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Acceptance of Evolution and Support for Teaching Creationism in Public Schools: The Conditional Impact of Educational Attainment
Public acceptance of evolution remains low in the United States relative to other Western countries. Although advocates for the scientific community often highlight the need for improved education to change public opinion, analyses of data from a national sample of American adults indicate that the effects of educational attainment on attitudes toward evolution and creationism are uneven and contingent upon religious identity. Consequently, higher education will only shift public attitudes toward evolution and away from support for teaching creationism in public schools for those who take non-“literalist” interpretive stances on the Bible, or to the extent that it leads to fewer people with literalist religious identities.
Baker, Joseph O.. 2013. Acceptance of Evolution and Support for Teaching Creationism in Public Schools: The Conditional Impact of Educational Attainment. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. Vol.52(1). 216-228. https://doi.org/10.1111/jssr.12007 ISSN: 1468-5906
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Composition Changes during Processing of Asti Spumante Extra-Dry
"…Asti’s republic state. Proud victim of her slaughtered Goths and proud of Frederick’s wrath, she, Piedmont, gave to thee Alfieri’s stern new song,…" ("Piedmont" by G. Carducci). In reality, our land is also famous for an Italian white sparkling wine: Asti Spumante, a drink derived from fermented must .[more]
One of the possible fermented musts is prepared from the pressing of Pinot noir grapes, yielding an alcohol content of about 12% v/v. The next step in the production of sparkling wines involves a second fermentation after addition of sucrose (Champenoise method). In this way, the alcohol content increases while carbon dioxide is generated, remaining dissolved inside the solution (Henry's Law) due to the high pressure inside the bottle (about 4 atm).
This Demonstration shows different ways of expressing the sucrose and ethyl alcohol concentrations present prior to the second fermentation . In order to make the data reproducible, we actually use a solution obtained in the laboratory by dissolving sucrose () and ethyl alcohol () in water at a temperature of .
The "preparation" button shows the addition of the solvent (water) to fixed quantities of sucrose and ethyl alcohol. We know the volume and mass of the solutes since they are prepared before adding the solvent. Start the animation with the "addition of solvent" trigger.
The "concentrations" button shows how the selected main solute (sucrose or ethyl alcohol) can be expressed in various units for concentration.
Use the "density" button to see how to calculate the density of each solute and for the whole solution by using the "total" command.
Finally, the "reaction and structures" button shows the 3D models of the molecules involved in the primary and secondary fermentation processes .[less]
Common laboratory glassware is marked to show the liquid volume (mL). The weight is normally obtained using scales on which the glassware is placed. The mass and volume measurements are displayed laterally and below the rectangles representing ethyl alcohol, sucrose and the final solution. The molecular masses are shown under the masses of the pure substances. The mass of the water (the solvent), since it cannot be obtained directly, is shown at the top (together with its molecular mass).
Since the concentrations are always derived from a ratio, the necessary quantities inserted in the denominator are highlighted in yellow, those in the denominator in green; if they appear in both the denominator and the numerator, in orange; also the densities are a ratio so the same convention is used.
If no volume measurements appear in the report, the resulting concentration is temperature independent.
Snapshot 1: Making a solution up to volume by adding solvent until a predetermined value of the solution is reached. In this way the mass and volume of the added solvent cannot be obtained directly but the mass can be obtained by subtracting the masses of the solutes from the total mass, the volume instead using the definition of density.
Snapshot 2: The quantities necessary for the calculation of the alcohol content (% v/v); this concentration is not conserved, since the sum of the volumes of the substances present in the solution is different from the final volume: . The % v/v depends on the temperature, since even if volumes appear in the numerator and denominator, the dilation coefficients of the solutes and of the solution are different.
Snapshot 3: The calculation of molality is the only type of concentration whose denominator does not include a quantity referring to the entire solution but only to the mass of the solvent (kg), as evidenced by the fact that this type of concentration is not inserted in the grid with the other concentrations.
Snapshot 4: The calculation of the mole fraction (); since the sum of all the moles of the substances present in solution must appear in the denominator, in the case of fermented must it would also be necessary to add moles of other substances such as mineral salts.
Snapshot 5: Highlights the quantities needed to calculate the density of the solutes and the total of the solution and the relative calculation; these densities can be used as conversion factors.
Snapshot 6: The fermentation reaction is shown in the upper part of the window, which transforms sugars (fructose and glucose), naturally present in grapes, into ethyl alcohol; in the lower part the structure of the sucrose molecule added to produce the second fermentation appears.
Wikipedia. "Asti Wine." (Jun 13, 2021) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asti_wine.
P. M. Lausarot and G. A. Vaglio, Stechiometria per la Chimica generale, Padova, Italy: Piccin-Nuova Libraria S.p.A., 2005.
R. T. Morrison and R. N. Boyd, Organic Chemistry, 3rd ed., Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1973.
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With winter upon us, the common cold shows us why it’s aptly named. Rhinoviruses, responsible for many episodes of congestion, coughs, and sore throats, transmit through the population during every season. But research suggests that this virus replicates better at a temperature a few degrees below the body’s core temperature. Plus, people tend to share closer spaces inside during colder weather. Cozy areas make virus transmission easier.
Many people are surprised to learn that tooth decay is the next most common disease afflicting the population. The bacteria that cause cavities thrive in the mouth, but babies aren’t born with them. They’re an infection that’s often passed from mothers or caregivers once teeth start to appear. Since 92% of adults report at least one cavity, dental fillings are familiar to just about everyone.
Exciting new research suggests that the way we repair teeth damaged from cavities could change in the years ahead. Consider this:
- A British team discovered that aspirin enhances the function of stem cells found inside teeth. They found that low-dose aspirin significantly increased the expression of genes that help form dentin, the primary tooth structure usually damaged by decay. This influence helps the tooth create new structure to repair damaged portions.
- Another research team found that a particular chemical could cause cells to heal small holes in mice teeth. Researchers placed a biodegradable sponge soaked in the drug inside the cavity. This step led to complete, natural repair of the damaged area!
- Another study demonstrated that a small electrical current could be used to draw new minerals into teeth, producing a stronger outer layer that’s more resistant to bacterial acid.
A vaccine to prevent cavities has been explored for over 40 years. In 1972, a British team reported they were testing one on mice, but fundamental challenges remain today. In the meantime, a host of new materials that mimic natural tooth structure allow us to restore damaged teeth and create healthy smiles. Scientists continue to produce advanced porcelains and resins that can be securely bonded into place. Sometimes the most trained eye can’t discern where the tooth ends, and the filling begins!
SOLUTIONS FOR EVERY SCENARIO
When enough damage leads to tooth loss, dental implants offer the ultimate solution for optimal function and confident smiling. Precise 3D imaging and advanced implant components set the foundation for predictable results. Whether replacing single teeth or securing loose dentures, implants can be life-changing!
In our evolving world, dental research continues to enhance the lives of our patients. We follow and evaluate advancements in dentistry, then choose those that serve you best. We’re here to be a resource for you and your family, so feel free to contact your team at Watermark Dentistry with any questions we can help you explore!
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How to Heal Skin Without the Scars
Posted on by Dr. Francis Collins
Most of us can point to a few unwanted scars on our bodies. Every scar tells a story, but people are spending billions of dollars each year trying to hide or get rid of them . What if there was a way to get the wounds on our skin to heal without scarring in the first place?
In a recent paper in the journal Science, a team of NIH-supported researchers has taken an important step in this direction. Working with mice, the researchers deciphered some of the key chemical and physical signals that cause certain skin cells to form tough, fibrous scars while healing a wound . They also discovered how to reprogram them with a topical treatment and respond to injuries more like fetal skin cells, which can patch up wounds in full, regrowing hair, glands, and accessory structures of the skin, and all without leaving a mark.
Of course, mice are not humans. Follow-up research is underway to replicate these findings in larger mammals with skin that’s tighter and more akin to ours. But if the preclinical data hold up, the researchers say they can test in future human clinical trials the anti-scarring drug used in the latest study, which has been commercially available for two decades to treat blood vessel disorders in the eye.
The work comes from Michael Longaker, Shamik Mascharak, and colleagues, Stanford Medicine, Palo Alto, CA. But, to be more precise, the work began with a research project that Longaker was given back in 1987, while a post doc in the lab of Michael Harrison, University of California, San Francisco.
Harrison, a surgeon then performing groundbreaking prenatal surgery, noticed that babies born after undergoing surgery in the womb healed from their surgeries without any scarring. He asked his postdoc to find out why, and Longaker has been trying to answer that question and understand scar formation ever since.
Longaker and his Stanford colleague Geoffrey Gurtner suspected that the difference between healing inside and outside the womb had something to do with tension. Inside the womb, the skin of the unborn is bathed in fluid and develops in a soft, tension-free state. Outside the womb, human skin is exposed to continuous environmental stresses and must continuously remodel and grow to remain viable, which creates a high level of skin tension.
Following up on Longaker and Gurtner’s suspicion, Mascharak found in a series of mouse experiments that a particular class of fibroblast, a type of cell in skin and other connective tissues, activates a gene called Engrailed-1 during scar formation . To see if mechanical stress played a role in this process, Mascharak and team grew mouse fibroblast cells on either a soft, stress-free gel or on a stiff plastic dish that produced mechanical strain. Importantly, they also tried growing the fibroblasts on the same strain-inducing plastic, but in the presence of a chemical that blocked the mechanical-strain signal.
Their studies showed that fibroblasts grown on the tension-free gel didn’t activate the scar-associated genetic program, unlike fibroblasts growing on the stress-inducing plastic. With the chemical that blocked the cells’ ability to sense the mechanical strain, Engrailed-1 didn’t get switched on either.
They also showed the opposite. When tension was applied to healing surgical incisions in mice, it led to an increase in the number of those fibroblast cells expressing Engrailed-1 and thicker scars.
The researchers went on to make another critical finding. The mechanical stress of a fresh injury turns on a genetic program that leads to scar formation, and that program gets switched on through another protein called Yes-associated protein (YAP). When they blocked this protein with an existing eye drug called verteporfin, skin healed more slowly but without any hint of a scar.
It’s worth noting that scars aren’t just a cosmetic issue. Scars differ from unwounded skin in many ways. They lack hair follicles, glands that produce oil and sweat, and nerves for sensing pain or pressure. Because the fibers that make up scar tissue run parallel to each other instead of being more intricately interwoven, scars also lack the flexibility and strength of healthy skin.
These new findings therefore suggest it may one day be possible to allow wounds to heal without compromising the integrity of the skin. The findings also may have implications for many other medical afflictions that involve scarring, such as liver and lung fibrosis, burns, scleroderma, and scarring of heart tissue after a heart attack. That’s also quite a testament to sticking with a good postdoc project, wherever it may lead. One day, it may even improve public health!
Human skin wounds: A major and snowballing threat to public health and the economy. Sen CK, Gordillo GM, Roy S, Kirsner R, Lambert L, Hunt TK, Gottrup F, Gurtner GC, Longaker MT. Wound Repair Regen. 2009 Nov-Dec;17(6):763-771.
Preventing Engrailed-1 activation in fibroblasts yields wound regeneration without scarring.
Mascharak S, desJardins-Park HE, Davitt MF, Griffin M, Borrelli MR, Moore AL, Chen K, Duoto B, Chinta M, Foster DS, Shen AH, Januszyk M, Kwon SH, Wernig G, Wan DC, Lorenz HP, Gurtner GC, Longaker MT. Science. 2021 Apr 23;372(6540):eaba2374.
Skin fibrosis. Identification and isolation of a dermal lineage with intrinsic fibrogenic potential. Rinkevich Y, Walmsley GG, Hu MS, Maan ZN, Newman AM, Drukker M, Januszyk M, Krampitz GW, Gurtner GC, Lorenz HP, Weissman IL, Longaker MT. Science. 2015 Apr 17;348(6232):aaa2151.
Skin Health (National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases/NIH)
Michael Longaker (Stanford Medicine, Palo Alto, CA)
Geoffrey Gurtner (Stanford Medicine)
NIH Support: National Institute of General Medical Sciences; National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research
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How Showing Gratitude Can Improve Your Health
Do you wish to boost your immunity, stay healthy always, and improve your overall health? Well, showing gratitude has been shown as one of the ways to achieve this. The discovery is that grateful people tend to be more optimistic and thus have more zest for life, which means they have more energy.
Many a time, the main cause of sickness in people is because they always focus on what makes them sad and terrified. Grateful people have agile and “fit” points of view that allow them to focus on other things that can improve their physical health; hence they have fewer reasons to visit the hospital.
People suffer from many heart-related diseases, which are products of endless negative thoughts that occupy their minds all day. Feeling happy about any progress you are making, the good things currently happening in your life, and the good results of your past actions have a way of filling your mind with positive feelings, which affects how you respond to life. In fact, you tend to feel better and more energized when you choose to be happy and grateful even in the face of overwhelming life challenges. These positive feelings help you combat and stay on top of the situation. Showing gratitude does not only decrease your chances of getting certain diseases. It also helps you prevent disorders like insomnia.
Do you want to learn how to be thankful always? Then try these few tips:
- Form the habit of always jotting down whatever makes you happy.
- Always think of the positive things in your life and don’t make room for negativity.
- Find a way to know what other people are thankful for.
- You need something that will help you stay focused, which is why you should get something that will serve as a reminder.
The idea is to make showing gratitude a part of you.
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Using a Shift Register to Control Multiple LEDs
Shift registers are very useful tools; using a few GPIOs connected to a shift register, we can increase the number of output data pins that are available to us.
In this experiment, we’ll be using a shift register to control eight LEDs, but we’ll only be using three GPIOs on the Omega.
A shift register is an external integrated circuit (IC) that can be used to expand the number of output pins available to us. Essentially they let you turn serial input from a single pin (one bit after the other) into multiple parallel output signals (all at once on separate lines).
The shift register used in your kit is the popular 74HC595. It has 8 output lines which allows you to manipulate and use bytes for output in your code.
So how does this work? The IC is made up of two registers, units of memory that can hold up several binary values in order (8 for the IC in your kit). They are:
- The shift register, which holds 8 values before they are written to the output pins. Values can be “shifted” through this register from one position to the next, starting at position “A” to position “H”.
- The storage register, which takes values from the shift register and sends them to the data output lines, labelled
QH. For example, a logical
1in position “C” of the storage register would create a HIGH signal on
There are three pins on the IC that we use to control it with the Omega. Two of these pins are clocks: special inputs that trigger the IC to do something when they receive a signal that changes from LOW to HIGH (also known as a pulse or a rising edge).
|SER||Serial data pin||This is the serial data input line. When we pulse the serial clock (SRCLK), the signal on this line is stored in the 1st position (“A”) of the shift register.|
|SRCLK||Serial clock||When pulsed, shifts each value in the shift register forwards by one position, then loads the value from the SER pin into position “A”. Note that this does not change the signals on the output lines until you pulse the register clock (RCLK).|
|RCLK||Register clock, or “latch pin”||When pulsed, updates the storage register with new values from the shift register, sending a new set of signals to the 8 output pins. This happens so quickly that they all seem to change simultaneously!|
Keep in mind that the first value you send the shift register will be shifted towards the last output pin as you send it more data.
Let’s say we want to send the following bits:
10101010. Intuitively, it seems easiest to send each bit in the number from left to right as if it were a string. In Python, this would look something like:
However, sending it this way means that after we’ve sent all eight, the 1st bit would actually be shifted all the way to the last output (
QH), the 2nd bit would be shifted to the 2nd-to-last output (
QG), and so on until everything is reversed! This way of shifting values out is known as most-significant bit (MSB) first. If we used this method in our shift register class, we would have to wire everything up backwards, and this could make it confusing to assemble or debug circuits.
We can get around this issue by sending the rightmost, or least significant bit (LSB), first. We can modify the above code into something like this:
The pinout diagram for the 74HC595 is shown below:
On the right side of the chip, you can see the three control pins described above, as well as the first output (QA). On the left side, you can see the other 7 outputs (QB - QH).
Controlling a Shift Register
So how can this let us control multiple outputs with one data pin? Well, let’s say we have 8 LEDs hooked up to the data lines, and we want to turn on the 2nd, 4th, and the 8th LEDs like so:
|LED||Data Line||Desired Value|
First, we’ll clear out the register so all LEDs are off by writing eight 0’s to the shift register, then pulsing the latch pin to write the outputs to the data lines. This is done by setting and holding SER LOW, then pulsing SRCLK 8 times, then pulsing RCLK once.
Then, using the LSB method, we will reverse the bytestring to get
10001010. For each of these values:
- Set SER to the specified value (HIGH or LOW).
- Pulse SRCLK from LOW to HIGH to shift the value of SER into the shift register.
We repeat the 2 steps above (for example, by using a loop) until all 8 values have been shifted in. Then pulse the RCLK pin to write these values to the storage register and data lines, which turns on the LEDs!
In this way, we can control up to 8 different outputs with only 3 GPIOs. This is an incredibly powerful technique that you can use to work with many components at once.
Here’s the diagram from before to summarize what we’ve just described.
Shift registers can also be connected in series to each other to extend the number of data lines that can be controlled at once. We can do this by using the
QH' pin, which is connected inside the shift register to the last output
Simply connect the SER pin of one shift register to the
QH' pin on another, and connect their SRCLK and RCLK pins together. That way, when you pulse SRCLK, the 2nd chip will read from the last output of the 1st, and when you pulse RCLK, both chips will update their output lines. This is great because this does not require any additional GPIOs from the Omega!
You’ve now just created a 16-bit shift register, and you can extend the chain further by adding more chips in the same way as above. This is known as daisy-chaining.
if you’re curious about the clock cycle timings or other information about the IC, you can refer to the datasheet for the SN74HC595 shift register. The clock cycle timing diagram can be found on page 8.
Building the Circuit
This circuit is quite involved but we’re going to split it up into 3 parts:
- Connecting the shift register
- Connecting the LEDs
- Connecting your Omega
It’s going to be similar to the second experiment, but this time we’re going to use 8 LEDs and a shift register. Refer to the circuit building instructions in Experiment 2, except you will be connecting 8 LEDs to the shift register instead of the Omega’s GPIOs.
The GPIOs that are going to be used in this experiment are:
What You’ll Need
We’ll be building a circuit on your breadboard using the following components:
- Omega2 plugged into Expansion Dock
- Shift Register
- 8x LEDs
- 17x M-M Jumper Wires
- 8x 200Ω Resistors
Hooking up the Components
This is how the circuit is going to be arranged:
Before we get to working with our fancy chip, we need to learn how to properly orient them on the breadboard so we don’t plug them in upside-down!
IC Direction Indicator
Integrated circuits (ICs) such as shift registers and H-bridges can come in dual in-line packaging with little metal legs for pins. It is crucial that ICs are plugged in right-side-up, so to avoid connecting them upside-down, they typically have a small semi-circle indentation on one of the ends that indicates “up”.
Diagrams that show which pin does what (known as “pinout diagrams”) will also typically show this marker so that you can always tell which pin is which.
Before you plug in an IC, make sure that this marker is towards the top of the breadboard. Otherwise, the instructions might be misinterpreted and pins will be connected to places they shouldn’t be!
When plugging in any IC into a breadboard, it should be plugged in across the gap in the middle. If you don’t do this, you will short-circuit the pins of your IC (remember that the rows on each side are all shorted).
You may need to bend the pins just a bit in order to get it to fit. Don’t worry about it so much; electronics are actually pretty tough and won’t be hurt by a little bit of manual pin bending.
There are several wiring connections you’ll need to hook up, so we’ll go through it step by step. We’ll be referring to each pin by the numbers provided in the pinout diagram above.
Connecting your Shift Register
- Make sure the little “indent” on the chip is pointing towards the top of the breadboard.
- Plug in the chip at the top of the breadboard across the gap so that the pins sit in rows 1 through 8.
Vcc(pin 16) and
SRCLR(pin 10) to the
GND(pin 8) and
OE(pin 13) to the
Once you have completed the above steps, add some M-M jumper wires from the 8 outputs QA - QH to 8 empty rows on the breadboard.
Your circuit should look something like this:
Connecting your LEDs
- Connect 8 LEDs the same way we did in experiment 2, starting at row 16 on the breadboard and going down.
- When connecting them, do it the other way around: with the cathodes on the right side and the anodes on the left side. This will make our wiring easier later.
- Connect the jumper wires from the shift register’s data lines according to the following table:
|Pin Name||Pin #||LED #|
The wire for QA starts on the right side of the chip and goes to the 1st LED, while the wires for the other 7 start on the left side and should go straight down the breadboard.
Your circuit should now look like this:
Connecting your Omega to the Shift Register
- Connect the GND pin on the Expansion Dock to the Vcc rail.
- Connect GPIO1 to
- Connect GPIO2 to
- Connect GPIO3 to
- Connect the 3.3V pin on the Expansion Dock to the ground rail.
And there you have it, it’s all wired up and ready to run! Now let’s take a look at the code we’re going to write.
Writing the Code
Our code will be split into two files; one for our main program, and one for our shift register. We’ll start with the shift register file. Create a file in your root directory named
registerClass.py and copy the code below into its contents:
import onionGpio # class to control a shift register chip class shiftRegister: # instantiates the GPIO objects based on the pin numbers def __init__(self, dataPin, serialClock, registerClock): self.ser = onionGpio.OnionGpio(dataPin) self.srclk = onionGpio.OnionGpio(serialClock) self.rclk = onionGpio.OnionGpio(registerClock) self.setup() # Pulses the latchpin - write the outputs to the data lines def latch(self): self.rclk.setValue(0) self.rclk.setValue(1) self.rclk.setValue(0) # Clear all the LEDS by pulsing the Serial Clock 8 times in and then the rclk once def clear(self): self.ser.setValue(0) for x in range(0, 8): #Clears out all the values currently in the register self.srclk.setValue(0) self.srclk.setValue(1) self.srclk.setValue(0) self.latch() # sets the GPIOs to output with an initial value of zero def setup(self): self.ser.setOutputDirection(0) self.srclk.setOutputDirection(0) self.rclk.setOutputDirection(0) self.clear() # push a bit into the shift register # sets the serial pin to the correct value and then pulses the serial clock to shift it in def inputBit(self, inputValue): self.ser.setValue(inputValue) self.srclk.setValue(0) self.srclk.setValue(1) self.srclk.setValue(0) # push a byte to the shift regiter # splits the input values into individual values and inputs them. Then pulses the latch pin to show the output. def outputBits(self, inputString): bitList = list(inputString) # Splits the string into a list of individual characters ("11000000" -> ["1","1","0","0","0","0","0","0"]) bitList = bitList[::-1] # reverses the string to send LSB first for bit in bitList: bit = int(bit) # Transforms the character back into an int ("1" -> 1) self.inputBit(bit) self.latch()
This file contains a single class that allows us to use and reuse it wherever we like. The main component here is the
__init__ function which initializes the class object.
Now let’s write the main script. Create a file in the same directory called
STK06-using-shift-register.py and paste the following code in it:
from registerClass import shiftRegister import signal # instantiate a shift register object # Data pin is GPIO 1, serial clock pin is GPIO 2, Latch pin is GPIO 3 shiftRegister = shiftRegister(1,2,3) # Signal interrupt handler to exit after the animation has finished when Ctrl-C is pressed def signal_handler(signal, frame): global interrupted interrupted = True signal.signal(signal.SIGINT, signal_handler) # To create the animation on the LEDs through the shift register, # we use a binary number instead of a string. We can move the lights # around by bitshfting instead of string operations. value = 0b11000000 interrupted = False # infinite loop - runs main program code continuously while True: # this animation has 12 different frames, so we'll loop through each one for x in range(0, 12): # we need to transform the binary value into a string only when sending it to the shift register bytestring = format(value, '08b') shiftRegister.outputBits(bytestring) # now we are free to manipulate the binary number using bitshifts # if in the first half (6 frames) of the animation, move the LEDs to the right if x < 6: value >>= 1 # Shifts all digits right by one (11000000 -> 01100000) # else we must be in the second half, so move the LEDs to the left else: value <<= 1 # Shifts all digits left by one (01100000 -> 11000000) # interrupt (Ctrl-C) handler if interrupted: shiftRegister.clear() # turn off the LEDs break
The main program loads the class we wrote and creates a
shiftRegister object. We then use that object to control our LEDs through the shift register.
What to Expect
What this will do is light up two of your LEDs, and then move them all the way to one side, and back again (think Kitt from Knight Rider).
You can terminate the code by pressing
Cmd-C on Mac OS.
A Closer Look at the Code
We’ve introduced some new and important concepts in this experiment.
We’ve created and imported modules, files containing code that can be loaded and reused in other scripts without us having to re-type them again. We’ve also introduced classes which are blueprints for Python objects. Python objects are collections of data that are meant to help you wrap up low-level grunt-work code into simpler, more usable functions and variables.
Modules and classes are a crucial part of writing clean and maintainable software. It’s best practice to write your code to make use of modules or classes and avoid retyping the same code over and over again so you can update or make fixes much more easily.
During the code, we used bitshifting as an optimization to avoid slow String operations.
Finally, we introduced safely exiting from an infinite loop, to ensure that the Omega’s GPIOs are properly freed from the Python script once you want to end the program.
Creating and Importing Modules
A module is a file containing Python definitions and statements. This can be used to split your project into multiple files for easier maintenance. The
registerClass.py file is an example of a self-made module that we’ve imported. Some modules are built in to Python; some examples are
time which you may have used before, and
signal which is used in our main program.
Some modules are built into the Python system and can be imported by name no matter what directory your script is in, such as
sys. However, if you create your own module file, you can import it by name only if it is in the same directory as the script that calls it. Otherwise you will need to use a slightly different command where you must provide the filepath to the module file.
In order to keep things simple, we will be creating module files in the same directories as the main scripts for all of these experiments.
Creating and Using Classes
As a refresher, classes are a way to create a template for creating reusable objects in our code. So far, we’ve been using the
onionGpio class that we at Onion made to make your development experience easier. This class includes clean, easy-to-use functions such as
setValue() that hide away boring and time-consuming system calls from you, the up-and-coming programmer who wants to get to the fun stuff!
Here, we’ve gone one step further by creating our own class called
shiftRegister that also uses the
onionGpio class in order to create our shift register objects. This is because in this case, we’re more interested in the data we send to the shift register than controlling the shift register’s GPIOs!
If we wanted to connect another shift register to our circuit, we can control it as easily as the first by creating another
After creating an object, we get access to the functions defined by the object’s class. We can call these functions through our instantiated object like in this example:
This function is defined in the
shiftRegister class file:
You’ll also notice that we include
self in our Python class functions. This is necessary so that we are always working with variables or functions pertaining to the current object. This is called explicit self in Python.
Binary numbers are numbers whose digits can only be 0 or 1. Similar to how the decimal or base 10 system where each digit is a power of ten, each digit (or bit) in binary is a power of 2. Take a look at some of the conversions from binary to decimal below:
When writing binary numbers in code, they’re typically prefixed with a
0b11010. When assigning integers such as 42 to variables, the computer actually stores them as binary numbers (
0b101010); you can then work with them in either binary, decimal, or even a different base if you wish!
A byte is an 8-bit binary number, for example
0b11000000. A bytestring is a string representation that we can perform string operations on, such as reading each bit one at a time.
You’ll notice we do some funky operations with the
value variable like so:
>> operation by itself is known as the bitshift operator.
Bitshifting is a pretty low level operation that moves the bits of a binary value left or right. In our script, our shift register command starts off as the number
0b11000000. For example, to bitshift one digit to the right, we move both of the two
1s right one place to get
0b00110000. Bitshifting is a fast operation for computers to do, and is easier than trying to convert the number into a binary string and moving the characters around by hand.
= sign means the same thing as in the increment operator
+=. It performs the bitshift operation on the variable and updates it without you having to explicitly reassign it.
On a side note, when we bitshift a number to the left or right, we’re actually multiplying or dividing it by 2 respectively! This is like multiplying or dividing by 10 in the decimal system where the digits shift left and right.
While it’s usually a good deal faster, bitshifting isn’t always the most readable code - since the purpose of the shift is not often clear. Remember to comment your code so you and others can understand why it’s there!
Exiting Infinite Loops
When using GPIOs, it’s important that you exit your code properly to free the GPIOs back to the filesystem for use by other programs. This can be quite difficult when we create an infinite loop so we’ve included a solution to that.
When inspecting our main program we see a function defined as
signal_handler. We also see an signal listener in the form of:
This listener is waiting for an interrupt from the user in order to run the signal handler code. When you enter
Cmd-C you are sending a keyboard interrupt which is then handled by the interrupt handler function in order to exit the program in a safe way. This way your code will always finish the current left-right animation before exiting, thus making sure that your GPIOs are properly freed by the time the program exits.
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At the end of this session, learners will understand the legal and institutional framework of international trade. They will identify the challenges and specificities of the international dimension of business law. They will know the fundamental rules of international trade.
French legal system
An example of State legal system.
The legal system of the European Union
A sui generis legal system, intermediate between a developed legal system instituted by a treaty and a federal State.
European Convention on Human Rights
This Convention is an international treaty under which the member States of the Council of Europe undertake to secure fundamental civil and political rights, to everyone within their jurisdiction.
The EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement is an international agreement.
Public international law
Private international law
International legal system(s)
For private operators, the international legal system is not an integrated coherent body of rules, applied by specific courts. Instead, there exist several international legal systems. Some are mandatory, other are facultative.
Article 55 of the French Constitution provides that treaties or international agreements duly ratified or approved shall, from the time of their publication, have a higher authority than laws, subject, for each treaty of agreement, to its application by the other party.
+ Read: International treaties binding France (official website diplomatie.gouv.fr)
World Trade Organization (WTO)
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is based in Genève, Switzerland. It presents itself as the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations.
The WTO is mainly aimed at States rather than private operators.
+ Read: About the WTO (website wto.org)
International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)
The International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) is based in Paris, France. The ICC is a private organization that presents itself as the institutional representative of more than 45 million companies in over 100 countries. ICC is a leading arbitral institution for international business matters.
+ Read: About ICC
The ICC defines the Incoterms (International Commercial Terms).
- Incoterms rules (ICC’s website)
- Les nouvelles règles Incoterms® 2020 et la valeur en douane (official website douane.gouv.fr)
Based in Rome, Italy, the International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (UNIDROIT) presents itself as an independent intergovernmental Organisation which purpose is to “study needs and methods for modernising, harmonising and co-ordinating private and in particular commercial law as between States and groups of States and to formulate uniform law instruments, principles and rules to achieve those objectives”.
+ Read: About UNIDROIT (website unidroit.org)
Lex mercatoria refers to the rules generally applied between merchants. It is composed of general principles of law and usages of international trade.
Convention of Vienna (CISG, 1980)
The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (Vienna, 1980) (CISG) is an international agreement between 94 parties.
- CISG governs contracts for the international sales of goods between private businesses, excluding sales to consumers and sales of services, as well as sales of certain specified types of goods.
- It applies to contracts for sale of goods:
- between parties whose places of business are in different Contracting States,
- or when the rules of private international law lead to the application of the law of a Contracting State,
- or by virtue of the parties’ choice.
Hague Conference on Private International Law
The Hague Conference is a global inter-governmental organisation based in The Hague (The Netherlands).
- An intergovernmental organisation, the purpose of which is “to work for the progressive unification of the rules of private international law” (Statute, Article 1).
- 90 members (89 States and the European Union).
- First meeting in 1893.
- Became a permanent inter-governmental organisation in 1955.
- The conventions are drafted in French and in English.
- 40 conventions are in force: https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions.
- Meet in principle every four years in Plenary Session (ordinary Diplomatic Session) to negotiate and adopt Conventions and to decide upon future work.
- Special Commissions or working groups held several times a year prepare the new Conventions, review the operation of the existing Conventions and adopt recommendations with the object of improving the effectiveness of the Conventions and promoting consistent practices and interpretation.
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Contact: Tony Newman 646-335-5384 or Daniel Robelo 650-465-2584</p>
The Drug Policy Alliance, the nation's leading organization advocating alternatives to the drug war, has released an updated and revised edition of their seminal 2009 report, “Healing a Broken System.” The report examines the plight of returning veterans who struggle with incarceration and psychological wounds of war such as addiction and post-traumatic stress disorder – and suggests reforms that could improve the health and preserve the freedom of American soldiers returning from war zones and transitioning back to civilian life.
The wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have created new challenges in providing care for our returning veterans. Roughly 30 percent of veterans from Iraq and Afghanistan report symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), traumatic brain injury, depression, mental illness or other cognitive disability. Left untreated, these medical conditions often contribute to substance misuse and addiction, fatal overdose, homelessness and suicide, as well as violations of the law, particularly nonviolent drug offenses. For these reasons, veterans are increasingly falling victim to the country’s longest war: the war on drugs.
The current generation of veterans joins the larger population of Vietnam-era veterans who have struggled with many of these same problems for decades. Research shows that the single greatest predictive factor for the incarceration of veterans is substance misuse and addiction. Evidence also shows that preventable overdose is claiming an unacceptable number of current conflict veterans – nearly as many as suicides. Experts predict the number of veterans facing these severe problems will only increase as more veterans return from Iraq and Afghanistan, unless urgent policy changes recommended in the report are adopted.
“U.S. servicemen and women have been asked to bear an unthinkable burden in the past decade — and the military has prescribed them whatever drugs they need to keep fighting. But it's a different story when veterans come home,” said Daniel Robelo, research coordinator for the Drug Policy Alliance. “We arrest too many veterans for drug law violations and incarcerate them for too long, leaving them with criminal records that make it all but impossible to get a job, housing, education, and other services – often creating a vicious cycle of addiction and incarceration. We fail to take simple measures to prevent fatal overdoses, we deny proven treatments for addiction and dependence, and we allow the drug war to stand in the way of new and promising treatments for PTSD and other service-related conditions.”
The report includes new sections on promising research evaluating the medical safety and efficacy of marijuana and MDMA-assisted psychotherapy in treating veterans suffering from PTSD, addiction and other mental health conditions. In particular, the report focuses on New Mexico, where earlier this week the state’s Medical Cannabis Program’s Medical Advisory Board unanimously recommended to the Acting Secretary of Health to keep PTSD as qualifying condition and to deny a petition to remove PTSD from the list of eligible medical conditions for enrollment in the program. Today, more than 3,000 New Mexican residents with PTSD are actively enrolled in the state’s Medical Cannabis Program – and many of them are military veterans.
The report is available at: http://www.drugpolicy.org/resource/healing-broken-system-veterans-and-war-drugs
Recommendations for Improving Care of Returning U.S. Veterans:
Key Facts: Substance Abuse and Mental Illness Among U.S. Veterans
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Many industries require pumping slurries and wastewater. It is common practice in mining and mineral production. Slurries are also used in industrial applications. It is an efficient method to move solids that have been macerated or pulverized by introducing water. Unfortunately, the multiple-media materials in slurries can cause excess wear and tear on standard pumps. Most water and chemical pumps aren’t designed to handle slurries, which often include highly viscous fluids, solids in suspension, and abrasive materials.
Selecting the Right Slurry Pump
This is why it is recommended to use slurry pumps when processing slurries and wastewater that your typical pump equipment cannot handle efficiently. The first step to improve slurry pumping results is to select the right pump for the application. Even with the right pump, it still takes proper configuration, operation, and maintenance to ensure it lasts as long as possible. Wear and tear is inevitable with every pump. It is amplified more with slurry applications.
Extreme Wear-and-Tear Conditions
Let’s take a mining operation as an example. Slurry being pumped from a cave or dig site may contain a difficult mix of rainwater, groundwater, mud, dirt, sand, stones, water, organic material, and crushed ore. Imagine what these materials can do when running through a pump system. The abrasive slurry can quickly wear down an impeller while creating extreme forces of heat and pressure. It’s a brutal combination that will quickly damage and degrade pump components.
How to Minimize Wear on Slurry Pumps
Some slurry wear and tear is unavoidable. However, the best operators know the secrets of minimizing wear and preventing equipment failures when pumping slurries. We already mentioned the importance of selecting the right pump—one designed to handle slurries. Then other customizations can be made. This includes pump materials that offer increased abrasion resistance. High-chrome iron parts are popular in slurry pumps because they have durable surfaces. Chrome casting offers more protection against slurry challenges like abrasion, high temperatures, and high pressures.
High-chromium alloys are also very hard. This provides more strength and durability over time. Chrome casting is one example of a specialized pump material that can be used to withstand the excess wear and tear certain slurries cause. Different slurry applications may benefit from different pump construction materials and coating solutions.
Slurry Pump Monitoring and Maintenance
It starts with having the right slurry pump configured to handle your slurry materials. Then it has to be properly monitored and maintained. Parts will inevitably wear out, and it may happen much faster with highly abrasive slurries. Keep up with scheduled pump maintenance, and take care of any minor repairs before they become major disasters. Proactive system monitoring also helps. You may be able to catch problems before they happen. Monitoring the data will also enable you to dial in the equipment for better operational efficiency.
When you follow all the best steps, you can optimize your slurry pumping system and obtain a longer lifespan for your most important pump equipment. For your slurry pump needs, count on the team at DXP Pacific. We provide professional pump management services, and we work with many of the world’s leading slurry pump manufacturers like Shurco Slurry, Pump And Abrasion Technologies (PABT), Hayward Gordon, SEEPEX, Vogelsang, Verder, KSB and BJM.
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John Curtis Underwood was born on March 14, 1809, in the town of Litchfield, Herkimer County, New York, and was the son of John Underwood and Mary Curtis Underwood. Nineteenth-century sources that give his middle name spelled it Curtis, but in some twentieth-century reference works his middle name appears as Curtiss, perhaps resulting from mistaking references in a 1913 Underwood family history to a John Curtiss Underwood, of Massachusetts, or to Mary Curtiss, who was not Underwood’s mother. Records for the cemetery in which Underwood’s mother was buried as well as his own gravestone spell the name Curtis.
Following Underwood’s graduation from Hamilton College, in Clinton, New York, in 1832, he traveled to western Virginia and taught children of the Jackson family in Clarksburg for about two years. On his trip to Virginia, the idealistic young man visited the grave of, who by his will had , and the grave of , who had written that all men were created equal, and he met , who spoke to him in “calm, mild, but firm deprecation of the evils of slavery.”
Underwood studied law after teaching and returned to New York to open his practice. On October 21, 1839, in Fauquier County, he married one of his former pupils, Maria Gloria Jackson, the daughter of Edward B. Jackson who had been a member of thein 1820–1823, and a cousin of Thomas J. Jackson who during the Civil War . The Underwoods lived for the next decade in Herkimer County and had two daughters, one of whom died in infancy, and one son.
Throughout his public career, Underwood frequently appealed to the authority of the Bible and thefor his insistence that all Americans were equally entitled to freedom and to the full rights of citizenship. He had been a but left the party in the 1840s and joined the antislavery Liberty Party. Underwood unsuccessfully ran for the House of Representatives as the Liberty Party candidate in 1846 and for district attorney in 1847. The following year he joined the Free Soil Party. Maria Underwood, although from a family that owned slaves, fully shared his antislavery principles when they moved back to Virginia early in the 1850s. A few years earlier, Underwood had begun an enterprise employing men from New York to operate dairy farms and produce cheese in Clarke and Fauquier counties. In 1849 he and his wife acquired their own dairy farm, where he hoped to demonstrate the superiority of free labor over slave labor.
Underwood was one of the first residents of Virginia to become a Republican. On his own and without any official party authorization, he attended the Republicans’ first national convention in 1856, in Philadelphia, where he made such a strong antislavery speech that his wife urged him not to return to Virginia at that time because he would not be safe. Later in the year, the first state convention of the small Republican Party of Virginia nominated Underwood as a candidate for presidential elector. He campaigned for the party’s nominees in northern states but not in Virginia, where the Republicans received fewer than 300 votes, most of them in the northwestern counties along the Ohio River. By the end of 1856, Underwood’s neighbors had so often threatened his family’s safety that he left Clarke County and moved back to New York. He wrote a long account that wason January 6, 1857, about his forced exile from his own home because of his antislavery principles.
During the next three years, Underwood worked industriously for the American Emigrant Aid and Homestead Company, which he founded with Massachusetts congressman Eli Thayer, to encourage the migration of antislavery Republicans and emigrants from Europe to the Ohio Valley counties of northwestern Virginia. He also secretly arranged for northern financial support for the Wheeling Daily Intelligencer and one or two other, smaller Republican newspapers in the northern panhandle. Underwood’s objectives were to demonstrate that free labor was more profitable than slave labor and to create a Republican antislavery stronghold in northwestern Virginia that would eventually gain enough political influence to abolish slavery in the state. His colonization work failed to produce any substantial results, and it collapsed after‘s raid on in October 1859. By then, however, Underwood was widely known in Northern antislavery and abolition circles.
Underwood’s work for the Republican Party was somewhat more successful. The Wheeling newspaper became the most significant Republican newspaper in any of the major slave states, and he met many influential Republicans throughout the country. In 1858 he worked behind the scenes to encourage party leaders to persuade Abraham Lincoln to run for the House of Representatives after failing to win election to the U.S. Senate. Underwood also took a prominent part in the movement, which John Brown’s raid also scuttled, to have the 1860 Republican National Convention held in Wheeling.
Underwood was a delegate to the Republican National Convention in Chicago in 1860 and like most other Virginia Republicans probably favored William H. Seward, U.S. senator from New York, for president. After Lincoln won the nomination, Underwood campaigned for him in border and western states and made one speech for him in Virginia, perhaps the only major speech made for Lincoln in the state during the. On October 17, in Bellton, in Marshall County, near the Pennsylvania border in the northern panhandle, Underwood endorsed Lincoln’s candidacy but spoke mostly and at greatest length about the moral and economic superiority of free labor over slave labor. The influential and widely read New-York Tribune printed Underwood’s campaign speech in full about a week later.
On July 9, 1861, President Lincoln rewarded Underwood’s political support and opposition to secession by appointing him consul at Callao, Peru, and the Senate confirmed him two weeks later. Underwood declined the post and arranged to take the job of fifth auditor of the U.S. Treasury. From then until the end of his life, Underwood and his wife lived in Washington, D.C., or in a house he owned in Alexandria. On March 27, 1863, when Congress was not in session, Lincoln made a recess appointment of Underwood to fill the vacant seat of judge of the federal court for the eastern district of Virginia. The president submitted the nomination to the Senate on January 7, 1864, and it confirmed the appointment on January 25. Later that year, Congress created a separate federal district court for theand combined the old eastern and western districts of Virginia, making Underwood’s the only federal district court in Virginia until 1871, when Congress created a new court for the western district of Virginia. Underwood again became judge of the eastern district, which encompassed most of Virginia east of the Blue Ridge.
