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Geotextiles are used for a variety of purposes in civil engineering and construction, including soil stabilization, erosion control, drainage, filtration, and separation of materials. They are permeable fabrics made from synthetic or natural fibers and are designed to improve the performance and longevity of infrastructure projects.
A Geotextile is commonly used in three main ways: as a filter to prevent soil erosion, as a separator to prevent mixing of different soil layers, and as a reinforcement to improve soil stability and strength.
Yes, geotextile fabric is designed to allow water to pass through while still providing filtration and separation of soil and other materials. It is commonly used in construction and landscaping projects to prevent erosion and improve drainage.
Yes, geotextile fabric can be placed over gravel to help with erosion control and to prevent weeds from growing through the gravel. However, it is important to choose the right type of fabric for the job and to properly install it to ensure it is effective. It is recommended to consult with a professional or do thorough research before attempting to install geotextile fabric over gravel.
It depends on the specific type of woven membrane. Some woven membranes are designed to be permeable, allowing for air or water to pass through, while others are designed to be impermeable, creating a barrier. It is important to check the specifications of the specific woven membrane in question to determine its permeability.
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The solenoid valve uses electric current to cause the electromagnetic attraction generated by the electromagnetic coil to guide the movement of the valve core, and the control mode is DO digital as a signal control. The driving device of the electric valve is a reversible electric motor. The valve control valve is driven by the motor for a certain period of time. The AI analog signal control can be used to adjust the flow of the pipeline medium, and it can also be used in a specific pipeline environment. Use digital signal control instead. The differences between the two are also different. The solenoid valve has excellent anti-leakage performance, quick opening and closing, low power, and is suitable for use as a cut-off in some chemical pipelines such as corrosion and toxicity. Most of the electric valves are used for the adjustment of the pipeline flow. They are normally installed at the air outlet of the air supply and cooling ducts. They can also be used in liquid pipelines. They are widely used in pipelines such as canned pipes and sewage treatment pipes for the production of beverages. . Solenoid valves are often used for switching control of liquid and gas lines and are controlled by two DOs. The general flow coefficient is small, and the working pressure difference is small, which is used for the control of small pipes. Because its drive is through the electromagnetic coil, it is relatively easy to be damaged by voltage shock. The electric valve is suitable for the analog adjustment of the flow rate of the liquid in the liquid, gas and wind system, and is the AI control. In the control of large valves and wind systems, electric valves can also be used for two-position switch control.
Contact Person: Mr. Brandon Bao
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Concrete – the backbone of modern construction, is a composite material made from cement, water, and aggregates such as sand and gravel. This incredibly versatile and durable material has become ubiquitous in construction, and it’s easy to see why. From towering skyscrapers to humble sidewalks, concrete is the go-to choice for builders all over the world. But what makes concrete such a desirable material?
Concrete has gained its reputation as one of the most robust materials in building for its strength. It’s widely known that this material can withstand immense weight and pressure without crumbling under the load. The degree of potency, however, can be adapted to suit the specific requirements of a construction project by altering the water, cement, and aggregate ratio. This flexibility is what makes concrete an excellent material for various needs, from a small concrete construction house in Coventry to a towering skyscraper in a bustling metropolis.
The cement component is the key factor that gives it such impressive strength. Cement is a powder that reacts with water to form a paste that binds the aggregates and hardens over time. As it dries, the cement component in concrete forms bonds with surrounding moisture particles, making it even stronger with every passing year. Therefore, a concrete structure will continue to strengthen for years after it’s been built.
Despite its strength, concrete is not impervious to environmental factors. For instance, a common question is, “Will concrete be set in the rain?” The answer is yes. However, rainwater can dilute the concrete mixture, affecting the stability and durability of the structure. This is why it’s important to consider the weather conditions during construction and take measures to protect the concrete.
Concrete’s durability doesn’t stop at strength alone. It’s also incredibly resistant to a wide variety of natural and man-made hazards. For example, unlike wood, which is prone to rotting and insect infestation, concrete is essentially impermeable to these types of threats. Similarly, while metal is susceptible to rust and corrosion, concrete stands up to the elements with ease. And in the event of a fire, concrete can provide an effective barrier against flames and heat.
Perhaps most impressively, concrete’s durability isn’t just a short-term benefit. Unlike some materials that require frequent maintenance and repair to stay in good condition, concrete has a lifespan that can span decades or even centuries. In fact, some of the world’s oldest and most iconic structures, such as the Colosseum in Rome and the Great Wall of China, were built using concrete or similar materials.
Whether you’re building a brand-new structure or renovating an existing one, concrete’s long-lasting nature makes it a prime choice for construction projects of all sizes and scopes.
Reflectivity is a paramount quality of concrete that is often overlooked. Unlike asphalt, which absorbs heat, concrete has the ability to reflect it. Perfect for buildings in areas with high temperatures!
The heat-reflecting property of concrete helps cool the buildings and reduces the use of air conditioning systems, which saves energy and ultimately reduces the carbon footprint. It is especially beneficial in hot areas, where air conditioning can contribute to increased energy demands.
Also, concrete can play a critical role in mitigating the effects of urban heat islands. These are created when large areas of dark, heat-absorbing surfaces, such as roads and buildings, cause temperatures to increase. This can lead to raised energy use and even heat-related health problems. Concrete, on the other hand, reflects heat and reduces the temperature of the surrounding area, meaning that cities and urban areas can use concrete as a tool to help lessen the negative impacts of urban heat islands.
In addition, concrete’s reflective properties make it a popular pick for constructing surfaces that demand high visibility, such as road markings and traffic barriers. Concrete’s bright and reflective surface supposedly increases visibility during low light conditions, reducing the likelihood of accidents.
When it comes to constructing buildings, sustainability and cost-efficiency are two critical factors to assume. Concrete, as a building material, offers an excellent solution to both of these challenges.
Operational energy requirements, which are the energy needed to maintain a building’s functionality, typically account for a whopping 85% of a building’s total energy consumption over its service life. However, concrete structures provide one of the most cost-efficient means of constructing energy-efficient buildings.
We also can’t disregard its sustainability! A sustainable concrete building can yield life cycle savings of over 20% of total construction costs. The material’s sturdiness and longevity mean that it needs minimal maintenance, repair, or replacement, which translates into significant savings over time.
Learn more on world calls for a more eco-friendly construction
Additionally, concrete’s insulating properties help diminish the requirement for heating and cooling, leading to lower operational energy requirements and lower utility bills.
Concrete’s thermal mass is another advantage, making it a sustainable building material. It can absorb, store, and release heat, providing passive heating and cooling. This thermal mass property allows concrete to harvest natural energy sources such as the sun, facilitating the need for mechanical heating and cooling systems.
Concrete can capture thermal energy from lighting fixtures and other equipment in the building, further reducing the energy needed.
Unlike wood or other flammable materials, concrete is non-combustible and can withstand high temperatures without weakening or burning. Besides, concrete does not provide a food source for rot or mildew, making it resistant to moisture damage and decay. Not only is concrete safe in terms of its resistance to fire and moisture, but it also has excellent indoor air quality! Concrete does not off-gas any volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are harmful chemicals found in many building materials. Concrete buildings provide a healthy and safe environment for building occupants, free from harmful pollutants that can lead to respiratory issues and other health problems.
Concrete’s structural integrity is also a major factor in its safety benefits. Its power and durability make it an ideal material for resisting extreme weather events, including earthquakes and hurricanes. In fact, many building codes require the use of reinforced concrete in areas prone to seismic activity.
By providing added protection against these natural disasters, concrete helps keep building occupants safe and secure.
It’s clear that concrete is a favourite material that provides numerous benefits for construction projects. If you’re looking for a reliable and high-quality supplier of concrete in London UK, Pro-Mix Concrete is just what you are looking for. With years of experience and a commitment to providing exceptional customer service, we are trusted by builders, contractors, and DIY enthusiasts alike.
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Your youngest child is happily playing with her Paw Patrol rescue fire truck, complete with a very cool extendable ladder and bright flashing lights, when your eldest yanks it out of her hands. Cue the tears and you demanding that your son apologize (“Say you’re sorry!”). Sound familiar? This parenting response is so ubiquitous, you probably remember it from your own childhood. But just because it’s tried, doesn’t make it true. According to family psychologists, forcing your kid to apologize is downright ineffective. Fortunately, the child experts have some ideas for suitable alternatives that won’t leave you (and your kid) feeling discouraged and deflated.
Stop Forcing Your Kid to Apologize, Say Experts (and Here’s What to Do Instead)
But first, why doesn't forcing kids to apologize work?
A cursory “sorry” (especially when uttered begrudgingly) doesn’t help a child understand the situation or the behavior, let alone lead to the desired outcome—compassion and empathy. Ready for even more bad news? If your kid learns that this is what apologies look like now, then that’s exactly how he’ll handle them in the future (file under “I’m sorry you feel that way…”).
In the words of Dr. Siggie Cohen, a psychologist specializing in child development: “Want your child to apologize? What you really want is for your child to feel authentic remorse.” And they’re not going to understand this confusing (and quite complex) emotion if you just skip over it and make them repeat your words. The good news is that you can teach your child how to apologize and actually mean it.
So what should parents do instead?
The next time you would like your child to apologize, try this script from Dr. Siggie:
“Would you like to apologize? We apologize when we feel bad about something and we use the word ‘sorry’. This can sometimes make us and the other person feel better. Want to try?”
By using these words, you’re helping your kid understand a whole concept (i.e., why we apologize) rather than just repeat the word ‘sorry’ because mom said so. In other words, your child learns to apologize by acknowledging that they’ve done something wrong.
“You’re giving the word ‘sorry’ a meaning and the opportunity to say it by choice—not by force,” explains Dr. Siggie.
According to Dr. Siggie, you can start to introduce this concept of asking your child if they want to apologize when they’re in the older toddler/preschooler age group.
But hold on...what if your kid decides that they would not like to apologize? (Because that’s blatantly what’s going to happen, right?)
This is common, says Dr. Siggie. In that case, the parenting expert recommends saying something like: “Seems like you’re not ready, that’s OK… maybe because you’re still upset yourself. Take your time and if you feel like it, you can say sorry when you’re ready.”
“Let’s stop forcing our kids to apologize,” says clinical psychologist and parenting guidance provider Dr. Becky Kennedy. Instead of forcing, she advises parents to roll with their kids resistance and then model a good apology. Here's her script for doing exactly that:
It's hard to find your apology voice, huh? I'll use it for you. I'm sorry. I was so frustrated and that came out as a hit. Is there anything I can do to help?
“When a kid refuses to apologize, he's feeling shame. We have to reduce shame in order to help our child learn and change,” says Dr. Becky.
And sure, there’s the chance that your kid might not come around to apologizing to his sister for this particular infraction which definitely sucks (and can be particularly embarrassing if the offense occurs at a playdate or out in public rather than at home). But by laying the groundwork now, you’re setting your kid up for genuine apologies down the road. Hey, nobody said raising kind and well-adjusted humans was going to be easy.
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Bitcoin is one of the earliest cryptocurrencies to use blockchain technology in facilitating peer-to-peer payments. Through a decentralized network, bitcoin offers a reasonably low transaction fee compared to popular payment gateways.
Like traditional currencies, such as the U.S. dollar, Bitcoin has value relative to other currencies and physical goods. Whole Bitcoin units can be subdivided into decimals representing smaller units of value. Currently, the smallest Bitcoin unit is the Satoshi or 0.00000001 Bitcoin. The satoshi can’t be broken into smaller units.
How Does Bitcoin Function:
Bitcoin is a cryptocurrency, meaning it’s supported by a source code that uses highly complex algorithms to prevent unauthorized duplication or creation of Bitcoin units. The code’s underlying principles, known as cryptography, are based on advanced mathematical and computer engineering principles. It’s virtually impossible to break Bitcoin’s source code and manipulate the currency’s supply.
Although it was preceded by other virtual currencies, it is known as the first modern cryptocurrency. That’s because Bitcoin is the first to blend certain key features shared by most subsequently created cryptocurrencies.
Bitcoin’s Origins And Early Development:
The first public record of Bitcoin dates to October 2008, when a pseudonymous person or organization known as Satoshi Nakamoto published a white paper with the technical outlines for a new, decentralized cryptocurrency. Nakamoto’s identity remains unknown, though speculation centers on a handful of U.S.-based individuals (or various groupings thereof) who were active in the cryptocurrency movement of the 1990s and 2000s. Nakamoto released Bitcoin’s open-source code in January 2009, marking the beginning of public mining and trading, and ceased public communication shortly thereafter.
Bitcoin was built on the theoretical and technical foundations of Bit Gold and b-money, a contemporaneous cryptocurrency model that was never developed. Aside from being the first cryptocurrency to gain widespread traction outside the cloistered ultra-libertarian movement, its biggest claim to fame is as the first cryptocurrency marked by totally decentralized control – in other words, no user is more influential than any other.
Some Amazing Benefits and Disbenefits Of Using It:
- Greater Liquidity Relative to Other Cryptocurrencies
- Increasingly Wide Acceptance as a Payment Method
- International Transactions Easier Than Regular Currencies
- Generally Lower Transaction Fees
- Anonymity and Privacy Relative to Traditional Currencies
- Independence From Political Agents and Creators
- Exposure to Bitcoin-specific Scams and Fraud
- Black Market Activity May Damage Reputation and Usefulness
- Susceptible to High Price Volatility
- No Chargebacks or Refunds
- Potential to Be Replaced by Superior Cryptocurrency
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Wood boring insects refer to a selection of arthropods which cause damage to wooden structures. This group of insects feature a range of species of insect at different stages of their life cycles from larvae to adults.
Woodworm are a popular wood boring pest around the world. They are the larvae of certain beetles which feed on wood after hatching
There are three different speices of longhorn beetles which like to use wood to lay their eggs, causing damages to homes and buildings
The larvae of certain moth species and cause damage to trees by burrowing into the bark and sapwood, which can have a huge impact on heavily wooded areas
Wood boring insects are seen as pests due to the damage they create in both urban, and rural areas. Within an urban environment wood boring insects can cause a huge amount of damage to residential properties. Whilst in agricultural and rural settings, wood boring insects are responsible for damaging crops. However, it’s worth noting that some wood boring insects are a key part to the ecosystem, helping to recycle dead trees. There are some cases though where wood boring insects have become an epidemic in some forests killing a large amount of trees.
Some specices of bee like to build their nests in dead wood. Find out everything you need to know about carpenter bees
Often mistaken for termites carpenter ants are a big problem in North America. Unlike termites they don't eat wood but use it to build their nests
Wood wasp larvae bore in wood, or takeover exisiting tunnels in wood made by other insects. Wood wasps can be brought into homes through infested timber
Beetles Beetles are the largest group of animals, having about 400,000 species in 500 families. They are extremely diverse with species adapted for almost any kind of environment and to feed on any food source, including many agricultural, horticultural and forestry plants and products. Many species are also beneficial predators of other insect pests.
Beetles have the basic insect anatomy of head, thorax and abdomen, but are characterised by a hard exoskeleton, hard forewings and abdomen with numerous hard plates. They also have the typical insect lifecycle of egg, larva with several stages of growth (instars), pupa and adult.
Woodworm is a generic term used for a number of species of wood-boring beetle and refers to the larvae of the beetles, which feed on wood after hatching from the egg, creating tunnels in the process. They only emerge from the timber after pupating and developing into adults, creating the characteristic holes in the wood surface.
This characteristic also leads to the misconception that the holes can be treated with insecticide to kill the beetle, when in fact it is pointless as the hole signifies that the beetle has left!
The main beetles that cause damage to structural timber and wooden fittings, furniture and items in buildings are classified into three groups, commonly called: deathwatch (Anobiidae family), powderpost and false powderpost beetles (Bostrichidae family).
Find out how to get rid of woodworm from your home or business
Learn to spot the signs of woodworm
Several genera and species of beetle in the Anobiidae family are called deathwatch beetle. The species well known in Europe, and the source of the name, is Xestobium rufovillosum. In the US, however, the Pacific deathwatch beetle Hemicoelus gibbicollis is the most common in California, while in other parts of the world Xyletinus spp and Ptilinus ruficornis are called deathwatch beetles.
The beetles get their name because of their habit of tapping on wood, usually at night, to attract a mate, which in European folklore was associated with the ‘grim reaper’ tapping on his scythe to announce an impending death.
Deathwatch beetles mainly infest moist and partly decayed softwood timber that has moisture content over 14%. They are more likely to be found in damp buildings or areas of buildings with poor drainage or water leaks. They are unlikely to be present in buildings with central heating where the moisture content is low.
The beetle larvae fill their tunnels with frass that has a slightly gritty texture, but less coarse than false powderpost beetles. The exit holes can be of varying sizes, but are larger than powderpost beetle holes.
Common furniture beetle, Anobium punctatum
The furniture beetle only infests dry, seasoned sapwood of hardwood and conifer trees. It causes more damage in structural timbers and joinery than in furniture. The females lay their eggs in cracks in the surface of wood or inside old exit holes. The eggs hatch into larvae in a few weeks and bore into the wood. The larvae mature over 3-4 years, eating their way through the timber. After pupating near the surface of the wood the adults make an exit hole 1-1.5 mm in diameter. An active infection is shown by the presence of wood dust around holes. As the larval stage lasts several years there can be an active infestation with no visible signs during this period. The actual time of development to the adult depends on type of wood, temperature and humidity.
There are more than 700 species in the Bostrichidae family, which includes a number of common wood and also food pests in both temperate and tropical regions.
False powderpost beetles
The false powderpost beetles infest hardwoods and some softwoods. Tropical timber and bamboo transported in international trade are often infested with the beetles. The common products infested with the beetles include flooring, panelling, furniture and other hardwood items.
The females do not lay their eggs on the surface of the wood, but bore a ‘gallery’ into the wood to lay their eggs in pores or cracks. The larvae of this group pack their tunnels with a coarse, gritty frass, which distinguishes them from other types of wood borer.
This group has recently been reclassified into a new subfamily of the Bostrichidae beetle family, called Lyctinae. It was previously in a separate family, Lyctidae, so some descriptions still refer to this old classification. There are eleven species of the genus Lyctus recorded in the Global Biodiversity Information Facility.
Lyctus brunneus, is the most common species found throughout Europe and has also been recorded in South Africa, Australia and Japan (Global Biodiversity Information Facility, www.gbif.org). In the US, three species were reported by the University of California Integrated Pest Management Program to be the most common in California: old world lyctus beetle, Lyctus brunneus; southern lyctus beetle, L. planicollis; and the western lyctus beetle, L. cavicollis.
Powderpost beetles tend to attack the sapwood of certain hardwoods and bamboo that have large pores in the wood in which they can lay their eggs and that have a high starch content, such as oak, ash, walnut, mahogany. Imported tropical hardwoods are often infested with the beetles. Hardwoods with smaller pores such as birch and maple are rarely infested and softwood, which is from conifers and has lower nutrients, is never infected. The beetles also prefer dry wood, feeding on wood as low as 8% humidity.
The starch content reduces with the age of the timber, therefore powderpost beetles are rarely found in old timber. They are more common in new homes and recently manufactured hardwood items such as window and door frames, panelling, flooring, plywood and furniture. Powderpost beetles are unlikely to infect structural timbers as these tend to be made from softwood. Wood that has a finish, such as paint, varnish, or wax will not have a new infection, but the beetles can already be present when it is processed and can still emerge later.
These beetles are called powderpost because the larvae produce a characteristic fine, dust-like frass with the consistency of flour or talcum powder, as they feed on the wood and bore the tunnels. This distinguishes them from other types of woodworm.
The adult females lay their eggs on the surface of wood or in cracks. The life cycle ranges from three months to over one year, depending on temperature, humidity, and the nutritional quality of the wood.
Old house borer, house longhorn beetle
The old house borer, Hylotrupes bajulus, is native to Europe but has been spread to many areas worldwide through the trade in timber and wood products. It is a pest of seasoned sapwood of softwood timber. It is more often found in new homes, infesting younger timber, rather than timber in old buildings. The life cycle takes up to 10 years, depending on environmental conditions and the nutrient content of the wood, which decreases with age.
Infestation in homes is caused mainly by using timber already containing the eggs or larvae. They feed on the wood, mainly near the surface, until maturing into the adults. The larvae are larger than many wood boring larvae, up to 2.5 cm long and they cut larger exit holes 6-10mm in diameter.
Anoplophora longhorn beetles (FERA)
The Asian longhorn beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis) and citrus longhorn beetle (Anoplophora chinensis) are native to East Asia but have been introduced to other areas of the world, most significantly Europe and North America. The Asian longhorn beetle is a pest of hardwood trees in roadside plantings and plantations in China and has now become a pest in Europe and the US. In the US it tends to attack Acer species. The citrus longhorn beetle is a pest of over 100 species of tree and shrub.
In the UK and the US the early discoveries of the beetles were related to plants imported from China and Korea. Both species are listed in the EU Plant Health Directive, while in the US the Department of Agriculture and the Forest Service ask for notification if the Asian longhorn beetle is spotted.
The adult female of the Asian longhorn beetle chews a small pit in the bark to lay each egg. The larvae feed within the vascular layers of the tree: the citrus longhorn in the lower part of the tree and the Asian longhorn in the upper trunk and branches. The adults make a round exit hole about 10mm in diameter.
The wharf borer, Narcerdes melanura, has been found in many temperate countries including the UK, Australia, New Zealand, France, Japan and all states of the US except Florida. The beetle is found where there is moist decaying wood, such as in docks, harbours, jetties and along rivers and coastal areas. The females lay eggs on the rotten timber and the eggs hatch in 5-11 days. The larvae burrow about 1 cm below the surface, then tunnel into the wood to feed. The larval stage can last from two months to two years, depending on conditions. The adults do not feed, living only a few days to mate and find a new site to lay eggs.
The wharf borer is a ‘secondary pest’ as it feeds on already rotten timber, but its tunnels can further weaken the timbers.
Bark beetles are now regarded as a specialised section of the weevil family, the Curculionidae, in the subfamily Scolytinae, which has about 6,000 species in 220 genera.
Bark beetles can be pests of tree crops — in forestry and agriculture — and logs in storage or transport. They introduce fungi that attack the wood, killing the tree or introducing decay in stored logs. In the US, where many native species are important pests of conifer trees, the US Forest Service has also recorded 53 invasive species that are thought to have been introduced through international trade.
In natural forests, bark beetles are important in recycling weakened and dying trees and creating habitats for other insects and fungi. They also play a major role in making patches where new trees can regenerate, creating a more diverse forest ecosystem.
Some species, however, break out into epidemics in forests with high densities of single species, killing trees over large areas. This also greatly increases the risk of fire, as happened in California in September 2015, where bark beetles are thought to have increased mortality in trees already stressed by the long-term drought. More than 40,000 acres of forest went up in flames in 12 hours, the Los Angeles Times reported (14 Sept 2015: www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-bark-beetles-valley-fire-20150914-story.html).
The female lays the eggs in the phloem layer, the moist inner layer of the bark next to the sapwood. Some species mine a short chamber in the bark for depositing the eggs or also mating. The larvae feed on the phloem layer, leaving characteristic patterns of tunnels in the outer wood of the tree.
The larvae of some species of clearwing moths of the family Xyloryctidae (Australia) and Sesiidae (Europe, North America, tropics, Australia) are important wood boring pests in ornamental and timber trees. There are over 1300 species of Sesiidae, many resembling wasps and hornets, in both looks and behaviour. This enables them to be active in daylight, unlike most moths.
The females deposit the eggs in crevices or broken bark and after hatching the larvae burrow into the bark and sapwood of the tree. They mainly target trees that are already stressed or damaged, such as from drought or injury. In the US, clear wing moths infest alder, ash, birch, fir, oak, pine, poplar, sycamore, willow and several types of fruit trees. Commercial products containing nematode worms that are parasites only of the moths are available to control outbreaks .
There are around 500 species of the carpenter bee, Xylocopa, nearly all building nests in dead wood or bamboo. They are often similar in size and appearance to bumble bees, but are distinguished by having a hairless, shiny upper abdomen.
Carpenter bees do not eat wood, the adult female bee excavates tunnels 3-6 inches long in the wood to lay the eggs. The eggs are laid in a set of small cells in branching tunnels, or separated by a thin sliver of wood along a tunnel, each provided with a ball of pollen on which the larvae can feed. The entrance hole is perfectly round, about half an inch diameter — the size of a finger. The female can enlarge old tunnels or create new ones for egg laying. The bees are generally solitary, but can ‘cohabit’ or nest in groups.
When a bee is active there may be coarse sawdust beneath the entry hole and scraping sounds heard coming from within the wood. Carpenter bees prefer bare or weathered wood, so painted or treated wood is a deterrent.
Carpenter ants are common in forested areas around the world, with 1000 species in the genus Camponotus. They do not eat wood but build their main nests by tunnelling in damp wood where the moisture is high enough for the eggs to survive. They also establish satellite nests in drier wood that can contain workers, pupae and mature larvae. One species, the black carpenter ant (Camponotus pennsylvanicus) is one of the most common pests in homes in the US.
Carpenter ants will readily invade buildings to forage for food and establish nests in wood that provides the right environment for colonies — such as wood that is kept moist by leaks, condensation or poor air circulation. They also nest in any small spaces in a building with the right moisture conditions, such as behind bathroom tiles or round badly fitting window frames. The satellite nests, which require less moisture for the colony to survive, can be established in almost any void in a building.
The parent colony can also be outdoors while the satellite colonies are in a building, with the ants constantly travelling between the two. Carpenter ants can be large ants, 0.3-1 inch, but even within a colony there are different sized ants with different roles.
The ants feed on protein, often dead insects, and carbohydrates, especially the honeydew produced by aphids and scale insects. In homes, they can feed off many food sources.
There are several families of wasp whose larvae bore in wood or takeover existing tunnels in wood made by other insects. The main family that attacks trees is the Siricidae, or horntails, named because of a horn like feature on the abdomen of the larvae.
The female wood wasp has a needle-like ovipositor that it uses to drill into a suitable point in the wood of dead or dying trees to lay the eggs. It also squirts a fungus-containing liquid onto the wood that digests the wood for the larvae to feed on. The eggs hatch into larvae in three to four weeks and tunnel into the fungus-digested wood as they feed on it, usually parallel with the grain, resulting in a tunnel about 25-30 cm long. The larvae mature in one to five years, depending on conditions, moving to just below the wood surface before pupating. The adult emerges by chewing an exit hole 6-12mm in diameter.
The wood wasp lays eggs in already damaged trees, but the introduced fungus can rapidly deteriorate the timber. It will not infest wood in homes, but can be brought into homes in finished timber. The damage to buildings caused by wood wasps is mainly cosmetic, resulting from their exit holes in timber, but also through other substances covering the timber, including plaster, linoleum, carpets, and other flooring materials.
One species of wood wasp, Sirex noctilio, is regarded as an invasive pest. It is native to Europe, Asia and north Africa, but has been introduced to the US, New Zealand, Uruguay, Argentina, Brazil, Chile and South Africa, probably through international trade involving timber. The US Forest Service reports it has been detected in solid wood packing material in US ports. In its native areas it is a secondary pest of pines, but in other countries it has caused extensive mortality in plantations of pine species introduced from North America.
Find practical tips you can partake
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Definition of "Bite" :
noun: a portion removed from the whole
"The government's weekly bite from my paycheck."
noun: the act of gripping or chewing off with the teeth and jaws
noun: a strong odor or taste property
"The sulfurous bite of garlic."
noun: wit having a sharp and caustic quality
"The bite of satire."
noun: (angling) an instance of a fish taking the bait
"After fishing for an hour he still had not had a bite."
noun: a light informal meal
noun: a small amount of solid food; a mouthful
noun: a wound resulting from biting by an animal or a person
noun: a painful wound caused by the thrust of an insect's stinger into skin
verb: penetrate or cut, as with a knife
verb: deliver a sting to
verb: to grip, cut off, or tear with or as if with the teeth or jaws
"Gunny invariably tried to bite her."
verb: cause a sharp or stinging pain or discomfort
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Livestock constitute an important natural resource for the Southern African Region, with over 60 % of the region’s total land area suitable for livestock farming, contributing significantly to Food Security across the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region.
The farm animal resources of SADC are rich and immensely diverse, with livestock populations in SADC estimated at 64 million cattle, 39 million sheep, 38 million goats, 7 million pigs, 1 million horses and 380 million poultry. Traditionally, these farm animals are a source of food, skins, fertiliser, traction power, medicine and other raw materials for the population of the region. An estimated 75% out of the above livestock population is kept under smallholder traditional farming systems.
Although Livestock Production offers the SADC region an opportunity for accelerated economic growth, low productivity, lack of efficient and effective animal disease control, lack of marketing infrastructure, poor market access of livestock products, together with lack of availability of information, and other associated factors hinder the region from achieving its goal of being self sufficient in livestock products..
SADC addresses the challenges in this important sector through the Livestock Unit (LU) of the Food, Agriculture and Natural Resource Directorate. The LU), coordinates livestock development activities throughout the region. Livestock policies and strategies are formulated by the SADC Livestock Technical Committee (LTC), members of which are the Directors of Member States’ National Livestock and Veterinary Services. This technical committee meets annually to discuss issues of regional cooperation and integration in the livestock sector, and reports to the Committee of Ministers responsible for Agriculture and Food Security and/or the SADC Council of Ministers.
The Livestock Unit is also involved in addressing Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) issues in livestock and livestock products as they relate to trade in conformity with the SPS measures of the World Trade Organization. The LU contributed significantly in the amendments to the SPS annex of the SADC Protocol on Trade.
Regional Livestock Programmes
The Livestock Unit recently undertook projects to address difficulties and challenges to the sector in the SADC region. These projects received support from International Cooperating Partners and the Livestock Technical Committee (LTC). These projects include the following initiatives:
- Promotion of Regional Integration (PRINT) in the livestock sector
- SADC Trans-boundary Animal Diseases (TADs) Project
- SADC Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) Programme
Promotion of Regional Integration (PRINT)
The Promotion of Regional Integration initiative was a regional capacity building project that ran between 2005 and 2009 with the goal of improving productivity and trade flows in the livestock sector. The programme sought to address the needs of stakeholders in the Member States’ livestock sectors, Centres of Excellence and other public and private institutions. The premise of the project was that improved trade results in poverty reduction, to be accomplished through initiation of the following activities:
- Reliable standardised essential and targeted Animal Production and Health (APH)
- A SADC Livestock Information Management System (LIMS) that is publicly available in Member States
- A viable and operational network of APH professionals (public and private sectors) established in the SADC region
- National and regional studies/projects in support of APH appraised in Member States
- Sound policies and strategies for the livestock sector within SADC developed in a participatory manner.
The Livestock Information Management System (LIMS) developed as part of the Promotion of Regional Integration programme, was used to create animal health yearbooks, analyse animal health data on a monthly basis, development of livestock marketing initiatives and the generation of quarterly trade data.
The Trans-boundary Animal Diseases (TADs) project
This project, which is still under implementation in five SADC Member States, is designed to strengthen regional institutions in order to identify, diagnose and control the serious socio-economic impacts of transboundary animal diseases such as foot and mouth disease, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, rift valley fever, pestes des petits ruminants, african swine fever, and to make livestock a tradable commodity.
The project is also addressing management of transboundary animal diseases, especially foot and mouth disease at the interface of wildlife and livestock as it is known that the African buffalo is a healthy carrier of the SAT virus of the disease. This is being done through buffalo and domestic cattle sampling exercises in national parks in order to study the topotypes of the ciculting viruses in both populations.
The project will also work on other transboundary animal diseases, including: Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP);
- African Swine Fever
- Newcastle Disease (ND)
- Avian Influenza (AI)
- Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR)
- Rift Valley Fever
- Lumpy Skin Disease
Concerted regional efforts are required to control and manage animal diseases in the SADC region as we subscribe to the OIE principles of zoning and compartmentalisation in order to enhance regional and international trade in livestock and livestock products. The LU is striving to achieve the goal of the Regional Indicative Strategic Development Plan of reducing animal diseases, especially Foot and Mouth Disease, by half by 2015. Initiated in 2007, the SADC Trans-boundary Animal Diseases project is funded by the African Development Bank (US $21.6 million), and aims to make significant progress towards the goal of managing, controlling and where possible , of eradicating transboundary animal diseases through improved capacity for detection, identification, monitoring and surveillance of these diseases.
The SADC Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) Programme
The SADC Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) programme began in 2006 with € 12.6 million funding from the European Union. Foot and Mouth Disease is a highly contagious viral Trans-boundary Animal Disease that affects cattle and other cloven-hoofed animals, and is trade linked.. A surge of outbreaks in six SADC nations from 2001 to 2003 caused great concern about the risk of wider spread of the disease, and the associated economic loss from such spread. The outbreak led to an independent Emergency Audit by the World Organization for Animal Health.
At present three SADC nations have access to European Union market for export of deboned beef from FMD-free areas (zones) without vaccinations. However, such trading facilities are subject to periodic reviews.
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Many of the Cortazzi ukiyo-e collection held at the Sainsbury Institute are Yokohama-e, or prints depicting non-Japanese foreigners. There are, however, some unique exceptions including Sumo-e or prints depicting sumo wrestlers. Sumo, as familiar to many, is a wrestling match that takes place on a dohyō mound. Two rotund yet herculean rikishi wrestlers battle out strength by forcing the opponent down to the ground or out of the circular ring.
Recorded history of sumo dates back to early 8th century. The mention of sumo appears in Kojiki and Nihon shoki translated respectively as “Records of Ancient Matters” and “The Chronicles of Japan” (Yamada, 1982) and is said to have originated some 1500 years ago (Nihon sumō kyōkai).
In the Heian period (794-1185), sumo was referred to as sumai no sechie and held as an annual custom. Sumo evolved in the medieval period and especially in the Kamakura period (1192-1333) where warriors rather than the traditional court nobilities hosted the matches. The warriors encouraged sumo as part of martial training. By the Muromachi period (1336-1573), there were individuals who took up sumo wrestling as a profession.
In premodern times, sumo gained popularity as a vernacular spectator sport. In the early Edo period (1615-1868), sumo tournaments were held as public fund raising events in various regional areas especially in Kyoto and Osaka. This relates to Edo government’s policy of prohibiting the performance of sumo as entertainment, but allowing the matches to take place so long as the intention was to raise funds for key purposes such as to restore temples and shrines. Eventually, however, “fundraising” became more of a pretence. In actual practice, sumo was more akin to a show business. Violent fights instigated by hooligans frequently broke out. So much so that the government banned and had to crack down on illegal matches from taking place between mid 17th century and early 18th century. The government eventually permitted matches in Kyoto where they felt convinced that sumo would help raise vital funds. Such charity sumo matches were later reinstated in key metropolises, namely Kyoto, Osaka and Edo, from the mid-18th century onwards. Edo came to host two of the four annual tournament matches on the third and tenth months while Osaka hosted the fifth and Kyoto the sixth month (Sakai-shi Hakubutsukan, 1998). In the Kokushi daijiten (“dictionary of national history”), the tournaments are named after the four seasons and assigned to each city as “Edo (Spring and Winter), Kyoto (Summer), and Osaka (Autumn)” matches.
Those who promoted sumo in the early Edo period were wealthy merchants in Kyoto and Osaka who used their financial influences to patronise the sport. They ploughed money into building stables filled with promising wrestlers from around the country and raised the popularity of sumo in Kamigata, or Osaka and Kyoto, area. By the late 18th century to early 19th century, Edo surpasses Kamitaga sumo. Edo stables were patroned by powerful daimyo warriors who were stationed in Edo for half of their career and used their influences to retain strong wrestlers. Sumo became one of the three major entertainements of Edo alongside kabuki theatres and the Yoshiwara pleasure district. It’s popularty spread from being the entertainment of the elite to the enjoyment of the many including townspeople (Takeuchi, 2002). “The three pleasures of Edo” (Edo sanpukutsui) by Katsukawa Shunkō (1743-1812) is a woodblock print that illustrates the three must-see performances of Edo. The print can be viewed from the Tokyo National Museum’s website.
Similar to famous kabuki actors and beautiful courtesans as subjects in ukiyo-e prints, sumo wrestlers were also chosen to appear in illustrated forms. Prints depicting famous wrestlers and scenes of sumo matches lined the shops. Soon, sumo prints became established as its own unique genre called sumo-e. Katsukawa school was the most prolific in producing sumo prints, but in the 19th century, popular artists such as Toyokuni, Kunisada and Kuniyoshi from the Utagawa school of ukiyo-e artists also made sumo prints. Katsukawa school sumo prints often had a light beige colour background that gave a calmer pictorial impression. Comparatively, Utagawa school prints used vivid blues, possibly Berlin blue dye, that generate a more dynamic feel. It should be noted, however, that the background colours were by no means a signature of each school. In fact, there are examples where the Katsukawa school used blue while the Utagawa school had beige as the background.
Sumo prints in the Lisa Sainsbury Library collection are mainly of Utagawa school’s work and those prints by the Utagawa school use blue as the background colour. Not all ukiyo-e scholars are enthusiastic about sumo prints. Yohsida Teruji, a pioneer of ukiyo-e scholarship, harshly criticises Utagawa school sumo prints as being “stereotypical and lack characer, dynamism and realism” in his Teibon ukiyo-e jiten (“Standard Ukiyo-e Dictionary”)(Yoshida, 1974).
While Yoshida’s view is unsympathetic, it is nonetheless interesting to compare prints with actual photographs of wrestlers when possible. For example, the print of Kimenzan Tanigorō by Utagawa Kunisada depicts a popular wrestler active up until and just into the early Meiji era (1868-1912). Photographs of him also survive. In comparing the two portraits, the print aptly captures the protrusion of the chin and the sharp thin eyes together with the power and dynamism he exudes in the photograph.
Kimenzan Tanigorō was born in 1826 in present day Gifu prefecture and made his sumo debut in 1852 in Kyoto. He moved to Edo the following year and rose to the top division to earn him a place as a retained sumo wrestler of Awa clan where he continued to succeed and earn the rank of Ōzeki. He was an imposing figure who towered at 186cm in height and 140 kg in weight (Yoro Town). He gained the title of Yokozuna in 2 Meiji (1869) at the age of 43 and is said have been the only wrestler to become a Yokozuna from Kyoto sumo stables and in fact first to become a Yokozuna in the Meiji era (Yokoyama, 1943). He is also the oldest at the time of gaining the Yokozuna title. He died at the age of 46.
Another popular wrestler is Kagami’iwa Hamanosuke. In 1854, Commodor Perry’s American kurofune ships returned to Japan to negotiate the opening of her ports. As a diplomatic good will gesture, the Edo government sent a variety of gifts including 200 barrels of rice. Each rice barrel weighed around 60kg and the government sent two Ōzeki champion rank wrestlers: Kagami’iwa Hamanosuke, Ōzeki of the West (Osaka-Kyoto region), and Koyanagi Tsunekichi, Ōzeki of the East (Edo), who led a group of over 30 sumo wrestlers. Each carried two to three barrels of rice in their arms and loaded Commodore Perry’s ship before performing sumo matches for the visiting Americans (Hagi Uragami Museum, 1998). A print by Toyokuni III of Kagami’iwa Hamanosuke depicts the Kagami’iwa as a handsome giant with well structured body. He looked well suited to entertain the distinguished foreign delegation.
Sumo prints, unlike mitate parody prints and egoyomipictorial calendar prints, are portraits without narrative twists or pictorial allusions. Some may find them rather unsophisticated. Indeed, the two prints introduced in this article may come across as portraits of large men where one is presented with an intimidating glare and the other as a gentle giant. However, viewing the prints together with recorded history of the actual wrestlers bring new life to these illustrated figures. They can all of a sudden appear more real and familiar. Toughts such as “isn’t it incredible to fight as a yokozuna in his 40s?” or “Kagami’iwa must have been proud to have surprised Commodor Perry’s men” may be evoked, which may in turn instil a sense of affection. By looking at the prints with historical narratives offer a unique and more personal way to relate to the figures depicted. Fortunately, abundant records of sumo wrestlers survive, unlike records of shop girls and courtesans who were sources of inspiration for bijinga or images of beauties. The records on wrestlers provide scholars with plentiful resources to research the printed subjects.
Hagi Uragami Museum. Sumōe ten. Hagi-shi : Hagi Uragami Museum, 1998.
Nihon Sumo Kyokai. Sumō no rekishi. http://www.sumo.or.jp/IrohaKnowledge/sumo_history/
Sakai-shi Hakubutsukan. Sumō no rekishi. Sakai-shi Hakubutsukan. 1998.
