Eisenhower suffered seven heart attacks in total from 1955 until his death.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
Along with energy crisis, what other significant historical event led to countries adopting DST?
|
war
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Daylight saving has caused controversy since it began. Winston Churchill argued that it enlarges \"the opportunities for the pursuit of health and happiness among the millions of people who live in this country\" and pundits have dubbed it \"Daylight Slaving Time\". Historically, retailing, sports, and tourism interests have favored daylight saving, while agricultural and evening entertainment interests have opposed it, and its initial adoption had been prompted by energy crisis and war.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
What does the American Physocological Association say that sexual orientation refers to?
|
an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions to men, women, or both sexes
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "The American Psychological Association states that \"[s]exual orientation refers to an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions to men, women, or both sexes\" and that \"[t]his range of behaviors and attractions has been described in various cultures and nations throughout the world. Many cultures use identity labels to describe people who express these attractions. In the United States, the most frequent labels are lesbians (women attracted to women), gay men (men attracted to men), and bisexual people (men or women attracted to both sexes). However, some people may use different labels or none at all\". They additionally state that sexual orientation \"is distinct from other components of sex and gender, including biological sex (the anatomical, physiological, and genetic characteristics associated with being male or female), gender identity (the psychological sense of being male or female), and social gender role (the cultural norms that define feminine and masculine behavior)\". According to psychologists, sexual orientation also refers to a person’s choice of sexual partners, who may be homosexual, heterosexual, or bisexual.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
What is Greece set to start exploring the Ionian Sea for?
|
oil and gas
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "In addition to the above, Greece is also to start oil and gas exploration in other locations in the Ionian Sea, as well as the Libyan Sea, within the Greek exclusive economic zone, south of Crete. The Ministry of the Environment, Energy and Climate Change announced that there was interest from various countries (including Norway and the United States) in exploration, and the first results regarding the amount of oil and gas in these locations were expected in the summer of 2012. In November 2012, a report published by Deutsche Bank estimated the value of natural gas reserves south of Crete at €427 billion.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
What was the first practical implementation based on?
|
Motorola 56000 DSP chips
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "The immediate predecessors of MP3 were \"Optimum Coding in the Frequency Domain\" (OCF), and Perceptual Transform Coding (PXFM). These two codecs, along with block-switching contributions from Thomson-Brandt, were merged into a codec called ASPEC, which was submitted to MPEG, and which won the quality competition, but that was mistakenly rejected as too complex to implement. The first practical implementation of an audio perceptual coder (OCF) in hardware (Krasner's hardware was too cumbersome and slow for practical use), was an implementation of a psychoacoustic transform coder based on Motorola 56000 DSP chips.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
How are the politics of Zhejiang structured?
|
a dual party-government system
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "The politics of Zhejiang is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in Mainland China. The Governor of Zhejiang is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Zhejiang. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor is subordinate to the Zhejiang Communist Party of China (CPC) Provincial Committee Secretary, colloquially termed the \"Zhejiang CPC Party Chief\".",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
What did each offering require to be valid in Roman religion?
|
prayer
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "All sacrifices and offerings required an accompanying prayer to be effective. Pliny the Elder declared that \"a sacrifice without prayer is thought to be useless and not a proper consultation of the gods.\" Prayer by itself, however, had independent power. The spoken word was thus the single most potent religious action, and knowledge of the correct verbal formulas the key to efficacy. Accurate naming was vital for tapping into the desired powers of the deity invoked, hence the proliferation of cult epithets among Roman deities. Public prayers (prex) were offered loudly and clearly by a priest on behalf of the community. Public religious ritual had to be enacted by specialists and professionals faultlessly; a mistake might require that the action, or even the entire festival, be repeated from the start. The historian Livy reports an occasion when the presiding magistrate at the Latin festival forgot to include the \"Roman people\" among the list of beneficiaries in his prayer; the festival had to be started over. Even private prayer by an individual was formulaic, a recitation rather than a personal expression, though selected by the individual for a particular purpose or occasion.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
What did Apple's creation of too many similar models do to potential buyers?
|
confused potential buyers
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Furthermore, Apple had created too many similar models that confused potential buyers. At one point, its product lineup was subdivided into Classic, LC, II, Quadra, Performa, and Centris models, with essentially the same computer being sold under a number of different names. These models competed against Macintosh clones, hardware manufactured by third parties that ran Apple's System 7. This succeeded in increasing the Macintosh's market share somewhat, and provided cheaper hardware for consumers, but hurt Apple financially as existing Apple customers began to buy cheaper clones which cannibalized the sales of Apple's higher-margin Macintosh systems, yet Apple still shouldered the burden of developing the Mac OS platform.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
What did the Supreme Court uphold in Everson v. Board of Education?