During Underwood’s early years as a federal judge, he handled hundreds of suits brought under what was known then as the Second Confiscation Act. The 1862 law allowed the government to confiscate and sell the property of people who supported the rebellion. Underwood’s court condemned more property under the law than any other federal court. In an openly political speech in Alexandria on July 4, 1863, Underwood linked Union military victory and thewith the destruction of the slaveholding class through the confiscation and sale of estates as essential goals of the war.
“We have almost destroyed an aristocracy as much more selfish, insolent, and oppressive than any of the aristocracies of the Old World,” Underwood said. He then predicted that following “the extinction of slavery will come the confiscation, sale, and subdivision of the old rebel plantations into farms, owned and cultivated by soldiers and other loyal men who have stood by the country in its hour of trial. And what a signal display of retributive justice shall we see in this.”
Underwood’s vigorous enforcement of the Second Confiscation Act in pursuit of retributive justice created some important legal controversies. Congress and the president had clearly intended for the confiscations to last only for the lifetime of the original property owner in keeping with the Constitution, which limited such confiscations to the lifetime of the person involved so as not to deprive heirs or other family members of their right to recover the property. Underwood interpreted the act as allowing for the permanent confiscation of property of people who supported the rebellion if the confiscation was completed during the lifetime of the rebel. In 1869 in Bigelow v. Forrest
Underwood sometimes condemned property in his court because the owners were living in parts of Virginia that were in rebellion and could not or did not appear to defend themselves. The U.S. Supreme Court overruled him in McVeigh v. United States in 1870 when it declared that the purpose of the court proceedings was to establish before the property could be condemned that the owner supported the rebellion, not for the judge to declare that as fact beforehand. In this instance of William N. McVeigh, of Alexandria and Richmond, Underwood also engaged in what many of his contemporaries regarded as an unethical transaction. At the time that he condemned McVeigh’s property in 1864, he arranged for Alexandria attorney to aid Maria Underwood in purchasing McVeigh’s confiscated property. The Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals overturned that transaction in in 1873.
On December 9, 1864, the General Assembly of the loyal, Restored government of Virginia elected Underwood to theto succeed . Underwood’s principal competitors were Beach, a member of the , and Lewis McKenzie, who had won election to the U.S. House of Representatives from the Alexandria district in 1863 but was not seated. On March 9, 1865, the Senate refused to seat Underwood and Joseph Segar, the other senator-elect from Virginia. Underwood never again applied to take his seat and did not resign from the bench.
Underwood’s radical court rulings and public pronouncements during the final months of the war and following its conclusion outraged many white Virginians. In a case that came before him in September 1864 he declared that old Virginia laws that prohibited African Americans from testifying against white people in court violated the human rights of American citizens. He regretted that federal laws and theprevented him from ordering that a black man from Massachusetts be permitted to testify in a local Virginia court. At a public event a few days after Lincoln’s assassination in 1865, he spoke in the presence of President Andrew Johnson and argued for mercy and support for loyal Southerners and punishment of those leaders he considered wicked traitors.
At a session of Underwood’s federal court in Norfolk on June 7, the grand jury indictedand several other prominent Confederates for treason. General and others persuaded the federal government to ignore the indictment because it was an impediment to reconciliation and because in Lee’s case it violated the terms of the . Shortly thereafter, Underwood complained to the president that Governor had been too lenient in endorsing applications from former Confederates in Virginia for presidential pardons, which threatened to throw control of the state government back into the hands of the former Confederates. In October 1865 Underwood published a letter that he wrote to , a prominent African American political leader in Norfolk, enthusiastically endorsing African American suffrage and full citizenship rights for freedpeople.
At the end of January 1866, when Underwood appeared before the congressional Joint Committee on Reconstruction, he was highly critical of former Confederates. Asked whethercould get fair trials in Virginia, Underwood answered, “Not unless it is what might be called a packed jury. I do not believe, from what I have seen, that a Union man could expect to obtain justice in the courts of the State at this time; certainly not if his opponent was a rebel. The bitterness of feeling is very great, and I think the jury would be at least nine-tenths rebel.” Asked whether a jury of Virginians could be assembled that would convict Jefferson Davis of treason, Underwood replied that only a packed jury especially chosen for the purpose would be able to do that. When pointedly asked whether he could pack one for that purpose, Underwood admitted that he probably could.
In February 1866 the House of Delegates adopted a resolution insisting that Underwood resign as senator-elect. He did not do so, but he remained intensely partisan as a judge and became one of the most prominent and outspoken white advocates in Virginia of full civil and political rights for African Americans. On July 11, 1866, Underwood signed a call for a national union convention to support radical Republicans, and almost exactly a year later wrote to the editor of the Norfolk Union Republican to respond to a charge that “three-quarters of the crimes committed in this State were by colored people.” It would be more accurate, Underwood wrote, to state that “the old slaveholding aristocracy were keen to punish every colored or white Union man, and quite willing to let criminals of their own class go free.” Former Confederates “being everywhere in this State in power,” Underwood concluded, “more colored men than white were prosecuted for petty crimes.”
In December 1866 the Union League of Norfolk petitioned Congress to impose a new government on Virginia that permitted African American suffrage and also recommended that Underwood be appointed governor in place of Pierpont. The following February other radical Virginians also petitioned Congress asking that Underwood be appointed governor.
Indictment of Jefferson Davis
Potential Jurors for the Treason Trial of Jefferson Davis
Except that Underwood approved of the indictments of Davis, he took no part in the government’s decisions not to prosecute. In fact, throughout the three and a half years that prosecution of Davis remained a possibility, Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase and officials of the justice department in Washington worried that Underwood was not qualified to conduct such a politically sensitive trial, that he could not conduct an unbiased trial, and that his testimony before the Joint Committee on Reconstruction about packing the jury would destroy the credibility of the trial.
Underwood’s charge to the grand jury in Richmond in May 1867, a few days before he released Davis on bail, fully justified these fears and outraged white southerners generally and a large part of the population of Virginia. Underwood made a long and vituperative speech that excoriated secession and Confederates, praised the most radical Republicans in Congress, and heaped contempt on the people of Richmond, the formerand the capital of what he regarded as an insufficiently reconstructed state. “Richmond, the beautiful and abandoned seat of the rebellion,” Underwood charged, was the primary place where “bloody treason flourished” and where “the slave trade so long held high carnival,” although he had hope for a “new era of justice and equality breaking through the clouds of persecution and prejudice,” as evidenced by the interracial jury in his courtroom.
The Underwood Convention
The event that gave Underwood’s name a permanent place in Virginia history was the Constitutional Convention of 1867–1868, which met in Richmond from December 3, 1867, through April 17, 1868. Congress required that Virginia and most of the other former states of the Confederacy write new state constitutions before it admitted senators and representatives from those states and fully restored them to the Union. On October 22, 1867, in the first election in which African Americans voted in Virginia and had their votes counted, Underwood won election to the convention as one of the five delegates from the city of Richmond, even though he was not a resident of the city. The convention had a radical Republican majority consisting of about two dozen African Americans, native white Unionists, and a substantial number of men of northern or foreign birth who had settled in Virginia during or after the Civil War. On its second day they elected Underwood president of the convention.
Underwood made several speeches on substantive matters during the convention, which was unusual for a presiding officer. In one, citing his early experience in New York courts, he favored allowing six-member juries instead of requiring twelve-member juries in minor civil cases. He also favored shifting part of the state’s tax burden from land and from working peoples’ wages to the “accumulated capital” of the state’s wealthy people, perhaps intending more retributive justice against the old slaveholding planter class. Underwood also opposed denying the vote to men who had been convicted of minor or petty crimes. During the latter part of the century, disfranchisement for crime became a popular method that white supremacists adopted to disfranchise African Americans on the presumption that they were more likely than white men to commit crimes.
On January 16, 1868, in Underwood’s, he explained that he wanted the new constitution to include provisions “giving the franchise and the right to hold civil office to every citizen of this State of full age, of sound mind and of good reputation.” He proposed removing a ban on clergymen serving in the General Assembly that had been in force since the Constitution of 1776, allowing all African Americans to vote, particularly veterans, and granting the vote to “our female citizens.”
Many or most radical Republicans agreed with Underwood on the subject of African American suffrage, but he was almost alone among Virginia men of the time in advocating woman suffrage. His speech in the convention was almost certainly the first by an important Virginia officeholder to support granting women the right to vote. On May 6, 1870, Underwood, his wife, and a few other white men and women attended the organizational meeting of the short-lived Virginia State Woman Suffrage Association that Richmond residenthad founded. He later declared that the , ratified in 1868, made women full citizens of the United States and that the Constitution therefore prohibited any state from denying any American woman the most fundamental right of citizenship, the right to vote.
The Convention of 1867–1868 was often referred to then and later as the Underwood Convention and the constitution that it prepared as the Underwood Constitution. It did not grant women the vote, but it did guarantee suffrage for African American men, and it disfranchised a large number of Virginians who had taken part in the government and armed forces of the Confederacy. The constitution included several important democratic reforms. It replaced the old county court system of local government with a new and more democratic form that resembled the New England township and had a large number of popularly elected officials. The constitution also directed that all voting be by ballot rather than by voice vote, and it required for the first time that the state government create a statewide system offor all children.
Opposition to the constitution and specifically to the proposed public school system brought out the worst in Underwood. He seemed incapable of restraining himself and in typical insulting language revealed his hatred of the leaders of the old South. When he publicly defended the educational clause in the new constitution, Underwood described it as “another frightful feature to those who have only laid down their arms against the United States, against humanity and equality, from compulsion, and would take them up again on the slightest hope of encouragement of the success of their dear ‘lost cause.'”
Delighted that he had signed the new democratic constitution on April 17, the anniversary of the vote for secession in the, Underwood regarded its provisions as the real reconstruction of Virginia. “In short,” he concluded, “all its provisions are thoroughly Republican, excluding no man from equal privileges except for crime, or temporarily for rebellion. Can it surprise reasonable beings that it incurs the hostility of aristocrats and advocates of arbitrary power?”
General John M. Schofield, the commanding officer of theat the time, disapproved of the disfranchisement of so many white men because of their participation in or support for the Confederacy and delayed the scheduled ratification referendum, which was not held until July 1869. At that time, under a compromise agreement that a committee of veteran Virginia political leaders called the Committee of Nine worked out with leading members of Congress and President Ulysses S. Grant, the clauses disfranchising most of the former Confederates were voted on separately. The voters ratified the constitution that granted African American men the right to vote and defeated the disfranchisement provisions.
In his federal court Underwood continued to demonstrate his commitment to the radical reconstruction of southern law and culture following the abolition of slavery and the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment. In December 1868 Underwood granted a writ of habeas corpus to release an African American man who had been convicted in the circuit court of Rockbridge County for shooting at a man with intent to kill him. Underwood ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment disqualified the trial judge from holding his office and ordered the defendant released. The amendment declared that men who had taken oaths of allegiance to the United States before the Civil War and supported the rebellion during the war were ineligible to hold public office. The judge had served in the General Assembly during the 1840s, when he took an oath of allegiance to the United States, and served again in the General Assembly of the Confederate State of Virginia during the war. Underwood ruled that the judge was therefore disqualified from presiding over the court and that the trial and conviction were illegal.
On appeal to the U.S. Circuit Court for Virginia, Chief Justice Chase, the member of the Supreme Court who then presided at that court, overruled Underwood’s decision in Griffin’s Case. Chase declared that the disbarment from office did not operate automatically to remove from office a judge who was then legally serving under the provisions of the Virginia Constitution of 1864. Chase’s opinion also vacated Underwood’s release of another convicted African American, Sally Anderson, and required him to decline to issue a writ of habeas corpus to free James J. Phillips, a former Confederate soldier who had been convicted of murder and sentenced to death.
In February 1869 Underwood presided in Richmond in the case, Robert Stevens v. Richmond, Fredericksburg, and Potomac Railroad. An African American man from South Carolina had sued the railroad for forcibly placing his wife in a second-class car (presumably with other African Americans) after she had purchased a first-class ticket. In Underwood’s charge to a jury composed of five black men and seven white men, the judge declared, “Distinction on account of color was a relic of barbarism, which had been happily done away with.” Such distinctions had not been abolished, but he used his judicial office to eliminate as many of them as possible.
Underwood died of apoplexy at his Washington, D.C., residence on December 7, 1873, and was buried in the Congressional Cemetery in the capital. Radical Republican newspapers such as the Washington, D.C., New National Era and Citizen printed complimentary obituaries, and the internationally famous antislavery novelist Harriet Beecher Stowe published a long and glowing memorial to him in the Christian Union. Many Virginia newspapers condemned him, however. Underwood was more outspokenly political than a federal judge should be, and some of his court decisions that conspicuously reflected his personal political beliefs got overturned on appeal. As if to remind everybody of the ruinous consequences of what Virginia secessionists and Confederates had done, during the final years of Underwood’s tenure as a federal judge, he displayed on the wall of his courthouse in Alexandria a signed parchment copy of thethat Secretary of State William H. Seward had lent him.
His opinions contrasted sharply in nearly every respect with traditional Virginia practices, particularly in the realm of race. That made him even more unpopular than he otherwise might have been even if he had restrained himself from frequently denouncing Virginians and Virginia practices that he despised. White Virginia politicians, lawyers, judges, and historians for decades heaped scorn on Underwood, who together with the laterleader became one of the most reviled white men in nineteenth-century Virginia.
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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are bacterial or viral infections transmitted from person to person by sexual intercourse or close sexual contact. To avoid STIs, it’s important to always practice safe sex by using contraception, such as a condom, and having an honest discussion with your partner before sexual intercourse. Birth control, while effective against pregnancy, does not protect against sexually transmitted infections.
Both men and women between the ages of nine and 26 can be vaccinated against the human papillomavirus (HPV). While the vaccine is not completely protective, it does prevent the two most common strains of HPV.
Although STI symptoms can differ depending on the infection, be aware of any painful outbreaks, unusual vaginal discharge or lower abdominal pain.
Common STIs include:
Because STIs can be transmitted orally and because some appear without symptoms, those who are sexually active should be regularly tested. STI treatments for infections such as gonorrhea and chlamydia often include antibiotics as an outpatient, although in severe cases hospital admission may be necessary. Routine screenings for gonorrhea and chlamydia can also help prevent pelvic inflammatory disease.
Young Adults and STIs
Two-thirds of sexually transmitted infections occur in those younger than 25, and teens are particularly at high risk. Make sure to have open conversations with your child about practicing safe sex from an early age. Although the topic may be uncomfortable, making sure that your child receives the correct information can help protect him or her and give him or her tools she needs to make good decisions. If you are too uncomfortable discussing the topic with your child, reach out to a trusted family member or physician for help.
For More Information
For more information or to schedule an appointment, please call 847.570.5020.
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Read the Slovak translation here.
On many occasions, I’ve been approached by well-intended straight parents who want to know how to support their queer kids.
I hear a lot of things like “I accept them fully – but I don’t know how to show them that” or “I know my child became depressed after coming out. How can I comfort and support them?”
I’ve also been on the other side. I’ve spoken to so many of my queer friends who have straight parents who don’t know how to support them.
Queer teenagers are a high risk for suicide. They’re more likely to be abused and bullied. They’re also more likely to experience difficulties like drug and alcohol abuse, homelessness, poverty, and mental health issues.
For this reason, parental support can be a lifeline to young queer people.
Whether your child is a preteen, a teenager, or a young adult, here are a few ways you can support your queer kids.
1. Recognize Your Privilege
Privilege is a concept that’s central to current discussions on social justice. In order to support your child, I really recommend that you learn about what privilege is.
When explaining privilege in a previous article, I said the following:
“We can define privilege as a set of unearned benefits given to people who fit into a specific social group. Society grants privilege to people because of certain aspects of their identity. Aspects of a person’s identity can include race, class, gender, sexual orientation, language, geographical location, ability, and religion, to name a few.”
Privilege doesn’t mean your life is easy. It doesn’t mean you, personally, are bigoted. It doesn’t mean you need to feel guilty.
What it means is that society treats you better than your child, because society is unfair.
It means we need to work together to make society a little less unfair.
If you’re a straight parent who has a queer child, you have at least two kinds of privilege which they don’t have: You’re straight, and you’re an adult. For this reason, they have less socio-political power than you.
We also live in a world where adultism exists, meaning that adulthood is given power and privilege over youth. Children are often viewed as extensions of their parents and not people in their own right.
Because of these two power structures, you have privilege over your child.
Understanding the concept of privilege will enable you to engage better with queer issues. Which leads me to my following point…
2. Educate Yourself About Queer Issues
Information is a great defense against bigotry. By educating yourself on queer issues, you’ll learn how to be more supportive of your children. You’ll also learn how to avoid saying unintentionally hurtful things.
If you’ve gotten this far in this article, you’re clearly willing to educate yourself on queer issues, which is a good start!
Follow the news online, connect with other supportive parents of queer kids, and read articles like this one.
If you’re religious, you might struggle reconciling your faith with your desire to support your child. The good news is that religion and acceptance of queerness aren’t mutually exclusive – in fact, there are plenty of useful resources out there that can help you connect with queer-inclusive communities of your faith.
Bring up queer issues occasionally. Say things like “Hey! I hear there’s a queer character in this new series” or “Have you heard that same-gender marriage is now legal in this country?”
Taking an interest in queer issues can make them feel that you’re taking an interest in them.
This said, remember that your child might not want to discuss these issues. This might especially be true if you’re discussing a difficult and painful issue, like the recent Orlando massacre or anti-homosexuality laws in Uganda.
If they don’t want to discuss that, don’t press them – but make sure you stay informed about these issues. It’s possible that your child is internalizing the impact of living in a world with bigotry, and staying informed will help you be prepared to support their mental wellness.
3. Validate Their Feelings
In my experience, it’s incredibly common for adults to invalidate children’s feelings on a number of things.
When expressing a political opinion, they’re often told they’re too young to have an opinion. When explaining the career they’d like to have, they’re told they’ll change their minds.
And when we come out as queer, we’re often told that it’s “just a phase.”
This sort of attitude isn’t okay. It implies that children don’t know themselves. It also implies that children shouldn’t trust their own feelings and thoughts.
We also tend to tell queer kids that they’re going through a phase, but we don’t tell straight kids the same thing – which implies that being straight is “correct” and “normal.”
The world is going to invalidate your child’s feelings a lot. This can be incredibly hurtful and can result in them struggling to feel accepted and loved.
Counter these harmful messages by validating your child’s feelings. When your child tells you they’re queer, believe them. Don’t dismiss it, don’t ignore it, and don’t act like it’s a phase.
And even if it is a phase and your child’s feelings change over time, it still doesn’t mean it’s not real. Feeling something temporarily doesn’t make the feeling any less real.
By listening to your child and validating their feelings, you’ll show that you accept and support them.
4. Defend Them Against Bigoted Friends and Family
This is really, really important.
When it comes to supporting queer people, the best thing straight allies can do is defend us against other straight people.
Don’t let other family members and friends degrade your child – or any of us, for that matter.
Call out your co-workers when they make homophobic remarks. Educate your parents on why same-gender marriage is not abominable.
Do these things even when your child is not around.
If your child doesn’t want to see certain family members because of their bigotry, support them in that.
It can feel hard to set those boundaries, especially if it means standing up to your own family and friends. But the more you learn about queer people’s lives, the more you’ll realize how imperative it is for your child to know that you’re willing to take that stand.
5. Take a Healthy Interest in Their Relationships
Too often, I notice that parents don’t want to hear about their queer children’s relationships. Sometimes, parents do this as a denial of their children’s queerness. Sometimes, they just feel a bit too awkward to ask about how their kids’ love lives are going.
But taking a healthy interest in their relationships is key to making them feel supported and accepted. It might also help them feel like they can turn to you for advice on relationships and friends.
Show the same level of interest as what you would if your kid was straight.
If you’d invite your straight daughter’s boyfriend for dinner, do the same for your queer daughter’s girlfriend.
Ask about their friends – how they’re doing, what they enjoy, what their aspirations are. Share funny anecdotes about friendships and romantic relationships from your past, and encourage them to do the same.
Let them know you support the healthy relationships in their lives.
6. Encourage Them to Find a Queer Support Network
Even if you’re incredibly supportive, your child will ultimately need more support. As they say, it takes a village to raise a child.
While it’s great to have straight parents that love and accept you, queer kids need something more than that: We need to connect with other queer people so that we don’t feel alone.
Encourage them to connect with other queer people to form friendships and a support network.
This could include finding online support groups, attending local queer-centered events, or supporting political rallies. If they’re religious, they might want to find inclusive religious gatherings.
7. Listen to Your Child
This is the last on my list, but it’s certainly not the least.
The easiest way to know how to support someone is to ask them how they’d like to be supported. More often than not, your child knows what they need from you – they just need to be given the opportunity and encouragement to voice their needs.
To fully listen to your child, you need to accept that you don’t always know what’s best for them – especially when your privilege, as mentioned in point 1, makes it difficult for you to understand what life is like for queer people.
When you listen to them, you honor their autonomy and you show them that you respect what they have to say. This can help them feel validated, accepted and loved.
Straight parents, I know it can be tough knowing how to show support to your queer kids.
But do you know what’s tougher? Being queer in a world where we’re hurt and shunned just for being who we are – especially when we feel unsupported by our parents.
With this in mind, try the above to demonstrate support and acceptance to your kid. Trust me – it can mean the world to us.
Sian Ferguson is a full-time freelance writer based in South Africa. Her work has been featured on various sites, including Ravishly, MassRoots, Matador Network and more. She’s particularly interested in writing about queer issues, misogyny, healing after sexual trauma and rape culture. You can follow her on Twitter and Instagram. Read her articles here.
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The concept of digital art combines traditional and also brand-new media. It connects physical locations to virtual ones, testing the principles of location-specificity and site-specificity. In spite of its brand-new media-based nature, digital art has political as well as social ramifications. This write-up checks out the numerous kinds of digital art as well as their meanings. It additionally examines its various applications. Interested in finding out more? Keep reading! This short article will provide a summary of the most typical kinds of electronic art
Kinds of electronic art.
There are various sorts of electronic art, but the most preferred one is probably electronic photography. This sort of art work is not difficult to develop, as long as you have accessibility to a computer and a digital camera. Nevertheless, it calls for some ability and also technique to create a picture that interacts your suggestion. Below are some instances of electronic art. You can also try your hand at digital video clip production. In this article, you will certainly learn more about the different kinds of digital art, along with how you can use them to enhance your imaginative vision.
The digital art ontology is a progressing knowledge base for the field of digital art. Its creators specify functions of their works to make it possible for conservation and discovery. For example, curators and also artists often submit questionnaires specifying the features of electronic art functions that are crucial to its conservation. Ultimately, the ontology offers as an understanding base for the area. But how do both relate? Is one even more vital than the various other?
The process of recognizing artworks through interpretation is an integral component of the important process. Art work are created using a variety of media, as well as each medium welcomes a range of analyses. The objective of interpretation is to convey implying to the target market, as well as a good analysis tells the viewer a lot more concerning the artwork than the designer meant. The medium in which the electronic art is created can have numerous physical results. Different ways of comprehending the definition and also value of art can be handy in the procedure.
Digital pictures are allogonic. The capability to recreate photos on a computer system is made possible by the void in between the human aesthetic system and digital tasting innovation. Nonetheless, this sensation might likewise have its downsides. Here we will discuss some methods to limit the reproducibility of your job. Initially, take into consideration the allogonic feature of digital images. Allogonic works, such as those by Kalpakjian as well as Arcangel, might operate allographically. They can sustain the main feature of presentation instructions.
Capitalizing on the ubiquity of social media sites as well as wearable Online Fact innovations, artists and also developers can develop stunning jobs of electronic art as well as share them via various systems. These technologies can likewise help artists as well as designers to reach a wider audience by adding receivers to their message. In this edited volume, researchers examine the results of such technologies on the technique of electronic art as well as social media. Keep reading for more information concerning this new arising tool and how it effects on the world of art and also design. If you liked this article and also you would like to receive more info concerning https://Siraprint.ca/ please visit our web-page.
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According to EM-DAT floods are the leading cause of economic damages from natural disasters in Austria, accounting for almost 70 % of total damages from natural disasters in the period 1990 to 2015. In terms of economic consequences, the summer floods of 1997, 2002, 2005 and 2013 rank among the most severe events. Due to the comparatively high threat of damages due to flood events in Austria, information on the current and future damage potential is of great importance not only for sustainable flood risk management, but also for public finances as the Austrian risk transfer system currently in place mainly relies on federal grants (Catastrophe Fund).
Worldwide, actuarial (i.e. insurance mathematical) estimations of damage potentials and the resulting calculations of insurance premiums are often based on damage experience comprising comparatively short time periods and few data points. When long-term climatological damage potentials are to be estimated, these limited time periods and data points are a problem for two reasons: (i) extreme – or so called “fat-tail” – events (i.e. events of low probability, but with high impact) are very likely to be underrepresented in these damage samples and (ii) estimating damage functions based on such limited time series usually requires the assumption of stationarity due to methodological matters. Both reasons give rise to significant uncertainty, also as regards the present and future flood risk damage potential for Austria.
The overall aim of FloodRisk-7000 – a two-year research project that started in March 2016 – is to provide improved estimations on flood damage potential in Northern Austria for past, current and future climatic conditions by making use of and merging different kinds of data sets. These data sets include, amongst others, damage data from surveys conducted by provinces and municipalities in the context of granting aid, 7000 years of paleoflood records derived from Lake Mondsee sediments, and cyclone tracks with their related precipitation totals.
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Oat flour is a flour which is made from ground oats. This flour can be used in a wide variety of recipes, although it does carry a caution, as it does not behave like wheat flour, since it contains no gluten. Oats, known scientifically as Avena sativa, are a hardy cereal grain able to withstand poor soil conditions in which other crops are unable to thrive. Oats gain part of their distinctive flavor from the roasting process that they undergo after being harvested and cleaned. Although oats are then hulled, this process does not strip away their bran and germ allowing them to retain a concentrated source of their fiber and nutrients.
As a result, if oat flour is used alone, baked goods will not rise or hold together; oat flour must be mixed with other flours in baking, whether you are attempting gluten free baking or just wanting to spice up conventional recipes.
Helpful Information About Oat Flour
- Oat flour has 120 calories per 1/3 of cup
- Oat flour is gluten free, so it must be mixed with another flour and/or a gluten substitute for the baked treat to hold together.
- Oat flour tends to add a light, sweet taste to baked goods.
- Oat flour is wonderful addition to whole wheat flour. (For recipes that call for 1/2 whole wheat and 1/2 white flour, you can easily substitute oat flour for the white flour.)
- Oat flour is a great thickener to use in sauces.
- Oat flour has no gluten in it, so it must be mixed with another flour and/or a gluten substitute for the baked treat to hold together.
Health Benefits of Oats and Oat Flour
- Researchers at Wetabix found an astonishing 17% decrease in cholesterol in 1,450 volunteers who ate two slices of oat-flour bread per day.
- The US Food and Drug Administration’s authorized a health claim that the beta-glucan soluble fiber found in whole-oats is directly related to a a reduced risk of coronary heart disease.
- Research suggests that the beta-glucan fiber in oatmeal may also help reduce the risk for type 2 diabetes. There is such strong evidence of this that the American Diabetes Association recommends that people with diabetes eat oats as it helps balance blood glucose levels.
- In some studies reported in Surgery, beta-glucan significantly enhanced the human immune system’s response to bacterial infection. Beta-glucan not only helps neutrophils (the most abundant type of non-specific immune cell) navigate to the site of an infection more quickly, it also enhances their ability to eliminate the bacteria they find there.
- A diet rich in fiber from whole grains, such as oats, and fruit offer significant protection against breast cancer for pre-menopausal and pos-tmenopausal women.
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Life can continue for much longer without food than it can without water. In fact, water is possibly the single most important substance for life. It is also not a single element, but is a combination. Unpacking the nature of the combination helps us to understand whether water is a mixture or not.
Is Water A Mixture?
Water is a substance that is made up of the two elements, hydrogen and oxygen. This means that water could be a mixture. The elements in water exist in the ratio of one hydrogen atom to two oxygen atoms. These are combined via a chemical bond and, together, they form a new molecule. These are characteristics of a compound. In a mixture, the two elements are not bonded and retain their original qualities. This means that water is not a mixture, it is a compound.
By definition, a mixture is a when two different things are combined or blended. The substances aren’t mixed in any regular pattern, which means that a different amount of each one is in the mixture.
Essentially, the ingredients that go into making a mixture are combined into a new whole, but not a new substance.
Mud is a kind of mixture, with water and sand/clay being blended. When mud dries out, the two things making up the mixture are separated. The water may have changed into water vapor, which is another state, but it is still in the same form. The sand/clay is also in its original form.
You will use two cups (500 ml) of flour and 1 cup (250 ml) of butter. The other ingredients will also be individual measurements that don’t match any other ingredient.
You can even think sideways about what makes up a mixture. A box of building blocks is a mixture. It is made up of different things, some of which have the same shape and even the same color.
Other blocks in the box have different sizes and colors. These are all combined in a box, which keeps them together. The box can be emptied and the different blocks all laid out. In the same way, a bowl of fruit and a jar filled with chocolates are both mixtures.
In terms of chemistry, a mixture is when elements are combined, but not chemically bound. There is also no particular ratio between parts. The elements making up the mixture can be separated easily and keep their individual characteristics.
An alloy, which is a metal formed by combining two or more metallic elements, is a mixture. Gasoline is a mixture made up of a whole number of hydrocarbons and other elements.
In everyday terms, a compound is something that is made up of two or more separate items to make a new whole that is a composite. This sounds very much like a mixture.
In fact, our everyday, usual understanding of ‘mixture’ and ‘compound’ is that they are basically the same thing.
In chemistry, however, a compound is fundamentally different from a mixture.
Both are made up of two elements that are combined into a new whole. The difference in chemical terms, though, is that there is a chemical bond between the elements in a compound.
This means that the elements are held together by an electrostatic attraction between the atoms. Through this combination, a molecule is formed. The elements in the compound can only be separated by chemical means.
Another characteristic of compounds is that the elements always exist in the same ratio. So, there will always be one of atom A and two of atom B, for example. The elements are also combined in a regular pattern.
A substance we use that is a compound consists of billions of molecules.
We use compounds every day without even thinking about it. Table salt that you use nearly every time you cook is a chemical compound that is made up of sodium and chlorine.
The two elements always occur in the same ratio of 1:1 (for every sodium atom, there is one chlorine atom).
Baking soda is another everyday compound. It is made up of one atom of sodium, one atom of hydrogen, one atom of chlorine and three atoms of oxygen.
Another everyday compound is water.
Water: Mixture or Compound?
A simple, vital everyday substance we use all the time is water. In fact, we have to have water to survive. You may have seen water referred to as H2O. This is what is known as the formula for water. It is made up of the two elements, hydrogen and oxygen.
As we’ve seen, two or more things that are combined could be a mixture, or a compound. To work out which water is, we have to work through how it is made.
We know that water is a combination of hydrogen and oxygen in the relationship of 2: 1. This means that there is one hydrogen atom to two oxygen atoms. These form the molecule that is water. In one drop of water, there are billions of these molecules.
Hydrogen and oxygen are elements, which means they are each made up of one kind of atom. These cannot be broken up to become simple matter. When a water molecule is formed, one atom of hydrogen is combined with two atoms of oxygen. They are joined by a chemical bond.
When any two elements become bonded in this way, a compound is formed.
By way of comparison, a mixture is when two substances are united, but not by a chemical bond. The elements in a mixture maintain their individual form and can be separated.
When the hydrogen and oxygen atoms in water are combined, it is via a chemical bond. They do not retain their own properties, but combine to form a new one, the water molecule. This makes water a compound. It is not a mixture.
Conclusion To Is Water A Mixture
The simple answer to ‘Is water a mixture?’ is, no. Understanding why not, though, is the trick, because we all know that water is made up of two things that are combined.
Because of the nature of the bond between hydrogen and oxygen, water is not a mixture, but is a compound.
Frequently Asked Questions to Is Water A Mixture?
What is Water Made Of?
Water is made up of two elements, hydrogen, and oxygen. These are combined to form a new molecule, which we know as water.
What is a Molecule?
A molecule is a name given to the substance that is created when two or more atoms are forced together by a chemical bond. They cannot be separated easily and form a new unit.
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The Dolly Varden trout (Salvelinus malma) is a species of salmonid native to cold-water tributaries of the Pacific Ocean in Asia and North America.It is in the genus Salvelinus of true chars, which includes 51 recognized species, the most prominent being the brook, lake and bull trout, as well as Arctic char.
Dolly Varden photos below were taken by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife 2006-05-29 Dolly Varden trout can live as long as 10 to 12 years. Most trout are carnivorous. Dolly Varden trout are piscivores and the diet consists of other fish, fish eggs, spineless aquatics and insects. Dollies are another opportunity eater and will take whatever is floating by on the current. The primary target species for this project are bull trout and dolly varden. They inhabit the most pristine streams and look quite similar, resulting in uncertainties … 2020-06-27 However, sympatric wild populations of Dolly Varden and Bull Trout maintain their genetic integrity in spite of gene flow (Baxter et al.
That’s assuming it was caught in this specific range where bull trout live. At their biggest, bulls may weigh over 30 lbs. Dolly varden is a species of fish found in cold-water tributaries of the Pacific Ocean. They are found in northwestern parts of North America and Northern Asia. Dolly varden are related to bull trout and arctic char and are often confused with them by many anglers. The dolly varden is more closely related to the arctic char in the North, and the bull trout is more closely related to the whitespotted char in Asia. When the two populations met in the pacific northwest, they have manage to coexist ever since.
Dolly Vardens feed on spawn and small fish, rodents, frogs, and birds, and are regarded as destructive to other trout and salmon. Bull trout can be differentiated from brook trout ( S. fontinalis ) by the absence of distinct spots on the dorsal fin, as well as yellow, orange, or salmon-colored spots on the back as opposed to red spots with blue haloes on the brook trout.
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Dolly Varden differ from their cousins in their bodily coloring. Rainbow trout have a broad red band down the sides and their sea-going brethren, the Steelhead are a metallic grey. The cutthroat trout has a dark back, white belly and is distinguished by a coloring under the chin (if you can CALL it a chin).
The name comes from a character in Charles Dickens’ book, Barnaby Rudge, and was further used to describe a fashionable dress worn over a petticoat, popular in the middle to late 1800’s. Bull trout, Dolly Varden and lake trout are species of char native to the northwest. Bull trout, like other char, exhibit differences in body characteristics and life history behavior across their range. They can grow to more than 20 pounds in lake environments.
In conclusion on the matter of bull trout vs. Dolly Varden, I recommend you disregard everything I’ve written and just go fish.
Outlook 0 to 60 time
Look some more and you will find the answer.
They inhabit the most pristine streams and look quite similar, resulting in uncertainties about their relative distributions, overlap, and genetic mixing. Se hela listan på adfg.alaska.gov
Because they prey upon young salmon and steelhead, bull trout and Dolly Varden were aggressively overfished in the early 1900s.
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53: Jonsson, P., Large-scale changes of contaminants in Baltic Sea Högre värden uppmättes initialt vid Aspvreten med en annan slags Bull. 7: Chhabra, RS., Herbert, RA., Bucher, JR., Travlos, GS., Johnson, JD. and Spatial distribution of perfluoroalkyl contaminants in lake trout from the Great Lakes. Environ Dolly Kothawala Gesa Weyhenmeyer Limnology Department of Ecology and 321, världen. 322, minuter.
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The Bull Trout and Dolly Varden Management Plan describes the goal, objectives and strategies that will be used by the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (Department) for managing bull trout and Dolly Varden in Washington. The plan does not represent a consensus of …
323, nya 1529, v. 1530, viktig. 1531, kört.
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How Urban Heat Impacts Communities of Color
The harmful impacts of warming urban climates in many metropolitan areas — including Phoenix — are affecting some communities more dramatically than others. Beyond environmental changes making the urban heat island effect more intense, social, economic and political factors have contributed to the problem. A lack of resources, amenities and civic support over decades for some neighborhoods has left residents especially vulnerable to rising temperatures. Urban climate researcher Ariane Middel (pictured), a Fulton Schools assistant professor, is among those calling attention to ways in which some areas remain disproportionately burdened by increasing heat, including the scarcity of shading and protective structures and vegetation in public spaces, and use of building materials that increase radiant air temperatures.
See Also: Solutions to extreme heat can be found in our streets, Boston Globe, August 3
The article reports that a team from Arizona State University is working with the city of Phoenix on a pilot program to study the use of “cool pavement” to reduce the urban heat island effect — a phenomenon that raises temperatures in urban areas covered by asphalt and concrete. Fulton Schools Assistant Professor Ariane Middel is leading the ASU team for the project.
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De Hobbitstee was founded in 1969 as a hippie commune and has gone through many changes over the years. Although life here is very different than it was more than 50 years ago, the collective still has ideals and dreams. A recent addition to the commune has attempted to maintain their sustainable and self sufficient lifestyle.
In the planning and implementation of the project, the communards were supported by the design studio “Superuse on Site”, which is known for its radical, sustainable architectural concepts. The task was to design a flexible house for two families that could be converted to accommodate more families if necessary. The house whould use as little energy as possible for heating and ventilation. During construction and after use, the environment should be affected as little as possible. With a budget of (euros) 250,000, the building was to be constructed preferably from bio-based and reused components.
On the basis of an initial design sketch, a search was made for used building materials that would be suitable for reuse. These included, for example, beams that were used for the timber skeleton, clay as thermal storage mass for the floor and walls, windows from a row of terraced houses and an old hot dip galvanized greenhouse that came from a nursery in Venlo. The hot dip galvanized steel elements were in good condition. Even the glass used on the south side the greenhouse was fitted with reused glass from a local shopping centre.
The house was built with the help of friends and volunteers. The result is a building with a low ecological footprint. The reused, hot dip galvanized greenhouse has contributed to this.
Photo © Denis Guzzo
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Virtual Reality is the use of computer modelling and simulation that enables a person to interact with an artificial three-dimensional (3-D) visual or another sensory environment.
Through the use of interactive devices that send and receive information and are worn as goggles, headsets, gloves, or body suits, its applications engross the user in a computer-generated environment that compares with reality.
In other words, it gives users the ability to interact and explore a virtual environment in a way that compares to reality.
The user’s movements are tracked by VR technology, which then modifies the virtual world to give the user a sense of presence.
It can be applied to many different things, including simulations for training, education, healthcare, and architecture. VR can make gaming more immersive and give gamers the impression that they are actually in the game.
In the classroom, virtual reality (VR) can give students a more engaged and interesting learning experience by letting them explore virtual worlds and acquire new ideas.
VR can be utilised in healthcare for pain treatment, therapy, and professional medical training. Virtual reality (VR) can also be used in architecture to see and design structures before they are developed.
Let’s go down memory lane: using virtual reality history.
1. According to research by Charles Wheatstone from 1838, the brain mixes several two-dimensional images from each eye to create a single three-dimensional object. When looking at two side-by-side stereoscopic images or photos through a stereoscope, the user felt immersed in the scene. The widely used View-Master stereoscope later improved and patented in 1939, was used for “virtual tourism”. Today’s popular Google Cardboard and inexpensive VR head-mounted displays for smartphones are based on the stereoscope’s design principles.
2. Edward Link developed the “Link trainer” in 1929; it was entirely electromechanical and was patented in 1931. Its pitch and roll were altered by motors connected to the steering wheel and rudder. Turbulence and other disturbances were simulated by a tiny motor-driven device. Because of the urgent need for safer methods of training pilots, the US military spent $3500 for six of these tools.
3. In the 1930s, science fiction author Stanley G. Weinbaum introduced the concept of holographic, olfactory, gustatory, and tactile goggles in his story Pygmalion’s Spectacles, which is where the idea first appeared. In retrospect, Weinbaum’s description of the experience for users of the goggles is very similar to the present and emerging experience of virtual reality, making him a true visionary of the field.
4. In the mid-1950s, Cinematographer Morton Heilig developed the Sensorama (patented 1962) which was an arcade-style theatre cabinet that would stimulate all the senses, not just sight and sound. It featured stereo speakers, a stereoscopic 3D display, fans, smell generators and a vibrating chair. The Sensorama was intended to fully immerse the individual in the film. He also created six short films for his invention all of which he shot, produced and edited himself. The Sensorama films were titled, Motorcycle, Belly Dancer, Dune Buggy, helicopter, A Date with Sabina and I’m a coca cola bottle.
5. In 1960, Morton Heilig’s next invention was the Telesphere Mask (patented in 1960) which was the first example of a head-mounted display (HMD), albeit for the non-interactive film medium without any motion tracking. The headset provided stereoscopic 3D and wide vision with stereo sound.
6. In 1961, two Philco Corporation engineers (Comeau & Bryan) developed the first precursor to the HMD as we know it today – the Headlight. It incorporated a video screen for each eye and a magnetic motion tracking system, which was linked to a closed-circuit camera. It was developed for immersive remote viewing of dangerous situations by the military.
The technology of today has brought the 60s and 90s to a standstill because this type of technology has brought to life, all those ideas had by scientists. It has also advanced previous inventions made, calling it 20th and 21st Century Technology.
Further to the advancement, it has led to the creation of different types of Virtual Reality which gives an explanation of what category of virtual reality a technology is made to be.
Let’s take a look at the three kinds of Virtual Reality:
1. Non-immersive: This type of VR typically refers to a 3D simulated environment that’s accessed through a computer screen. The environment might also generate sound, depending on the program. The user has some control over the virtual environment using a keyboard, mouse or other device, but the environment does not directly interact with the user. A video game is a good example of non-immersive VR, as is a website that enables a user to design a room’s decor.
2. Semi-immersive: This type of VR offers a partial virtual experience that’s accessed through a computer screen or some type of glasses or headset. It focuses primarily on the visual 3D aspect of virtual reality and does not incorporate physical movement in the way that full immersion does. A common example of semi-immersive VR is the flight simulator, which is used by airlines and militaries to train their pilots.