Takeuchi, Makoto (ed). “Ōzumō no ōgon jidai”. In Bijuaru waido Edo jidaikan. Shōgakukan, 2002.
Yamada, Tomoko. “Waga kuni ni okeru sumō hassei ni kansuru kenkyū”. In The annual report of researches of Otani University. no.34, pp.145-178, 1982.
Yoshida, Teruji. Teihon ukiyoe jiten. Tokyo : Gabundō, 1974.
Yokoyama, Kendō. Nihon sumōshi. Fuzanbō, 1943.
Yoro Town. Local ancestors. Historical and Cultural Heritage of Yoro Town. http://www.tagizou.com/main/ancestors/kimenzan.html
Librarian, Lisa Sainsbury Library
Issue 23 Summer 2018Dear Friends, Welcome to our Summer 2018 e-magazine. In this edition, we have exciting reports...
Japanese Art Exhibitions outside of JapanJapanese art exhibitions worth catching this summer With longer days and more beautiful sunshine to...
Museums with Japanese ArtFrom Kamakura to Cosplay: The development of the Japanese collection at the Oriental Museum, Durham...
Behind the ScenesAs you read this latest issue of our e-magazine, we will be preparing for a...
Fellows and their ResearchJungeun Lee on the narrative of display I came as a Robert and Lisa Sainsbury...
Research HighlightsQuarterly Research Update Lewis Carroll, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, 1865 The past three months saw...
Treasures of the Library: Sumo printsMany of the Cortazzi ukiyo-e collection held at the Sainsbury Institute are Yokohama-e, or prints...
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Spill Clean-Up Plans
Develop a spill clean-up plan, and train staff regarding clean up procedures. The plan may be simple but accurate, indicating the role of staff members in the event of a spill and the location of clean up materials. Accidental spills are often a common occurrence within an industrial workplace.
If not controlled, spills and leaks can pose a serious threat to the environment and safety of personnel as they often lead to storm water pollution or hazardous situations.
Spill Clean-Up Procedures
For large scale hazardous spills, contact the Fire Brigade (999) immediately for assistance with clean-up operations.
For clean-up of minor spills contact us
Stop the source of the spill immediately (if safe to do so), appropriate to the chemical type (refer to data sheet). This will reduce the level of contamination and impact on the environment.
Control the flow and contain the spill appropriate to the chemical type (refer to DATA SHEET). Prevent the spill from entering the storm water system by isolating or blocking off drain inlets.
Clean Up the Spill
Clean up the spill promptly by following the relevant Data Sheets
Duty to Report
If a spill occurs where pollution causes or threatens material harm to the environment then you must notify the Appropriate Regulatory Authority (ARA)as soon as you can after you become aware of the incident. It is an offence under the Protection of the Environment Act 1997 not to report the spill in these circumstances.
Spill Clean Up Plans
Develop a spill clean-up plan, and train staff regarding clean up procedures. The plan may be simple but accurate, indicating the role of staff members in the event of a spill and the location of clean up materials.
Dry Cleaning: cleaning up spills without the use of water
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Testing and Diagnosing Multiple Sclerosis
An early and accurate MS diagnosis is critical to minimizing relapses and the impact of symptoms on day-to-day life
Medically Reviewed by Ben W. Thrower, M.D.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) cannot be diagnosed with a specific symptom or single lab test. Instead, physicians rely on several strategies and diagnostic tests to confidently make a diagnosis and rule out other possible conditions. Diagnosing MS quickly and accurately is important as neurologic damage can occur in the early stages of MS.
What are the criteria for a MS diagnosis?
A set of diagnostic parameters, known as the McDonald Criteria, makes the process easier and more efficient in diagnosing MS in new patients. To fulfill a definite diagnosis of MS, an individual must have met the following criteria:
- Evidence of damage in at least two separate areas of the central nervous system (CNS), including the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves.
- Evidence of damage occurring at least one month apart.
- All other possible diagnoses have been ruled out.
If an individual does not meet all the criteria, the case will not be considered MS.
How is MS diagnosed?
The first step in diagnosing the disease is thoroughly reviewing your medical history. During this time, your healthcare provider will gather information about birthplace, family history, environmental exposures, and other illnesses that may meet any risk factors for MS.
Along with your medical history, a physical and neurological exam is used to confirm MS symptoms while testing the nerves that control your vision, strength, and hearing.
The medical history and exam can often provide enough evidence to meet the diagnostic criteria. However, additional testing may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis further or rule out other conditions that may cause symptoms like MS.
How do you test for MS?
An MRI is the best imaging technology to detect scarring or MS plaques in different parts of the central nervous system (CNS). This test can also distinguish old MS plaques from those currently active or new ones.
Visual Evoked Potential (VEP) Tests
An Evoked potential (EP) test records the nervous system’s electrical response to stimulation to isolated sensory pathways such as visual, auditory, or general sensory. Because slowed response time results from damage to myelin, EPs can often find the existence of scarring along nerve pathways, something neurological exams may miss. Visual evoked potentials are found to be most useful in confirming MS diagnosis.
Spinal Fluid Analysis
A spinal tap can reveal whether you have any antibodies linked to MS. It can also work like a blood test to rule out other diseases and infections that cause similar symptoms.
While there are no definitive blood tests for diagnosing MS, they can rule out other conditions that may mimic MS symptoms, including Lyme disease, collagen-vascular diseases, rare hereditary disorders, and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).
What should I do if I think I have MS?
Since diagnosing MS can be very challenging, it must be done by a neurologist specializing in treating MS. The MS care team at Shepherd Center has exceptional knowledge and experience treating patients with MS, so we understand how to differentiate the disease from similar conditions. We offer second opinions to confirm your initial diagnosis. We also offer continuation of treatment or adjustments to your medical care plan once you are diagnosed. At this time a referral is required from a medical provider.
The Andrew C. Carlos Multiple Sclerosis Institute at Shepherd Center
2020 Peachtree Road NW
Atlanta, GA 30309-1465
Clinic, Rehabilitation, and Wellness Hours
Monday to Friday
8:00 a.m. – 4:00 p.m. ET
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Which Is the Greenest Burger in the Land?
Impossible, Beyond, traditional veggie, and beef burgers have an epic patty meltdown
Is it possible to break the American burger habit and rein in the environmental and animal-welfare disaster that is the beef industry? In recent years, food scientists at several start-ups have created juicy, plant-based burgers that look, taste, and "bleed" remarkably like real beef. But some sustainable-food advocates say that these burgers perpetuate the problems of industrial agriculture—they're highly processed and can contain genetically modified ingredients—and question how anything hawked by global fast-food chains can be considered good for the planet.
So what is better for the environment? Sierra compared the greenhouse gas emissions and land and water footprints of these plant-based "bleeders" with those of traditional veggie and beef burgers. Keep the big picture in mind when you consider the following numbers. "[Plant-based burgers] aren't a silver bullet," says Martin Heller, an environmental research specialist. "They can help wean us off a tradition of high meat consumption. But do they make more sense, in the long run, than beans and rice? Probably not."
If you're going to eat any burger, Heller adds, eat it infrequently.
By the Numbers
Producing the 50 billion burgers that Americans eat each year generates 268 million tons of CO2-equivalent (CO2e) greenhouse gas emissions, or 3.7 percent of the country's total. Most of those emissions come from the methane that cows naturally release in the course of their digestion.
Grass-Fed Beef Burger
Studies show that when ranchers pack cattle tightly together and move them often, grass-fed systems can actually sequester carbon in the soil. Few US ranchers do this, though. And most of the grass-fed beef sold in the United States is imported from Australia, New Zealand, and Brazil, where ranchers have burned the Amazon rainforest to make room for cattle. When it comes to greenhouse gas emissions, there's a huge range for grass-fed beef, based on how the cows are managed.
Crafted with pea protein, coconut oil, potato starch, and beet juice (causing it to bleed like a beef burger), Beyond Meat's burger hit grocery stores in 2016. The refined coconut oil Beyond uses to create its meat-imitative marbling travels 16,813 miles from Indonesia to Beyond's production facility in Missouri.
MorningStar Farms Grillers Original Burger
Created for vegetarians in the 1980s, traditional veggie burgers, including MorningStar's, are typically made from some combination of grains, veggies, legumes, tofu, nuts, seeds, fungi, bread crumbs, tapioca starch, vegetable gum, oils, and preservatives.
This burger owes its beefiness to heme, the compound known for giving meat its bloody taste. Impossible Foods' scientists insert heme from soybean plants into genetically engineered strains of yeast, which, critics say, locks the company into reliance on petrochemical-laden monocultures.
This article appeared in the March/April 2020 edition with the headline "Battle of the Burgers."
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Climate Curricula Hit US Schools
As the crisis unfolds, approaches vary widely throughout the country
In 1925, Tennessee high school science teacher John T. Scopes committed a criminal act in his classroom—he defied the state law by teaching evolution in a public school. While Scopes was initially found guilty and fined $100, the infamous case helped turn the public against undue religious influence in schools.
Nearly a century later, evolution is a standard unit in most high school biology courses. Yet its legitimacy within the classroom continues to be challenged; in 2019, more than 10 percent of biology teachers said they endorse creationism. In Russellville, Arkansas, a small manufacturing town that’s home to a nuclear plant and Arkansas Tech University, high school life sciences teacher Chance Duncan has noticed another topic stirring similar controversy in local classrooms: climate change.
When Arkansas was updating its statewide science standards in 2015, state representative Mary Bentley filed an emergency petition to halt the process because she opposed the language affirming the legitimacy of evolution and human-driven climate change. Duncan, who serves as the high school director of the Arkansas Science Teachers Association, reached out to the conservative local lawmaker (who also owns a plastics company) to learn more—and possibly change her mind. Duncan says he explained that activities like fracking, which had recently ramped up in Arkansas, have lasting environmental impacts.
Duncan isn’t sure whether this conversation is what swayed Bentley to withdraw the petition later that month, but the standards passed soon after. State standards matter because they determine textbook content, high-stakes statewide testing, and instructor coursework, says Glenn Branch, deputy director of the National Center for Science Education. They’re also the primary source of guidance for teachers, who ultimately decide what a given class will cover.
This framework is particularly important because teachers don’t always know how to approach the topic of climate change nor understand its causes. While approximately 75 percent of public school science teachers devote lessons to the topic, according to a 2016 survey by the National Center for Science Education, less than half are aware of the scientific consensus on human-driven global warming. In fact, most teachers said they hadn’t received any university-level instruction on climate change.
“In general, public schools are going to be the last place where the majority of the population has formal instruction in the area of science, including climate science,” Branch says. “So to leverage it … is a good way of increasing public understanding of the seriousness of climate change.”
Despite the loud minority of climate deniers, more than 80 percent of parents and around 86 percent of teachers think it should be taught in school, according to a 2019 NPR/Ipsos poll. But the patchwork-style US education system means that states, districts, and even individual schools may vary widely in what they instruct.
Largely considered the golden standard, the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) are a rigorous set of national guidelines introduced in 2013. NGSS is among the first of its kind to explicitly encourage climate change curricula, emphasizing it as a core concept for both middle and high schoolers. Now, more than a third of US students learn according to these standards. The remaining states either follow the National Research Council framework or develop their own entirely.
Even among states that encourage mentioning climate change in science classes, not all acknowledge our role in shaping the environment. As of 2019, 36 states mentioned human-driven climate change within their standards, Branch found. This means that only about 64 percent of US students learn about our role in the climate crisis.
Some states, meanwhile, actively resist including climate change in science education. In Texas, both the fossil fuel industry and decades of political interference have ensured its omission from state guidelines, Branch says. Though the Texas Education Agency will review the climate-related science standards sometime next spring, he doubts they’ll make any major changes—but any discussion of climate change would be an improvement.
Other states neglect the topic because they are relying on outdated content. Pennsylvania hasn’t revised its science standards since 2002, Branch says, so they can’t reflect recent research. But it’s all a “moving target” as education departments convene in the coming months, a process that typically occurs every five to seven years.
Occasionally, instructors avoid bringing up climate change because of pressure from community members or employers. Three years ago, Baltimore special education teacher La Stel Walker was teaching middle school students about melting polar ice caps when an administrator advised her to stick to the curriculum. But more often, teachers lack logistical support. Throughout her 15 years of experience in both suburban and urban Baltimore-area schools, she has noticed that many teachers are reluctant to address climate change in class, commonly because of a lack of interest or tools like lesson plans—despite being held to Maryland’s Next Generation Science Standards.
“The goal is for the state or district to provide these resources for us, which would be lovely,” Walker says. “Because climate change and climate education are still hot topics for a lot of organizations, let alone school districts and government entities; it’s still a lot that’s not being spoken of … if officials acknowledge the signs of climate change, they’d have to do something about it.”
Walker also makes sure to cover environmental issues across additional subjects, like math and English, to provide a holistic view of our changing world. For example, she suggests writing word problems that examine sea level rise over the next century and how the oceans as we know them will shift. Teachers can work with nonprofits and federal agencies to find these kinds of interdisciplinary lesson plans for their classes, but it’s yet another task for overburdened professionals who commonly pay out of pocket for supplies.
This June, New Jersey became the first state to merge the topic across all content areas in K-12 standards. First Lady Tammy Murphy advocated for the update, which districts will phase in between the fall of 2021 and 2022. New Jersey math and language arts guidelines won’t be up for review until 2022, but the Board of Education plans a similar amendment.
Murphy sees this as a necessary step to prepare New Jersey residents for the transition to 100 percent clean energy by 2050. The Garden State has already witnessed the impacts of a warming world, including toxic algal blooms in lakes and rapidly shrinking wetlands.
“We’re not just going to need climate-change-literate scientists; we’re going to need to have climate literacy in our civic leaders, policymakers, urban planners, journalists, artists, you name it,” Murphy says. “It’s really important that, as we change our education standards, our state is going to be the first to ensure that our students are prepared across multiple content areas.”
New Jersey First Lady Tammy Murphy visits a school participating in the Sustainable Jersey program. Murphy observed schools' sustainability efforts across the state as she pushed to include climate change in the New Jersey K-12 learning standards. | Photo courtesy of the Office of Tammy Murphy
While environmentalists around the country have applauded New Jersey’s new standards, it’s possible that they could backfire. This type of requirement could encourage resistant teachers to instead explain that climate change is natural, says Martha Monroe, a professor and associate director of environmental education at the University of Florida who researches how educators can build understanding and critical thinking skills in students. She believes that voluntary agreements and best management practices may lead to better results in classrooms.
And it isn’t clear whether teachers throughout New Jersey will receive additional funding or professional development time as they alter their curricula. Murphy says that educators can receive the appropriate resources with help from organizations like the North American Association for Environmental Education, which points teachers toward sample lesson plans. But it’s typically up to individual districts to allocate their state and local funding for this sort of professional development, says Michael Yaple, a spokesperson for the New Jersey Board of Education.
To address this need, states like Washington and New York have recently attempted to establish environmental educational grants. Lawmakers have also sought out measures similar to New Jersey’s standards update, or tried to beef up science guidelines. Though some were ultimately killed by legislators, an “unprecedented” 19 pro-climate-change education measures were introduced in 2020, Glenn Branch says. This may signal a much-needed political shift as we come to terms with our present existential threat.
It’s especially important because effective lessons on climate change don’t solely impact burgeoning young voters; they also shape their parents’ views. A 2019 study published in Nature Climate Change found that after environmental service projects in North Carolina coastal towns, students influenced their parents’ attitudes on climate change.
After a group of middle schoolers completed activities like oyster reef restoration and sea turtle monitoring, the adults expressed higher concern about climate change—particularly among fathers and conservative parents. “Teachers can help change the nature of the conversation in a community if they navigate it carefully and do a good job,” Monroe says.
In fact, advocates of environmental education cite experiential learning and community projects as the most impactful, context-specific methods. These help students develop real-world skills as they identify problems, collect data, and communicate, Monroe says, which will be necessary for the hard decisions ahead.
Participating in these activities can also foster hope amid the doom and gloom of the climate crisis, says Christine Li, an assistant professor of environmental education at the University of Missouri who has collaborated with Monroe in the past. For example, schools can seek grants from local organizations or federal agencies like the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, which has helped students build local resilience plans.
“It can be a really overwhelming topic,” Li says. “But there are a lot of things that we can show students, how a lot of people are taking action and there are many ways to solve this problem. You can take a proactive solution starting today, from personal behavior to collective action.”
Ultimately, climate change instruction will look different in every community. It was challenging to teach deforestation in Baltimore schools where students have little access to green space, La Stel Walker says, so she used PowerPoints that visualize this phenomenon. Similarly, students may not fully comprehend lessons about beach erosion when they haven’t been able to visit the ocean.
But even at a young age, children often grasp the toll taken by environmental racism. “A lot of students within the inner city understand that a large majority of them may have asthma or not have grocery stores within their communities,” Walker says.
Now at a suburban school, Walker teaches students how actions like dumping excess fertilizer in local waterways eventually affects city residents. In both situations, she instills within future voters the importance of slowing down the effects of climate change.
And to better equip students for this daunting climate future, experts have identified concrete steps for schools to take. These include broader availability of environmental and earth science classes, which Glenn Branch says offer the most detailed look at climate change throughout K-12 education. As of 2013, only one state required them for high school graduation.
Students don’t necessarily need to graduate knowing the exact details of photosynthesis, Chance Duncan says, but courses should build an awareness of our imprint on the natural world. “If they can leave high school understanding how they impact the environment and can make better choices about transportation or energy usage … I think that makes them better adults,” he says.
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https://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/climate-curricula-hit-us-schools
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The spectrum of modern horse populations encompasses populations with a long history of development in isolation and relatively recently formed types. To increase our understanding of the evolutionary history and provide information on how to optimally conserve or improve these populations with varying development and background for the future, we analyzed genotype data of 184 horses from 9 Dutch or common horse populations in the Netherlands: The Belgian draft horse, Friesian horse, Shetland pony, Icelandic horse, Gelder horse, Groninger horse, harness horse, KWPN sport horse and the Lipizzaner horse population.
Various parameters were estimated (e.g., runs of homozygosity and FST values) to gain insight into genetic diversity and relationships within and among these populations. The identified genomic makeup and quantified relationships did mostly conform to the development of these populations as well as past and current breeding practices. In general, populations that allow gene-flow showed less inbreeding and homozygosity. Also, recent bottlenecks (e.g., related to high selective pressure) caused a larger contribution of long ROHs to inbreeding.
Maintaining genetic diversity through tailor-made breeding practices is crucial for a healthy continuation of the investigated, mostly inbred and (effectively) small sized horse populations, of which several already experience inbreeding related issues.
Link to the publication
Schurink, A., Shrestha, M., Eriksson, S., Bosse, M., Bovenhuis, H., Back, W., Johansson, A.M., Ducro, B.J. 2019. The genomic makeup of nine horse populations sampled in the Netherlands. Genes 2019, 10(6), 480.
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://www.slu.se/en/research/knowledge-bank/vh/sport--och-sallskapsdjur/hastnotiser/genetiska-studier-bekraftar-hastrasers-historia/
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| 0.885939 | 346 | 2.78125 | 3 |
By Liza Power
"Australian mountain forests are funereal, secret, stern," wrote Marcus Clarke in 1867. "Their solitude is desolation. They seem to stifle in their black gorges a story of sullen despair. No tender sentiment is nourished in their shade."
The English-born Clarke coined the term "weird melancholy" in a preface he wrote for fellow writer Adam Lindsay Gordon's Sea Spray and Smoke Drift. His description of our landscape has now been attached to an exhibition of paintings and photographs at the The Ian Potter Museum of Art, subtitled "The Australian Gothic".
For curator Suzette Wearne,Clarke's writing offered a new way of looking at the landscape and the art that has come from it. For among the frowning hills and grotesque and ghostly animal life, there was, he wrote, beauty to be found for those who learn to decipher "the strange scribblings of nature learning how to write". So too in "the hieroglyphs of haggard gum-trees, blown into odd shapes, distorted with fierce hot winds, or cramped with cold nights, when the Southern Cross freezes in a cloudless sky of icy blue". It just takes a certain kind of looking.
In curating an exhibition of the University of Melbourne's 18th and 19th century painting and photograph collection, Wearne sensed anxiety, claustrophobia and fear. Prevailing views around these works focus on the idea that they express optimism, reflecting the excitement Australia's early settlers felt about the bucolic tranquillity of this promising new land and their desire to forge a spiritual union with nature, the freedom they felt being in such wide, open spaces. But these weren't the emotions she felt when she looked at the works. Even in the archetypical works of the Heidelberg school such as Frederick McCubbin's Lost Child she saw it: "the real, palpable fear people of that era had of being swallowed up and consumed by the bush".
She was puzzled by this romantic idiom, employed to make a hostile land seem more palatable for audiences in Britain and here. And the contradiction between it and the anxiety expressed in the journals of settlers and explorers Burke and Wills, Charles Sturt and Ernest Giles. "Their accounts are written in very gothic tones as if they're describing a haunted house."
She sensed the same feeling of eeriness in a von Guerard lithograph of giant tree ferns. "Like John Skinner and many other artists, he had a fascination for these Jurassic-looking ferns. But rather than a classic celebration of the sublime majesty of nature, they evoke a sense of claustrophobia, as if there's no way out."
Wearne was drawn to the idea that gothic fiction emerged in England at the same time as Australia was being colonised and settled; explorers to the Antipodes wrote of discovering a land that was dark and disorienting, stricken with heat, bushfires and floods.
She decided to build an exhibition around the theme of the Australian gothic; a popular framework for studying fiction and film, but hitherto a little underdone in the visual arts. She wanted to explore a counter narrative to this prevailing idea of Australia as a land of promise; she wanted to explore the fear.
The Australian gothic is a special place: while the endangered heroines and violent predators of the traditional gothic genre remain a mainstay, the bush assumes the role of the haunted house (Picnic at Hanging Rock, Wolf Creek). Wearne speaks of the recurring motif of the dead gum tree: "Almost every artist includes it, the dramatic icon of a splintered trunk pointed up to the sky with an ominous, snake-like quality."
As for the repressed "other", another central trope of the gothic tradition, Wearne posits that our collective repressed is haunted by the ghosts of our indigenous past. She suggests "a fear of retribution for the mistreatment of Aboriginal people explains the menace projected onto the landscape in the Australian gothic. Where Aboriginal presence is denied, or repressed, the landscape is embedded with this trauma - the ghosts of the brutal colonial encounter."
In building the exhibition, Wearne began with two cornerstones. The first was Fred Williams' Sherbrooke Forest. Rather than an enchanted wood, Wearne felt Williams' eucalypt saplings resembled prison bars. "People tend to look at him as an artist who engaged only with the idea of form, but there's a kind of anxiety that penetrates his practice. There's a moodiness and darkness of the tone of that painting that says something about the nature of Australian forests."
The second was Arthur Boyd's Spring Landscape, an ironic title, she felt, given its desolate depiction of windswept trees, birds in flight and grey, moody clouds. "In the centre of that work is a little figure bent over a fence and it seems to me highly symbolic of man's futility in their attempts to domesticate the land and contain the forces of nature."
Also enveloped in a sense of stifling closeness is a photo of a family of settlers on horseback standing inside a giant gum tree. Taken in Gippsland in 1901, Wearne felt that despite being an ethnographic work, in conveying "the dogged determination of the settlers to really penetrate the land" it was decidedly gothic in its approach.
The exhibition spans work from three centuries; Wearne felt it was important to reach from colonial to contemporary practice to show the vitality of the gothic theme. She was also keen to include work by indigenous artists; Leah King Smith's playful yet poignant use of gothic tropes made for a perfect fit. In the 1980s King Smith undertook a project at the State Library of Victoria working with 19th century photographs of Aboriginal people on missions.
"Leah describes this sense of anger and resentment at what those images represent but also this feeling of connectedness she felt looking into the eyes of these Aboriginal people in the photographs. She layered those images over images she'd taken of the Victorian bush and then photographed them with a fish eye lens." In effect, she readdresses the absence of Aboriginal people by placing them back in their landscape.
The exhibition has a magnificently eerie feel about it; Wearne says she wasn't tempted to create any "light moments" in the gloominess, but rather to let people relish the power and foreboding our land can exert. The exquisite terror, if you will, of being dwarfed by nature.
Weird Melancholy: The Australian Gothic is at The Ian Potter Museum of Art, University of Melbourne, until August 9.
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https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/weird-melancholy-exhibition-probes-fear-at-the-heart-of-the-australian-landscape-20150328-1m9uk2.html
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Animal experiments and 3R (4/4): Interview with animal ethicist Herwig Grimm
The president of the National Research Programme "Advancing 3R" explains how research can deal with the moral dilemma of animal testing.
Herwig Grimm is professor of animal ethics at the University of Veterinary Medicine in Vienna and president of the Steering Committee of the National Research Programme "Advancing 3R – Animals, Research and Society" (NRP 79). The remit of the NRP is to advance the 3Rs principles replace, reduce, refine.
Herwig Grimm, why is animal ethics so important for biomedical research?
Society has become more aware of the needs of animals: we have learned that many animals are sentient and intelligent and that we owe them respect. At the same time, we are witnessing a loss of confidence in scientific research. This creates a contentious situation: what are we as a society willing to accept to generate knowledge?
An ethical dilemma.
The moral crux lies in the use of sentient beings for the interests of others. After all, the laboratory mice and the other animal models do not benefit from the experiments themselves.
How do ethicists approach this difficult question?
In different ways. There is a strong body of opinion that fundamentally calls animal experimentation into question: because animals have a right to be treated ethically, using them for the benefit of others needs to stop. This clear and, at first sight, simple solution represents the rights-based approach: making trade-offs would in itself be morally wrong. Other ethics approaches seek to balance different interests. My approach is guided by applied ethics, which recognises that we are not in a vacuum. There are laws that regulate animal testing, contexts in which it takes place, and there are better and worse justifications for it. But there's no doubt: we won't come out of this debate looking good as long as animals are instrumentalised for scientific purposes. Therefore, we should try to ensure that the problem arises as rarely as possible. This can be formulated as a "no, but" rule that makes animal testing an exception, which in a strict reading is actually already enshrined in Swiss and also Austrian law.
Does that mean all animal ethics approaches amount to advocacy for animals?
No, animal ethics does not equal animal welfare. There are also approaches that do not support the intrinsic moral value of animals. But applicable law speaks a clearly different language here: legally, they have a right to be protected. But the central question is, how can this protection be ensured? How can we better deal with the unfair distribution of benefits and harms?
In our country, animal experimentation commissions weigh the suffering of laboratory animals against the benefits for humans, other animals and the environment. Is this a reasonable way out of the ethical dilemma?
By analogy with what Churchill said about democracy: the weighing of interests is the worst method, all others excepted. It is very difficult to perform because we are comparing apples with pears. Distress and harm on one side; knowledge, training, health, environmental protection, biodiversity on the other. A lot of people have ruminated over how such trade-offs can be made despite the lack of comparability. Either we try to quantify everything and thus establish comparability, or we let members of a commission deliberate until a reasoned decision is reached, as in many countries in Europe. I find the Swedish model, in which 50 per cent of the members of the commissions are laypeople, fascinating. They have to discuss highly complex research projects. Whether that always works well is another question, however.
What is the role of the 3R principles, which aim to promote alternative methods, fewer animals and better conditions?
The weighing of interests only makes sense if one checks beforehand whether the 3R principles were applied. The 3Rs are older than the weighing of interests and were derived from the logic of research. The aim is to design experiments as humanely as possible, as Russel and Burch put it in 1959. The first question to ask is: what burden on the animal is unavoidable to achieve a particular research objective? Only then can the weighing of interests be used to clarify the proportionality between the scientific goal and the unavoidable stress and harm caused to the animal to achieve this goal.
What is your position regarding the calls for the first R, replacement methods, to be prioritised?
Replacement methods are the only ones that can really make the basic ethical problem disappear. If this is not the case and animals are used, then the other two Rs come into play, which at least aim to improve the situation. This path then leads to the weighing of interests, which is an expression of the basic problem and a tentative solution at the same time.
Where does research stand today on improving 3R methods?
There is no doubt that innovative new methods are key in this area. What is more, broader aspects, though important, are less researched. For example: why is 3R research not yet a prestigious research field? In which areas is the potential particularly great? Does implementation involve any hurdles in practice? In other words: how do you make it easier to integrate these methods into laboratory work? As far as I can tell as a humanities scholar, little research has been done on such topics. I hope that the NRP "Advancing 3R - Animals, Research and Society" can make a forward-looking contribution in this regard.
Do you think the NRP can really change the way things are?
We're working on just that. We received some very promising concepts on how to change things. This also involves, in particular, disseminating existing and new knowledge and making it accessible. The fact that these aspects are taken into account is something I find very exciting about this NRP. It remains to be seen how much of a lasting impact it will have.
In the call for proposals, few projects came from the humanities and social sciences. What do you think was the reason for this?
That surprised me a lot. Perhaps we have not sufficiently emphasised and publicised the fact that the NRP includes in-depth research on the societal aspects. The upcoming initiative shows just how important those aspects are. And there are definitely research institutes in Switzerland that look into such questions. That’s why we are taking another stab at this by launching a second call for proposals on “Ethics and Society” – we hope this will attract outstanding projects that are not primarily in the natural sciences.
Are there any unresolved issues that you find particularly interesting?
There are many unanswered questions. But the question "What happens afterwards?" is particularly challenging. Today, laboratory animals are usually euthanised after their scientific use. That's a pity and clearly reveals the exploitative nature of this practice. How beneficiaries of the experiments could show gratitude to these animals would be an interesting question. A second question concerns "the before" – how are animals bred for the lab? There is still a lot of room for improvement and the 3R principles also stand for venturing into difficult fields.
So would you like to have a kind of abdication ceremony for the animals?
Maybe. Take, for example, the Lipizzaners at the Spanish Riding School here in Vienna. They'll go into a retirement facility when they're no longer good for shows. Given the current numbers of laboratory animals, this is clearly still a utopian concept, however.
Innovation, implementation and dialogue on 3Rs
The National Research Programme "Advancing 3R – Animals, Research and Society" (NRP 79) aims to significantly reduce the number of laboratory animals and improve their welfare. It is also intended to provide a basis for discussion between supporters and opponents of animal experimentation. Research is conducted across three modules: Innovation, Implementation, and Ethics and Society. As few projects were submitted in the third module, a targeted second call will be launched in this subject area.
The NRP was mandated by the Federal Council. Research will start in June 2022 and continue for five years. The programme budget is 20 million francs. In 2028, a final report on the programme will be available.
20 million francs for research into 3Rs
In 2019, the SNSF funded research worth more than CHF 970 million Swiss francs. Around 140 million francs were spent on research projects that involve animal testing. However, these projects consist to a large extent of research without animals (see link Episode 1). In addition, the SNSF also funds 3R projects that are not designated as such (see link Episode 2). The 3R Competence Centre (3RCC) provides a dedicated funding scheme for 3R research and for improving animal experiments. The NRP and the 3RCC are collaborating closely on these issues.
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://www.snf.ch/en/FQ7j3kqPxZQOpvcF/news/animal-experiments-and-3r-4/4-interview-with-animal-ethicist-herwig-grimm
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How do flowers use fragrance to attract pollinators, and how do pollution and climate change hamper pollination? Professor Geoff Dixon tells us more.
‘Fragrance is the music of flowers’, said Eleanour Sophy Sinclair Rohde, an eminent mid 20th century horticulturist. But they are much more than that. Scents have fundamental biological purposes. Evolution has refined them as means for attracting pollinators and perpetuating the particular plant species emitting these scents.
There are complex biological networks connecting the scent producers and attracted pollinators within the prevailing environment. Plants flowering early in the year are generalist attractors. By late spring and early summer, scents attract more specialist pollinators as shown by studies of alpines growing in the USA Rocky Mountains. This is because there is a bigger diversity of pollinator activity as seasons advance. Scents are mixtures of volatile organic compounds with a prevalence of monoterpenes.
Environmental factors will affect scent emission. Natural drought, for example, changes flower development and reduces the volumes and intensity of scent production. The effectiveness of pollinating insects, such as bees, moths, hoverflies and butterflies is reduced by aerial pollution.
Pheasant’s eye daffodils (Narcissus recurvus).
Studies showed there were 70% fewer pollinators in fields affected by diesel fumes, resulting in lower seed production. Pollinating insects do not find the flowers because nitrogenous oxides and ozone change the composition of scent molecules.
Extensive studies of changes in flowering dates show that climate change can severely damage scent–pollinator ecologies. Over the past 30 years, blooming of spring flowers has advanced by at least four weeks. Earlier flowering disrupts the evolved natural synchrony between scent emitters and insect activity and their breeding cycles. In turn that breaks the reproductive cycles of early flowering wild herbs, shrubs and trees, eventually leading to their extinction.
The lilac bush, known for its evocative scent.
Scents provide powerful mental and physical benefits for humankind. Pleasures are particularly valuable for those with disabilities especially those with impaired vision. Even modest gardens can provide scented pleasures.
Bulbs such as Pheasant’s eye daffodils (Narcissus recurvus) (illustration no 1), which flower in mid to late-spring, and lilacs (illustration no 2) are very rewarding scent sources.
Sweetly perfumed annuals such as mignonette, night-scented stocks, candytuft and sweet peas (illustration no 3) are easily grown from garden centre modules, providing pleasures until the first frosts.
Sweet peas are easily grown from garden centre modules.
Roses are, of course, the doyenne of garden scents. Currently, Harlow Carr’s scented garden, near Harrogate, highlights the cultivars Gertrude Jekyll, Lady Emma Hamilton and Saint Cecilia as particularly effective sources of perfume. For larger gardens, lime or linden trees (Tilia spp) form profuse greenish-white blossoms in mid-season, laden with scents that bees adore.
Written by Professor Geoff Dixon, author of Garden practices and their science, published by Routledge 2019.
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https://www.soci.org/blog/2022/3/2022-03-10-scents-pollination-and-climate-change
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Top 10 ways to stimulate new ideas
Updated: Sep 28, 2021
Asking people in a group to come up with new ideas or solutions to problems is difficult. Most people struggle to generate ideas cold with no assistance. You need to warm up your brain to think differently. Your brain has a number of heuristics or rules of thumb that it relies on to help you deal with the problems that you need to deal with in everyday life. If you want to move beyond the standard solutions try these quick tips.
Park (put on hold) standard ideas - when you start identifying solutions put all of your ideas down. The most obvious ones will come first. Do not dismiss these. Try to capture as many solutions as possible but don't stop at this point. "Park" these ideas either on a board or in a document. These may be useful later.
Try different contexts - place your problem in a different situation. How would you solve your problem in this new context? We are very good at using a solution in one situation to solve a problem in a very different situation. Think about how you would solve your problem if you were at home, with your family, or in another country.
Use metaphors - If you think about your problem as part of a story, metaphor or analogy. Is your problem just the tip of an iceberg? Is it the fuel in a fire? If so, what can you use from the metaphor to help you solve the problem? Narratives told to us as children (for example: fables) are to help us develop metaphors or frameworks to solve problems as we grow. Use these to help you think differently about your problem.
Use other organisations and stereotypes - stereotypes can be useful to make you frame your problem differently. For example: How would Google solve this? How would Amazon solve this? This will help you challenge your problem from a different perspective.
Reverse the problem - what if you had the opposite problem? What insights do you see from think about the impact of the reverse problem?
Look at the problem using different views or lenses - break the problem down into parts. How would you solve it with the most cost effective means? How would you solve it to improve comfort? Make it smaller? Make it environmentally sustainable? Accessible?
Envision the future - how would you solve this problem in the future? Maybe 5 years or 10 years? What things could be done differently?
Add different constraints - Make up constraints that you might work within - how would you solve this with only $100?
Scaffold ideas - take two different solutions (bisociation) and put them together. Develop new ideas by combining ideas to come up with something new.
Just add soap - When all else fails add soap. (What?) Find an object or a common tool, food or experience and think about how you could use that in your problem solution.
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https://www.sparktank.com.au/post/10-top-ways-to-stimulate-new-ideas
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MA Students. Students should have a basic knowledge of Korean history. Ability to read Korean texts is recommended but not necessary. Students wishing to take this course without these requirements should see the instructor and get approval.
Title: Buddhist-Confucian Dialogue in Pre-Modern Korea
Traditions of the Joseon dynasty (1392-1910) are very much alive in modern Korea. Its main religions have their roots in the Joseon period, the two main traditions being Buddhism and Confucianism. The aim of this course is to go beyond the discussions that have centered on state/political histories or philosophical or religious thought. This course will take a historical perspective on the social and religious aspects as a way to analyze the Buddhist-Confucian interactions that were played out at various social levels of the society. With this in mind, this course will focus on the dialogues between the two traditions that took place not only in the public sphere but also in the private sphere. An underlying theme of this course will be the Confucian adoption of Buddhism and the increasing “Confucianisation” of Buddhism during the Joseon period.
Students who take this course will: – 1. be able to analyze the inter-religious dynamics between Buddhism and Confucianism as situated in their social and historical contexts of the Joseon dynasty; – 2. critically examine and evaluate the social, political and economic influences on the religious dynamics that took place during that time.
Time and date on which the course is offered or a link to the website.
Deadline for papers:
Mid-term paper – Nov. 26, 2013
Final paper – Jan. 31, 2014
Mode of instruction
This course will be conducted through seminars that involve student presentations and class discussions.
- Hours spent on attending lectures – 2 hours per week x 14 weeks => 28 hours – Reading compulsory literature: 30-40 pages = 5 hours/week => 70 hours – Time to write a paper (including reading / research) => 35 hours
= total time of 133 hours
Class presentations/discussions – 20%;
Mid-term paper – 30%;
Final paper – 50%
Blackboard is used – Yes
A reading list will be provided in class. ### Registration
Registration Studeren à la carte and Contractonderwijs
Registration Studeren à la carte via: www.hum.leidenuniv.nl/onderwijs/alacarte
Registration Contractonderwijs via: http://www.hum.leidenuniv.nl/onderwijs/contractonderwijs/
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The news: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has launched an online bot that people can use to decide what to do if they have potential coronavirus symptoms like a fever, cough, or shortness of breath. The hope is the self-checker bot will act as a form of triage for increasingly strained health-care services. The number of recorded cases in the US has surged past 46,000, the most after China and Italy.
How it works: The bot asks users questions like their age, gender, and location, any symptoms they’re experiencing, and whether they may have encountered someone diagnosed with Covid-19. On the basis of their replies, it recommends the best next step. There are a variety of responses, from “Call 911” to “Stay home and take care of yourself.” The bot is not supposed to replace assessment by a doctor and isn’t intended to be used for diagnosis or treatment purposes, but it could help figure out who most urgently needs medical attention and relieve some of the pressure on hospitals. It was created using Microsoft Azure’s Healthcare Bot software.
Rise of the bots: Health authorities around the world are using chatbots to answer people’s pressing questions about coronavirus. The World Health Organization has partnered with WhatsApp to give people reliable information. If you text +41 79 893 1892 over WhatsApp, the WHO will reply with a menu of options offering infection statistics, debunked myths, travel advice, and so on. India has built a similar bot using WhatsApp too, and the UK’s National Health Service is planning to do the same.
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The Internet of Things (or IoT) is not a new concept. For years, experts have been speaking about ubiquitous computing or environmental intelligence, concepts that anticipated the extension of the Internet to the physical world. The term “Internet of Things” became popular when Kevin Ashton began working at the Auto-ID Center at MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) and was quoted by the magazine Forbes: «We need an Internet of things, i.e. a standardized method so that computers can understand the real world».
Material objects take on a new digital dimension when we incorporate in them sensors that can sense the context and communicate with each other. Thus they become smart objects. Nowadays they are proving to be objects that are already familiar to us: from watches, wristbands or light bulbs to smart crops that know when or not to be irrigated, historic buildings that warn us whenever a wall has to be repaired or animals that are able to report their health status or tweet wherever they move.
The potential of the Internet of Things is huge. Gartner identifies Internet of Things as one of the 10 technology trends with the greatest potential. Cisco estimates that by the year 2020 there will be over 50,000 million connected devices while General Electric estimates that up to 46% of the world economy can benefit from the Internet of Things. McKinsey, in turn, estimates that the economic impact could amount to 6,200 million dollars by 2025, the year in which it estimates that one billion devices could already be connected.
What is moving the Internet of Things forward is mainly cheaper electronics and communications—the well-known and almighty Moore’s Law. Prices of micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) have dropped by 80% over the past five years whereas sales of sensors have increased at an annual rate of 70% since 2010. Creating smart objects is becoming increasingly easy. Arduino has become a very popular platform for prototyping and is managing to make a name for itself in the education system. The number of hacker spaces and accelerators for companies based on hardware has increased dramatically over the past five years.