|
state law
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "The incorporation of the First Amendment establishment clause in the landmark case of Everson v. Board of Education has impacted the subsequent interpretation of the separation of church and state in regard to the state governments. Although upholding the state law in that case, which provided for public busing to private religious schools, the Supreme Court held that the First Amendment establishment clause was fully applicable to the state governments. A more recent case involving the application of this principle against the states was Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet (1994).",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
A member of what clan became the head of the Emperor's Private Office?
|
Fujiwara
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "As the Soga clan had taken control of the throne in the sixth century, the Fujiwara by the ninth century had intermarried with the imperial family, and one of their members was the first head of the Emperor's Private Office. Another Fujiwara became regent, Sesshō for his grandson, then a minor emperor, and yet another was appointed Kampaku. Toward the end of the ninth century, several emperors tried, but failed, to check the Fujiwara. For a time, however, during the reign of Emperor Daigo (897-930), the Fujiwara regency was suspended as he ruled directly.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
What is the most prevalent uranium ore?
|
uraninite
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Uranium is more plentiful than antimony, tin, cadmium, mercury, or silver, and it is about as abundant as arsenic or molybdenum. Uranium is found in hundreds of minerals, including uraninite (the most common uranium ore), carnotite, autunite, uranophane, torbernite, and coffinite. Significant concentrations of uranium occur in some substances such as phosphate rock deposits, and minerals such as lignite, and monazite sands in uranium-rich ores (it is recovered commercially from sources with as little as 0.1% uranium).",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
What minimizes the influence of the Atlantic ocean on Bostons weather?
|
Prevailing wind patterns
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Boston has a continental climate with some maritime influence, and using the −3 °C (27 °F) coldest month (January) isotherm, the city lies within the transition zone from a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) to a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa), although the suburbs north and west of the city are significantly colder in winter and solidly fall under the latter categorization; the city lies at the transition between USDA plant hardiness zones 6b (most of the city) and 7a (Downtown, South Boston, and East Boston neighborhoods). Summers are typically warm to hot, rainy, and humid, while winters oscillate between periods of cold rain and snow, with cold temperatures. Spring and fall are usually mild, with varying conditions dependent on wind direction and jet stream positioning. Prevailing wind patterns that blow offshore minimize the influence of the Atlantic Ocean. The hottest month is July, with a mean temperature of 73.4 °F (23.0 °C). The coldest month is January, with a mean of 29.0 °F (−1.7 °C). Periods exceeding 90 °F (32 °C) in summer and below freezing in winter are not uncommon but rarely extended, with about 13 and 25 days per year seeing each, respectively. The most recent sub-0 °F (−18 °C) reading occurring on February 14, 2016 when the temperature dipped down to −9 °F (−23 °C), the coldest reading since 1957. In addition, several decades may pass between 100 °F (38 °C) readings, with the most recent such occurrence on July 22, 2011 when the temperature reached 103 °F (39 °C). The city's average window for freezing temperatures is November 9 through April 5.[c] Official temperature records have ranged from −18 °F (−28 °C) on February 9, 1934, up to 104 °F (40 °C) on July 4, 1911; the record cold daily maximum is 2 °F (−17 °C) on December 30, 1917, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum is 83 °F (28 °C) on August 2, 1975.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
What hairstyle did Mithridates IV copy from Alexander?
|
anastole
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "The kingdom grew to its largest extent under Mithridates VI, who conquered Colchis, Cappadocia, Paphlagonia, Bithynia, Lesser Armenia, the Bosporan Kingdom, the Greek colonies of the Tauric Chersonesos and for a brief time the Roman province of Asia. Mithridates VI, himself of mixed Persian and Greek ancestry, presented himself as the protector of the Greeks against the 'barbarians' of Rome styling himself as \"King Mithridates Eupator Dionysus.\" and as the \"great liberator\". Mithridates also depicted himself with the anastole hairstyle of Alexander and used the symbolism of Herakles whom the Macedonian kings claimed descend from. After a long struggle with Rome in the Mithridatic wars, Pontus was defeated, part of it was incorporated into the Roman Republic as the province Bithynia and Pontus and the eastern half survived as a client kingdom.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
Who was the director of the adaptation of the movie?
|
Robert Mulligan
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Reaction to the novel varied widely upon publication. Literary analysis of it is sparse, considering the number of copies sold and its widespread use in education. Author Mary McDonough Murphy, who collected individual impressions of To Kill a Mockingbird by several authors and public figures, calls the book, \"an astonishing phenomenon\". In 2006, British librarians ranked the book ahead of the Bible as one \"every adult should read before they die\". It was adapted into an Oscar-winning film in 1962 by director Robert Mulligan, with a screenplay by Horton Foote. Since 1990, a play based on the novel has been performed annually in Harper Lee's hometown of Monroeville, Alabama.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
Who is credited with clarifying and making the term humanitas commonplace?