3. Fully immersive: This type of VR delivers the greatest level of virtual reality, completely immersing the user in the simulated 3D world. It incorporates sight, sound and, in some cases, touch. There have even been some experiments with the addition of smell.
Today (in 2023), lots of VR machines are in existence;
1. Bigscreen: Bigscreen Beyond
The studio behind the cinema app of the same name, Bigscreen, unveiled a super-light, wired PC VR headset in February. Weighing in at just over a quarter of a pound, the device is the smallest and lightest VR headset built and marketed to date, according to the manufacturer. SteamVR tracking is required for operation.
Neither the base stations nor the controllers are included in the $999 price. Thus, Bigscreen Beyond is primarily aimed at clientele already in Valve’s ecosystem that wants to replace the 2019 Valve Index with a more modern product.
The company also promotes that the face mask of the Bigscreen Beyond is individually tailored for each wearer. This is done with the help of a face scan, which currently requires a newer model iPhone. The result could be a VR headset with unprecedented wearing comfort.
2. HTC: Vive XR Elite
HTC’s new all-in-one flagship headset combines the strengths of its two standalone predecessors, HTC Vive Focus 3 (review) and HTC Vive Flow. It also expands its technical capacities into Mixed Reality with colour passthrough and a depth sensor.
A special feature of the Vive XR Elite is its modular design. The battery on the back can be removed, turning the XR headset into a half-pound pair of XR glasses. The device connects to an external power source via a USB-C connection cable. This can be a power bank, a PC, or an aeroplane seat. The battery can even be replaced during operation via a hot-swap mechanism. The Vive XR Elite costs $1,099.
3. The Lynx: Lynx R1
The Lynx R1 is technically similar to the Meta Quest Pro and, like the Quest Pro, is designed for Mixed Reality applications. The Lynx R1 will be significantly cheaper at $849. The headset currently relies on hand tracking, with dedicated VR controllers planned for the third quarter of 2023.
4. Meta: Meta Quest 3
Mark Zuckerberg talks about the “next generation of our Quest headset for consumers” and Chief Technology Officer Andrew Bosworth talks about the “successor to the Meta Quest 2.” Even though the executives do not mention the new headset by name, they probably mean the Meta Quest 3 (info) scheduled for 2023. According to Zuckerberg, the price range will be between $300 and $500.
5. Pimax: Pimax Portal, Pimax Crystal
The Pimax Portal (info) is a handheld console similar to Nintendo Switch or Valve’s Steam Deck that becomes a VR headset with an adapter. VR smartphone adapters, long believed to be dead, send their regards.
It is a standalone high-end VR headset with high-resolution QLED displays, eye and face tracking, a display port connector, a removable battery at the back of the head, and optional lens pairs. The targeted price is currently around $1,599 and is thus aimed at enthusiasts.
6. Shiftall: Meganex
After many revisions and a delay, the slim and lightweight Meganex PC VR headset will hit stores this spring. They are SteamVR compatible and support index controllers. The combination of an HDR-capable OLED microdisplay and Panasonic-brand pancake lenses results in a low weight of just under three-quarters of a pound. The earpieces can fold in, making them easier to carry.
The Meganex offers a Displayport connection to the PC for native PC VR transmission established through an included converter box. Standalone operation is not supported. It comes in two versions. The Standard Edition is aimed at enthusiasts and costs $1,699 (base stations and Index controllers not included).
7. Sony: PlayStation VR 2
The second generation of Playstation VR is technologically up to date, reduces cabling to a minimum, and comes with dedicated VR controllers. The biggest shortcomings of Sony’s first VR system have thus been eliminated. There are also new advanced features like eye tracking and head haptics. It costs $549.
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Goji, goji berry, or wolfberry, is the fruit of either Lycium barbarum or Lycium chinense, two closely related species of boxthorn in the nightshade family, Solanaceae. L. barbarum and L. chinense fruits are similar but can be distinguished by differences in taste and sugar content.
Goji, also known as wolfberry, is a fruit that has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries. It is known for its high antioxidant content, including carotenoids, flavonoids, and vitamin C. These antioxidants help to protect the body from free radical damage, which can contribute to aging and disease.
Goji berries have also been shown to improve immune function and reduce inflammation. They contain polysaccharides that stimulate the production of immune cells, helping to strengthen the body’s defense against infections.
Additionally, goji berries may benefit eye health, as they contain high levels of zeaxanthin and lutein, two carotenoids that are important for maintaining healthy vision.
Goji can be consumed in various forms, such as dried berries, juice, or supplements. Its many health benefits make it a great addition to a balanced and healthy diet.
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Evenings are probably the best time of day for most of us. It’s time to wind down, get in your pajamas, possibly have a glass of wine with a good read, and slowly doze off into an amazing night’s sleep. Truth is, it doesn’t always happen that way. Some of us have a hard time sleeping, and some people can fall asleep with no problem. For more on the biology of the ZZZs, continue reading to learn about the 5 stages of sleep.
Stage one, the introduction to sleep, is a brief stage that lasts about seven minutes and is considered non-REM sleep. Once your brain activity begins to slow down and your muscles begin to relax, you are in stage one of sleep. You can be easily woken at this stage, which is why you will find yourself waking up for no reason. This is also the stage that you will experience muscle jerks or the falling sensation, known as hypnic myoclonia.
Stage two is another NREM light stage of sleep and is the stage we spend most of the night sleeping in. Brain waves slow and eye movement stops, along with spontaneous and sudden increases in brain wave frequency known as sleep spindles. You can also be easily woken at this stage but will feel slightly more rested. If you were planning on taking a power nap, ideally, after this stage you would want to wake up.
Stages Three & Four
Finally, your body is beginning to fall into the beloved deep sleep stage – otherwise known as stage three. The brain waves begin producing lower delta waves, so you won’t experience any eye movement or muscle activity. The body is less bothered or affected by outside stimuli, making it more difficult to be woken up.
During stage four, the brain begins producing even more delta waves, and you fall into an even deeper sleep. This is the stage of sleep when your body begins to rejuvenate and restore itself. This includes the repairing of muscles and tissues, provokes growth and development, increases immune function, and builds up energy storage for the next day.
Stage Five: REM Sleep
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep is different than any other stage of sleep because your brain is flourishing with activity. REM sleep occurs after about 90 minutes of being asleep and each cycle can last up to an hour. The average person will have five to six REM cycles a night.
During REM sleep, the brain re-energizes itself, much like the body did in stage four. Your brain is even processing to remember what occurred during the day, storing it in your long-term memory. Additionally, most dreaming occurs during REM sleep because the brain is so active.
That wraps up the five stages of sleep! If you’re searching the market for a new mattress, consider purchasing a latex mattress. It’s absolutely vital for you to achieve the best sleep possible in order to maintain your health. Learn before you buy, or give us a call at 619-260-8000 for more information.
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You have a job, a mortgage to pay and lots of other bills. However, like many Americans, you might not even know it. The National Financial Education Council estimates that about one in five Americans have less than $1,000 in their bank accounts. That’s a lot of debt! How on earth are you supposed to pay for your everyday needs without having money lying around? Thankfully, there is a way to cut back on expenses and still have some cash left over for your next party or vacation. Check out these top tips for managing your money effectively and get ready to put that negative net worth recorded to one day’s swimmer’s Memories Buff!
One of the most important things you can do to protect your money is to save money. Don’t go into debt and fall into that “Is it worth it?” trap mythology that so much debt leads to angry comments and even worse financial outcomes. If you have a savings account or have been saving for a while, you can borrow money and add it to your account. This will help you access your money and take the first step toward financial independence.
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In 1518, Charles 1 of Spain issued an authorization to transport African Slaves to Mexico. The slaves were forcefully abducted into the transatlantic slave trade and taken to Mexico. Centuries later, the heritage of the slaves has become an important aspect of the cultural and genetic heritage carried by the larger population of Mexicans.
Study Reveals a lot of Things About Slaves
The findings published by Current Biology offers insights into the lives and health status of the first generation African Slaves before and after they were forced into a life of slavery. The study is based on the analysis of the remains of three Africans who were buried in the 16th Century mass grave discovered at the San José de Los Naturales Royal hospital in Mexico.
Researchers discovered that the front teeth of the three individual had decorative modifications which are consistent with the ritual practices observed in African slaves in Portugal. The practice is still practiced today by sub-Saharan people living in West Africa. When the genetic information of the individual’s teeth was extracted, it confirmed they were indeed Africans, perhaps among the earliest to be forcefully brought to America.
Genetic analysis also indicated that the partial linage of all the individuals carried a Y -Chromosome, which is highly predominant in West African and also a common amongst African Americans. The genetic signature obtained from the molars showed that the three men originated from parts of Western or Sothern Africa. The isotopic and genetic data extracted from the teeth of the three Africans indicate that they were both born and raised outside Mexico.
According to Lourdes Marquez, Muffin, an archeologist, the trauma etched on their skeletons showed that they were slaves. Osteological analysis of their bone revealed a life of hardship, conflict, and trauma once they arrived in Mexico. Anthropologists discovered large muscle attachments on the upper body of one of the skeletons, which point to continuous physical labor. One of the individuals was found with healing needles (used in traditional medicines) in the thoracic cavity as well as a gunshot wound. The second individual showed thinning of the skull bones, mainly associated with anemia and malnutrition. The third guy’s skeleton indicated the signature of stress from demanding physical labor, as well as a poorly healed broken leg.
Study Revealed Slaves Were Infected With Several Viruses and Bacteria
From the remains, researchers also uncovered the genetic material of two pathogens that infected the two individuals when they were still alive. One individual suffered from the hepatitis B virus, which is usually found in West Africa. While the other one was infected with a bacterium (Treponema pallidum), a causative agent of yaws– a disease that shares similarity with syphilis, both microbes were closely related to African strains, meaning that they contracted the infections in Africa before they were forced into slavery and bought to Mexico.
Osteobiographies of these men showed they suffered a tremendous ordeal, but they survived. Their tale is one of hardship but also strength. They endured and adapted to the changes inflicted on them. Scientists are yet to find a link between the deaths of these individuals and the hardship they experienced; scientists are not sure what killed them.
Even though they were buried in a mass grave in the colonial hospital cemetery that can be linked to an epidemic like measles or smallpox, scientists didn’t find any sign of infectious disease in their remains.
These findings paint a clear picture of the cruelty of the transatlantic slave trade and its biological impact on the people living in this new world. Also, it shows us that it’s not always about the Native (American) or European experiences; the Africans are part of the story too.
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Indian Polity / Constitutional Offices and Authorities
Role of Finance Commission in India
According to Article 280, President constitutes a Finance Commission for every 5 years. Finance Commission shall comprise of a chairman
and four other members. Finance Commission can be terminated by the President of India
at any time with or without reason. The first Finance Commission was established in 1951 under the chairmanship of K.C. Neogy.
- The chairman should have the knowledge of the public affairs. However, rest of the 4 members should have specific qualification.
- One of the members must have all the qualifications that are required to become a judge of a High Court.
- Second member should have the knowledge of public finance or financial administration.
- Third member should be an expert in economics.
- Another member should have the knowledge of audit and accounting.
Functions of Finance Commission
- It is a Federal body in the financial matters.
- It makes recommendations or gives suggestions regarding the division of revenues between the Centre and the States.
- It also examines and suggests the principles which govern Grant-in-aid to the States from the Consolidated Fund of India for special developmental
activities especially for SCs and STs.
- It also gives advice or opinion on all financial matters which are referred to it by the President.
- It also makes proposals and other principles and measures to augment the financial independence of local self governments like
Panchayats and Nagar Palikas
according to 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments.
- All the functions of Finance Commission are advisory in nature. That is the Government may or may not consider its recommendations. But usually the
Government accepts them.
List of Chairmen of Finance Commission
- First Finance Commission - K.C. Neogy, 1952-57
- Second Finance Commission - K. Santhanam, 1957-62
- Third Finance Commission - A.K. Chanda, 1962-66
- Forth Finance Commission - P.V. Rajamannar, 1966-69
- Fifth finance Commission - Mahavir Tyagi, 1969-74
- Sixth Finance Commission - K. Brahmananda Reddy, 1974-79
- Seventh Finance Commission - J. M. Shelat, 1979-84
- Eighth Finance Commission - Y.B. Chavan, 1984-89
- Ninth Finance Commission - N.K.P. Salve, 1989-95
- Tenth Finance Commission - K.C. Pant, 1995-2000
- Eleventh Finance Commission - A.M. Khusro, 2000-05
- Twelfth- Finance Commission - C. Rangarajan, 2005-10
- Thirteenth Finance Commission - Vijay Kelkar, 2010-15
- Fourteenth Finance Commission - Y.V. Reddy, 2015-20
- Fifteenth Finance Commission - N.K. Singh, 2020-25
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Migraines are very common with 4.9 million (20.55%) Australians experiencing migraines in 2018 with 71% of those being women. Migraines can last 4-72 hours and are usually one-sided, moderate to severe in intensity, and have a throbbing or pulsating nature. Additionally, nausea and photo or phonophobia can be related to migraines (International Headache Society).
The relationship between caffeine and migraines
Caffeine is regularly consumed in today’s society through drinks and food. It has a long-standing association with migraines, whether it be triggering or reducing migraines. Caffeine can help migraines by reducing blood flow and hence inflammation. Additionally, caffeine helps to enhance the effects of analgesic medications such as Panadol and Nurofen by increasing gastric motility, or the movement of food through the human body. Increased gastric motility increases the absorption of medications and hence enhances the effectiveness of the medications.
The way caffeine triggers migraines
Whilst caffeine can be helpful, as previously suggested, it can also trigger migraines. The specific way caffeine does this is firstly by stimulating urinary loss of magnesium, possibly by way of decreasing its reabsorption. Since magnesium plays a vital role in conduction and transmission of signals in nerves and is an important aspect when trying to reduce migraines, then it would appear that migraines could become more evident due to a loss of magnesium. This also might be why caffeine overuse can also transform episodic migraines into chronic migraines.
Another reason why caffeine may trigger migraines can be caffeine withdrawal. People with daily high caffeine intake during the working week who postpone caffeine intake on the weekends have a higher predisposition to headaches, and consequently, migraines on the weekend due to caffeine withdrawal.
However, caffeine is not the only trigger of migraines. Other common triggers of migraines include stress, fatigue, smells, loud sounds, bright lights, chocolate, poor sleep, weather, alcohol, and hormones.
Caffeine recommendations and physiotherapy
So what are the recommendations for caffeine intake? Research suggests that people with migraines should not consume more than 200mg of caffeine/per day. Migraine sufferers are also encouraged to keep track of their caffeine intake and to thoroughly understand what foods and drinks contain caffeine so they can choose the right foods and drinks for them.
Caffeine is an integral part of many people’s lives. We now know that caffeine can potentially have a large influence on the migraine process whether positively or negatively.
Whilst caffeine might trigger migraines, recent research into migraines demonstrates that neck dysfunction can be a cause for migraines. Within the neck lies a structure called the brainstem, and when the brainstem becomes sensitised, it can refer pain and symptoms, such as dizziness, into the head. By realigning the upper 3 vertebrae of the neck, can greatly reduce brainstem sensitivity, so is worth going seeking professional help. For more information, please book an initial headache assessment with the Gold Coast Headache and Migraine Clinic.
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Carbon trading market could help save rainforests
Rainforests are worth far more intact, acting as carbon sinks, than if they’re cleared for farmland or pasture, the World Bank said yesterday, and therefore countries should be compensated for keeping trees standing. Enter: the global carbon market, where polluters must pay to offset excessive carbon dioxide emissions. The World Bank’s Kenneth Chomitz explains that a hypothetical deforested pasture may be worth $300, while the carbon offset provided by a rainforest could be worth $7,500. (Maintaining habitat for endangered wildlife: priceless.) “Compensation for avoiding deforestation could help developing countries to improve forest governance and boost rural incomes, while helping the world at large to mitigate climate change more vigorously,” says World Bank economist Francois Bourguignon. It’s an idea whose time has come: The planet’s forests are disappearing at a rate of 5 percent every decade, and the World Bank estimates that deforestation contributes up to 20 percent of global CO2 emissions.
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https://grist.org/article/pretty-in-sink/
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Health IT Application in Pandemic Era
Keywords:Telemedicine, Health Applications, Risk Communication
The COVID-19 outbreak has severely impacted the lives of people, which including social systems and the economic system of Thailand. Telemedicine system is still the most widely used application in the epidemic era. It consists of a consulting system or health diagnosis, monitoring system and health information system Providing health information inquiry services or give advice on disease and medical learning system, which is a source of learning and disseminating knowledge for doctors or specialists. In addition, there are many agencies that develop information technology applications to support the work of healthcare professionals, such as the “CHIVID” application, as well as the development of infrastructure to integrate and maintain healthcare services efficiency. Robots are also being developed to support medical care, such as delivering food and medical supplies. Tele-communication between medical personnel and patients, etc. In order to be aware of accurate information about the epidemic, the Thai platform knows “Thai Roo Soo COVID”, which is an important mechanism for communicating risks to people. In addition, the development of an application prototype that searches for blood donors was one of the ideas introduced during the epidemic era.
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4 Reasons to Keep Your Hearing and Vision in Check
We all know that eyes and ears play a huge role in helping people — and animals, too! — experience life’s adventures. Seeing or hearing the people, places, and moments that matter can make for wonderful, lasting memories.
But did you know that seeing and hearing have more in common than just their rock-star status? Here are four reasons to make regular checkups for hearing and vision an important part of your overall health and wellness:
- Hearing actually enhances the sense of sight, according to a UCLA study, with both working as a team to help you perceive and participate in the world around you. In the study, which ran participants through a series of trials to correctly identify the direction in which a display of dots were moving, hearing the direction in which the dots were collectively traveling enhanced participants’ ability to see the direction of the movement.
- Visually impaired older adults are more likely to also experience hearing loss, per a study published in the medical journal JAMA Ophthalmology. Researchers investigating links between age-related vision and hearing problems found that even after considering age, the two conditions are somehow linked and “have a cumulative effect on function and well-being, significantly affecting both physical and mental domains.”
- Vision and hearing loss go hand in hand with cognitive decline, per research showing that either condition is somehow connected to reduced brain functioning over time. One study, according to an online news article, found that participants with the most profound vision impairment had the lowest average scores on cognition tests. And hearing-impaired seniors on average may experience significantly reduced cognitive function at least three years before their normal-hearing counterparts.
- Healthy eyes and ears — along with your joints, muscles, and brain — help keep you steady on your feet, reducing your risk of falling. It’s probably pretty obvious how seeing your best helps you stay upright, but many people may not realize that the inner ear also plays an important role in maintaining balance. Conversely, untreated hearing loss could nearly triple your risk of a fall, per a Johns Hopkins study.
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Pathways are series of lessons in Imagine Math. Although students are auto-assigned pathways upon enrollment in the program or after completing the NWEA MAP Growth Assessment, educators also have the option to manually assign both Imagine Math-created pathways and custom pathways to their students. District Administrators can assign pathways to any student in their organization. School Administrators can assign pathways to any student in their school. Teachers can assign pathways to any student assigned to them. The new pathway will be available to students the next time they log in.
- Students can be assigned to more than one pathway. If you assign students multiple pathways, be sure to to let your students know which pathway you would like them to work on first. Students must select a pathway upon logging into the program.
- If students are in more than one math class with more than one teacher, coordinate with the other teacher on which pathway(s) to assign so that you don't assign the same pathway to the same students in different classes. If you happen to assign a duplicate pathway, students will repeat identical lessons.
To assign a pathway to students:
- In the Management portion of the left navigation bar, click Classrooms.
- Click Current Students.
- A list of the students in that classroom appears. Click the box next to the name of the student(s) to whom you want to assign a pathway. Or, if you want to assign the pathway to all students, check the box to the left of the First Name header. Click *Assign Pathway.
Use the Assign Pathway button to assign an additional pathway and keep any remaining pathways. Use the Switch Pathway button if you want to replace a student's existing pathway with a new pathway.
- The Assign Pathway screen opens. Click Created by IM or Custom to choose the type of pathway you would like to assign. Created by IM (created by Imagine Math) is the default and includes Common Core and state pathways. The Custom tab houses manually created pathways.
- Click the button next to the pathway that you want to assign. (If desired, use the filters to help find the pathway. Click the Grade Level drop-down list to filter pathways by grade level. Click Pathway Type to filter by Common Core or State Standards where they are available.)
- At the bottom of the page, click Enroll to assign the pathway to the student(s) you selected.
- You'll receive a confirmation message at the top of the screen.
- The pathway will be listed in the Pathway(s) column.
Beginning at 4:35, the video below shows how to assign students a pathway. It uses the Summer Bridge pathway as an example.
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| 0.926502 | 554 | 3.125 | 3 |
The use of telephonic communications to solve criminal cases is not a new development but remains a highly controversial topic. Almost 20 years ago, the Los Angeles Times reported on how law enforcement agencies viewed mobile phones as "a powerful resource in investigations and trials.”1
Even back then, the use of cell phone records was a hot topic that concerned both service providers and privacy advocates. Nowadays, the widespread use of cellular devices is providing even greater opportunities—and more pressing challenges—for law enforcement agencies.
Cell Phone Forensics in Criminal Justice
Cell phone forensics has become an increasingly important part of criminal cases over the past decade, with law enforcement now utilizing entire departments dedicated to investigating digital evidence. In its most basic form, cell phone forensics involves gaining access to a victim's or suspect's phone in order to find evidence that might help solve the case. This can be in the form of phone calls, text messages, search history, location data and social media activity.
However, the growing need for advanced security and encryption on modern cell phones has made these types of investigations far more complex. As more and more people use their cellular devices to store sensitive data like bank details and identity information, the need for stronger security grows. This has introduced several legal and technological challenges that require careful consideration by experts in the criminal justice system.2
Over the past decade, the area of cell phone forensics has been thrust into the spotlight by several high-profile criminal cases. The most famous of these was a case in which the FBI ordered tech giant Apple to extract data from an iPhone used by a shooter in the San Bernardino terrorist attack. The case made use of an ancient 18th-century law known as the 'All Writs Act' that allows a court to demand reasonable technical assistance from a phone company to solve a case.3
The FBI requested that Apple create and electronically sign new software for them to unlock the phone—a request that the company declined. In a statement opposing the order, Apple CEO, Tim Cook, called it an "unprecedented step which threatens the security of our customers." Furthermore, they believed that allowing the procedure would set a precedent that would undermine the privacy of citizens globally.
Eventually, the FBI found a separate third-party company to unlock the phone, and no incriminating evidence was found. The case, however, opened up a new discussion regarding the extent of powers the government should have over private devices.
Is It Possible to Recover Deleted Phone Data?
There is no simple answer to this question as it involves a myriad of factors that could affect the outcome. These include the age of the device, the make and model, the type of security or encryption used and the regularity of backups. In the most simple cases, police are able to unlock a device using the pin provided by a victim or suspect and find the data they need using basic recovery tools.
However, if a suspect has wiped the phone clean or otherwise removed any deleted message data in an attempt to hide evidence, it can get a little more complex. Similarly, if the device belongs to a deceased person or if the suspect refuses to unlock the device, then more advanced methods of access are required.4
Can Police Read Text Messages That Have Been Deleted?
Deleted text messages are usually retrievable from a phone, but before beginning the process, law enforcement officers would need to obtain a court order. Once obtained, officers can use mobile device forensic tools (MDFTs) to extract any data from a device, including emails, texts, images and location data. The physical device is required in most cases, as network servers only keep copies of text messages or other data for short periods of time.5
Simply deleting a text message from a phone doesn't actually get rid of the message data; it just unlists the message from your inbox. Eventually, the message data will get overwritten, but this could take months, which is why it's relatively easy to recover deleted text messages. However, when it comes to messages sent via third-party apps like Whatsapp, it's a bit more complex as these are usually encrypted.6
How Does the Retrieval Process Work?
Due to common vulnerabilities found in most phones, advanced mobile device forensic tools (MDFTs) are often able to extract a significant amount of data even if the device is encrypted or locked. The scope of data collected is often expansive but can be quickly sifted through using modern search features and filters.7
Agents will usually copy the information onto a separate device and search through it there so as to not directly tamper with evidence. In some cases, account information like usernames and passwords can also be extracted from a device in order to gain access to additional data backed up to cloud-based services.7
In this way, we can see that with the correct legal backing, law enforcement is quite capable of extracting messages from a phone and routinely do so to solve criminal cases. In fact, phone evidence is so useful that Police Detective Melissa Guadagnino says it plays a role in "every case" at the University of Central Florida.8
Going forward, we are likely to see digital forensics play an increasingly important role in the criminal justice system.
Getting Involved in Digital Forensics
If you feel you have a knack for digital forensics and would like to get involved in this emerging field, a Masters in Criminology and Criminal Justice could be the course for you.
Kent State University offers a convenient online Master of Arts in Criminology and Criminal Justice that you can complete from home in your spare time. It covers a broad range of subjects that prepare students for the complex legal and technological challenges of the criminal justice system.
- Retrieved on March 4, 2021, from latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-sep-06-me-onthelaw6-story.html
- Retrieved on March 4, 2021, from ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/248770.pdf
- Retrieved on March 4, 2021, from en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI%E2%80%93Apple_encryption_dispute
- Retrieved on March 4, 2021, from cnnmon.ie/168XY6y
- Retrieved on March 4, 2021, from techwalla.com/articles/how-to-get-deleted-text-messages-for-a-court-case
- Retrieved on March 4, 2021, from news.law.fordham.edu/jcfl/2016/06/02/cell-phone-forensics-powerful-tools-wielded-by-federal-investigators
- Retrieved on March 4, 2021, from upturn.org/reports/2020/mass-extraction/
- Retrieved on March 4, 2021, from clickorlando.com/getting-results/2019/10/09/cellphone-data-helps-solves-cases-at-ucf-every-time-police-say
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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| 0.936442 | 1,457 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Horse depression is a real thing. This article is not about how horse owners get depressed when they haven’t been able to ride for a few weeks, although that can be depressing. It is about a state of depression horses get. Research shows that horses can indeed enter a state of depression. As horse owners, we need to be in tune with the emotions of our equine friends. It is crucial to be able to recognize the signs and causes of horse depression.
Domesticated horses are more likely to get depressed than wild horses. Although we try our best to provide a good life for our horses, we must remember how mother nature designed them. By taking horses away from the nomadic life they had for centuries, we put them in a chronic state of stress. Several things can cause this stress. Do not despair. We can stop depression if we catch it soon enough.
So how do I know if my horse is depressed?
Depressed horses will display a “withdrawn” posture. They will stand in one place, hold their neck level with their withers, with eyes wide open for long periods of time. Please don’t confuse this with a resting horse who stands with his eyes drooping and relaxed neck hanging below the withers. The eyes on a depressed horse will have a dull, unfocused gaze. The overall appearance seems to shout “unhappy.”
In their home environment, depressed horses tend to be unresponsive to things going on around them. However, away from the safety of home, they can be overly emotional. Here is a list of additional signs of depression in horses.
• Withdrawn posture
• Cribbing or weaving
• Unpredictable behaviors
• Long periods of immobility
• Decreased appetite/changes in weight
• Unwillingness to work
• Lack of sleep
• Increased fear, anxiety, or spookiness
• Avoiding other horses
What causes depression in horses?
Horses are social animals who need interaction with others. It is why most horse trainers will tell you to be sure your horse has a companion. Preferably another horse but, a goat will work just as well. If you are unable to get your horse a companion, then you need to spend a lot of time with your horse on a regular basis. This doesn’t have to be riding or grooming. However, they prefer it. Instead, it can be you going out into the pasture, finding a shade tree and reading a book. They will most likely come over, stand quietly with you, or try to take your book away to get attention.
Pain in itself is a stressor. Add that it can end up on stall rest, restricting exercise, social interaction, and grazing and you have a perfect storm for depression. Compare it to someone being bedridden.
This goes back to the fact that horses are made for a nomadic lifestyle. When stabled for long periods, without exercise, horses will try to find ways to cope with not being able to move freely. Cribbing, wind sucking, and weaving are bad habits that can develop from this and are sure signs your horse is developing some depression.
Abuse or cruel training techniques
It is important to understand the difference between training and abuse. Cruel training techniques can put massive stress on a horse. For example, intense training sessions that lead to physical pain or putting the horse away without properly cooling them down. The misuse of physical restraints and excessive punishment are also stressors. If a horse is repeatedly subjected to these kinds of stressors, it can lead to depression.
When we travel long distances, most people like to stop, get out of the truck, and stretch our legs. Horses who are continually being transported long distances in a confining horse trailer can develop depression. It can also cause stress colic. It is important to break up long-distance trips, to allow your horse a chance to get out of the trailer. Depending on the trip's length, it might be a good idea to find a horse motel. These are usually horse owners who will rent out a stall for the night and possibly offer bed and breakfast services.
At the very least, stop every few hours and let your horse rest, or get them out of the trailer to walk around. You can sometimes make arrangements with fairgrounds to do this, or if nothing else, find a rest area along the highway. This should be a last resort because some states frown upon it.
Horse depression is a real thing! As horse owners, we need to be able to recognize it and take measures to prevent it.
Horse Courses by Elaine Heney
- Listening to the Horse - The Documentary by Elaine Heney & Grey Pony Films
- Shoulder In & Out Training for better balance, bend & topline development with your horse
- Over 110+ Polework Exercises & Challenges to Download
- Dancing at Liberty & Creating Connection with Your Horse (11 lessons) - Grey Pony Films
About the Author
Wendy Sumner grew up on a quarter horse ranch in Wyoming. She helped raise and train horses to be shown in the American Quarter Horse Association. At college, she received her Equine Science degree and pursued her love of everything equine. She has spent the last 35 years raising and training horses and teaching lessons. We are excited that she has agreed to join our team as a researcher and writer.
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Evaluation of spatial accessibility to primary healthcare using GIS
Keywords: Health accessibility, spatial accessibility, primary healthcare
Abstract. Primary health care is considered to be one of the most important aspects of the health care system in any country, which directly helps in improving the health of the population. Potential spatial accessibility is a very important component of the primary health care system. One technique for studying spatial accessibility is by computing a gravity-based measure within a geographic information system (GIS) framework. In this study, straight-line distances between the associated population clusters and the health facilities and the provider-to-population ratio were used to compute the spatial accessibility of the population clusters for the whole country. Bhutan has been chosen as the case study area because it is quite easy to acquire and process data for the whole country due to its small size and population. The spatial accessibility measure of the 203 sub-districts shows noticeable disparities in health care accessibility in this country with about only 19 sub-districts achieving good health accessibility ranking. This study also examines a number of different health accessibility policy scenarios which can assist in identifying the most effective health policy from amongst many probable planning scenarios. Such a health accessibility measuring system can be incorporated into an existing spatial health system in developing countries to facilitate the proper planning and equitable distribution of health resources.
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https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/II-2/79/2014/
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| 0.930727 | 269 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Climate-resilient action plan - for Drylands
CEESP News: by A Amarender Reddy, Centre Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad, India *
Land degradation, water scarcity, poverty, and hunger are major problems faced in drylands across the world. Drylands are degraded across continents due to over-cultivation, overgrazing, deforestation, poor irrigation, and rise in temperatures. When land degradation occurs in the drylands, it is referred to as desertification, which is one of the most destructive disasters in drylands, damaging crops and livestock, and trapping millions of people in poverty.
The problems related to drylands are complex, and their severity is increasing with climate change. Increasing farm and off-farm incomes, encouraging climate-resilient technologies like solar and wind power plants, and ecotourism in drylands can help in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals of land degradation neutrality, no poverty, zero hunger, and climate action.
Photo: © Tessa Mildenhall / Conservation International
Photo: Program Assistant Lavanya
Drylands have been characterised by a combination of low precipitation, droughts and heatwaves, as well as human activities such as firewood collection, livestock grazing, the collection of wood and nonwood forest products and farming. Dryland soils tend to be vulnerable to wind and water erosion, subject to intensive mineral weathering, and of low fertility (due to the low content of organic matter in the topsoil). The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) defines drylands according to an aridity index, which is the ratio between average annual precipitation and potential evapotranspiration; drylands are lands with an aridity index of less than 0.65.
When land degradation occurs in the drylands, it is referred to as desertification, which is one of the most destructive disasters in drylands, damaging crops and livestock, and trapping millions of people in poverty. The severity and frequency of the droughts also increase with land degradation in drylands. The global economic losses recorded from drought disasters from 1900 to 2013 totalled $135 billion, according to the Global Land Outlook report. A recent World Bank report estimates that if no action is taken, more than 143 million people could be displaced by 2050 due to desertification. The association between land degradation, poverty, and hunger was established by the Food and Agricultural Organization and World Bank studies, and hence they need to be addressed simultaneously.
Photo: Focus group interaction meeting with farmers in a tribal village in Vishakapatnam district of India’s Andhra Pradesh state. Dr. A Amarender Reddy explaining about dryland schemes to farmers.
Drylands are degraded across continents due to over-cultivation, overgrazing, deforestation, poor irrigation, and rise in temperatures. Misguided priorities and policies based on the success of green revolution technologies (high input–high output) in humid areas may not be suitable in the drylands. The dryland ecosystem is different; it has a sparse population with a short growing period of crops (ranging from three to four months) which depends on uncertain rainfall. Most of the drylands are either community-owned or maintained by the community, unlike wetlands which are privately owned and intensively cultivated. Hence, the development of innovative dryland systems should be based on an understanding of the local problems by local communities. Bringing together all the stakeholders is crucial for enhancing livelihoods and incomes, rather than forcing expert “umbrella solutions.” The solutions need to have built-in feedback loops, ample opportunities to learn from the implementation for mid-course corrections, and community participation.
Only 17 countries currently have national drought policies based on the principle of risk reduction. The national policies should broadly specify the roles of the national, provincial, and local governments, as well as community institutions, with greater flexibility to local adoption. Although drought-resilient and drought mitigation and adoption strategies need to be used synergistically, investment in drought resilient technologies like water harvest structures is more cost-effective, rather than in drought mitigation and adoption strategies. Drought risk mitigation strategies like early warning systems and increasing off-farm incomes need to be active during the non-drought periods. During the drought periods, drought adoption strategies like emergency relief and intensifying of non-farm income sources need to be taken up. Although many countries are using drought plans, they fall short in transforming these into action points.
* A Amarender Reddy, Principal Scientist (Agricultural Economics), ICAR-Centre Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad, India
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://iucn.org/news/commission-environmental-economic-and-social-policy/202111/climate-resilient-action-plan-drylands
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| 0.921951 | 946 | 4.09375 | 4 |
What constitutes a “perfect” family planning program? And what would it take to make a perfect program a reality? The answer, Tamar Abrams writes, is complicated.
Ghanaian nonprofit Hen Mpoano implements and supports coastal and marine ecosystems governance projects and best practices. Tamar Abrams talks with Hen Mpoano's deputy director about a recent project that took a Population, Health, and Environment (PHE) approach, integrating the health of both the environment and those who live there.
COVID-19 has upended our lives and, possibly more significantly, many of our assumptions about its impact on the world. Experts in family planning are deeply concerned that interruptions in the contraceptive supply chain may result in a spike in unplanned births over the next six to nine months. And, if that proves to be true, what will be the impact on the environment?
In October 2018, more than 100 organizations signed on to the Global Consensus on Meaningful Adolescent and Youth Engagement (MAYE). The question remains: what has been the impact of MAYE? We asked a few young leaders in the family planning movement to share their views.
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<urn:uuid:d7210215-2a68-4105-b051-0fbc01f93502>
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://knowledgesuccess.org/author/tamarabrams/
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en
| 0.958332 | 238 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The steps of the gamification approach in education to improve learning engagement are discussed in this paper. There are a few steps on the gamification approach that have been applied by several researchers in this era. The gamification method was used in this study, which contained game elements and game design methods in a non-game context. Six gamification categories for teaching and learning are briefly discussed in this paper: (i) Courses without online support; (ii) MOOC; (iii) Blended/ Flipped Learning; (iv) E-Learning Site; (v) Gamified Platform/ System; and (vi) Mobile Application. The proposed gamification approach in education can also be a guideline for other researchers. Results show that most of the respondents prefer to get rewards during the learning process followed by level, avatar, and points.
Gamification approach, online learning, engagement, gamification categories
Gamification is the concept of applying game mechanics to engage and motivate students in learning. In other words, games nowadays are a part of students’ daily life. They spend a lot of time to play games. In order to engage student learning, the gamification method was used, which contained game elements and game design methods in a non-game context. Furthermore, using this method can help to improve learning engagement, suit learners learning styles, and provide more adaptive learning. This gamification method has been used by researchers since a few years ago. Past studies showed that there was less engagement among students in building knowledge because oftentimes, the students were treated as ordinary technology users (Tan & Hew, 2016). The solution to accessing this information freely is needed to overcome this situation. Several researchers stated that gamification has the potential for a positive impact on performance, productivity, and user engagement (Simões, Redondo, & Vilas, 2013). By implementing gamification, students will improve themselves in getting good results. The utilization of the gamification method means that students will learn with academic materials with the use of game elements and cater to different styles of learning (Arockiyasamy, Surendheran, & Bullard, 2016; McGrath & Bayerlein, 2013).
Engage can be defined when user wanted to learn or to occupy the intentions or efforts of a persons (Keene, 2014). In order word, engagement focuses on keeping learners attention for long time. Without engagement, learners will not be motivated to do the task. Table 1 represents the reasons learners didn’t engage with online learning. In education, there are at least four categories of gaming, which are shown` in Figure 1.
Game-based learning refers to actual games in the classroom to enhance teaching and learning experience. In other words, educators can use video games in the teaching and learning process to attract and motivate students’ attention.
Gamification refers to the use of game design elements into a non-game context and can be divided into: (i) game mechanics; (ii) game characteristics; and (iii) game dynamics. Figure 2 shows the elements of each category.
A serious game looks just like an ordinary game. As mentioned by Darejeh and Salim (2016), there are four types of serious games: (i) Game for teaching; (ii) Simulator game; (iii) Meaningful game; and (iv) Purposeful game.
As cited by Padilla et al. (2016), simulations provide an efficient and effective way to learn because learning with simulation is quite different, whereby learners can perform experiments, vary input variables, observe and record output, and reflect on the results. Thus, simulation-based learning is more than a single activity and can be seen as a series of activities that move between using and creating simulations, fulfilling different advantages in terms of learning efficiency and depth.
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORKS
This paper found that gamification can be integrated to all platforms and can help to engage student learning. Gamified e-learning sites to support multiple styles of learning would be developed to encourage learners and increase learning engagement. This study was designed as a continuation of a model for teaching tools based on interpersonal, visual, and verbal intelligences by Mohamad (S. N. M. Mohamad, 2014). Online Multiple Intelligence Gamification would be developed as an educational website using the gamification elements to make this website more interactive to users. Therefore, implementing gamification elements into the website would increase user motivation and enhance engagement during the learning process, besides allowing users to use the website for a longterm period.
The Kavian Scientific Research Association (KSRA) is a non-profit research organization to provide research / educational services in December 2013. The members of the community had formed a virtual group on the Viber social network. The core of the Kavian Scientific Association was formed with these members as founders. These individuals, led by Professor Siavosh Kaviani, decided to launch a scientific / research association with an emphasis on education.
KSRA research association, as a non-profit research firm, is committed to providing research services in the field of knowledge. The main beneficiaries of this association are public or private knowledge-based companies, students, researchers, researchers, professors, universities, and industrial and semi-industrial centers around the world.
Our main services Based on Education for all Spectrum people in the world. We want to make an integration between researches and educations. We believe education is the main right of Human beings. So our services should be concentrated on inclusive education.
The KSRA team partners with local under-served communities around the world to improve the access to and quality of knowledge based on education, amplify and augment learning programs where they exist, and create new opportunities for e-learning where traditional education systems are lacking or non-existent.
FULL Paper PDF file:Gamification Approach in Education to Increase Learning Engagement
Gamification Approach in Education to Increase Learning Engagement
International Journal of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences
PDF reference and original file: Click here
Professor Siavosh Kaviani was born in 1961 in Tehran. He had a professorship. He holds a Ph.D. in Software Engineering from the QL University of Software Development Methodology and an honorary Ph.D. from the University of Chelsea.
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US President Joe Biden has sought to persuade other countries to do more to tackle climate change, but government officials will only serve him if they see there are benefits to their own country, says American journalist Elizabeth Kolbert.
In his view, developing countries are right to be skeptical of promises of international aid and the prospect of broader progress. The journalist, Pulitzer winner in 2015, sees Brazil as a key country in defining what the world will be like in the decades to come and says satellite images can prove whether Bolsonaro is committed to preserving the Amazon.
Kolbert, 59, studies how the actions of humanity affect nature. In her most recent book, “Under a White Sky – Nature in the Future” (Intrinsic ed.), She details how various efforts to try to conserve nature ended up creating new problems. An example: it is studied to project a white substance in the sky to send sunlight back into space and, thus, try to cool the planet. The side effect is that the sky would no longer be blue. She spoke to Folha by video call.
In your book, you point out several problems that arose when man tried to repair the damage he caused to nature. President Joe Biden is now proposing further actions in this regard. Can this create more problems? Basically what Biden is trying to do is change our energy systems that rely on fossil fuels for others that use clean energy. But we will see if in the process any new problems will be created and we can decide if it will be worth it. Probably yes, given the damage caused by climate change. For example: a large amount of rare earth metals will be needed for new energy technologies, and they are very difficult to obtain, in a process that generates pollutants. This kind of constant search for balance is our future. There is no easy way to fix these problems without creating more. We have to be honest about it.
Will Biden be able to convince other governments to do more for the environment? I don’t think any country will do anything against its national interests. So one of the main points of containing emissions in a robust way will be to show that there is a way to do it in order to bring benefits, in order to make things cheaper and more efficient. The United States and China are in a better position to lead the way. If it works, I don’t know. We have been going in the wrong direction since Rio-1992. Everyone is aware that climate change is a problem to be prevented, that it is dangerous. That was 30 years ago, and what happened? It was not a good case.
How can rich countries help developing countries in this direction? The solution is to give more money, as Brazil suggests? There are several paths created within the structure of the United Nations. Agreements like Kyoto and paris they brought up the idea that developed countries were supposed to help the less developed, with technology transfers and money transfers. The least developed countries will not fail to stress that these promises have never been kept. It was not a happy or expressive record. But there should be a green climate and a technology transfer fund.