However the development of Internet of Things still poses significant challenges, such as security and privacy risks or the lack of fully accepted standards, which means that there is still a huge fragmentation in the connectivity protocols that devices and applications are using. However, the greatest challenges are surely in the creation of new products and services and the business models that make them viable. Like all technologies, the Internet of Things is an enabler. Its widespread adoption will go from the hand of developing solutions for the real issues involving people or companies. A wristband that measures our activity can turn out to be a very attractive novelty, but if we do not find its use practical, it will end up being an anecdote or even worse a nuisance.
Luckily, for the Internet of Things, there is no lack of problems within our society and our economy that generate a significant demand for innovative solutions. Cities concentrate many of these problems as well as many of those that affect our personal experience in a more direct way. Large cities are currently the driving force behind the economy. They have now become very complex and dynamic environments where the majority of the population is increasingly concentrated and which attract the largest investments. It is estimated that by the year 2020 the market for Smart Cities will reach 315,000 million euro. The European Union also understands this and, therefore, will be increasing ten-fold the investments intended for cities in its new R&D program, Horizon 2020, to reach 18,000 million euro.
Cities such as Santander have already taken the initial steps. The capital of Cantabria (Spain) has managed to place itself in the international technological vanguard in the development of the concept of Smart City. 12,000 fixed and mobile sensors located in strategic areas – lanterns, paper mills, municipal buildings and vehicles, among others –that are enabling the impact of Internet of Things on traffic, reduction of emissions, improved civic participation, reducing time to resolve incidents in the city or providing better information for urban planning to be tested and quantified.
Experiences such as that in Santander are essential for tackling the next stage in the development of smart cities: extending the scope of existing experiences to an entire city and replicating successful models in different cities.
This article was published in Spanish on Diario El Mundo on 30/06/2014. You can read it here.
Francisco Jariego is Director of Industrial Internet of Things (IoT) at Telefónica R+D.
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A passionate lifelong gardener, the poet had fallen under the spell of wildflowers while composing her astonishing herbarium as a teenager. But it was an uncommonly beautiful book her father gave her just before she turned thirty — not long after she wrote to an ill-suited suitor, “My flowers don’t know how far my thoughts wander away sometimes.” — that fueled her poetic passion for nature’s own garden: Wild Flowers Drawn and Colored from Nature (public library) by the botanical artist and poet Clarissa Munger Badger (May 20, 1806–December 14, 1889).
Published the year On the Origin of Species shook science and artistically modeled on The Moral of Flowers, with which the poet and painter Rebecca Hey had enchanted English readers a quarter century earlier, Badger’s book contained twenty-two exquisite scientifically accurate paintings of common New England wildflower species — violets and harebells, the rhododendron and the honeysuckle — each paired with a poem bridging the botanical and the existential: some by titans like Percival and Longfellow, some by long-forgotten poets of her time and place, some by Badger herself.
For a taste of her fusion of playfulness and poignancy, here is a fragment from Badger’s ode to the rhododendron — a flowering wonder that was here when the dinosaurs roamed Earth, long before small warm-blooded mammals with large minds and poetic hearts evolved the opposable the thumbs to paint flowers and the consciousness to contemplate the meaning of life in a flower:
I charge thee, flower, of beauty born,
Lift not thy head too high,
For, like the lowliest of thy race,
Thou, too, wert born to die.
The Power that lifts thee to the sun,
And bends thee to the gale,
Doth watch, with equal care and love,
The Lily of the vale.
Bringing her brush to the beauty of the pansy and the lily, the day-blazing geranium and the night-blooming cactus, the tulip and the rose, and once again pairing her paintings with poems, she celebrated garden flowers as “brilliant hopes, all woven in gorgeous tissues,” as “stars… wherein we read our history” — a vibrant testament to Oliver Sacks’s clinically substantiated belief in the healing power of gardens.
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For this benchmark, write a 750-1,000 word narrative about a cross-disciplinary unit you would implement in your classroom. Choose a minimum of two standards, at least one for the content area of your field experience classroom and at least one supportive literacy standard to focus on for the unit narrative. You may use your Topic 3 “Instructional Strategies for Literacy Integration Matrix as a guide to inform this assignment.”
Your narrative must include:
- Unit Description and Rationale: Complete description of unit theme and purpose, including learning objectives, based on the content area standards and literacy standards.
- Learning Opportunities: Description of two learning opportunities that create ways for students to learn, practice, and master academic language in content areas
- Collaboration: Description of how you would facilitate students’ collaborative use of current tools and resources to maximize content learning in varied contexts
- Support: Description of support that would be implemented for student literacy development across content areas
- Differentiation: Description of how the lessons within the unit would provide differentiated instruction
- Strategies: Description of strategies that you would use within your unit to advocate for equity in your classroom
- Cultural Diversity: Description of the effect of cultural diversity in the classroom on reading and writing development. Describe how the unit capitalizes on cultural diversity.
- Resources: Description of current resources and tools that would enhance the learning experience for all students.
Support your findings with 3-5 scholarly resources.
Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.
This assignment uses a rubric. Review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.
You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Refer to the LopesWrite Technical Support articles for assistance.
College of Education (COE) program competencies and national standards assessed in the benchmark assignment:
Create opportunities for students to learn, practice, and master academic language in their content area. [InTASC 4(h), 4(l); GCU Mission Critical1]
Facilitate students’ collaborative use of current tools and resources to maximize content learning in varied contexts. [InTASC 5(c), 5(l), 5(q), 5(s), 10(g); ISTE-T 1b, 2a; GCU Mission Critical 2]
Develop and implement supports for literacy development across content areas. [InTASC 5(h); 5(j); 8(h); GCU Mission Critical1]
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COVID-19 and recent outbreaks of monkeypox and polio have highlighted how vulnerable the world is to infectious diseases. But every day, public health workers stop epidemics before they start. Just last month, Ghana contained its first outbreak of Marburg virus — which is highly contagious and has a fatality rate as high as 88%. This story, like many other prevented epidemics, didn’t make the headlines.
Today, Resolve to Save Lives released a new “Epidemics that Didn’t Happen” report that shows that investment in preparedness, combined with swift, strategic responses by public health authorities, can stop disease outbreaks, saving lives and preventing suffering. These are the everyday successes that are rarely reported. The latest “Epidemics that Didn’t Happen” celebrates successful outbreak responses around the world and demonstrates the returns — in lives saved — of investing in health systems.
“Successes of front-line public health workers around the world prove that public health works when we invest in and prioritize strengthening health systems — especially at the national and subnational levels,” said Dr Tom Frieden, President and CEO of Resolve to Save Lives and former Director of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Our report demonstrates that responses don’t have to be perfect to be effective, but sustained investment in preparedness can mean the difference between an outbreak that’s contained and one that devastates a community, a country, or the world. Epidemic preparedness must not stop when an outbreak does.”
When outbreaks aren’t contained, the results can be economically catastrophic as well as deadly: estimates place the global cost of COVID-19 as high as $20 trillion, with approximately 20 million lives lost. However, research from Resolve to Save Lives found that it would cost approximately $124 billion over five years to make the world much better prepared for disease threats — a bargain that could save countless lives and preserve economies.
The real-life examples presented in the latest report highlight different aspects of effective public health programs, including how:
- Improved systems and skills following deadly epidemics contained Ebola outbreaks in Guinea and DRC
- Learning from experience helped health care workers in India contain a Nipah outbreak to a single case
- Advanced planning, regional awareness and rapid action stopped cholera in Burkina Faso
- A diverse team mobilized and successfully contained a rabies outbreak in Tanzania
- Well-coordinated health offices in Brazil swiftly contained a flu outbreak on a cruise ship
- Community trust enabled early detection of and response to a dengue case in Indonesia
“Outbreaks begin and end locally, so community action is crucial to preventing epidemics. Public health officials’ engagement with communities pays off because it builds trust in the health system,” said Amanda McClelland, Senior Vice President of Resolve to Save Lives. “Another key component is protecting health care workers, who are the frontline of defense against outbreaks. When primary health care centers are safe work environments, patients and health care workers are protected and are better able to detect and respond to health threats before they spiral out of control.”
The case studies were developed with support from health ministries and global health organizations including, Indonesian Red Cross Society, International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Vital Strategies and FAME Hospital.
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In the fast-paced and visually driven world of marketing and advertising, the significance of a strong visual identity cannot be overstated.
In the fast-paced and visually driven world of marketing and advertising, the significance of a strong visual identity cannot be overstated. Crafting a memorable brand is a multifaceted process that involves a combination of design, psychology, and strategic thinking. A brand's visual identity is its calling card to the world, the first impression that it makes on its target audience. It's the sum of all visual elements that represent a brand – logos, colors, typography, imagery, and more. A compelling visual identity is the cornerstone of brand recognition and loyalty, and it has the power to influence consumer behavior and perceptions. In this essay, we will explore the profound influence of visual identity in the world of branding and how businesses can harness its power to create lasting impressions.
The Essence of Visual Identity
Visual identity is the face of a brand, the aesthetic representation of its personality, values, and promise. When done right, it communicates a brand's unique story, differentiates it from competitors, and evokes an emotional connection with the audience. The elements of visual identity, such as logos, color schemes, and typography, serve as a shorthand for everything a brand stands for. For instance, the iconic swoosh of Nike or the golden arches of McDonald's instantly conjure images, emotions, and associations related to those brands. In a world inundated with information and choices, a memorable visual identity is the tool that helps a brand stand out and be remembered.
The Psychology of Visual Identity
The power of visual identity lies in its ability to tap into the human psyche. It's no accident that the colors and shapes used in branding have a profound impact on our perception. Color psychology, for example, has been extensively studied and implemented in branding. Red is often associated with passion and excitement, while blue conveys trust and professionalism. The choice of color can subconsciously influence how consumers perceive a brand and its products or services.
Logos, too, carry deep psychological significance. They are more than just a combination of shapes and letters; they are a visual representation of a brand's ethos. A well-designed logo can communicate a brand's values and story in a single glance. For instance, the Apple logo, an apple with a bite taken out, reflects the brand's pursuit of innovation and challenges to the status quo.
Typography, another crucial aspect of visual identity, can convey a sense of timelessness, playfulness, or modernity. The choice of fonts can shape how people perceive the brand's tone and personality. Think of Coca-Cola's distinct cursive logo, which evokes a sense of nostalgia and tradition, or the sleek and modern font used by tech giants like Google and Apple.
Brand Recognition and Loyalty
A strong visual identity is essential for brand recognition. When consumers encounter a brand's visual elements repeatedly, they become more familiar with them, leading to faster and easier recognition. This recognition is a powerful asset, as it is often the first step in the customer's journey with a brand. Once consumers identify a brand through its visual identity, they are more likely to consider its products or services.
Moreover, a well-crafted visual identity fosters brand loyalty. Customers who connect with a brand's visual elements on an emotional level are more likely to become loyal patrons. Think of the loyalty many people have towards brands like Coca-Cola, Starbucks, or Apple. These brands have cultivated a strong visual identity that goes beyond mere recognition – it triggers a sense of belonging, trust, and comfort.
Influence on Consumer Behavior
Visual identity also plays a significant role in influencing consumer behavior. When a brand's visual identity is carefully designed, it can persuade consumers to take specific actions. For instance, an appealing and professional logo can give consumers confidence in a brand's credibility. An eye-catching color scheme can encourage impulsive purchases. The overall design aesthetics can determine whether a website visitor stays or leaves within seconds. In the digital age, where attention spans are short, the importance of a captivating visual identity cannot be overstated.
Consistency is Key
One of the fundamental principles of visual identity is consistency. A brand's visual identity must be consistently applied across all touchpoints, from the website and social media to physical packaging and advertising materials. Consistency builds trust and reinforces brand recognition. When consumers encounter a consistent visual identity, it reaffirms the brand's reliability and stability.
Crafting a Memorable Visual Identity
Creating a memorable visual identity is a nuanced process that involves the following key elements:
- Research and Understanding: Before embarking on the design process, it's crucial to thoroughly understand the brand's values, target audience, and market positioning. What message does the brand want to convey, and to whom? This understanding forms the foundation of all design decisions.
- Uniqueness: A memorable visual identity must be unique. It should set the brand apart from competitors and avoid clichés. Originality is a key factor in capturing the audience's attention.
- Simplicity: A cluttered or overly complex visual identity can confuse and deter consumers. Simplicity and clarity are essential. A clean, uncluttered design is more likely to leave a lasting impression.
- Versatility: A visual identity should be versatile enough to work across various platforms and mediums. It should look good in black and white as well as color, on small screens and large billboards. Versatility ensures that the brand remains recognizable and effective in diverse contexts.
- Emotion: Successful visual identities evoke emotions. Whether it's trust, excitement, nostalgia, or joy, the design elements should connect with the audience on a visceral level.
- Longevity: While trends come and go, a great visual identity stands the test of time. Brands should aim for a design that will remain relevant and fresh for years to come.
Case Studies in Memorable Visual Identity
Several brands have achieved remarkable success in crafting memorable visual identities. Let's look at a few case studies:
- Apple: Apple's minimalist, sleek, and iconic Apple logo has become synonymous with innovation and quality. Its visual identity is a reflection of the brand's core values, and it has been a key factor in Apple's global success.
- Coca-Cola: The classic red and white logo and the iconic contour bottle shape have made Coca-Cola one of the most recognizable brands worldwide. The brand's visual identity exudes a sense of nostalgia and warmth.
- Nike: The Nike swoosh is a simple yet powerful logo that represents movement and achievement. Its visual identity embodies the spirit of the brand's "Just Do It" ethos.
- McDonald's: The golden arches are instantly associated with fast food and consistency. The brand's visual identity conveys a sense of familiarity and reliability, making it a global fast-food giant.
The Evolution of Visual Identity in the Digital Age
In the digital age, the importance of visual identity has only intensified. The internet has created an environment where brands have mere seconds to capture a visitor's attention. This has led to a surge in visual content and the need for impactful design. Social media platforms, in particular, rely heavily on visual elements to engage users.
The rise of mobile devices has also reshaped visual identity. Brands must now consider how their identity looks and functions on small screens. Responsive design, adaptable logos, and mobile-friendly layouts are crucial for maintaining a consistent and effective visual identity.
Moreover, the digital landscape has given rise to new opportunities for brands to experiment and connect with their audience. Animation, interactive designs, and dynamic visuals are becoming more common, allowing brands to engage and interact with their customers in novel ways.
Challenges in Crafting a Memorable Visual Identity
While the power of visual identity is undeniable, there are challenges in the process of crafting one:
- Saturation: The visual landscape is saturated with brands and advertisements. Standing out and being memorable is increasingly difficult.
- Overbranding: In an effort to be distinctive, some brands can go overboard with their visual elements, leading to visual clutter and confusion.
- Changing Tastes: Visual trends change over time. Brands must strike a balance between being trendy and timeless.
- Globalization: Brands now operate on a global scale, which means that visual identity must transcend cultural and linguistic barriers.
- Digital Adaptation: Creating a visual identity that works seamlessly in both physical and digital spaces can be challenging.
Crafting a memorable visual identity is a multifaceted endeavor that requires a deep understanding of a brand's essence and the psychology of design. The power of visual identity lies in its ability to create an emotional connection, influence consumer behavior, and foster brand loyalty. In an era dominated by visual content and short attention spans, a compelling visual identity is the key to making a lasting impression.
For businesses and organizations, investing in the development and maintenance of a strong visual identity is not a luxury; it's a necessity. It's an investment in the brand's long-term success and its ability to resonate with consumers on a profound level. As the digital world continues to evolve, the role of visual identity in shaping brand perceptions and driving consumer engagement is only set to grow in importance. In this visually driven era, a brand's success hinges on the power of its visual identity to be memorable, compelling, and enduring.
You Should Know
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ThoughtLab's approach revolves around immersing themselves in their client's businesses, understanding their values and aspirations, and crafting tailor-made branding experiences that resonate deeply with the target audience. Their track record of success stands as a testament to their ability to push creative boundaries, captivate audiences, and ensure their client's brands stand out amidst the noise. With a focus on innovation and a passion for excellence, ThoughtLab continues to be at the forefront of revolutionizing the world of branding and marketing. Contact ThoughtLab today.
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Introduction To Internal Combustion Engines [VERIFIED]
An internal combustion engine (ICE or IC engine) is a heat engine in which the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber that is an integral part of the working fluid flow circuit. In an internal combustion engine, the expansion of the high-temperature and high-pressure gases produced by combustion applies direct force to some component of the engine. The force is typically applied to pistons (piston engine), turbine blades (gas turbine), a rotor (Wankel engine), or a nozzle (jet engine). This force moves the component over a distance, transforming chemical energy into kinetic energy which is used to propel, move or power whatever the engine is attached to. This replaced the external combustion engine for applications where the weight or size of an engine were more important.
Introduction to Internal Combustion Engines
The first commercially successful internal combustion engine was created by Étienne Lenoir around 1860, and the first modern internal combustion engine, known as the Otto engine, was created in 1876 by Nicolaus Otto. The term internal combustion engine usually refers to an engine in which combustion is intermittent, such as the more familiar two-stroke and four-stroke piston engines, along with variants, such as the six-stroke piston engine and the Wankel rotary engine. A second class of internal combustion engines use continuous combustion: gas turbines, jet engines and most rocket engines, each of which are internal combustion engines on the same principle as previously described. Firearms are also a form of internal combustion engine, though of a type so specialized that they are commonly treated as a separate category, along with weaponry such as mortars and anti-aircraft cannons. In contrast, in external combustion engines, such as steam or Stirling engines, energy is delivered to a working fluid not consisting of, mixed with, or contaminated by combustion products. Working fluids for external combustion engines include air, hot water, pressurized water or even boiler-heated liquid sodium.
In 1854 in the UK, the Italian inventors Eugenio Barsanti and Felice Matteucci obtained the certification: "Obtaining Motive Power by the Explosion of Gases". In 1857 the Great Seal Patent Office conceded them patent No.1655 for the invention of an "Improved Apparatus for Obtaining Motive Power from Gases". Barsanti and Matteucci obtained other patents for the same invention in France, Belgium and Piedmont between 1857 and 1859. In 1860, Belgian engineer Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir produced a gas-fired internal combustion engine. In 1864, Nicolaus Otto patented the first atmospheric gas engine. In 1872, American George Brayton invented the first commercial liquid-fueled internal combustion engine. In 1876, Nicolaus Otto began working with Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach, patented the compressed charge, four-cycle engine. In 1879, Karl Benz patented a reliable two-stroke gasoline engine. Later, in 1886, Benz began the first commercial production of motor vehicles with an internal combustion engine, in which a three-wheeled, four-cycle engine and chassis formed a single unit. In 1892, Rudolf Diesel developed the first compressed charge, compression ignition engine. In 1926, Robert Goddard launched the first liquid-fueled rocket. In 1939, the Heinkel He 178 became the world's first jet aircraft.
Reciprocating piston engines are by far the most common power source for land and water vehicles, including automobiles, motorcycles, ships and to a lesser extent, locomotives (some are electrical but most use diesel engines). Rotary engines of the Wankel design are used in some automobiles, aircraft and motorcycles. These are collectively known as internal-combustion-engine vehicles (ICEV).
Where high power-to-weight ratios are required, internal combustion engines appear in the form of combustion turbines, or sometimes Wankel engines. Powered aircraft typically use an ICE which may be a reciprocating engine. Airplanes can instead use jet engines and helicopters can instead employ turboshafts; both of which are types of turbines. In addition to providing propulsion, airliners may employ a separate ICE as an auxiliary power unit. Wankel engines are fitted to many unmanned aerial vehicles.
The base of a reciprocating internal combustion engine is the engine block, which is typically made of cast iron (due to its good wear resistance and low cost) or aluminum. In the latter case, the cylinder liners are made of cast iron or steel, or a coating such as nikasil or alusil. The engine block contains the cylinders. In engines with more than one cylinder they are usually arranged either in 1 row (straight engine) or 2 rows (boxer engine or V engine); 3 rows are occasionally used (W engine) in contemporary engines, and other engine configurations are possible and have been used. Single cylinder engines (or thumpers) are common for motorcycles and other small engines found in light machinery. On the outer side of the cylinder, passages that contain cooling fluid are cast into the engine block whereas, in some heavy duty engines, the passages are the types of removable cylinder sleeves which can be replaceable. Water-cooled engines contain passages in the engine block where cooling fluid circulates (the water jacket). Some small engines are air-cooled, and instead of having a water jacket the cylinder block has fins protruding away from it to cool the engine by directly transferring heat to the air. The cylinder walls are usually finished by honing to obtain a cross hatch, which is able to retain more oil. A too rough surface would quickly harm the engine by excessive wear on the piston.
CI engines that use a blower typically use uniflow scavenging. In this design the cylinder wall contains several intake ports placed uniformly spaced along the circumference just above the position that the piston crown reaches when at BDC. An exhaust valve or several like that of 4-stroke engines is used. The final part of the intake manifold is an air sleeve that feeds the intake ports. The intake ports are placed at a horizontal angle to the cylinder wall (I.e: they are in plane of the piston crown) to give a swirl to the incoming charge to improve combustion. The largest reciprocating IC are low speed CI engines of this type; they are used for marine propulsion (see marine diesel engine) or electric power generation and achieve the highest thermal efficiencies among internal combustion engines of any kind. Some Diesel-electric locomotive engines operate on the 2-stroke cycle. The most powerful of them have a brake power of around 4.5 MW or 6,000 HP. The EMD SD90MAC class of locomotives are an example of such. The comparable class GE AC6000CW whose prime mover has almost the same brake power uses a 4-stroke engine.
An example of this type of engine is the Wärtsilä-Sulzer RT-flex96-C turbocharged 2-stroke Diesel, used in large container ships. It is the most efficient and powerful reciprocating internal combustion engine in the world with a thermal efficiency over 50%. For comparison, the most efficient small four-stroke engines are around 43% thermally-efficient (SAE 900648); size is an advantage for efficiency due to the increase in the ratio of volume to surface area.
Internal combustion engines require ignition of the mixture, either by spark ignition (SI) or compression ignition (CI). Before the invention of reliable electrical methods, hot tube and flame methods were used. Experimental engines with laser ignition have been built.
Gasoline engines take in a mixture of air and gasoline and compress it by the movement of the piston from bottom dead center to top dead center when the fuel is at maximum compression. The reduction in the size of the swept area of the cylinder and taking into account the volume of the combustion chamber is described by a ratio. Early engines had compression ratios of 6 to 1. As compression ratios were increased, the efficiency of the engine increased as well.
With early induction and ignition systems the compression ratios had to be kept low. With advances in fuel technology and combustion management, high-performance engines can run reliably at 12:1 ratio. With low octane fuel, a problem would occur as the compression ratio increased as the fuel was igniting due to the rise in temperature that resulted. Charles Kettering developed a lead additive which allowed higher compression ratios, which was progressively abandoned for automotive use from the 1970s onward, partly due to lead poisoning concerns.
While gasoline internal combustion engines are much easier to start in cold weather than diesel engines, they can still have cold weather starting problems under extreme conditions. For years, the solution was to park the car in heated areas. In some parts of the world, the oil was actually drained and heated overnight and returned to the engine for cold starts. In the early 1950s, the gasoline Gasifier unit was developed, where, on cold weather starts, raw gasoline was diverted to the unit where part of the fuel was burned causing the other part to become a hot vapor sent directly to the intake valve manifold. This unit was quite popular until electric engine block heaters became standard on gasoline engines sold in cold climates.
For ignition, diesel, PPC and HCCI engines rely solely on the high temperature and pressure created by the engine in its compression process. The compression level that occurs is usually twice or more than a gasoline engine. Diesel engines take in air only, and shortly before peak compression, spray a small quantity of diesel fuel into the cylinder via a fuel injector that allows the fuel to instantly ignite. HCCI type engines take in both air and fuel, but continue to rely on an unaided auto-combustion process, due to higher pressures and temperature. This is also why diesel and HCCI engines are more susceptible to cold-starting issues, although they run just as well in cold weather once started. Light duty diesel engines with indirect injection in automobiles and light trucks employ glowplugs (or other pre-heating: see Cummins ISB#6BT) that pre-heat the combustion chamber just before starting to reduce no-start conditions in cold weather. Most diesels also have a battery and charging system; nevertheless, this system is secondary and is added by manufacturers as a luxury for the ease of starting, turning fuel on and off (which can also be done via a switch or mechanical apparatus), and for running auxiliary electrical components and accessories. Most new engines rely on electrical and electronic engine control units (ECU) that also adjust the combustion process to increase efficiency and reduce emissions. 041b061a72
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A ping test is used to determine whether or not your computer is connected to a network. It is commonly used to determine whether or not a computer is connected to the internet. It also determines whether the computer being tested is connected to the internet and the time difference between two computers. A ping test to a server is performed to determine the latency between the computer performing the ping test and the server.
Nowadays, website administrators want to run a ping test to find servers in their industry. You want your website to be visible on the internet, and you need a ping website tool to do so.
The Online Ping Website Tool will connect to several servers around the world. If the ping was successful, you should see a green message in the result box that says ‘thanks for the ping.’ This will notify you that your website is visible and accessible via the internet.
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New training suite will help protect vulnerable plant species from overharvesting, inline with CITES Non-Detriment Findings guidance
Next week, CITES1 will hold the 25th meeting of the Plants Committee. Today, TRAFFIC and the German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (Bundesamt für Naturschutz, BfN) launch a website and eLearning platform dedicated to Non-detriment findings (NDF) guidance for perennial plants and timber.
Ensuring trade is within sustainable limits is at the core of CITES. The trade of Appendix II-listed species is only allowed if the Scientific Authority of the State has advised that “such export will not be detrimental to the survival of that species” (Article IV). These NDFs are a critical step to ensure the export of any specimen will not negatively impact the survival of that species. Although there is a general agreement that NDFs should consider species biology, species range, population structure, status and trends, conservation status and threats, harvest patterns, management measures, and population monitoring there are no rules as to how these must be made.
Parties, IGOs, and the CITES Secretariat have made considerable efforts to develop general and taxon-specific guidance for undertaking NDFs including through the hugely successful First International Expert Workshop on CITES Non-Detriment Findings held in Cancun in 2008.
Collaboration between TRAFFIC and BfN to create and refine guidance for perennial plants began in 2012 and built on discussions during the Cancun meeting. Over the past decade of collaboration, two guidances have been developed on Perennial Plants and Timber based on a step-by-step process. These 9-Step guidance documents have been revised and improved through expert input and feedback from training workshops in a number of countries including Vietnam, Peru, China, Georgia, Gabon, and Mozambique.
Although physical training workshops are a fantastic opportunity to go and interact with colleagues from around the world, development of online training seemed to be a necessity to address the growing demand for training. These online courses enable any Scientific Authority to learn how to apply the 9-Step approach if they wish to.”
Thomasina Oldfield, TRAFFIC Director of Programmes and Research
The courses are now available through a dedicated website.
The website also incorporates a new online decision tree in conjunction with the guidance for recording NDF information. This can be used with the case studies integrated into the courses or for real-life NDF reports.
“The guidances are the result of intensive discussion and interaction with many a CITES party around the world. Like these discussions, the guidances are a prime example that demonstrate the spirit of the Convention. It has been a pleasure to work so collaboratively and constructively with friends and experts from Parties, the CITES Secretariat and TRAFFIC over the past decade”, says Dr Daniel Wolf, from BfN’s Botanical Species Conservation department.
This work has been possible through funding from BfN with money from the German Environment Ministry. Additional funding for workshops and translations came from the German cooperation with ACTO through KfW and the CITES Program on Tree Species.
1 the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
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Making Lasting Change for Children and Communities in Sudan
In 2020, the Sudanese American Medical Association (SAMA) and UNICEF USA launched a strategic partnership to amplify and raise funds for UNICEF’s Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) programs in Sudan. With support from SAMA’s membership and affiliated organizations like Sudan NextGen, these efforts will focus on the linkage between WASH efforts and combatting the spread of COVID-19.
SAMA is a non-profit, non-political, educational and humanitarian organization whose members are medical professionals of Sudanese descent. Its membership is committed to a sustained contribution by the Sudanese diaspora in the promotion of the health and wellbeing of communities throughout their ancestral country of Sudan.
This year, an estimated 9.3 million people – including 5.3 million children – are in need of humanitarian assistance in Sudan, reflecting a sharp increase from 2019. Children, families and communities in Sudan face major challenges such as protracted conflict and displacement, natural disasters, along with emergency-level malnutrition and food insecurity. Recent data show that more than 1.8 million internally displaced persons (IDPs) who have fled violence and conflict are residing in Sudan.
Together, SAMA and UNICEF USA will boost essential outreach to Sudan’s most vulnerable children and communities through lifesaving WASH and disease prevention services which include:
- Helping families access sufficient safe water for drinking, cooking and personal hygiene
- Building adequate sanitation facilities and environments free of open defecation
- Reaching communities with messages about appropriate hygiene and disease prevention practices
- Supplying medical professionals and families with personal protective equipment, sanitation products and other tools to prevent the spread of disease
Most importantly, only a third of households have access to proper sanitation and about 68 percent have access to drinking water sources. These gaps negatively impact children’s attendance and enrollment in school, especially girls. Two million (or almost half) of the children in Sudan suffer from acute malnutrition, 50 percent of whom suffer from repeated diarrhea or worm infections.
Furthermore, with nearly a third of households (over 10 million people) practicing open defecation, Sudan has the highest prevalence of open defecation in the Middle East and North Africa region, posing grave public health risks to transmission of diseases such as cholera, diarrhea, dysentery, hepatitis A, typhoid and polio.
To tackle these challenges, UNICEF Sudan and partners are making water and sanitation services accessible to the most vulnerable Sudanese children and their communities (learn more by watching our most recent Facebook Live event).
With the support of SAMA and other Sudanese Diaspora organizations, UNICEF will be able to enhance its work with the Government of Sudan and boost essential outreach through lifesaving WASH and disease prevention services. The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered an unprecedented global health and humanitarian crisis. SAMA’s decision to help UNICEF USA meet the goals of the UNICEF Sudan Country Office is symbolic of the potential and power of Diaspora communities worldwide in maintaining significant ties with their countries of origin.
If you would like to learn more about partnering with UNICEF USA, please contact:
Senior Director of Diaspora and Multicultural Partnerships, UNICEF USA
Top photo: Using soap, girls wash their hands from a water point in a Child-friendly School called Zahra Basic School, in Moosa village, on the outskirts of the city of Kasala in Eastern Sudan. UNICEF supports this school with technical and financial assistance for construction, water and sanitation facilities, furniture, education supplies, textbooks and teacher’s training.
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Nystagmus is a vision condition characterized by repetitive, uncontrolled eye movements. These involuntary eye movements may be side-to-side, up and down, or in a circular pattern, which hinders the eyes’ ability to focus on a steady object. Individuals with nystagmus may hold their heads in unusual positions or nod their heads in an effort to compensate for these vision obstructions. Nystagmus that develops in childhood is typically inherited; if this condition develops later in life, it may be due to an accident injury. In some cases, however, the exact cause for nystagmus is not fully known.
Types of Nystagmus
Forms of nystagmus include congenital nystagmus and acquired nystagmus. Congenital typically develops between two and three months of age. Eyes appear to move in a horizontal swing fashion. Congenital nystagmus is associated with conditions like undeveloped optic nerves, albinism, congenital cataracts, and the congenital absences of the iris.
Acquired nystagmus generally occurs in adulthood. While the cause is typically not know, this condition may be triggered by central nervous system issues due to alcohol or drug toxicity, stroke, multiple sclerosis, or a blow to the head.
Diagnosis and Treatment
A comprehensive eye exam is necessary to diagnose nystagmus. An eye care professional will first study a patient’s history to determine whether environmental factors, general health problems, or medications could be causing any of the symptoms the patient is experiencing. Next, visual acuity measurements will be taken to assess the extent to which vision has been compromised. These tests will help determine the appropriate refractive lens necessary to compensate for nearsightedness, farsightedness, or astigmatism. Finally, tests will be done to determine how the eyes work together to move in unison and focus on a single object.
While there is no “cure” for nystagmus, treatment options are available to help correct other vision problems that may be associated with this condition. Depending on the type of nystagmus, it is also possible that the condition will spontaneously correct itself. In extremely rare cases, surgery may be performed to alter the position of the muscles that move the eye. However, lifestyle changes such as using large-print books, increased lighting, and magnifying devices are generally the preferred treatment methods.
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NEARLY ALL OF US EXPERIENCE bleeding gums at some point in our lives. But don’t assume it’s no big deal. Gum disease can have serious consequences including pain, chronic bleeding and tooth loss. It has also been linked to a number of total body health conditions including Alzheimer’s.
Skipping The Floss Can Increase Dementia Risk
A recent study of over 5000 retirement community members found that NOT brushing daily could increase the risk of developing dementia up to 65%. Other research supports the correlation between tooth loss and Alzheimer’s. Some researchers theorize that because tooth loss and sensitivity may contribute to poor eating habits, that also affects brain health. And, Alzheimer’s patients are more likely to neglect their personal dental care. However, even with these other variables removed, there seems to be a strong link.
Miles Of Floss
How Oral Bacteria Hurts Your Brain
When you experience gum irritation and bleeding you essentially have an open wound and bacteria from your mouth can enter the rest of the body through your bloodstream. In one British study, traces of P. gingivalis were found in brain tissue of those afflicted with Alzheimer’s. It may be that the bacteria creates brain inflammation, causing dementia. It could also be that it triggers an immune response which attacks healthy brain cells.
Take Care Of Your Body By Taking Care Of Your Gums
Taking care of your gum health is an important part of overall health. Follow these steps for a healthy mouth and a healthy brain:
- Brush every day.
- Floss every day.
- Don’t postpone your regular cleanings.
Do you have someone you care about who could benefit from this information? Share the message and remind them to floss!
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You've probably noticed a square barcode pasted to a graffitied light pole or on the back of a business card.
That pixelated code, shaped in a square, is called a QR code. They help you download apps, give you contactless access to a restaurant's menu, can be found on marketing billboards, and on websites or social media to promote items and deals.
Despite being a mid-90s invention, the QR code didn't gain real momentum until the era of smartphones. Mobile devices allowed the digital mark to be used in more dynamic and diverse ways, making it an easy — and in the era of a pandemic, contactless — way to connect to and share information.
Here's what you need to know about QR codes.
Invented in 1994 by Masahiro Hara, chief engineer of Denso Wave, a Japanese company and subsidiary of Toyota, the QR code was initially used to track vehicles and parts as they moved through the manufacturing process.
Short for Quick Response, QR codes are a type of barcode easily readable with digital devices like smartphones. They store information as a series of pixels in a square grid that can be read in two directions — top to bottom and right to left — unlike standard barcodes that can only be read top to bottom.
QR codes can store about 7,000 digits or around 4,000 characters, including punctuation and special characters. It can also encode information like phone numbers or internet addresses. The arrangement of each QR code varies depending on the information it contains, and that changes the arrangement of its black modules.
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A crane truck is much like a track crane without the tracks. A crane truck places the crane boom onto a truck chassis with rubber tires. This allows the truck crane to operate on public streets and to be driven to a work site on its own without needing to be trailered. A crane truck has outriggers which are deployed when working with the boom that keep the crane level and stable. Without the outriggers, the crane would be limited on the amount of weight it could lift—it would only be able to accommodate the amount of weight the tires could support without blowing out.
The function of a crane on a work site is not easily replaceable. Lifting very heavy objects high into the air and setting them into position can be difficult. The track crane can work well for this purpose; however, it is very slow-moving and limited to its location since it cannot be driven on a public road. The crane truck responds to these issues by placing the boom works onto a tire-driven truck chassis. This allows the truck crane to be given a quick lift to a work site and then driven to another site in a matter of minutes.
The hindrance in a truck crane is found in its lifting capacity. As with any rubber-tired vehicle, the tire is the determining factor in the amount of weight the chassis can support. The truck crane addresses this problem by mounting a hydraulic jack at each corner of the chassis. When the jacks are deployed, the crane truck is actually lifted into the air, and the rubber tires do not make contact with the ground. The crane now functions as a non-mobile crane and is capable of lifting and supporting great amounts of weight.
Some of the earliest crane truck designs came from the first World War. As countries utilized heavy equipment to build bunkers and improve battle sites, the need for a highly mobile crane was discovered. Many types of rubberized track designs along with high-speed steel and rubber hybrid tracks designs failed road tests. The installation of a crane placed upon a truck chassis quickly proved to be very worthwhile—soon, most countries involved in the war were operating crane truck versions of their own. The modern crane truck can be found in many versions, from truck chassis models to purpose-built, wheel-driven vehicles resembling bucket loaders with a boom.
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The term “judgment” occurs 294 times in the King James Version of the Bible. In the Old Testament the most common Hebrew word for “judgment” is mishpat, while in the New Testament the Greek words for “judgment” are krisis and krima. The English words crisis, crime and criminal are explicitly derived from these Greek words. It is not surprising, therefore, that Young’s Analytical Concordance to the Bible translates krisis and krima as “condemnation” and “damnation.”1 Thus, the biblical term “judgment” is often perceived as profoundly negative.
The True Meaning of Divine Judgment
While the Greek words for “judgment” in the biblical New Testament have been translated for over a thousand years as “condemnation,” “damnation,” etc., this is a tragic mistranslation and misunderstanding. For example, when Jesus spoke to the blind man at Siloam after healing him, the Savior declared, “For judgment I am come into this world . . . ” (John 9:39). In context, did Jesus mean that he had come to condemn this world and send it to damnation? Of course not!
Fortunately, the writings of the Hellenizing Jewish philosopher, Philo of Alexandria (30 BCE – 45 CE) — a contemporary of Jesus — still exist, and Philo emphatically stated that judgment and justice are identical.2 As another author confirms, “ . . . [T]he Jewish and Catholic Traditions make it clear that God’s judgment is always both just and merciful.”3
There is therefore no reason to indict our Savior, Jesus Christ, as the One sent for the condemnation and damnation of this world. Rather, he came to redeem the world and its inhabitants and to transform them for all eternity.
“For Judgment I AM . . . ”4,5
In the context of God’s judgment as “always both just and merciful,”6 Jesus Christ as the “I AM”7 declared himself to be the just and merciful Judgment (cf. Exodus 3:14). Thus he said, “I will be so that I will be (just and merciful for/to you); I will become so that I will become (just and merciful for/to you); I will effect so that I will effect (justice and mercy for/to you).”8
Jesus fulfilled this wonderful assertion by his life, death and resurrection and by his unceasing presence with us. And he will shortly fulfill this by his imminent Second Coming (parousia).
Therefore, the “final judgment” is the coming appearance of Jesus Christ himself (Acts 1:11). In justice and mercy he will raise the dead (Matthew 25:31, 32; John 12:32; 1 Corinthians 15:22; 1 Thessalonians 4:16, 17), convene the “assembly” (John 5:22, 27; 12:31; Hebrews 12:23), and declare his ultimate purpose (2 Timothy 4:8; 2 Peter 3:13; 1 John 3:2).
In response to his merciful utterances, “. . . [E]very knee should [Greek mello: “to be about to”] bow, of things in heaven, and things in earth, and things under the earth; and that every tongue should confess that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of God the Father” (Philippians 2:10, 11).9
- Young’s Analytical Concordance to the Bible, p. 78. (go back)
- Harry Austryn Wolfson, Philo: Foundations of Religious Philosophy in Judaism, Christianity and Islam (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982), 1:334. (go back)
- David M. Sherman (a k a Sri Bhakti Ananda Goswami), “The Greek Word ‘Krima’ is Cognate with the Sanskrit Word ‘Karma,’” in “Collected Works of Sri Bhakti Ananda Goswami,” at bhaktianandascollectedworks.wordpress.com/2012/05/14/. (go back)
- “And Jesus said, For judgment I AM come into this world . . . ” — John 9:39 (emphasis supplied). (go back)
- See “God as the Judgment,” Outlook (August 2008). (go back)
- See note 3. (go back)
- Cf. John 6:35, 41, 48, 51; 8:12, 23, 28; 9:5; 10:7, 9, 11, 14; 11:25; 14:6; 15:1, 5; 18:6, 8, 37; Revelation 1:8, 11, 17, 18; 21:6; 22:13 with Exodus 3:14. (go back)
- See Thorlief Boman, Hebrew Thought Compared with Greek (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1970), pp. 38-48. (go back)
- Cf. “. . . [U]nto me every knee shall bow, every tongue shall swear.” — Isaiah 45:23. (go back)
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Ready for your next motorcycle adventure? Check out this article and kick start your next journey!. Starting your bike can seem daunting at first, but with some basic knowledge and understanding of how it works, anyone can jump start their machine. We’ll explain all the ways to get started safely including different methods on starting up your engine as well as necessary tools you need in order to keep everything running smoothly. So let’s jump start that motorcycle and see what we can do.