|
Cicero
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Gellius says that in his day humanitas is commonly used as a synonym for philanthropy – or kindness and benevolence toward one's fellow human being. Gellius maintains that this common usage is wrong, and that model writers of Latin, such as Cicero and others, used the word only to mean what we might call \"humane\" or \"polite\" learning, or the Greek equivalent Paideia. Gellius became a favorite author in the Italian Renaissance, and, in fifteenth-century Italy, teachers and scholars of philosophy, poetry, and rhetoric were called and called themselves \"humanists\". Modern scholars, however, point out that Cicero (106 – 43 BCE), who was most responsible for defining and popularizing the term humanitas, in fact frequently used the word in both senses, as did his near contemporaries. For Cicero, a lawyer, what most distinguished humans from brutes was speech, which, allied to reason, could (and should) enable them to settle disputes and live together in concord and harmony under the rule of law. Thus humanitas included two meanings from the outset and these continue in the modern derivative, humanism, which even today can refer to both humanitarian benevolence and to scholarship.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
What shape Spirochaetes are?
|
tightly coiled
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Most bacterial species are either spherical, called cocci (sing. coccus, from Greek kókkos, grain, seed), or rod-shaped, called bacilli (sing. bacillus, from Latin baculus, stick). Elongation is associated with swimming. Some bacteria, called vibrio, are shaped like slightly curved rods or comma-shaped; others can be spiral-shaped, called spirilla, or tightly coiled, called spirochaetes. A small number of species even have tetrahedral or cuboidal shapes. More recently, some bacteria were discovered deep under Earth's crust that grow as branching filamentous types with a star-shaped cross-section. The large surface area to volume ratio of this morphology may give these bacteria an advantage in nutrient-poor environments. This wide variety of shapes is determined by the bacterial cell wall and cytoskeleton, and is important because it can influence the ability of bacteria to acquire nutrients, attach to surfaces, swim through liquids and escape predators.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
Where do the Feynman Lectures on Physics pull information from?
|
compiled from lectures to Caltech undergraduates in 1961–64
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "The Feynman Lectures on Physics is perhaps his most accessible work for anyone with an interest in physics, compiled from lectures to Caltech undergraduates in 1961–64. As news of the lectures' lucidity grew, professional physicists and graduate students began to drop in to listen. Co-authors Robert B. Leighton and Matthew Sands, colleagues of Feynman, edited and illustrated them into book form. The work has endured and is useful to this day. They were edited and supplemented in 2005 with \"Feynman's Tips on Physics: A Problem-Solving Supplement to the Feynman Lectures on Physics\" by Michael Gottlieb and Ralph Leighton (Robert Leighton's son), with support from Kip Thorne and other physicists.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
Where is the Validus Prepatory Academy?
|
The Bronx
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Many public high schools are located in the borough including the elite Bronx High School of Science, Celia Cruz Bronx High School of Music, DeWitt Clinton High School, High School for Violin and Dance, Bronx Leadership Academy 2, Bronx International High School, the School for Excellence, the Morris Academy for Collaborative Study, Wings Academy for young adults, The Bronx School for Law, Government and Justice, Validus Preparatory Academy, The Eagle Academy For Young Men, Bronx Expeditionary Learning High School, Bronx Academy of Letters, Herbert H. Lehman High School and High School of American Studies. The Bronx is also home to three of New York City's most prestigious private, secular schools: Fieldston, Horace Mann, and Riverdale Country School.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
What designation does BYU's Russian language program hold?
|
largest of their kind in the nation
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Over three quarters of the student body has some proficiency in a second language (numbering 107 languages in total). This is partially due to the fact that 45 percent of the student body at BYU has been missionaries for LDS Church, and many of them learned a foreign language as part of their mission assignment. During any given semester, about one-third of the student body is enrolled in foreign language classes, a rate nearly four times the national average. BYU offers courses in over 60 different languages, many with advanced courses that are seldom offered elsewhere. Several of its language programs are the largest of their kind in the nation, the Russian program being one example. The university was selected by the United States Department of Education as the location of the national Middle East Language Resource Center, making the school a hub for experts on that region. It was also selected as a Center for International Business Education Research, a function of which is to train business employees in international languages and relations.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
If the number of states is unknown, what group does this fall into?
|
Class II
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "It has been proved that each class is strictly included into the next. For instance, testing when we assume that the behavior of the implementation under test can be denoted by a deterministic finite-state machine for some known finite sets of inputs and outputs and with some known number of states belongs to Class I (and all subsequent classes). However, if the number of states is not known, then it only belongs to all classes from Class II on. If the implementation under test must be a deterministic finite-state machine failing the specification for a single trace (and its continuations), and its number of states is unknown, then it only belongs to classes from Class III on. Testing temporal machines where transitions are triggered if inputs are produced within some real-bounded interval only belongs to classes from Class IV on, whereas testing many non-deterministic systems only belongs to Class V (but not all, and some even belong to Class I). The inclusion into Class I does not require the simplicity of the assumed computation model, as some testing cases involving implementations written in any programming language, and testing implementations defined as machines depending on continuous magnitudes, have been proved to be in Class I. Other elaborated cases, such as the testing framework by Matthew Hennessy under must semantics, and temporal machines with rational timeouts, belong to Class II.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
During the Jurassic period which group came out as the most dominate for both carnivores and herbivores?