Has Jair Bolsonaro’s government succeeded in convincing the world that it has changed its position by focusing on the defense of the Amazon? The evidence will tell. There is very good satellite data that shows us what is happening in the Amazon. It’s no secret that you can say “we are reducing deforestation” and everyone has to believe it. The data of the last few years is bad, it is a tragedy for the future of life on Earth. And if Bolsonaro says he will do better, so much the better. But no one will believe it until they see something real. Brazil is a key player in the question of how the world will be 30, 40 or 50 years from now, so I really hope Brazilians see that preserving what remains of the Amazon rainforest serves their greatest national interests. You have the great privilege and the great responsibility to be the home of this extraordinary part of the Earth.
Has the reduction in activities induced by the pandemic had an impact on global warming? The question has not yet been answered. There are many trends that go in multiple directions and it’s hard to say which ones will last. There has been a huge reduction in carbon emissions, but a lot of people are already resuming their travel activities. I don’t see a lot of evidence that we’re going to drastically change the way we do things, and a very worrying point in the United States is that people are not using public transit.
Biden tried to improve public transportation, like trains. Will you be able to reverse this trend? He can’t force people to catch him. You can improve these systems, and the world knows they need to be improved, but if not everyone feels sure about the coronavirus … there is also the question that a lot of people in the United States have moved to city centers, where public transport is less efficient or does not exist. Many have bought cars and no longer want to take the train or the bus. We have to see how this will end. Hope you all come back [ao transporte público] because one thing we can’t handle is more people moving around in the car. We must not go in that direction.
How can people help reduce emissions in their daily lives in a practical way? The way people generate emissions is the way they travel the most. Where I live [nos EUA], the way people heat their homes makes a big difference, and I believe in Brazil it’s the way people use air conditioning. A place like Brazil should be a leader in solar energy. You have a lot of sun. Everyone should have a solar panel above houses in Rio or São Paulo. This reduction also means consuming less and the number of children you have. The decision on how many children we will have is the one that will have the greatest impact on carbon emissions in the future.
And what actions could governments and large companies prioritize to contain global warming? They both control how we get energy. We must not fund institutions and invest money in projects that will generate more fossil fuel infrastructure. They have a useful life of over 50 years, and the last thing we need is more of these structures. Banks have a crucial role. If you can get the money to drill new oil wells, to sell oil, and people to buy oil, things will happen, because that’s how the system works. We must therefore think that decisions cannot be taken in the same way as in the past.
Can people help governments and businesses change by lobbying on social media, for example? It’s a big part of the process. There have been many campaigns in the United States, such as “don’t put money on companies that plan to drill [poços de petróleo] in the Arctic. “It has an impact. Businesses are very image conscious, and any pressure for a good cause makes a difference.
Elizabeth Kolbert, 59
Born in New York, she graduated in literature from Yale and has worked as a journalist since the 1980s. Currently, she is a columnist for The New Yorker magazine. In 2015, he won a Pulitzer Prize for the book “The Sixth Extinction”.
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Lithium may seem like a scary drug. It can cause severe side effects and be toxic to different organs of the body. But toxicity usually happens only with high doses. Is fear really warranted? Read on to learn about the signs and symptoms of lithium toxicity and how it is treated.
What is Lithium Toxicity?
Lithium toxicity (also known as lithium overdose or lithium poisoning) develops when the amount of lithium in the body becomes too high. This usually happens when patients take too much of their lithium medication .
According to some estimates, about 1 in 100 patients experience moderate to severe lithium toxicity each year. Toxicity occurs more frequently in women and the elderly .
The toxic effects of lithium generally become worse as the level of lithium in the blood increases. Symptoms of toxicity can range from nausea and vomiting in mild cases to brain damage and even death in cases of severe intoxication .
Different Types of Toxicity
Lithium toxicity can be divided into 3 categories .
Acute toxicity occurs when someone who hasn’t taken lithium before suddenly takes a high dose. This can happen when a person accidentally takes a prescription lithium pill or when someone purposely takes a lot of lithium for self-harm .
Chronic toxicity appears in those who regularly take lithium medications at too high of a dose, leading to constantly elevated lithium levels .
Acute-on-chronic toxicity can be the most dangerous form. This happens when a person who is currently taking lithium takes even more lithium than normal, either accidentally or intentionally .
Lithium toxicity is also sometimes classified based on severity.
Mild toxicity typically refers to lithium blood levels between 1.5 and 2.5 mmol/L .
Moderate toxicity occurs at lithium blood levels between 2.5 and 3.5 mmol/L .
Severe toxicity occurs at lithium blood levels greater than 3.5 mmol/L .
However, these definitions are not universal – different hospitals and organizations may have slightly different ranges .
Causes of Lithium Toxicity
Lithium Medication (Prescription)
One of the main causes of lithium toxicity is prescription lithium medications.
This can happen in a number of ways. A patient may accidentally take an extra lithium pill. Or perhaps the dose is too high, leading to elevated lithium levels. Either way, even small increases in lithium blood levels can cause toxicity .
This is because lithium has a narrow therapeutic window, which means its blood concentration needs to be in a tight range for it to be effective and safe .
Generally, lithium levels should be somewhere between 0.5 to 1.2 mmol/L. Levels above this range may lead to more side effects and toxicity, while levels below this may make the drug ineffective .
However, toxicity can occur at any lithium level, even at normal or therapeutic levels. Therefore, each person’s target range may be somewhat different. The elderly are especially susceptible to toxicity at lower levels. Always talk with your doctor to find out what your test results mean for you [1, 10].
Let your doctor know about all the medications and supplements you are taking to avoid possible interactions.
Certain drugs can interact with prescription lithium and make toxicity more likely. This doesn’t necessarily mean lithium can’t be taken with these drugs, only that close monitoring by a doctor is required .
According to some estimates, up to 85% of bipolar patients use two or more medications at once, including lithium .
Another study found that about 12% of lithium toxicity cases are associated with drug interactions .
Some medications that may increase lithium blood levels include :
- Thiazide diuretics (hydrochlorothiazide) ~20 to 40% increase
- Loop diuretics (furosemide) ~0 to 40% increase
- ACE inhibitors (lisinopril, benazepril) ~20 to 40% increase
- ARBs (losartan, valsartan) ~0 to 20% increase
- NSAIDs (aspirin, ibuprofen) ~0 to 40% increase
What About Other Lithium Sources?
Prescription lithium drugs are not the only source of lithium available.
Lithium supplements, mainly in the form of lithium orotate, can be purchased over the counter by anyone. Lithium can also be naturally found in food and water .
Let your doctor know of all the supplements you are taking to avoid any dangerous interactions.
This is in contrast to lithium carbonate (the prescription form of lithium), which contains about 19 mg of lithium per 100 mg .
Also, keep in mind their dosage differences:
- Lithium carbonate is typically prescribed at doses of 900-1800 mg/day, which gives about 170-340 mg of elemental lithium.
- Lithium orotate usually contains only 5 mg of elemental lithium per dose.
This means that, at normal doses, prescription lithium drugs provide 30 times more lithium than lithium orotate, meaning toxicity from supplements is less likely.
In one case, a woman experienced nausea and vomiting after ingesting 18 tablets of lithium orotate at once .
Food and Water
Lithium can be naturally found in many types of foods and drinking water sources, although in extremely small amounts.
Even foods that are considered lithium-rich have minuscule amounts of lithium compared to prescription medications .
For example, nuts (one of the most lithium-rich foods) only have 8.8 micrograms of lithium per gram .
In the United States, lithium concentrations in groundwater can range from almost zero to over 170 micrograms/L. These concentrations of lithium are generally too small to cause any kind of toxicity [21, 22].
Signs and Symptoms of Lithium Toxicity
Common Signs & Symptoms
The most common signs and symptoms of lithium toxicity (defined as blood levels > 1.5 mmol/L) include :
- Confusion and disorientation
- Impaired balance and falling
- Vomiting and/or diarrhea
- Muscle stiffness and weakness
- Blurred vision
- Slurred speech
Confusion and disorientation are the most common symptoms for any kind of lithium toxicity .
According to a 17-year-long observational study of 1,340 patients, chronic intoxication (high lithium levels over a long period of time) is associated with more neurological symptoms, like tremors and balance issues .
On the other hand, acute intoxication (a single ingestion of a high dose of lithium) may lead to more mental changes, such as confusion, agitation, and tiredness .
Extremely high levels of lithium (> 2.5 mmol/L) can lead to seizures, coma, and even death .
Lithium is known to be toxic to certain organs, including the kidneys. This is why people taking lithium medications usually need to have their kidney function monitored .
Lithium reduces the rate at which blood is filtered by the kidneys .
It also reduces the urine concentrating ability of the kidneys by as much as 15% .
These factors can potentially lead to kidney failure, but research suggests the risk is fairly low (only 0.5% according to some estimates) .
Thyroid and Parathyroid Damage
Regular thyroid level checks are also important for those taking lithium. Thyroid and parathyroid problems occur in about 25% of patients on lithium .
Lithium also blocks the calcium-sensing receptor in the parathyroid gland, which impairs its function. This leads to an increase in calcium and parathyroid hormone in the blood, which can develop into hyperparathyroidism .
If you are taking lithium and are pregnant or plan to become pregnant, let your doctor know. Only take lithium while pregnant under the direction of a doctor.
Lithium use during pregnancy can be a complicated issue.
Lithium is known to have toxic effects on the fetus. More specifically, it may cause certain types of heart defects. Women with bipolar disorder also have a higher risk of pregnancy complications in general [26, 27].
But stopping lithium is sometimes not a viable option, especially for women experiencing severe bipolar symptoms .
The decision to stop or continue lithium during pregnancy requires a doctor to carefully weigh the benefits and risks .
If lithium is continued, monitoring the baby’s heart is usually recommended .
Breastfeeding while taking lithium is typically not recommended, but that is also up to the discretion of the doctor .
Lithium Toxicity Treatment
If you or someone you know shows symptoms of lithium toxicity, seek immediate medical attention.
Treatment of lithium toxicity depends on several factors, including the severity of symptoms and the lithium level in the blood. Hospitals may also have differing protocols for handling intoxication [28, 6].
Moderate or severe toxicity usually requires time in the intensive care unit .
Treatment of lithium toxicity may include :
- IV hydration
- Activated charcoal
- Gastric lavage (stomach pumping)
- Whole bowel irrigation
In mild cases, a doctor may simply stop the lithium medication and monitor the patient’s progress .
Common signs and symptoms of lithium toxicity include confusion, disorientation, impaired balance, vomiting and/or diarrhea. Extremely high lithium levels can lead to coma and even death. However, lithium toxicity is uncommon as long as lithium levels in the blood are monitored appropriately. If you or someone you know may be experiencing lithium toxicity, get medical help right away.
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The people of Newark, New Jersey—the majority of whom are black and brown—are grappling with a lead contamination crisis that has drawn comparisons with Flint, Michigan. There, the state took control of the city’s water after municipal officials and a private management company failed to provide clean water. In Newark, local residents want to keep their water in public hands. Why? This week, Laura interviews activists working to fix their city’s water through more robust democratization rather than privatization.
“Water is not just infrastructure, it’s life. It’s its own resource before it goes through those pipes. And we need people who understand that. And if we could have that kind of oversight, then we trust whatever administration to do the work, as long as you’re doing the work.”-Sabre Bee
The Newark Water Coalition is an advocacy group that has declared the Newark water contamination crisis a public health emergency. The coalition is working together to inform and educate the residents and other consumers about the dangers and ailments that are associated with the contaminants in the water by way of but not limited to drinking, bathing, brushing teeth. The coalition is calling on our government stakeholders, healthcare providers, faith and community-based organizations to make this public health crisis a priority, allocate the adequate funding to fix our infrastructure, test our people and provide clean water for all!
- Sabre Jordan and Anthony Diaz, Co-Founders of the Newark Water Coalition
- Yvette Jordan, a Teacher at Central High School in Newark, New Jersey
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If you have ownership in an S corporation, it is important to have a general understanding of basis. This number called “basis” increases and decreases with the activity of the company. The IRS defines it as the amount of a shareholder’s investment in the business for tax purposes.
When the S corporation files a tax return (Form 1120S), all shareholders receive a K-1 form to show profits, losses and deductions allocated to the shareholder. The K-1 does not state the taxable amount of the distribution, which is contingent on the stock basis.
The main purpose of basis is to determine if distributions are taxable or losses are deductible. The basis for each shareholder is calculated annually and must be tracked from day one of ownership.
Importance of Basis
It is important to calculate the basis for the following reasons:
- If the shareholder receives a distribution and has basis to cover the amount, the withdrawal is not taxable to the shareholder.
- If the shareholder has a loss in the company and has basis to cover the amount, the losses will be allowed to be taken in that tax year.
- When the shareholder disposes of his/her stock, gain or loss on the disposition is calculated using the shareholder’s stock basis.
How Basis is Calculated
Think of basis like a checking account. The account goes up and down, but can never go negative. When there is a deposit of income, the basis goes up for all shareholders based upon percentage of ownership. When there is a payment of an expense, the basis goes down.
When a shareholder contributes money to the company, the basis goes up. When a shareholder withdraws money, the basis goes down.
Basis is also decreased by several activities like penalties the company had to pay, Section 179 deductions on assets or the non-deductible portion of meals and entertainment.
In year one, you start out with a zero basis. For the activity of the first year in business, you then have an ending basis. This ending basis in year one is your beginning basis number for year two. This continues as long as a person has ownership in a company.
Normally a shareholder that has basis in the company can reduce their other income (W-2 wages, interest, dividends, rental, etc.) on their personal tax return with the losses of the company. This is a really nice advantage of the S-corporation! However, if the shareholder does not have basis to go against that loss, the loss is suspended and disallowed for that tax year. The losses are carried over indefinitely until the shareholder has more basis.
In general, if a shareholder withdraws money from the company outside of payroll, the distribution will only reduce the basis in the company. This is another benefit of an S-corporation! Regular corporations (C-corps) tax the shareholder for pulling out money, called dividends. You’ve probably heard the phrase, “double taxation on C-corps.” In an S-corporation, that does not happen if you have basis.
What happens if you don’t have basis and you pull money out? The amount that exceeds the basis will be taxed as a capital gain on the shareholder’s personal return. Here is an example:
Beginning Stock Basis = $25,000
Current year Loss = $-20,000
Ending Stock Basis = $5,000
Distributions = $10,000
Distribution Above Basis $5,000 = this is the amount the shareholder will be taxed at the capital gains rate.
Now do you see why tracking basis is important?
When you change tax preparers, a good sign that they are competent is if they ask for your basis schedules the first year they prepare your return. If they do not have the schedule, they will need to recreate it from year one. Reconstructing the basis is not very difficult as long as all the K-1’s and records are available for every year in business.
Two Types of Bases
There are two types of bases numbers that need to be tracked: stock basis and debt basis. Most of what you read above applies to stock basis.
Debt basis is a tad more complicated. For a shareholder to receive debt basis, the shareholder must make a direct loan to the corporation. The shareholder bears some risk in loaning the company money. You’ll want to formalize the loan with a promissory note and collect interest on the loan. Repayments of the loan are calculated against the debt basis. If the shareholder’s stock basis is zero, then losses are still allowed if there is debt basis. If the debt is repaid before the stock basis is restored, then all or part of the repayment of the loan may be taxable.
The End in Mind
Understanding and keeping track of basis is a good recordkeeping habit and will help you avoid surprises come tax time.
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Summary: People exposed to the Camp Fire California wildfire in 2018 showed significant brain and cognitive function changes many months after the event. Findings add to the growing body of evidence that supports a growing phenomenon known as “climate trauma”.
In November 2018, the Camp Fire burned a total of 239 square miles, destroyed 18,804 structures and killed 85 people, making it the deadliest and most destructive wildfire in California history.
Three years later, researchers at University of California San Diego, published a novel study that looked at the psychological consequences, finding that exposure to “climate trauma” for affected residents resulted in increased and chronic mental health problems, such as post-traumatic stress disorder and depression.
In a new study, published in the January 18, 2023 online issue of PLOS Climate, senior author Jyoti Mishra, PhD, associate professor in the Department of Psychiatry at UC San Diego School of Medicine, director of the Neural Engineering and Translation Labs at UC San Diego, and associate director of the UC Climate and Mental Health Initiative, delved deeper with her colleagues.
The study team reported that in a subset of persons exposed to the Camp Fire, significant differences in cognitive functioning and underlying brain activity were revealed using electroencephalography (EEG).
Specifically, the researchers found that fire-exposed individuals displayed increased activity in the regions of the brain involved in cognitive control and interference processing — the ability to mentally cope with unwanted and often disturbing thoughts.
“To function well day-to-day, our brains need to process information and manage memories in ways that help achieve goals while ignoring or dispensing with irrelevant or harmful distractions,” said Mishra.
“Climate change is an emerging challenge. It is already well-documented that extreme climate events result in significant psychological impacts. Warming temperatures, for example, have even been linked to greater suicide rates. As planetary warming amplifies, more forest fires are expected in California and globally, with significant implications for mental health effects.
“In this study, we wanted to learn whether and how climate trauma affected and altered cognitive and brain functions in a group of people who had experienced it during the Camp Fire. We found that those who were impacted, directly or indirectly, displayed weaker interference processing. Such weakened cognitive performance may then impair daily functioning and reduce wellbeing.”
The study sample included 27 persons directly exposed to the Camp Fire (for example, their homes were destroyed), 21 who were indirectly exposed (they witnessed the fire, but were not directly impacted) and 27 control individuals. All participants underwent cognitive testing with synchronized EEG brain recordings.
Sixty-seven percent of the individuals directly exposed to the fire reported having experienced recent psychological trauma, as did 14 percent of the indirectly exposed individuals. None of the control individuals reported recent trauma exposure.
The EEG recordings showed that the brains of those individuals reporting trauma worked harder at interference processing and cognitive control, suggesting a compensatory effort but at a cost: potentially heightened risk of neurological dysfunction elsewhere.
“The evidence of diminished interference processing, along with altered functional brain responses, is useful because it can help guide efforts to develop resiliency intervention strategies,” said Mishra.
“As the planet warms, more and more individuals will face extreme climate exposures, like wildfires, and having therapeutic tools that can address underlying neuro-cognitive issues will be an important complement to other socio-behavioral therapies.”
Co-authors include: Gillian K. Grennan from UC San Diego; Mathew C. Withers, California State University at Chico; and Dhakshin S. Ramanathan, UC San Diego and VA San Diego Medical Center.
About this environmental neuroscience research news
Original Research: Open access.
“Differences in interference processing and frontal brain function with climate trauma from California’s deadliest wildfire” by Jyoti Mishra et al. PLOS Climate
Differences in interference processing and frontal brain function with climate trauma from California’s deadliest wildfire
As climate change accelerates extreme weather disasters, the mental health of the impacted communities is a rising concern. In a recent study of 725 Californians we showed that individuals that were directly exposed to California’s deadliest wildfire, the Camp Fire of 2018, had significantly greater chronic symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety and depression than control individuals not exposed to the fires.
Here, we study a subsample of these individuals: directly exposed (n = 27), indirectly exposed (who witnessed the fire but were not directly impacted, n = 21), versus age and gender-matched non-exposed controls (n = 27).
All participants underwent cognitive testing with synchronized electroencephalography (EEG) brain recordings. In our sample, 67% of the individuals directly exposed to the fire reported having experienced recent trauma, while 14% of the indirectly exposed individuals and 0% of the non-exposed controls reported recent trauma exposure.
Fire-exposed individuals showed significant cognitive deficits, particularly on the interference processing task and greater stimulus-evoked fronto-parietal activity as measured on this task.
Across all subjects, we found that stimulus-evoked activity in left frontal cortex was associated with overall improved interference processing efficiency, suggesting the increased activity observed in fire exposed individuals may reflect a compensatory increase in cortical processes associated with cognitive control.
To the best of our knowledge this is the first study to examine the cognitive and underlying neural impacts of recent climate trauma.
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TODAY’S PATENT – POCKET SOCK AND METHOD OF KNITTING THE SAME
Generally, there are various types of pockets provided in the hosiery articles where they are formed in a separate cut-and-sew operation, attached to different portions of the socks. In today’s patent, we will be discussing William H. Brun’s invention, “Pocket sock and method of knitting the same” (US4005494A), patented by the USPTO on 1st February 1977.
This invention relates generally to a sock with an integrally knit pocket in the leg portion of it. The method of forming this invention includes two equal layers of knit fabric as well. The production of this type of pocket sock requires several operations which increases the cost of manufacturing such socks. Socks with double cuffs have also been provided to carry various types of articles, however, they may easily become dislodged and lost while retaining them.
The objective of this invention is to provide a pocket sock integrally knit with the sock in an economic manner where the pocket can be used to conceal and hold the articles which are carried herein.
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The dot diacritic works for [dzo] to [jo] , for [do] to [ro] and for [dho] to [rho]. But /ba/ and /ra/ are completely unrelated sounds, so what is the dot doing to /ba/?
That “dot” symbol is called BENGALI SIGN NUKTA (U+09BC) in Unicode, and is used “for extending the alphabet to new letters”. Other Indic scripts also have nukta signs for the same purpose.
The following are examples of its use. The last three are precomposed characters in Unicode. I'm using Unicode names.
Base Letter With Nukta ক KA ক় QA ফ PHA ফ় FA গ GA গ় GHA জ JA জ় ZA ভ BHA ভ় VA ড DDA ড় RRA ঢ DDHA ঢ় RHA য YA য় YYA
However, র BENGALI LETTER RA doesn't appear in Unicode as precomposed with NUKTA, as RRA, RHA and YYA are. It could be that RA and ব BENGALI LETTER BA are independent letters.
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If you’ve ever watched the television show Forensic Files now on HLN, you’ve probably seen forensic anthropologists create a bust of clay from skeletal remains. The time-consuming process provides a way to visualize what the person may have looked like. It’s a tedious task, with a keen understanding of anatomy intertwining with artistic skill.
One episode stands out in my memory. A woman’s remains were found months if not years after her demise. A bust was created and photographs were taken to be distributed as a sort of mug shot. “Do you know this woman” was posted in the newspaper along with the photo, and sure enough a good friend of the woman identified her immediately.
So why talk about this on a genealogy blog? Well, in the most recent episode of the Genealogy Gems Premium Podcast (#119) published this week, Maureen Taylor, The Photo Detective, and I discuss the future of technology and genealogy, which lead to a conversation on 3D printing. Maureen described how she had a bust of herself printed 3D (which I’m sure her long-into-the-future descendants will appreciate! You can see it on the episode show notes page.) and that got me to thinking about the work of the forensic anthropologists. Shortly after our conversation, Maureen sent me a link on Facebook called History’s Mysteries posted by the carrier company UPS.
The UPS Compass webpage features a video documenting the efforts of the Maritime Heritage National Marine Sanctuaries, with the help of UPS, to identify the remains of two sailors from the USS Monitor that sank in 1862 during a storm off the coast of Cape Hatteras. Sure enough, they had clay busts created from the skeletal remains in an effort to make the identification.
(Click the link above to watch the video. Then put your genealogy skills to work and see if you can help them identify the two sailors.)
What role did UPS play? They had the task of transporting the busts from the lab to the unveiling at the military ceremony. Any disruption of the soft clay would dent and alter the bust. I couldn’t help but wonder if 3D printing could have made the task of moving and distributing copies of the busts easier. It’s a fascinating technology. And who knows, perhaps 3D busts of ancestors will be as common place as our old photos are today. Do you think your descendants will want, perhaps even expect, to have 3D printings of you? Share your thoughts on the Genealogy Gems Facebook page.
You can learn more about 3D printing here in the article called A New Industrial Revolution: The Brave New World of 3D Printing.
This week’s Friday records post is all about Swedish genealogy! Findmypast has added 12 million Swedish records to their international collection, and we’ll show you other resources for accessing similar records. We’ll also highlight some past unique collections for Sweden, and you can explore expert research tips from a professional genealogist.
Featured: Swedish Genealogy Records Online
June 6 is the National Day of Sweden, which honors two historical events: Gustav Vasa being elected king on June 6, 1523, and the adoption of a new constitution on June 6, 1809. After decades of discussion, the Swedish parliament finally voted to make June 6 a public holiday. And we can’t think of a better way to observe than to spend time researching your Swedish ancestors!
As Findmypast continues to grow their international records database, they’ve highlighted the recent addition of Swedish records to their collection. Over 12 million Swedish baptisms, marriages, and burials are now dating back to 1611 are now available to search on Findmypast. These records will also generate hints against your Findmypast family tree.
Their Swedish collection consist of the following indexes:
If you’re a Findmypast subscriber, head over there now to explore these indexed records. If you’re not a Findmypast subscriber, you can explore select Swedish baptisms, burials, and marriages at Ancestry.com. You can also find select Swedish baptisms, burials, and marriages at FamilySearch.org for free.
Unique Swedish Genealogy Resources
Swedish Newspapers. A couple of years back we highlighted the Minnesota Historical Society’s collection of Swedish-American newspapers. They are available through an online portal. Users can explore more than 300,000 pages from 28 different Swedish-American newspaper titles published across the U.S. between 1859 and 2007. The portal is available in Swedish and English and includes a keyword search.
Biographies of notable Swedish women. The Chicago Evening Post reported on a new online biographical dictionary of women in Swedish history. The site itself is Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexicon (it does have an English-language home page). The home page encourages visitors to “Read up on 1,000 Swedish women from the Middle Ages to the present day. Use the search function to reveal what these women got up to, how they were educated, which organisations they belonged to, where they travelled, what they achieved, and much more. All of them contributed in a significant way to the development of Swedish society.” According to the Chicago Evening Post, the current collection of 1,000 biographical sketches will soon double (at least)
Expert Swedish Genealogy Research Tips
Swedish genealogy can be daunting. Many people avoid Swedish research because they don’t speak the language and because the names change every generation–like from Ole Olsson to Ole Nilsson to Nils Pehrrson. Despite these barriers, Swedish research can be relatively simple, fun, and successful! In a special guest article, Paul Woodbury, a Senior Genealogist with Legacy Tree Genealogists, shares the following 5 things to keep in mind when researching your Swedish ancestors:
- You can “read” many records without reading Swedish.
- Family events are summarized in Swedish clerical examinations.
- Many Swedish records cross-reference each other.
- You can trouble-shoot record gaps.
- There are some excellent Swedish indexes and databases online.
Paul covers these 5 points in-depth in this special article. Click here to read it now!
Disclosure: This article contains affiliate links and Genealogy Gems will be compensated if you make a purchase after clicking on these links (at no additional cost to you). Thank you for supporting Genealogy Gems!
AUSTRALIA WWI WOMEN. New media resources, including a television series, Facebook page and Twitter feed have been created to share more information about Australians and New Zealanders who participated in World War I, particularly women. Click here for a related blog post from The National Archives (Australia).
COLOMBIA CHURCH RECORDS. More than a million browsable records have been added to an existing database at FamilySearch, Colombia Catholic Church Records 1600-2012. “These records include: baptisms, confirmations, marriages, pre-marriage investigations, marriage dispensations, deaths, and indexes.” Some of the collection is already indexed.
ENGLAND ELECTORAL REGISTERS. Electoral registers for Manchester, England (1832-1900) are now browsable on Findmypast. Details about an ancestor’s residence and property ownership may appear.
NEW JERSEY STATE CENSUS. FamilySearch just added more than 2.7 million records from the 1915 New Jersey Census to its free online collections. These records include “the names of each member of the household, location, gender, birth date (month and year) and birthplace.” Click here learn more about this and other state censuses.
TEXAS MARRIAGE RECORDS. More than half a million indexed records have been added to an existing free database, Texas County Marriage Records 1837-1977, at FamilySearch. Covering 140 years, the records include “various types of marriage records (registers, licenses, intentions to marry, etc.) from 183 of the 254 counties in Texas.”
Thank you for sharing these new genealogy records online with your genealogy friends and fellow society members via email and your favorite social media channels. Just use the Share buttons on this page!
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The color red is a warm, vibrant color that is often associated with strong emotions such as passion, love, and anger. It is also often associated with power, strength, and determination. In design, red can be used to create a bold, attention-grabbing visual impact. It is also often used to represent danger or warning, as it is the color of stop signs and warning lights. In fashion, red is often used to add a pop of color to an outfit and can be used to make a statement or stand out in a crowd. The color red is also associated with love and romance, and is often used in Valentine's Day and Christmas decorations.
Green is a color that is often associated with the natural world. It is a cool, refreshing color that is often described as being calming, soothing, and revitalizing. Green is the color of grass and trees, and is often associated with growth, renewal, and nature. It is also often associated with health and wellness. In terms of its psychological effects, green is often seen as a balancing color that can help to create a sense of calm and harmony. It is often used in design to create a sense of tranquility and relaxation. There are many different shades of green, ranging from a pale, almost minty green to a deep, rich forest green. Different shades of green can have slightly different associations and psychological effects, with lighter shades often being seen as fresher and more energetic, while darker shades are often seen as more rich and luxurious.
It's important to note that these associations are not universal, and different people may have different emotional responses to colors.
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Many human activities impact cold-water corals in Canada's three oceans (Atlantic, Arctic and Pacific). But recent reports by Campbell and Simms (2009) and DFO (2010), like most others, identified the mobile gear fishing industry as the greatest threat.
International treaties and agreements provide the framework for which the Canada manages cold-water corals and the habitats they form. Canada is bound by treaties such as the Convention on Biological Diversity 2004, which as of 2008, includes the protection of vulnerable biogenic structures supporting high biodiversity such as cold-water corals. The United Nations General Assembly now requires Canadian regional management to identify vulnerable marine ecosystems (VMEs) such as those formed by cold-water corals, to assess impacts of bottom fishing on VMEs, and to cease bottom fishing in areas where VMEs are known to occur. Canada has adopted the code of conduct outlined by the Fisheries and Agriculture Organization in 1995, which as of 2007, includes guidelines on the management of High Seas deep-sea fisheries to limit the effects of fishing on VMEs. In 2006, the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization implemented closures of Canadian cold-water coral habitats including Orphan Knoll and the Newfoundland Seamounts (and in 2009, the Fogo Seamounts) to protect these areas from trawling for the period 2007-2010.
Critically, in 2007, NAFO implemented Canada’s first Coral Protection Zone in the Labrador Sea, an area approximately 12 500 km2 large, closed to all bottom fishing gear until at least 2012. At the national level, several parliamentary acts fall under DFO’s remit, including the Fisheries Act, the Oceans Act, the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act and the Species at Risk Act (SARA), all of which result in the nation working to conserve Canada’s cold-water corals. Although no corals are listed under SARA, they could in the future be included should data on their occurrence and vulnerability render them at risk. Notably, the Ocean’s Act has allowed DFO to establish several Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in Canada’s waters, including important cold-water coral areas such as the Gully (eastern Scotian Shelf) and the Bowie Seamount (west of the Queen Charlotte Islands, BC).
The Canada National Marine Conservation Areas Act provides for the establishment of a national system of MPAs. Currently, four areas containing or expected to contain cold-water corals and/or sponge reefs are being considered as part of this system, and would cover all three of Canada’s oceans, from the west coast of BC to the St. Lawrence Sea Atlantic Gateway, to Lancaster Sound in the Arctic Ocean.
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Published January 12, 2021
Memory loss associated with Alzheimer’s disease may be able to be treated by inhibiting certain enzymes involved in abnormal gene transcription, according to a preclinical study led by senior author Zhen Yan, PhD.
The paper, “Targeting Histone K4 Trimethylation for Treatment of Cognitive and Synaptic Deficits in Mouse Models of Alzheimer’s Disease,” was published on Dec. 9, 2020 in Science Advances.
“By treating Alzheimer’s disease mouse models with a compound to inhibit these enzymes, we were able to normalize gene expression, restore neuronal function, and ameliorate cognitive impairment,” says Yan, SUNY Distinguished Professor of physiology and biophysics.
Alzheimer’s alters the expression of genes in the prefrontal cortex, a key region of the brain controlling cognitive processes and executive functions.
By focusing on gene changes caused by epigenetic processes (those that are not related to changes in DNA sequences) such as aging, Yan and her team were able to reverse elevated levels of harmful genes that cause memory deficits in Alzheimer’s.
The current research extends the work the team reported in 2019 in the journal Brain, in which they were able to reverse the loss or downregulation of some genes beneficial to cognitive function in Alzheimer’s.
In this new paper, the researchers report that it has reversed the upregulation of some genes involved in impairing cognitive function.
Yan explains that transcription of genes is regulated by an important process called histone modification, where histones, the proteins that help package DNA into chromosomes, are modified to make that packaging looser or tighter.
The nature of the packaging, in turn, controls how genetic material gains access to a cell’s transcriptional machinery, which can result in the activation or suppression of certain genes.
Yan says they found that H3K4me3, a histone modification called histone trimethylation at the amino acid lysine 4, which is linked to the activation of gene transcription, is significantly elevated in the prefrontal cortex of people with Alzheimer’s and mouse models of the disease.
That epigenetic change, she says, is linked to the abnormally high level of histone-modifying enzymes that catalyze the modification known as H3K4me3.
The researchers found that when the Alzheimer’s mouse models were treated with a compound that inhibits those enzymes, they exhibited significantly improved cognitive function.
“This finding points to the potential of histone modifying enzyme-targeted drugs for Alzheimer’s treatment, which may have broad and powerful impact,” Yan explains.
In making that discovery, the team also identified a number of new target genes, including Sgk1 as a top-ranking target gene of the epigenetic alteration in Alzheimer’s. Sgk1 transcription is significantly elevated in the prefrontal cortex of people with Alzheimer’s and in animal models with the disorder.
Yan says they found that abnormal histone methylation at Sgk1 contributes to its elevated expression in Alzheimer’s.
“Interestingly, the upregulation of Sgk1 is also strongly correlated with the occurrence of cell death in other neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,” she says.
Sgk1 encodes an enzyme activated by cell stress, which plays a key role in numerous processes, such as regulating ion channels, enzyme activity, gene transcription, hormone release, neuroexcitability and cell death.
The researchers found that it is highly connected to other altered genes in Alzheimer’s, suggesting it may function as a kind of hub that interacts with many molecular components to control disease progress.
“In this study, we have found that administration of a specific Sgk1 inhibitor significantly reduces the dysregulated form of tau protein that is a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer’s, restores prefrontal cortical synaptic function, and mitigates memory deficits in an Alzheimer’s model,” she explains.
“These results have identified Sgk1 as a potential key target for therapeutic intervention of Alzheimer’s, which may have specific and precise effects.”
Yan’s co-authors are:
Funding for the research came from Yan’s grants from the National Institute on Aging of the National Institutes of Health.
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Dark Night of the Soul
By Damcho Pamo
The concept of the Dark Night of the Soul, Noche Obscura del Alma, was first developed by St. John of the Cross. He was a Spanish Roman Catholic friar and priest of the Carmelite Order who lived from 1542-1591. His exposition of his poem, The Dark Night of the Soul, which he wrote while imprisoned, became available in 1619. His essential view was that our true nature is God and that through denial, attachment and clinging this truth is obscured (obscura) and we enter into the Dark Night of the Soul.Interestingly the European root of the word attachment is staked or nailed; very descriptive! Gradually, if we are following a spiritual path, the negative effect on our clarity of vision from such aspects as denial of our true nature and attachment to such false idols as status, is realised and this obscuration lifts and we awaken to our true nature of divinity, feeling great joy and liberation. In moving to this “morning light” there are three developments a sense of freedom by letting go of attachments, metamorphosis from autonomous self-determination to self -giving willingness to be led and realization of our essential union with God and all creation. The person is freed to join the dance of life in fullness without having a clue about what the steps are! This process may not be linear and we may go through several experiences of the Dark Night of the Soul, learning something valuable at each stage. In its pure state the Dark Night of the Soul is characterised by feelings of emptiness and dryness. The person often finds the spiritual practices such as prayer and meditation are no longer fulfilling and there is a sense of being cut off from their source of inspiration. At the same time there is a motivation for some kind of change in their practices but an uncertainty what this should be. In such a state the person is still able to function in ordinary life. They are still effective in everyday matters such as work and relationships but with an underlying feeling of emptiness and dryness. However the state of the Dark Night of the Soul is often also tainted by sadness or depression of varying degrees. With a natural sadness, that is a response to the emptiness and dryness of the situation, the person’s daily life is unlikely to be adversely effected but a more debilitating depression, through such aspects as lack of motivation and lowered confidence, can also develop. In our modern times such symptoms can be effectively treated and the received medical view is that it is wise to seek treatment if debilitating symptoms arise even if you are on a spiritual path.
When I became ill I don’t think I was going through a Dark Night of the Soul experience in the classical sense. I was under chronic multiple stressors with the final trigger being the intense meditation retreat, the straw that broke the camel’s back. This accumulated stress pushed me into a physiological state that my system was no longer able to remain in balance with. Throughout my illness, treatment and recovery I never had a sense of losing faith. At the time I was a practising Quaker, with a belief in the inner light within each person. During my first spell in hospital even though I was feeling utterly terrible I was still courteous to nurses and considerate to my fellow patients however bizarre their behaviour. I mentioned this to a friend afterwards and she said I was just hardwired that way. However I wasn’t so good with the psychiatrists! Strange as they really are the people who can help you but when you feel imprisoned in a hospital it doesn’t feel like it! I would often spend my afternoons, alone, in the small hospital chapel, reflecting and found that really helpful.
However as my recovery has progressed, becoming more nuanced over the last 15 years, I would say that I have become more whole in myself, feel freer and have changed for the better. This has been assisted by being on the Buddhist path and becoming a Buddhist in 2013, though I am still a Quaker: at present not an active one. The aspects of being that I am working on at present are non-attachment, being in the present moment and equanimity. So to this extent I have emerged from a very difficult situation into a better state. You could say this is to do with taking a positive and constructive approach to having had to cope with a harsh situation and if you do that you develop as a person but perhaps in spiritual terms it is more than that. My path has similarities to St. John of the Cross’s view and in developing such aspects as non-attachment I am convinced of the reality of Buddha Nature, to me the equivalent to St. John’s Our true nature is God.
Gerald May (2003) also expresses the view that perhaps societies can go through a collective Dark Night of the Soul emerging from that phase with an improved situation. Perhaps World War II could be thought of in this way with life being considerably improved in the years after the war. Perhaps we could think of our present societal situation in this way and hopefully we will come through it with a better approach one that embraces squarely the realities of climate change, works towards sustainable energy sources, further develops international co-operation and above all creates the situations where we all care for each other better.
St. John of the Cross, First available 1619, Dark Night of the Soul, Noche Obscura del alma, Dover Publications
Gerald G. May, 2003, The Dark Night of the Soul, A psychiatrist explores the connection between darkness and spiritual growth, Harper Collins
Gloria Dura-Vila, 2017, Sadness, Depression and the Dark Night of the Soul, Transcending the medicalisation of sadness, Jessica Kingsley
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Electricity Bill Problems in Pakistan – Power Crisis & Solution
The government has taken steps to improve the functioning of power plants. It’ll reduce waste and the costs of electricity supply in a cost-effective manner. Yet, the negative impact of power distortions on Pakistan’s economy is much higher than before. $18 billion in the fiscal year 2015 is estimated, which is equal to 6.5% of the country’s economy.
Over the past four years, electricity bills have significantly increased. The energy sector’s financial stability remains uncertain. It was due to the slow implementation of necessary reforms. These reforms were Worsened byR the rising global fuel prices.
The limited funds are available for production and the accumulation of unpaid bills. It resulted in frequent power outages and heavily burdened the government’s finances. These challenges have also strained Pakistan’s commitments to the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
It laid Pakistan under the Extended Fund Facility (EFF). The government will face further challenges due to unmanageable dissatisfaction among the public. It also can cause escalating and unaffordable energy bills.
Statical Analysis on Electricity Bill Crisis in Pakistan
In the fiscal year 2022, power payment arrears worth PKR 536 billion (0.8 percent of GDP) were added to the power circular debt. It resulted in a total obligation of PKR 2,253 billion (3.4 percent of GDP). This amount was slightly lower compared to the record-high debt last year. That year, the government made payments of PKR 564 billion from the budget.
Besides, considerable tariff increases since 2019. The circular debt continues to grow due to factors. It can be the addition of new power generation capacity or higher international energy prices. Additionally, the exchange rate or higher interest rate depreciation can be included.
5 Common Electricity Bill Problems for Consumers in Pakistan
High Energy Costs
High energy costs are a significant issue contributing to electricity bill problems in Pakistan. The prices of electricity have increased, which is causing financial burdens for individuals. These high costs are mainly due to factors such as rising fuel prices and inefficient energy generation.
As a result, people struggle to afford their electricity bills. It becomes a challenge for them to manage their expenses. Addressing this problem requires efforts to promote energy conservation. Reducing energy consumption will make their electricity bills more affordable.
Wrong Meter Reading
It is the most common electricity bill problem found in Pakistan. Inaccurate readings can lead to unjustified high charges or incorrect billing. This can cause frustration and financial strain for consumers.
The problem often arises when meter readings are not taken accurately or regularly. It leads to estimated bills that may not reflect the actual electricity consumption. To address this issue, it’s crucial to measure meter readings regularly.
Electricity pilferage, or theft, is an shameful act contributing to electricity bill problems. It refers to the unauthorized use of electricity without proper metering and payment. This illegal activity can cause financial losses to the government and power companies. In addition to this, it affects honest consumers who pay higher bills to compensate for stolen electricity. It is essential to raise awareness about the consequences of electricity theft.
Power companies should strengthen their metering systems and conduct regular inspections. It’ll let them address any tampering promptly. The goal behind this is to ensure fair billing and discourage illegal practices. It’ll maintain a reliable and affordable electricity supply for all consumers.
When a meter becomes faulty or stops working altogether, it can lead to inaccurate readings and billing. This can result in overcharging or undercharging consumers, causing frustration and financial difficulties. To address this issue, it’s crucial for individuals to report a broken meter immediately.
The utility company should then take prompt action to repair or replace the meter. It’ll ensure you accurate meter readings and fair billing. Regular maintenance and inspections of meters can also help identify any issues promptly. By addressing broken meters, consumers will avoid unnecessary financial burdens.
Insufficient Customer Support
This is a key challenge to overcome electricity bill problems in Pakistan. It emerges when consumers encounter issues or have inquiries about their electricity bills. They often face difficulties in reaching customer service representatives or receiving timely assistance. Lack of effective customer support causes frustrations related to billing concerns.