Table of Contents
Check the motorcycle
Before checking everywhere, it’s important to inspect some key elements. First and foremost is the connection – make sure all of the wires are securely connected and that nothing has come loose over time. Next, take a look at the physical battery – check for corrosion or any signs of damage. If you find corrosion, you can sand the poles with a sandpaper. If there is too much corrosion or dust, you can wash the poles with a brush and some baking soda. Wen checking the battery, you can take a voltmeter to check the voltage between the pole, it’s a easy way to see the level of charges. Refer to the table, if the voltage is under 12.0, you probably need more juice to start.
|Voltage||level of charge|
Fuel and air
The fuel system should also be inspected to ensure everything is working correctly. After that, move onto the air filter; if it’s dirty or clogged up then replace it as soon as possible. Finally, spark plugs should be checked too; they can become worn out over time so make sure they’re in good condition before hitting the road.
What your motorcycle need to start is air, fuel and a spark. Keep it simple when checking everything if you have those three components, something will happened.
Different way to start
Jump Start with Another Motorcycle or Car
Jump-starting a motorbike with another vehicle is an effective technique when lacking alternative resources. All you need is another vehicle, some jumper cables, and an understanding of how the process works. The key here is making sure that both vehicles are turned off before connecting the cables. Once they’re connected, start the working vehicle first and then try to start yours—if all goes well, it should fire right up.
Jump Start with Jump starter
If you’re looking for something more portable than a car or truck battery but still want to jump-start your bike without having to rely on someone else’s ride, then a jump starter might be just what you need. This tool can easily fit in most saddlebags or backpacks and will provide enough juice for your engine when it needs it most. Ensure that you exercise due caution when utilizing the jump starter, so as to avoid any harm to either the bike or the device itself. Simply connect the Red wire on the positive pole of your battery and the black to the frame or the negative (Aluminum is not okay to plug your negative because it’s not conductive.).
This one requires no additional tools beyond what comes standard on your motorcycle—just yourself. If there’s enough momentum behind it (and depending on your bike), pushing down hard enough on the bike while simultaneously popping out the clutch lever may be all that’s needed for ignition; however this method can also cause damage if done incorrectly so proceed with caution. For a better result you need to go to approximately 25 Km/h. Be sure to be in second or third speed, there is usually to much restriction on the first speed to start correctly. If the wheel spin when you release the clutch, just lift your butt and sit rapidly on the seat while letting go of the clutch to put more pressure on the back tire. It’s also easier to do it while getting downhill just saying….
The pull start option you need to have two bikes and a towing strap or rope. Be very cautious with this method, if the rope or the strap get stuck on the back wheel of the towing bike, you will see things can go from worst to batsh**t crazy in no time. So the first motorcycle tow the brocken motorcycle. When the bike reach approximately 25 Km/h, let go of the towing strap and release the clutch and voila – time to hit those open roads. The same principles of the bump start method apply here: third gear and pressure on the back tire.
Wheel On Wheel Start
Similar to bump starting, wheel-on-wheel starting necessitates two riders placing their bikes side by side in a facing away orientation with the wheels touching. The subsequent ignition is then initiated through the same pop clutch technique previously mentioned; however it is of utmost importance that both drivers are acutely aware and mindful of the potential for grave consequences should coordination between them be off even slightly. Therefore, great caution must be exercised when attempting such maneuvers. But hey, if the only option is walking back to home…We love to live dangerously…Be sure to film it if you try this one and send me the video if you make it back to safety.
Rope Pull Start
Last but certainly not least we have rope pulling – probably one of the oldest methods used for getting engines fired up prior to the invention of modern day starters/jumpers etcetera. This procedure involves attaching either end of a long length cordage around the motorcycle tire before manually tugging away until desired revolutions per minute are achieved. Sounds easy enough right? Well, yes indeed provided that the user understands the importance of proper form execution; otherwise said task becomes much harder than originally anticipated. This one also may be worth a video.
Jump Start with Another Motorcycle or Car:
Jump starting a motorcycle is the quickest and most convenient way to start it. All you need is another vehicle with a charged battery and some jumper cables. Before starting, ensure that you take the necessary precautions for safety. First, make sure both vehicles are in neutral and not touching each other. Connect one end of the red cable to the positive terminal on your dead battery, then connect the other end of that same cable to the positive terminal on your donor vehicle’s battery. Then attach one end of the black cable to negative terminal on your donor vehicle’s battery, followed by attaching its other end onto an unpainted metal surface (like a bolt head) away from any moving parts on your bike. Now start up your donor car or motorcycle first, wait about 30 seconds for them both to charge up, then try starting yours.
From bump starting to jump starting, there are many different ways to start a motorcycle.
Start Your Motorcycle
Once started let the engine idle for at least five minutes so it can warm up properly before taking off. During this time take note of how well it runs by listening for unusual noises or feeling any vibrations from misfires or other issues with performance. Also check if your alternator is charging correctly by checking voltage readings with a multimeter; this will help prevent battery failure during long rides away from home base where recharging isn’t possible .
Finally, test ride around your neighborhood just enough so that you get familiarized with its power delivery characteristics, handling capabilities, acceleration patterns and braking response. This will give you confidence in knowing that your bike is correct now. Additionally, having tools like a tire pressure gauge and basic repair kits handy ensures preparedness against minor breakdowns and flat tires during long journeys into remote areas.
Time to hit the road and check out your bike’s performance.
Tools you need
When it comes to adventure motorcycling, having the right tools on hand can make a huge difference. It’s important to have the basics like a battery tender, battery charger and jump starter in your toolkit. A voltmeter is a must-have for any adventure motorcyclist, as it can be used to pinpoint any electrical issues while out on the road.
In addition to these basic items, there are some other items that should be included in your emergency kit such as fuses, electrical wires, mini voltmeter, spare spark plugs and straps or wire cutters. Having a set of these components on hand could be the difference between being marooned at the roadside or not if something happens to your bike.
It’s also wise to carry a few extra tools for those unexpected moments when something needs fixing or replacing along the way – like tire irons and patches for flat tires or Allen wrenches for minor adjustments and repairs. These tools can come in handy when trying to get back home safely after an off-road excursion.
Finally, always remember that having proper maintenance supplies on board is key; oil filters and air filters should be checked regularly so they don’t fail while out riding – nothing worse than running low on oil miles away from civilization. Therefore, be sure to equip yourself before venturing off into the unknown.
Here are some tools I recommend because I have try them and know they are working good and for a log time.
Noco Boost Plus Jump starter
Noco battery tender both small and handy
Noco Battery Tender/Charger More powerful
Small Voltmeter for your toolbag
Noco wire plug
If you already have SAE plugs
FAQs in Relation to How to Jump Start a Motorcycle
How do you start a motorcycle with a dead battery?
Connect the battery of another vehicle to your bike’s terminals, with both engines off, for jump-starting. Make sure both vehicles are turned off before doing this. Once connected, start the donor vehicle and let it run for several minutes. Then try starting your motorcycle; if successful, keep running until the engine is warm enough to idle without assistance from the other car. If unsuccessful, disconnect and try again after allowing both batteries to rest for 10-15 minutes. With some effort and caution, you should be able to get your motorcycle journey back on the road.
Can I jump start my motorcycle with a car?
Yes, you can jump start your motorcycle with a car. However, it is important to take the necessary precautions when doing so. Make sure both vehicles are in neutral and that the cables are properly connected before attempting to start either vehicle. Additionally, never attempt to jump start a flooded engine or one that has been damaged by water or other elements as this could cause serious damage to both vehicles. Lastly, be sure to disconnect the cables once the motorcycle starts and allow it to idle for several minutes before riding away.
Can you jump start a motorcycle with a car charger?
Yes, it is possible to jump start a motorcycle with a car charger. Yet, before attempting to jump start a motorcycle with a car charger, one must be sure to take certain precautions into account. Prior to jumping a motorcycle with an automobile charger, it is imperative that the car battery has sufficient energy to supply the voltage and amperage requisite for kick-starting the bike’s starter motor. Second, you should use jumper cables specifically designed for motorcycles or other vehicles with small batteries. Finally, always make sure that both vehicles are in neutral gear and their ignitions are off before connecting them together. Jump starting a motorcycle with a car charger can be done successfully if all of these precautions are followed carefully.
Can you jump start a motorcycle by pushing it?
No, it is not possible to jump start a motorcycle by pushing it. The real expression is Bump start…He He He! Yeap, even heavy bike can be started bu pushing it. I have often start my big old Harley by going down hill or pushing it…It just need a lot of sweat it you are on the flat and alone.
Congratulations. You have just learned how to jump start a motorcycle. With the right tools and knowledge, you can now confidently get your adventure motorcycling started in no time. When working with any electrical system on your motorcycle, always be sure to take safety measures and keep all parts in good condition for the best possible performance. It’s time to embark on the journey and savor the ride!
Are you an adventure motorcyclist looking for a way to jump start your ride? Look no further! MotardMental is here to provide the tools and resources needed for getting back on the road. With our comprehensive guide, we’ll help make sure that any technical difficulties are solved quickly and easily. Don’t let a dead battery keep you from enjoying your next journey – join us today and discover how easy it can be to get back in gear!
Meet Simon, the 46-year-old aficionado behind YourMotoBro. With a lifelong passion ignited by motocross dreams and a Canadian Tire bicycle, Simon’s journey has been nothing short of extraordinary. From coaching underwater hockey to mastering muddy terrains, he’s an authority in thrill and adventure. Certified as an Off-Road Vehicle Excursion Guide and trained in Wilderness First Aid, Simon’s love for bikes is as diverse as his collection—from a robust BMW GSA R1200 to the memories of a Harley Davidson Night Train. By day a respected telephony consultant, by night a motorcycle maestro, Simon’s tales are a blend of expertise, resilience, and undying passion. ?️✨
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And why do you need one?
A Data Processing Agreement (DPA) is a contract between a company and its vendor. It regulates how businesses handle personal data, and is mandatory under GDPR.
When you collect personal data, you are a "Data Controller" and you decide what to do with these data. Let's say you want to use a CRM tool like Hubspot. You need to send Hubspot your customers' personal data like email addresses and names. In return, Hubspot is processing these personal data for you. It's your "Data Processor" under GDPR.
So a Data Processing Agreement (DPA) binds the Data Processor and the Data Controller. It sets rules on how both parties should handle personal data. A DPA typically covers:
Under GDPR, any businesses processing personal data of EU residents must have a DPA. That is, an agreement must be in place between the Data Processor and the Data Controller.
Let’s say you are building a product like MailChimp, an email marketing service. You receive names and email addresses from your customers (as Data Controller). You then handle these personal data as a Data Processor and send out emails. In this case, you need to sign a DPA with each of these customers.
Now in B2B, it’s very likely that you have a dual role - both as a Data Processor and a Data Controller. Say you use AWS to host these email addresses. Because you are sending personal data to another business now, you are the Data Controller, and AWS is your Data Processor. In other words, AWS will be your customers' Subprocessor.
As a business, you will need to:
You should prepare a DPA template to sign with your customers (Data Controller). Your customers can also ask to add special instructions to protect their customers' data.
At ZenDPA, we created a DPA generator to help you draft a Data Processing Agreement for free. It's compliant with EU's latest regulations, as well as UK GDPR and Swiss Federal Act on Data Protection. Answer a simple questionnaire, and you will receive your customized DPA template within 24 hours.
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303 AD Inscription Dedicated to Emperor Diocletian over Tetrarchy in Roman Empire Discovered by Archaeologists in Bulgaria’s Plovdiv
An ancient inscription glorifying Roman Emperor Diocletian (r. 284 – 305 AD) after he introduced the so called Tetrarchy system of government in the Roman Empire has been discovered by archaeologists during rescue excavations in the southern Bulgarian city of Plovdiv.
The Ancient Roman inscription dedicated to Emperor Diocletian has been discovered in the same site near the St. Marina (Margaret of Antioch) Church in Bulgaria’s Plovdiv where the archaeological team has already found a very rare piece of lusterware pottery from medieval Egypt in a richly decorated medieval building.
Now that the team led by archaeologist Elena Bozhinova from the Plovdiv Museum of Archaeology and Assoc. Prof. Kamen Stanev from the Cyril and Methodius Scientific Center at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences in Sofia has gone in greater depth, they have found the ruins of two massive Antiquity buildings.
The inscription dedicated to Roman Emperor Diocletian dates back to the year 303 AD. It is in Latin and Ancient Greek.
It has survived on a marble block which was utilized for the construction of a medieval wall built in the 12th century, local news and culture site Plovdiv Time has reported.
The Diocletian inscription found in Bulgaria’s Plovdiv, the successor of the ancient city of Philipopolis (Trimontium) was left by the then governor of the Roman province of Thracia (Thrace), Emilius Alexander.
Two inscriptions from the same governor of Roman Thrace, Emilius Alexander, have already been discovered in the past few years in the ruins of the second most important city in the then Roman province, Augusta Traiana, in today’s Stara Zagora in Southern Bulgaria.
Another inscription by the same governor of the Thracia province was discovered back in the 19th century in the southern Bulgarian town of Asenovgrad. However, the surviving piece of the inscription does not show the name of a Roman Emperor.
Emilius Alexander’s newly discovered inscription from Bulgaria’s Plovdiv has been read by Bulgaria’s best epigraphist, Assist. Prof. Nikolay Sharankov from Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”.
Sharankov has translated it, as follows,
“To our master, the most pious Gaius Valerius Diocletianus – a happy, invincible Augustus. Dedicated by the overly perfect Emilius Alexander, Governor of the Province of Thracia [Thrace], devoted to his divineness.”
Also check out this article:
Thracia Governor Emilius Alexander’s inscription dedicated to Roman Emperor Diocletian is associated by the researchers with the latter’s reform of the government of the Roman Empire through the introduction of the so called Tetrarchy system.
Under the Tetrarchy introduced by Roman Emperor Diocletian (r. 284-305 AD) the Empire was governed by two Augusti (Senior Emperors) and two Caesars (Junior Emperors).
When the Tetrarchy was set up in 293 AD (the so called First Tetrarchy), Diocletian ruled the East of the Roman Empire as Augustus together with Galerius as Caesar, and Maximian ruled the West of the Roman Empire as Augustus together with Constantius Chlorus as Caesar.
Thus, Galerius (Galerius Valerius Maximianus) ruled in 293-305 AD as Caesar under Emperor Diocletian and in 305-311 AD as Augustus alongside Constantius, then Severus, then Constantine; and Constantius Chlorus (Flavius Valerius Constantius) ruled in 293-305 AD as Caesar under Maximian, and in 305-306 AD as Augustus alongside Galerius.
One of Thracia Governor Emilius Alexander’s inscriptions discovered in Augusta Traiana in Bulgaria’s Stara Zagura back in 2015, which is also dated to 303 AD, mentions two other tetrarchs, Roman Caesars Galerius Valerius Maximianus and Flavius Valerius Constantius (i.e. Galerius and Constantius Chlorus).
The marble block containing the inscription dedicated to Roman Emperor Diocletian has been reached at a depth of 4 meters.
It is believed to have been part of the pedestal of a large statue, likely connected with the Imperial Cult.
The government system introduced by Roman Emperor Diocletian with his ascent to the imperial throne is also known as the Dominate, the most “despotic” later period of the Roman Empire (as opposed to the earlier period known as the “Principate”). The Tetrarchy is synonymous with the Dominate up until 313 AD.
“The Thracia Province Governor’s job was to solidify the authority of his rulers. A century earlier the Empire had experienced a big crisis,” Sharankov says, as quoted by the 24 Chasa daily.
Diocletian’s Dominate is credited by some with having put off the collapse of the Roman Empire by almost a century.
“[The already known inscriptions by Emilius Alexander], together with the newly discovered inscription in Plovdiv honor the Roman Emperors from the Tetrarchy Age, Sharankov adds.
In addition to the Ancient Roman inscription mentioning Diocletian the archaeological team led by Bozhinova and Stanev had dug up structures from two massive Antiquity buildings, and part of a street from the Antiquity city of Philipopolis, today’s Plovdiv, also known as Trimontium in the Roman Era, Plovdiv Time reports.
The two large Antiquity buildings were built using large stone blocks (quadrae). They are located symmetrically across from one another, respectively, on the northern and southern side of the excavated Antiquity street.
The street itself has been exposed underneath the level of a street from the Middle Ages, that is, the same street route was used some 9 centuries later.
“So far we have exposed about 5 meters from its width but we know from previous excavations in other plots in the area that they were 7 meters wide,” lead archaeologist Elena Bozhinova is quoted as saying.
“The street pavement was made perfectly. It is very well preserved. On the northern side, there are traces from repairs. The clay pipes of the water pipeline probably had to be replaced, and the pavement was raised. Later the spot was repaired with smaller stones,” she elaborates.
Part of the stone blocks from what seemingly were public buildings are decorated with floral motifs. The quadrae have been found all over the place because they were re-used for construction in the Middle Ages.
So far in the rescue digs near the St. Marina Church in Bulgaria’s Plovdiv, the archaeologists have found over 200 coins from various time periods, and a number of other artifacts, including a bronze statuette depicting a horse.
Prehistoric, Antiquity, and medieval finds keep springing up across Plovdiv as the city’s vast cultural heritage is still being researched.
The latest excavations of the Ancient Thracian and Ancient Roman Nebet Tepe Fortress in the southern Bulgarian city of Plovdiv have revealed issues with earlier archaeological research casting doubt on whether Plovdiv indeed was the oldest city in Europe, while not denying the exquisite historical, archaeological, and cultural value of the site.
Later, in the Antiquity period, the city was known as Philipopolis (named after King Philip II of Macedon), and Trimontium (following its conquest by the Roman Empire).
In the most recent archaeological excavations in Plovdiv, the archaeologists have found traces from the Goth invasion of the Roman Empire in 251 AD during rescue digs at the city’s Antiquity Odeon.
Even more recently, a Roman tomb from the western necropolis of Philipopolis has been unearthed by accident on the campus of Plovdiv Medical University.
According to the pre-1980 excavations, the history of the southern Bulgarian city of Plovdiv – often dubbed the oldest city in Europe – began with the human settlement on the ancient hill of Nebet Tepe (“tepe” is the Turkishword for “hill”), one of the seven historic hills where Plovdiv was founded and developed in prehistoric and ancient times.
Thanks to the prehistoric, ancient, and medieval settlement and fortress of Nebet Tepe, Plovdiv hold the title of “Europe’s oldest city” (and that of the world’s six oldest city, according to a Daily Telegraph ranking).
The hills, or “tepeta”, are still known today by their Turkish names from the Ottoman period. Out of all of them, Nebet Tepe has the earliest traces of civilized life dating back to the 6th millennium BC, which makes Plovdiv 8,000 years old, and allegedly the oldest city in Europe. Around 1200 BC, the prehistoric settlement on Nebet Tepe was transformed into the Ancient Thracian city of Eumolpia, also known as Pulpudeva, inhabited by the powerful Ancient Thracian tribe Bessi.
During the Early Antiquity period Eumolpia / Pulpudeva grew to encompass the two nearby hills (Dzhambaz Tepe and Taxim Tepe known together with Nebet Tepe as “The Three Hills”) as well, with the oldest settlement on Nebet Tepe becoming the citadel of the city acropolis.
In 342 BC, the Thracian city of Eumolpia / Pulpudeva was conquered by King Philip II of Macedon renaming the city to Philippopolis. Philippopolis developed further as a major urban center during the Hellenistic period after the collapse of Alexander the Great’s Empire.
In the 1st century AD, more precisely in 46 AD, Ancient Thrace was annexed by the Roman Empire making Philippopolis the major city in the Ancient Roman province of Thrace. This is the period when the city expanded further into the plain around The Three Hills which is why it was also known as Trimontium (“the three hills”).
Because of the large scale public construction works during the period of Ancient Rome’s Flavian Dynasty (69-96 AD, including Emperor Vespasian (r. 69-79 AD), Emperor Titus (r. 79-81 AD), Emperor Domitian (r. 81-96 AD)), Plovdiv was also known as Flavia Philippopolis.
Later emerging as a major Early Byzantine city, Plovdiv was conquered for the First Bulgarian Empire (632/680 – 1018 AD) by Khan (or Kanas) Krum (r. 803-814 AD) in 812 AD but was permanently incorporated into Bulgaria under Khan (or Kanas) Malamir (r. 831-836 AD) in 834 AD.
In Old Bulgarian (also known today as Church Slavonic), the city’s name was recorded as Papaldin, Paldin, and Pladin, and later Plavdiv from which today’s name Plovdiv originated. The Nebet Tepe fortress continued to be an important part of the city’s fortifications until the 14th century when the Second Bulgarian Empire (1185-1396 AD) was conquered by the Ottoman Turks. During the period the Ottoman yoke (1396-1878/1912) when Bulgaria was part of the Ottoman Empire, Plovdiv was called Filibe in Turkish.
Today the prehistoric, ancient, and medieval settlement on Nebet Tepe has been recognized as the Nebet Tepe Archaeological Preserve. Some of the unique archaeological finds from Nebet Tepe include an ancient secret tunnel which, according to legends, was used by Apostle Paul (even though it has been dated to the reign of Byzantine Emperor Justinian I the Great (r. 527-565 AD)) and large scale water storage reservoirs used during sieges, one of them with an impressive volume of 300,000 liters. Still preserved today are parts of the western fortress wall with a rectangular tower from the Antiquity period.
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Flora & Fauna Areas
Tonga & Fiji Flora/Fauna
Tonga Related PagesTonga Home
Tonga Cruising Info
Fiji Related PagesFiji Home
Fiji Cruising Info
Tonga & Fiji Flora/Fauna
|Want to see the plants and animals of Tonga and Fiji?
You can travel to Tonga by flying from New Zealand, Australia, or Fiji to the capital of Nukualofa in the south of the country. Eco‑tours can be arranged there, but the main tourist areas are in the Vava'u Group in the north. One can sail or fly from Nukualofa to the Vava'u Group where the Humpback Whales can be seen.
Travel to Fiji involves a flight to Nadi airport (originally built during WW II) on the western end of the largest Fijian island, Viti Levu. From there one can tour the island by car and/or fly to outlying islands such as Vanua Levu, the Mamanucas or Yasawas. One can also charter sailboats or travel by ferry or tour boat. Flights to Fiji originate in Asia, Australia, New Zealand, and the USA.
This section highlights some of the interesting flora and fauna - plants, animals and birds - of the island nations of Tonga and Fiji
Fiji's Red Shining Parrot
Twelve hundred miles west of French Polynesia lies the small island kingdom of Tonga where we spent more than four months. From there we sailed 300 miles west to Fiji with its two large islands of Vanua Levu and Viti Levu and many smaller islands sprinkled around those two. Isolated by many thousands of miles from major continents, these small groups of islands have fewer species overall than we saw in island groups nearer South America. In both Tonga and Fiji, as in French Polynesia, the majority of our naturalist explorations have had to do with marine life, but we've been thrilled to learn about the endemic birds and reptiles of Fiji, and in both countries we have loved seeing the many fruit bats that fly above the treetops each evening, and hang upside-down like oversized gray and tan seed pods from the trees during the days.
This section is divided into three pages: one for a variety of animals, one just for birds, and one for plants of Tonga and Fiji. (See French Polynesia Flora and Fauna for more on that region.) In addition, see the Marine Mammals page for photos and information on humpback whales, dolphins and other marine mammals we have encountered across the Pacific.
Although Tonga and Fiji lack the diversity of terrestrial plants and animals found on large continents, there are many endemic species that have evolved on these islands. Most indigenous species are related to those of Malaysia and Indonesia, with a few exceptions. The underwater diversity is great, and we address that in the underwater pages.
Binoculars and camera in hand, we spend many hours exploring our environment. On board, we use several valuable reference books to terrestrial flora and fauna:
A Field Guide to the Birds of Hawaii and the Tropical Pacific by Pratt, Burner, and Berrett, 520 pages.
Seabirds: An Identification Guide by Peter Harrison is a superb guide to seabirds of the world that should be in every serious bird-watchers library.
A Naturalist's Guide to the Tropics by Marco Lambertini, 338 pages.
Collins Guide to Tropical Plants by Lotschert and Beese - A Descriptive Guide to 323 Ornamental and Economic Plants.
And, less technical, but easy reading and full of anecdotes are the Lonely Planet Guide to Tonga and the Lonely Planet Guide to Fiji which help put each country into perspective geologically, environmentally, and culturally.
Tonga Home | Tonga Newsletters | Tonga Diving | Tonga Cruising Info | Fiji Home | Fiji Newsletters | Fiji Diving | Fiji Cruising Info
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Copyright © 2000‑ Contact: Jon and Sue Hacking -- HackingFamily.com, svOcelot.com. All rights reserved.
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First Nations Development Institute recently released new publications in two of its focus areas: 1) Native Foods and Health and 2) Native Financial Empowerment.
Native Foods and Health
Twelve new Fact Sheets were published recently that provide broad overviews and specific insights into numerous topics dealing with Native American agriculture and food systems. The fact sheets should prove valuable to Native farmers, ranchers, gardeners, food processors, marketers and tribal policymakers. The publications are free and available for download from First Nations’ Knowledge Center at this link: http://www.firstnations.org/knowledge-center/foods-health/resources/fact-sheets-2. (Note: you may have to create a free account to download the reports if you don’t already have one.)
The new fact sheet topics are:
- Community Kitchens
- Farm-to-School Programs
- Farmers’ Markets
- Food and Household Income
- Food Hubs
- Food Policy
- Food Safety
- Food Seasonality
- Food Sovereignty
- Producers and Market Access
- Seed Saving and Seed Sovereignty
- Youth Engagement
First Nations also recently released a revised, updated Food Sovereignty Assessment Tool (FSAT). The FSAT assists Native communities in reclaiming their local food systems. It helps demystify the process of data collection about local food systems and provides tools and a framework for Native communities to measure and assess food access, land use and food policy in their communities. Since its original development, First Nations has provided hundreds of trainings on the FSAT and it has been used around the world in other Indigenous communities.
To download, visit http://www.firstnations.org/knowledge-center/foods-health (Note: you may have to create a free account to download the reports if you don’t already have one.)
Native Financial Empowerment
Tribes and Native American nonprofits are pioneering new and innovative financial capability programs that empower tribal citizens to take control of their financial futures. First Nations, working in partnership with the Northwest Area Foundation, recently released a report documenting these programs and identifying promising practices and areas for growth. Titled Building Assets and Building Lives: Financial Capability Programs in Native Communities, this report provides an overview of recent research on financial literacy and financial services in Native communities, and then presents data on financial capability programs serving a broad range of communities in the Northwest Area Foundation region.
Financial capability programs increase financial knowledge and also provide financial services that are affordable, easy to use, and safe. For example, the Northern Eagle Federal Credit Union, a financial institution recently launched by the Bois Forte Band of Chippewa Indians, offers affordable savings accounts and other financial services to tribal members. Staff members also conduct financial education workshops for tribal employees, high school students and other community members to help people build their financial knowledge and skills. In addition, they provide financial counseling services.
For a copy of the Building Assets and Building Lives: Financial Capability Programs in Native Communities paper, visit http://www.firstnations.org/knowledge-center/financial-education/research. (Note: you may have to create a free account to download the reports if you don’t already have one.)
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Type 2 Diabetes and Food Choices
You make food choices every day. Whole wheat or white bread? A side of French fries or fresh fruit? Eat now or later? Choices about what, when, and how much you eat affect your blood sugar (glucose), and also your blood pressure and cholesterol. Understanding how food affects blood glucose is the first step in managing diabetes. And following a diabetes meal plan can help you keep your blood glucose levels on track.
Having type 2 diabetes means that your body doesn’t control blood glucose well. When blood glucose stays too high for too long, serious health problems can develop. It's important to control your blood glucose through diet, exercise, and medicine. This can delay or prevent kidney, eye, nerve, and heart disease, and other complications of diabetes.
Carbohydrates are foods that have the biggest effect on your blood glucose levels. After you eat carbohydrates, your blood glucose rises. Fruit, sweet foods and drinks, starchy foods (such as bread, potatoes, and rice), and milk and milk products contain carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are important for health. But when you eat too many at once, your blood glucose can go too high. This is even more likely if you don't have or take enough insulin for that food.
Some carbohydrates may raise blood glucose more than others. These include potatoes, sweets, and white bread. Better choices are less processed foods with more fiber and nutrients. Good choices are 100% whole-wheat bread, oatmeal, brown rice, and nonstarchy vegetables.
Learn to use food labels that show added sugar. And try to find healthier choices, particularly if you are overweight.
Food and medicine
Insulin helps glucose move from the blood into your muscle cells, where it can be used for energy. Some diabetes medicines that are taken by mouth help you make more insulin. Or they help your insulin work more efficiently. So your medicines and food plan have to work together. If you take insulin shots, you need to be very careful to match the amount of carbohydrates you eat with your insulin dose. If you have too many carbohydrates without adjusting your insulin dose, your blood glucose might become too high. If you have too few carbohydrates, your blood glucose might be too low. Your healthcare provider or a dietitian can help you match your food choices to your medicine.
Have a meal plan
With certain medicines, it's best to eat the same amount of food at the same time every day. That keeps your glucose levels stable. And it helps your medicine work best. Physical activity is an important way to control blood glucose, too. Try to exercise at the same time every day. That way you can build the extra calories you need for exercise into your meal plan. With other medicines, you may have more choices about how much you eat and when.
If you want to change your medicine to better fit your lifestyle, talk with your healthcare provider.
You can eat the same foods as everyone else, but you have to carefully watch for certain details. That’s where your diabetes meal plan comes in. A personal meal plan tells you the time of day to eat meals and snacks, the types of food to eat, and how much. It should include your favorite foods. And it should focus on these healthy foods:
Whole grains, such as 100% whole-wheat bread, brown rice, and oatmeal
Nonfat or low-fat dairy products, such as nonfat milk and yogurt (but be sure these products don't have sugar added to make up for the fat removed)
Lean meats, poultry, fish, eggs, and dried beans and peas
Foods and drinks with no added sugar
Fruits and vegetables
At first, it may be helpful to use measuring cups and spoons to make sure you’re really eating the amount of food that’s in your plan. You can also use standardized portion sizes on food labels, such as 1 serving of meat being the size of a deck of cards. By checking your blood glucose 1 to 2 hours after eating, you can learn how your food choices affect your blood glucose.
To create a diabetes meal plan or change a plan that’s not working for you, see a dietitian or diabetes educator. Let them know if you have any new health concerns or if your medicines have changed. Having a meal plan that you can live with will keep you at your healthy best.
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A1C: What Is It, and What Does It Mean for Your Heart?
SUNDAY, Feb. 12, 2023 (HealthDay News) -- You might think about cholesterol when you consider your cardiovascular health.
It’s also important to consider your A1C levels.
Sugar is just as bad for your heart as cholesterol -- if not worse, said Dr. Daniel Lodge, a thoracic surgeon at Penn State Health Specialty Services in Reading, Pa.
“Diabetes is a much bigger risk factor,” he said in a health system news release.
While about 11% of Americans have diabetes, roughly 30% of those with heart disease do.
Lodge explained a little about what exactly A1C measurements are and what that can mean for the heart.
“Sugar binds to red blood cells and hemoglobin A1C is the amount of sugar bonded to the red blood cells. It measures average blood sugar over the past three months,” Lodge said.
Over time, high blood sugar causes blood vessels to harden and become blocked, he added.
Diabetes is a major risk factor for heart attack, stroke and heart failure. Heart and vascular disease is a common cause of death among people with diabetes.
It’s hard to know if your A1C levels are too high or low because there aren’t symptoms. Testing is critical, Lodge said.
“Every adult over 45 -- or under 45 with risk factors -- should be checked every three years, even with previous normal results,” Lodge said. “Risk factors include being overweight, physically active less than three times a week, prediabetes, gestational diabetes, or you have a parent, brother or sister with type 2 diabetes.”
It can be assessed as part of routine bloodwork.
An A1C level below 5.7% is considered normal, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. A level of 5.7% to 6.4%, is considered prediabetes. Diabetics have an A1C level of 6.5% or more. The goal is to keep the level at 7% for diabetics.
Lodge suggests people can help keep themselves healthy by tracking their diets and avoiding sugar and carbs. Weight loss can help lower A1C. Any kind of exercise helps, too.
Various medicines also help lower A1C levels, he noted. A new variety called SGLT2 inhibitors lower blood sugar and A1C and have weight loss as a side effect, which also helps.
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has more on diabetes and heart disease.
SOURCE: Penn State Health, news release, Feb. 9, 2023
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What Are the 3 Components of an Introduction Paragraph?So, what should really be in a introduction paragraph? The introduction structure essay has 3 sections: a hook, connections, and a thesis assertion.
Let us examine each and every ingredient in far more depth. Part 1: Essay Hook. A hook is between the most effective elements of a introduction paragraph to start an essay. A solid hook will normally engage the reader in only a single sentence.
- How do you choose a suitable content for my essay?
- What’s the easiest way to interpret and analyze data in an essay?
- Any kind of tricks for having a consistent penning form around an essay?
- How can I make my essay added engaging to your visitor?
- What’s the need for the thesis announcement within the essay?
- How could i enrich my necessary studies know-how for literary essays?
In other text, it is a selling level. Let’s now address the question, ‘how to make an essay introduction hook fascinating?’.
Perfectly, to produce a powerful hook, you can hire a range of procedures:A stunning fact An anecdoteВ A concern A short summary A quotation. And here is what to steer clear of when working with a hook:Cliches Dictionary definitions Generalizations Sweeping statements that incorporate phrases like ‘everywhere,’ ‘always,’ and so on. Once you have founded a robust hook, you should really give a general define of your big place and some history information on the topic of your paper.
If you happen to be unsure how to produce an introduction opening, the suitable method is to describe your challenge briefly prior to directing readers to certain places. Basically place, you need to have to give some context just before progressively acquiring far more precise with your thoughts. The five Sorts of Hooks for Producing. Apart from the procedures mentioned over, there are even much more styles of hooks that write my essay for me can be applied:A Typical Misconception — a very good trick, to start off with, to declare that anything your visitors think in is wrong. Example: ‘Although lots of falsely believe that people operating from residence are a lot less productive — workers who get these types of perform-daily life benefits typically work tougher.
Are you ready for honest things when seeking essay producing aid via internet?
‘Statistics — Statistical points could provide a excellent hook for argumentative essays and major topics concentrating on studies. Example: ‘A the latest examine confirmed that individuals who are glad with their get the job done-life balance do the job 21% harder and are 33% far more very likely to keep at the exact same organization. ‘Personal Story — sometimes, particular tales can be an proper hook, but only if they in good shape into a couple of transient sentences (for case in point, in narrative essays).
Example: ‘When I had my very first do the job-from-dwelling expertise, I suddenly realized the importance of having a good work-everyday living harmony I noticed lots of the positive aspects it can deliver. ‘Scenes — this sort of hook calls for earning the audience think about the items you are producing about. It is most suitable when made use of in descriptive and narrative essays.
Example: ‘Imagine you could have as significantly totally free time as you would like by doing work or researching from home—and shell out additional time with your liked ones. ‘Thesis Statement — when doubtful how to do an essay introduction, some writers start right with their thesis assertion. The most important trick listed here is that there is no trick. Example: ‘I strongly imagine there is a immediate correlation between a healthier perform-daily life stability and productivity in college or at operate.
‘Part two: Connections. Give viewers a clearer sense of what you will examine all over your write-up at the time you have presented a hook and suitable history information about your essay matter. Briefly mentioning your main factors in the same sequence in which you will handle them in your physique paragraphs can help your viewers progressively get there at your thesis assertion. In this part of your introduction, you should really mainly address the next inquiries:Who? What? In which? When? How? Why?You could make absolutely sure that you are giving your viewers all the information they want to understand the subject of your essay by responding to just about every of these issues in two to 3 traces.
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The Basic Facts About the Lottery
There are some basic facts about the lottery that you should know. This article will cover its origins, elements, and profits. Let’s get started! This article will discuss how the lottery was invented, how it operates, and how it has helped people throughout the world win millions of dollars. Then, you can use this information to understand how it works. And, don’t forget to share your experience with the lottery with others. We’d love to hear from you!
Invention in togel refers to a method of choosing winning play symbols by randomly selecting them from a set. These symbols can be either numbers or play card symbols. The player selects a number or indicia from the set and later the winning numbers are drawn through random drawing. A player can win a prize if their number matches the one chosen. A person may win several prizes from one game. An invention in lottery may be the next big thing in the world of entertainment.
The origins of the lottery can be traced back to ancient China. It is believed that the Chinese used lottery slips as a way to finance large government projects. The ancient Chinese Book of Songs also references the game of chance as “drawing wood or lots.”
In 2010 alone, American lottery sales reached more than $17 billion. The amount of profit generated varied by state, from $6.33 million in Montana to $2.73 billion in New York. Lottery profits are a form of taxation, though not always mandatory. In addition to their social and economic benefits, lottery profits help fund public sector programs. This makes them a valuable source of income for states. Listed below are some of the major reasons why lottery profits are important for American communities.
A lottery retailer’s marketing efforts may directly impact the number of players it receives. Incentives for players can range from free tickets to merchandise prizes and promotional items. The Gambling Commission aims to protect the interests of lottery players and the integrity of the National Lottery. However, the lottery has also faced some controversy in the past. While many players have praised lottery retailers for their customer service, others are skeptical of the lottery’s ability to attract new players.
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Gnathonarium dentatum is a common linyphiid within the UK, inhabiting wet environments. This species is interesting in that the carapace projects beyond the clypeus in both sexes, and the male has a tooth-like process on the chelicerae (that presumably acounts for its species name). Both these features may be observed in the first image below.
Head and chelicerae of male Gnathonarium dentatum. The tooth-like processes on the chelicerae may be seen clearly.
Head and chelicerae of female Gnathonarium dentatum. Note the absence of tooth-like processes.
Left pedipalp (male sexual organ) of Gnathonarium dentatum
Carapace of a male Gnathonarium dentatum. Note the more conventional appearance compared with the males with raised lobes in some species.
Carapace of a female Gnathonarium dentatum
Lateral view of the carapace of a female Gnathonarium dentatum
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OTHER RECOMMENDED LOCATIONS
PETRIFIED FOREST NATIONAL PARK
93,500 acres. Located in northeast Arizona, this National Park is famous for its impressive display of petrified
Arizona Trail wood and other fossils, mostly bright reddish-brown in color. Included is part of the Painted Desert, with colored clay hills and badlands, buttes and mesas. Average elevation is about 5,400 feet.
The park has two designated wilderness areas, the 43,020-acre Painted Desert Wilderness and the 7,240-acre Rainbow Forest Wilderness. Vegetation consists of grasslands and desert flora. Deer, antelope, coyote, and bobcat are among the wildlife.
Activities: Backpacking and hiking are allowed throughout the park. There are hardly any developed trails, however, so most travel must be crosscountry. Horses are permitted. Hunting is forbidden.
Camping Regulations: A permit is required in order to camp in the backcountry, and may be
obtained from one of the two visitor centers. Camping is restricted to the two wilderness areas, which comprise much of the park. Pets are prohibited.
Campsites must be at least one-half mile from roads. Campfires are not allowed, so a stove must be brought if one wishes to cook. All water must be carried in, and there’s no shade. Spring and fall are the best times to visit and camp here.
For Further Information: Petrified Forest National Park, Petrified Forest National Park, AZ 86028; (602)524-6228.
1810 While the Spanish monarchy undergoes internal conflict and eventual abdication Denver Map Tourist Attractions as a result of the Napoleonic Wars in Europe, Spain’s Country colonies begin to take Denver Map Tourist Attractions advantage of the power vacuum created by these dislocations in the homeland. The first of Spain’s colonies to rebel against the authority of the mother country is Mexico. In September, an uprising breaks out in northern Mexico, led by the Creole priest Father Miguel Hidalgo. Hidalgo’s insurgency has significant nationalist and peasant overtones, as it is led by the banner of the Virgin of Guadalupe, an indigenous and mestizo (people of mixed Spanish and native blood) symbol. While Hidalgo’s uprising will be quelled within two years, and Hidalgo himself will be captured and executed, the rebellion proves to be the beginning of over ten years of warfare. This violent period of revolution and upheaval will culminate in 1821 in the independent state of Mexico, which will include northern settlements in New Mexico, Texas, and California. 1819 In the Adams-Ons Treaty, Spain cedes Florida to the United States, in return for the U.S. government’s assumption of 5 million dollars in Country claims against the Spanish. The cession is perhaps the inevitable result of Spain’s dramatically declining power in Florida, mirroring its loosening hold upon all its colonies during this era of Latin Country revolutions.