|
dinosaurs
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "The Permian–Triassic extinction event, which was a prolonged event due to the accumulation of several extinction pulses, ended the dominance of the carnivores among the therapsids. In the early Triassic, all the medium to large land carnivore niches were taken over by archosaurs which, over an extended period of time (35 million years), came to include the crocodylomorphs, the pterosaurs, and the dinosaurs. By the Jurassic, the dinosaurs had come to dominate the large terrestrial herbivore niches as well.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
When was La Madeleine built?
|
1808-1842
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Parisian examples of European architecture date back more than a millennium; including the Romanesque church of the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés (1014-1163); the early Gothic Architecture of the Basilica of Saint-Denis (1144), the Notre Dame Cathedral (1163-1345), the Flamboyant Gothic of Saint Chapelle (1239-1248), the Baroque churches of Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis (1627-1641) and Les Invalides (1670-1708). The 19th century produced the neoclassical church of La Madeleine (1808-1842); the Palais Garnier Opera House (1875); the neo-Byzantine Basilica of Sacré-Cœur (1875-1919), and the exuberant Belle Époque modernism of the Eiffel Tower (1889). Striking examples of 20th century architecture include the Centre Georges Pompidou by Richard Rogers and Renzo Piano (1977), and the Louvre Pyramid by I.M. Pei (1989). Contemporary architecture includes the Musée du Quai Branly by Jean Nouvel (2006) and the new contemporary art museum of the Louis Vuitton Foundation by Frank Gehry (2014).",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
Who wanted to break up the celebration?
|
militia
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "On June 16, 1988, 6,000 to 8,000 people gathered in Lviv to hear speakers declare no confidence in the local list of delegates to the 19th Communist Party conference, to begin on June 29. On June 21, a rally in Lviv attracted 50,000 people who had heard about a revised delegate list. Authorities attempted to disperse the rally in front of Druzhba Stadium. On July 7, 10,000 to 20,000 people witnessed the launch of the Democratic Front to Promote Perestroika. On July 17, a group of 10,000 gathered in the village Zarvanytsia for Millennium services celebrated by Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Bishop Pavlo Vasylyk. The militia tried to disperse attendees, but it turned out to be the largest gathering of Ukrainian Catholics since Stalin outlawed the Church in 1946. On August 4, which came to be known as \"Bloody Thursday,\" local authorities violently suppressed a demonstration organized by the Democratic Front to Promote Perestroika. Forty-one people were detained, fined, or sentenced to 15 days of administrative arrest. On September 1, local authorities violently displaced 5,000 students at a public meeting lacking official permission at Ivan Franko State University.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
What is the Samoan word for the "House of Nine" in Leulumoega?
|
Faleiva
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "The capital village of each district administers and coordinates the affairs of the district and confers each district's paramount title, amongst other responsibilities. For example, the District of A'ana has its capital at Leulumoega. The paramount title of A'ana is the TuiA'ana. The orator group which confers this title – the Faleiva (House of Nine) – is based at Leulumoega. This is also the same for the other districts. In the district of Tuamasaga, the paramount title of the district – the Malietoa title – is conferred by the FaleTuamasaga based in Afega.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
When was a resolution agreed to about Chinese human rights issues in San Francisco?
|
April 1, 2008
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "On April 1, 2008, the San Francisco Board of Supervisors approved a resolution addressing human rights concerns when the Beijing Olympic torch arrives in San Francisco on April 9. The resolution would welcome the torch with \"alarm and protest at the failure of China to meet its past solemn promises to the international community, including the citizens of San Francisco, to cease the egregious and ongoing human rights abuses in China and occupied Tibet.\" On April 8, numerous protests were planned including one at the city's United Nations Plaza led by actor Richard Gere and Archbishop Desmond Tutu.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
What is the largest Oktoberfest in the world?
|
Oktoberfest of Blumenau
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "With a population of 518,000, Hanover is a major centre of Northern Germany and the country's thirteenth largest city. Hanover also hosts annual commercial trade fairs such as the Hanover Fair and the CeBIT. Every year Hanover hosts the Schützenfest Hannover, the world's largest marksmen's festival, and the Oktoberfest Hannover, the second largest Oktoberfest in the world (beside Oktoberfest of Blumenau). In 2000, Hanover hosted the world fair Expo 2000. The Hanover fairground, due to numerous extensions, especially for the Expo 2000, is the largest in the world. Hanover is of national importance because of its universities and medical school, its international airport and its large zoo. The city is also a major crossing point of railway lines and highways (Autobahnen), connecting European main lines in both the east-west (Berlin–Ruhr area) and north-south (Hamburg–Munich, etc.) directions.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
Who could not sing at the same time he played the flute?