It’s crucial for electricity providers to enhance communication channels to solve problems. An increase in dedicated helplines, email support, and online chat services can solve this problem. It can improve customer satisfaction and lead to a better consumer experience.
Reduce Electricity Problems in Pakistan – Tips & Solutions
Implementing a Transparent Billing System
It can overcome the situation. It’ll provide clear information about tariff rates, consumption units, and applicable taxes. Due to that, consumers will be able to understand and verify their charges. Individuals can avoid unnecessary financial burdens by rectifying wrong meter readings and ensuring accurate billing. It’ll encourage them to have confidence in the electricity billing process.
Solar Power Usage
Solar power consumption is an effective solution to reduce electricity problems. Adopting solar power has several benefits, including lower electricity bills. It can reduce carbon emissions and increase energy independence. The government can promote solar power consumption by providing easy access for individuals. By embracing solar power consumption, Pakistan can mitigate electricity problems.
Enabling Smart Metering
Smart meters are advanced devices that accurately measure and record electricity consumption. They enable automated billing processes. Due to this, it provides consumers with detailed information about their energy usage. , allowing them to monitor and manage their consumption effectively.
By replacing traditional meters, the chances of inaccurate readings/errors can be reduced. It provides transparency and accountability by providing access to the consumption data of consumers.
Electricity bill problems in Pakistan pose significant challenges for businesses across the country. High energy costs, inaccurate meter readings, and many other issues cause problems for consumers. To address these problems, the government must take proactive measures. However, there are some other easy solutions available in this article.
These can provide immediate help to users to overcome billing problems. Promoting energy conservation and exploring alternative energy sources are essential steps. Additionally, raising awareness can empower consumers to make informed decisions. It will enable them to contribute to a more sustainable and affordable energy system. By working together and taking decisive action, Pakistan can overcome electricity bill problems. It’ll pathway a brighter energy future for all its citizens.
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In the world of Hollywood, writers are the backbone of the entertainment industry. They are responsible for creating the stories that captivate audiences and keep them coming back for more. However, in recent years, there has been a growing concern among writers about the use of AI tools in the creative process. Many writers believe that these tools are nothing more than a “plagiarism machine” that steals their ideas and undermines their creative work.
The latest strike by Hollywood writers against AI tools is a clear indication of the growing tension between writers and technology. The strike was launched by the Writers Guild of America (WGA), which represents over 15,000 writers in the film, television, and new media industries. The WGA is demanding that studios and production companies stop using AI tools in the creative process, arguing that they are a threat to the integrity of the writing profession.
One of the main concerns of writers is that AI tools can be used to generate scripts and storylines that are similar to their own work. This can lead to accusations of plagiarism and can damage a writer’s reputation and career. In addition, writers argue that AI tools are not capable of capturing the nuances and subtleties of human emotion and experience, which are essential elements of good storytelling.
The WGA has also raised concerns about the impact of AI tools on employment in the industry. They argue that the use of these tools could lead to job losses for writers and other creative professionals. This is because AI tools can be used to automate many aspects of the creative process, reducing the need for human input.
Despite these concerns, some in the industry argue that AI tools can be a valuable tool for writers. They point out that these tools can be used to generate ideas and inspiration, and can help writers to streamline their workflow and improve their productivity. In addition, they argue that AI tools can be used to create new forms of storytelling that are not possible with traditional methods.
The debate over the use of AI tools in the creative process is likely to continue for some time. While some writers are calling for a complete ban on these tools, others are advocating for a more nuanced approach that takes into account the potential benefits as well as the risks. Ultimately, the decision about whether to use AI tools in the creative process will depend on a range of factors, including the preferences of individual writers, the needs of studios and production companies, and the demands of audiences.
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Intake of some medicines can break processes of work of some vitamins and minerals, such as folic acid, B6 vitamin, zinc and magnesium. Low level in blood of vitamins of group B (which includes folic acid and B12) can increase risk of a degeneration of a joint therefore include in a diet a dark green leafy vegetables and also bezglyutenovy dishes from whole grains, such as rice, buckwheat and amaranth.
What food needs to be avoided?
Without a doubt, it is necessary to exclude all fried food and also fast food. Reduction of amount of the consumed salt positively affects health of joints. It is necessary to reduce a share of the consumed animal fats, such as fat dairy products and fatty meat to a minimum.
Some patients with arthritis report that the exception of certain products helps to facilitate its symptoms. Usually they call oranges, tomatoes and pepper and also dairy products and wheat. As there are no scientific proofs in support of these requirements, maintaining the food diary which will allow to see that it provokes arthritis symptoms specifically in your case will be expedient. Don't exclude valuable products from the diet without consultations of your attending physician or nutritionist.
What else it is possible to make to protect joints?
1. Support healthy weight – each extra kilo which you will lose, can lower load of joints many times.
2. Be active. 30 minutes of lungs of exercises will daily improve the general condition of an organism. Try such sports as swimming, run if the sport is given you hard, begin with elementary charging and give several minutes to walks.
3. Regularly give rest to your joints – listen to the body to learn when you need to take a timeout. At moderate loads of joints in them blood circulation and processes of regeneration improves. But at excessive loading the vessels won't be able to be restored.
4. Leave off smoking – at people who smoke, diseases of joints develop twice more often.
5. Increase vitamin D level in your organism. Action of sunshine on skin promotes production of vitamin D. Low levels of ""solar"" vitamin are connected with osteoarthritis so daily within 15 minutes walk on the street without sunblock cream. It is recommended to do it in the morning in the summer or late at night when the sun less intensively. Don't forget that such products as a fatty fish and eggs are rich with vitamin D.
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Free with Museum Admission
At our monthly Speaker Series, hear Holocaust survivors share their life stories in their own words. On August 6, Bronia Brandman will share her history. She was born into a family of six children in Jaworzno, Poland. She was eight years old when World War II broke out. Ms. Brandman shares the history of what happened to her family and how she narrowly escaped the gas chambers, survived a forced death march to Germany, and was later liberated by the American and Russian armies in May 1945.
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Table of Contents
Welcome to 0.021 m to mm, our post about the 0.021 meters to millimeters conversion.
If you have been looking for 0.021 metres to millimetres, then you have come to the right site, too.
The former is the American, and the latter is the international spelling.
Visitors who have typed 0.021 meters to mm in the search engine of their preference are also right here.
Make sure to check out our converter further below, because our tool is way easier than applying the formula manually.
Below, we elaborate on the details.
0.021 Meters to Millimeters
0.021 meters are abbreviated as 0.021 m, and for millimeters we use the symbol mm.
And one meter is one thousand millimeters.
Therefore, the result of the 0.021 meters to millimeters conversion is:
Zero point zero two one meters are equal to twenty-one millimeters.
More about meters and millimeters, the units used in the conversion being discussed, can be found on our page m to mm.
If you would like to change 21 mm to m, then you can do so here.
Note that frequent transformations can also be looked up using the search form on the sidebar.
You can, for instance, insert from 0.021 m to m, just to name one possibility at your disposal using that search function.
Next, we explain the math.
Convert 0.021 m to mm
To change any length, width or height you can apply this formula: [mm] = [m] x 1000; use 0.021 for m.
Thus, it means multiplying 0.021 by 1000.
To obtain 0.021 m in mm you can use our converter, which also allows for swapping the units.
All you have to do is entering the length in meters, e.g. 0.021.
Please bookmark us now.
Apart from 0.021 m to millimetres, other length conversions on our site include:
Ahead is the wrap-up of our content.
Summary of 0.021 m to mm
By reading thus far, you have made it to the end of our article.
0.021 meters = 21 mm
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Thanks for visiting 0.021 m in mm.
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Here is our lesson today to introduce trigonometry for the first time. We had spent a few days with solving problems with similar triangles. We are spiralling and have done lots of work recently using slope and the distance formula to classify triangles. I wanted to capitalize on that familiarity with slope to introduce the tangent ratio for the first time.
We started with this….again
Most students like last time chose A and their reason was it was less steep. So I asked “How much less?” “How do we measure that?”……SLOPE was the response and they calculated the slopes to verify.
I stressed supreme accuracy and added “Try to create a size of triangle you think no one else will make”……I had them measure their rise and run and enter them in this table on the board.
I also kept a running table in Desmos…
As more students added their triangles I could hear them say, “I bet all the slopes should be the same” , “They’re all similar triangles” We took a moment to discuss similarities and make it clear we all have similar triangles and that the ratio between the rise and the run should all be the same. We also discussed why some of our triangles did not have a slope of 1.7. I had them repeat the process with an angle of 45 degrees.
I said out loud that MY slope ratio was 1….and I could see all their heads bobbing up and down….”Yep, we got 1 too”.
I asked them again to create an angle/triangle (Had them keep the same orientation of the triangle as I did in my diagram) that no one else would.
Measure the rise and the run, then calculate your slope. Keep your triangle and slope hidden, especially from ME.
Keeping their angles and ratios hidden from me I said…”When I point to you tell me your angle….and I’ll magically tell you your slope” Cue the Oooohs and aaaahs.
I played up the magic bit. I held my calculator up to shield the screen from them.
I pointed at one student they told me “34 degrees”. I punched on my calculator mysteriously and said…”0.67.” The student yelled out….”Hey that’s right”. I went around the room pointing at students and telling them their slopes (ratios). I could see it on their faces, they wanted to know how I was doing this……Boom Let’s talk about Trigonometry.
So I said:
“In math we have these things called functions….they’re like black boxes that take an input and do some number crunching and spit out an output. One function you have used already is the square root function. You give the function 9 and it spits out 3. We math people use a symbol for this function so we all know what is going on. There is another function that will calculate the slope of a right triangle if you give it the angle. So we could write something like this “(I used one of the students angles).
“This is what I was doing when you gave me your angles….I was using the function to calculate your ratio between rise and run. But we don’t usually use the term slope when we talk about right triangles. We use fancy words.” I had them draw a right triangle in their notes and we labeled it with Hypotenuse, opposite and adjacent.
“Instead of using a slope function…..we use the word TANGENT. And instead of using the word rise we use the word OPPOSITE and instead of run we use ADJACENT. So we can write this tangent function equal to the rise/run = opp/adj.”
“And we math people don’t like to write too much so we really use this version.”
Then we practiced using the tangent button on our calculators. They pretended to be the magicians and checked each others ratios. We practiced using the inverse tangent button to find angles.
and then one more for lengths:
Tomorrow I’ll introduce the Sine and Cosine function.
Using slope here to introduce trig allows us to take something familiar and make something new. Students could see the progression happen and not have trig just thrown at them.
Would to love to hear your thoughts on this. How do you introduce trig?
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Promoting pupils’ conceptual learning is one overarching goal that teachers might have in order to help pupils understand mathematics in a way that goes beyond just following a technique to reach an answer. The objective to support pupils’ conceptual mathematics learning can be accomplished through evidence-based practice where teachers learn with and from each other. There is strong research underpinning teacher learning and reflection that is focused on the classroom (MacGilchrist et al., 2004). In my experience of teaching mathematics, I have observed that despite pupils having sufficient awareness of angles in their daily spatial relationships, the formal concept of angles is a severe barrier for them.
Why are angles difficult?
The concept of angles has several facets and can be difficult for pupils to understand (Crompton, 2015). I believe that one of the main issues stems from a lack of understanding of the dynamic character of angles. Pupils experience angles in dynamic contexts in everyday life, but in mathematics classrooms, they are still taught about angles in static form (i.e. as immovable models). According to research, teaching solely in the static domain makes it difficult for pupils to grasp the idea and encourages them to develop unfavourable alternate conceptions that they frequently take over to more advanced stages of learning. (Mitchelmore, 1998; Burns and Clements, 2000).
The concept of angles as measures of turn is important to how pupils view angles. This needs to be taught explicitly so that pupils understand angle measurements and rotation in both domains. This is reinforced by the work of Mitchelmore (1998) who found that when pupils’ knowledge of angles is limited to within the static domain, they do not develop a deeper, conceptual understanding. For example, pupils often struggle to translate their knowledge of real-life situations such as the movement of a door; a pair of scissors; a swing or the hands of a clock, to their learning of basic angle facts in school. They are not able to recognise that the angles in these dynamic settings as essentially the same as what they have learnt in the classroom.
Aside from problems with the dynamic character of angles, I have also identified two other areas where pupils struggle in the learning of angles: the ability to conceive of angle rotation as a continuous, measurable quantity, and the need for a support mechanism or schema to solve multi-layered angle problems.
Pupils’ introduction to angles
Understanding complex problems involving angles requires pupils to have a solid understanding of the many facets of the angle idea. In my experience, I have found that when pupils first encounter angles in secondary school, the teaching of angles does not always emphasise the dynamic element i.e. seeing angles as a measure of a turn or the turn being the relationship between two lines. Hence, pupils tend to struggle with the idea of angles in relation to movement and the interpretation of this movement.
Unfortunately, the opportunity for pupils to identify angles in various physical contexts is rarely explored. Consider, for example, why children do not easily connect the time on a clock to angle types [e.g. 3 o’clock as a representation of a right angle]. This disconnect is reinforced by responses to the survey for this research. A sample of 25 pupils from a Year 9 class (14 year olds) were asked to pick out the odd one out from five groups of four words and numbers from a list that are associated with angles. Below is an example from the survey.
- 50 degrees; b) a swing; c) left angle; d) protractor
The rationale was to ascertain if pupils could associate dynamic objects and movement (swing) to angles and thus be able to correctly pick out the odd item (left angle). In this anonymous survey conducted at the start of the project, pupils were also asked to give their definitions of an angle. Interestingly, only a few pupils attempted a definition or provided one that was close to accurate. Most of their definitions mentioned “measurement”, “degree” and “size” but omitted important words like “rotation” and “turn”. Mitchelmore (1998) argues that the gap between the understanding of angles as both dynamic and static has given rise to misconceptions around the definition of angles. It was interesting to note that the majority of pupils in the survey were also unable to make a link between dynamic objects (a pair of scissors, for example) and their learning of angles, showing a disconnected knowledge base between school and everyday experiences.
Identifying the problem
In my context, a large mixed comprehensive school serving a significantly deprived area in the West Midlands, there was general agreement among teaching staff that angles as a topic area in the maths curriculum was challenging for the majority of our pupils. The decision to focus on angles was due partially to an overwhelmingly poor performance in multi-step angles questions from a summative test. Following from this, an analysis of data using test scores from this specific cohort of pupils was undertaken. The data looked at the number of pupils who attempted two key angles questions from the test and the number of marks scored for each question. In one of the questions, only 34 pupils out of 142 who took this test scored any marks, representing less than a quarter of the total number of pupils and by all accounts, a low score rate. As teachers, we also collectively drew from our own various experiences of teaching angles to bolster our position to focus on this area. This is in alignment with MacGilchrist et al.’s (2004) assertion that teachers bring invaluable knowledge and experience to a process of change.
Given that the motivation and objective was to improve outcomes for pupils by changing the way we teach angles, a mastery approach was adopted to address this issue. The concept of ‘teaching for mastery’ refers to the practices used in classrooms to increase pupils’ chances of deeper understanding of mathematics (NCETM, 2022). In practice, the idea is to explore a topic at greater depth such that learning is firmly understood and embedded. With support from the NCETM Maths hub, a national network that is coordinated by the NCETM to support excellent practice, an evaluation of research studies on angle pedagogy was conducted.
This knowledge was shared and discussed across the faculty. The scheme of learning was also scrutinised to find where changes could be implemented to reflect a different way of teaching that was more effective. The intention from the outset Iwas to refine our practice by enacting the following agreed approaches:
- Explicit teaching of correct definition using Frayer modelling
- Discuss real-life examples of angles including their dynamic nature
- Demonstrate angle rotation and measurement
- Introduction of goal-free questions to solve more complex problems.
In the revamped approach, the Frayer Model (mentioned above) was used to introduce the concept of angles, giving a clear definition based on the idea of an angle as a measure of turn. The Frayer Model is a graphic organiser originally developed for vocabulary learning but has been adapted and is now increasingly used in maths teaching and other disciplines. It is divided into four distinct headings, namely: definition; characteristics; examples and non-examples. We used this template to set out the main features of angles, and allowed pupils to explain why the features they identified were examples or non-examples. Examples offer an instance of resemblance, whereas non-examples offer contrast. A typical non-example would be two straight lines that do not intersect to form an angle, for example.
This activity sought to help pupils avoid misconceptions by correctly identifying angles based on an angle’s definition and characteristics. Discussions of real-life application of angles were also incorporated in lessons to make learning meaningful and engaging. Pupils were encouraged to research the different angles they encountered in their daily experiences both in static and dynamic domains. Angle rotation was taught to show the changes in angle size and how this movement or turn relates to two intersecting lines.
These changes led to a redesign of schemes of learning to incorporate the agreed themes, as well as supporting colleagues to implement them in their lessons. After agreed timelines, continuing professional development (CPD) was delivered using a focus group of students to reflect on how this work was influencing pupil progress and how to improve on this for a larger cohort of pupils.
Research studies found that when students employ dynamic actions for angles, they create schemas that apply in other circumstances. Because of this, they develop a deeper understanding that encourages the use of more precise angle measurements and links between ideas (Clements and Burns, 2000). Just as pupils may use body movements and physical objects to describe and understand angles, goal-free questions were recast as schema for our pupils to develop their ability to solve more complex problems involving angles. In Craig Barton’s (2018) book, How I wish I’d Taught Maths, he highlights the benefits of using goal-free questions to focus pupils’ thinking (Barton, 2018). Goal-free questions serve as schema to help pupils approach angle problems in a manner that is structured and avoids ‘attempting to juggle all the possible sub-steps’ towards the goal or final answer. (Barton, 2018, p.162).
A recent study actually found that an undue focus on the answer can be reductive (Johnson et al., 2022). This usually occurs when teachers place more value on procedural fluency than the key mathematical concept in the learning. In the goal-free scenario, the teacher can choose to conceal the original question and design one of their own that encourages pupils to attempt the aspects they know in small steps. Goal-free questions also have cognitive benefits as they help pupils avoid cognitive overload by de-emphasising the goal. This allows for some flexibility and takes away some of the pressure that pupils often encounter when faced with multi-step questions, therefore freeing up working memory to complete the sub-steps that lead towards the final answer (Barton, 2018).
Although this is ongoing work, in terms of impact, pupils have described their learning of angles using themes suggested in this research in the following words: “interesting”; ”useful”; ”challenging”; ”good”; ”alright”, suggesting a positive shift in our practice. There is also evidence from pupils’ classwork that goal-free questions are being tackled and the work is reflecting a good understanding of the concepts taught. In the meantime, teachers report being more confident in their teaching of angles using the agreed themes, and are very positive about using goal-free’ questions in their lessons.
It is crucial that pupils have the opportunity to develop a meaningful idea of angles through connecting formal learning with applied domains. The majority of angles in practical circumstances are dynamic, which also makes studying them more interesting and engaging. This research offers a pedagogic strategy that is practical, relevant and effective in the teaching of angles. The findings presented have key implications for teachers to harness and develop their collective professional learning to promote pupils’ conceptual learning in mathematics.
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States have enacted "cyberstalking" or "cyberharassment" laws or have laws that explicitly include electronic forms of communication within more traditional stalking or harassment laws. This chart identifies state laws that include specific references to electronic communication. However, other state laws may still apply to those who harass, threaten or bully others online, although specific language may make the laws easier to enforce. This chart classifies the various state laws addressing these types of online behaviors, as described below.
Cyberstalking. Cyberstalking is the use of the Internet, email or other electronic communications to stalk, and generally refers to a pattern of threatening or malicious behaviors. Cyberstalking may be considered the most dangerous of the three types of Internet harassment, based on a posing credible threat of harm. Sanctions range from misdemeanors to felonies.
Cyberharassment. Cyberharassment differs from cyberstalking in that it may generally be defined as not involving a credible threat. Cyberharassment usually pertains to threatening or harassing email messages, instant messages, or to blog entries or websites dedicated solely to tormenting an individual. Some states approach cyberharrassment by including language addressing electronic communications in general harassment statutes, while others have created stand-alone cyberharassment statutes.
Cyberstalking: Colo. Rev. Stat. §§ 18-602, 18-9-111
Cyberharassment: Colo. Rev. Stat. § 18-9-111
(1) A person commits harassment if, with intent to harass, annoy, or alarm another person, he or she:
(1.5) As used in this section, unless the context otherwise requires, “obscene” means a patently offensive description of ultimate sexual acts or solicitation to commit ultimate sexual acts, whether or not said ultimate sexual acts are normal or perverted, actual or simulated, including masturbation, cunnilingus, fellatio, anilingus, or excretory functions.
- (a) Strikes, shoves, kicks, or otherwise touches a person or subjects him to physical contact; or
- (b) In a public place directs obscene language or makes an obscene gesture to or at another person; or
- (c) Follows a person in or about a public place; or
- (d) Repealed by Laws 1990, H.B.90-1118, § 11.
- (e) Initiates communication with a person, anonymously or otherwise, by telephone, telephone network, data network, text message, instant message, computer, computer network, or computer system in a manner intended to harass or threaten bodily injury or property damage, or makes any comment, request, suggestion, or proposal by telephone, computer, computer network, or computer system that is obscene; or
- (f) Makes a telephone call or causes a telephone to ring repeatedly, whether or not a
- conversation ensues, with no purpose of legitimate conversation; or
- (g) Makes repeated communications at inconvenient hours that invade the privacy of another and interfere in the use and enjoyment of another's home or private residence or other private property; or
- (h) Repeatedly insults, taunts, challenges, or makes communications in offensively coarse
- language to, another in a manner likely to provoke a violent or disorderly response.
(2) Harassment pursuant to subsection (1) of this section is a class 3 misdemeanor; except that harassment is a class 1 misdemeanor if the offender commits harassment pursuant to subsection (1) of this section with the intent to intimidate or harass another person because of that person's actual or perceived race, color, religion, ancestry, or national origin.
(3) Any act prohibited by paragraph (e) of subsection (1) of this section may be deemed to have occurred or to have been committed at the place at which the telephone call, electronic mail, or other electronic communication was either made or received.
In the often inhospitable realm of cyberspace, there's a new sheriff in town — in the form of a revised Colorado's harassment statute that backers hope will keep the most vicious electronic communications from inflicting tragic damage.
Those changes now expose "cyberbullies" to a misdemeanor charge that carries a possible fine of up to $750 and up to six months in jail.
...two important distinctions of the new law: The cyberbullying has to rise to criminal intent to alarm, annoy or harass; and it can be either direct or indirect. In other words, an online posting need not be sent directly to an individual victim to fall under the statute.
"Research shows that cyberbullying tends to be more vicious because of the anonymity of it, and as a result of that viciousness, we often see tragic consequences," said Kevin Paletta, Lakewood police chief and chairman of the subcommittee.
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According to the Northern Illinois Bottlecap Balloon Brigade, one of its pico balloons went missing as it was flying north. A pico balloon is a small balloon used for measuring temperature, pressure and humidity. (Related: US fighter jet takes down THIRD high-altitude airborne object in Canada.)
There is very strong evidence to suggest that the hobby group's balloon is the object shot down by an Air Force F-22 fighter jet with a Sidewinder missile on Feb. 11 over the Yukon Territory in northwestern Canada.
The Bottlecap Balloon Brigade reported that its pico balloon, with the designation K9YO, went "missing in action" on Feb. 15. Its position was last recorded five days earlier hovering at an altitude close to 40,000 feet off the coast of Alaska. A forecast projected that the balloon would have been in the same approximate area and altitude as the unidentified object shot down by the Air Force in the Yukon.
According to the brigade's website, the hydrogen-filled balloons have GPS tracking and antennas and can soar to heights of up to 47,000 feet. Some can even circle the Earth several times before running out of steam.
In one blog post, the group confirmed that K9YO is a silver mylar, 32-inch sphere balloon that looks very similar to a party balloon. K9YO and other pico balloons like it cost about $12.
Rocket and balloon tracker Ian Kluft noted in a short Twitter thread that, along with the possibility of being shot down by the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) on Feb. 11 over the Yukon territory, it is also possible that the balloon burst, inclement weather could have brought it down or it simply ran out of power and is unable to transmit data.
According to U.S. National Security Council Coordinate for Strategic Communications John Kirby, the administration of President Joe Biden is aware of the situation in the Yukon. However, the Department of Defense still refuses to confirm if it used a $400,000 missile to shoot down a $12 balloon.
Furthermore, while Biden has confirmed that the first balloon discovered floating across the U.S. was indeed a Chinese spy balloon, he noted that there is currently no evidence to suggest that the other objects shot down were similar kinds of balloons.
"The intelligence community's current assessment is that these three objects were most likely balloons tied to private companies, recreation or research institutions," he said on Feb. 16.
Meanwhile, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police is still conducting a search for the remnants of the object shot down in Canadian airspace. The Pentagon noted that it was "absolutely important" to recover the remains. Unfortunately, search efforts are being hampered by harsh weather and the Yukon Territory's rough mountainous terrain.
Learn more about actual threats to American national security at NationalSecurity.news.
Watch this episode of "The American Journal" on InfoWars as host Harrison Smith talks about how the Pentagon shot down a $12 hobbyist balloon faster than it shot down an actual Chinese spy balloon.
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The Royal Navy and its aircraft and aircraft carriers played an essential part in the Second World War. Naval aircraft provided air cover to convoys keeping the Atlantic life-line open, supported the land campaigns in north Africa and Europe, changed the balance of power in the Mediterranean and helped secure victory in the Pacific. This week we will hear the memories of some of those involved and pay tribute to the service and sacrifice of a remarkable generation.
In 1945 the Fleet Air Arm comprised some 78,000 people, 5,700 aircraft, 59 aircraft carriers and 64 Naval Air Stations around the world.
From the iconic action against the Italian Fleet at Taranto in 1940, and throughout the gruelling Battle of the Atlantic, which lasted the entire six years of the war, naval aircraft played an important role in all theatres worldwide.
The Fleet Air Arm grew in both size and capability throughout the war and from relatively constrained beginnings in 1939, saw sea versions of the Hurricane and Spitfire evolving into highly capable naval aircraft complemented by Fulmars, Barracudas and Fireflies. Under the lend lease scheme, specialist American carrier types such as the Martlet (Wildcat), Corsair, Avenger and Hellcat helped provided the Fleet with a range of aircraft comparable or superior to the enemy both in Europe and the Far East.
Churchill knew from the outset that victory in Europe depended on one overriding factor – the ability of Britain to keep her sea lanes open, especially across the North Atlantic ensuring vital supplies of food, fuel and raw materials reached the UK safely, not only to keep the country from starving but ultimately to enable the D-Day landings, and beyond to victory.
One naval aircraft defied obsolescence and stood out from the rest. With its low speed, good manoeuvrability and inherently tough design, the bi-plane Swordfish served magnificently in the Battle of the Atlantic and throughout the war and still represents a symbol of the selfless courage, fortitude and achievement of the Fleet Air Arm. Help us continue to keep this last remaining link with Victory in Europe flying, as a lasting legacy of the great price paid to keep our Atlantic life-line open by making a donation today.
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As the globe moves away from fossil fuels and toward renewable energy sources, a basic problem persists: what happens when the wind stops blowing or the sun goes down?
The approach could be to collect and store energy when the sun is out and the wind is blowing, and then release it when it is needed. However, Carlos Torres Diaz, director of power and gas market research at consultancy Rystad Energy, points out that “currently, battery technology only has a capacity of covering up to four hours.” Even though energy is already stored in large lithium-ion batteries that can be recharged, this is still the case. Despite the fact that this is expected to improve in the coming years, Diaz warns that “there will still be moments where batteries will not be enough, so you need something else to back up the energy system.” Here is where the importance of long-term energy storage really shines.
Long-duration energy storage (LDES) is a general term for any type of device that can store energy for several hours, days, weeks, or even months and then release it as needed. Given that renewable energy is by its very nature an intermittent source, this technology is crucial if the world is to expand the amount of renewable energy. According to the Long Duration Energy Storage Council, which was established at COP26 last year, a cost-effective net zero energy system won’t be possible until LDES capacity has increased by eight to fifteen times, or to 1.5 to 2.5 terawatts (85 to 140 terawatt hours), by 2040.
The benchmark technology is pumped hydro storage, in part due to its high round-trip efficiency: the percentage of the energy stored in this method that can be later released is over 80%. Various technologies are being developed, with varied degrees of maturity. The use of moving water between lower and higher reservoirs to store and produce energy has been a part of technology for more than a century. Nevertheless, it continues to be the most popular storage technique globally, with about 160GW of installed power capacity as of last year. Another 130GW is being built or is in the planning stages, with China being responsible for over 60% of these.
Although the technology’s employment is restricted by geographic factors, particularly in the case of overground large-scale installations, new advancements are starting to emerge that could enable its deployment on non-mountainous terrain. The Swiss business Energy Vault is also working on a technique that is similar to pumped hydro but involves moving a solid mass between various heights. This lifts and stacks composite blocks using extra renewable energy that is then released to produce electricity. According to Energy Vault, a proof-of-concept facility with a 5MW capacity that was built in Switzerland in 2020 achieved a round-trip efficiency of 75%. Energy Vault has also revealed ambitions to use the technology in China.
The utilization of surplus energy to compress and store air, then release it to turn generator turbines, is another comparable technology. Electrochemical technology, including vanadium flow batteries, represent an alternative. These now have a poorer round-trip efficiency compared to other choices since they utilize enormous tanks of individually charged vanadium electrolytes to store energy. New battery kinds are also available. Energy Nest, a company established in Norway, is storing extra energy as heat in “thermal batteries” that resemble concrete for use in industrial processes. Natural gas is often burned to produce heat for heavy industry.
Christian Thiel, the CEO of Energy Nest, notes that 50% of the world’s energy use is based on heat rather than electricity. “If you only think about electrons, you are not considering the entire energy pie,” Recently, there has been a noticeable increase in investment in LDES. According to the LDES Council, it reached $910 million in 2021, up from $130 million in 2018, but it estimates that between 2022 and 2040, a total investment of $1.5 trillion to $3 trillion will be required to advance the sector. However, the industry is still in its infancy and lacks a well-established business model; besides, one LDES project has already been canceled. The Siemens Gamesa renewable energy division ended its electrothermal energy storage demonstration in Hamburg, Germany, in May. Siemens Gamesa is a worldwide business.
According to a firm spokeswoman, “A commercial market for large-scale and long-term storage has not yet materialized.” The system’s use of renewable energy has not yet increased enough to create a market for long-term storage solutions, and the regulatory environment has not been helpful for market entry. Both regulators and corporate participants are still attempting to determine what the best business model is, according to Frank Wouters, co-president of the LDES Council. He claims that the business case for having superior battery storage [connected] to a solar system is now rather simple. You may create a business case out of the fact that it is commercial. However, Wouters observes that it is not always obvious when LDES is the best option. He states, “It truly depends on the local situation. The senior analyst at S&P Global Commodity Insights, George Hilton, concurs that LDES will be “competitive in some instances, but not others.” In areas that want to reduce their carbon emissions but do not have an interconnected energy grid, like the Pacific Islands, or in “poorly interconnected areas… where they are currently relying on diesel or gas generation because it is not feasible to build the grid to those locations,” he suggests that LDES may be helpful. These locations will adopt LDES early on, and we’ll get indications of how the rest of the market will develop, he continues.
Much current research is focused nowadays on discovering methods to cheaply store renewable energy by transforming current energy into various forms that may be released as required. The more one relies on renewable energy, the more important it is to develop high-volume storage to compensate for supply fluctuations. So, as you see, energy storage definitely seems to be the key to a future led by renewable energy.
But what if there was no need for storing energy?
If there was no need for storing renewable energy, there would be no reason to rely on battery technology, which is both expensive and inefficient. The technology behind batteries is advancing at a rapid rate, and there may come a day in the annals of human history when storing a limitless amount of electricity would seem to be child’s play. In the meanwhile, a discovery made in 2015 pushes humanity in the direction of a future in which it will no longer be necessary to consume fossil fuels. Despite the fact that the finding that neutrinos have mass was discovered a couple of years ago by scientists in Japan and Canada at the same time, the landscape of energy research has already been transformed. We are in need of the appropriate technology in order for us to be able to harness the power of the billions of ethereal particles that impact our globe each and every day. In spite of the fact that it may seem like something out of a science fiction novel, the technology necessary to gather the kinetic energy in the form of traveling neutrinos and other forms of non-visible radiation and convert it to electricity has already been developed. The feasibility of the idea has been shown in controlled laboratory conditions; the only remaining challenge is the Licensed industrial production of the Neutrino Powercubes which is set to begin in Switzerland in late 2023 -early 2024.
The Neutrino Powercube is a crucial component of the energy transition
Though solar and wind energy are both amazing technologies that have been true game changers for the past two decades when it comes to the generation of clean energy, climate change and the current global crisis have made it very difficult for people to invest in them due to the various drawbacks they present; as a result, evolution is required in order to support the energy that is now provided by wind farms, solar arrays, and other sustainable energy projects. And that is where the Neutrino Powercube comes into play.
Developed by the private science and technology company Neutrino Energy Group, the Neutrino Powercubes based on their impressive neutrinovoltaic technology are a true game changer. Thanks to the dedication of Neutrino Energy Group’s team of highly driven and inventive energy specialists and scientists from around the world, led by Holger Thorsten Schubart, this innovation has emerged as one of the century’s most significant technological advances. one that can create reliable power day and night, is compact in size, doesn’t use any moving parts, is silent, and doesn’t contribute to environmental degradation regardless of the weather conditions. Neutrinovoltaic technology offers the potential to alleviate the burden of renewable energy sources that rely on storage, even on a small scale. Even if neutrino energy satisfies just 10 percent of a renewable power grid’s entire energy demands, it still eliminates the need to store 10 percent of that system’s electricity in batteries.
The Neutrino Powercube with a net output of 5-6 kW is installed in the form of a cabinet. This is divided into two: one panel for power generation, which houses the power generation modules, and one panel for the installation of a control system. The Neutrino Powercube generation room with a net power of 5-6 kW will have a size of 800x400x600 mm and a weight of approx. 50 kg. The control room will house inverters for converting direct current to alternating current with a voltage of 230 V and 400V. The Neutrino Powercube also has a DC connection for direct connection of the computer and various devices and appliances. Autonomous power sources Neutrino Powercubes have no rotating parts, so they do not produce noise or harmful radiation that would disturb the comfort of the home. The net power generated by the Neutrino Powercube depends on the power loss when converting direct current into alternating current with a voltage of 230 V and 400V. A Neutrino Powercube with a net power of 5-6 kW therefore has a gross power of 7 kW A generator with a net power of 5-6 kW has 6 power generation modules, a generator with a net power of 10-12 kW has 12 power generation modules.
The structural features of the Neutrino Powercubes make it possible to increase the required power by connecting additional power-generating modules, each of which consists of a set of densely packed metal foil plates with a multilayer nanomaterial applied to one side. A plate measuring 200×300 mm generates a voltage of 1.5 V and a current of 2 A. By applying a multilayer coating to one side of the foil, different poles are created: the coated side forms the positive pole and the uncoated side the negative pole, so that they can be placed on top of each other and pressed to achieve a reliable series connection of the plates. Licensed industrial production of Neutrino Powercubes will begin in Switzerland in late 2023 -early 2024. The new distributed power generation technology Neutrinovoltaic is not only a solution to economic problems for underdeveloped countries, but the beginning of a global transformation of the energy supply structure worldwide with undoubted environmental benefits for our planet.