Denver Map Tourist Attractions Photo Gallery
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Diarrhea can occur in canines for numerous reasons - some as minor as a change in diet, others as serious as infectious disease. Treating dogs with diarrhea is very successful so long as pet owners address the issue in a timely manner. Acute and chronic are two different severities of canine diarrhea, and each requires specific attention and care.
Acute diarrhea can last for a couple days to a couple weeks. In most cases, it is caused from a sudden change in food, an allergy, or bacteria. There is no need to be alarmed; symptoms typically subside after some time, and most dogs still appear happy and active despite having diarrhea. Once acute diarrhea has lasted beyond two weeks, it is classified as chronic diarrhea, and the situation is deemed much more serious. Continual diarrhea can initiate essential nutrient loss, making the body become toxic, lowering immune system function, and obstructing a dog’s ability to heal itself. As the immune system’s functionality is impaired, secondary disorders are able to develop, causing the body to deteriorate.
When to take your dog to the veterinarian:
Abdomen is sensitive to touch or pressure
Frequent and excessive vomiting
Gums are dry or sticky (sign of dehydration)
Have a fever
Have large amounts of blood in fecal matter
Have visible bloating
They show extreme lethargy
If condition worsens or persists after 2 weeks, please contact our office immediately to schedule an appointment.
At-home treatment for acute diarrhea:
The first step to alleviate a diarrhea problem is to implement a change in diet. You want to be feeding your dog something that is easily digested and free from extra fat and oil - absolutely NO PEOPLE FOOD. A diet consisting of skinless, boiled chicken with rice is usually best until the diarrhea has subsided. Slowly reintroduce pet food.
Add a probiotic supplement to your pet’s diet to aide in regulating gastrointestinal health.
The most important step is to keep your dog hydrated. If necessary, dilute sports drinks (half sports drink, half water) to keep your dog interested in drinking fluids. Diarrhea causes a loss in electrolytes and replenishing those electrolytes is critical.
What causes chronic diarrhea?
Chronic diarrhea is usually caused by a food allergy, inflammatory bowel disease, pancreatitis, parasites, or a more serious (but often rare) condition that the vet will need to diagnose.
As diarrhea symptoms continue, you might notice that your dog’s coat becomes rough or wiry, your pet has less energy, and/or your dog seems dehydrated. All of these are side effects of chronic diarrhea and will continue until treatment is implemented.
Treating chronic diarrhea
If your dog is experiencing chronic diarrhea, we recommend you call and schedule an appointment immediately. Our veterinarian will examine your pet for internal parasites and disease, conduct blood tests, and assess dehydration levels. Complete diagnostics might also be necessary. After completing a thorough exam, we will be able to distinguish what is causing the diarrhea and will be able to develop an effective treatment plan.
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The Health and Safety at Work (Hazardous Substances) Regulations 2017 (the Regulations) require some classes and quantities of hazardous substances to be separated from ‘protected places’ and/or ‘public places’.
The definitions of these terms in regulation 3(1) (Interpretation) include several elements. This policy clarification sets out how we interpret the terms ‘protected place’ and ‘public place’, and the elements of these terms.
What to consider with protected places and public places
We expect PCBUs to:
- consider if a place is a hazardous substance location (HSL). If it is, then it isn’t a protected or public place
- apply each element of ‘protected place’ and ‘public place’, including our meaning of them below, to identify if either applies
- consider how close their hazardous substances are to their property boundaries, as they may need to get agreement from their neighbours1
- regularly review whether a place is a protected or public place. This is important as the use of a place can change over time.
How we interpret the elements of a ‘protected place’
Our interpretation of the elements of ‘protected place’ under regulation 3(1) is set out below.
A protected place includes:
A dwelling, residential building, a place of worship, public building, school or college, hospital, childcare facility, or theatre
These terms have their usual common meanings and in general are places where people can be expected to be present.
Any factory, workshop, office, store, warehouse, shop or building where persons are regularly employed
These terms have their usual common meanings and in general are places where people work.
‘regularly employed’ refers to people working on a regular basis, regardless of frequency.
Any building or open area in which persons are accustomed to assemble in large number
This means a building or open area where it is usual for people to gather together in large numbers. It is context-specific and needs to be determined on a case-by-case basis.
Whether within or outside the property boundary of a place where a HSL is situated
This means property boundaries are not relevant in determining if a place is a protected place.
A ship lying at permanent berthing facilities2
A ship is defined by the Maritime Transport Act 1994(external link)
Berthing refers to a ship moored at an allocated place, which it occupies when not being sailed.
A berthing facility can be at a port, dock, harbour, or marina.
This means a ship permanently at a berthing facility is a protected place.
A public railway
As defined in WorkSafe’s Public Railways policy clarification
Under regulation 3(1), a place that is described above is a protected place unless it meets the exclusion below.
A protected place does not include:
a small office or other small building associated with a place where the storage, handling, use, manufacture, or disposal of a class 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 8 substances is a major function
A small office or other small building can refer to a stand-alone structure or be part of a larger structure.
‘Associated with’ means that the small office or other small building has a functional relationship or connection with the place where the storage, handling, use, manufacture, or disposal of those classes of substances is a major function. The small office or other small building doesn’t need to be used for these purposes, but we expect that it would only be used for things that are necessary for the hazardous substance activity to occur and only by persons who need to be proximate to that activity.
If a place meets this description, it is not a protected place.
How we interpret the elements of a ‘public place’
The following lists the elements of ‘public place’ under regulation 3(1), and how we interpret them, to establish whether the place is a public place:
A public place:
Means a place (other than private property or a protected place) that is open to, and frequented by, the public
If a place is a protected place, or is private property, it is not a public place.
Otherwise, public places are places that the public regularly access. This can include public roads, footpaths, public courtyards, grass verges, public gardens, playgrounds, and reserves.
Includes a public road
A public road is a road, highway, or beach that is regularly used by vehicles driven by the public.
Waka Kotahi NZ Transport Agency offers a definition of road(external link)
1 See WorkSafe’s Hazardous substances located near property boundaries position.'
2 PCBUs should consider all nearby permanent berthing facilities when determining the separation distance requirements for their HSL.
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RAISING INDEPENDENT KIDS (AND TEENS)
If we could, we would probably all want to wrap our children in bubble wrap to keep them safe from harm. But the fact of the matter is that we are not always going to be around to keep our kids safe. The better approach is to teach our children how to make smart decisions on their own. Providing them with the skills for survival should be our number one daily goal. We can do this in our daily interactions with our children; building up their skills to increase their resiliency; the ability to bounce back when bad things happen to them. This presentation will provide tools for parents and professionals on how to help children become problem solvers and independent, through daily interactions with them in the classroom or home.
IN THIS SESSION, PARTICIPANTS WILL LEARN:
-The definition of resiliency and how to create it in our kids
-How to teach them to identify problems that they can solve
-Raising kids to not be victims and become more “bully-proof”
-Simple easy-to-implement techniques for increasing their empathy
-Teaching them how to keep themselves safe
-What to do with emotions, frustrations and meltdowns
-Addressing lying and promoting kids to be truthful
-How to parent better while speaking less
-And much, much more!
This session can be offered in any time frame as a training for parents or direct-care providers, or as a keynote. Download a formal proposal by CLICKING HERE.
A LEADERSHIP WORKSHOP FOR CAMP COUNSELORS: HOW TO CONNECT WITH, GUIDE, AND MANAGE SCHOOL-AGE AND ADOLESCENT CAMPERS
ABOUT THE PRESENTATION This fun and interactive presentation is designed to develop the skills in camp counselors and staff on obtaining cooperation from campers. The goal is to create the ultimate learning experience using concepts that incorporate inclusion, collaboration and team building skills. The outcome for each participant will be a basic understanding of child development and motivation, and a caregiver “tool box” full of easy-to-implement techniques for handling challenging behaviors, helping each camper fit in to the group, and ensuring a fulfilling and positive experience at the camp.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION This presentation can be tailored to fit any time frame with full flexibility. The ideal audience can be any adults who work with school-age children and adolescents, including children diagnosed with ADHD and the various disorders on the Autism Spectrum. Psychological and emotional conditions and methods are discussed at an elementary level that is easy for any adult to understand.
• Understanding a child’s emotional needs
• How to get kids and teens to fit in to a group
• Connecting in ways that foster positive relationships
• Understanding kids and teens with:
• Differing personalities
• Diverse backgrounds
• Attention deficit hyperactive disorder
• Behavior management tools such as:
• Logical consequences
• Collaborative cooperation
• Setting limits and boundaries fairly
• Teaching respect and teamwork
• Handling feelings
• Using active listening skills
• Conflict resolution between campers
• Kids, digital devices and the Internet
• Adolescent behaviors and motivations
• How to raise kids bully-proof
This session can be offered in any time frame as a training for camp counselors or other direct-care providers, or even as a conference or training event keynote. Download a formal proposal by CLICKING HERE.
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"CERT is a critical program in the effort to engage everyone in America in making their communities safer, more prepared, and more resilient when incidents occur."
CERT Student Guide
CERT operates under the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) arm of Homeland Security. It is the 21st century descendant of the Cold War era Civil Defense and the later Civil Preparedness programs. This website will continue to feature more on this valuable Homeland Security program in the future.
"Following a major disaster, first responders who provide fire and medical services will not be able to meet the demand for these services. Factors as number of victims, communication failures, and road blockages will prevent people from accessing emergency services they have come to expect at a moment's notice through 911. People will have to rely on each other for help in order to meet their immediate life saving and life sustaining needs.
"CERT is about readiness, people helping people, rescuer safety, and doing the greatest good for the greatest number. CERT is a positive and realistic approach to emergency and disaster situations where citizens will be initially on their own and their actions can make a difference. Through training, citizens can manage utilities and put out small fires; treat the three killers by opening airways, controlling bleeding, and treating for shock; provide basic medical aid; search for and rescue victims safely; and organize themselves and spontaneous volunteers to be effective."
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Most economists work by and for the rich. It is not that they are bad people. It is simply an occupational hazard. After all, very few poor people can afford to employ them, so economists, almost by definition, are going to be paid by the institutions built by the wealthy.
Joseph E. Stiglitz is a Nobel Prize winner in Economics. He is a former head of the world bank. He is also one of the rare breed of economists who really considers the toll of economic policy upon the poor. In the article linked below, Stiglitz lays out 5 myths that are common in traditional economics. I have listed the 5 myths along with his explanation.
“(1) America is a land of opportunity. While rags-to-riches stories still grip our imagination, the fact of the matter is that the life chances of a young American are more dependent on the income and wealth of his (sic) parents than in any of the other advanced countries for which there is data. There is less upward mobility — and less downward mobility from the top — even than in Europe, and we’re not just talking about Scandinavia.
(2) Trickle-down economics works (a k a “a rising tide lifts all boats”). This idea suggests that further enriching the wealthy will make us all better off. America’s recent economic history shows the patent falsehood of this notion. The top has done very well. But median American incomes are lower than they were a decade and a half ago. Various groups — men and those without a college education — have fared even worse. Median income of a full-time male worker, for instance, is lower than it was four decades ago.
(3) The rich are the “job creators,” so giving them more money leads to more and better jobs. This is really a subset of Myth 2. But Romney’s own private sector history gives it the lie. As we all know from the discussion of Bain Capital and other equity firms, many made their money not by creating jobs in America but by “restructuring,” “downsizing” and moving jobs abroad, often using debt to bleed the companies of money needed for investment, and using the money to enrich themselves. But more generally, the rich are not the source of transformative innovations. Many, if not most of the crucial innovations in recent decades, from medicine to the Internet, have been based in large measure on government-financed research and development. The rich take their money where the returns are highest, and right now many see those high returns in emerging markets. It’s not a surprise that Romney’s trust fund invested in China, but it’s hard to see how giving the rich more money — through more latitude to escape taxation, either through low taxes in the United States or Cayman Islands hide-aways — leads to a stronger American economy.
(4) The cost of reducing inequality is so great that, as much as idealists would like to do so, we would be killing the goose that lays the golden egg. In fact, the engine of our economic growth is the middle class. Inequality weakens aggregate demand, because those at the middle and bottom have to spend all or almost all of what that they get, while those at the top don’t. The concentration of wealth in recent decades led to bubbles and instability, as the Fed tried to offset the effects of weak demand arising from our inequality by low interest rates and lax regulation. The irony is that the tax cuts for capital gains and dividends that were supposed to spur investment by the wealthy alleged job creators didn’t do so, even with record low interest rates: private sector job creation under Bush was dismal. Mainstream economic institutions like the International Monetary Fund now recognize the connection between inequality and a weak economy. To argue the contrary is a self-serving idea being promoted by the very wealthy.
(5) Markets are self-regulating and efficient, and any governmental interference with markets is a mistake. The 2008 crisis should have cured everyone of this fallacy, but anyone with a sense of history would realize that capitalism has been plagued with booms and busts since its origin. The only period in our history in which financial markets did not suffer from excesses was the period after the Great Depression, in which we put in place strong regulations that worked. It’s worth noting that we grew much faster, and more stably, in the decades after World War II than in the period after 1980, when we started stripping away the regulations. And in the former period we grew together, in contrast to the latter, when we grew apart.”
It is well worth reading the entire article (or anything by Stiglitz). Thanks to Robert Jensen for sending the link:
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Written by Grace Brnjac
In a society where there is a constant presence of screens and stimulation, one may think bringing electronic devices into classroom environments would only cause more harm than benefits. With the easy access students have to technology, many of them have found a new outlet to spend their time, as the options for free apps and interactive games is numerous. In conjunction to this, recent trends in education show school boards encouraging technology and technology-based learning in the classroom, as present-day society incorporates it in many contexts. In conjunction with technology, there is also demise in student stimulation and engagement in lessons. Many teachers are now faced with trying to find inventive ways to keep students motivated, while at the same time managing classroom behaviour and instilling tried-and-true educational methodology and practices. Enter gamification – a word designating the incorporation of interactive video game ideas and practices within the classroom.
In their monograph Video Games in the Classroom: Building Skills in Literacy and Numeracy, Drs. Emmanuel Duplàa and Shervin Shirmohammadi explore the idea of incorporating video games in the classroom. Their findings show that many free, online interactive games can help students to stay motivated while learning language and numeracy skills. Their research also showed an increase in student motivation, while “help[ing] them develop their literacy and numeracy skills in imaginary interactive contexts.”
Within these games there are also quests and tasks players can do either as a group, in pairs, or on their own. Furthermore, the organization of these quests, in-game currency, and rewards further enhance the player’s experience, as they are able to control how far and how often they advance. It was these factors that helped form the basis of Le’s Academy’s own student-based alternate-reality game. Our Academy’s MMRRPG (Massive Multiplayer Real-Life Role-Playing Game) was developed to help enhance student engagement and learning, while at the same time helping teachers curve the number of classroom management concerns that could arise. A lot of the rules and game play have origins in MMRPGS such as World of Warcraft (WoW) and Runescape, as these games not only have a stron fanbase, but they also incorporate financial literacy, numeracy, teamwork, reward, and literacy skills.
As students enroll, they automatically start playing as a ‘character’ in our game. Each day they come in they gain experience points (xp), with the chance to earn more if they complete packages, quizzes, projects, or tests from our Academy or their day-time schools. Students even have the chance to earn more xp on sporadic occasions, as decided by each individual teacher.
Right from the get-go, teachers noticed many students became more aware of their chances to gain xp, as they all were vying to reach the ‘high score’ for their divisions. Students who would not regularly get a chance to have their accomplishments recognized due to lower marks are now shining, as they are able to accrue points through participation, packages from the Academy, and going the extra mile to help teachers (in hopes of getting points).
In conclusion, gamification can be a useful resource for teachers to use in their classrooms, as the options for game design and execution are endless (think Halo 2’s I <3 Bees initiative back in 2004). Teachers can start with a simple framework for the game and experience, then build upon it as much as they choose through the release of update patches – just like game developers do in video games. However, the success of the game is based on how much teachers are willing to invest time-wise to get the game started – if there are too many rules or teacher intervention, the game can fail, while not enough rules, ambiguity or no communication between teachers and students can also bring the game to its demise. Nevertheless, gamification is a great alternative to classroom management or even as an addition to other steps teachers put in place to help make their classrooms a fun and welcoming environment for their students.
To read more about the findings in this Ontario Education monograph, please visit Drs. Emmanuel Duplàa and Shervin Shirmohammadi’s article : http://www.edu.gov.on.ca/eng/literacynumeracy/inspire/research/WW_Video_Games.pdf
©Le’s Academy Corp
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Home / News
0. Prefaces and Introduction (continued)
DAY 39 (Books xv, xvi).
Telemachus reaches the Isle of Ithaca, sends his ship to the city, but himself, by advice of Athene, makes for the hut of Eumaeus, where he meets, but naturally does not recognise, his disguised father. He sends Eumaeus to Penelope with news of his arrival, and then Athene reveals Odysseus to Telemachus. The two plot the death of the wooers. Odysseus bids Telemachus remove, on a favourable opportunity, the arms which were disposed as trophies on the walls of the hall at home. (There is a slight discrepancy between the words of this advice and the manner in which it is afterwards executed.) During this interview, the ship of Telemachus, the wooers who had been in ambush, and Eumaeus, all reached the town of Ithaca. In the evening Eumaeus returned to his hut, where Athene had again disguised Odysseus.
DAY 40 (Books xvii, xviii, xix, xx).
The story is now hastening to its close, and many events are crowded into the fortieth day. Telemachus goes from the swineherd's hut to the city, and calls his guest, Theoclymenus, to the palace. The second-sighted man prophesies of the near revenge of Odysseus. In the afternoon, Odysseus (still disguised) and Eumaeus reach the city, the dog Argos recognises the hero, and dies. Odysseus goes begging through his own hall, and is struck by Antinous, the proudest of the wooers. Late in the day Eumaeus goes home, and Odysseus fights with the braggart beggar Irus. Still later, Penelope appears among the wooers, and receives presents from them. When the wooers have withdrawn, Odysseus and Telemachus remove the weapons from the hall to the armoury. Afterwards Odysseus has an interview with Penelope (who does not recognise him), but he is recognised by his old nurse Eurycleia. Penelope mentions her purpose to wed the man who on the following day, the feast of the Archer-god Apollo, shall draw the bow of Odysseus, and send an arrow through the holes in twelve axe-blades, set up in a row. Thus the poet shows that Odysseus has arrived in Ithaca not a day too soon. Odysseus is comforted by a vision of Athene, and
DAY 41 (Books xx, xxi, xxii, xxiii).
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(c) 2003-2012 LiteraturePage.com and Michael Moncur.
For information about public domain texts appearing here, read the copyright information and disclaimer.
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In March, Taurus the Bull starts to dominate the southern sky. Dr Stuart Clark’s
illustrated talk to the Society in late March kept returning to the constellation as
Stuart opened his remarks by suggesting that he would be “boringly
predictable”. (In truth he meant that he would be plugging his latest book).
However, his talk was anything but boring. He ranged over human history,
explaining his view that the development of mankind was intimately linked to
the influence that had been ascribed to the heavens. By way of illustration, he
referred to the 4000-year-old Sumerian “Epic Of Gilgamesh” – thought to be the
earliest example of literature – which referred to the “Bull of Heaven” being sent
down to punish Gilgamesh.
Reaching even further back into history Stuart demonstrated that markings
associated with the bull inscribed on the wall of the caves of Lascaux could
plausibly represent Aldebaran, the Hyades and the Pleiades.
Stuart offered the view that developments in astronomical science during the
Enlightenment, far from weakening the myths and stories associated with the
heavens, actually encouraged ideas such as the “Music of the Spheres” and links
between astrology and medicine.
Moving closer to the present day, he surmised that Van Gogh’s Starry Night had
been influenced by the recent discovery of the Whirlpool Galaxy’s shape and
structure. Stuart suggested that efforts to develop the means to leave the
planet had been driven by human aspirations to eternal life, perhaps to become
Dr Stuart’s book Beneath the Night: How the stars have shaped the history of
humankind (2021 – 304 pages, ISBN: 9781783351541) is published by Guardian
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Can You Pass A Stopped School Bus If Its Stop Sign Isn’t Out?
As school ramp back up across the country every year, so do questions from drivers concerned about safety when passing school buses.
One of the most common issues facing drivers during the school year is deciding how to properly pass a stopped bus that has not extended its stop sign.
Should You Pass A School Bus Without Its Stop Sign?
You're on your way to work and you see a school bus stopped at a corner with no children in sight.
The bus is pulled to the side of the road with flashing lights but does not have its stop sign extended.
According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, it is only illegal to pass the bus if it has its stop sign out and its red lights are flashing. This applies to drivers in all 50 states.
The NHTSA website explains school buses typically have two sets of lights to alert passing drivers.
Yellow flashing lights mean the bus is about to stop to load or unload passengers. Drivers should slow down and prepare to stop upon seeing yellow flashing lights.
Red flashing lights and the extended stop sign mean the bus has stopped and is now letting passengers on or off. Passing vehicles must be stopped at this point.
According to NHTSA, nearby vehicles can only pass once the lights stop flashing, the stop sign is withdrawn and the bus begins moving again.
Can You Pass A Bus Stopped At A Railroad Crossing?
All school buses are required by law to stop at railroad crossing regardless of the design of the crossing. The driver can only cross the tracks once it is determined to be safe.
But what about the other nearby drivers who don't have to stop at the crossing?
According to a WGN report, you can only pass a school bus stopped at a railroad crossing if you're approaching it from the front.
"If you are behind it, you cannot pass if the bus is within 100 feet of a railroad crossing," the article says. "You should also leave plenty of room between your vehicle and the bus in case it has to back up or maneuver in case of an emergency."
These 50 US Cities are Crawling with Bed Bugs
Gallery Credit: Scott Clow
Most popular grocery stores in America
Gallery Credit: Stacker
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Karen Women Village Chiefs: Leadership During and After Armed Conflict
The period before the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement (NCA) in 2011 was marked by intense armed conflict that had a profound impact on women, particularly in the Karen State of Burma (Jolliffe, 2015). The Karen community, a significant ethnic group in Burma, has been subjected to severe political constraints, economic manipulation, and cultural oppression by the Burmese military regimes (Milbrandt, 2012). The strategies employed by the Burma Army were designed to quash armed ethnic resistance groups by cutting off their access to essential resources such as food, funds, manpower, and information. This approach resulted in extensive military hostility and economic transgressions in the Karen State (‘Kill Me Instead of Them’ A Report on the Resilience of Karen Women Village Chiefs, 2020).
Women and children bore the brunt of these conflicts, enduring random detentions and executions, physical torment, homicide, forced relocation and land seizure, and coerced enrollment into military support roles. They were also subjected to sexual violence and abuse (Falb et al., 2013).
In spite of the adversities, Karen women holding leadership roles leveraged their influence to shield their communities from the threats and assaults of the Burma Army (Karen Women Organization, 2010). Many of these women village chiefs, despite being unlettered or having minimal education, relied on their lived experiences and learned from their mistakes to make crucial decisions. They promptly addressed the soldiers’ demands to prevent any backlash against their fellow villagers (KWO, 2010).
As men became increasingly hesitant to put their lives at risk by taking on the role of village chiefs, women courageously stepped forward to fill these leadership positions, hoping to alleviate the abuses inflicted on their communities. However, the narratives of these women chiefs reveal that they were not spared from the brutality of the Burma Army. In fact, they continued to endure systematic abuse, including violence specifically targeted at their gender (KWO, 2010). The village chiefs also organized meetings to keep the villagers aware of what was happening, and to consult them on how to proceed in the most beneficial way, given the demands of the Burma Army and Karen soldiers.
The period before the NCA was marked by intense armed conflict that had a profound impact on women, particularly those in leadership positions. Despite the challenges, these women showed resilience and courage in protecting their communities.
This paper seeks to delve into the intricate dynamics of gender, conflict, and leadership within the context of the Karen National Union’s control areas. It aims to answer two primary research questions:
- What are the challenges that Karen women village chiefs face during armed conflict from the gender perspective under Karen National Union’s control areas?
- How does the National Ceasefire Agreement (NCA) affect women’s access to community leadership roles?
In the following sections, I will delve deeper into these questions, drawing from existing literature, case studies, and peer reviewed journal articles. I will also explore the broader context of women’s roles in armed conflict, the concept of patriarchy in Karen State, and the barriers and challenges women face in accessing community leadership roles. The goal is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the experiences of Karen women village chiefs during and after armed conflict.
Need help in writing a dissertation on the topic related to Karan women or Women leadership in war? Our Academic Writers can assist you at the lowest price but top-notch quality. Contact us and get a Free Dissertation Proposal on your first order
‘Kill Me Instead of Them’ A Report on the Resilience of Karen Women Village Chiefs. (2020). Available at: https://karenwomen.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/report_kill-me-instead-of-them-eng-1.pdf.
Falb, K.L., McCormick, M.C., Hemenway, D., Anfinson, K. and Silverman, J.G., 2013. Violence against refugee women along the Thai–Burma border. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 120(3), pp.279-283.
Jolliffe, K., 2015. Ethnic armed conflict and territorial administration in Myanmar. The Asia Foundation, 89.
Karen Women Organization. 2010. Walking amongst sharp knives. Available at: https://karenwomen.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/walkingamongstsharpknives.pdf
Milbrandt, J., 2012. Tracking genocide: Persecution of the Karen in Burma. Tex. Int’l LJ, 48, p.63.
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2.4. Configuration examples
The following examples provide real-world demonstrations of how SELinux complements the Apache HTTP Server and how full function of the Apache HTTP Server can be maintained.
2.4.1. Running a static site
To create a static website, label the
.htmlfiles for that website with the
httpd_sys_content_ttype. By default, the Apache HTTP Server cannot write to files that are labeled with the
httpd_sys_content_ttype. The following example creates a new directory to store files for a read-only website:
- Run the
mkdir /mywebsitecommand as the root user to create a top-level directory.
- As the root user, create a
/mywebsite/index.htmlfile. Copy and paste the following content into
<html> <h2>index.html from /mywebsite/</h2> </html>
- To allow the Apache HTTP Server read only access to
/mywebsite/, as well as files and subdirectories under it, label
httpd_sys_content_ttype. Run the following command as the root user to add the label change to file-context configuration:
semanage fcontext -a -t httpd_sys_content_t "/mywebsite(/.*)?"
- Run the
restorecon -R -v /mywebsitecommand as the root user to make the label changes:
restorecon -R -v /mywebsiterestorecon reset /mywebsite context unconfined_u:object_r:default_t:s0->system_u:object_r:httpd_sys_content_t:s0 restorecon reset /mywebsite/index.html context unconfined_u:object_r:default_t:s0->system_u:object_r:httpd_sys_content_t:s0
- For this example, edit
/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.confas the root user. Comment out the existing
DocumentRootoption. Add a
DocumentRoot "/mywebsite"option. After editing, these options should look as follows:
#DocumentRoot "/var/www/html" DocumentRoot "/mywebsite"
- Run the
service httpd statuscommand as the root user to see the status of the Apache HTTP Server. If the server is stopped, run the
service httpd startcommand as the root user to start it. If the server is running, run the
service httpd restartcommand as the root user to restart the service (this also applies any changes made to
- Use a web browser to navigate to
http://localhost/index.html. The following is displayed:
index.html from /mywebsite/
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Myanmar recorded 254 battles in 2015, compared to Pakistan’s 274. Geographically, Myanmar’s battles are concentrated largely in two of its northern states: Shan and Kachin (see figure below). This area of Myanmar recorded nearly as many battles as all of Pakistan.
Since Myanmar’s coup d’etat in 1962, which transitioned the country to strict authoritarian military rule, the government has continued to stifle independence movements from the mountainous areas of Shan and Kachin. For decades, local ethnic groups in these two states have taken up arms against the central government in an attempt to achieve independence. Though government and rebel leaders have signed several ceasefire agreements over the years, constant violence between the government and ethnic rebel groups has persisted and no comprehensive, lasting peace has held.
In October 2015, the government and eight rebel groups (The All Burma Students’ Democratic Front (ABSDF), Arakan Liberation Party, Chin National Front, Democratic Karen Benevolent Army, Karen National Liberation Army-Peace Council, Karen National Union, Pa-O National Liberation Organization and Shan State Army-South) signed a ceasefire agreement. The government agreed to remove the organizations from its list of terrorist groups and extend development assistance to the regions they governed. Several of the largest, most powerful groups, however, refused to sign the final document, citing ongoing military attacks that were displacing civilian populations. Groups that refused to sign included the United Wa State Army, the Kachin Independence Army (KIA) and Shan State Army-North (SSA-N). Other groups, such as the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army (MNDAA) and the Ta’ang National Liberation Army (TNLA), were not included in the talks due to the government’s refusal to recognize their legitimacy (Radio Free Asia, October 2015). Leaders from the TNLA expressed doubts the ceasefire would hold, citing past failures, ongoing military operations endangering civilians, and the exclusion of important rebel groups (Radio Free Asia, October 2015). Since October 2015, Myanmar’s military leadership has targeted rebel groups in the North and East of the country, displacing thousands of civilians.
Overall, violence occurring in Myanmar’s pockets of conflict declined in 2015 compared to previous years. The most active rebel groups that have refused to sign a ceasefire agreement with the government include the MNDAA, KIA, TNLA, and the Arakan Army (AA). The Myanmar Peace Monitor collects estimates of clashes of each group. Together, these groups accounted for 80% of all battles in Myanmar. MNDAA remained the only group that substantially increased their military offensive against Myanmar in 2015. engaging in at least 15 clashes in 2014 while ACLED recorded 69 clashes in 2015, a 360% increase (Myanmar Peace Monitor, August 2015). Though no numbers were available for previous years, ACLED recorded 12 battles involving the Arakan Army in 2015. The TNLA clashed at least 80 times in 2012, 42 times in 2013, and 113 in 2014 (Myanmar Peace Monitor, August 2015). ACLED recorded TNLA engaging in 70 battles, 64 of which involved Myanmar’s armed forces, decreasing significantly from the previous year. The remaining 6 battles included clashes with rival political militias and a communal militia. Finally, the KIA’s violent encounters decreased markedly from more than 2,400 in 2012, to less than 1500 encounters in 2013, to only 73 reported clashes in 2014. ACLED recorded 66 battles involving the KIA in 2015. Despite KIA, TNLA and AA’s refusals to sign the most recent ceasefire agreement, the number of violent interactions against the government committed by these groups during 2015 significantly decreased.
Myanmar’s latest attempt at reaching a peace agreement was largely regarded as a political maneuver designed to sway election results in November 2015. Leader of Myanmar’s National League for Democracy Party, Aung San Suu Kyi was held under house arrest by the current regime for 15 years. However, Suu Kyi recently expressed support for the ceasefire, surprising many and spurring additional rebel groups to consider the proposition (Reuters, January 2016). Suu Kyi’s historic opposition to the regime paired with her recent support for the ceasefire has spurred serious consideration from major opposition groups and greater hope for a lasting, more inclusive peace between the government and Myanmar’s major rebel groups. After decades of broken peace accords and persistent conflict between Naypyidaw’s leadership and ethnic rebel groups, a lasting peace accord would significantly reshape domestic security, governance capabilities, and potentially resource distribution to the ethnic majority regions in Myanmar. It is unlikely, however, that a lasting peace will come about with the continued exclusion of several prominent rebel groups that have vowed to continue their military campaigns against the government.
This report was originally featured in the February ACLED-Asia Conflict Trends Report the fourth report in our series. The analysis is based on ACLED real-time and historical data on political violence and protests from ten countries in South and Southeast Asia. Monthly data updates are published through our research partners at Complex Emergencies and Political Stability in Asia (CEPSA) and are also available on the ACLED website.
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Bamun Beaded Face Mask with Raffia Cameroon
The art of the grasslands area of Cameroon is a royal art, devoted to the veneration of ancestors and the enrichment of the Fon, or main chief. The Cameroon Grasslands is a large and extremely diverse cultural area, inhabited by a large number of related peoples. The main groups are the Bamilike, Bamum, and Bamenda Tikar. The Bamileke are one of the artistically elite groups of the Cameroon Grasslands, along with the Bamun and the Bamenda Tikar. These groups produce an array of beautiful and unique objects, which are used almost exclusively by the royal courts of the regional Fon. There are also numerous, still-smaller groups, which are loosely affiliated with one another and share many historical and political similarities. All of these groups originally came from an area to the north, scattering in complex patterns during the last several centuries. Fulani traders moving steadily southwards into Cameroon during the 17th century forced the southern movement of most of the current residents. The dense forests, though now disappearing, and the scattered nature of the many tiny villages, have made the study of this area a daunting task for ethnologists, and has prevented the development of a "school of thought" concerning their artistic output.
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en
| 0.950238 | 266 | 2.75 | 3 |
Lewis Carroll: Alice in Wonderland
‘Tell us a story!’ said the March Hare.
‘Yes, please do!’ pleaded Alice.
‘And be quick about it,’ added the Hatter, ‘or you’ll be asleep again before it’s done.’
‘Once upon a time there were three little sisters,’ the Dormouse began in a great hurry; ‘and their names were Elsie, Lacie, and Tillie; and they lived at the bottom of a well—’
‘What did they live on?’ said Alice, who always took a great interest in questions of eating and drinking.
‘They lived on treacle,’ said the Dormouse, after thinking a minute or two.
‘They couldn’t have done that, you know,’ Alice gently remarked; ‘they’d have been ill.’
‘So they were,’ said the Dormouse; ‘VERY ill.’
Alice tried to fancy to herself what such an extraordinary ways of living would be like, but it puzzled her too much, so she went on: ‘But why did they live at the bottom of a well?’
‘Take some more tea,’ the March Hare said to Alice, very earnestly.
Comments are closed.
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<urn:uuid:f3b8bd83-5dab-46b5-9c6e-181fae54dfd0>
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://airportbirchesmotel.co.nz/lewis-carroll-alice-in-wonderland/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100710.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208013411-20231208043411-00100.warc.gz
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en
| 0.975011 | 301 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Get prepared to learn all the things you ever wanted to know about the basic phrase “On y va”.
Including a full guide of what it is and how you can use it in a normal conversation with an audio example. And because learning a new language is important, we also sprinkled super useful stuff like dialogue example, slow pronunciation audio, synonym and more!
French people are using “On y va” (Let’s go) when they are on the verge of going somewhere or starting something (typically: a group activity).
It’s composed of “On” (Us), the adverbial pronoun “y” which refers to the place you are going or what you are starting and “va” from the verb “aller” (to go).
Because this is conjugated with “Us” (On) it implies that you are included in the “Us“. If you are not included, because you are not going or not taking part in the activity, use instead “Allez-y“.
You are waiting for your friends to enter the theater, and a group of people politely ask you if they can pass before you. You answer: “Bien sûr, allez-y” (Sure, go).
Your friends finally arrive, you want to be sure they are all ready, so you ask: “On y va ?” (Let’s go?). Because this time you are included in the group.
They are all ready, then you can say: “On y va.” (Let’s go.)
Also, if you want to be more precise about where you are going or what you are going to do, replace “y” by the place or activity. Ex: “On va au cinéma.” (We are going to the theater.)
If you want to use the slang versions, you have the choice between “Allez !” (Go!), “C’est tipar” (Reversed version of “C’est parti“) or even “C’est parti mon kiki” (literally: “Let’s go my hoo-ha“.)
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<urn:uuid:e53eb372-ac44-4912-9246-55dd79240bd4>
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://allaboutfrench.com/y-aller
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100710.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208013411-20231208043411-00100.warc.gz
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en
| 0.927423 | 494 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Bronze strip is an important construction material that is made into long and narrow strips of bronze alloy. This material is used to produce devices, electrical systems, machine parts and other products that require important features of bronze.
Here are some key features and benefits of a bronze wristband:
- Strength and durability: Bronze tape is characterized by high strength and wear resistance, making it an excellent material for the production of parts subject to high loads.
- Corrosion Resistance: Has corrosion resistance properties, making it durable in humid or aggressive environments.
- Well machinable: Bronze strip is easy to process, it can be cut, drilled, galvanized, polished and machined into various shapes.
- Thermal conductivity: It is a good conductor of heat, therefore it is used in the production of heat-conducting systems and parts.
- Aesthetic appearance: The golden or brown color of this material allows it to be used in decorative products and jewelry.
- Environmental Sustainability: Bronze tape can be reused without loss of quality, making it an environmentally friendly material.
This list shows the important features and advantages of bronze strip that make it an important element in various industrial and manufacturing fields.
We will contact you within one working day.
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<urn:uuid:eb876959-d748-4b75-b0d9-673f397be4e6>
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://alloy-metal.pl/en/bronze/bronze-stripe/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100710.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208013411-20231208043411-00100.warc.gz
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en
| 0.913079 | 256 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Genetic counselling is a specialised and essential part of oncology care that assesses a patient’s genetic predisposition to cancer and provides them with information, emotional support, and guidance to make informed healthcare decisions.
Personal and family medical history is examined before cancer genetic counselling. The counsellor discusses numerous generations of cancer and its forms. This review helps detect patterns that may indicate a hereditary cancer syndrome, which is caused by gene mutations that raise cancer risk.
After identifying a familial cancer risk, the genetic counsellor discusses genetic testing with the patient. Mutations in cancer-susceptibility genes are detected through genetic testing. The counsellor discusses genetic testing's pros, cons, and the risk of hereditary cancer.
If the patient wishes to undergo genetic testing, the counsellor helps gather blood or saliva samples and coordinates with a genetics laboratory for examination. After the results are obtained, the counsellor helps the patient understand them.
Genetic counselling for cancer patients must address how genetic test results affect cancer risk management and therapy. If a mutation is found, the counsellor collaborates with the patient and healthcare team to create a risk management and surveillance strategy. More frequent cancer screenings, risk-reducing operations, chemoprevention, or targeted therapy may be used.
Genetic counsellors support patients and families emotionally throughout the process. They discuss the psychological and emotional effects of finding about a hereditary cancer risk and how to tell family members who may be at danger.
Genetic counselling evolves as genetics and cancer risk information changes. As genetics and cancer research advance, patients may receive assistance and updates.
In conclusion, cancer patients receive genetic counselling to identify genetic cancer risk, facilitate genetic testing, interpret results, and create personalized risk management and treatment regimens. Patients and their families receive emotional support as they traverse the challenging and often emotional road of genetic cancer risk.
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<urn:uuid:a1045e56-d889-4664-b208-55dba6420071>
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://anilcancerclinic.com/genetic-counselling/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100710.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208013411-20231208043411-00100.warc.gz
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en
| 0.910692 | 386 | 3.078125 | 3 |
A concept like regulation and compliance has a lot more facets to it than most people realize. Even though it is supposed to be universal in nature, everyone’s interpretation of the concept seems to vary by some degree at the least. Now, it’s more about how your organization is set-up and what kind of compliance obligations you have to deal with, but at the same time, our perception of compliance is also hugely influenced by external forces. For instance, the reputation of compliance industry in the olden times wasn’t necessarily positive amongst the companies due to its lack of consideration for their operations. Nevertheless, this changed big time after technology entered the fold. On a granular level, this change of heart was orchestrated by many things, but mainly it was being able to use compliance tools for adding value to your business that did the job, except all of it came at an expense. The inclusion of technology brought its vulnerabilities with it, and that alone laid the foundations for many problems along the way. It’s hard to quantify the level on which these problems affected the companies, but if we have to take a reference point, the fact that regulators had to foray into cybersecurity compliance conveys the picture sufficiently. Lately, however, our efforts for securing the cyberspace have faced bigger questions than ever before. As a result of it, the regulatory bodies are now extensively focusing on this frontier, and they have just made another step towards making it better.
NSA along with Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) have recently issued fresh guidelines for VPN technology, as the authorities ramp up their attention to helping companies in becoming more cyber resilient. The Cybersecurity Information Sheet presents the companies with concrete methods through which they can secure their VPNs, thus reducing the potential surface for attack.