|
Marsyas
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "After they each performed, both were deemed equal until Apollo decreed they play and sing at the same time. As Apollo played the lyre, this was easy to do. Marsyas could not do this, as he only knew how to use the flute and could not sing at the same time. Apollo was declared the winner because of this. Apollo flayed Marsyas alive in a cave near Celaenae in Phrygia for his hubris to challenge a god. He then nailed Marsyas' shaggy skin to a nearby pine-tree. Marsyas' blood turned into the river Marsyas.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
Who became the Duke of Brittany?
|
Geoffrey
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "During John's early years, Henry attempted to resolve the question of his succession. Henry the Young King had been crowned King of England in 1170, but was not given any formal powers by his father; he was also promised Normandy and Anjou as part of his future inheritance. Richard was to be appointed the Count of Poitou with control of Aquitaine, whilst Geoffrey was to become the Duke of Brittany. At this time it seemed unlikely that John would ever inherit substantial lands, and he was jokingly nicknamed \"Lackland\" by his father.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
What was the original run of the third arc of Digimon?
|
October 2, 2011 to March 25, 2012
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "On August 17, 2011, Shueisha's V-Jump magazine announced a sequel set one year later, a third arc of Xros Wars subtitled The Young Hunters Who Leapt Through Time, which aired from October 2, 2011 to March 25, 2012, following on from the previous arc. It focuses on a new protagonist, Tagiru Akashi and his partner Gumdramon who embark on a new journey with an older Mikey, Shoutmon, an older Ewan and the revived Damemon, along with other new comrades as they deal with a hidden dimension that lies between the Human World and the Digital World called DigiQuartz. The series finale reintroduces the heroes of the previous five seasons as they all come together and help the current heroes in the final battle due to the fact that the DigiQuartz is essentially a tear in Space and Time, allowing all of the Digimon universes to converge.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
what type of land is much of the great plans?
|
open range
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Much of the Great Plains became open range, or rangeland where cattle roamed free, hosting ranching operations where anyone was theoretically free to run cattle. In the spring and fall, ranchers held roundups where their cowboys branded new calves, treated animals and sorted the cattle for sale. Such ranching began in Texas and gradually moved northward. In 1866-95, cowboys herded 10 million cattle north to rail heads such as Dodge City, Kansas and Ogallala, Nebraska; from there, cattle were shipped eastward.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
Which form of writing extended before the invention of paper?
|
palm leaf
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "The antiquity of this form of writing extends before the invention of paper around the year 100 in China. Note each palm leaf section was only several lines, written longitudinally across the leaf, and bound by twine to the other sections. The outer portion was decorated. The alphabets of Southeast Asia tended to be abugidas, until the arrival of the Europeans, who used words that also ended in consonants, not just vowels. Other forms of official documents, which did not use paper, included Javanese copperplate scrolls. This material would have been more durable than paper in the tropical climate of Southeast Asia.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
What creates wind, cyclones and anti-cyclones?
|
The latent heat of water condensation amplifies convection
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Solar radiation is absorbed by the Earth's land surface, oceans – which cover about 71% of the globe – and atmosphere. Warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans rises, causing atmospheric circulation or convection. When the air reaches a high altitude, where the temperature is low, water vapor condenses into clouds, which rain onto the Earth's surface, completing the water cycle. The latent heat of water condensation amplifies convection, producing atmospheric phenomena such as wind, cyclones and anti-cyclones. Sunlight absorbed by the oceans and land masses keeps the surface at an average temperature of 14 °C. By photosynthesis green plants convert solar energy into chemically stored energy, which produces food, wood and the biomass from which fossil fuels are derived.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
What can archaeologists deduce from material remains?
|
human behavior and cultural practices
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Archaeology is the study of the human past through its material remains. Artifacts, faunal remains, and human altered landscapes are evidence of the cultural and material lives of past societies. Archaeologists examine these material remains in order to deduce patterns of past human behavior and cultural practices. Ethnoarchaeology is a type of archaeology that studies the practices and material remains of living human groups in order to gain a better understanding of the evidence left behind by past human groups, who are presumed to have lived in similar ways.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
In meters, how high were the 2008 floods?
|
0.91
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "In 2008, extreme waves and high tides caused widespread flooding in the capital city of Majuro and other urban centres, 3 feet (0.91 m) above sea level. On Christmas morning in 2008, the government declared a state of emergency. In 2013, heavy waves once again breached the city walls of Majuro.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
How many Puerto Ricans have died in the Iraq War and War in Afghanistan?