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A sign of deprivation, stunting increases the risk of morbidity, impaired cognitive development and poor school performance in childhood and reduced work productivity in later life (163,164). Stunting is a sensitive measure of poverty and is clearly linked with low birth weight (165). In the European Region, levels of stunting in young children are low in western countries but high in eastern ones, especially the central Asian republics. Fig. 1.26 shows that in Tajikistan, for example, over half the children under 5 years of age are stunted (http://www.who.int/nutgrowthdb/intro_text.htm, accessed 25 September 2003) (80–82,109). In Uzbekistan, 31% of preschool children are stunted and 14% of these are severely stunted (166). Fig. 1.26. Prevalence of stunting in preschool children, selected European countries, 1990s Sources: WHO Global Database on Child Growth and Malnutrition (http:// www.who.int/nutgrowthdb/intro_text.htm, accessed 25 September 2003), Kazakhstan demographic and health survey (DHS), 1999 (80), Turkey demographic and health survey (DHS), 1998 (81) and Kyrgyzstan demographic and health survey (DHS), 1997 (82). Stunting is usually more pronounced in rural than in urban areas. This suggests that hygiene and environmental conditions partly determine stunting (166). Kazakhstan (80), Kyrgyzstan (82) and Yugoslavia (http://www.who.int/ nutgrowthdb/intro_text.htm, accessed 25 September 2003) all report about twice the rate of stunting in rural as in urban areas. The exception to the pattern is Uzbekistan, where stunting was reported to be slightly higher in urban areas (109). Croatia (1995–1996) Armenia (1998) Czech Republic (1991) Hungary (1980–1988) Yugoslavia (1996) Romania (1991) Kazakhstan (1999) Turkey (1998) Russian Federation (1993) Azerbaijan (1996) Albania (1997) Kyrgyzstan (1997) Uzbekistan (1996) Tajikistan (1996) Prevalence (%) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Diet and disease 55 While stunting is most common in the central Asian republics, less than optimal growth patterns may be found among poorer groups in relatively wealthy countries, such as the United Kingdom. Gregory & Lowe (167) have shown that the average height of children from the wealthiest households (with over £600 weekly income) is 10 cm over that of children from the poorest households. Dental health Dental caries is a process of enamel and dentine demineralization caused by various acids formed from bacteria in dental plaque. The DMFT (decayed, missing and filled permanent teeth) index is a universally accepted measure of dental health. The score for any individual can range from 0 to 32 and represents the number of teeth affected (168). Caries is caused by acids produced mainly from the interaction of specific bacteria with dietary sugar: the bacteria do not produce enough acid to demineralize enamel without sugar. Fluoride is the main factor altering the resistance of teeth to acid attack. Fluoride reduces caries by reducing demineralization of enamel, by remineralizing enamel and by altering the ecology of dental plaque to reduce bacterial acid production (168). Fig. 1.27 shows DMFT scores in children in Europe (169). Even in the countries with relatively low DMFT scores, 65% of children have had dental caries in their permanent teeth (170). The CCEE and NIS continue to have significantly higher caries levels than other European countries; these levels are well above the European average and the WHO target of a population average of 3 or fewer DMFT (169). In addition, caries affects the vast majority of people in eastern countries from an early age; in most of western Europe, it is concentrated in certain groups. Further, the percentage of untreated caries lesions in 12-yearolds has been reported to be 11% in the Czech Republic, 29% in France, 45% in the United Kingdom, 46% in Hungary and 53% in Poland (169). Dental care is expensive. Table 1.2 shows how dental caries accounted for the largest proportion of all direct costs to the health care service in Germany in the 1990s and the second-largest share of total costs. In older people, oral health status is especially important and influences nutritional status. Dental caries, traditionally considered a problem of childhood, progresses throughout life and may accelerate with old age (168). Periodontal disease increases with age. As a result, older people have fewer natural teeth, are more likely to be toothless (edentulous) and are also vulnerable to dietary restrictions for other reasons such as disability and medical or social conditions. Chewing problems are relatively common in older people. They can cause dietary restrictions and thus compromise nutritional status and wellbeing 56 Food and health in Europe 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Denmark Finland Norway Iceland Austria Belgium (Flanders) France Germany (eastern) Germany (western) Netherlands Switzerland United Kingdom Greece Italy (Venice region) Portugal Spain Albania Slovenia Lithuania Czech Republic Hungary Poland Romania Slovakia DMFT 1982–1988 1989–1995 Fig. 1.27. Average number of DMFT in children, European Region, 1982–1988 and 1989–1995 Source: Marthaler et al. (169). Diet and disease 57 (171,172). Wearing dentures limits dietary intake and nutritional status, as it may alter food choices, which may result in lower intakes for key nutrients such as iron and fibre (173–176). Tooth loss is associated with a lower intake of hard-to-chew foods such as apples and carrots, and edentulous people consume fewer fruits and vegetables, less fibre and carotene, and more cholesterol, saturated fat and energy than people who have retained their teeth (175). In older people living in their own homes, intakes of most nutrients, fruits and vegetables were significantly lower in the edentulous. In the United Kingdom, raw carrots, apples, well done steak or nuts were difficult for many edentulous older people to eat: for about 20% of those living in their own homes and over 50% of those in institutions. The daily intake of fruits and vegetables, non-starch polysaccharides, protein, calcium, non-haem iron, niacin, vitamin C, intrinsic and milk sugars and plasma ascorbate and retinol were significantly lower in edentulous people. Plasma ascorbate was significantly related to the number of pairs of teeth at the back of the mouth that are capable of chewing fruits and vegetables (177). The health of the ageing population of Europe The population of Europe is ageing, and within the EU alone, the number of people aged over 80 years is estimated to increase by about 30% over the next 50 years (178). Because life expectancy is increasing across the European Region, despite the differences (see Fig. 1.28), an increasing proportion of the population is older. This means that the overall disease burden can be expected to rise sharply, which will tend to offset the benefits of good preventive measures. For a variety of physical, social and psychological reasons, older adults are considered to be at risk of nutritional problems, either as a result of impaired food intake or reduced nutrient utilization. Both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies in older people show a decline in energy intake with age (179,180). Several of the health problems and bodily changes they experience have long been attributed to the normal ageing process but are increasingly being linked to lifestyle, socioeconomic or environmental factors (181). For example, four fifths of pensioners in Romania have incomes below the official subsistence limits (67). Diet and morbidity and mortality among older people The FINE (Finland, Italy and the Netherlands) study investigated the association of dietary patterns and mortality in more than 3000 men aged 50–70 years in the three countries. Of the 59% of men who died during the twentyyear follow-up, mortality was highest in eastern Finland and lowest in Italy. The national differences were striking in that Finnish men with healthier diets had higher mortality rates than Italian men with more unhealthy diets (182). 58 Food and health in Europe Other detailed studies on older people in Europe have emphasized the importance of an appropriate diet in determining mortality and morbidity rates as well as mental functioning (183). From 1988 to 1999, the Survey Europe on Nutrition in the Elderly: a Concerted Action (SENECA) found evidence of deficiency in 47% for vitamin D, 23.3% for vitamin B6, 2.7% for vitamin B12 and 1.1% for vitamin E (184). There is evidence that plasma homocysteine levels in many older people are related to inadequate intake of folic acid (185–187). Homocysteine levels relate not only to lower levels of plasma folate but also to estimates of folate intake, and have been associated with an increased propensity to CVD and especially thrombosis. The association of high homocysteine levels with poor mental functioning may therefore reflect the impact of a series of small cerebral thromboses. Detailed studies in Italy have revealed that low folate levels are especially evident among older people living at home, with higher rates among men and among those who drink more alcohol and take a variety of drugs, which reduce the bioavailability of dietary folate. Thus, those taking drugs for a variety of medical conditions have 2–3 times the prevalence of low folate deficiency. Other European studies have shown that about 75% of older Fig. 1.28. Trends in the proportion of the population 65 years or older in the WHO European Region, 1970–1998 Source: European health for all database, WHO Regional Office for Europe. 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 EU average CCEE average NIS average Nordic average Central Asian republics average Proportion (%) Year Diet and disease 59 people have abnormally high homocysteine levels, which are correlated inversely with both plasma and dietary folate (188). Fat-soluble vitamins, such as vitamins A, E and D, are important for older people. Studies in Italy show a clear decline in vitamin A status with age as food intake falls (189), and a higher level of vitamin E in the plasma lowers the likelihood of marked atherosclerosis among older people (190). It is therefore not surprising that vitamin E status, as well as the adequacy of intake of B vitamins, has been linked to a higher survival rate and lower mortality. The SENECA study shows a high prevalence of vitamin E and B6 deficiency among older people in Europe. An appreciable proportion of the poor mental functioning of older people in Europe may therefore prove to be preventable. As older people reduce their food intake in response to decreasing physical activity, iron intake falls. Any difficulty in chewing food because of dental loss reduces the intake of iron-enhancing vegetables and meat (173–176). In a follow-up to the SENECA study, Martins et al. (191) reported that, of people in Portugal aged 81–86 years, 49% of men and 73% of women consumed less than the lowest European recommended dietary intake. Anaemia rates, however, are not unusually elevated, except in the central Asian republics, where iron availability is severely compromised or intestinal parasitism or other intestinal disease limits iron absorption. The modest prevalence of frank anaemia among older people needs to be distinguished from the much higher prevalence of anaemia among people who are ill and depend on nursing and other help with food, either at home or in institutions. Many well recognized techniques identify older people at risk, such as those living on their own, having difficulty in moving and shopping or displaying poor appetite and poor dental health (192,193). The importance of a healthy lifestyle in later life The decline of the vitamin status of older people in Europe is of serious public health concern and is related not only to the marked decline in physical activity but also to the often poor quality of the diet among very old people, many of whom are either edentulous or have serious dental problems (168). This suggests that the quality of the diet needs to be improved. The general importance of adequate vitamin status in older people was assessed in a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Giving the equivalent of the recommended daily allowances of vitamins and some minerals to apparently healthy older people not only markedly improved their immune status but also led to a halving of intercurrent illnesses in the subsequent year. How much the health of older people can be generally improved – by either improving the quality of the diet or simply increasing their physical activity so that they increase their intake – is uncertain. Nevertheless, the importance of increasing physical activity in older people has certainly been 60 Food and health in Europe underestimated. Detailed studies in the Netherlands have shown that the greater the physical activity of older men, the lower the subsequent mortality rate. Thus, the rate among the most active third of older people was more than halved (194). This surprisingly strong effect of physical activity may reflect not only improved nutrition but the well recognized impact of even modest physical activity in reducing CVD mortality (195). In older people, physical activity is also likely not only to maintain better bone structure and greater power in better maintained muscle mass but also to limit the adverse metabolic effects of obesity. Intervention studies encouraging older people to take up even modest physical activity markedly improved their flexibility and sense of wellbeing (196). This is a neglected area of public health in Europe. Fig. 1.29. Adjusted hazard ratios of the individual and combined effects of diet, nonsmoking and physical activity on mortality in a sample of European men and women born between 1913 and 1918 Note: The ratios were adjusted for age at baseline, region and the number of chronic diseases. HQ diet = high-quality diet; LQ diet = low-quality diet. Source: Haveman-Nies et al. (197). 3.50 2.57 1.70 1.25 2.80 2.06 1.36 1.00 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 Hazard ratio Low activity High activity Low activity High activity HQ diet LQ diet Smokers Men 1 unhealthy behaviour 2 unhealthy behaviours 3 unhealthy behaviours 3.88 3.08 2.21 2.21 1.76 1.75 1.00 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 Hazard ratio Low activity High activity Low activity High activity HQ diet LQ diet Smokers Nonsmokers Women 1.26 Nonsmokers No unhealthy behaviour Diet and disease 61 The SENECA study highlighted the interaction between a good diet and physical activity by investigating their effects on the survival of older people individually and in combination with nonsmoking. The study population, aged 70–75 years, consisted of 631 men and 650 women from cities in Belgium, Denmark, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain and Switzerland. A lifestyle score was calculated by adding the scores of the three lifestyle factors. Each factor and the total lifestyle score were related to survival in these European populations (Fig. 1.29). Combining types of unhealthy behaviour increased the risk of death: men and women with three unhealthy types of behaviour had a three- to fourfold increase in mortality. These results (197) emphasize the importance of a healthy lifestyle, including multiple lifestyle factors, and maintaining it with advancing age. Healthy behaviour is related not only to a higher chance of survival but also to a delay in the deterioration of health status. Ideal healthy ageing is described as a situation in which people survive to an advanced age with their vigour and functional independence maintained and with morbidity and disability compressed into a relatively short period before death (198). Fig. 1.30 shows the effect of healthy behaviour on life expectancy and health status. The health status of survivors of the SENECA birth cohorts with healthy and unhealthy lifestyles is presented, with hypothetical extrapolations from the age of 82.5 years. During the ten-year follow-up period, the health status of the survivors with healthy lifestyles declined less quickly. Fig. 1.30. Effect of healthy lifestyles on healthy ageing in a sample of Europeans born between 1913 and 1918, including hypothesized effects after 2000 Source: adapted from Haveman-Nies et al. (197). Age (years) 72.5 82.5 Healthy survivors (%) Healthy lifestyle Unhealthy lifestyle Hypothetical 62 Food and health in Europe In conclusion, healthy behaviour increases the chance of survival and delays the onset of illnesses. Although the SENECA study could not determine the net effect of these two relationships on the process of healthy ageing, postponing the onset of major morbidity is likely to compress morbidity into a shorter period. The burden of osteoporosis Osteoporosis means that the amount of bone per unit volume decreases but the composition remains unchanged. It occurs progressively after people reach peak bone mass as young adults. The two nutrients essential for bone health are vitamin D and calcium. Vitamin D deficiency is common among elderly people, often caused by poor nutrition and/or inadequate exposure to sunlight (199). Subclinical deficiency of vitamin D, known as vitamin D insufficiency, may increase the risk of bone fractures if osteoporosis is already present. The yearly incidence of osteoporotic hip fractures in the EU is projected to more than double, from over 400 000 (80% in women) to almost 1 million, by 2050 (Fig. 1.31). Fig. 1.31. Projected numbers of yearly incident hip fractures in EU countries, 1995–2050 Source: adapted from Report on osteoporosis in the European Community – action on prevention (200). Osteoporotic fractures have an overall mortality of 15–30% (201,202). They are associated with considerable morbidity and often require 0 200 400 600 800 1000 Fractures (thousands) Total Women Men 1995 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Diet and disease 63 hospitalization, rehabilitation and home care. The economic burden of osteoporosis is considerable. For example, the total cost of hospitalization for hip fractures in the EU was ECU 3.6 billion in 1995, and is expected to rise with the number of fractures (203). Fig. 1.32 shows the direct estimated costs; these include surgery and postoperative stay, but not longer rehabilitation. For Sweden and the United Kingdom, for which data are available for the indirect costs of hip fracture (such as primary care, outpatient care and institutional care), the total amount is 2.5 times the direct hospital costs. Fig. 1.32. Estimated total direct hospital costs arising from hip fractures in 13 EU countries, 1996 Note: No national data were available for Luxembourg or Portugal. The figures for Austria are based on the costs in Germany. Source: adapted from Report on osteoporosis in the European Community – action on prevention (200). Physical activity plays a well established role throughout the lifespan in maintaining the normal structure and functional strength of bone. Specifically, physical activity can prevent or slow down the bone loss that begins occurring in women as a normal process after menopause (204). In summary, while most chronic diseases manifest in later life, the quality of life needs to be maximized until death. Adopting health promoting behaviour, such as physical activity and healthy diets, provides clear benefits to ageing individuals and populations. As the proportion of older European increases, interventions will influence an even greater number of people. In 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 Germany France United Kingdom Spain Italy Netherlands Austria Belgium Sweden Denmark Greece Finland Ireland Costs (ECU million) 64 Food and health in Europe turn, improved health results in less dependence and reduces the cost of health care and institutional care (see Chapter 4, pp. 237–239, for policy recommendations). Nutritional health of vulnerable groups Refugees and internally displaced people In the midst of major socioeconomic and political transition, and in part as a result of the severance from traditional trade and financial links with the former USSR, many of the NIS and CCEE are not maximizing their industrial and agricultural potential and some are further crippled by natural disaster and political strife. These conditions continue to damage food security and the nutritional status of the affected populations. For instance, the three-year conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina jeopardized the health and nutritional status of older people. By January 1994, 15% had a BMI below 18.5. Because the vegetable supply was poor, so were plasma carotenoid levels and plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels in 65% of older people, most likely because of poor exposure to sunlight after months of siege (205). Protein and energy undernutrition was not a widespread public health problem, however (110). In 1999 in Kosovo, 11 000 children older than 5 years were estimated to be acutely malnourished and about 17 000 would be affected by stunting. Over 5% of the surveyed mothers had a BMI below 18.5 and more than 10% were obese (206). Other examples are Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, where both drought and civil conflict have increased the frequency of both wasting and stunting. Migrant groups, refugees and travellers constitute minorities residing – sometimes temporarily – within populations. Surveys of dietary patterns and nutritional status among these groups are sparse. As of 1 January 2002, the United Nations High Commission for Refugees classified nearly 5 million people in Europe as persons of concern, including refugees and asylum seekers (http://www.unhcr.ch/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/home?page=statistics, accessed 25 September 2003). Transient populations such as the Roma, an ethnic minority group of northern Indian origin that is especially numerous in the CCEE and western NIS, suffer additional strains on their health, as they are often stigmatized. More than 5 million Roma live in the CCEE. They are estimated to account for more than 5% of the population in Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania and Slovakia (207). With few exceptions, members of groups such as the Roma have low socioeconomic status. A study of Romany children aged 9–13 years in the Czech Republic found inadequate consumption of vegetables (19% of the recommended daily allowances (RDAs)), fruit (20% of RDA), milk and Diet and disease 65 milk products (32% of RDA), cereal foods (63% of RDA) and fish, meat, poultry and eggs (on average, 78% of RDA) (208). The children were consuming more than four times the recommended amounts of various snack foods containing fat and sugar. Compared with Czech children, Romany children typically consumed half the amounts of fruit, vegetables, milk and milk products. Yet when asked what foods they liked, 90% of Romany children mentioned fruit of various types. Their low consumption may reflect the constraints on choice arising from low income (209) and lack of access to fruits and vegetables because of high seasonality in rural areas (210,211). This highlights the need to address availability and expense rather than concentrating only on education and information campaigns. These results may also help explain the reports of elevated obesity rates in Romany children (211). Children who are especially vulnerable to food insecurity and poor diet tend to grow and develop more slowly than others of their age (208). In Azerbaijan, anaemia rates were consistently higher among internally displaced populations (http://web.azerweb.com/NGO_and_International_Organization_Reports/1996/CDCsurvey.html, accessed 25 September 2003). In Kazakhstan, the Kazakh ethnic group has a higher rate of anaemia than the Russian ethnic group (212). People in hospital Evidence shows that some patients in European hospitals are undernourished and that undernutrition may increase during hospital stay. The prevalence of underweight (BMI < 20) among hospital patients is 20–30%. This problem has been described in Denmark (213), Germany, Italy (214), Norway (215), Sweden (216), Switzerland (217,218) and the United Kingdom (219). Good nutritional care for patients provides clear benefits, but several factors have prevented its adequate provision in Europe (see Chapter 4, pp. 242– 243, for recommendations on nutrition in hospitals): • unclear responsibilities in planning and managing nutritional care; • insufficient education on nutrition for some staff groups; • patients’ lack of influence and knowledge; • insufficient cooperation between staff groups; and • inadequate involvement of hospital managers. Some patients who have little fat-free mass could be undernourished despite having a normal BMI (218). Most of the studies assessing the nutritional status of patients have excluded those who are most ill and hence most likely to be undernourished (213,220). Finally, obese patients could become undernourished while losing weight (221). 66 Food and health in Europe The prevalence of undernutrition is much higher among some patient groups, such as gastrointestinal patients, than among others, such as people admitted for obstetric services or elective surgery. In addition, undernutrition is higher among old patients (213,219,222–224). The prevalence has been suggested to be slightly higher among medical than surgical patients (219), among women (225,226) and among patients in teaching hospitals than those in district general hospitals (220,227). A survey of hospitalized children under 5 years in Kosovo found that 44% were fed vegetables and 84% fruit; 58% of the children were anaemic (18% severely and 40% moderately), possibly in part because tea was given to 80% of infants. The average age at which tea was introduced into their diet was 5 months. In 68% of hospital cases, children had not been breastfed for 6 full months, and 63% of the children had been given cow’s milk before reaching 6 months of age. Many studies have shown that the risk of undernutrition increases during hospital stay (228–232). For example, of 112 patients with all kinds of diagnoses hospitalized for more than 1 week, 64% had lost weight when discharged (mean weight loss: 5.4%), including 75% of those initially most undernourished. In contrast, 20% gained weight, including only 12.5% originally classified as undernourished. None gained sufficient weight to allow them to be reclassified as having normal weight (219). A reduced length of stay in hospital and decreased complication rates benefit both the patient and the health services. Improving hospital nutrition may bring the services substantial savings: at least £330 per surgical patient according to one estimate (233). A study in Denmark suggested that nutritional support could save the health services €133 million for every 100 000 patients (221). A study in the United Kingdom estimated that the National Health Service could save £266 million per year through nutritional support, based on the assumption that 10% of patients would benefit (234). A study in the United States (235) suggested that appropriate and timely nutritional support could save a typical large hospital over US $1 million per year. Social inequalities and poverty Various studies have surveyed the dietary patterns of different socioeconomic groups in Europe using a variety of indicators, such as household income, occupational class or the educational level of the head of the household (see Chapter 3, pp. 158–168). The DAFNE (Data Food Networking) study looked at household food purchases made by different socioeconomic groups based on educational attainment levels in Belgium, Greece, Hungary and Poland in 1990 (236). Diet and disease 67 The study found that dietary patterns differ considerably between countries, possibly reflecting different phases of the nutrition transition. These differences were generally greater than the differences found between socioeconomic groups, although the latter showed certain patterns. In general, lower socioeconomic groups tend to consume more meat, fat and sugar, although not necessarily the lowest socioeconomic groups, who may be partly excluded from more commercialized food supplies. The groups with the highest educational level appeared to consume more fruits and vegetables, although in some countries the groups with the lowest educational level, who may be growing their own produce, consumed a great deal. De Irala-Estevez et al. (237) and Roos et al. (238) support these findings; they examined dietary survey data for several western European countries and showed large socioeconomic differences in fruit and vegetable intake, with the higher socioeconomic groups usually consuming more fruits and vegetables (Table 1.4). Table 1.4. Difference in fruit and vegetable consumption among groups with high and low education in selected European countries and regions, 1980s and 1990s Source: Roos et al. (238). These figures are based on surveys made in the 1980s and 1990s. A more recent examination of fruit and vegetable consumption in Spain (239) suggested that the patterns of fruit and vegetable consumption now reflect those of northern Europe, with people in higher educational groups having higher intakes than those in lower educational groups. Among over 3000 Norwegian adults, those with higher educational and occupational status ate more fruits and vegetables and more dietary fibre and less fat (240). People living in cities also had healthier diets than those living in rural areas, although other data indicated that farmers in Norway tended to Country or region Difference (g per 10 MJ consumed per day) Fruits Vegetables Finland +55 +30 Sweden +18 +23 Norway +26 – 3 Denmark +46 +43 United Kingdom +31 +33 Germany +16 +14 Netherlands +52 +19 Spain Navarra +14 + 9 Catalonia + 6 –19 Basque Country –97 +31 68 Food and health in Europe have a lower-fat diet, lower serum cholesterol and less CHD than people in urban areas (Gunn-Elin Bjørnboe, National Council on Nutrition and Physical Activity, Oslo, Norway, personal communication, 2000). The United Kingdom has a long history of monitoring dietary patterns related to income levels, and annual food purchasing surveys have shown that household income is consistently related to certain dietary patterns. Families living on low incomes tend to consume less fruit and vegetables (Fig. 1.33) (241), fish and whole-grain cereal foods and more refined cereal foods, sweet foods, fat and oil (242). As a result, the intake of essential nutrients shows a marked social gradient from poorer to richer households (Table 1.5). Fig. 1.33. Relationship of income to consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables and the share of income spent on food in the United Kingdom Source: Department for Food, Environment and Rural Affairs (241). Further surveys in the United Kingdom have shown that vulnerable groups – including older people, children from manual social classes, families claiming state benefits and children from lone-parent families – have lower intake and lower blood levels of many vitamins and minerals than others in the population (111,167,243). Intakes of vitamin C, folate, iron, zinc and magnesium are well below reference levels in households with incomes below £180 a week (the lowest income cut-off) or in households with more than three children or headed by a lone parent (241). Among the poorest fifth of families, the intake of some nutrients declined over a period of 15 years: vitamin C by 23% and beta-carotene by 47% (244). Consumption (g per person per day) Income spent on food 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 400 300 200 100 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Share of income (%) Consumption (g) Deciles of net family income (per head) a 1 = lowest incomes; 10 = highest incomes. a Diet and disease 69 Table 1.5. Household income and average levels of consumption of several essential nutrients in the United Kingdom Source: Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (241). Studies of socioeconomic status and breastfeeding suggest that, in more affluent countries, the frequency and duration of breastfeeding are greatest among higher-income groups. In the United Kingdom, for example, mothers in the highest-income group are twice as likely to be breastfeeding during the first week after a baby’s birth than mothers in the lowest group, and the socialclass differences grow over subsequent weeks (Table 1.6). Table 1.6. Breastfeeding rates in high and low socioeconomic groups in the United Kingdom, 1999 Source: Nelson (245). Inequality and diet-related diseases The dietary patterns described above may go some way in explaining the different disease patterns experienced by different social groups. A survey of more than 15 000 adults in the United Kingdom found significant differences in the prevalence of disease factors across different social classes defined by occupation (Table 1.7). The short-term effects on disease of inequality between social classes can be illustrated among individuals who change social class during their adult lives. A study in Oslo found that people who moved from lower to higher income or vice versa showed mortality rates that approached but did not equal those of the class to which they had moved (246). Income decile (%) Beta-carotene (µg/day) Folate (µg/day) Vitamin C (mg/day) Iron (mg/day) Zinc (mg/day) 0–10 1.175 204 43.2 8.3 6.6 10–20 1.601 231 50.8 9.5 7.3 20–30 1.631 245 54.7 10.0 7.8 30–40 1.742 250 56.7 10.2 7.8 40–50 1.773 253 60.7 10.3 7.9 50–60 1.914 257 63.2 10.5 8.1 60–70 1.921 256 62.3 10.5 8.0 70–80 1.984 266 69.4 10.8 8.2 80–90 1.937 269 73.4 11.0 8.3 90–100 2.075 273 80.8 11.2 8.3 Time Breastfeeding rates (%) Social class I Social class V At 1 week 84 40 At 6 weeks 73 23 At 4 months 56 13 70 Food and health in Europe Table 1.7. Social class and ill health: prevalence of diseases and risk factors in adults in the United Kingdom, 1994 Source: Colhoun & Prescott-Clarke (117). Cancer rates can show a similar change in pattern: after Turkish migrants move to Germany, their disease rates rise towards the levels prevailing there (247). This implies that changing lifestyle – including food and diet – can affect the health experience of the groups being assimilated and can therefore explain some of the inequality in disease rates among these populations. As shown in Table 1.7, lower-income groups in the United Kingdom tend to have higher heart disease rates, and many countries in Europe show a similar relationship. The cause is likely to be multifactorial, including smoking, physical activity, stress, occupational factors and other psychosocial factors (248), as well as nutrition. Nevertheless, the same pattern may not be found among populations adhering to diets more like those traditionally eaten in southern Europe. Kunst et al. (249) examined data on socioeconomic status and heart disease mortality in several European countries. Although data sources were not perfectly compatible, and data for some groups were unobtainable, the figures fairly consistently show that lower socioeconomic status and heart disease are most strongly associated in northern Europe and among younger populations. In contrast, the association tended to be reversed among older populations in southern Europe (Table 1.8). The analysis was based on data from longitudinal and cross-sectional studies using national population censuses of 1981. For most of the longitudinal studies, follow-up covered the period from 1980 to 1989. The trends shown in Table 1.8 may result from several factors, but diet will play a part. A transition from the heart-protecting diets (rich in fruits, vegetables and fish) eaten traditionally in southern Europe to diets rich in animal products and refined carbohydrates will increase the risk of heart disease. Diseases and risk factors Social class Highest Intermediate non-manual Lowest Men Women Men Women Men Women Ischaemic heart disease (%) 5.1 1.8 6.0 5.2 6.4 7.2 Stroke (%) 1.3 0.5 1.7 2.3 2.1 2.5 Mean blood pressure (mm/Hg) 136/76 130/72 138/76 136/73 139/77 141/75 Cholesterol > 6.5 mmol/l (%) 26 26 27 35 26 36 Haemoglobin < 13 g/dl (%) 3 9 5 12 5 13 Obesity (BMI > 30) (%) 9.9 11.8 13.7 15.0 14.0 22.6 Physically inactive (%) 14 15 15 17 21 22 Diet and disease 71 The fact that such a transition in diet has occurred to a greater degree among poorer populations and has affected younger more than older members of a population needs further investigation. Obesity, physical activity and inequality Inequality in disease experience may also be related to energy expenditure and physical activity (see Chapter 3, pp. 165–167). A fitness survey in England found that people who had more education or owned their homes tended to engage in more physical activity (250). Unemployed men, and to some extent unemployed women, tended to be more sedentary than those in employment (251). Professional people were twice as likely as unskilled manual workers or economically inactive people to take part in sports or other leisure physical activity. In addition, a survey of over 15 000 adults in the United Kingdom found that physical inactivity in both men and women increased as social class decreased. Socioeconomic status and obesity have often been found to be inversely related among women in Europe (Fig. 1.34) (252). The relationship among men, although less clear in earlier reviews (253), seems to be similar to that among women. In the consumer survey of the entire EU, in which BMI was calculated from subjects’ self-reported height and weight, levels of obesity and social class were strongly associated, with social class being defined variously by household income, occupation or educational level (252). The survey involved over 15 000 people aged over 15 years in the member states of the EU. In 1997–1998, the WHO Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study found consistent links between greater family affluence and more selfreported exercise among 15-year-olds surveyed in several European countries (98). Exercise was more common among more affluent children in Austria, Table 1.8. Relative riska of heart disease for men in manual versus non-manual occupations in selected countries in western Europe a >1 = elevated risk; <1 = lower risk. Source: adapted from Kunst et al. (249). Country Relative risk in men aged: 30–44 years 45–59 years 60–64 years Sweden 1.80 1.38 Not available United Kingdom (England and Wales) 1.68 1.50 1.26 France 1.18 0.96 Not available Italy 1.35 1.08 0.85 Portugal 0.82 0.76 Not available Norway 1.77 1.35 1.26 72 Food and health in Europe Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Latvia, Portugal, the Russian Federation and the United Kingdom, but not in Norway. A consumer survey in the EU suggested that adults with less education are more likely to have physically active jobs and are more likely to spend time in sedentary leisure when not working (254). Those who were older and had only primary education were the least likely both to take part in physical exercise and to consider such activity necessary for health. Lifestyle and choice In countries where undernutrition and poor child growth are still relatively common, there is evidence that obesity and underweight may coexist. Studies carried out in Kyrgyzstan, the Russian Federation and Tajikistan (255) show that 30–60% of households with underweight individuals also had overweight individuals: typically an underweight child and an overweight adult. The causes may be complex, but some evidence suggests that, the more rapid the nutrition transition, the more likely that both under- and overweight problems will coexist in the same household (256). The data reviewed here show wide variation between countries in the WHO European Region. More economically advanced countries show a posttransition pattern, in which people who are poorer in material or social conditions are likely to eat less healthily and take less exercise. These unhealthy lifestyles in turn generate the inequality observed in morbidity and mortality from CVD and a wide range of other causes. In countries with limited access to commercialized food supplies, dietary patterns may be more like a subsistence diet, relying on staple cereal crops, Fig. 1.34. Prevalence of obesity among adult men and women according to economic status (measured by household income or occupation) in the EU Source: adapted from Martinez et al. (252). 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Men Women Prevalence (%) Middle–upper Middle Middle–lower Lower Diet and disease 73 some vegetable foods and limited amounts of animal products. Health indicators such as infant mortality rates may be high, but rates of CVD and other adult noncommunicable diseases may be low, indicating that such diets may contribute to better adult health. As discussed elsewhere in this book, factors such as fetal nutrition, birth weight, child growth and subsequent obesity and disease experience are shaped by environmental and material circumstances that may be far beyond the individual’s control. 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Intake of dietary folate vitamers and risk of colorectal carcinoma: results from The Netherlands Cohort Study. Cancer, 95: 1421–1433 (2002). 71. RIBOLI, E. & NORAT, T. Cancer prevention and diet: opportunities in Europe. Public health nutrition, 4(2B): 475–484 (2001). 72. NORAT, T. ET AL. Meat consumption and colorectal cancer risk: dose– response meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. International journal of cancer, 98: 241–256 (2002). 73. BERGSTROM, A. ET AL. Overweight as an avoidable cause of cancer in Europe. International journal of cancer, 91: 421–430 (2001). 74. BANEGAS, J.R. ET AL. A simple estimate of mortality attributable to excess weight in the European Union. Madrid, Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Autonomous University of Madrid, 2002. 75. LOBSTEIN, T. ET AL. Childhood obesity: the new crisis in public health. London, International Obesity Task Force, 2003. 76. ASTRUP, A. Healthy lifestyles in Europe; prevention of obesity and type II diabetes by diet and physical activity. Public health nutrition, 4(2B): 499–515 (2001). 77. TRICHOPOULOU, A. ET AL. Body mass index in relation to energy intake and expenditure among adults in Greece. Epidemiology, 11: 333–336 (2000). 78. DJORDJEVIC, P. ET AL. Screen, treat and prevent. Belgrade, YASO, 1998. Diet and disease 79 79. ZAJKAS, G. & BIRO, G. Some data on the prevalence of obesity in Hungarian adult population between 1985-88 and 1992-94. Zeitschrift für Ernahrungswissenschaft, 37(Suppl 1): 134–135 (1998). 80. Kazakhstan demographic and health survey (DHS), 1999. Calverton, MD, Macro International Inc., 2000. 81. Turkey demographic and health survey (DHS), 1998. Calverton, MD, Macro International Inc., 1999. 82. Kyrgyzstan demographic and health survey (DHS), 1997. Calverton, MD, Macro International Inc., 1998. 83. PRIOR, G. & PRIMATESTA, P., ED. Health survey for England 2000. London, The Stationery Office, 2002. 84. DE BACKER, G. De zwaarlijvige Belgen: met hoeveel zijn ze [Obese Belgians: how many are there]? RUG nieuwsbrief over gezond en lekker eren, 70: 3 (2000) (in Flemish). 85. VISSCHER, T.L.S. ET AL. Long-term and recent time trends in the prevalence of obesity among Dutch men and women. International journal of obesity, 26: 1218–1224 (2002). 86. EGGER, S. ET AL. [Overweight and obesity in the Zurich canton. A LuftiBus study]. Schweizerische Rundschau für Medizin Praxis, 90: 531– 538 (2001). 87. Il sovrappeso e l’obesitá [Overweight and obesity in Italy] (http:// www.ausl.mo.it/pps/salute/download/sovrappe.pdf). Rome, National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT), 2000 (in Italian) (accessed 25 September 2003). 88. ARANCETA, J. ET AL. Prevalencia de la obesidad en España: estudio SEEDO’97 [Prevalence of obesity in Spain: The SEEDO 97 study] (http://www.seedo.es/prevalencia97.htm). Barcelona, Sociedad Española para el Estudio de la Obesidad, 1998 (in Spanish) (accessed 6 October 2002). 89. MATTHIESSEN, J. ET AL. [The significance of diet and physical activity for the development of obesity in Denmark from 1985 to 1995]. Ugeskrift for laeger, 163: 2941–2945 (2001) (in Danish). 90. LAHTI-KOSKI, M. ET AL. Age, education and occupation as determinants of trends in body mass index in Finland from 1982 to 1997. International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders, 24: 1669–1676 (2000). 91. LISSNER, L. ET AL. Social mapping of the obesity epidemic in Sweden. International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders, 24: 801–805 (2000). 92. GODFREY, K.M. & BARKER, D.J. Fetal programming and adult health. Public health nutrition, 4(2B): 611–624 (2001). 80 Food and health in Europe 93. HAN, T.S. ET AL. Waist circumference action levels in the identification of cardiovascular risk factors: prevalence study in a random sample. British medical journal, 311: 1401–1405 (1995). 94. DE ONIS, M. & BLOSSNER, M. Prevalence and trends of overweight among preschool children in developing countries. American journal of clinical nutrition, 72: 1032–1039 (2000). 95. STARK, D. ET AL. Longitudinal study of obesity in the National Survey of Health and Development. British medical journal, 283: 12–17 (1981). 96. VUORI, I.M. Health benefits of physical activity with special reference to interaction with diet. Public health nutrition, 4(2B): 517–528 (2001). 97. PRENTICE, A.M. & JEBB, S.A. Obesity in Britain: gluttony or sloth? British medical journal, 311: 437–439 (1995). 98. CURRIE, C. ET AL., ED. Health and health behaviour among young people: international report (http://www.euro.who.int/document/e67880.pdf). Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2000 (Health Policy for Children and Adolescents Series, No. 1) (accessed 25 September 2003). 99. Tomorrow’s young adults: 9–15-year-olds look at alcohol, drugs, exercise and smoking. London, Health Education Authority, 1991. 100. MÜLLER, M.J. ET AL. Physical activity and diet in 5 to 7 years old children. Public health nutrition, 2(3A): 443–444 (1999). 101. A Pan-EU survey on consumer attitudes to physical activity, body-weight and health. Dublin, Institute of European Food Studies, Trinity College, 1999. 102. Active living. Report from the meeting of “The Active Living National Policy Group”. Hämeenlinna, Finland, 25–27 August 1997. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1997 (document HPR 97/9). 103. Iodine deficiency in Europe: a continuing public health problem. Geneva, World Health Organization (in press). 104. DELANGE, F. ET AL., ED. Elimination of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) in central and eastern Europe, the Commonwealth of Independent States and the Baltic states. Proceedings of a conference held in Munich, Germany, 3–6 September 1997 (http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1998/WHO_EURO_ NUT_98.1.pdf). Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe, 1998 (document WHO/EURO/NUT/98.1) (accessed 25 September 2003). 105. DE BENOIST, B. & ALLEN, H. IDD situation in Europe. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2001 (unpublished document). 106. RAPA, A. ET AL. Puberty and urinary iodine excretion. Journal of pediatric endocrinology and metabolism, 12: 583–584 (1999). 107. SUGITA, K. Pica: pathogenesis and therapeutic approach. Japanese journal of clinical medicine, 59: 561–565 (2001). 108. Kazakstan demographic and health survey (DHS), 1995. Calverton, MD, Macro International Inc., 1996 Diet and disease 81 109. Uzbekistan demographic and health survey, 1996. Calverton, MD, Macro International Inc., 1997. 110. ROBERTSON, A. ET AL. Nutrition and immunization survey of Bosnian women and children during 1993. International journal of epidemiology, 24: 1163–1170 (1993). 111. GREGORY, J.R. National diet and nutrition survey: children aged 1 1/2 to 4 1/2 years. Vol. 1. Report of the diet and nutrition survey. London, H.M. Stationery Office, 1995. 112. HERCBERG, S. ET AL. Iron deficiency in Europe. Public health nutrition, 4(2B): 537–545 (2001). 113. HALLBERG, L. ET AL. Iron balance in menstruating women. European journal of clinical nutrition, 49: 200–207 (1995). 114. DELISLE, H. Nutrition in adolescence: issues and challenges for the health sector. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1999 (document). 115. SHARMONOV, T.S. & ABUOVA, G.O. National nutrition survey of 15–80 year olds of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 1996. Almaty, Institute of Nutrition of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 1996. 116. BRANCA, F. ET AL. The health and nutritional status of women and children in Armenia. Rome, National Institute of Nutrition, 1998. 117. COLHOUN, H. & PRESCOTT-CLARKE, P. Health survey for England 1994. London, H.M. Stationery Office, 1996. 118. Sharing responsibilities. Women, society & abortions worldwide. New York, Alan Guttmacher Institute, 1999. 119. NILSSON, L. & SÖLVELL, L. Clinical studies on oral contraceptives – a randomised, double blind, crossover study of 4 different preparations. Acta obstetrica et gynaecologica scandinavica, 46(Suppl. 8): 1–31 (1967). 120. GUILLEBAUD, J. ET AL. Menstrual blood-loss with intrauterine device in the treatment of menorrhagia. British journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, 97: 690–694 (1990). 121. ABDIEV, T.A. ET AL. [An evaluation of the economic loss from intestinal helminthiases in the Uzbek SSR]. Meditsinskaia parazitologiia i parazitarnye bolezni, 2: 37–39 (1990) (in Russian). 122. KARIMOV, S.I. ET AL. Epidemic aspects of echinococcosis. Khirurgiia, 7: 37–39 (1998). 123. Health and health care. Yerevan, Ministry of Health of Armenia, 1997. 124. SANTISO, R. Effects of chronic parasitosis on women’s health. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics, 58: 129–136 (1997). 125. Complementary feeding of young children in developing countries. A review of the current scientific knowledge. Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe, 1998 (document WHO/NUT/98.1). 126. Young people in changing societies. The MONEE Project CEE/CIS/Baltics. Florence, UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre, 2000. 82 Food and health in Europe 127. MICKLEWRIGHT, J. & STEWART, K. The welfare of Europe’s children: are EU member states converging? Bristol, The Policy Press, 2000. 128. MOLLOY, A.M. & SCOTT, J. Folates and prevention of disease. Public health nutrition, 4(2B): 601–609 (2001). 129. EUROCAT WORKING GROUP. Prevalence of neural tube defects in 20 regions of Europe and the impact of prenatal diagnosis, 1980–1986. Journal of epidemiology and community health, 45: 52–58 (1991). 130. BARKER, D.J. Mothers, babies and health in later life, 2nd ed. Edinburgh, Churchill-Livingstone, 1998. 131. OSMOND, C. ET AL. Early growth and death from cardiovascular disease in women. British medical journal, 307: 1519–1524 (1993). 132. BARKER, D.J. ET AL. The relation of small head circumference and thinness at birth to death from cardiovascular disease in adult life. British medical journal, 306: 422–426 (1993). 133. FRANKEL, S. ET AL. Birthweight, body mass index in middle age, and incident coronary heart disease. Lancet, 348: 1478–1480 (1996). 134. RICH-EDWARDS, J.W. ET AL. Birth weight and risk of cardiovascular disease in a cohort of women followed up since 1976. British medical journal, 315: 396–400 (1997). 135. BAETEN, J. ET AL. Pregnancy complications and outcomes among overweight and obese nulliparous women. American journal of public health, 91: 436–440 (2001). 136. CRANE, S.S. ET AL. Association between pre-pregnancy obesity and the risk of Caesarean delivery. Obstetrics and gynecology, 89: 213–216 (1997). 137. KAISER, P. & KIRBY, R. Obesity as a risk factor for cesarean in a low-risk population. Obstetrics and gynecology, 97: 39–43 (2001). 138. Nutrition today matters tomorrow. A report from The March of Dimes Task Force on Nutrition and Optimal Human Development. White Plains, NY, March of Dimes, 2002. 139. KRAMER, M. Socioeconomic determinants of intrauterine growth retardation. European journal of clinical nutrition, 52(Suppl. 1): S29–S33 (1998). 140. SIEGA-RIZ, A. ET AL. Maternal underweight status and inadequate rate of weight gain during the third trimester of pregnancy increases the risk of pre-term delivery. Journal of nutrition, 126: 146–153 (1996). 141. HILSON, J. ET AL. Maternal obesity and breast-feeding success in rural population of white women. American journal of clinical nutrition, 66: 1371–1378 (1997). 142. DAVIS, M., ET AL., ED. Integrating population outcomes, biological mechanisms and research methods in the study of human milk and lactation. New York, Kluwer Academic, Plenum, 2001.
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In literature, literary writing style is the style of expressing thought in language typical of an adult, usually formal, historical, literary, or cultural type. This may be formal, philosophical, dramatic, satirical, or even polemical, and is used to indicate the author’s position in society at the time of writing, and his perceived intentions for the readership. Most often, this form of literary communication is written in dialogue form – that is, between a character and an observer. It may also take the form of narration or a personal narrative, a historical recollection, or a mythological story, and can vary significantly according to the medium in which it is presented.
Literary writing styles are frequently categorized as progressive, or structural, literary styles, and bureaucratic, or functional, or hybrid. Progressive literary styles are characterized by a clear sense of purpose or intent from the beginning of the work, and the ability to sustain the reader’s attention through the length of the work. Structural literary styles tend to build layers of meaning upon one statement, generating multiple layers of meaning that often contradict themselves, leading to a fragmented structure, and often requiring a great amount of literary development to resolve. Writers in bureaucratic or hybrid styles rely on the use of fewer words, structuring the piece in such a way that the meaning of each word is discernible throughout the text. Creative writing styles, by contrast, utilize word play, a wide vocabulary, and powerful words to greater effect.
The most effective writing styles can be extremely difficult to pinpoint, despite the best attempts of literary critics. Often the only true way to determine a writer’s style is to read his or her work. Some writing styles, such as jargon, advertising, and commercial writing, may be difficult to identify because the main premise of the work is left vague. A writer who has difficulty in categorizing his or her own work can sometimes be helped by other forms of writing styles.
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Tourism is no longer just an enjoyable way to escape the stress of everyday life, it is now a vital contributor to economic growth with both local and national implications. From bustling cities to quaint towns and seaside resorts, tourism has the potential to generate significant economic activity, enhance local pride and identity, and create employment opportunities. Here are five reasons why tourism is essential in boosting your local economy.
Firstly, tourism creates jobs, directly and indirectly. Restaurants, hotels, and tourist attractions require a workforce to operate smoothly, and numerous industries, such as transportation and construction, also benefit from the increased demand for their services. Tourists contribute to local employment opportunities, and in turn, the community becomes self-dependent and less reliant on external aid.
Secondly, tourism provides a platform for showcasing local talents and culture. A tourist’s visit can be an excellent opportunity for your community to showcase its unique local cultural offerings. This can include music, art, and crafts, which can be merchandised and sold to visitors as souvenirs, thus creating a new revenue stream for the local economy. Furthermore, the zeal for preserving cultural heritage and tradition in the face of globalization would be rekindled.
Thirdly, tourism generates revenue for the local government. It is common knowledge that the more visitors you have, the more money the local government collects. This tax revenue can be channeled into social amenities, such as schools, hospitals, roads, and other public services, resulting in improved standards of living for the community.
Fourthly, tourism diversifies the local economy. Relying on single industries can sustain a community for a while, but it makes one vulnerable to external economic shocks. However, diversifying the economy by embracing tourism can help cushion the impact of a downturn in any single industry. Investment in tourism can be crucial in expanding the local economy.
Finally, tourism has a significant impact on property values, particularly in areas with tourist potential. Real estate firms capitalize on tourist attractions to build beautiful structures, and this, in turn, increases property values. This further contributes to locals’ wealth, making them less susceptible to economic disruption.
In conclusion, the economic impact of tourism is undeniable. It drives job creation, revenue generation, and the preservation of local culture and diversity. It is, therefore, imperative that policymakers and communities embrace tourism as a vital component of their economic growth strategy. With the right investment in the sector, the potentials of the local economy will be unlocked, leading to a better standard of living for locals and more attractivity for tourists.
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Alien Seas: Oceans in Space by Michael Carroll (Signed by Michael Carroll)
Oceans were long thought to exist in all corners of the Solar System, from carbonated seas percolating beneath the clouds of Venus to features on the Moon’s surface given names such as “the Bay of Rainbows” and the “Ocean of Storms.” With the advent of modern telescopes and spacecraft exploration these ancient concepts of planetary seas have, for the most part, evaporated. But they have been replaced by the reality of something even more exotic. For example, although it is still uncertain whether Mars ever had actual oceans, it now seems that a web of waterways did indeed at one time spread across its surface.
The “water” in many places in our Solar System is a poisoned brew mixed with ammonia or methane. Even that found on Jupiter’s watery satellite Europa is believed similar to battery acid. Beyond the Galilean satellites may lie even more “alien oceans.” Saturn’s planet-sized moon Titan seems to be subject to methane or ethane rainfall. This creates methane pools that, in turn, become vast lakes and, perhaps, seasonal oceans. Titan has other seas in a sense, as large shifting areas of sand covering vast plains have been discovered. Mars also has these sand seas, and Venus may as well, along with oceans of frozen lava. Do super-chilled concoctions of ammonia, liquid nitrogen, and water percolate beneath the surfaces of Enceladus and Triton? For now we can only guess at the possibilities.
‘Alien Seas’ serves up part history, part current research, and part theory as it offers a rich buffet of “seas” on other worlds. It is organized by location and by the material of which various oceans consist, with guest authors penning specific chapters. Each chapter features new original art depicting alien seas, as well as the latest ground-based and spacecraft images. Original diagrams presents details of planetary oceans and related processes.
SIGNED BY MICHAEL CARROLL.