Using loopholes-ridden VPNs has long been observed as a dangerously easy way to steal credentials, execute arbitrary code remotely on devices, and weaken or hijack the encrypted communications. However, with concern about digital space’s reliability growing by the second, the need to fix this issue has never looked greater.
“These effects usually lead to further malicious access through the VPN, resulting in large-scale compromise of the corporate network or identity infrastructure and sometimes of separate services as well,” the agencies claimed in their statement.
To mitigate these vulnerabilities, the regulatory advice is to enlist standards-based (IKE/ IPSec) VPNs from vendors that are well-established as the facilitators of a secure experience and also mandate the use of strong authentication credentials. Apart from that, the companies were also encouraged to keep an eye on the access to and from their VPN. This can, of course, be done through intrusion prevention (IPS), web application firewalls (WAFs), network segmentation, and remote, as well as local logging.
The cybersecurity crisis has sent out a much-needed wakeup call to everyone, hence if we are to take away something positive from it, let it be a lesson of better protecting our tech systems.
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<urn:uuid:e075db53-53fe-4b92-8b5d-4d386d7d3241>
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://apac.grcoutlook.com/scaling-up-the-cyber-walls/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100710.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208013411-20231208043411-00100.warc.gz
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en
| 0.971041 | 622 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Antimicrobial Resistance in Wildlife in Guadeloupe (French West Indies): Distribution of a Singlebla(CTX-M-1)/IncI1/ST3 Plasmid Among Humans and Wild Animals
|Author(s)||Guyomard-Rabenirina Stephanie1, Reynaud Yann1, Pot Matthieu1, Albina Emmanuel2, 3, Couvin David1, Ducat Celia1, Gruel Gaelle1, Ferdinand Severine1, Legreneur Pierre4, Le Hello Simon5, 6, Malpote Edith7, Sadikalay Syndia1, Talarmin Antoine1, Breurec Sebastien1, 8, 9|
|Affiliation(s)||1 : Inst Pasteur Guadeloupe, Transmiss Reservoir & Divers Pathogens Unit, Pointe A Pitre, Guadeloupe, France.
2 : CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France.
3 : Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, UMR ASTRE, F-34398 Montpellier, France.
4 : Univ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Univ Lyon, Interuniv Lab Human Movement Biol E4 7424, Villeurbanne, France.
5 : Inst Pasteur, Enter Bacterial Pathogens Unit, Paris, France.
6 : Univ Caen Normandy, EA2656, GRAM 2 0, UNICAEN,Grp Rech Adaptat Microbienne, Caen, France.
7 : Univ Hosp Guadeloupe, Lab Clin Microbiol, Pointe A Pitre, Guadeloupe, France.
8 : Univ Antilles, Fac Med Hyacinthe Bastaraud, Pointe A Pitre, Guadeloupe, France.
9 : Ctr Clin Invest 1424, INSERM, Pointe A Pitre, Guadeloupe, France.
|Source||Frontiers In Microbiology (1664-302X) (Frontiers Media Sa), 2020-07 , Vol. 11 , P. 1524 (11p.)|
|WOS© Times Cited||18|
|Keyword(s)||Escherichia coli, wild animals, antimicrobial resistance, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, plasmid|
|Abstract||Limited data are available on the contribution of wildlife to the spread of antibacterial resistance. We determined the prevalence of resistance to antibiotics inEscherichia coliisolates collected from wild animals in 2013 and 2014 and the genetic basis for resistance to third-generation cephalosporin in Guadeloupe. We recovered 52 antibiotic-resistant (AR)E. colistrains from 48 of the 884 (5.4%) wild animals tested (46 iguanas, 181 birds, 289 anoles, and 368 rodents at 163 sampling sites). Rodents had higher rates of carriage (n= 38, 10.3%) than reptiles and birds (2.4% and 1.1%, respectively,p< 0.001). A significant association (p< 0.001) was found between the degree of anthropization and the frequency of ARE. colicarriage for all species. The carriage rate of ciprofloxacin- and cefotaxime-resistant isolates was 0.7% (6/884) and 1.5% (13/884), respectively. Most (65.4%) ARE. coliwere multi-drug resistant, and the prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producingE. coliwas low (n= 7, 0.8%) in all species. Eight ESBL-producingE. coliwere recovered, two genetically unrelated isolates being found in one bird. These isolates and 20 human invasive ESBLE. coliisolates collected in Guadeloupe during the same period were investigated by whole genome sequencing.bla(CTX-M-1)was the only ESBL gene shared by three animal classes (humans,n= 2; birds,n= 2; rodents,n= 2). Thebla(CTX-M-1)gene and most of the antimicrobial resistance genes were present in a large conjugative IncI1 plasmid that was highly similar (>99% nucleotide identity) to ESBL-carrying plasmids found in several countries in Europe and in Australia. Although the prevalence of ESBL-producingE. coliisolates was very low in wild animals, it is of concern that the well-conserved IncI1 plasmid-carryingbla(CTX-M-1)is widespread and occurs in variousE. colistrains from animals and humans.|
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<urn:uuid:08fd4203-b6ad-497d-8769-88b410921e38>
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00771/88293/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100710.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208013411-20231208043411-00100.warc.gz
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en
| 0.746446 | 1,005 | 2.546875 | 3 |
By RNZ Pacific
An estimated 2000 people have joined a march in French Polynesia this week to mark the 53rd anniversary of France’s first atomic weapons test in the Pacific.
The first test was on July 2, 1966, after nuclear testing was moved from Algeria to the Tuamotus.
Organisers of the Association 193 described it as a “sad date that plunged the Polynesia people into mourning forever”.
The test on Moruroa atoll was the first of 193 which were carried out over three decades until 1996.
The march was to the Place Pouvanaa a Oopa honouring a Tahitian leader.
The march and rally were called by test veterans’ groups and the Maohi Protestant church to also highlight the test victims’ difficulties in getting compensation for ill health.
After changes to the French compensation law, the nuclear-free organisation Moruroa e Tatou wants it to be scrapped as it now compensates no-one.
The Association 193 said it was withdrawing from the project of the French state and the French Polynesian government to build a memorial site in Papeete, saying it will only serve as propaganda.
Apart from reparations for the victims, the organisation wants studies to be carried out into the genetic impact of radiation exposure.
- This article is published under the Pacific Media Centre’s content partnership with Radio New Zealand.
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<urn:uuid:0fac3087-0882-4a1f-bb1a-4255d7f92850>
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://asiapacificreport.nz/2019/07/05/marches-in-tahiti-mourn-french-nuclear-weapons-test-legacy/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100710.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208013411-20231208043411-00100.warc.gz
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en
| 0.964876 | 293 | 2.859375 | 3 |
The manubrium of the malleus is the portion of the malleus bone that attaches to the tympanic membrane. It is also known as the handle of the malleus. The manubrium is responsible for transmitting sound vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the incus, the next bone in the auditory ossicular chain.
What is part of the malleus bone?
The malleus is one of the three auditory ossicles in the middle ear. The other two ossicles are the incus and the stapes. The malleus is shaped like a hammer, and it is the largest of the three ossicles.
What is the malleus of the tympanic membrane?
The malleus is the bone that attaches to the tympanic membrane. The tympanic membrane is a thin, semi-transparent membrane that separates the outer ear from the middle ear. The malleus attaches to the tympanic membrane at a point called the umbo.
What is the handle of the malleus also called?
The handle of the malleus is also called the manubrium. The manubrium is the part of the malleus that attaches to the tympanic membrane.
What is the main function of the malleus?
The main function of the malleus is to transmit sound vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the incus. The incus then transmits the sound vibrations to the stapes, which in turn transmits the sound vibrations to the inner ear. The inner ear converts the sound vibrations into electrical signals that are sent to the brain.
In audiology, the manubrium of the malleus is often used as a reference point for measuring hearing loss.
The manubrium of the malleus is a relatively stable structure, so it can be used as a reference point for measuring changes in the mobility of the tympanic membrane. This information can be used to diagnose hearing loss and to monitor the effectiveness of treatment.
If you are experiencing hearing loss, it is important to see an audiologist for diagnosis and treatment.
The audiologist will be able to assess your hearing and determine if the manubrium of the malleus is affected. If the manubrium of the malleus is affected, the audiologist may recommend treatment options, such as surgery or hearing aids.
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<urn:uuid:382166a0-90b7-42fa-bf85-1826396ffbd5>
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://askanaudiologist.com/glossary/manubrium-of-the-malleus/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100710.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208013411-20231208043411-00100.warc.gz
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en
| 0.894475 | 500 | 3.859375 | 4 |
Consistent Changes in the Sea Ice Seasonal Cycle in Response to Global Warming
The Northern Hemisphere sea ice cover has diminished rapidly in recent years and is projected to continue to diminish in the future. The year-to-year retreat of Northern Hemisphere sea ice extent is faster in summer than winter, which has been identified as one of the most striking features of satellite observations as well as of state-of-the-art climate model projections. This is typically understood to imply that the sea ice cover is most sensitive to climate forcing in summertime, and previous studies have explained this by calling on factors such as the surface albedo feedback. In the Southern Hemisphere, however, it is the wintertime sea ice extent that retreats fastest in climate model projections. Here, it is shown that the interhemispheric differences in the model projections can be attributed to differences in coastline geometry, which constrain where sea ice can occur. After accounting for coastline geometry, it is found that the sea ice changes simulated in both hemispheres in most climate models are consistent with sea ice retreat being fastest in winter in the absence of landmasses. These results demonstrate that, despite the widely differing rates of ice retreat among climate model projections, the seasonal structure of the sea ice retreat is robust among the models and is uniform in both hemispheres.
© 2011 American Meteorological Society. Received: September 3, 2010; Accepted: March 16, 2011 This work was supported by a TPF Postdoctoral Fellowship through the Caltech Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, a NOAA Climate and Global Change Postdoctoral Fellowship administered by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, a David and Lucile Packard Fellowship, and the Davidow Discovery Fund. We thank the modeling groups and the Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison for making available the CMIP3 multimodel dataset.
Published - Eisenman2011p16294J_Climate.pdf
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<urn:uuid:81d668ab-2cba-4c54-9e57-5a7bf4dbc3ea>
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/athzm-a7c30
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100710.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208013411-20231208043411-00100.warc.gz
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en
| 0.946956 | 391 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Forecasting precipitation in arid and semi-arid regions, in Jordan in the Middle East for example, has particular importance since precipitation is the unique source of water in such regions. In this study, 1-month ahead precipitation forecasts are made using artificial neural network (ANN) models. Feed forward back propagation (FFBP), radial basis function (RBF) and generalized regression type ANNs are used and compared with a simple multiple linear regression (MLR) model. The models are tested on monthly total precipitation recorded at three meteorological stations (Baqura, Amman and Safawi) from different climatological regions in Jordan. For the three stations, it is found that the best calibrated model is FFBP with respect to all performance criteria used in the study, including determination coefficient, mean square error, mean absolute error, the slope and the intercept in the best-fit linear line of the scatter diagram. In the validation stage, FFBP is again the best model in Baqura and Amman. However, in Safawi, the driest station, not only FFBP but also RBF and MLR perform equally well depending on the performance criterion under consideration.
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<urn:uuid:8caf97fb-9d80-40bf-8ad6-46ec6a4d32d3>
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://avesis.itu.edu.tr/yayin/8ddf75e3-8591-4341-9841-7a5deb75c597/artificial-neural-network-models-for-forecasting-monthly-precipitation-in-jordan
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100710.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208013411-20231208043411-00100.warc.gz
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en
| 0.909062 | 238 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Gernot Maria Rudolph Winkler was born October 17, 1922 in Frohnleiten (Styria) Austria, the son of Gustav and Eleanor (Schneider) Winkler. He had an interest in astronomy from age 12, when he came across a book by German spaceflight pioneer Hermann Oberth. He was also influenced by the science fiction writer Jules Verne.
As a youth he was a radio amateur proficient in Morse code, which enabled him to avoid front line duty when he was drafted, much against his will, to the German army. He spent seven years in the army, two of them as a prisoner of war in American custody in southern Italy. Returning to Austria in 1947, he immediately resumed his studies at the University of Graz. There his interests evolved toward the mathematical sciences, including geophysics, physics, and astronomy. His PhD. in 1952 was on theoretical physics, specifically the mathematical modeling of coupled electromagnetic cavities used to support the microwave engineering industry. He was also associated with the Astronomy Department’s Solar Observatory, Kanzelhoehe.
Dr. Winkler came to the United States in 1956 and began work with his fellow Austrian, Fritz Reder, in the microwave resonance branch of the U. S. Army Signal Corps, Monmouth, NJ, where they were supporting work on the first atomic clocks, the Atomichron, for the National Radio Company. These devices had a stability of one part in 1011, and became the first commercially-produced frequency standards. He earned six patents for his personal contributions to maser and oscillator stabilization. He also worked on ionospheric radio transmission, organizing and participating in several expeditions to the Greenland ice cap, as well as Antarctica. Beginning with the fall of 1956, Winkler began coming to the U. S. Naval Observatory (USNO) for a series of consultations with Time Service Director, William Markowitz, about the frequency to be used for cesium atomic clocks.
In 1966, on Markowitz’s retirement, Observatory Director Kaj Strand invited Winkler to apply for Markowitz’s position as Director of Time Service at the Naval Observatory, and he reported for duty in October of that year. Although the Observatory had atomic clocks under Markowitz, a Western Electric 2.5 megahertz quartz crystal clock, calibrated against the cesium standard, still served as the Master Clock. One of Winkler’s first actions as Director was to make the Cesium atomic clock the Master Clock, thus transitioning the Observatory to the atomic clock era. From then on, under his leadership, the Time Service Department and the USNO grew and prospered.
During his tenure one of the primary goals was building a Master Clock system second to none, and another was to disseminate its time to the nation and the world. In doing so he published 86 papers. As an administrator, he secured funding for development, kick-start purchases, and operational use of a variety of innovations, such as 5071 Cesium frequency standards, Hydrogen masers, Mercury stored-ion clocks, and Two Way Satellite Time Transfer (TWSTT). This was done not only by incorporating the latest atomic clocks as they were developed, but also by increasing the number of clocks and applying sophisticated statistical techniques and computer technology to produce the time scale. He introduced the Naval Observatory time transfer service using portable atomic clocks, and later pioneered in using GPS for the same purpose. In collaboration with others, the USNO tested relativity by flying several atomic clocks around the world in each direction, and later by using microwaves reflected off the Washington Cathedral to test the isotropy of the speed of light.
He oversaw improvements in the observational methods and determination of Earth orientation parameters by developing the world’s largest photographic zenith tube (a 26-inch PZT) and beginning the routine use of connected element interferometry. During his tenure data acquired from lunar and satellite laser ranging, and very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) were used to improve the Naval Observatory's Earth orientation data services. With support from Naval Research Laboratory, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration, a correlator for the analysis of VLBI observations was installed at USNO, leading to the establishment of the Earth Orientation Department at USNO. One of his achievements was to convince the Air Force that the USNO should be the source and monitor of time for the GPS system.
Dr. Winkler was a leader in international organizations dealing with time. He served on numerous national and international boards and commissions. He led the International Consultative Committee for Radio communications (CCIR) activity in the definition of UTC with leap seconds in 1972, which established atomic time as the worldwide time standard. He also led International Astronomical Union (IAU) activities concerning the specifications of the determinations of time scales.
He co-founded the Precise Time and Time Interval (PTTI) Systems and Application Meetings. Starting from a small group of government agencies in 1969, it grew to be one of the core forums where practical timekeeping knowledge could be shared and discussed. The complete proceedings through 2012 can be found on-line on http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/ptti. Starting with 2013, PTTI meetings have become part of the Institute of Navigation’s program, and now known as ION-PTTI.
He remained the Director of Time Service for thirty years, until his retirement in 1995. For several years thereafter he retained an office at the USNO, and also worked with Innovative Solutions International as a consultant in the FAA’s GPS enhancement, the Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS).
To those in Time Service, Gernot was an inspiring leader in every way. A strong and supportive manager, aided by his “von-Braun” accent, he always encouraged his employees to do their best. One of his favorite techniques was to praise someone behind his back about something very specific, because he knew the word would get back to him/her. He would follow his employees’ progress, and would welcome them into his small, densely-packed but well-organized office to talk to them about it. As a role model Winkler was an intellectual giant who was happy to share. Many learned timekeeping from his technical review articles, and very much enjoyed learning philosophy from his almost-as-technical essays on not just the nature of time but of such concepts as deism, determinism, realism, subjectivism, monism, and positivism. Some of these are available in the form of essays at his website http://gmrwinkler.net.
Awards and Honors: In 1970 he was elected a Fellow of the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers). In 1984 he was awarded the Presidential Rank Award for Meritorious Executive in the Senor Executive Service. In 1988 at the International Frequency Control Symposium, he was awarded the I.I. Rabi Award. In 1994, at the 26th Annual Precise Time and Time Interval (PTTI) Applications and Planning Meeting, he received the Distinguished Service Award.
Winkler was preceded in death by his beloved wife Renate Anna Franziska Winkler, née Strafella (Nov. 3, 1923 - March 31, 2014). He eulogized her at http://gmrwinkler.net/Memoriam.html. He is survived by his children Vic and Trixi Winkler.
For more information, see Steven Dick’s interview with Dr. Winkler in 1989, undertaken as part of the U. S. Naval Observatory history, Sky and Ocean Joined (Cambridge, 2003). The full transcript is available in the Observatory Library in Washington, D.C. Award citations can be found at http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/ptti/1994papers/Vol%2026_00.pdf and http://www.ieee-uffc.org/frequency-control/awards-rabi.asp.
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<urn:uuid:a9b36f07-f128-4508-bec6-739c78a17bd0>
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://baas.aas.org/pub/gernot-maria-rudolph-winkler-1922-2016-5/release/1
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100710.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208013411-20231208043411-00100.warc.gz
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en
| 0.963796 | 1,668 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Climate change, now increasingly called the climate crisis, is a fact. Individual choice in everyday life is key to saving our planet. That's why we present you with some affordable and effective actions that we can take to help reduce catastrophic changes in the environment.
Let's Use Reusable Items:
This is the easiest and most important choice we can make. In addition to saving money in the long run, we also reduce the amount of garbage behind us. Also, limiting plastics and using alternative products has a positive effect on our health and the environment!
What To Do:
We can replace the plastic shopping bag with one made of fabric, paper or other reusable ones. And when we use nylon - let's find more uses for it before we throw it away.
Let's choose glass / stainless steel / water bottles made of other materials, travel glasses. In this way we do not harm our health and we have a unique product that we can use again and again for years!
Straws can also become a reusable item. More and more restaurants offer straws made of bamboo, metal or even made of wheat!
Let's Say "YES" To Bamboo Products For Personal Hygiene
Properly covered, it will withstand a great deal of adverse conditions. It recovers on its own extremely quickly, even after cutting the aboveground part. It does not harm our health and is degradable! What to replace:
Replace Plastic Toothbrush With Bamboo
This is an easy step, but extremely necessary. In reality, for almost the same price, we choose whether to produce perpetual waste. Another advantage of bamboo toothbrushes is that they are antimicrobial!
Replace Plastic Earplugs With Bamboo
This is a necessary hygiene product. They are not a problem for you or for nature when they are made of bamboo.
And why not use:
Bamboo bathroom accessories, makeup brushes made of bamboo
They are light, unbreakable and stainless! Convenient to use and harmless unlike plastic.
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New generations lack the concepts of files and folders organization as they rely on search methods or search engines to find what they need.
In 2017, astronomer Catherine Garland first noticed the issue. Her students were modeling turbines for jet engines using simulation software as she taught an engineering course.
Students kept calling her over for assistance despite the fact that she had clearly spelled out the homework. They were all experiencing the same error: The application was unable to locate their files.
The original article is:
File not found – A generation that grew up with Google is forcing professors to rethink their lesson plans. By Monica Chin / @mcsquared96. Sep 22, 2021
The old model:
Folders, also called directories, are organized in a hierarchical system used to arrange files within them. A computer stores a file in one of three folders: “Downloads,” “Desktop,” or “Documents,” each of which is located on “This PC” and may have subfolders nested inside it. Therefore the files and folders are “local” and stored on the hard drive of the computer.
The new model:
All files are stored in one place and located thanks to a search method that is part of the operating system, or by the “app” that will make use of the file.
The gist of things
The old model is what new users do not understand as they are used to working on smart phones or using a search engine, either local to the computer or within a web browser. The problem arose in 2017, 10 years after the first iphone.
The ambiguous conclusion is that while it might be useful to teach new generations about the directory structure paradigm, in the end it may be necessary to change how we work with computers (and program software) to not have to rely on this folder structure.
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Dogs take their jobs seriously: All members of the Postal Service rightly deserve to be barked at, no squirrel may enter the yard unchased, and scraps of food dropped from the kitchen table must be summarily Hoovered up. That said, the dog’s position in human society was once tightly woven into more essential functions, be it herding livestock, retrieving hunted game, or signaling the presence of trespassers. The bond between people and dogs was forged through partnership and collaboration — and in times of conflict, too.
From ancient Egypt through modern times, dogs have played a role in the theater of war. Before you let your imagination run wild with legions of loyal Labradors in coats of mail charging into battle, slobbering in the wind, dogs were enlisted for such attacks with exceeding rarity. The historical record is packed with instances of camels, elephants, and horses marching into large-scale conflict, but in the overwhelming majority of cases, dogs worked jobs more suited to their natural talents: guarding, patrolling, tracking, and acting as envoys and sentries. In 19 BCE, when the king of the Garamantes tribe of the Sahara made his way back from Roman exile, he was accompanied by 200 dogs in his protective detail — and they weren’t toy poodles. After all, dogs were not bred exclusively for war, but those used for hunting and guarding were most adaptable to the harsh realities of combat. The Lydian Greeks, in circa 600 BCE, employed a horde of dogs against their Cimmerian foes. Xerxes’ invasion of Greece in 480 BCE was said to include enormous numbers of Indian hounds. Ancestors of the British mastiff, Greek Molossus, Irish wolfhound, and Arabian saluki were used for attack in various contexts across centuries of history.
Even in situations where dogs were called to battle, their presence was often strategic. The Achaemenid King Cambyses II moved on the city of Pelusium in 525 BCE, and his plan to sow confusion in the opposing Egyptian ranks was executed to perfection. Knowing that his enemy considered certain animals sacred, Cambyses flooded his front lines with sheep, cats, dogs, and other animals. Whether the Egyptians broke formation out of religious concern — or out of sheer panic at the sight of an unholy multi-species regiment rushing full steam ahead — is unknown.
The dogs of war weren’t isolated to ancient Greece and Egypt. When Caesar’s forces expanded across Western Europe in the second century, they encountered several Gallic and British tribes that used large mastiffs as bodyguards. In 101 BCE, when the Romans defeated the nomadic Cimbri at Vercellae, mastiffs protecting the women, cattle, and wagons were unleashed in a massive horde as a last resort against the Empire’s forces. The Romans were impressed enough with mastiffs that they began breeding them, trading pups across the continent; well into the Middle Ages, more than a thousand years later, it was common for royal courts to send the dogs as gifts. Think about that the next time you send an Edible Arrangement.
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Canine armor developed from its original use of protecting hunting dogs from large game, but the equipment was adapted for war-time — sometimes in outlandish fashion. The Ancient Greeks of Ionia utilized armored war dogs, and medieval Finns outfitted their furry friends with protective gear, like spiked collars, and trained them to attack the muzzles of invading Russian horses, which would get spooked enough to throw their riders. There are some astonishing descriptions from 11th to 16th century Byzantium of dogs wearing armor designed to carry vases full of oil. The vases would be lit ablaze as the dogs were set loose on a village in hopes of setting fires that would flush out the enemy. Mauryas in India tried a similar strategy, attempting to burn down thatch-roof enemy settlements in 300 BCE, tying bags of flammable powder to the tails of dogs and monkeys.
Both the Spanish and the English employed war dogs in their often brutal colonial campaigns in the Americas and Caribbean, but by the 1900s the role of dogs began to change to fit the evolving nature of warfare. During World War I, the Belgians used dogs to move carts and wagons carrying supplies, wounded soldiers, or even large gunnery.
Also during this period, particularly in the United States, dogs began appearing as mascots on recruiting posters. The most famous of these WWI-era pups is Stubby, an olive-drab-wearing mutt that wandered into training camp at Yale University. When the soldiers shipped out to France, Stubby joined them. The stub-tailed canine first pulled his weight by sniffing out a German spy. Later, he warned entrenched soldiers of incoming artillery shells and imminent gas attacks. As reported in the dog’s 15-paragraph obituary in 1926, Stubby often ran into the so-called no man’s land between trenches to stand by wounded soldiers until medics arrived. Upon Stubby’s return to the U.S., the battlefield veteran was regularly pro-filed in newspapers and toasted at conventions across the country. General John Pershing awarded Stubby a gold medal in 1921 — recognition for his service in 17 battles and four major Allied offensives throughout World War I.
Dogs remained very much in the fray during the ravages of World War II. The Soviet military used Samoyeds to pull wounded soldiers on sleds over snow. Much less effectively, dogs were strapped with magnetic mines designed to detonate when they ran under invading German tanks; the mines also tended to go off near Soviet tanks. On both Axis and Allied sides of the conflict, dogs were used for sentry purposes, as well as for guarding fixed positions. In particular, the U.S. Marine Corps sent Doberman pinschers and German shepherds to the Pacific theater for tracking enemy movements through dense forests and jungles
Another famous American war dog, a German shepherd-col-lie-husky mix named Chips, made a name for himself in World War II. Chips participated in the Allied invasion of Sicily in 1943. At one point, he and his handler were pinned down under enemy machine gun fire when the dog escaped his position and charged the protective pillbox where the gunners were holed up. Under attack, the four Italian soldiers were forced to surrender to U.S. forces. That same day, Chips participated in a raid that captured 10 more Italian soldiers.
Dogs continued to serve, fighting in the Vietnam War as well as other more recent conflicts. Most notably, a Belgian Malinois named Cairo was part of the Navy SEAL team that killed Osama bin Laden in 2011.
Man’s best friend, of course, harbors no natural predisposition for war. Dogs simply have an innate desire to want to be part of some-thing larger than themselves — to be useful, to belong. As history shows, dogs are time and time again willing to give their all to any task we ask of them. They are absolutely loyal to their pack leaders, which resonated as much with the ancient Romans and Egyptian pharaohs as it does with us.
Next time your dog barks at the Amazon delivery van, just remember that they might as well be sounding the alarm about enemy movements descending on your camp’s position. Don’t chide the watchful rascal — throw that soldier a bone.
© BIXBI Pet 2023. All Rights Reserved. PO Box 7327 Boulder, CO 80306 Web Design by Never Settle
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What is WebP?
WebP is a new image format created by Google to work on web browsers. WebP images are designed to be small and therefore fast to load. The filename extension for WebP files is:
Here are some other questions about WebP you might also want to ask. If you have any other questions, please add a comment and we will try to answer.
What is WebP used for?
The aim of WebP is to make smaller images that will speed up the web, speed up web page generation and speed up search engines.
Who created WebP?
Google created this project and open sourced the code under a BSD license, so that developers could help out and suggest improvements. For those of you who are interested you can find the Git repository information here.
How does WebP create smaller files?
WebP supports both lossy and lossless compression and lets you configure lossy compression so that you can find the right balance between file size and image quality. What are these compression types you ask?
What is lossy compression?
Lossy compression can also be known as irreversible compression. This data compression method has the smallest file sizes because it discards data by using inexact approximations to represent the content. Since some of the data is discarded, the original data cannot be retrieved.
Discarding data and effectively averaging it, can cause the quality off the data to drop, though a good lossy compression tool will significantly reduce the file size before the client notices the quality reduction. Audio formats like MP3 use lossy compression as extreme data (mainly the data that represents the sound ranges we cannot hear) is removed to reduce file size.
What is lossless compression?
Lossless compression is a reversible data compression method. It allows the original data to be reconstructed from the compressed data, so even after conversion you can get your original data back. This is similar to how a ZIP file works. PNG and GIF files also use this compression method. This compression creates bigger file sizes than lossy compression but the data quality is preserved.
WebP image example
Want to see some examples? Then head over here to see a side by side comparison gallery that Google created after testing the WebP compression against PNG files. If you want real world comparisons (that weren’t created by the people who created the format) then check out this recent article. It offers a good explanation on how to convert images and findings from multiple conversion tests using a variety of images. Te below image is taken from the google comparison gallery.
WebP can also be used to create animated images similar to GIFS. The maximum pixel dimensions for WebP images are 16383 x 16383.
Which browsers support WebP?
What are the benefits of WebP?
On average 60% of a web page is made up of images. This could be the backgrounds, icons, logos, galleries and any other images that you incorporate into your websites. Customers are expecting fast, efficient and easy to navigate web pages that WebP offers with very small image sizes that allows for quick rendering and transferring.
Smaller image formats can also be created with no loss of quality. In comparison to JPEG and JPEG 2000, WebP files are 30% smaller which is crucial when you need to worry about your storage capacity.
As I previously mentioned WebP can also be used as a replacement for GIFS. Not only are the file sizes smaller (64% reduction from animated GIF’s to lossy WebP and 19% reduction when converted to lossless) but the quality is better.
WebP also supports 24-bit RGB colour with an 8-bit alpha channel while GIF’s only supports 8-bit colour and 1-bit alpha. Another benefit for the animated WebP is that it can combine frames with both lossy and lossless compression so you can choose which frames need better quality. You can also seek to different frames which helps recover the animation when scrolling occurs.
A possible security benefit for WebP is that you cannot view the images easily if they are downloaded to the local machine. Do you want to show a preview of artwork or desktop backgrounds, before someone separates from their hard earned money to purchase it? Well unless the person is knowledgeable about the WebP format and can convert the file, they won’t be using your images without paying for them.
What are the disadvantages of WebP?
WebP is not curently supported by as many software platforms and browsers as other image formats.
WebP the help of other technology e.g. plugins to work on browsers that do not natively support the format, though if the format isn’t supported then the files are shown in a known format e.g JPEG or PNG.
The main use case for WebP would be to convert all your current images to the WebP format. This means the image would potentially have been compressed twice which may lead to a very slight loss in quality. See this article that I mentioned earlier for more information.
How to open WebP files in Java?
WebP images with work with ImageIO using the webp-imageio plugin.
Start reading and writing images with one line of code
BufferedImage image = JDeli.read(streamOrFile);
JDeli.write(myBufferedImage, OutputFormat.HEIC, outputStreamOrFile)
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Our project seeks to improve our understanding of the potential of arts and culture to develop reflection and empathy across geographical divides. It offers a unique case study: that of the relationship between Stoke-on-Trent and Lidice, a tiny village in the Czech Republic that was destroyed by the Nazis on 10 June 1942. In response to this horrific event, local Doctor and Councillor Barnett Stross launched the ‘Lidice Shall Live’ campaign in September of the same year, rallying the local working people of Stoke-on-Trent to donate to a fund that ultimately contributed to the rebuilding of the village after the war. That ordinary working miners and pottery workers donated in many cases up to a week’s wages to this campaign in the middle of the hardship of the Second World War is an astounding testament to the ability of people to demonstrate empathy, compassion and understanding. The village of Lidice today expresses its story through arts and culture: visitors from all over Europe travel there to visit the largest rose garden in Europe, and the museum and art gallery that sit adjacent to the new village. A commemorative event takes place each year on the anniversary of the tragedy, attended by around 5000 visitors and Ambassadors from all over the world. In recent years, the links between Lidice and Stoke-on-Trent have been refreshed with cultural exchanges between the two places, involving a range of arts projects and events that celebrate the cultural ties between the two places. It is striking that in all of the civic engagement and partnership working recently developed between these places, we choose to explore, express and celebrate these ties almost exclusively through arts and culture.
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Causes for Emerging Infectious Disease: Humans are to blame.
By: Dr. Eeks
We must address the causes of emerging infectious disease. For example, there has to be a much stronger international effort to ban live meat markets and come down harder on the illegal wildlife trade. It didn’t happen after SARS, but it needs to happen now. Turning a blind eye to them is the equivalent of playing an international game of Russian Roulette. Both are long known to be significant factors that contribute to emerging infectious diseases, and if they continue, we will certainly have another Disease X. And we’ll have another one after that, and another one after that…, and one of those Disease Xs will be far more lethal than COVID-19.
Outbreaks might have been kept more localized before rampant air travel and high-speed railway, but they aren’t anymore. Take Wuhan, for example. COVID-19 is potentially linked to originating from the Huanan South China Seafood Market- a live animal market. Genomic sequencing showed that COVID-19 was 96% identical to a bat coronavirus, meaning the bat was most likely the original host. COVID-19 is a zoonotic infection, meaning it doesn’t cause disease in bats, but it does when it jumps species, for example to the human species. How does a virus jump to the human species? When humans come in close contact with bats. Some research also suggests that minks and snakes were intermediate hosts for COVID-19. Either way, bats, minks and snakes were all sold at the market.
Wuhan is a city of 11 million with a high-speed railway system & airline flights connecting it to other cities in China, but it’s also connected internationally via direct and indirect flights. According to transportation data I saw, in one month ( January), there were close to 700,000 passenger bookings from Wuhan. Given a virus like COVID-19, one that has a long serial interval time (time between appearance of symptoms in the index case to appearance in secondary case) and a long incubation period (5-6 days, maybe longer) leads to a high level of asymptomatic spread. A high level of asymptomatic spread plus a high level of both domestic and international travel can lead to an international public health and economic disaster.
We will get through this pandemic and reach a much more optimal equilibrium with COVID-19: One where we are ahead of the virus and not playing catch-up; one where the viral reproductive number shifts closer to 1; one where the viral doubling time will lengthen (which will significantly slow down its exponential growth), and one where the susceptible population will decrease. The best treatment drugs will be determined via randomized controlled trials and a vaccine will be developed. However, a lot of lives will be lost in the process. Some might be our friends and family members. That’s a permanent and devastating loss, and there’s no coming back. The economy will be damaged, but at least that has the opportunity to bounce back. My one hope is that when this new, relatively-normal equilibrium is reached, and when we’re back to socializing, shopping, living a care-free, mask-free life with an abundance of ventilators, toilet paper and hand sanitizer, we won’t forget about the causes of emerging infectious diseases, like COVID-19.
I’ve mentioned two driving factors, live meat markets and the illegal wildlife trade, that are specific to the spread of COVID-19. There are many other driving factors, all well-researched and documented, and all having to do with how humans interact with the environment and its various species. These include: antibiotic resistance due to overuse in farm animals or over-prescription; eating bush meat or raw meat; land misuse; deforestation; building pools of standing waters, such as dams and irrigation systems ( mosquito-borne illnesses); unsafe sexual practices; burial practices (Ebola outbreak); ineffective or lack of vaccination; war; famine; migration; certain agricultural practices and more. One can classify historical outbreaks by the driving factors, which is one of the things I did during my Public Health research internship.
Lately, coronaviruses in bats (the reservoir) have been implicated in serious respiratory diseases in humans. Bats aren’t the problem. In fact, bats are essential. They pollinate fruit trees and control the insect population. They are an excellent organic public health intervention for controlling mosquito-borne illnesses, like malaria and Dengue fever. Bats are great, as long as we don’t come too close. Unfortunately, human ignorance is forcing an unprecedented closeness. Let’s use Southeast Asia as an example. Over the last 40 years, Southeast Asia has experienced a huge amount of deforestation, losing between 30-40% of its forests. This is due to expanding agriculture and land development. Though deforestation cuts into the “bats’ land,” bats are incredibly adaptable creatures. They can adapt to a more agrarian and developed environment ( a house can make a great bat cave), but this increases our chance of close contact: through direct means; through domesticated and farm animals; or through bat urine and feces. That means a bat coronavirus can more easily jump from a bat to one of our domesticated or farm animals, or it can jump to us directly. It’s suggested that the Middle Eastern Respiratory Outbreak (MERS) started this way. MERS-CoV may have first jumped from fruit bats to dromedary camels, and then to humans who came in contact with infected camels.
So, don’t forget. When we emerge on the other side of COVID-19, don’t forget about the causes for emerging infectious diseases. It’s that simple. Prepare for outbreaks, always. But if we don’t address the factors leading to emerging infectious diseases, we will have many more Disease Xs.
Thanks for reading!
Check out my Causes or Cures Health Podcast
Yours in Wellness, Krystal Heeling– my short parody on the current-day wellness industry
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As a rule, coral eat tiny floating animals called zooplankton. It’s a pretty passive way of getting a meal. But in July of 2018, a study was published that shows that some coral might be more aggressive about their dinner.
Irish and Italian scientists have made a surprising discovery while studying cave-dwelling corals in the Mediterranean, off the coast of Sicily. It appears that they can cooperate to capture jellyfish which have been pushed against them by ocean currents.
The jellyfish being eaten are the Pelagia noctiluca, also called the mauve stinger. This jellyfish species is responsible for most of the painful stings people suffer while swimming in the Mediterranean. They grow to 3 – 12 cm wide, and usually live in warm water, but currents can carry them to temperate and cold seas of the north Pacific and Atlantic, as well as the Mediterranean Sea.
This ‘sinister’ coral is Astroides calycularis, which grows in dense, bright orange groups in the Mediterranean Sea. Its polyps are typically 4–5 mm in length but larger polyps can grow up to 8 mm long. When the jellyfish bumps up against the coral, several polyps rapidly engulf the arms of the jellyfish. It can take between 1 and 5 minutes for the coral to consume the jellyfish. Jellyfish aren’t the only part of this coral’s diet—like other coral, they primarily eat zooplankton. The coral probably don’t eat enough jellyfish to affect their numbers.
Both species have been known to science for some time—the surprise is how they are interacting. There are always new discoveries to be made!
Curriculum Reference Links
- Nature of Science / Understanding About Science / 1: Students should be able to appreciate how scientists work and how scientific ideas are modified over time
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Other editions - View all
acid æther alternating current amperes aniline apparatus approximately atoms Ayrton bismuth calculated calorimeter candle-power carbon cell cent centim chemical chloride Clark cells coil compounds constant cooling copper corresponding cube curve cylinder deflexion determined dielectric distance effect elastic electrical electromotive force emissivity energy equal equation ethylene experiments force formula galvanometer gases give given glass gravitation heat of fusion hydrogen increase induction iron Joule lamps liquefaction liquefied liquid oxygen lower magnetic means measured mercury metals method millim molecular molecules motion observed obtained ohms oscillation paper particles Phil Philosophical Magazine plate platinum pressure produced Prof quantity radius ratio resistance sodium solenoid solid specific heat spectrum surface Table temperature theory thermometer tion tube vapour velocity vessel vibrations volts volume watts per candle waves wire zero
Page 321 - ... the present we have used the fork above described only. It was chosen because it was fairly stiff, and as removable metal mirrors for the production of Lissajous' figures were attached to its prongs, it was possible to replace them by the glass mirror and square of wood without altering its pitch. It would be quite possible to use properly made forks of higher pitch as resonators, and the steadiness of the bands at night is so remarkable, that we believe that if the apparatus were set up in the...
Page 147 - As a unit of resistance, the international ohm, which is based upon the ohm equal to 10" units of resistance of the CGS system of electromagnetic units, and is represented by the resistance offered to an unvarying electric current by a column of mercury at the temperature of melting ice, 14.4521 grams in mass, of a constant cross-sectional area and of the length of 106.3 centimetres.
Page 147 - Ampere, which is one-tenth of the unit of current of the CGS system of electromagnetic units and which is represented sufficiently well for practical use by the unvarying current which, when passed through a solution of nitrate of silver in water, in accordance with a certain specification, deposits silver at the rate of 0.001118 of a gramme per second.
Page 136 - That gravity should be innate, inherent and essential to matter, so that one body may act upon another at a distance through a vacuum, without the mediation of any thing else, by and through which their action and force may be conveyed from one to another, is to me so great an absurdity, that I believe no man who has in philosophical matters a competent faculty of thinking, can ever fall into it.
Page 88 - Helmholtzt, on the basis of the formal equations of Heaviside and Hertz, in which the free aether is still supposed to be an elastic medium of excessively small density in which the dense atoms are imbedded. If such a view should turn out to be the basis of a consistent body of theory, the considerations given above with respect to the intensities of molecular tractions would have a bearing on it also. Let us now consider more particularly the explanation that would be offered by the electric theory...
Page 84 - There are about 1U3 molecules of the sensitive medium in the length of a single wave of light : thus in the stationary wavetrain all the parts of a single molecule would at any instant be moving with a sensibly uniform velocity, which...