|
52
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Residents of Puerto Rico pay U.S. federal taxes: import/export taxes, federal commodity taxes, social security taxes, therefore contributing to the American Government. Most Puerto Rico residents do not pay federal income tax but do pay federal payroll taxes (Social Security and Medicare). However, federal employees, those who do business with the federal government, Puerto Rico–based corporations that intend to send funds to the U.S. and others do pay federal income taxes. Puerto Ricans may enlist in the U.S. military. Puerto Ricans have participated in all American wars since 1898; 52 Puerto Ricans had been killed in the Iraq War and War in Afghanistan by November 2012.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
What types of livestock products does Portugal produce?
|
dairy products, poultry and beef
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Agriculture in Portugal is based on small to medium-sized family-owned dispersed units. However, the sector also includes larger scale intensive farming export-oriented agrobusinesses backed by companies (like Grupo RAR's Vitacress, Sovena, Lactogal, Vale da Rosa, Companhia das Lezírias and Valouro). The country produces a wide variety of crops and livestock products, including tomatoes, citrus, green vegetables, rice, corn, barley, olives, oilseeds, nuts, cherries, bilberry, table grapes, edible mushrooms, dairy products, poultry and beef.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
the term 'house music' came from the labeling of records at what store?
|
Importes Etc
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Chip E.'s 1985 recording \"It's House\" may also have helped to define this new form of electronic music. However, Chip E. himself lends credence to the Knuckles association, claiming the name came from methods of labeling records at the Importes Etc. record store, where he worked in the early 1980s: bins of music that DJ Knuckles played at the Warehouse nightclub were labelled in the store \"As Heard At The Warehouse\", which was shortened to simply \"House\". Patrons later asked for new music for the bins, which Chip E. implies was a demand the shop tried to meet by stocking newer local club hits.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
What is a characteristic of iron sulfide?
|
very brittle
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Although an alloy is technically an impure metal, when referring to alloys, the term \"impurities\" usually denotes those elements which are not desired. These impurities are often found in the base metals or the solutes, but they may also be introduced during the alloying process. For instance, sulfur is a common impurity in steel. Sulfur combines readily with iron to form iron sulfide, which is very brittle, creating weak spots in the steel. Lithium, sodium and calcium are common impurities in aluminium alloys, which can have adverse effects on the structural integrity of castings. Conversely, otherwise pure-metals that simply contain unwanted impurities are often called \"impure metals\" and are not usually referred to as alloys. Oxygen, present in the air, readily combines with most metals to form metal oxides; especially at higher temperatures encountered during alloying. Great care is often taken during the alloying process to remove excess impurities, using fluxes, chemical additives, or other methods of extractive metallurgy.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
Give an example of a predator that specializes in eating autotrophic species
|
zooplankton
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Grazing organisms may also kill their prey species, but this is seldom the case. While some herbivores like zooplankton live on unicellular phytoplankton and therefore, by the individualized nature of the organism, kill their prey, many only eat a small part of the plant. Grazing livestock may pull some grass out at the roots, but most is simply grazed upon, allowing the plant to regrow once again. Kelp is frequently grazed in subtidal kelp forests, but regrows at the base of the blade continuously to cope with browsing pressure. Animals may also be 'grazed' upon; female mosquitos land on hosts briefly to gain sufficient proteins for the development of their offspring. Starfish may be grazed on, being capable of regenerating lost arms.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
What caused a need for more regulation?
|
a new tragedy emerged
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "In the U.S., a push for revisions of the FD&C Act emerged from Congressional hearings led by Senator Estes Kefauver of Tennessee in 1959. The hearings covered a wide range of policy issues, including advertising abuses, questionable efficacy of drugs, and the need for greater regulation of the industry. While momentum for new legislation temporarily flagged under extended debate, a new tragedy emerged that underscored the need for more comprehensive regulation and provided the driving force for the passage of new laws.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
What were the freed slaves known as?
|
Liberated Africans
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "In 1840, a British naval station established to suppress the African slave trade was based on the island, and between 1840 and 1849 over 15,000 freed slaves, known as \"Liberated Africans\", were landed there.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
The Times commissioned what serif typeface in 1931?
|
Times New Roman
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "The Times commissioned the serif typeface Times New Roman, created by Victor Lardent at the English branch of Monotype, in 1931. It was commissioned after Stanley Morison had written an article criticizing The Times for being badly printed and typographically antiquated. The font was supervised by Morison and drawn by Victor Lardent, an artist from the advertising department of The Times. Morison used an older font named Plantin as the basis for his design, but made revisions for legibility and economy of space. Times New Roman made its debut in the issue of 3 October 1932. After one year, the design was released for commercial sale. The Times stayed with Times New Roman for 40 years, but new production techniques and the format change from broadsheet to tabloid in 2004 have caused the newspaper to switch font five times since 1972. However, all the new fonts have been variants of the original New Roman font:",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
Where was the capital of the Umayyad dynasty?