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7 Tips on Relieving Computer Eye Strain
Almost everyone these days is using a computer for work or play. We spend a lot of time staring at computer screens and this leads to several vision related problems. Computer vision syndrome (CVS) is a very common problem detected among people working on computers. This happens due to prolonged computer usage which may stress your eyes and result in impaired vision. When you spend a long time looking at a computer screen, the muscles in your eyes, neck and shoulders can be become fatigued, causing pain and discomfort.
Factors & causes that can contribute to CVS include:
- Poor posture
- Poor lighting
- Uncorrected vision problems
- Glare on the computer screen
- Improper distance from the monitor
- Flicker in CRT monitors
- Eyes becoming dry
- A need for a new glasses prescription
The most common symptoms of CVS include blurred vision, vision that seems to fluctuate, and squinting. Other indicators of CVS include dry eyes, headaches, and pain in the neck and shoulders. If left untreated, most of these symptoms will not improve on their own and may even get worse.
7 Tips For Computer Eye Strain Relief
Here are several things to help ease, or prevent symptoms of CVS.
- Adjust lighting
Room lighting should be about the same or slightly dimmer than your computer screen.
Working in an overhead-lit room with fluorescent lighting will only aggravate the symptoms. If possible, reduce the brightness of overhead lighting.
- Computer ergonomics
Position your computer screen so it is or slightly below your eye level, 10 degrees below your line of sight is ideal. Position the screen so that it does not reflect overhead light or outside screen. Also position the monitor close enough so you can read the text without having to learn forward.
- Blink frequently
Try to blink more often while working on your computer in order to avoid them getting dry. Dry eyes is the most common cause for blur or fluctuating vision on a computer. It is not always easy to remember to blink, so artificial tears used prior to computer use then3. hourly while at the computer can help.
- Replace your monitor
If you’re using an old CRT monitor, then it’s time to replace it with a new LCD monitor to help avoid eyestrain. CRT monitors give off a lot of glare which is not good for your eyes.
- Eye exam
Get a complete eye exam by a trained professional. Your doctor may prescribe a pair of computer glasses that are specially designed to prevent computer vision syndrome.
- Rest your eyes occasionally
To reduce ‘focus fatigue’ try these simple resting techniques to help reduce spasms of the muscles around the eyes.
20-20-20: look away from the computer every 20 minutes at something about 20 feet away for about 20 seconds.
10-10: alternate looking at something distant, and something close for 10 seconds each. Repeat 10 times. Blink frequently during the exercise to lubricate your eyes.
Drink enough water. Eye tissues are predominantly water. If you become dehydrated so do your eyes.
Apart from the above recommendations, you can also minimize the symptoms of computer vision syndrome by giving your eyes a break from your computer at regular intervals. For example, you can use weekends as computer rest time when you greatly reduce your computer viewing time. There are also new technologies you can add to your glasses that limits the blue light your eyes see from the screens. Hoya has a great product called “Recharge” that helps to protect your eyes from damaging blue light wavelengths, while allowing you to enjoying your favorite mobile devices, that we carry here at Nova. Call today to see if Recharge is right for you.
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The living environment plays a direct role in influencing human health. In fact, nature provides food, shelter, fresh air, and quality drinking water. Nevertheless, the environment is also blamed for various illnesses that affect human beings. Negative environmental factors, including polluted air, contaminated water, unfavorable workplace condition, and congested settlements adversely affect healthy living among the people. Nurses, non-governmental organizations, government agencies, and private sectors should take up necessary measures to reduce the risk brought about by the hazardous environment.
Human life involves the regular interaction with the environment. Indeed, the contacts with the surrounding influence the quality of life, healthy life years, and disparities in health. According to WTO (2016), the environment is a fundamental determinant of health in that it account for about 20% of deaths in the European region. The importance of the environment to human health was highly upheld in 1989 upon the evidence of the impact of the hazardous factors. In fact, the organization initiated the first ever process towards the prevention of the health hazards through the policy formulation. Therefore, collaboration between different sectors has assisted in research on the underlying issues, including the identification of the crucial factors, their implications, and actions to prevent and react in reducing the impact on health.
Information from the Lesson
The effects of the environment comprise the physical, chemical, and biological factors that are external and which affect peoples’ health. Therefore, the elements are significant and they present both the positive and negative aspect of an individual’s health. First, the positive environmental factors assist in sustaining and promoting health. The environmental components are the source of nutrition acquired through farming, hunting, and fishing. Secondly, the environment provides water for drinking, cooking, cleaning, and sanitation, hence promoting human health. Quality of air is required during breathing and respiration processes, while the ozone layer is critical in preventing the population against UV rays and related cancers (WTO, 2016). Furthermore, the space on the land is used for exercise and recreational purpose as well as sanitation purposes that include the recycling of water and disposal of waste materials.
On the other hand, the negative environment is a threat to human health, and should be prevented or controlled. The first category constitute of the conditions favoring disease vectors, including the endemic and exotic vectors. The second one is the invasive biota that encompasses the viruses, and bacteria as well as their hosts and vectors. Thirdly, the quality of air, particularly pollen and pollutions leading respiratory disease and in some cases cancers are part of the environmental threat to health. Hence, the compromised quality of water containing biotic and abiotic contaminations has a significant complication on the quality of human health.
The other pertinent information from the lesson materials is that human activities interfere with the environment, making it hazardous to the health. In fact, activities such as transport and industrializations lead to emission of toxic gases that affect the quality of air (Earth Justice, 2016). Furthermore, the disposal of waste materials and chemicals from the industries on land and water bodies affect the quality of land and water for drinking and other domestic uses. As a result, the productivity of agricultural land and output from fishing is reduced significantly. As such, the quality and quantity of food worsens, and hence nutrition among the people becomes poor.
Particularly, the development of urban centers brings in large populations within the limited space and natural resources. The congestion, in this case, reduces the quality of the environment, which directly affect the healthy living. Additionally, inadequate knowledge among the communities on how to preserve the environment and boost the health wellbeing of the people has been a barrier to prevent and eliminate the health risks associated with the surroundings. Therefore, undertaking the necessary initiatives such as educating the people on the importance of the environment to their health as well as a way to preserve pollution is highly required. Moreover, the governments and other nongovernmental institutions should come up with policies and laws that advocate for environmental preservation to avoid further destruction and health hazards.
The Environmental Factors Affecting Health
The environmental factors that influence human health are diverse but the fundamental ones considered in this discussion include the air quality, climate change, occupational health, urban health, water, and sanitation. In fact, the quality of air we breathe has the direct effect on the respiratory health. In the modern society, there is evidence showing that air pollution has been on the rise and lead to significant burden including death, hospital admissions, and exacerbation of various symptoms. As such, the emissions from motor vehicles, industries, and heating sources contribute largely to the pollution of the air (Earth Justice, 2016). In addition, smoking poses considerable harm to the human health, particularly the aged and those with health conditions such as asthma (WHO, 2016). It is worth noting that clean indoor air is critical to a good health because indoor pollutants principally the smoke from the cooking and heating fuel directly contribute to asthma and allergic reactions as well as chemical poisoning. In fact, the indoor air condition is critical because many people, particularly the aged spend a lot of time in the houses.
According to WHO (2016), the global climate alteration is changing and has a direct effect on human health and quality of life. The changes in the weather affect the geographic range of disease vector. As a result, some disease vectors find it habitable in areas they were perceived not able to survive. Therefore, the populations in such areas are infected with new diseases, hence worsening their health conditions. In addition, the adverse change in weather affects the growth of plants and so the food production is compromised. Notably, the reduced supply of food due to climate change implies that malnutrition related diseases would be on the rise. Besides, the supply and availability of quality drinking water can be affected by the climate change. During the flood seasons, the quality of water is compromised, while during the dry seasons the availability declines. Additionally, climate change alters the quality of air leading to the increased respiratory allergic diseases. For instance, in Europe, there is an increase in the airborne pollen accounting to the augmented respiratory problems.
Occupational health is the other environmental factor affect human wellbeing. According to WHO (2016), poor working conditions result in about 300,000 deaths annually in the European Region. Additionally, a large number of workers are injured with some ending up being incapacitated. Therefore, the wounds become a health issue, as the victims require treatment to nurse the affected parts of the body. Besides, there are risk factors associated with unhealthy working environment depending on the specific place of work. In some workplaces, the noise exceeds the recommended level which might bring hearing issues. On the other hand, the presence of carcinogens, airborne particulate matter, and the ergonomic hazards are key health concerns experienced in the workplaces. The magnitude of occupational health problems is considerably high bearing in mind that millions of people spend a lot of time at the workstation.
To start with, the urban environment is a fundamental factor affecting the healthy living. In fact, existing in communities and neighborhoods that promote the access to essential items, social cohesion, and upheld good physical and psychological wellbeing is essential for a quality health (Lundy, Janes, & Lundy, 2016). With this in mind, most of the urban areas are not designed to promote such preferred factors because the places are characterized by heavy traffic, pollution, noise, and social violence. Individuals living in such an environment are exposed to risks of contacting non-communicable diseases, injuries, and substance abuse. Consequently, the issue of urban pollution is of great significance because about two-thirds of the populations live in metropolitan settlements.
To emphasize, the access to adequate and quality water for drinking and sanitation for hygiene at home, schools, and health facilities have a direct implication for the human health. Lack of access to pure drinking water to more than 62 million people in the European Region is a demonstration of how huge the problem is in the entire world (WHO, 2016). Health problems associated with the inadequate water include diarrhea and other disease outcomes such as hepatitis A and soil-transmitted helminth infections. By and large, the poor and those in the remote rural areas are the most affected as the supply of water and sanitation services are not highly upheld.
Accordingly, the excessive noise is a serious environmental factor in human health. In fact, the issue interferes with people’s activities at work, school, and at home among other places. Individuals exposed to the excessive noise suffer from the disturbed sleep and reduced performance, which affect the cardiovascular and psychophysical performance. In fact, noise, particularly at night can affect the recovery process to chronically ill and elderly people because they are distressed and their peace of mind reduced. In addition, uncontrolled sounds alter the development of the children due to lack of adequate rest; hence, affecting their academic achievement and health. As such, the poor are most affected because they cannot afford housing in quiet and insulated homes like their rich counterparts.
Lastly, housing is an environmental factor affecting people’s health. Indeed, inadequate housing contributes to the prevalence of many preventable diseases, including respiratory, nervous system, and nervous system. Still, poorly designed and constructed homes puts the occupants at risks of accidents. In fact, WHO (2016) points out that in some European countries, home-related accidents kill more people than road accidents.
Possible Actions in Eliminating Environmental Barriers to Health
It is evident that the importance of environment to health cannot be overemphasized. As a nurse, I can play a critical role in eliminating the environmental barriers to health by being an educator. Having known the significance of the environment and its direct implications for individuals’ health, then it is imperative to educate the patients, families, and the workers. Therefore, informing them of the potential adverse effects of being exposed to environmental hazards and how to eliminate such contacts can assist them greatly. Besides, I would strive to provide information about the importance of creating environmentally safe homes, schools, and workplaces. Once in a while, I would be speaking at gatherings to educate the audience of the importance of the environment to their health. For instance, in villages and settlements where sanitation is a problem, one can encourage the people to take up community-based initiatives such as clearing of the drainage and disposal of refuse in a more safe and effective ways (Lundy, Janes & Lundy, 2016). Again, in case of inadequate pure water, the nurse can educate the people on ways of consuming the available amount of water for maximum utility. In other cases, a nurse can educate them on the importance of boiling water or using other purification methods.
Secondly, I would seek to play a role as an advocate by assisting individual patients in accessing the specialized services on health issues arising from environmental hazards. The initiative is significant because a nurse is likely to come across the patients who are in need of the specialized services but are not aware of the place or a practitioner who can help them. The second undertaking, in this regard, is to take the responsibility of contacting agencies, individuals, and organizations outside the health care system to respond and change hazardous environmental conditions (Lundy, Janes, & Lundy, 2016). Certainly, the institutions may be willing and able to undertake the necessary steps but may not be aware of the situation. On the other hand, the member of the public can be exposed to the risks but due to lack of knowledge about where they can seek help, they may not take the initiative. In this regards, the action can assist in preventing future health problems. Nevertheless, it is important to note that matters to do with the environment and public health are highly connected with social and political context. Providing the advocacy would at times require knowledge, resilient, and experience. Therefore, I would act as an advocate by joining other like-minded nurses in the existing associations to succeed on the issues related to environmental health.
As it is evident from the above analysis, the environmental health is a significant concept in the contemporary world. In fact, nature has always provided people with food, fresh air, shelter, and pure drinking water. However, due to industrialization and population pressure, the environment has been largely destroyed, leading to the hazarding conditions such as climate change, pollution, and presence of toxic gasses in the air, as well as contaminated water and reduced supply of food. Therefore, an action from the health professionals, community leaders, the government urgencies, and non-government entities is advocated in a bid to take necessary measures to address the issue.
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“Onnagata” by Mishima Yukio
The “Onnagata” story by Mishima Yukio exemplifies the numerous themes of sexuality, orientation, and taste through art and literature. The story includes some very important images due to their symbolic nature. The metaphors symbolize several concepts and themes that the author alludes to.
The images underscore the use of imagery, metaphors, and symbolic language in the course of literature. Indeed, they comprise the following phrases: waterfall, shoots of flame, sunset glow, beauty, and snow princess, the essence of delicacy, intoxication, and dazzling brilliance (Yukio 173). In essence, these images emphasize the author’s endeavor to present themes symbolically.
Each image symbolizes a different connotation of the themes of gender and sexuality as epitomized by the author (Yukio 174). The overall symbolic meaning of all the images is the gay sexuality that has been described through various images like snow princess, intoxication, and dazzling brilliance. In this case, the author presents the themes of gay sexuality by offering the discovery of sexual attraction between men and their fellow men. Most of the images in the story symbolize the excitement and the exceptional nature of gay sexuality.
The author has a long history of gay sexual content in the literature, exemplifying the discovery of attraction among men. In fact, this story underscores how men have a female orientation that is epitomized through theater. By celebrating the feminine nature of a male actor in theater, the author typifies how wonderful it is for a man to exhibit female traits. Therefore, the author refers to the fact that it is normal for men to be interested in fellow men and for men to behave like women. The story underscores the existence of a new gender or sexual orientation that favors men who are connected to men rather than women.
The excellence and beauty of gay sexuality are celebrated by describing the experiences as sunset glow. In this case, it symbolizes the wonderful nature of gay sexuality as a male performer taking a female role is described as beautiful, like nature, landscape, and bliss. The images used in this story are intended to demystify gay sexuality by exemplifying the natural inclination to sexual attraction among men. Secondly, the demystification of gay sexuality is achieved by presenting the natural predisposition of men to female characteristics. In essence, the story presents a tale of a male actor perfectly playing a woman’s role.
The images function effectively in the story to emphasize the different angles of themes of gay sexuality (Yukio 175). All the images used are meant to articulate the author’s obsession with gay sexuality and his belief that it is natural for men to have gay tendencies. As such, the exemplification has two sides, including the normal urge for men to be attracted to fellow men and the natural inclination of some men to female characteristics. Therefore, men who become attracted to fellow men act out of their natural predisposition and the presence of female features in other men.
From the above analysis, the images in the story assert the justification of gay sexuality as a natural orientation among men. Therefore, the images play an important function in the story by advancing the author’s argument supporting gays. Through the images, it becomes apparent that gays are natural creations, and they should be allowed to prevail in society.
Mishima, Yukio. Onnagata. Tokyo: New Directions, 1966.
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Finch Red Bishop Male
Description: The Orange Crowned Weaver (Euplectes orix and E. franciscanus) hails from Africa. Other common names are Red Bishop, Grenadier Weaver. Orange Bishop, Orange Bishop Weaver, Orange Weaver. In the wild, the Orange Weaver finch will make it's home in reed beds close to the surface of the water. True to its name, male orange weavers construct complexly woven nests during the breeding season. These birds, like most other finches, are social and enjoy the company of other finches. Males are much more colorful than the females, however, after breeding season is over, the male's plumage returns to that of the female. The transformation is amazing.
Temperament: If keeping these birds in a mixed collection, they may be housed with larger, more robust finches such as cut-throats, java sparrows, and other similarly sized weavers. Keep an eye on the birds when they come into nuptial plumage as they may become aggressive at this time. Separate overly aggressive birds from the flock to prevent fighting and injury.
Breeding: In the wild, Orange Weavers are social and enjoy the company of other finches but are aggressive while breeding. As a pet, they are noted to enjoy living along and enjoy bouncing from various perches in a cage setting.
Diet: Classic Finch Seed, Millet, Dried Egg Food, Mineral Grit
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| 0.948048 | 303 | 2.75 | 3 |
Maria Izquierdo (30 October 1902 – 2 December 1955) was a celebrated Mexican painter known for her contributions to Mexican modernist art. Her journey from a humble background to becoming a renowned artist marked her as a symbol of Mexican cultural identity through her distinctive works.
Early Life & Career
Maria Izquierdo was born on October 30, 1902, in San Juan de los Lagos, Jalisco, Mexico. Her early life was marked by hardship, as she grew up in poverty. She began her artistic journey while working as a seamstress in Guadalajara, where she first displayed her artistic talent through embroidered designs. Her life took a turning point when she moved to Mexico City, where she had the opportunity to immerse herself in the thriving art scene of the 1920s.
In Mexico City, Maria Izquierdo met renowned artists and intellectuals who encouraged her artistic pursuits. She was influenced by Mexican muralists such as Diego Rivera and David Alfaro Siqueiros, whose work inspired her own exploration of Mexican culture. Izquierdo’s paintings often featured traditional Mexican themes, including folk art, cultural festivals, and indigenous traditions.
Her career blossomed in the 1930s and 1940s. She gained recognition for her unique style that blended Mexican folk traditions with modernist aesthetics. Her vibrant and distinctive works often depicted women, animals, and the daily life of Mexico. Her art was not just a reflection of the Mexican identity but also a celebration of it.
Maria Izquierdo passed away on December 2, 1955. Her contributions to Mexican art continue to be celebrated, and her legacy lives on through her artworks that serve as a testament to the rich cultural tapestry of Mexico.
Legacy and Awards
Maria Izquierdo’s legacy in Mexican art is profound. She was one of the first Mexican women to achieve international recognition as a painter. Her art is celebrated for its fusion of traditional Mexican folk elements with modernist techniques, making it a powerful representation of Mexican culture.
She was the recipient of several awards and accolades during her career, including the National Fine Arts Prize in 1948. Her work continues to be displayed in prestigious museums and galleries in Mexico and around the world.
Maria Izquierdo’s art not only broke barriers for women in the art world but also played a pivotal role in shaping Mexican modernist art. Her bold and colorful paintings are a testament to her enduring impact on the art scene and her dedication to celebrating the beauty of Mexican culture.
On 30 October 2014, a Google Doodle was created to celebrate Maria Izquierdo’s 112th Birthday.
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Architecture plays a profound and often underestimated role in shaping communities. Beyond the aesthetics and functionality of buildings, architects are the silent authors of the narratives that unfold within a neighborhood. This article delves into the multifaceted role of architecture in community building, highlighting how it can foster social interactions, strengthen cultural identities, and create spaces where people can live, work, and thrive together.
Designing for Connection
In the design of public spaces and residential areas, architects are tasked with much more than creating visually appealing structures. They act as social engineers, envisioning spaces that encourage interaction and collaboration. Public parks, plazas, and communal areas within neighborhoods, designed with careful attention to human behavior, can transform from mere physical spaces into vibrant hubs for community gatherings. Benches invite conversations, open layouts create a sense of belonging, and thoughtfully positioned greenery brings a touch of nature to urban life.
Cultural Signifiers and Identity
Architecture is also a powerful tool for expressing and preserving cultural identity. The structures and buildings of a community can tell a rich story about its history and traditions. Architectural elements, such as unique facades, traditional ornamentation, or community-specific layouts, serve as cultural signifiers. They create a shared sense of belonging and pride among residents. Whether it’s a historical preservation project or a new development inspired by local heritage, architecture shapes a community’s identity and connects its members to their roots.
Sustainability and Resilience
In a world facing environmental challenges, architects are at the forefront of sustainable and resilient design. Community planning integrates eco-friendly solutions, such as energy-efficient buildings, green roofs, and rainwater harvesting systems. These not only reduce a community’s carbon footprint but also enhance the quality of life for its residents. Sustainable architecture isn’t just about conserving resources; it’s about creating healthier, more livable spaces that contribute to community well-being.
Architectural projects create jobs, stimulate local economies, and, through urban planning, can drive revitalization efforts in distressed areas. Well-designed and aesthetically pleasing neighborhoods attract businesses, tourists, and new residents, bringing economic growth and vibrancy to the community. This, in turn, can lead to better infrastructure, improved public services, and a higher overall quality of life.
The Architect’s Responsibility
Architects hold a significant responsibility in community development. Their creative decisions impact not only the aesthetics of a neighborhood but also its functionality and the quality of life for residents. This extends to issues like accessibility and inclusivity. Inclusive design ensures that architectural creations cater to everyone, regardless of their physical abilities. This thoughtful approach results in spaces where all members of a community can participate and feel a sense of belonging.
Architecture is more than bricks and mortar; it’s the foundation of communities. Architects, with their visionary designs, are pivotal in constructing spaces that encourage social interactions, celebrate cultural heritage, promote sustainability, and fuel economic development. To truly build communities, architects must not only focus on structural integrity but also on creating spaces that foster human connections, nourish the local culture, and contribute to a thriving and sustainable future.
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| 0.924266 | 657 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Airbus just moved one step closer to launching the world’s first zero-emission commercial aircraft by 2035.The French aircraft maker has announced plans to test hydrogen fuel technology using a modified version of one of its A380 jetliners, which were discontinued last year.Airbus has partnered with CFM International, a joint venture between GE and Safran Aircraft Engines, on the hugely significant hydrogen demonstration program. The plane manufacturer will use an “A380 flying testbed fitted with liquid hydrogen tanks” to trial propulsion technology for its future hydrogen aircraft.
“Our ambition is to take this (A380) aircraft and add a stub in between the rear doors at the upper level,” says Glenn Llewellyn, vice president for zero emission aircraft at Airbus, in a video posted on the Airbus YouTube channel. “That stub will have on the end of it a hydrogen powered gas turbine.”He goes on to explain that the aircraft will be fitted with hydrogen storage and hydrogen distribution, which will feed its engine with the chemical element.
According to Llewellyn, the aim of the “flight laboratory” is to learn more about hydrogen propulsion systems in real ground and flight conditions, thus enabling Airbus to press on with its plans for a zero-emission aircraft in just over a decade.Test flights are currently estimated to take place in 2026, provided everything goes to plan. The news comes over a year after Airbus unveiled three hydrogen-based concepts under the ZEROe banner.
“This is the most significant step undertaken at Airbus to usher in a new era of hydrogen-powered flight since the unveiling of our ZEROe concepts back in September 2020,” Sabine Klauke, chief technical officer for Airbus, said in a statement.”By leveraging the expertise of American and European engine manufacturers to make progress on hydrogen combustion technology, this international partnership sends a clear message that our industry is committed to making zero-emission flight a reality.”
Aviation generates 2.8% of global CO2 emissions, and the global fuel consumption by commercial airlines reached 95 billion gallons in 2019.The global aviation industry has pledged to slash emissions to half their 2005 levels by 2050.A number of air carriers are moving towards sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) in order to help reduce the environmental impact of flying, with British Airways’ parent company IAG revealing plans to power 10% of its flights with SAF by 2030 and United Airlines completing its first successful flight by 100% sustainable fuel last year.However, Airbus is hedging its bets on hydrogen, which can potentially reduce aviation’s carbon emissions by up to 50%, according to the airplane manufacturer.”I strongly believe that the use of hydrogen — both in synthetic fuels and as a primary power source for commercial aircraft — has the potential to significantly reduce aviation’s climate impact,” says Guillaume Faury, chief executive for Airbus.Meanwhile, aviation firm ZeroAvia is currently developing a 19-seater aircraft that will operate commercial hydrogen-electric flights between London and Rotterdam from 2024.
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| 0.946747 | 639 | 2.875 | 3 |
Food waste is a substantial problem in the United States and beyond. Just in the United States, food waste makes up 30 – 40% of the food supply and is the single largest contributor to our nation’s landfills. While food waste is a multifaceted problem, food recycling and composting is undoubtedly one component of the solution. Simply learning how to make instant compost or use a food recycler is an easy and immediate step we can all take to help address our country’s wasteful habits.
As Cornell University’s composting school explained, “Composting provides a way not only of reducing the amount of waste that needs to be disposed of, but also of converting it into a product that is useful for gardening, landscaping, or house plants.” But composting can happen on many scales; it doesn’t necessarily have to be a huge, overwhelming endeavor. In fact, one of the main hurdles for many individuals is that the typical process involves tossing food into a container and adding manure. This can be smelly and time-consuming.
A Whiz-Bang Food Recycler
One popular tool that improves the composting process is Whirlpool’s Zera Food Recycler. The food recycler can handle all food scraps except bones and pits. Simply toss them in and the Zera—which is about counter height and the width of a standard kitchen trash can—uses blades, a carbon filter and additives (plants, coconut, baking soda, etc.) to help break down the food. The additives come in a pack that users drop in before each use. After just a day, the Zera will have turned what used to be food waste into fertilizer. For the cherry on top, Whirlpool’s fancy food recycler can even be operated via a mobile app. It simply needs to be plugged into a standard outlet for the composting to take place.
According to the company, the Zera reduces food waste by around two-thirds. The only downside, really, is the machine’s cost. The Whirlpool Zera costs just shy of $1,200. Still, it seems consumers are willing to pay the price, considering Zera was funded via IndieGogo and raised 827% its original funding goal.
Compost Without the Stink
While the Whirlpool Zera is the most hyped option out there for food recyclers, you can learn how to make instant compost without it. A cheaper machine is the Food Cycler (not made by Whirlpool). It works very similarly, but is much smaller. According to its maker, it reduces waste by 90% and turns kitchen scraps into fertilizer in just a three-hour cycle. This machine has no enzymes or additives and is marketed as completely odorless, solving one of the greatest inconveniences of composting. And unlike the Zera, it can handle bones, pits and other tough scraps. On Amazon, you can get the machine for between $500 and $600—around half the price of the hyped Whirlpool option.
Either way, a food recycler is a great addition to anyone’s kitchen and an easy, small step anyone can make to reducing food waste. Composting is worth the time and energy in all forms, but is an even more appealing undertaking when it doesn’t have to be smelly or nasty or inconvenient.
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| 0.947596 | 706 | 2.796875 | 3 |
The project of Encyclopaedic Atlas of the Small Mediterranean Islands is born in 2012, during a meeting of the Research and Management Committee of the PIM Initiative, an international programme aimed at promoting and supporting the management of Mediterranean island micro-territories.
The objective of this project is to provide everyone with all the knowledge available on these small territories, dealing with their evolution, their heritage (natural, historical, cultural…) and their management facing the pressures that are exerted there. In the long term, this bulk of information may allow to build a strategy for the conservation of islands and islets to be carried out by the countries of the Mediterranean basin with the support of the PIM Initiative.
After several years of field work, feedbacks and multidisciplinary collaborations, this project is now materialized through this Atlas platform, created to share the different sheets produced at different scales (sub-basin, cluster, island) throughout the Western Mediterranean countries.
HOW TO USE THE MAP ?
FROM THE MAP
Click on the marker to access information on an island, or on the geographical area to access information on the selected cluster or sub-basin. Only sub-basins coloured in XX, clusters coloured in XXX , and islands identified by the Atlas logo have an available sheet.
FROM THE ICON IN THE TOP LEFT CORNER
Clicking on the icon will bring up the map navigation menu. Clicking on the names of sub-basins, clusters or islands will bring up an information window on the selected item. You will then find the link to the corresponding Atlas sheet.
FROM THE ICON IN THE TOP RIGHT CORNER
Clicking on the icon will take you to the map search engine (magnifying glass).
For an easier map reading, you will find on the "Explore the Atlas" page three individual maps: a sub-basin map, a cluster map and an island map.
CONSERVATOIRE DU LITTORAL
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| 0.858624 | 406 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Deep learning has revolutionized various fields, including computer vision and image processing. One area where deep learning is making significant strides is in processing raw photoacoustic channel data and providing guidance. Photoacoustic imaging is an emerging medical imaging technique that combines the advantages of both ultrasound and optical imaging. It has the potential to provide high-resolution images with rich functional and molecular information.
Photoacoustic imaging works by illuminating tissue with short laser pulses, which generate acoustic waves due to the absorption of light by tissue chromophores. These acoustic waves are then detected by an ultrasound transducer, and the resulting signals are used to reconstruct images of the tissue. However, the raw photoacoustic channel data is often noisy and contains artifacts, making it challenging to obtain accurate and reliable images.
This is where deep learning comes into play. Deep learning algorithms, specifically convolutional neural networks (CNNs), have shown remarkable success in various image processing tasks. These algorithms can automatically learn and extract relevant features from raw data, enabling them to denoise and enhance the quality of photoacoustic images.
One of the key advantages of deep learning in processing raw photoacoustic channel data is its ability to handle complex and non-linear relationships between input data and desired outputs. Traditional image processing techniques often rely on handcrafted features and assumptions about the data distribution, which may not hold true in real-world scenarios. Deep learning algorithms, on the other hand, can learn directly from the data without any prior assumptions, making them more flexible and adaptable.
To utilize deep learning for processing raw photoacoustic channel data, a training dataset is required. This dataset consists of pairs of raw channel data and corresponding high-quality images obtained through other imaging modalities or expert annotations. The deep learning algorithm is then trained on this dataset to learn the mapping between the raw data and the desired output.
During the training process, the deep learning algorithm learns to identify patterns and features in the raw data that are indicative of high-quality images. It learns to denoise the data, remove artifacts, and enhance the contrast and resolution of the images. The trained algorithm can then be used to process new raw channel data and provide guidance in real-time.
The application of deep learning in processing raw photoacoustic channel data has several benefits. Firstly, it improves the quality and accuracy of photoacoustic images, enabling better visualization and interpretation of tissue structures and abnormalities. This can aid in early detection and diagnosis of diseases, such as cancer.
Secondly, deep learning algorithms can automate the image processing pipeline, reducing the need for manual intervention and expertise. This not only saves time but also reduces the risk of human error and variability in image interpretation.
Lastly, deep learning algorithms can be continuously improved and updated with new data, allowing them to adapt to changing imaging conditions and improve their performance over time. This makes them highly scalable and versatile for different applications and imaging setups.
In conclusion, deep learning is playing a crucial role in processing raw photoacoustic channel data and providing guidance. By leveraging the power of convolutional neural networks, deep learning algorithms can denoise, enhance, and improve the quality of photoacoustic images. This has significant implications for medical imaging, enabling better diagnosis and treatment planning. As deep learning continues to advance, we can expect further improvements in photoacoustic imaging and its applications in healthcare.
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There are numerous examples of women succeeding in traditionally male-dominated professions. However, if success is defined as actually running a company, a corporation, or even a country, we must look at the statistics. There are 19 female CEOs running Fortune 500 companies. This sounds solid, but this actually only makes up 3.8% of the total. Over 70 women serve in the United States Congress. This, too, seems applause-worthy, until you count all 535 seats in both the House and Senate. That means women hold seats in only 13.8% of Congress, despite making up 52% of the American voting population. Women have certainly come a long way in the United States, but they still have a very long way to go before they have an equal share of the real power in that country. Condoleezza Rice, Hillary Clinton, Sarah Palin, and Nancy Pelosi are four women leaders who have broken the glass ceiling in the world of politics and leadership. Please describe one specific, predominant, and common characteristic that three of these superwomen possess that might account for their breaking the glass ceiling. Use the following questions to guide your supportive writing: How specifically is this characteristic demonstrated? How do these women apply this characteristic in their decision making, strategic planning, or problem solving? Are these characteristics an offshoot of a traditionally male-oriented style? If so, which male leader do they most resemble? Based on this predominant characteristic, which leadership theory would they utilize most effectively? Your paper should be 3-5 pages in length and include a cover page and a reference page. Use Saudi Electronic University academic writing standards and APA style guidelines, citing references as appropriate. Include at least two additional sources beyond the textbook to support your writing. The SEU Virtual Library is a good resource to search for these references. Be sure to thoroughly review the grading rubric to assist you with the formation of your essay.
https://proessaytutors.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/proessaytutors.png 0 0 Admin https://proessaytutors.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/proessaytutors.png Admin2020-08-18 10:45:202020-08-18 10:45:20There are numerous examples of women succeeding in traditionally male-dominated professions. However, if success is defined as actually running a company, a corporation, or even a country, we must look at the statistics. There are 19 female CEOs running F
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Prior to beginning work on this discussion forum, read Chapters 12 and 13 in the Foundations of Financial Management textbook.
For this discussion forum,
- Discuss the different capital budgeting techniques covered in Chapter 12, incorporating how risk plays into the decision-making process from Chapter 13.
- Explain the pros and cons of each method and what type of company uses each method.
- Finally, find a real-life company that has made a capital budgeting decision and discuss the method used. If possible, try to select a company that a fellow student has not already selected.
Your initial response should be a minimum of 200 words.
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Are states permitted to place restrictions on abortion?
Since the Supreme Court’s Roe v. Wade and Doe v. Bolton rulings in 1973 (see above), most states have sought to impose restrictions on abortion. As these laws have been enacted, Planned Parenthood, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) and other abortion advocacy organizations have sought court injunctions to prevent them from going into effect. Many of these legal battles have found their way to the U.S. Supreme Court.
In Planned Parenthood v. Danforth (1976), the Court upheld the right of a state to require the consent of one parent when a minor sought an abortion. A judicial bypass provision was required in cases where a minor felt she would be in danger if she sought consent from a parent.
In Webster v. Reproductive Health Services (1989), the Court upheld a state’s prerogative to prohibit the use of taxpayer funds and public facilities for abortions.
In Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey (1992) the Court discarded the trimester formula adopted in Roe, and ruled that states could enact laws to protect the unborn child after viability. Casey also upheld the state’s 24-hour waiting period before an abortion, as well as the state’s parental consent and informed consent laws.
In Gonzales v. Carhart (2007) the Supreme Court upheld the federal ban on a particular type of late term abortion known as partial birth abortion.
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Related questions with answers
The objective is to complete the following table given that the diameter of the circle is equal to . A condition to round the final answer into two decimal places is also given.
Table 1. Table of interest.
To complete the table above, we need to look for the diameter and circumference of the given circle.
Figure 1. Circle of interest.
Figure represents the given circle with its corresponding notations.
Recommended textbook solutions
More related questions
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Sir Thomas Browne (; 19 October 1605 – 19 October 1682) was an English polymath and author of varied works which reveal his wide learning in diverse fields including science and medicine, religion and the esoteric. His writings display a deep curiosity towards the natural world, influenced by the scientific revolution of Baconian enquiry and are permeated by references to Classical and Biblical sources as well as the idiosyncrasies of his own personality. Although often described as suffused with melancholia, Browne's writings are also characterised by wit and subtle humour, while his literary style is varied, according to genre, resulting in a rich, unique prose which ranges from rough notebook observations to polished Baroque eloquence.
Thomas Browne is sometimes cited as:
- Sir Thomas Browne
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Illumination of any light is measured using a different kind of calibrated equipment's available in the market such as a goniometer, spectral radiometer, photometer, Lux meter and camera based systems which directly display the illumination of automotive headlights light distribution in the unit of lux, foot-candles, lumens/sq. ft. and Lambert etc., In this research, we dealt with evaluating the photo resistor or Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) and phototransistor whether it is useful for sensing light patterns of Automotive Halogen and Xenon bulbs. The experiments are conducted during night hours under complete dark space. We have used the headlamp setup available in TATA SUMO VICTA vehicle in the Indian market and conducted the experiments separately for Halogen and Xenon bulbs under low and high beam operations at various degrees and test points within ten meters of distance. Also, we have compared the light intensity of halogen and xenon bulbs to prove the highest light intensity between halogen and Xenon bulbs. After doing a rigorous test with these two sensors it is understood both are good to sensing beam pattern of automotive bulbs and even it is good if we use an array of sensors or a mixed combination of sensors for measuring illumination purposes under perfect calibrations.
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Song of the King
Lyrics By Oscar Hammerstein II Music By Richard Rodgers
Anna and the King clash over their differing perspectives on gender.
“Song of the King” LYRICS
A woman is a female who is human,
Designed for pleasing man, the human male.
A human male is pleased by many women,
And all the rest you hear is fairy tale.
Then tell me how this fairy tale began, sir.
You cannot call it just a poet’s trick.
Explain to me why many men are faithful
And true to one wife only—
They are sick!
A girl must be like a blossom
With honey for just one man.
A man must live like honey bee
And gather all he can.
To fly from blossom to blossom
A honey bee must be free,
But blossom must not ever fly
From bee to bee to bee.
“Song of the King” (Rodgers/Oscar Hammerstein II)
© 1951, Copyright Renewed, Williamson Music Company (ASCAP) c/o Concord Music Publishing.
All Rights Reserved. Used by Permission.
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26+ 1St Grade Addition Worksheets Collection
Free 1st grade addition worksheets. Inspiring for first grade addition worksheets worksheet images.
Jumpstart's extensive collection of fun, printable worksheets for first graders is perfect for 6 and 7 year old children. Here you will find a wide range of free printable 1st grade math addition worksheets, which will help your child to learn to add 2 digit numbers in columns. Free 1st grade addition worksheets.
So you have a first grader?
These addition worksheets are curated to suit every grade. Jumpstart's extensive collection of fun, printable worksheets for first graders is perfect for 6 and 7 year old children. These grade 1 math worksheets are made up of vertical addition questions, where the math questions are written top to bottom. A foremost 1st grade basic addition skill can be obtained as kids engage in our addition facts: Some of the worksheets displayed are grade, addition with regrouping, grade 1 addition work, add two 2 digit numbers in columns no regrouping, thanksgiving addition work for first grade, sample work from. Each math sheet also has an optional answer key checkbox that you can select, if you wish to print an answer key to go along with your math worksheet. First grade addition worksheets addition sentences to 12. Give your students the necessary addition practice they need with these addition worksheets. Inspiring for first grade addition worksheets worksheet images. First grade math addition worksheets, free 1st grade math addition worksheet and 1st grade math worksheets are three of main things we want to present to you. A fun addition exercise maths worksheet for grade 1 (first grade) students and kids with rabbit and canvas theme. Free interactive exercises to practice online or download as pdf to print. The best set of free addition worksheets on the web! Get access to our printable 1st grade addition worksheets and acquire the best captivating math strategies. Introduction to addition, addition with pictures, addition sentences illustrated, addition word. An addition drill is a worksheet with all of the single digit problems for addition on one page. These worksheets are generated automatically each. Designed by education professionals for young learners, these first grade addition worksheets and printables introduce addition in an interactive and engaging way. Us letter (8.5 x 11) each worksheet comes with an answer sheet. Write the solutions and color the rabbit. Printable 1st grade addition worksheets. Parents and teachers can use these free worksheets to help kids master skills like phonetics, reading, time, money and addition. A student who has memorized all of the single digit addition problems should be able to work out the 100 problems correctly in 5 minutes, 60 problems in 3 minutes, or 20 problems in 1 minute. So you have a first grader? We also have a range of 1st grade addition worksheets which involve adding numbers up to 12+12 at a trickier level than the sheets on this page. These addition worksheets are curated to suit every grade. One of the most common number equation solving mistakes young mathematicians make is not using … Worksheets and no prep teaching resources math worksheets addition worksheets. Talking related with for first grade addition worksheets, scroll down to see various similar pictures to give you more ideas. Sums up to 20 exercise. Free 1st grade addition worksheets.
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The neocortex stands out as a stunning achievement of biological evolution. All mammals have this swath of tissue covering their brain, and the six layers of densely packed neurons within it handle the sophisticated computations and associations that produce cognitive prowess. Since no animals other than mammals have a neocortex, scientists have wondered how such a complex brain region evolved.
The brains of reptiles seemed to offer a clue. Not only are reptiles the closest living relatives of mammals, but their brains have a three-layered structure called a dorsal ventricular ridge, or DVR, with functional similarities to the neocortex. For more than 50 years, some evolutionary neuroscientists have argued that the neocortex and the DVR were both derived from a more primitive feature in an ancestor shared by mammals and reptiles.
Now, however, by analyzing molecular details invisible to the human eye, scientists have refuted that view. By looking at patterns of gene expression in individual brain cells, researchers at Columbia University showed that despite the anatomical similarities, the neocortex in mammals and the DVR in reptiles are unrelated. Instead, mammals seem to have evolved the neocortex as an entirely new brain region, one built without a trace of what came before it. The neocortex is composed of new types of neurons that seem to have no precedent in ancestral animals.
This process of evolutionary innovation in the brain isn’t limited to the creation of new parts. Other work by Tosches and her colleagues in the same issue of Science showed that even seemingly ancient brain regions are continuing to evolve by getting rewired with new types of cells. The discovery that gene expression can reveal these kinds of important distinctions between neurons is also prompting researchers to rethink how they define some brain regions and to reassess whether some animals might have more complex brains than they thought.
Active Genes in Single Neurons
Back in the 1960s, the influential neuroscientist Paul MacLean proposed an idea about brain evolution that was wrong but still had a lasting impact on the field. He suggested that the basal ganglia, a grouping of structures near the base of the brain, were a holdover from a “lizard brain” that evolved in reptiles and was responsible for survival instincts and behaviors. When early mammals evolved, they added a limbic system for the regulation of emotions above the basal ganglia. And when humans and other advanced mammals arose, according to MacLean, they added a neocortex. Like a “thinking cap,” it sat at the top of the stack and imparted higher cognition.
This “triune brain” model captivated the public imagination after Carl Sagan wrote about it in his 1977 Pulitzer Prize-winning book The Dragons of Eden. Evolutionary neuroscientists were less impressed. Studies soon debunked the model by showing conclusively that brain regions do not evolve neatly one on top of another. Instead, the brain evolves as a whole, with older parts undergoing modifications to adapt to the addition of new parts, explained Paul Cisek, a cognitive neuroscientist at the University of Montreal. “It’s not like upgrading your iPhone, where you load up a new app,” he said.