Page 144 - I. The Object to be Attained. SOME time ago the authors considered the possibility of constructing an apparatus for the determination of the mechanical equivalent of heat which could be placed in the hands of junior students, and which would enable a sufficiently accurate result to be obtained without the introduction of troublesome corrections. For such a purpose the electrical method was naturally adopted ; for now that the commercial values of the electrical units are known with considerable accuracy...
Page 516 - The instrument described in this paper consists essentially of a photographic camera fitted inside with a magnetic needle, which carries a vertical transparent scale divided and numbered to 360°, and also with cross fibres which intersect at right angles. The fittings and adjustments of the instrument are of such a character that the camera can be accurately levelled and directed towards any point in a horizontal direction, and when a photograph is taken in an ordinary way the bearing of the median...
Page 87 - I~ 77) i an<l the phenomena of crystalline media could be included by assuming a vector-coefficient instead of the scalar a. The conclusion, then, is that in this limited range an elasticsolid theory of a very rare aether is not so much at fault as would at first sight appear. A theory based on difference of rigidity without difference of inertia, after...
Page 512 - Ampère seems to have considered that the oxidation at first alleged by Fresnel was caused by induction currents arising from the diurnal variations of the magnetism of the stationary magnet. But it is evident that the electromotive forces due to any such cause would be of an order of magnitude utterly inadequate for the purpose.
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Time to better integrate paleoecological research infrastructures with neoecology to improve understanding of biodiversity long-term dynamics and to inform future conservation
Journal article, Peer reviewed
MetadataShow full item record
Original versionEnvironmental Research Letters. 2021, 16, 095005. 10.1088/1748-9326/ac1b59
Anthropogenic pressures are causing a global decline in biodiversity. Successful attempts at biodiversity conservation requires an understanding of biodiversity patterns as well as the drivers and processes that determine those patterns. To deepen this knowledge, neoecologists have focused on studying present-day or recent historical data, while paleoecologists usually study long-term data through the composition of various biological proxies and environmental indicators. By establishing standard protocols or gathering databases, research infrastructures (RIs) have been instrumental to foster exchange and collaboration among scientists within neoecology (e.g. Global Information Biodiversity Facility or National Ecological Observatory Network) and paleoecology (e.g. Paleobiology Database, Neotoma Paleoecology Database or European Pollen Database). However, these two subdisciplines (and their RIs) have traditionally remained segregated although both provide valuable information that combined can improve our understanding of biodiversity drivers and underlying processes, as well as our predictions of biodiversity responses in the future. For instance, integrative studies between paleo- and neoecology have addressed the global challenge of biodiversity loss by validating climate and ecological models, estimating species fundamental niches, understanding ecological changes and trajectories, or establishing baseline conditions for restoration. Supporting and contributing to research infrastructures from both paleo- and neoecology, as well as their further integration, could boost the amount and improve the quality of such integrative studies. We argue this will enable improved capabilities to anticipate the impacts of global change and biodiversity losses. To boost such integration and illustrate our arguments, we (1) review studies integrating paleo- and neoecology to advance in the light of global changes challenge, (2) describe RIs developed in paleoecology, and (3) discuss opportunities for further integration of RIs from both disciplines (i.e. paleo- and neoecology).
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There are four main types of diabetes, with corresponding pages in SNPedia:
Type-1 diabetes: historically known as juvenile diabetes
Type-2 diabetes: historically known as adult-onset diabetes
Gestational diabetes: when non-diabetic pregnant women develop high blood sugar levels
Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY): relatively uncommon, dominantly inherited diabetes of at least 13 subtypes
Mutation in HNF4A associated with an increase in birthweight and Macrosomia (birthweight more than 4000g). A mutation in one gene HNF4A, associated with diabetes in the young, has been shown to be associated with an average increase in birthweight. Macrosomia is associated with complications for both mothers and babies; one cause of macrosomia is diabetes in the mother. The particular type of diabetes investigated in this study is known as maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) genes
"According to Forbes some of the drug company giants are finally realizing that their genetic research is worth more if they give it away. 'Novartis, the Basel, Switzerland, drug giant, has helped uncover which of the 20,000 genes identified by the Human Genome Project are likely to be associated with diabetes. But rather than hoard this information, as drug firms have traditionally done, it is making it available for free on the World Wide Web. "It will take the entire world to interpret these data," says Novartis research head Mark Fishman. "We figure we will benefit more by having a lot of companies look at these data than by holding it secret."'"
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Scout for resistant weeds this fall
Researchers are encouraging farmers to scout for suspect herbicide-resistant weeds this fall.
Michigan State University’s Erin Hill tells Brownfield farmers should be looking for weed species that have survived earlier control measures.
“If it’s one species that is still alive and the other species that you tried to control did die back, that’s a good indicator that you may have resistance,” she explains. “If multiple species have survived an application that should be effective, that’s sometimes an indicator that something else has happened.”
Hill screens weeds in her lab by growing suspect seeds submitted by farmers and testing them against several herbicides. The process can be free for Michigan soybean growers depending on the sample.
“All the pigweed species, common and giant ragweed, lambsquarters, and marestail—those are the ones that we typically see,” she says. “But, over the last several years we’ve had inquiries about other species like grass species.”
She says scouting in the fall also helps farmers prepare for what weeds could be problematic the following season.
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Are these 5 common misconceptions costing you money?
Set It and Forget It for Savings
This is a good one to tackle first and get out of the way. Some people (even some who should know better) think if you stop heating or cooling your building to the perfect temp, getting it back to the perfect temp costs too much energy. The fact is, keeping a space at the ideal temperature is always using energy. Sustaining your ideal temperature when you don’t need to likely costs more – maybe a lot more – than getting the building back to ideal temp. A good HVAC engineer can calculate that tipping point for you and help you actually save energy with that knowledge.
Matching HVAC settings to how spaces are used optimizes energy efficiency.
Notice we didn’t say turning your HVAC off when you don’t need it is a great move, which leads into our next myth…
When the Weather’s Nice, Turn It Off
Don’t disregard the V in HVAC. Ventilation is an important part of the system. Your indoor air quality directly depends on the number of air changes in your facility. HVAC systems also control the humidity, a key comfort factor. Improper ventilation can increase your risk of mold growth, encourage bacteria and virus transmission, and increase the particulate count inside, including allergens.
Airflow is necessary for good Indoor Air Quality or IAQ. Keeping the air we share moving is important for everyone’s health and has been shown to impact productivity.
EPA: “Inadequate ventilation can increase indoor pollutant levels… High temperature and humidity levels can also increase concentrations of some pollutants.”
CDC: “Improper operation and maintenance of HVAC systems is one of the most common problems that impact workplace
indoor environmental quality (IEQ).” https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/indoorenv/buildingventilation.html
Can better ventilation have positive effects on productivity?
Yes. After significantly improving air quality, subjects scored much higher in cognitive tests like:
- Information Usage 299%
- Strategy 288%
Allen, Joseph G et al. “Associations of Cognitive Function Scores with Carbon Dioxide, Ventilation, and Volatile Organic Compound Exposures in Office Workers: A Controlled Exposure Study of Green and Conventional Office Environments.” Environmental health perspectives vol. 124,6 (2016): 805-12. doi:10.1289/ehp.1510037
If It's Not Broke, Don't Fix It
Preventative maintenance will save you money! Waiting for a part to break pretty much guarantees more damage is done throughout your system than if you’d just fixed the problem earlier. It’s also a pretty safe bet the system has been wasting energy, running inefficiently to make up for whatever’s going wrong. Those are two hefty premiums you’re paying when you delay maintenance. Not to mention that preventative maintenance could have extended the life of that part, so that’s three ways you’re paying for it. Now consider that the repair’s costs are likely larger, and the productivity you’ve lost from the system going offline… you get the picture.
Preventative maintenance avoids excess costs from inefficiency, breakdown, and excessive wear.
Anyone Can Change a Filter
Maybe you change your own filters at home. “How hard can it be?” you ask, and you’re right, in that it’s not the most exciting challenge HVAC technicians face. But an improperly placed filter damages the asset, cuts your efficiency, and puts your indoor air quality at risk. And think about this: how often do you forget to change your filter at home?
Maybe the biggest risk to treating a filter change like a filter change is opportunity cost. Just banging open a panel, switching a filter, and checking a box wastes a lot of concrete data. A qualified technician uses a filter change to discover issues before they become issues you’ll have to deal with.
And like a lot of tasks today, a filter change isn’t just a filter change. Making sure the schedule is kept, efficiently managing the filter change with other tasks, making sure documentation is done and all the administrative boxes are checked, that’s all part of it. For instance, using the proper filter (and not arbitrarily going for a cheaper one) may be required by a building’s LEED certification. A well-managed, professional process goes beyond filter changes. Devoting time and expertise to real preventive maintenance pays off.
Your HVAC performance depends on the people that help you care for it.
Both a one-time checkup and full preventive maintenance still require great technicians to provide the best outcomes for your business.
To avoid reducing cost in one area, only to find it increases costs in another, look for a service provider with:
- Measurable results
- Custom solutions for your business goals
- Experienced professionals
Great facility service providers are easy to spot: they’re the
companies that have taken the time to build a great team.
Service Contracts Are a Waste of Money
When elevator inspectors don’t find anything wrong, were those inspections a waste of money? HVAC systems aren’t at risk of plummeting to the basement, but poor maintenance risks unhealthy air, surprise capital costs, excess utility spend, repair bills… not to mention lost productivity and all the headaches and budget nightmares.
Service contracts look like an expense, but ask any engineer, and they’ll tell you the opposite is true. They’re an asset with great KPI: saving future costs, mitigating risk, extending the life of capital spending, cutting energy spend plus… you’ll face fewer headaches and nightmare budget reviews.
In fact, we’re so sure of the value of a service contract, that Linc Service offers agreements that replace units that fail during the life a guaranteed lifetime protection. If you’re still doubting the value of preventive maintenance, talk to the team that believes in it so much they’ll take on the cost of asset replacement.
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The number of American babies who died before their first birthdays rose last year, significantly increasing the nation’s infant mortality rate for the first time in two decades, according to provisional figures released Wednesday by the National Center for Health Statistics.
The spike is a somber manifestation of the state of maternal and child health in the United States. Infant and maternal mortality, inextricably linked, are widely considered to be markers of a society’s overall health, and America’s rates are higher than those in other industrialized countries.
The rates are particularly poor among Black and Native American mothers, who are roughly three times as likely to die during and after pregnancy, compared with white and Hispanic mothers. Their infants face up to double the risk of dying, compared with white and Hispanic babies.
Overall life expectancy has declined in the United States in recent years, too, affecting white Americans as well as people of color. The declines were driven in part by the Covid-19 pandemic.
The increase in infant mortality comes after a century of public health improvements, in which rates consistently and gradually declined almost every year with few exceptions, said Danielle M. Ely, a health statistician with the N.C.H.S. and the report’s lead author.
The report did not delve into the cause of the increase, but most of the babies born in 2022 were conceived in 2021, when maternal deaths rose by 40 percent because of the pandemic and many pregnant women were taken ill.
“Seeing an increase that hits the statistical significance mark indicates that this was a bigger jump than we’ve had in the last 20 years, and that is something we need to keep an eye on to see if it’s just a one-year anomaly or the start of increasing rates,” Dr. Ely said.
One of the more disturbing findings in the new report was an increase in infant mortality among babies born to women ages 25 to 29. The rate increased to 5.37 per 1,000 live births last year, up from 5.15 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2021. The cause is not known.
Rates did not change for women in other age groups, even those who generally experience higher infant mortality rates, such as women younger than 20, those 20 to 24 and women 40 and older.
Dr. Elizabeth Cherot, an OB-GYN who is president and chief executive of the March of Dimes, said she was surprised and disappointed by the new infant mortality figures, and called for taking a much closer look at the data to try to identify the underlying causes.
“We were making strides, but these trends are clearly going in the wrong direction,” she said.
The rise occurred at the tail end of the pandemic, after a year that had a sharp increase in maternal mortality and maternal illness, she added. Pregnancy complications are now more prevalent, as more women begin pregnancies with underlying medical conditions like high blood pressure, obesity and diabetes.
Serious complications that pose a risk to both mother and baby, like pre-eclampsia, also have become more common. But it is difficult to pin the rise in infant mortality on any one factor, she added, without examining the data in more detail.
“We were just coming out of Covid,” Dr. Cherot said. “We were doing a lot of telemedicine. Did that shift something? Were protocols changing? Was access a bigger issue? We know mental health can also have an impact. A lot of things changed in the last three years.”
For families who lose a baby, the death can be life altering.
Erika Nolting Young’s baby died less than two hours after birth. Ms. Young, 37, a business strategy consultant in Rancho Palos Verdes, Calif., had experienced a normal, healthy pregnancy, with no sign at any point that something was wrong.
She expected to deliver on Aug. 17, 2022, and when labor did not start spontaneously, made plans to be induced a week later. But just hours before Ms. Young and her husband, Kris, were supposed to go to the hospital, they received a call saying that the maternity ward was full and there were not enough nurses, so she would have to wait.
The hospital called her in the next day, and began the induction with a drug that caused intense labor and rapid progression to full dilation.
In the final stage of labor, the monitors picked up a deceleration in the baby’s heart rate — and then a sudden further deceleration.
The baby was born “really gray and floppy,” Ms. Young recalled. “They threw her on my chest for a split second, and her eyes were closed. I knew something was wrong instantly.”
Doctors tried to save the newborn, a girl who was named Sommer, but she died shortly afterward, Ms. Young said: “We went home to a house with a baby room and no baby.” The Youngs still do not know what caused Sommer’s death.
Some 20,538 infants like Sommer died in 2022, representing a 3 percent increase over the 19,928 babies who died in 2021. The infant mortality rate — defined as the number of babies who die before they are a year old for every 1,000 live births — also increased by a statistically significant 3 percent last year, to 5.6 infant deaths per 1,000 live births, up from 5.44 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2021, according to the new report.
The mortality rate of babies who were between 4 weeks and a year old increased by 4 percent, while neonatal mortality rates — that of babies less than a month old — increased by 3 percent.
Rates increased significantly among both premature babies born before 37 weeks of gestation and those born extremely early, at less than 34 weeks of gestation.
Overall, the statistically significant increases in mortality rates were seen only among male infants, whose survival rates have always been slightly lower than those among females.
Black infants have the highest mortality rate in the United States, rising slightly last year to 10.86 deaths per 1,000 live births, from 10.55 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2021, an increase that was not statistically significant.
By contrast, the infant mortality rates of both white and Native American and Alaska Native babies increased by statistically significant amounts last year.
Among white infants, the figure rose to 4.52 deaths per 1,000 live births from 4.36 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2021. Among Native American and Alaska Native babies, the figure increased to 9.06 deaths per 1,000 live births from 7.46 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2021.
The two leading causes of infant deaths that were more prevalent last year were bacterial sepsis, caused by the body’s overwhelming reaction to an infection, and maternal health complications.
Since infant deaths are relatively rare events involving small numbers of babies, statistically significant changes cannot easily be seen from year to year at the state level. Nevada was the only state that had a statistically significant decline in infant mortality, while four states — Georgia, Iowa, Missouri and Texas — experienced statistically significant increases in infant mortality last year.
Texas banned abortions after six weeks of pregnancy in 2021, the first of the four states to do so. But in interviews on Wednesday, experts said the data was unclear as to whether, or to what extent, this may have played a role in infant deaths the following year. The other states implemented bans in 2022, after the Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade.
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Atmospheric Science is a mix of meteorology and climatology. Earth’s environment and the working of the physical procedure are addressed in this field. Meteorology deals with the physical and chemical properties of atmosphere alongside weather forecasting. Climatology clarifies the present and long-term changes in the atmosphere on various timely circumstances.
Furthermore, Aeronomy is added in climatic science which explains about the upper layers of the atmosphere. The field is extended to study about planets, natural satellites and planetary system (solar system) which acts a base to contemplate the space. Atmospheric science utilizes some exploratory instruments like satellites, radiosondes, lasers, rocketsondes and weather balloons.
Aerology is a field which explains the world’s environment however not the atmosphere beyond the layer of the planetary limit. Atmospheric science is probably the most stretched-out field.
Are you enthusiastic to study environment, the scientific moves and actions happening there? Then you should Plan your study in Canada. The Canadian colleges and universities are offering Atmospheric science programs. Read to know more about it.
About the Program
In this program, you will explore different parts of the climate and atmospheric science. This is a research-based program which follows an experimental way to deal with. Different compositions of the clouds are learned like tropospheric clouds, polar stratospheric clouds, stratospheric cooling and the process of ozone depletion.
Different climatic conditions (climate change) are studied because controlling atmospheric contamination is one of the prime tasks to accomplish. Significant roles of clouds in climate constraining is addressed. Working with different air qualities and making techniques to control atmospheric contamination is supplemental in the educational program. By a legitimate mix of practicum and hypothesis, you become comprehensive about atmospheric science.
Study Atmospheric Science in the distinguished institutions of Canada. Following topics are job opportunities in atmospheric science and the benefits of studying in Canada.
Institutions in Canada Providing Atmospheric Science Programs
Some of the top institutions in Canada offering Atmospheric Science Programs are,
- Concordia University
- University of British Columbia
- University of Alberta
- McGill University
- University of Waterloo
- Dalhousie University
- University of Manitoba
Plan your education in any of these institutions and enjoy unimaginable perks!
When it comes to job opportunities, there are open doors for international students who graduate in the field of Atmospheric Science from a Canadian institution. Few designations for an atmospheric scientist are,
- Atmospheric Scientist
- Physical Science Officer
- Environmental Scientist
- Environmental engineer
- Geographic information system officer
- Atmospheric Manager
These are some remunerating openings for work for you in the field of Atmospheric science subsequent to finishing your study and moving on from a Canadian institution.
Among the multifarious advantages of studying in Canada, few are selectively listed for you.
- Meeting people from various walks of life
- Internationally Recognized Degree
- Enjoying cultural diversity
- Vibrant Student Life
- Affordable living cost
- Post-study work visa
- Enormous job opportunities
- A world-class education at an incredibly low cost
- Hands-on Experience by Field Works & Practicums
These are a touch of the benefits you have in Canada education that help you in the long run. Added to these, acquiring a study visa in Canada is not as difficult as getting one in some other country around the world. Additionally, you enable the opportunity to stay back in Canada for up to 3 years.
Then, remaining there and labouring for a couple of years makes you qualified to apply for a PR. You should consider planning your higher education in Canada to get benefited by these advantages and making a prosperous life. It’s easy. All you should do is bob on to the registration process which is following.
Eminent institutions in Canada offer various programs for international students those who are waiting to set up your studies in Atmospheric Science. For a better understanding, Check out the programs now! Apply with CanApprove. We are here to help.
Our experts make the best for your abroad plan. We look forward to offering the best service to people who plan to move to a foreign country for higher education or immigration. To know more about Atmospheric Science and other courses in Canada, get in touch with us.
Get in touch with us through…
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Bringing quantum sensors to the people
Dr. Luo Tingpeng works at Fraunhofer IAF in Freiburg, where she carries out research on diamonds for applications in quantum magnetometry. Baden-Württemberg offers the Chinese-born scientist excellent conditions and top-class networks.
When Luo Tingpeng first stepped into her lab at the Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Solid State Physics (Fraunhofer IAF) in Freiburg in 2018, she found herself in an empty room. At the time, the institute was specialised in compound semiconductors, and quantum technologies were only in their infancy there. Luo’s group, ‘Quantum Sensors’, was new and extremely innovative. The researchers there work on laser threshold magnetometry. The idea behind this is a sensor that uses a diamond with optically active nitrogen-vacancy centres as a laser medium. The theory underpinning the research was developed a few years previously by Dr. Jan Jeske, who heads up the group. “Now the aim of our group is to find methods and materials to translate the concept into practice”, explains Luo.
A look inside hundreds of diamonds
Nowadays, Luo Tingpeng’s lab is equipped with modern measuring technology, including an optical table with all kinds of lenses, mirrors, prisms and lasers. She has already used the equipment to look inside many hundreds of diamonds. But the young scientist isn’t interested in shiny, perfect gems. Instead, she is looking for the defects in the diamonds’ grid structure. To be exact, she is on the lookout for nitrogen-vacancy centres or ‘NV centres’ for short. These NV centres have particular properties that make them potentially relevant for a large number of uses in quantum technology, including for ultra-fast quantum computers, in quantum cryptography and of course in quantum sensors.
Very promising for applications in medicine
Luo’s group takes advantage of the fact that NV centres are very sensitive to magnetic fields, making them suitable for use as extremely small sensors. This approach allowed for magnetic field strength measurements on the nanometre scale, something which was not possible before. Diamonds with a large concentration of NV centres can also be used to detect magnetic fields precisely. Another advantage compared to traditional magnetic field sensors, which need to be cooled cryogenically, is that NV centres work even at room temperature. “This makes NV centres in diamond such a promising material for medical applications, too”, says Luo. She is focusing in particular on potential applications in clinical imaging. “For example, I dream about magnetic resonance imaging that uses NV centres and can facilitate faster and much more precise diagnostics. Or it might someday be possible to detect brain activity as an improvement of magnetoencephalography (MEG) technology.”
Classifying and improving materials
But until that day, the job at hand is to classify the materials and refine them in such a way that they are perfectly tailored to the applications. As a result, Luo Tingpeng spent a lot of the first two years of her PhD sitting in the dark in the lab, looking for the right diamonds and determining their parameters. “We know now in theory what parameters the diamonds need to have. The next step is to find out how to work with the technology.” Her colleague Dr. Felix Hahl at Fraunhofer IAF is currently building a prototype for this purpose. The two researchers work hand in hand in materials development – a Chinese-German collaboration so to speak. “What we have in common is our curiosity.”
At home in Germany for ten years now
Luo Tingpeng came to Germany almost exactly ten years ago. She has spent most of this time in Baden-Württemberg. First, she was at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), where she completed her Master’s in Optics and Photonics. After her external master’s thesis at what was then the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in Göttingen, she came to Fraunhofer IAF in Freiburg in 2018. The main factors prompting her return to Germany’s Southwest were the working conditions and the supportive environment at Fraunhofer IAF, but also Freiburg itself as a location. “I love this region – the weather, the culture, the lifestyle”, the young Chinese scientist enthuses, going on to say that the people there are warmer than elsewhere and very communicative. “Above all else, they are open to other cultures – I feel very accepted as a foreigner.” Luo Tingpeng also likes the close contacts between Germany and its neighbours France and Switzerland. “You feel like you are part of Europe.”
Good starting point for a scientific career
Baden-Württemberg is also an excellent location for Luo Tingpeng’s career as a scientist. “Baden-Württemberg has a high density of top researchers in the field of quantum technologies,” says Luo. In this context, she names Prof. Fedor Jelezko at Ulm University, with whose group at the Institute of Quantum Optics she collaborates, and Prof. Jörg Wrachtrup at the University of Stuttgart, who she cites as a “major role model”. Another advantage, she says, is that Baden-Württemberg’s state government is very supportive of quantum technologies, for example via the network QuantumBW. QuantumBW brings together a large number of partners from science and industry with the aim of working together to drive quantum technology research and bring it into application. “QuantumBW is a huge help for people and groups within quantum research to connect with each other even more. “For me as a young scientist, it allows me to forge good working relationships simply, even with very established experts in this field of research”, Luo emphasises.
Industry links to big players
According to Luo, another interesting aspect of the QuantumBW network is that it includes ten corporate partners, including big players like IBM, Mercedes-Benz, Bosch, Zeiss and Trumpf. “The proximity makes it easier to get in touch with those companies, creating good career and progression opportunities. And the aim of bringing research into application is in line with my own vision of bringing quantum technologies to people in their everyday lives. That’s really great.”
Pioneering research meeting pioneering companies
Luo Tingpeng will decide over the next few months how best to pursue this vision. Having completed her PhD with the distinction magna cum laude a few months ago, she is currently working on a large number of projects at Fraunhofer IAF. For example, she is involved in the lighthouse project NeuroQ by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), which aims to control neural exoskeletons more precisely. Another project she participates in is Deutsche Brilliance (De-Brill), where Fraunhofer IAF collaborates with the start-up Quantum Brilliance in relation to the production process and new types of control techniques for diamond quantum computers.
In this context, Luo benefits from the fact that Fraunhofer IAF is leading in both quantum sensors and in research into quantum computers and also has strong links to industry. “At the moment, I am exploring and helping out in lots of areas, but in the future I want to establish my own applications.” It’s possible that the young scientist will embark on her own research project for this purpose, potentially in the area of quantum sensors, her self-confessed passion. But she may also go into industry directly. “Baden-Württemberg has a very lively start-up scene in the field of quantum technologies. That also interests me a lot.”
It goes without saying that at this stage of her scientific career, Luo is also contemplating the possibility of research in a third country. But this is not really a serious consideration for Luo Tingpeng at present. “Baden-Württemberg is very visible in the area of quantum technologies”, says the quantum researcher. “Maybe I have even more possibilities here than abroad.”
All those interested in the activities and opportunities at QuantumBW should get in touch with the office. (e-mail [email protected]) The office is run jointly by the Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) at the University of Stuttgart and Ulm University together with Fraunhofer IAF and Fraunhofer IAO.
Tip for Researchers:
Can you imagine continuing your research career in Baden-Württemberg? Then, check our job engine!
Author: Andrea Mayer-Grenu, Translation: Tara Russell
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McGreal, Paul E.
This Article argues that the federal statute requiring election of the United States House of Representatives by single-member districts is unconstitutional. Simply put, this statute, which was first enacted in 1842, commandeers the states to draw single-member congressional districts every ten years. Members of the 1842 Congress hotly debated and carefully considered the constitutionality of commandeering the states to make law, using many methods of constitutional argument employed by courts and commentators today: text, history, structure, and prior government practice. The statute passed narrowly and has never been judicially challenged.|Given the Supreme Court's holding in New York v. United States, I argue that the federal districting statute amounts to Unconstitutional Politics. I carefully examine the relevant constitutional text, structure, history, precedent, and prior government practice, and conclude that if Congress wants the House elected by single-member districts, Congress must draw the districts for each state. Otherwise, states may experiment with other electoral systems, such as at large or multi-member districts, as they see fit.
Paul E. McGreal, Unconstitutional Politics, 76 Notre Dame L. Rev. 519 (2001).
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What could be the meaning of a number of in math? When we endeavor to answer this question, we have a tendency to divide it into two.
One particular could imply the number of independent variables or a single could possibly imply a function of some independent variables. Let us analyze every single of these.
The variety of independent variables which are generally present in financial analysis is UCLA financial actuarial mathematics. essay writer In it, an individual is expected to select between a fixed-rate mortgage loan with interest rates that transform using the market place or to have a variable rate mortgage with adjustable interest rates that vary together with the market.
To express a numerous in math, we’ve to divide it in to the number of independent variables that type a function. Given that we’ve got only two variables here, and due to the fact it’s http://tumail.temple.edu/UserLogin.aspx?ReturnUrl=%2f the product of two independent variables, it would look just like the sum of your squared elements with the proper hand side.
Now what does the term in a math expression imply within this case? In the event the initially term is definitely the certain interest rate (within this case, the initial rate of interest) and the second term are the fluctuating interest rate (i.e., the interest rate right after a period), then we’ve a accurate function of two independent variables.
Using an example, when the multiple is definitely the variable where there is certainly an initial rate of interest in addition to a month-to-month rate of interest that varies together with the marketplace, then we would have a multi-variable many. Having a multi-variable numerous, we can calculate the residual from the complete multiple.
However, this example does not apply to UCLA monetary actuarial mathematics. As a result, we must be considering of a correct function of www.essay-company.com two independent variables. When the individual is selecting among a fixed-rate mortgage loan with an rate of interest that changes together with the market place, and an adjustable price mortgage having a variable rate of interest that varies together with the market, then that person might be picking among a non-decreasing in addition to a decreasing rate of interest.
But what about the function of multiple? When I’d prefer to say that in UCLA monetary actuarial mathematics, they’re taking a look at a true function of two independent variables, that is definitely not the case. A minimum of not by an actuarial accountant.
But, as stated above, a accurate function of many is definitely the function exactly where the individual is picking amongst a variable rate of interest in addition to a fixed rate of interest. Therefore, a multi-variable multiple is actually a accurate function of two independent variables.
If we convert it into a functional type, the many would then be the sum with the squares of your individual’s 4 values. Consequently, inside the case of UCLA financial actuarial mathematics, it really is the sum in the squares in the individual’s 4 independent variables.
However, even when we’re talking about UCLA economic actuarial mathematics, that does not imply that the various must be in the functional type. Even when we’re speaking about UCLA economic actuarial mathematics, that does not imply that the functions should be inside the functional form.
Since, inside the case of UCLA financial actuarial mathematics, it’s a correct function of two independent variables, then we can simplify the term of multi-variable inside the functional kind. However, prior to carrying out so, we should understand that while the function must be inside the functional kind, the variables need to be within the functional type also.
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The Early Years of Charlie Chaplin
Charlie Chaplin’s career has been described, critiqued, and scrutinized. There are book-length studies on Chaplin’s music hall career, his career at Keystone Studios and the Mutual Studios. Somehow, his tenure with First National, however, has been largely neglected, even though it was during this several-year contractual time period that Chaplin built and occupied his own studio for the first time, that he attempted and succeeded in filming a comedy feature (The Kid) and that he helped to set up United Artists, an organization that protected the salaries and creative freedom of actors in Hollywood. This period in Chaplin’s story is especially interesting because such landmark moments are accompanied by Chaplin’s first marriage and divorce, the death of his first child, his friendship with French silent film comedian Max Linder , World War I and the role he would play in it, and the production and release of several unsuccessful films that marked Chaplin’s first creative blockage - one that threatened his future career.
This book discusses the transitional periods just before and after the First National contract, as well as the all-important period satisfying it. Archival evidence provides most of the support for the book’s assertions, from the Chaplin archive (property of Roy Export, digitised by Cineteca di Bologna, Italy), and the personal archives of other individuals or institutions discussed. Rare photos illustrate the story.
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Which statement do you agree with most?
A: The world is getting better.
B: The world is getting worse.
C: The world is getting neither better nor worse.
“Things are getting worse” is the statement about the world that I hear more than any
other. And it is absolutely true that there are many bad things in this world.
The number of war fatalities has been falling since the Second World War, but with the Syrian War, the trend has reversed. Terrorism too is rising again.
Overfishing and the deterioration of the seas are truly worrisome. The lists of dead areas in the world’s oceans and of endangered species are getting longer.
Ice is melting. Sea levels will continue to rise by probably three feet over the next 100 years. There’s no doubt it’s because of all the greenhouse gases humans have pumped into
the atmosphere, which won’t disperse for a long time, even if we stop adding more.
The collapse of the U.S. housing market in 2007, which no regulators had predicted, was caused by widespread illusions of safety in abstract investments that hardly anyone understood. The system remains as complex now as it was then and a similar crisis could happen again. Maybe tomorrow.
“It is easy to be aware of all the bad things happening in the world. It’s harder to know about the good things: billions of improvements that are never reported.”
In order for this planet to have financial stability, peace and protected natural resources, there’s one thing we can’t do without, and that’s international collaboration, based on a shared and fact-based understanding of the world. The current lack of knowledge about the world is, therefore, the most concerning problem of all.
I hear so many negative things all the time. Maybe you think, “Hans, you must just meet all the gloomiest people.” I decided to check.
People in 30 countries were asked the question at the top of the chapter: Do you think the world is getting better, getting worse or staying about the same? The majority said they think the world is getting worse. No wonder we all feel so stressed.
Statistics as Therapy
It is easy to be aware of all the bad things happening in the world. It’s harder to know about the good things: billions of improvements that are never reported. Don’t misunderstand me, I’m not talking about some trivial positive news to supposedly
balance out the negative. I’m talking about fundamental improvements that are world-changing but are too slow, too fragmented or too small one-by-one to ever qualify as news. I’m talking about the secret, silent miracle of human progress.
The basic facts about the world’s progress are so little known that I get invited to talk about them at conferences and corporate meetings all over the world. They sometimes call my lectures “inspirational,” and many people say they also have a comforting effect. That was never my intention. But it’s logical. What I show is mostly just official UN data. As long as people have a world view that is so much more negative than reality, pure statistics can make them feel more positive. It is comforting, as well as inspiring, to learn that the world is much better than you think. A new kind of happy pill, completely free online!
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- Words by Thomas Bryans
Human beings are social animals; we need other people to survive. This is a hard-wired evolutionary trait that helps to explain why loneliness and social isolation can be so psychologically painful. Within hunter-gatherer societies, to be isolated would have had potentially fatal consequences, from both starvation and potential predation. Feeling lonely was a powerful driver to rejoin your tribe. Loneliness today carries fewer immediate risks, but its damage to our health is equally profound. Evidence indicates that it is deadlier than obesity, and equivalent to smoking around 15 cigarettes a day, according to psychologist Julianne Holt-Lunstad.
Loneliness can be particularly acute within cities, which have been shown to have a detrimental effect on our mental health and well-being, and increase the risk of major depression and anxiety. This is known as the ‘urbanicity effect’, and the larger the population, the greater it is.
The city is not a habitat that we evolved with, it is one that we created for ourselves. With more than half of the world’s population living in urban areas, it is essential to ask whether the places we are shaping are helping or hindering our innate human need for connection. As psychologists Rhiannon Corcoran and Graham Marshall have argued, our prosocial tendencies exist in context.1 We are profoundly affected by our perception of the environment around us, so our towns and cities must be designed to enable and support sociability.
The contemporary urban crisis
The problem of urban loneliness is not isolated to any one country or culture. It is global and is being increasingly recognised as a crisis at both national and local levels around the world. Various governments, including the UK, are looking at ways to help address it. However, to do so successfully requires an initial understanding of how we got to where we are.
The agricultural revolution of around 10,000 years ago led to the first emergence of permanent human settlements, and eventually to the earliest cities. For many thousands of years, these cities remained small. It has been claimed that social loneliness within these communities would have been low, largely due to the intense cooperation and co-production that was required for survival.
The larger cities became – particularly with the exponential growth of urban populations over the past 200 years – the more they offered individual anonymity. For some this anonymity provided an essential level of protection, but the weakening of social ties that came with it led to increasing levels of social isolation.
Over the past half-century, the way we design and develop our cities has become increasingly privatised. In the 1970s half of all architects were employed by the public sector; now it’s less than 9 per cent. Today, most new public spaces are built as part of large regeneration projects and are privately owned. They are almost always economic in purpose: shopping is paramount; casual socialising is not. Private security can evict anyone perceived as loitering or undesirable. To be thrown out of a seemingly ‘public’ place inevitably creates feelings of isolation and exclusion. As Corcoran and Marshall point out, ‘these are not the places where new relationships can emerge and flourish’.
On top of this, Secured by Design, a police-led initiative that evolved out of research on crime in New York public housing in the 1970s, has generated a heightened focus on security through the principle of ‘defensible space’, leading to increasing social segregation. As Anna Minton, in her book Ground Control has written, ‘“Defensible space” in fact produces isolated, often empty enclaves which promote fear rather than the safety and reassurance which automatically comes in busy places, where people are free to wander around and come and go.’
At its most extreme this results in student halls where, for reasons of security, residents are unable to access – and therefore socialise with – other floors of their building. Leaving home and moving to a new city are both heightened risk factors for loneliness. Being in an environment that limits potential social connections as a consequence of design will only make this worse.
Psychological research has demonstrated that in places experienced as threatening or oppressive, people become anxious and withdrawn, whereas in places seen as beautiful, people feel safe and more likely to engage with others. The effect of this in cities is unmistakable: more attractive neighbourhoods are often those in greater demand, with higher property values and therefore greater affluence, while those that are visibly run-down are often the more deprived. This is borne out in health outcomes, with areas of deprivation being correlated with higher levels
of mental health problems, and tree-lined streets with lower level of antidepressant prescriptions.
Changes in the visual appearance of a neighbourhood can alter fundamentally the way in which people perceive the area and therefore behave. A study in Philadelphia that looked at the impact of abandoned lots and buildings found that transforming the lots into pocket parks and replacing doors and windows on the buildings led to a significant reduction in gun violence around those sites: of 5 per cent and 39 per cent, respectively.3 Where spaces are perceived as being safe, people are more likely to come out of their homes and on to the street, and parks provide places where neighbours can gather and socialise, strengthening social bonds.
In what began as a research project in its home city of Chicago, the architectural practice Studio Gang asked, ‘What if the police station became a community centre, with recreational facilities that young people could use without fear?’ In a place with long established police-community tensions it was a radical question. The project, Polis Station, rethinks the police station as a piece of social infrastructure; a safe space for local youths to play and socialise, as well as creating interaction with officers in non-enforcement situations, helping to build trust. While the ambition of the project is large, and could have implications across the United States, its success will come through small, very local, community interventions. The first iteration, a half-sized basketball court on the car park of a police station in the West Side of Chicago, has become so popular that there are ambitions to develop it into a full public park.
Even temporary interventions can make a significant impact On Lower Marsh, a bustling street to the south of London Waterloo station, a single-storey building and an adjacent yard space were overhauled by IF_DO and Meanwhile Space to create a new public square and a community-focused co-working space that would provide low-cost accommodation for local businesses and start-ups. Due for redevelopment about four years after the refurbishment, the local authority, Lambeth Council, was keen to see the building put to socially and economically beneficial use in the meantime. Such meanwhile projects can have an outsize impact on a community, in being able to create and provide space for activities and organisations that could not otherwise afford to be there. As a Centre for London spokesperson has noted, ‘Many of London’s more unexpected and playful uses of space have been enabled on meanwhile space because it was provided at low or no rent, from pop-up lidos to warehouse parties’.
Temporary interventions do not need to exist for long to change people’s perception of a place and to help build social connections. In October 2018, on the Draper Estate in Elephant and Castle, two consecutive day-long installations took place to encourage conversations between residents and other members of the community. In an undercroft by the entrance to one of the residential blocks, hundreds of yellow balloons were installed with parcel tags hanging off them so that people could write anonymous messages to others, both about themselves and their thoughts about the neighbourhood. The project was part of the Loneliness Lab, an 18-month study on how spaces can be used to create stronger social connections. Being unexpected and unusual, the installation disrupted people’s everyday experience, provoking curiosity and drawing them in; it created an excuse for conversations to be started with strangers.
Reconnecting with the public realm
Building a network of local relationships typically begins in public space, or in the threshold space between public and private spaces: think of parents meeting at the school gates, or neighbours chatting over the garden fence. At its most fundamental, combating urban loneliness and creating meaningful connections requires an engagement and a reconnection with the public realm. While this inevitably depends on the individual, the design of their environment – the context they are in – will affect their willingness and desire to do so.
The students of the LSA’s ‘Architectural Agency’ Design Think Tank interrogated this question over the past year, and their work (see page 68), considered the public realm as everything from the street to the lobby, lift and corridor of a large block of flats. The scale of the urban grid and the front door may be vastly different, but they affect both the quality and nature of our relationship with others around us.
In their refurbishment of the Park Hill estate in Sheffield, Studio Egret West and Hawkins\Brown were cognisant of the impact that small moves could have on the people who would live there, particularly in learning the lessons of the original design. The iconic ‘Streets in the Sky’ were narrowed (they were originally designed to be wide enough for a milk float), with corner windows added into the entrance halls of the new flats. The windows create the perception of eyes-on-the-street, as well as enabling individual expression, ensuring a character and personality is conveyed to passers-by, and creating a greater sense of connection among the neighbours.
While significantly smaller than Park Hill, Peter Barber Architects’ Ilchester Road development in Barking embodies a more radical act of prosocial design. The mews of six single-storey houses for over 60s is arranged along a narrow alley, with the residents’ private terraces (their only outdoor space) lining both sides. The low metal fences effectively turn the space into a large and convivial gathering space. As one resident, Pauline Branch has described, ‘We’ve been sitting out here in the evenings, singing together. It reminds me of an old East End street – I’m always seeing my neighbours.’
While the need to work together for survival is no longer essential, the social bonds we can build through cooperation and co-production remain the same. Unfortunately, our tendency to engage in civic collaboration has been on the decline for decades, and even social gatherings are becoming rarer.4 There has been an increasing retreat from public life to the private domain; in the UK and the US, for example, as televisions became ubiquitous in the 1960s and ’70s, cinema attendance collapsed. Today, with everyone on their own devices, we don’t even need to gather around the TV.
The rise of co-housing over the past 25 years as a collective model for living is, in part, a reaction to that increasing fragmentation of social life. They are intentional communities, almost always with shared collective facilities, such as a communal kitchen and dining area where everyone can come together to engage in the sharing of food.