|
Damascus
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Ali was assassinated in 661 by a Kharijite partisan. Six months later in the same year, in the interest of peace, Hasan ibn Ali, highly regarded for his wisdom and as a peacemaker, and the Second Imam for the Shias, and the grandson of Muhammad, made a peace treaty with Muawiyah I. In the Hasan-Muawiya treaty, Hasan ibn Ali handed over power to Muawiya on the condition that he be just to the people and keep them safe and secure, and after his death he not establish a dynasty. This brought to an end the era of the Rightly Guided Caliphs for the Sunnis, and Hasan ibn Ali was also the last Imam for the Shias to be a Caliph. Following this, Mu'awiyah broke the conditions of the agreement and began the Umayyad dynasty, with its capital in Damascus.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
When was the Spitak earthquake?
|
1988
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Like other newly independent states of the former Soviet Union, Armenia's economy suffers from the breakdown of former Soviet trading patterns. Soviet investment in and support of Armenian industry has virtually disappeared, so that few major enterprises are still able to function. In addition, the effects of the 1988 Spitak earthquake, which killed more than 25,000 people and made 500,000 homeless, are still being felt. The conflict with Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh has not been resolved. The closure of Azerbaijani and Turkish borders has devastated the economy, because Armenia depends on outside supplies of energy and most raw materials. Land routes through Georgia and Iran are inadequate or unreliable. The GDP fell nearly 60% between 1989 and 1993, but then resumed robust growth. The national currency, the dram, suffered hyperinflation for the first years after its introduction in 1993.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
Which forms retained the long bony tails of their ancestors?
|
Archaeopteryx and Jeholornis
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Avialans diversified into a wide variety of forms during the Cretaceous Period. Many groups retained primitive characteristics, such as clawed wings and teeth, though the latter were lost independently in a number of avialan groups, including modern birds (Aves). While the earliest forms, such as Archaeopteryx and Jeholornis, retained the long bony tails of their ancestors, the tails of more advanced avialans were shortened with the advent of the pygostyle bone in the group Pygostylia. In the late Cretaceous, around 95 million years ago, the ancestor of all modern birds also evolved a better sense of smell.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
How is a standardized ecosystem formed?
|
monoculture following deforestation
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Habitat size and numbers of species are systematically related. Physically larger species and those living at lower latitudes or in forests or oceans are more sensitive to reduction in habitat area. Conversion to \"trivial\" standardized ecosystems (e.g., monoculture following deforestation) effectively destroys habitat for the more diverse species that preceded the conversion. In some countries lack of property rights or lax law/regulatory enforcement necessarily leads to biodiversity loss (degradation costs having to be supported by the community).[citation needed]",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
What kind of vehicles operate on the Sun Link?
|
streetcar
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Tucson's Sun Tran bus system serves greater Tucson with standard, express, regional shuttle, and on-demand shuttle bus service. It was awarded Best Transit System in 1988 and 2005. A 3.9-mile streetcar line, Sun Link, connects the University of Arizona campus with 4th Avenue, downtown, and the Mercado District west of Interstate 10 and the Santa Cruz River. Ten-minute headway passenger service began July 25, 2014. The streetcar utilizes Sun Tran's card payment and transfer system, connecting with the University of Arizona's CatTran shuttles, Amtrak, and Greyhound intercity bus service.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
What is yet another application for which organisms have been modified for?
|
medicine
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Genetic engineering is now a routine research tool with model organisms. For example, genes are easily added to bacteria and lineages of knockout mice with a specific gene's function disrupted are used to investigate that gene's function. Many organisms have been genetically modified for applications in agriculture, industrial biotechnology, and medicine.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
About what percentage of capital convictions are overturned due to state collateral review?
|
6
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "At times when a death sentence is affirmed on direct review, it is considered final. Yet, supplemental methods to attack the judgment, though less familiar than a typical appeal, do remain. These supplemental remedies are considered collateral review, that is, an avenue for upsetting judgments that have become otherwise final. Where the prisoner received his death sentence in a state-level trial, as is usually the case, the first step in collateral review is state collateral review. (If the case is a federal death penalty case, it proceeds immediately from direct review to federal habeas corpus.) Although all states have some type of collateral review, the process varies widely from state to state. Generally, the purpose of these collateral proceedings is to permit the prisoner to challenge his sentence on grounds that could not have been raised reasonably at trial or on direct review. Most often these are claims, such as ineffective assistance of counsel, which requires the court to consider new evidence outside the original trial record, something courts may not do in an ordinary appeal. State collateral review, though an important step in that it helps define the scope of subsequent review through federal habeas corpus, is rarely successful in and of itself. Only around 6 percent of death sentences are overturned on state collateral review. In 2010, the death sentences of 53 inmates were overturned as a result of legal appeals or high court reversals.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
What group was considered at the top of the Strict Class Society?