The best-supported explanation for the origin of new brain regions was that they evolved mostly by duplicating and modifying preexisting structures and neural circuits. To many evolutionary biologists, such as Harvey Karten of the University of California, San Diego, the similarities between the mammalian neocortex and the reptilian DVR suggested that they are, in evolutionary terms, homologous—that they both evolved from a structure passed down from an ancestor shared by mammals and reptiles.
But other researchers, including Luis Puelles of the University of Murcia in Spain, disagreed. In the development of mammals and reptiles, they saw signs that the neocortex and the DVR took shape through completely different processes. This hinted that the neocortex and DVR evolved independently. If so, their similarities had nothing to do with homology: They were probably coincidences dictated by the functions and constraints on the structures.
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Relative positions of the planets: May 3 2002
Copyright: ESA 2000. Illustration by Medialab
Viewed from above the Solar System the five planets, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Saturn and Jupiter, would appear in these relative positions on May 3 2002.
To understand why the planets change their relative positions from night to night, think of them orbiting the Sun at different speeds. At present they are all on the far side of the Sun. In the evening, their orbits are carrying them upwards, while the Earth is moving downwards relative to the Sun. Mercury and Venus orbit faster than the Earth. As a result they make progress upwards in the evening sky. (After May 3 Mercury will reverse when it comes towards the near side of the Sun.) Mars, Jupiter and Saturn travel more slowly than Earth so the effect is to bring them down in the evening sky, until they eventually pass behind the Sun.
Last Update: 1 September 2019
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The companion of every dive, Blennies will come to you and wave their fins, they love to be in front of the camera. There are about everywhere around the rocks of the Alboran sea (Mediterranean Sea). They are vey curious fish, when the diver approach they come to have a closer look at him.
A blenny is a member of a large suborder of teleost fish called the Blennioidei. The suborder has about 833 species in 130 genera.
Blennies are generally small fish. They have long bodies, and relatively large eyes and mouths. Their dorsal fins are continuous and long. The pelvic fins have a single embedded spine, and are short and slender. The tail fin is rounded.
The blunt heads of blennies often have whisker-like structures called cirri. As generally benthic fish, blennioids spend much of their time on or near the sea floor.
Blennies feed on small invertebrates, though some are herbivorous.
The common blenny locate in rockpool, cracks or crevice or under a rock or within a weed bed.
We see this funny fish on each ScubaCourse costa del sol dive along the coast of Marbella, San Pedro de Alcantara, Estepona, Casares, Manilva, San Luis de Sabinillas, Torregiadiaro, Sotogrande, Alcaidesa , San Roque, Algeciras, Tarifa.
The male Blenny attracts a female with a courtship display to a nest site. Male common blennies usually change colour in the spring/summer breeding season, and females will lay eggs under rocks in the intertidal zone. Males will stay near to the eggs to guard them until they hatch. Common blenny can live for at least ten years, and it is thought that some species may be able to live for as long as 15 – 20 years.
Provided the environment is damp and moist and contains weed cover this species is capable of living out of water for many hours. Indeed, common blennies can sometimes be observed completely out of the water, making their way across seaweed or between rocks, with this amphibious behaviour leading to the shanny being given the alternative name of the sea frog.
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This One Less Two Less Module 1 lesson 34 powerpoint guides you through the lesson - helping you teach fluency, application, and concept development. You can also use as a Google Slideshow if you don't have powerpoint. You must press PLAY/PRESENT for this to work, as there are actions on each page. These are SUPER ENGAGING and INTERACTIVE!
💰💰💰💰 Save 20% when you purchase the bundle! 💰💰💰💰
- 1 less
- 2 less
- Take away 1 and 0
- Use Rekenrek to show taking away all and taking away all but 1
WANT TO LEARN MORE?
If you aren't sure these will work for you, please read more by clicking on the link below. These daily lessons will walk you through the process so you don't have to sit behind a binder to teach. They give examples and help practice and teach fluency and concept development for each topic. My students sit on the carpet for most of this portion of the daily lesson. They have their white boards so I can check for understanding, and we have our leader who is usually at the board with me calling on students and helping with the lesson. READ MORE AND GRAB A FEW FREEBIES HERE!
HEAR FROM OTHERS: 📢
My Math daily powerpoints have been a game-changer for hundreds of buyers. If you are new to first grade OR you are looking to spruce up your daily lessons, you might want to check these out!
I love these Module Sets. Makes prepping for math a thousand times easier and helps keep my kids engaged in the lessons.
I have to say that this is one of the BEST purchases that I have made on TpT!!! Every lesson is perfectly aligned to Eureka but SO much more engaging and rigorous than their actual lessons. I have thoroughly enjoyed using this product, and my students have enjoyed it as well. They have done well and have really liked the variety of fluency exercises that are provided but are not necessarily included with Eureka. thank you so much for making this awesome product! I will buy the next module that we are going to cover during the Cyber Monday sale as my pocketbook is a little depleted after Black Friday shopping. haha
I use these daily and absolutely love them! Kid friendly and teacher friendly. Thanks!
This is great! in combination with your print and go this gives me a complete, beautiful math program! Thank you!
GREAT resource - my students love these activities! Thanks for sharing! 🙂
I LOVE using this product. I use it every day. Thank you for sharing it.
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STS-125, or HST-SM4 (Hubble Space Telescope Servicing Mission 4), was the fifth and final space shuttle mission to the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). Space Shuttle Atlantis carried two new instruments to the Hubble Space Telescope, the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph and the Wide Field Camera 3. The mission also replaced a Fine Guidance Sensor, six gyroscopes, and two battery unit modules to allow the telescope to continue to function at least through 2014. The crew also installed new thermal blanket insulating panels to provide improved thermal protection, and a soft-capture mechanism that would aid in the safe de-orbiting of the telescope by an unmanned spacecraft at the end of its operational lifespan.
The Space Shuttle is a retired, partially reusable low Earth orbital spacecraft system operated from 1981 to 2011 by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) as part of the Space Shuttle program. Its official program name was Space Transportation System (STS). Five complete Space Shuttle orbiter vehicles were built and flown on a total of 135 missions from 1981 to 2011.
Space Shuttle Atlantis (Orbiter Vehicle Designation: OV‑104) is a Space Shuttle orbiter vehicle belonging to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the spaceflight and space exploration agency of the United States. Constructed by the Rockwell International company in Southern California and delivered to the Kennedy Space Center in Eastern Florida in April 1985, Atlantis is the fourth operational and the second-to-last Space Shuttle built. Its maiden flight was STS-51-J from 3 to 7 October 1985. Atlantis embarked on its 33rd and final mission, also the final mission of a space shuttle, STS-135, on 8 July 2011. STS-134 by Endeavour was expected to be the final flight before STS-135 was authorized in October 2010. STS-135 took advantage of the processing for the STS-335 Launch On Need mission that would have been necessary if STS-134's crew became stranded in orbit. Atlantis landed for the final time at the Kennedy Space Center on 21 July 2011. By the end of its final mission, Atlantis had orbited the Earth a total of 4,848 times, traveling nearly 126,000,000 mi (203,000,000 km) or more than 525 times the distance from the Earth to the Moon.Space Shuttle Details
Birth: Aug. 15, 1959
Birth: July 30, 1954
Birth: Aug. 30, 1971
Birth: Oct. 13, 1962
Birth: Aug. 19, 1962
Birth: Aug. 25, 1965
Birth: Oct. 10, 1958
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research. NASA have many launch facilities but most are inactive. The most commonly used pad will be LC-39B at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.INFO WIKI
The Hubble Space Telescope recently garnered headlines for a software anomaly that caused the iconic observatory to enter safe mode as its control teams worked to successfully restore the telescope to operational status.
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The Language Centre organizes a number of activities aimed at consolidating the knowledge acquired in class by offering students a range of opportunities to practice. The cultural meetings and workshops make learning the language both easier and more enjoyable.
All our activities are open to our students and are free of charge.
4 x 4 conversation exchange
If you want to meet new people, this is the activity you’re looking for. The aim is to put foreign students and Spanish students in touch. Participants chat alternatively in Spanish and English. It’s a great way to practice the language and have fun at the same time.
Get to know the best films Spanish cinema has to offer. Teachers offer a range of activities designed to make understanding the film easier, more dynamic, and participative.
Listening to music
You can expand your Spanish vocabulary and learn new grammatical structures of spoken Spanish through song lyrics. You can also get to know traditional Spanish musical styles as well as the latest musical trends in pop latino.
An audiovisual and interactive approach to understanding the history of flamenco and various styles as well as its leading exponents.
Get to know the history of Spain through a superb selection of documentaries that will help you understand the seminal episodes in the country’s history.
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Burden of mental illness
Neuropsychiatric disorders impact hundreds of millions of patients, many of whom have poor or no treatment options. Yet, despite the enormous human cost and societal burden, there have been almost no new mechanisms to treat major neuropsychiatric disorders in decades.
Depression and anxiety disorders
cost the global economy
each year in lost productivity
21% of people experiencing homelessness
also have a serious mental illness
37% of people incarcerated in state and federal prison have a diagnosed mental health condition
46% of people who die by suicide
have a diagnosed mental health condition
1 in 8 of all visits to U.S. emergency departments
are related to mental and substance abuse disorders
1 in 5 U.S. adults
experience mental illness
The average delay between symptom onset and treatment is
are complex conditions with poorly defined mechanisms
The complexity of these disorders requires
a new drug discovery approach
The target-based approach of identifying highly selective targeted compounds has failed to deliver new and improved treatments for central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Instead, we rely on old drugs, some with serious side effects.
The alternative to target-driven drug discovery is a phenotypic systems approach, which can deliver treatments that work via novel, unknown, or multiple mechanisms. Phenotypic screening strategies have been more productive than target-based approaches, especially for CNS disorders where some of the most efficacious drugs, such as clozapine for schizophrenia, were discovered by serendipity (by observing how an animal’s behavior was altered in response to the drug).
PsychoGenics employs computer vision and Artificial Intelligence to extract and analyze behavioral and physiological data from mice and offers an effective approach to the discovery and development of the next generation of breakthrough treatments for CNS disorders.”
Four proprietary in vivo technologies are at the core of our
drug discovery platform
There are currently four proprietary platforms, SmartCube®, NeuroCube®, PhenoCube® and eCube™. Using these platforms PsychoGenics can screen tens of thousands of compounds for CNS activity and identify those with a behavioral/physiological profile that reverses a disease model phenotype or that are similar to drugs that treat a specific neuropsychiatric disorder. The company’s technologies are being applied to discover treatments for psychiatric, cognitive, neurodegenerative, and seizure disorders, and pain.
data points per mouse per session
behaviors per session
of compounds per week
compounds per year
Our AI-enabled platform provides deep insight
into novel compounds
PsychoGenics’ phenotypic drug discovery approach can significantly reduce the time and cost to reaching approved Investigational New Drug status, potentially resulting in the identification of a viable drug candidate from a few hundred analogs tested in lead optimization in just over a year. This compares favorably to most target-driven programs, which typically synthesize thousands of analogs over many years. Due to its target-agnostic nature, the approach has increased the probability of successfully finding drug candidates with novel first-in-class mechanisms of action and improved side effect profiles that are suitable for treating the symptoms of neuropsychiatric disorders.
The PsychoGenics platform has classified hundreds of currently marketed drugs by their behavioral signature to create our Reference Drug database. We now take experimental compounds and use AI to tell us behavioral similarity, which gives us insight into potential therapeutic indications.
Experimental Compound A is classified as “Antidepressant”
Our platform has enabled us to develop a proprietary
library of diverse compounds and their behavioral signatures
Over many years PsychoGenics has amassed a library of diverse small molecule compound tested for behavioral activity. given the diversity of chemistry there are many opportunities to initiate new discovery programs.
Our platform has delivered a pipeline of drug candidates in
partnership with Sunovion, Roche, Karuna and others
Using artificial intelligence (AI), PsychoGenics has pioneered the translation of rodent behavioral and physiological responses into robust, high throughput, high content phenotyping. Its drug discovery platforms, SmartCube®, NeuroCube®, PhenoCube® and eCube, have led to shared risk partnerships with major pharma companies such as Sunovion and Roche and resulted in the discovery of several novel compounds now in clinical trials, including SEP-363856. SEP-363856 is a novel, first-in-class drug treatment for schizophrenia being developed by Sunovion Pharmaceuticals.
Ulotaront is our Breakthrough Status compound*
currently in Phase III
behavioral signature for Ulotaront
Potential to be the first new
Mechanism of Action for the treatment of schizophrenia in 65 years.
Placebo-like side effects with broad efficacy including against negative symptoms.
Our library is the source of our diverse
internal pipeline of programs
Our programs are positioned to achieve a similar or improved level of efficacy and to reduce side effects with novel Mechanisms of Action
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Levi Strauss & Co. invented the world’s first blue jeans in 1873. That’s a hard act to follow, but the company unveiled another revolutionary product in 1934: Lady Levi’s® jeans, the very first denims made specifically for women.
Western women had been wearing men’s 501® jeans for decades, because they also worked hard on family ranches, rode horses and lived the rugged life of the west alongside their men.
LS&Co. saw this happening and decided to give women a jean of their own. Made of a pre-shrunk denim, with a “feminine fit,” Lady Levi’s® jeans—also called Lot 701—were not only meant to give women a choice in denim, but they were aimed a very specific audience: visitors to western “dude ranches.”
A dude ranch is a working horse or cattle ranch that takes in paying guests. They can range from rustic or resort-like, and this phenomenon dates back to the early 20th century. The golden age of the dude ranch was the 1930s, and the visitors were the tired urbanites from the eastern states, and even from cities in Europe. The wide open spaces of Arizona, New Mexico, Montana, Wyoming and other states had a tinge of romance and adventure thanks to movies and novels, and spending a week or a whole season at one of these dude ranches was hugely popular.
Women—either alone or with their families—visited the dude ranches in huge numbers, and Lady Levi’s® jeans were sold in New York so that visitors could outfit themselves before they arrived at the ranch. This was unusual, because the company was only selling its regular product range in the west, and didn’t expand nationally until after World War II. The towns around the ranches also carried the jeans (and jackets and western shirts) so that the out-of-towners could dress the part.
Lot 701 was a revolutionary product in many ways. For one thing, women just did not wear denim in public in the 1930s. Jeans were male, were for laborers, and class and cultural distinctions were very rigid back in the day. Not only that, Lady Levi’s® jeans had a button fly. This was truly subversive; even pants with a front zipper were considered a little daring, but to wear button-fly pants was a way of saying that, even though she was on vacation, the woman who wore Lot 701 was taking a step away from conformity.
To celebrate this year’s 80th anniversary of the first jeans for women, Levi Strauss & Co. has invited a number of international fashion editors to the place where it all began: a dude ranch. I am with them this week to share the history of our Lot 701. We’re also spending our time in a place that has deep connections to Levi Strauss & Co.: the town of Wickenburg, Arizona.
Wickenburg: The Dude Ranch Capital of the World
In the 1920s and 1930s, when dude ranches starting springing up all over the west, Wickenburg was already a hub of vacation activity. Located about 50 miles northwest of Phoenix, the town was founded in 1863 when Henry Wickenburg discovered the Vulture Mine, one of the richest gold mines in the Southwest.
Ranching and agriculture followed mining, but when dude ranching started to become popular, locals converted their properties to take in guests, and cowboys who used to wrangle cattle began to wrangle tourists. Wickenburg’s Chamber of Commerce coined the marketing phrase “Dude Ranch Capital of the World” in the 1930s.
By the way, the word “dude” meant someone who came out west to enjoy life on a ranch, and though some people meant it as a bit of an insult, it really was just a word to distinguish the real cowboys from the pretend ones. And if you were a woman, you were a “dudine.”
One of Wickenburg’s dry goods stores, Brayton Commercial Co., carried Levi’s® 501® jeans, jackets and shirts on its shelves, and had done so ever since it opened around 1906. So when dude ranch visitors came into town, they could walk into Brayton’s and get what they needed.
Before then, however, other types of customers had shopped there. One of them was a miner named Homer Campbell. He bought a pair of 501® jeans in the store in 1917, covered them with patches cut from other pairs of jeans, and then sent them back to the company in 1920 because he was concerned that his jeans hadn’t held up: the patching was ragged and in some places, shredded. He had been a Levi’s® customer for over 30 years and just wanted to let us know.
Turns out, only the patches had fallen apart, as the jeans underneath were just fine. This pair is in the company archives, and it was Homer’s pants that first led me to Wickenburg back in 2003 to do some research (where I managed to track down Homer’s gravesite in a historic mountain cemetery).
This led to an association between the archives and the Desert Caballeros Western Museum in downtown Wickenburg, an amazing art and history museum known all over the world. We have loaned items from the archives for museum exhibits, and I published a book about Wickenburg in 2012, using the DCWM’s rich photo and archival collections. As a matter of fact, a collection of our dude ranch era clothing is on display now in the Quayle Family Gallery of Wickenburg history.
The fashion editors are staying at Rancho de los Caballeros, opened in Wickenburg in 1948 and still run by the original founding family. It’s there that our Lady Levi’s® jeans celebration begins. I’ll share more in my next Unzipped post.
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hk pools is a game in which people place bets on certain numbers being drawn. These bets are often made in order to win a large prize, or to contribute money to a charity.
The origin of lottery can be traced back to ancient times. The first documented lottery occurred during the reign of Roman Emperor Augustus, when he organized a lottery to raise funds for repairs in the city of Rome.
Early lottery games were simple raffles in which a player purchased a ticket preprinted with a number. The player might have to wait weeks for a drawing to determine if the ticket was a winner.
Later, these games were replaced by games with a higher degree of excitement. These new games offered quicker payoffs and more betting options.
Modern lotteries are usually conducted by computer programs that shuffle and randomly select numbers for the draw. The bettor’s money is then held in a bank account, and the bettor is notified if his ticket is among the winning numbers.
In some countries, a percentage of lottery profits is donated to the government for use in public services. These governments are then able to spend the funds on a wide variety of projects and programs.
There are many different types of lottery games that are staged today. Some of the more common types include:
These lottery games typically involve participants betting on a single or multiple numbers. The prize may be a lump sum or the opportunity to win a large jackpot. These lotteries are commonly criticized for their addictive nature, but they have been shown to increase revenues and help raise funds for charities and other important causes.
Some financial lotteries are also operated by state governments. The proceeds from these lotteries are used to fund schools, hospitals, and other public facilities.
Historically, lottery games have been held in several European countries and in the United States. In the 15th century, towns held public lotteries to raise money for town fortifications and to aid the poor. The earliest example of a European lottery to award money prizes appears to be the ventura, held in 1476 in the Italian city-state of Modena under the auspices of the d’Este family (see House of Este).
A 17th-century American lottery was organized by George Washington to finance construction of a Mountain Road in Virginia. Other famous lotteries include John Hancock’s lottery for the rebuilding of Faneuil Hall in Boston, and Benjamin Franklin’s lottery to help pay for cannons during the Revolutionary War.
In the United States, some lottery operations have been banned or severely regulated due to their potential for harm. The Louisiana lottery, for example, was closed in 1895 after a major scandal revealed that the lottery had been operated by a northern crime syndicate that frequently bribed legislators.
Despite their bans, lottery games are still being held in many parts of the world. Some countries even allow private businesses to run their own lotteries.
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Urolithins A is a metabolite substance coming about as a result of gut microorganisms’ transform of ellagitannins. Its forerunners – ellagitannins and ellagic acids– are pervasive, including eatable plant life, for instance, strawberries, pomegranates, walnuts, and raspberries. Because the 2000s, Urolithins A is the subject of primer research concerning its conceivable organic Urolithins A effects.
Urolithins A isn’t considered found in any food source. Its bioavailability generally depends upon person microbiota functionality, as simply a couple of bacteria can alter over ellagitannins into UrolithinsA.
There are many many forms of Urolithins, for example Urolithins A, Urolithins B, Urolithins C, and Urolithins D but this post will be only concentrating on the first. The gut microbiota affects a few all-natural capacities, which include how an individual’s immune system reacts.
Urolithins A is considered the most dynamic and successful gut metabolite which is intensive relaxing and dangerous to oxidant operators. Regardless if gut metabolite UA impacts the ability of immune system cells remains to be not completely comprehended.
Which Kind Of Information Does Urolithins A Have an effect on?
Even so, precisely what is acknowledged is that use of food items for example strawberries, walnuts, and raspberries has impacted lots of those with inflammatory bowel disease—in a good way. These kinds of food items have ellagitannins and ellagic acids, that may later generate Urolithins A.
Urolithins, all sorts not merely UrolithinsA, circle in plasma as sulfate conjugates, and glucuronide masses at centers within the scope of .2–20 μM. However, a continuing report recommended how the pattern of cells deconjugation, particularly within the intestinal tract plan, (inside a systematically working rodent design) allows free convenience of Urolithins A in provocative little ecological places and may in this way, successfully have an effect on colorectal cancer and, as previously mentioned, inflamation related intestinal disease.
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The idea of allocating flowers to Sweden’s provinces began in 1908. It was the brainchild of August Wickström and Paul Petter Waldenström. However, the pair could not always agree on which flower should represent each province, so some provinces still have two official provincial flowers.
Let’s take a look at the provincial flowers for each of Sweden’s twenty-five provinces.
The Provincial Flower of Bohuslän
As of 2021, Sweden has a national flower. Swedes nationwide voted to make the beautiful bluebell bellflower its national floral symbol.
But even before the national flower was introduced, each province in Sweden had a provincial flower, just like each state in the U.S. is represented by a different flower.
For instance, the sego lily is the official state flower of Utah. So, if you’re using flower delivery Salt Lake City to send a gift to a local friend, a bouquet of lilies could be the ideal choice.
On the other hand, if you’re in the Swedish province of Bohuslän, you may wish to give honeysuckle as a gift, because the yellowy flower is the provincial flower.
Locally, honeysuckle is known as ‘vildkaprifol’.
The Provincial Flower of Gotland
The greenish-yellow flower of English Ivy’s nectar is the official provincial flower of Gotland.
Known locally as murgröna, the berries and leaves of English Ivy were often used in olden times in Sweden for medicinal use.
The Provincial Flower of Lappland
The alpine plant known as fjällsippa belongs to the Rosaceae family, but unlike other flowers in the family, the fjällsippa has eight or more petals instead of five. The creamy white petals of the fjällsippa surround a vibrant yellow, making them incredibly charming.
In Lappland and other provinces of Sweden, you can find the flower growing naturally in dry areas, particularly on rocky terrain.
The Provincial Flower of Uppland
Despite its name of snake’s head, the kungsängslilja, as it’s known in Swedish, is a beautiful flower that has a checkered pattern in shades of purple and sometimes white.
The flower blossoms in late spring and can be widely found in King’s meadow in Uppsala.
The Provincial Flower of Västmanland
Mistletoe isn’t just for kissing under at Christmastime.
The provincial flower of Västmanland, which is known as ‘mistel’ in Swedish, produces lovely white berries and small yellow-green flowers.
The Other Provincial Flowers of Sweden
Now that we’ve started to explore the subject of Sweden’s provincial flowers, you’re sure to want to know what the official flowers are for the other provinces in the country.
So, here’s a rundown of the provincial flowers we haven’t yet covered:
- The province of Ångermanland: Heartsease.
- The province of Blekinge: English oak and mullein.
- The province of Dalarna: Spreading bellflower and harebell.
- The province of Dalsland: Water forget-me-not.
- The province of Gästrikland: Lily of the valley.
- The province of Halland: Hairy greenweed.
- The province of Hälsingland: The flax plant.
- The province of Härjedalen: Spring pasqueflower.
- The province of Jämtland: Brunkulla.
- The province of Medelpad: Norway spruce and the globe-flower.
- The province of Norbotten: Arctic raspberry.
- The province of Närke: Cowslip.
- The province of Öland: Ölandssolvända.
- The province of Östergötland: Bluebottle.
- The province of Skåne: Common daisy.
- The province of Småland: Twinflower.
- The province of Södermanland: European white waterlily.
- The province of Värmland: Arctic starflower.
- The province of Västerbotten: Kung Karls spira.
- The province of Västergötland: Common heather.
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AI may soon predict how electronics fail
Think of them as master Lego builders, only at an atomic scale. Engineers at CU Boulder have taken a major step forward in combing advanced computer simulations with artificial intelligence to try to predict how electronics, like the transistors in your cell phone, will fail.
The new research was led by physicist and aerospace engineer Sanghamitra Neogi and appears this week in the journal npj Computational Materials.
In their latest study, Neogi and her colleagues mapped out the physics of small building blocks made up of atoms, then used machine learning techniques to estimate how larger structures created from those same building blocks might behave. It's a bit like looking at a single Lego brick to try to predict the strength of a much larger castle.
"We're trying to understand the physics of devices with billions of atoms," said Neogi, assistant professor in the Ann and H.J. Smead Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences.
It's a pursuit that could be a boon for the electronics that underpin our daily lives, from smartphones and electric cars to emerging quantum computers. One day, Neogi said, engineers could use the team's methods to pinpoint in advance weak points in the design of electronic components.
The project is part of Neogi's larger focus on how the world of very small things, such as the wiggling of atoms, can help people build new and more efficient computers—even ones that take their inspiration from human brains. Artem Pimachev, a research associate in aerospace engineering at CU Boulder, is a coauthor of the new study.
"Rather than wait for years to figure out why devices fail, our methods can give us a priori knowledge on how a device is going to work before we even build it," Neogi said.
Her latest research focuses on a big sticking point in the electronics industry: Hotspots.
And, no, that doesn't mean the mobile WiFi hookups. Neogi explained that most modern computing tools carry a large number of imperfections––small defects in electronic components that cause heat to build up at certain sites, a bit like how a bicycle slows down when you ride over rough terrain. Such "hotspots" also make your smartphone a lot less efficient.
The problem, Neogi said, is that engineers drawing on computer simulations, or models, struggle to predict ahead of time where those weak points are likely to turn up.
"We can use physics models to understand systems with approximately 100 atoms in them," Neogi said. "But that doesn't compare to the billions of atoms in these devices."
She thinks that machine intelligence can help engineers to design better electronics.
From atoms to devices
Think back to those individual Lego bricks, which, in this case, are clumps of 16 silicon and germanium atoms, the main ingredients in many computer components.
In the new study, Neogi and her colleagues developed a computer model that uses artificial intelligence to learn the physical properties within those building blocks—or how atoms and electrons come together to determine the energy landscape within a material. The model can then extrapolate from those basic blocks to estimate the distribution of energy in a much larger chunk of atoms.
"It collects information from each individual unit and combines them to predict the final properties of the collective system, which can be made up of two, three or more units," Neogi said.
Her team still has a long way to go before it can pinpoint all of the potential weak points in a device the size of your phone. But, so far, the group's model has proved effective. Neogi and her colleagues have used the tool to accurately predict the properties of several real-world materials made from silicon and germanium.
The researcher is also drawing on her understanding of how heat and energy flow at very small scales to not just improve existing devices, but also help create the devices of future. In 2019, Neogi joined a $1.7 million national effort to explore the potential for "neuromorphic" computers––or devices that store and analyze information by mimicking the activity of neurons in the brain.
"What I want to do is poke at this world of atoms in your handheld device and understand how materials and electronics come together to make a device work," she said.
More information: Artem K. Pimachev et al, First-principles prediction of electronic transport in fabricated semiconductor heterostructures via physics-aware machine learning, npj Computational Materials (2021). DOI: 10.1038/s41524-021-00562-0
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This fun and challenging matching game gives children multiple ways to learn and play!
Children can match uppercase and lowercase letters as they put the acorns together, plus play hide and seek by finding a surprise inside each acorn. The object they find begins with the letter sound on the acorn. Colours correspond to letters, and little learners can even practice making words, learning their ABCs, beginning sounds, and more.
• Letter recognition • Alphabetical order • Upper and lowercase letters • Beginning sounds • Vocabulary building • Word Building • Sorting • Fine motor skills • Hand eye coordination
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Unfortunately, the actual article is lost to my memory, but what I remember is four steps for thinking of, creating and presenting something new to the world. 1) ideation 2) conceptualization 3) creation/production and 3) celebration.
The board was discussing a problem that needed a tangible solution, but as an editor, I immediately saw how the concept could be mapped onto any creative project.
We need to think about what we’re going to do (Ideation). We need to think about how we’re going to do it (Conceptualization). We need to do it (Creation). And then we need to celebrate it (Hurray!).
What does this have to do with you?
If you are an academic, you are engaged in creative projects in almost every aspect of your job.
Side note: One of the things that I see pretty consistently is that people who create academic writing and courses don’t tend to see themselves as part of the creative class, those whose work involves taking an idea or concept or vision and making it manifest. (Painters, sculptors, potters, etc.)
I think that separation ultimately makes for a work process that works against efficient progress.
By separating yourself from claiming the intense creativity required to make something in your head into something for consumption, academics tend to cut short the first step, skip over the second step and spend an inordinate amount of time redoing the third step (because of how you engaged with the first two steps). And the 4th step? Forget about it. No time to celebrate. You’ve got work to do.
I’m here to tell you this: First, you are a creative. Embrace it. Second, start claiming ALL the steps of the creative process.
- Get really sharp elbows to protect space for ideation. Spend more time sitting in a chair with a cup of tea and a notepad thinking and jotting notes and then thinking some more.
- Do not skip Step 2. Outlining. Working hard to conceive of the shape and structure of what you’re doing is imperative. Not doing that leads to endless rewrites.
- If you do the first two steps more thoroughly, with more intention, Step 3 is actually quite painless.
- And about Step 4. Could you please, please take some time to recognize your accomplishments. Make a nice dinner. Call up a friend and brag. If it’s a bigger project, celebrate bigger. The inevitable consequence of skipping over Step 4 and moving immediately into Step 1 of the next thing is burnout. And that takes a hell of a lot more time to recover from than it takes to make time for celebration.
These are the four steps of creating something. Ignore them at your peril.
- Buy yourself something pretty!
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National Dental Hygiene Month is an annual celebration that brings attention to the importance of oral health and recognizes the hard work of dental hygienists. This year, as we commemorate a vital month in our dental profession, we’re excited to highlight the transformative changes happening in the field of dental hygiene.
From revolutionary techniques like Guided Biofilm Therapy to innovative smile assessment apps and even various opportunities for hygienists to work in alternative practice, these developments are reshaping the landscape of dental hygiene and turning burnout into an opportunity for growth.
Guided Biofilm Therapy
Guided Biofilm Therapy (GBT) is a groundbreaking approach that’s redefining dental hygiene. Traditionally, dental hygienists have focused on removing plaque and tartar to maintain oral health. However, GBT goes beyond this by using advanced technology to detect, visualize, and remove biofilm – that invisible layer of bacteria that causes oral and total health disease.
GBT employs specialized devices and dyes that highlight biofilm, making it easier for hygienists to identify and remove it effectively. This technology-driven approach enhances patient outcomes and overall dental hygiene.
It not only provides a more thorough removal of biofilm, but it provides a painless experience for patients. This technology allows dental hygienists to educate patients better about the importance of oral hygiene and motivates patients with self-efficacy.
The adoption of GBT promises to elevate the role of dental hygienists, making them even more integral to every patient’s total health.
Innovative Smile Evaluations
In the digital age, innovative smile assessment apps are transforming the way dental hygienists evaluate patients’ oral health. These apps employ augmented reality and artificial intelligence to provide a comprehensive analysis of a patient’s smile.
Using a smartphone or tablet, dental hygienists can capture images of a patient’s teeth and quickly assess various aspects of their smile, including alignment, color, and symmetry.
These apps enable hygienists to show patients personalized treatment options and visually demonstrate the potential outcomes of dental procedures, such as teeth whitening, alignment of malocclusion, veneers, etc., etc. This not only enhances patient engagement but also empowers patients to make informed decisions about their smile and oral care.
Furthermore, these apps can store patient records securely, streamlining the administrative side of dental hygiene practice. This not only saves time but also ensures that patient data is easily accessible and up to date, contributing to improved patient care.
Expanding the Scope of Dental Hygienists
One option for dental hygienists is the transition into an Orofacial Myofunctional Therapist. This has been a ticket to newfound freedom for many dental hygienists.
Reducing oral inflammation is a fundamental aspect of a clinical dental hygienist’s profession but hygienists now have the potential to move into various alternative settings.
The expanding role of dental hygienists as an Orofacial Myofunctional Therapist involves addressing not just the teeth but the entire oral cavity, including the soft tissues and a patient’s total health. Understanding of how muscles in the oral cavity and soft tissues affect oral health has grown significantly for the dental profession.
Myofunctional therapists can help patients with issues related to jaw pain, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders, tongue tie, and other oral myofascial problems. This expanded role allows dental hygienists to play a more holistic role in oral health and contribute to the overall well-being of their patients.
Dental hygienists can offer more comprehensive care, enhancing the patient’s total health as an Orofacial Myofunctional Therapist.
Another significant and recent development in the dental hygiene field is the possible approval for dental hygienists in Arizona to legally administer injectables like BOTOX. While this may seem unexpected, it’s a testament to the evolving role of dental hygienists in the healthcare industry.
Injectables, such as BOTOX, can be used for therapeutic purposes to treat conditions like temporomandibular joint disorder (TMJ) and bruxism. By adding this skill to their repertoire, dental hygienists can offer a more comprehensive approach to oral health care.
This expanded scope of practice not only benefits patients by providing additional treatment options but also presents exciting career opportunities for dental hygienists.
Hang on tight and let’s see the outcome of this new legislative bill for dental hygienists in Arizona!
New Patient Advisors
Dental hygienists are taking on a new role as patient advisors during the new patient appointment. Armed with cutting-edge technology like Aidite Technology’s latest scanner, iTero, and PrestoSmile, the dental hygienist can be the first to assess a new patient’s smile.
Beyond just the traditional role of cleaning teeth, hygienists gather essential patient information: health history, gingival status, comprehensive periodontal exams, and initial assessments for sleep apnea and TMJ.
Dental hygienists capture radiographs and before the doctor completes the new patient exam, they will provide a detailed smile evaluation. This involves discovering what the patient’s smile goals are and creates ease, especially for patients accepting large cosmetic cases.
This proactive approach ensures that when the dentist sits down with every new patient the patient has been informed about any abnormalities. This gives patients time to understand what’s happening in their mouth and time to “own their disease” and “want what they need.”
This thorough process saves everyone time and instills confidence in the new patients, new dentist, and the entire team!
The dental hygienist is a valuable liaison between the patient and dentist, streamlining the process for all involved.
Turning Burnout into Opportunity
Historically, the dental profession has faced challenges related to burnout, high-stress levels, and limited career growth opportunities. However, the exciting changes discussed above are helping to flip the script on dental burnout.
- Enhanced Job Satisfaction. With the adoption of Guided Biofilm Therapy and innovative smile assessment apps, dental hygienists can offer more advanced and personalized care.
This leads to greater job satisfaction as they see the direct impact of their work on patient outcomes.
- Career Diversification. Oral Myofunctional Therapy, various roles in alternative practice, and the possible approval for dental hygienists to legally administer injectables like BOTOX open new career paths within the dental profession.
Career diversification opens many new doors to explore opportunities in cosmetic dentistry and therapeutic treatments, expanding the horizon and earning potential for dental hygienists.
- Technological Advancements. Embracing technology not only improves patient care but also streamlines administrative tasks. Dental hygienists can now focus more on patient interaction and less on paperwork, reducing stress and burnout.
To wrap up…
As we celebrate National Dental Hygiene Month, it’s evident that exciting changes are ahead for dental hygienists. Guided Biofilm Therapy, innovative smile assessment apps, and the expanded scope of practice are a few examples of transformations in a dental hygiene career.
These developments are not only improving patient care but also reshaping the landscape of dental hygiene, offering new avenues for career growth and job satisfaction. It’s an exciting time to be a dental hygienist, and these changes are turning burnout into the most wonderful opportunity to work in the dental profession.
Resources: The author has no financial commitment to these companies mentioned.
- Guided Biofilm Therapy. https://www.ems-dental.com/en/guided-biofilm-therapy
- PrestoSmile. https://www.prestosmile.com/
- Aidite Technology. https://www.aidite.com/homePage.html
- iTero. https://itero.com/
- Orofacial Myofunctional Therapist. https://courses.aomtinfo.org/
- Arizona Legislation & Injectables. https://bit.ly/RDHBOTOX
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Plotting two variables on the same chart can be very useful to compare them against another variable.
Here is how to achieve this using Matplotlib.
# We import our libraries import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import numpy as np # Generate our sample dataset x = np.linspace(1,100) y = np.sin(2 * np.pi * x) # We create a canvas with one ax fig, ax1 = plt.subplots(1, 1, figsize=(8,4)) # We plot on our first axis ax1.plot(x, x, ls='--', alpha=0.6, c='tab:blue') # We change the labels color of our first axis ax1.tick_params('y', colors='tab:blue') # We create our second ax based on our first ax ax2 = ax1.twinx() ax2.plot(x, y, ls='--', alpha=0.6, c='tab:red') # We change the labels color of our second axis ax2.tick_params('y', colors='tab:red') # We tight the layout fig.tight_layout() # We plot plt.show()
Here you are! You now know how to plot two variables on the same plot with different y-axis scales.
More on Matplotlib
If you like what you've just read and want to know more about the Matplotlib library (e.g. how to add labels, plot different types of plots, etc...) check out the other articles I wrote on the topic, just here :
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Competitions for Engineers Day 2023 includes nine competitions hosted by organizations from around the college. View a full list of rules and regulations for the competitions.
Balloon Skewer Competition
Hosted by Fibers and Composites Manufacturing Facility
The purpose of the competition is to introduce the students to the polymer characteristics by putting a skewer through a balloon without popping it. Our competition will have two categories:
- The fastest Balloon Skewer: the winner will be the individual who will be the fastest to put the skewer through the balloon without popping it.
- The most skewers in a balloon: the winner will be the individual who will put the most skewers through a balloon without popping it within 3 minutes.
Balsa Wood Bridge Competition
Hosted by American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
Bridges made in advance. The objective of this event is to design and construct the lightest bridge capable of supporting a given load over a given span. The bridge must allow the passage of one Hot Wheels Car of any variety along the entire length.
Cup Stacking Experiment
Hosted by Alpha Omega Epsilon
Participants compete as a team to stack a set of 10 cups using strings tied to a rubber band. Modifications can be made to increase the difficulty, and the fastest team wins. The overall goal is to use a simple, highly competitive task to emphasize the importance of strategy and communication in engineering.
Egg Drop Competition
Hosted by Materials Research Society
Devices made in advance. Teams of high school students test their engineering design skills to create a vehicle that will allow an egg to drop safely from a height of approximately 50 ft without breaking. In order to maximize their scores, students are encouraged to carefully select and minimize the variety of materials used in their designs.
Pasta Vehicle Building Competition
Hosted by Institute of Transportation Engineers
Participants will be supplied with various types of dried pasta and gorilla glue / hot glue in order to make a vehicle out of pasta. There will be two categories, one for form and one for function. The teams that create the best vehicle from each category will win a prize.
Penny Boat Competition
Hosted by Tickle College of Engineering’s Office of Student Success
Work individually or in groups of 2-3. Each will be given a square of aluminum foil and a certain number of pennies. Groups/Individuals are to construct a boat out of the foil to hold as many pennies as possible without sinking.
Quiz Bowl Competition
Hosted by Tau Beta Pi
The quiz bowl consists of three rounds of questions related to engineering and math. Teams that perform well in the first round continue to the second round and likewise to the third round where the team that scores the best wins the competition.
Radiation Shield Competition
Hosted by American Nuclear Society and Women in Nuclear
Shields made in advance. Student teams will submit their shields (made before coming to campus for the competition) to the competition moderating team. These shields must be no larger than 6” x 6” x 1” (they can be smaller but they must be supported by the stand) and must have a minimum weight of 15 grams. The team will take the shields, weigh them, and test them using a Sodium-Iodide detector and a lab radiation source (Cobalt – 60). The Cobalt source will emit gamma rays (in very safe amounts!), and the Sodium-Iodide counter will count the number of emissions that are not stopped by the shield. We will start by recording the counts without the shield, and then take three different counts with the shield. The source will be moved up against the shield and the detector will be moved 2” from the other side of the shield. Both the source and the detector will be centered about 3” off of the table. The resulting average number of counts will then be divided by the counts without the shield, and then multiplied by the weight of the shield (measured in grams) in order to open the competition to more variations of shield material. The group with the lowest score wins.
Hint: Elements with a high atomic number block gamma rays best (but watch the weight)!
Rocky Top Stand Competition
Hosted by Society of Hispanic Professional Engineers (SHPE)
Groups will compete in making a structure out of foam that they can stand on. (Please note that students will be assigned a group at random and not based on school.)
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What's the difference between hard and hardly?
Hard and hardly have completely different meanings. Look at these examples, then choose hard or hardly to complete the rules.
Diamonds are very hard.
He worked very hard on Monday.
The grammar was very hard.
He hardly slept on Monday.
He has hardly any money.
Choose the best word (hard or hardly) to complete these sentences.
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A Drawbored Mortise-and-Tenon Joint is a common method that wood workers use to join two pieces of wood without needing to use glue to secure the joint. There are so many varieties of wood joints you can use. Each style has a specific purpose and function that separates it from the others.
It can be confusing for a beginner to understand what all of the woodworking joints do so I researched through the internet and put together a quick summary on how drawbored mortise-and-tenon joints are made.
How To Make A Drawbored Mortise-And-Tenon Joint.
Craftsmen sometimes secure a tenon in a mortise by driving one or more pegs through the joint instead of using glue. The traditional method for pegging a mortise-and-tenon joint is to drive a square peg in a round hole. This method works much better than using round pegs or dowels. The corners of the square pegs wedge themselves in the holes and can’t work loose.
- Make the pegs from a very hardwood such as oak, maple or hickory. Whittle about three-quarters of each peg’s length, making it more and more round toward one end. When you’re finished, one end should be round and the other end square. The square portion should be about ½ inch long.
- After assembling the joint, drill one or more holes, as big around as the peg square, through both the mortise and tenon. Don’t locate the holes too close to the end of the tenon. The tenon might split when you install the pegs.
- Drive each peg into the hole, round end first. Tap it in until the square top is almost flush with the surface of the wood. Be careful not to hit the peg so hard that it splinters.
- If the rounded portion of a peg protrudes from the back of the assembly, cut it flush with the surface of the wood. Lightly sand both the round end and the square end.
Subscribe to Wood By Wright on Youtube
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| 0.91204 | 438 | 2.765625 | 3 |
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