|
The daimyo, or lords,
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Society in the Japanese \"Tokugawa period\" (Edo society), unlike the shogunates before it, was based on the strict class hierarchy originally established by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. The daimyo, or lords, were at the top, followed by the warrior-caste of samurai, with the farmers, artisans, and traders ranking below. In some parts of the country, particularly smaller regions, daimyo and samurai were more or less identical, since daimyo might be trained as samurai, and samurai might act as local lords. Otherwise, the largely inflexible nature of this social stratification system unleashed disruptive forces over time. Taxes on the peasantry were set at fixed amounts which did not account for inflation or other changes in monetary value. As a result, the tax revenues collected by the samurai landowners were worth less and less over time. This often led to numerous confrontations between noble but impoverished samurai and well-to-do peasants, ranging from simple local disturbances to much bigger rebellions. None, however, proved compelling enough to seriously challenge the established order until the arrival of foreign powers.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
What are the basic written records of the Mauryans?
|
Arthashastra and the Edicts of Ashoka
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "The Arthashastra and the Edicts of Ashoka are the primary written records of the Mauryan times. Archaeologically, this period falls into the era of Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW). The Mauryan Empire was based on a modern and efficient economy and society. However, the sale of merchandise was closely regulated by the government. Although there was no banking in the Mauryan society, usury was customary. A significant amount of written records on slavery are found, suggesting a prevalence thereof. During this period, a high quality steel called Wootz steel was developed in south India and was later exported to China and Arabia.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
What does the USB Power Delivery revision 2.0 specification cover?
|
Type-C cable and connector with four power/ground pairs and a separate configuration channel
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "The USB Power Delivery revision 2.0 specification has been released as part of the USB 3.1 suite. It covers the Type-C cable and connector with four power/ground pairs and a separate configuration channel, which now hosts a DC coupled low-frequency BMC-coded data channel that reduces the possibilities for RF interference. Power Delivery protocols have been updated to facilitate Type-C features such as cable ID function, Alternate Mode negotiation, increased VBUS currents, and VCONN-powered accessories.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
Name one airport that offers inter-terminal transportation.
|
Mexico City International Airport
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "The distances passengers need to move within a large airport can be substantial. It is common for airports to provide moving walkways and buses. The Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport has a tram that takes people through the concourses and baggage claim. Major airports with more than one terminal offer inter-terminal transportation, such as Mexico City International Airport, where the domestic building of Terminal 1 is connected by Aerotrén to Terminal 2, on the other side of the airport.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
What paradox did Sheptycki point out?
|
the harder policing agencies work to produce security, the greater are feelings of insecurity
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "Studies of this kind outside of Europe are even rarer, so it is difficult to make generalizations, but one small-scale study that compared transnational police information and intelligence sharing practices at specific cross-border locations in North America and Europe confirmed that low visibility of police information and intelligence sharing was a common feature (Alain, 2001). Intelligence-led policing is now common practice in most advanced countries (Ratcliffe, 2007) and it is likely that police intelligence sharing and information exchange has a common morphology around the world (Ratcliffe, 2007). James Sheptycki has analyzed the effects of the new information technologies on the organization of policing-intelligence and suggests that a number of 'organizational pathologies' have arisen that make the functioning of security-intelligence processes in transnational policing deeply problematic. He argues that transnational police information circuits help to \"compose the panic scenes of the security-control society\". The paradoxical effect is that, the harder policing agencies work to produce security, the greater are feelings of insecurity.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
What motto is shown on the Arsenal club anniversary crest?
|
Forward
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "In the 2011–12 season, Arsenal celebrated their 125th year anniversary. The celebrations included a modified version of the current crest worn on their jerseys for the season. The crest was all white, surrounded by 15 oak leaves to the right and 15 laurel leaves to the left. The oak leaves represent the 15 founding members of the club who met at the Royal Oak pub. The 15 laurel leaves represent the design detail on the six pence pieces paid by the founding fathers to establish the club. The laurel leaves also represent strength. To complete the crest, 1886 and 2011 are shown on either sides of the motto \"Forward\" at the bottom of the crest.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
Poor rule by what class of people strained the empire?
|
Sultans
|
[
{
"docid": "none",
"url": "none",
"title": "none",
"headings": "none",
"segment": "The effective military and bureaucratic structures of the previous century came under strain during a protracted period of misrule by weak Sultans. The Ottomans gradually fell behind the Europeans in military technology as the innovation that fed the Empire's forceful expansion became stifled by growing religious and intellectual conservatism. But in spite of these difficulties, the Empire remained a major expansionist power until the Battle of Vienna in 1683, which marked the end of Ottoman expansion into Europe.",
"start_char": 0,
"end_char": 0,
"id": "0"
}
] |
squad_v2
|
none
|
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