On the western edge of Copenhagen, Lange Eng, a co-housing community designed by the architect Dorte Mandrup, is a case in point. Fifty-four dwellings encircle a large central courtyard that acts as a communal garden, while in their community house, a shared 20-seat cinema allows for collective film and TV watching, and an industrial-sized kitchen enables collective meals to be served to those who want them six nights a week. Each adult takes it in turns to help prepare food every six weeks. They claim to ‘have optimised the time-consuming part of everyday life, enabling us to concentrate on doing things we love, as a community, as families and as individuals’.
Projects such as Lange Eng prioritise what has been described as ‘social infrastructure’: spaces that are communal, invite people into the public realm and allow for collective organisation. They provide greater shared amenities and facilities, but with the compromise – if it is that – of requiring social engagement and collaboration.
As the geographer Jared Diamond has written, cities require ‘the trade-off between individual freedom and community interests, and the trade-off between social ties and anonymity’. Over recent decades there has been an increasing trend towards favouring the individual over the collective. The costs of this are multiple: declining mental health, increasing segregation and extremism, and an environmental crisis caused by overconsumption. We are at a tipping point, and the way we design our cities needs to change.
Co-housing offers what George Monbiot describes as ‘private sufficiency and public luxury’. This is not a new idea: the Carnegie Libraries, built between the 1880s and 1920s, were known as ‘palaces for the people’. Ornate, grand buildings with vaulted ceilings and tall windows; these were not the sorts of spaces that their users would ever be able to afford on their own.
Such civic commons – from parks to sports centres, art galleries and allotments – provide opportunities that would not otherwise be available to us on our own, but also offer the company of others and a platform from which to engage with the wider community.
Communities need places like these to thrive; they enable individual connections to be made and relationships to be built. However, urban loneliness is a complex and multifaceted issue. There is no silver bullet that will provide an easy solution, and it requires extensive cross-disciplinary collaboration. Nevertheless, there are clear steps that can be taken. Urban areas that are visually run down should be the focus of programmes to enhance their built fabric, particularly when these are framed around supporting community groups and social connections. New housing developments should be explicitly designed to create prosocial spaces, and, where possible, co-housing should be promoted to support collective well-being.
As Winston Churchill famously stated, ‘we shape our buildings, and afterwards our buildings shape us’. He was referring to the form of the parliamentary chamber in relation to the two-party system, but it was fundamentally a point about the way our physical context affects and influences our behaviour.
While our urban environment has the capacity to fragment communities and to make us lonely, it also has the capacity to bring people together and create happier and more socially connected neighbourhoods. Those of us who shape our cities today are creating the places that will help shape our communities tomorrow. We need to live up to that responsibility.
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At the height of the 1992 Los Angeles riots, in which he had played a crucial but involuntary role, Rodney King asked, “[C]an we all get along?”
Taken at face value, King’s question is about society: can it—can we—evince the respect and cohesion that preclude police brutality, looting, and street violence? But it’s also a political question, particularly urgent for republics, where governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed. Although self-government can flourish among a populace showing the restraint King pleaded for, it has little chance to succeed in its absence. If politics is the systematic organization of hatreds, as Henry Adams said, then the democratic politics of a society suffused by such hatreds will descend into tribal conflict and warfare.
James Madison was deeply concerned about democracy’s historical record of extinguishing itself quickly and ignominiously. He argued in The Federalist that the Constitution written in 1787 had favorably altered the calculus. Its architectural features—federalism, the separation of powers, checks and balances—improved the odds of hitting the elusive but crucial sweet spot: a government strong enough to control the governed but also constrained, externally and internally, in ways that oblige it to control itself.
But an architect can do only so much to mitigate the vices and follies of those who will build and maintain the structures he designs. Majority rule follows closely from equality, the fundamental democratic principle. But Madison held that if we want the United States to avoid the fate of previous democracies that had torn themselves apart, we must recognize that not all majorities are created equal. Some invigorate self-government, others debilitate it.
For a republic’s survival and success, the right social structure matters even more than the right political structure. Government is most likely to control both the governed and itself, in other words, when society is disposed to control itself. Madison contended that, historically, the biggest reason democratic governance had proven untenable was “majority faction.” Any faction of any size prefers its own interests to “the rights of other citizens, or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community.” When such a faction constitutes a durable majority, however, winning vote after vote on issue after issue, its members eventually realize that they can use democracy’s mechanisms to ignore or impair the interests, liberties, and rights of citizens outside this majority faction. When that happens, even the best constitutional architecture can accomplish nothing more than to delay an assertive majority that wants to make democratic government an instrument of its will.
Few such majorities will be so principled that they refrain indefinitely from abusing the power democracy offers them. And when those under the tyranny of the majority come to view democracy as more threatening than protective, they turn against it, resorting to emigration, secession, or resistance. In Iraq, for example, the Shia majority (somewhat more than 60% of the population) is roughly twice as large as the Sunni minority. Given the centuries of enmity between Islam’s two branches, introducing democracy—or, at any rate, elections—into Iraq after 2003 intensified rather than moderated the country’s religious antagonisms.
What can be done to counteract majority faction’s danger to democracy? Madison thought that the most important republican remedy for this republican disease was what has come to be called the extended republic. Though a faction, per se, is inimical to good government, if factions are sufficiently small and numerous they can be rendered, in the aggregate, benign or even beneficial. The geographic range and socioeconomic diversity of the United States, he posited, increased rather than reduced the likelihood that self-government would survive in the new country. The key to that structural remedy, he wrote in The Federalist, is that “society itself will be broken into so many parts, interests, and classes of citizens, that the rights of individuals, or of the minority, will be in little danger from interested combinations of the majority.”
The key word is the plural “combinations.” Democratic majorities in a large, varied republic will be transient coalitions rather than permanent monoliths. The members of a majority faction, bound together by a powerful force like the Iraqi Shiites’ religious convictions, have little incentive to respect the minority because they have little reason to anticipate that they’ll ever be in the minority.
The factions composing an ad hoc majority coalition, however, can easily imagine being left out of some future majority coalition addressing a different public question. Knowing this, the prudent course will be to respect those who happen to be outside any particular majority, rather than indulge the sort of winner-take-all governance that could, soon and easily, be turned against you. In this way, politics in a varied, extended republic is self-moderating. The fluidity of majority coalitions supplies the defect of better motives, providing a humble but compelling reason not to abuse democratically secured power. As a result, the extended republic’s political life has a distinctive tone: transactional and incremental, emphasizing common denominators rather than lofty aspirations. It traffics in differences that can be split rather than imperatives that must not be compromised.
One might suppose that there is a fundamental consistency between Madison’s extended republic and the diversity extolled endlessly by modern multiculturalism. Madison’s plurality of economic interests, sectional attachments, and religious denominations resembles the current preoccupation with demographic variety. And, in both cases, a description begets a prescription: a fact resulting mostly from happenstance becomes the basis for a theory about necessary and optimal sociopolitical arrangements.
In reality, the differences between the extended republic and multiculturalism are more important than their similarities. Ultimately, Madison’s concern was with sustaining a government accountable to the governed, who expected it to secure their safety and happiness in a manner consistent with their natural rights. Multiculturalism, however, points to supplanting liberal democracy with a new, more radical order. The functioning of this new regime is nebulous and, partly as a result, ominous. In particular, there are good reasons to fear that the multicultural republic, as presently envisioned, will assert and exercise powers derived not from the consent of the governed but from the Mandate of Heaven, or of History. Doing so will necessitate violating individuals’ rights for the sake of its chiliastic mission.
According to University of California, Berkeley, political theorist Sarah Song, multiculturalism seeks not only to rectify “economic and political disadvantages that people suffer as a result of their marginalized group identities,” but to revalue “disrespected identities” and change “dominant patterns of representation and communication that marginalize certain groups.” Ultimately, it points to “an ideal in which members of minority groups can maintain their distinctive collective identities and practices.” All individuals are to be free and equal, and all groups, especially those previously marginalized and disrespected, will be empowered to define their identities and their terms of affiliation with the larger polity. Multiculturalism, says Song, shares the premises and goals of “the politics of difference” or “identity politics.” (The latter is sometimes called “identitarianism.”)
It’s important to note that Madison’s heterogeneous extended republic presupposes a more fundamental homogeneity, of the sort hailed by his Federalist co-author John Jay. Jay described the new American nation as “one united people—a people descended from the same ancestors, speaking the same language, professing the same religion, attached to the same principles of government, very similar in their manners and customs.” Taken together, Madison and Jay are contending that a nation of interests has favorable prospects but a nation of nations does not, as the violent dissolution of Yugoslavia in the 1990s demonstrated.
In the extended republic, a National Association of Oven Mitt Wholesalers is benign not just because it is small and there are many groups like it, but because the maximum extent of its agenda is unlikely to do serious harm, even if it somehow becomes large and powerful. Similarly, the various religious denominations are unthreatening not only because they are too numerous for any one to constitute a majority, but because they have embraced a common moral teaching: religious fervor may be shared with co-worshippers, but never imposed on those of different persuasions. In the public arena, we agree to disagree about matters of faith. As long as your creed honors the common rights and duties of citizenship, neither picking my pocket nor breaking my leg, we may all aspire to live and let live.
The claims put forward under multiculturalism by disadvantaged, marginalized identity groups go beyond those made by an interest group or voluntary association. Whether they are less or more sweeping than those put forward by a group asserting nationhood is, however, unclear. Identity politics has normalized accusations of group disloyalty that resemble those made by nations against treasonable behavior, or by zealous religions against heresy. Last year, Congresswoman Ayanna Pressley, a Massachusetts Democrat, told a Netroots Nation convention:
We don’t need any more brown faces that don’t want to be a brown voice. We don’t need black faces that don’t want to be a black voice. We don’t need Muslims that don’t want to be a Muslim voice. We don’t need queers that don’t want to be a queer voice.
Similarly, former South Bend mayor Pete Buttigieg, the first openly gay presidential candidate in U.S. history, faced accusations that he was not gay enough. The New Yorker’s Masha Gessen, in particular, dismissed the Democrat as a “straight politician in a gay man’s body.” His failure, she explained, was embracing a politics of sexual identity that “aims to erase difference,” aspiring to nothing more profound and threatening than “a society in all respects indistinguishable from the one in which we live now, except queer people have successfully and permanently blended in.” Unlike Buttigieg, “an easy and reassuring choice for…older, white, straight people,” a gay politician worthy of the designation would stand for “a society that is radically changed by many kinds of people fighting many kinds of injustice, a society in which economic, social, political, and sexual relationships have been transformed.”
Though the new order created by the transformation Gessen demands is, well, radically vague, criticisms like hers and Pressley’s signal clearly the importance of authenticity in identity politics. Gessen’s opposition to blending in, and to reassuring Americans who are old, white, and straight, reflects multiculturalism’s animus against assimilation. In Why I’m No Longer Talking to White People About Race (2017), British author Reni Eddo-Lodge charges:
My blackness has been politicised against my will, because racism has given it meaning. This is a situation I didn’t choose, but I don’t want it wilfully ignored in an effort to instil some sort of precarious, false harmony.
Making victimhood central to the identity of a marginalized group, however, complicates the work of rectifying disadvantages suffered by that group. Those who become ex-victims will no longer possess a firm identity. In the consummation of identity politics, the grievances that previously defined an identity will all have been addressed. Demographic attributes once defining will become incidental, like being left-handed or having a name with an even number of letters. Identity politics becomes self-extinguishing.
Its logic and rhetoric, however, demands that it be self-perpetuating: an identitarian life well lived requires going deeper and deeper inside the experience of being black, female, gay, disabled, etc. The social scientist Liah Greenfeld argues that a necessary component of nationalism is “dignity capital,” wherein individuals derive pride and meaning from the civilizational achievements of their national community. Identity politics offers those who feel themselves marginalized from such national communities an alternative: indignity capital. People take pride and meaning from belonging to a demographic group that has been disdained and abused. The dignity derives less from what the group you identify with has achieved than from what it has endured, which validates both the group’s resilience and its innocence in the face of its oppressors.
Ultimately, such authenticity begets essentialism: people are never different or more than their group identity, which is a function of demography and victimhood. (“Identity” derives from the Latin word for sameness.) Demands to uphold a party line and group self-image substitute a spurious authenticity for the real thing, each individual’s quest to interpret and express an inner and outer life not quite like one that any other person has known. Accidents of history and demography inform that quest, but do not define it. Multiculturalism celebrates its constituents’ identities but denigrates their selves.
Purity tests like Gessen’s, simultaneously amorphous and demanding, render quotidian politics impossible. Deals can never be struck when concessions mean not just relinquishing something a constituency wants, but complicity in denigrating who they are. Whenever a figure from a marginalized group reassures old, white, straight people, its arbiters and guardians of authenticity will call for confronting and discomfiting the non-marginalized instead.
If multiculturalism renders building coalitions with the non-marginalized suspect at best and intolerable at worst, then the only legitimate coalitions are those confined to marginalized groups. This requirement makes solidarity the counterpart of authenticity. Gessen favorably cites an open letter addressed to the former South Bend mayor by the group #QueersAgainstPete. “As LGBTQ2IA people,” it states, “our lives are layered and must have an intersectional framework in our analysis, organizing, and movement building.” (If you are somehow unaware, LGBTQ2IA stands for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, Two-Spirit, Intersex, and Asexual.) It goes on to declare that “LGBTQ2IA justice” encompasses: “Education justice,” “Racial and economic justice,” “Decarceration” [that is, ending “mass incarceration”], “Immigrant and refugee justice,” “Health justice,” and “Housing justice.” Finally, “Demanding corporate accountability and for wealthy people to pay an equitable share of taxes is LGBTQ2IA justice.”
The open letter’s terminology reflects the importance within multiculturalism of “intersectionality,” a concept first advanced by legal scholar Kimberlé Crenshaw in a 1989 law journal article, “Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics.” Instead of a “single-axis framework” that treats “race and gender as mutually exclusive categories,” Crenshaw calls for full awareness of “multidimensionality.” Such an approach will make clear that the discrimination experienced by a black woman is sui generis, neither the sum of, nor the same as, that experienced by a black man and/or a white woman.
Intersectional analysis quickly became influential within academia, and was extended in other directions. In 2018 political scientist Anne Sisson Runyan explained that the concept had led to an analytical reckoning with how individuals’ multiple identities—race, gender, class, sexual preference, etc.—interact to confer privileges or disadvantages in various times and contexts. In keeping with Karl Marx’s dictum that we must not merely interpret the world but change it, intersectionality became an organizing as well as an interpretive tool. Sisson Runyon writes that “intersectional thinking has…opened the way to more inclusive and coalitional social movements,” ones that “see struggles against racism, classism, neocolonialism, xenophobic nationalism, heterosexism, transphobia, ableism, ageism, Islamophobia, and ecological destruction as indivisible.”
In recent years, intersectionality has moved beyond the campus to prominence in the larger national discourse. The 2017 Women’s March, for example, argued that because of women’s “intersecting identities” they were “impacted by a multitude of social justice and human rights issues.” During the 2018 Academy Awards, actress Ashley Judd hailed the “limitless possibilities of equality, diversity, inclusion, [and] intersectionality” created by the MeToo movement.
“All for one and one for all” is a stirring ideal, but Alexandre Dumas told the story of just three musketeers. Intersectionality raises but does not solve the problems of forming and sustaining a grand coalition of a much larger number of aggrieved, marginalized groups. Indeed, what often occurs in intersections are collisions, usually because people have conflicting, self-serving ideas about right-of-way, about who goes first.
Thus, the seemingly formidable Women’s March busted up over the question of whether Jews in America are oppressors or victims and, if victims, where their grievances rank in the comprehensive Oppression Olympics. Three years after it galvanized some of the largest protests in American history, it is unclear “what, if anything, the Women’s March organization has directly achieved,” the Atlantic noted sadly. Last year, some anonymous provocateurs at Western Connecticut State University posted flyers around campus, one of which read, “Islam is right about women.” As it stands, the flyer is certain to be denounced as misogynistic, but if you change the wording to “Islam is wrong about women,” it becomes Islamophobic.
Similarly, in 2019 the New York Times examined a new political movement, American Descendants of Slavery (ADOS). Its organizing principle is that diversity and inclusion are good, but the more deserving must be included ahead of the less deserving, and that the most deserving are those Americans whose ancestors were enslaved here prior to the ratification of the 13th Amendment. Consequently, ADOS objects to the fact that 41% of black Ivy League freshman are either immigrants or the children of immigrants, which means that these applicants are more than three times as likely to be admitted to some of the country’s most highly selective colleges as blacks whose ancestors have lived in the U.S. for centuries. One ADOS organizer has even explained her position using the term “blood and soil”—striking but not altogether surprising evidence that identitarianism is not flatly incompatible with Aryanism.
Coalition of the Marginalized
The near-term challenge, then, is overcoming these internal tensions to form a majority coalition of the marginalized. Its realization would be the first step to the longer-term aspiration, a majority faction of the marginalized, so sturdy and formidable that it could pursue the indivisible struggles against racism, classism, neocolonialism, and so on, even in the face of unanimous opposition from the non-marginalized, the privileged. According to New York magazine’s Rebecca Traister, the problem in American life is “minority rule” by white males. Roughly one third of the population, they hold a large majority of all elective offices and wield disproportionate economic power. Even worse, everything ends up being about them: “we’re always busy worrying about the humanity—the comfort and the dignity—of white men, at the same time discouraging [any] disruptive challenge to their authority.”
If white women, also about a third of the country, shift decisively away from the coalition of the privileged and join the coalition of the marginalized, the latter can finally realize its transformative political potential. Traister laments that this hasn’t happened yet, and isn’t about to: “a majority of white women voted for Trump [in 2016], and always vote for his party, because they benefit from white supremacy even as they are subjugated by patriarchy.… This is how minority rule persists.”
Guardian columnist Moira Donegan goes further. “There is a battle on for the soul of America,” she wrote in 2018, “between the peevish, racist cruelty of Trump and his supporters and a vision of inclusion, justice, and decency forwarded by an increasingly diverse coalition on the left. Much of that battle is being waged in white women’s hearts.” The problem persists because “white women vote for Republicans for the same reason that white men do: because they are racist.” Change will occur when, and only when, white women finally reject loyalty to “the more powerful aspect of their identity, their race” in favor of “the less powerful, their sex.”
Whether, and how rapidly, white women will join the coalition of the marginalized is presently unclear. According to CNN’s exit polls, white women (who cast 37% of the ballots) voted for Donald Trump over Hillary Clinton by 52% to 43% in 2016. In the 2018 midterm elections they split their votes evenly: 49% for Democratic congressional candidates, 49% for Republicans—not a huge shift, but a significant one. Democrats won control of the House with 235 seats in 2018, 41 more than they had after 2016. Many of the seats that flipped from red to blue were in suburban districts where white women represent far more than 37% of the voters.
But the jury is still out. Economist Paul Samuelson once said that the stock market has correctly predicted nine of the past five recessions. The track record of midterm elections heralding partisan realignments isn’t much better. Republicans in 1994 made even bigger gains in the House and Senate than Democrats in 2018, only to see President Clinton win reelection easily two years later. The same sequence occurred in 2010 and 2012 with the Tea Party wave and, then, President Obama.
Even if Donald Trump is not reelected in 2020, and even if a shift in white women’s votes helps account for the difference from 2016’s results, we should still be cautious about declaring that the coalition of the marginalized has become the fundamental fact of American politics. Subsequent elections could reveal that Trump’s singularly indecorous and exhausting public persona was more important in losing women’s votes than multiculturalism was in attracting them.
Indeed, as of this writing the 2020 election contest has demonstrated multiculturalism’s very limited electoral appeal, even within the Democratic Party. The large field of Democratic presidential candidates, more than two dozen, who slogged through debates and fundraisers in 2019, included six women and seven candidates of non-European ancestry. Yet within days after the 15 contests held on “Super Tuesday,” and barely a month after the voting had commenced with the Iowa caucuses, the only contenders left in the race were two old, white, straight men, Bernie Sanders and Joe Biden.
More importantly, Democratic voters soundly rejected the candidates’ bold appeals couched in identitarian language. A significant portion of the early field, Politico noted in November 2019, seemed to be running for Social Justice Warrior-in-Chief, “shrugging off warnings that embracing so-called identity politics could distract from the party’s economic message and push white voters further into Donald Trump’s arms.” One activist said, “Intersectionality feels obvious to younger progressives,” and the politicians vying for volunteers and buzz courted these voters aggressively. “Let’s just start with the hard truth about our criminal justice system,” Elizabeth Warren told one audience. “It’s racist.” Kirsten Gillibrand wrote to her supporters that “resistance is female, intersectional and powered by our belief in one another.”
None of it worked; most of it backfired. Biden, for example, became the presumptive nominee because black voters ended his humiliating losing streak in presidential politics by giving him a decisive win in the South Carolina primary, which propelled Biden to Super Tuesday victories across the country three days later. The explanation goes beyond affection for Barack Obama’s vice president. Thomas Edsall of the New York Times pointed out last year that black voters, around a fourth of the Democratic primary electorate, have “emerged as a force for more moderate stands” at a time when “white Democrats have moved sharply left.” Compared to white Democrats with college degrees, Edsall noted, black Democrats are more likely to be religious, to have misgivings about welfare programs, and to favor traditional moral views on social and cultural issues.
During the debates in 2019 one black candidate, Kamala Harris, attacked Biden for having opposed busing in the 1970s, while another, Cory Booker, criticized him for having worked with senators who had been Southern segregationists. In the end, the attacks neither harmed Biden nor helped Harris and Booker, both of whom abandoned their campaigns prior to the Iowa caucuses. (Biden replied to Booker’s charge by saying, “There’s not a racist bone in my body,” the sort of expression Uncle Fred might say at Thanksgiving dinner while the returning liberal arts majors roll their eyes. To borrow Trump’s moniker for him, it’s clear that Sleepy Joe is not woke.)
At the other end of the spectrum, Elizabeth Warren ran for president as though the national electorate represented on a much larger scale the worldview shared by her students and colleagues at Harvard Law School. She promised to be a champion for “Latinx families,” despite polling evidence that fully 2% of American Hispanics describe themselves with this neologism, crafted as a non-gendered improvement upon “Latino.” According to its defenders, political correctness is nothing more than the polite determination to avoid offending marginalized groups. But Warren’s adoption of a term overwhelmingly rejected by the people it designates shows how, in the words of New York Times columnist Ross Douthat, “the language that dominates progressivism often emerges out of a dialogue among minority activists and academics and well-meaning white liberals, without much engagement with the larger minority population.” (Kimberlé Crenshaw endorsed Warren.)
Not coincidentally, one of the weaknesses that proved fatal to Warren’s campaign was her rejection by minority voters. In her home state’s presidential primary, Warren finished in third place among Hispanic voters and fourth place—behind Biden, Sanders, and Michael Bloomberg—among blacks, with just 14% of their votes. She got 5% of the black vote that day in the Virginia primary. Even among white women with college degrees, her best demographic category, two-thirds of those Massachusetts voters preferred another candidate.
Warren’s identitarian pandering sometimes descended to self-parody. In Iowa, she promised a nine-year-old “trans person” the opportunity to interview any prospective secretary of education in a Warren Administration, and that the nomination would advance only with the child’s approval. Days before the Nevada caucuses, six women of color resigned from the Warren campaign there, charging that the organization was, in Politico’s words, “a toxic work environment in which minorities felt tokenized.” The candidate went on MSNBC to take full responsibility: “I believe these women without any equivocation, and I apologize personally that they had a bad experience on the campaign.” Warren explained in the next breath, however, that taking responsibility meant that the episode’s offending party was neither the candidate nor the campaign organization but America, where “racism and oppression…have left a long legacy, and it creates the kind of toxicity where…power structures, people take advantage of other people, it’s something for which we have to be constantly vigilant and constantly determined to do better.”
A handful of junior staffers resigning from one state office of a failing presidential campaign is a detail that will, deservedly, be omitted from histories of the 2020 election. But it deserves a moment’s attention for illuminating what multiculturalism means. As reported by Politico, the employees’ grievances were notably vague and slight. One said, “I filed a complaint with [Human Resources], but the follow-up I received left me feeling as though I needed to make myself smaller or change who I was to fit into the office culture.” Another alleged, “We all were routinely silenced and not given a meaningful chance on the campaign. Complaints, comments, advice, and grievances were met with an earnest shake of the head and progressive buzzwords but not much else.” The best explanation for this blather is that it is exactly what you would expect from young women whose education, from preschool through grad school, assured them constantly that nothing that came into their heads or out of their mouths was less than fascinating, incisive, and righteous.
Instead, Senator Warren apologized abjectly for their suffering before shifting blame to the country she was offering to lead. Her lament about America’s toxic power structures reflects the growing tendency in progressive rhetoric to blame disparities and dissatisfactions on “structural” racism, sexism, homophobia, and oppression in general. But because the explication of what these structures are and how they function is neither detailed nor rigorous, the indictments that blame structural oppression for a particular social ill are often hard to comprehend, and always impossible to falsify. An analytical device that purports to explain everything rarely explains anything.
Structural racism is “covert” and “woven into the fabric of our world,” according to Reni Eddo-Lodge’s non-definition. “‘Structural’ is often the only way to describe what goes unnoticed—the silently raised eyebrows, the implicit biases, snap judgments made on assumptions of competency,” she says. Structural racism accounts for the “apologetic smile while telling a non-white employee that they didn’t get the promotion,” or the “CV tossed in the bin because the applicant has a foreign-sounding name.”
In 2019, a Williams College professor announced that she was taking a medical leave, citing the college’s “violent practices,” which encompassed “[t]he problem of anti-blackness and transphobia on campus.” A student group, the Coalition Against Racist Education Now, endorsed the claim that “discursive and institutional violence” pervaded life at the prestigious liberal arts college. In a subsequent meeting for faculty of color called by the administration, one professor asked about the exact nature of the violent practices endured by the faculty member who had made the complaint. To which another professor responded that “to ask for evidence of violent practices is itself a violent practice.”
Leading multicultural theoreticians have laid out how egalitarianism operates after democracy outlives its usefulness. Historian Ibram Kendi, author of How to Be an Antiracist (2019), proposes a constitutional amendment to create a Department of Antiracism, powerful enough to function as the nation’s third house of Congress, second Supreme Court, and first Council of Philosopher Kings. The department “would be responsible for preclearing all local, state and federal public policies to ensure they won’t yield racial inequity, monitor those policies, investigate private racist policies when racial inequity surfaces, and monitor [and discipline] public officials for expressions of racist ideas.” Permanently funded and staffed by “formally trained experts on racism,” but with “no political appointees,” the department would be answerable only to itself, neither checked by other branches of government nor constrained by voter disapproval.
Kendi is diffident compared to the Equality Amendment to the Constitution advocated by Kimberlé Crenshaw and Catharine MacKinnon, also a prominent feminist law professor. Among other provisions, it commands Congress and the states to “take legislative and other measures to prevent or redress any disadvantage suffered by individuals or groups because of past and/or present inequality” (emphasis added). Because discrimination is “a pervasive social practice of power—epistemic, practical, and structural,” it follows that “no showing of intent is required to legally undo and remedy it.” As a result, it is hard to imagine an inequality that the amendment would not render unconstitutional, since it orders the government to address inequality’s root causes, which are “the social order—its structures, forces, institutions, and individuals acting in concert.”
And, if we’re surprised at how many eggs get broken to make all these egalitarian omelettes, we can never complain that Crenshaw and MacKinnon didn’t warn us. The Equality Amendment “supersedes” existing constitutional guarantees of equal protection of the laws and due process of law. This means, they tell us, that affirmative action plans are likely to be required by the new, improved Constitution, and certain never to be proscribed by it. The Equality Amendment “repudiates the premise that classification per se is the injury of inequality and embraces the understanding that group hierarchy is the essence of inequality’s injury.” We may safely assume that, under it, the procedural niceties made famous by college campus sex tribunals will be on continuous display at a courthouse near you, where due process for hapless defendants is routinely subverted in the service of dismantling group hierarchies.
There is no foreseeable prospect that either the Antiracist or Equality Amendment will be added to the Constitution. Doing so would require voters’ consent, which does not appear to be forthcoming after Elizabeth Warren and other Torquemadas were routed in this year’s Democratic primaries. But as essayist Wesley Yang observed in the Washington Post last year, the “intersectional approach” has neither been nor needed to be “successful in winning national elections,” because it is “excellent at acquiring power through intramural struggle within institutions.” That is, “the activist cadres that run and staff the organs of the institutional left” are
situated at critical choke points of the nonprofit and governmental civil rights apparatus, which derives its power and authority from the manufacture of new protected classes on whose behalf the latest moral crusade requiring federal intervention can be launched.
Furthermore, future Democratic presidents will appoint federal judges, some of them educated by Crenshaw, MacKinnon, and other zealots. These jurists will eventually determine that the unamended but living Constitution has mandated post- and anti-democratic egalitarianism all along, a fact obscured by the forces of structural oppression.
James Madison took for granted that disinterestedness would rarely be a consequential political force. However diverse the “faculties of men,” our reason is almost always put in the service of our “self-love,” and rarely set against it. But the endeavor of people who share an interest coming together to form a faction, and of factions in an extended republic coming together to form a majority, is necessarily political. It requires understanding others’ viewpoints well enough to address them in ways that accounts for their interests and sensibilities, rather than just proclaiming one’s own. In this way the extended republic extends and deepens republicanism by channeling self-love into what Alexis de Tocqueville would later describe as self-interest, well understood.
“The irony of identity politics,” political scientist Joshua Mitchell has written, “is that it does not see itself as political.” Identitarians employ speech not to explicate or persuade, but to calibrate demographic categories’ guilt or victimhood. These determinations, made by Kendi’s trained experts on racism or the activist cadres described by Yang, become the basis for realizing the parallel-universe America that would exist if racism, sexism, homophobia, and so forth never had.
Multiculturalism’s antipathy to republicanism—always implicit, now increasingly explicit—is lamentable, not least because it discredits the necessary, noble endeavor of vindicating America’s experiment in self-government by securing civil rights and economic opportunity for all its citizens. In his most famous speech, at the 1963 civil rights march in Washington, Martin Luther King, Jr., said that the Declaration of Independence and Constitution amounted to “a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir…a promise that all men, yes, black men as well as white men, would be guaranteed the unalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.” John Jay’s description of a nearly uniform America was truer to an ethno-nationalist paradigm than to the realities of 1787, much less those of the 21st century. Diversity is a fact, one that does make inclusion an imperative. But these realities should not be set against the abiding need to make a constitutional government accountable to the people. Only as free and equal citizens of a self-governing republic, in other words, can and should we all try to get along.
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The adoption process allows an adult to become the legal parent of a child who is not biologically their own. An adoptive parent accepts full custody and is legally responsible for the child’s support costs and obligations.
As part of the process, the biological parent or parents no longer have parental rights once the adoption is finalized. However, sometimes the birth parents can be awarded some rights if requested.
Additionally, most states require the consent of both biological parents listed on the birth certificate or have established paternity. An exception is if one biological parent is found unfit, has abandoned the child, or has failed to pay child support.
There isn’t one adoption code in the United States that applies throughout the country. Instead, each state has sets of regulations, laws, and policies. But some federal legislations also help inform adoption laws.
If you decide to adopt, you first must determine the type of adoption that is best for you.
Types of adoption
- Adopting through the foster care system
- Private adoption through an agency, often run by charities or social service agencies
- Identified or designated adoption, which is typically used when the birth and adoptive families have found each other but use an agency to oversee the process
- Relative adoption, which includes any adoption when the child is related to the adoptive parent by blood or marriage (such as a stepparent, grandparent, or aunt)
- International adoption
- Adopting an adult, often done for an inheritance, after a foster child has aged out of foster care, or when permanent caregiving is needed
Each type of adoption and state has its own requirements, such as waiting periods, rules, paperwork, and standards. These requirements are important to ensure everyone involved ends up with the best circumstances. So adoptive parents should carefully review the criteria involved in their specific situation.
For most states, a person is eligible to adopt if they are single or married, a stepparent (if their spouse has legal custody or permission from the other biological parent), at least 18 years old (although some states require adults to be older) and financially stable.
Some states also require adoptive parents to be state residents.
The U.S. federal law requirements for adopting from another country include:
- Being a U.S. citizen
- Being at least 25 years old if you’re unmarried
- Jointly adopting the child if you’re married
- Meeting suitability requirements that include allowing fingerprinting, criminal background checks, and a home study
International adoptions will also involve meeting your state’s requirements and the requirements of the specific foreign country.
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Recognizing Plateaus in Athletic Performance: Overcoming Stagnation and Achieving Peak Results
Keywords: Athletic performance plateau, Performance stagnation, overcoming athletic plateaus, Training plateaus, Recognizing performance limits, Performance regression, Training setbacks, Performance impediments, Athletic progress monitoring, Breaking through plateaus, Performance optimisation, Peak athletic performance
In sports and athleticism, reaching your peak performance level is a challenging journey that requires dedication, hard work, and continuous effort. However, even the most driven athletes may encounter plateaus in their athletic performance. These plateaus, characterised by performance stagnation or regression, can be frustrating and demotivating. But fear not; they are a natural part of any athlete's journey. The key is to recognise them and employ strategies to overcome them.
Recognising the signs of an athletic performance plateau is the first step to overcoming it. Plateaus manifest as a sudden halt in progress, diminishing returns from training, or regression in performance. Despite consistent effort, you might find it harder to improve your records or feel stuck at a certain skill level.
Common Performance Plateaus:
Training Plateaus: When your training routine becomes too repetitive, your body adapts, resulting in diminished results.
A decline in your athletic abilities due to overtraining, fatigue, or injury.
Occasional performance dips due to illness or life stressors.
Strategies for Progress:
Athletic Progress Monitoring: Keep a detailed record of your training, performance metrics, and how your body responds. This data will help you identify plateaus early.
Diversify Your Training:
Introduce new exercises, techniques, or variations to challenge your body differently.
Rest and Recovery:
Sufficient rest facilitates muscle recovery and enhances performance gains.
Seek Professional Guidance:
A coach or sports expert can provide valuable insights and create a customised plan to help you break through plateaus.
Develop mental resilience to push through moments of stagnation and maintain your motivation.
Recognising and overcoming plateaus in athletic performance is a pivotal part of any athlete's journey. These challenging periods can be frustrating, but they also offer valuable opportunities for growth and improvement. By employing strategies such as diversified training, adequate rest, and seeking professional guidance, athletes can break through plateaus and continue their journey toward peak athletic performance. Embrace the journey, celebrate your progress, and remember that plateaus are temporary obstacles to achieving your athletic goals.
Advanced Training Techniques for Breaking Through Plateaus
Reaching a plateau in your athletic performance can be frustrating and disheartening. It's that point where, despite your consistent efforts, progress seems to have come to a halt. But fear not; plateaus are a natural part of any athlete's journey and can be overcome with the right strategies.
Periodisation: This technique divides your training into phases, each with specific goals and intensity levels. It prevents overtraining, reduces plateau risk, and makes your workouts challenging.
Progressive Overload: Gradually increasing your workout’s weight, intensity, or duration forces your body to adapt and grow stronger. It's a fundamental principle for breaking plateaus.
Variation: Change your exercise routines regularly to keep your body guessing. Try new exercises, alter your training split, or incorporate different equipment to prevent adaptation.
Functional Training: Focus on functional movements that mimic real-life activities. This improves overall athleticism and challenges your body in new ways.
Supersets and Dropsets: These techniques involve performing two exercises back-to-back with minimal rest or reducing weight between sets. They help break plateaus by increasing workout intensity.
Breaking through athletic plateaus is a test of patience and perseverance. By incorporating these advanced training techniques and maintaining consistency, you can push past stagnation and continue your journey towards peak athletic performance. Remember, every plateau is an opportunity for growth and improvement.
Nutrition, Recovery, and Mental Toughness: The Triad of Athletic Progress
Athletes constantly pursue excellence, pushing their bodies to achieve peak performance. While rigorous training is essential, it's important to recognise the role of nutrition, recovery, and mental toughness. This triad is often the key to unlocking progress and achieving athletic excellence.
Fueling Your Performance:
Proper nutrition is the cornerstone of athletic success. Athletes require a well-balanced diet that provides the energy, nutrients, and hydration necessary for optimal physical and mental performance. Here are some critical aspects of nutrition for athletes:
Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are the fundamental macronutrients essential to an athlete's nutrition plan. Carbohydrates provide energy for workouts, while proteins support muscle repair and growth. Incorporating healthy fats into your diet is vital for general well-being and can serve as a sustained energy source.
Vitamins and minerals play indispensable roles in various bodily processes, encompassing energy generation, immune system reinforcement, and muscle contractions. Athletes must ensure they get an adequate intake of these micronutrients through a diverse and balanced diet to support their physical and mental performance.
Maintaining adequate hydration is crucial for sustaining performance levels and warding off dehydration, which can result in fatigue and diminished athletic capabilities. Athletes should drink water regularly and consider sports drinks for longer or more intense workouts to replenish electrolytes, supporting their physical and mental resilience.
The timing of when you eat your meals and snacks can impact how well you perform. Eating a balanced meal a few hours before exercise can provide sustained energy, while post-workout nutrition aids in recovery and muscle repair, ensuring both physical and mental readiness.
The Role of Recovery and Mental Toughness
Recovery is where the magic happens, not just physically but also mentally. During the recovery phase, your body repairs and adapts to the stress of training, leading to progress and improved performance in terms of physical strength and mental fortitude. Here's how you can optimise recovery and mental toughness:
Adequate sleep is crucial for recovery and mental toughness. While in a state of deep sleep, the body naturally secretes growth hormone, which plays a vital role in the repair and construction of tissues. Staying for 7-9 hours of restful sleep each night is advisable to bolster physical and mental resilience.
Post-workout nutrition is essential for physical recovery and mental readiness. Consuming a combination of carbohydrates and proteins within the first hour after exercise helps replenish glycogen stores and supports muscle repair, Making sure that you are mentally and physically ready for your upcoming endeavour.
Engaging in light, low-intensity activities like stretching, yoga, or a gentle swim can aid in reducing muscle soreness and promoting blood flow to facilitate recovery, both for your body and your mental focus.
Proper hydration supports physical recovery and mental resilience by maintaining fluid balance and preventing cramps and fatigue.
High stress levels can hinder recovery and mental toughness. Include relaxation methods like meditation, deep breathing, or mindfulness in your daily routine to manage stress, promoting physical and psychological health effectively.
The Synergy of Nutrition, Recovery, and Mental Toughness
For athletes, the synergy of nutrition, recovery, and mental toughness is paramount. Without adequate nutrition and recovery, your body lacks the necessary resources to recover and adapt to training stress, and your mental resilience can waver. By nourishing your body with the proper nutrients, allowing it to heal effectively, and cultivating mental toughness, you'll set the stage for continuous improvement and success in your athletic endeavours. Remember, the path to peak performance encompasses hard work, smart nutrition, dedicated recovery, and unwavering mental fortitude.
Mental Toughness: Overcoming Plateaus and Achieving Excellence
In the pursuit of excellence, athletes often encounter plateaus - those frustrating moments when progress seems to halt. These plateaus can be physical, but they are often rooted in the mental aspects of sports performance. Mental toughness is the key to breaking through these barriers and reaching new heights in your athletic journey.
Plateaus in sports can manifest in various ways. You may find that your performance levels have stagnated or you're experiencing setbacks that hinder your progress. These plateaus can lead to frustration, self-doubt, and feeling stuck. However, they are an inherent part of any athlete's journey and offer valuable growth opportunities.
The Power of Mental Toughness:
Mental toughness is staying focused, resilient, and motivated in adversity. It's about maintaining a positive mindset, even when going is tough. Here are some strategies to help you cultivate mental toughness and overcome plateaus, both physical and mental:
Set Clear Goals:
Define specific, achievable goals that provide direction and purpose to your training. Well-defined goals can assist in maintaining both physical and mental motivation and focus.
Embrace setbacks as learning opportunities. Resilience, a vital quality for surmounting plateaus, whether physically or mentally, involves the capacity to recover from challenges and setbacks.
Believe in your abilities and have confidence in your training. Self-doubt can be a significant barrier to progress, both physically and mentally.
Breaking Through and Achieving Excellence
Mental toughness is the bridge that connects your physical abilities with your performance outcomes. When you cultivate mental toughness, you can push through plateaus, stay resilient in the face of challenges, and continue on your journey towards athletic excellence, whether those challenges are physical or mental. Remember that plateaus are not roadblocks but opportunities to sharpen your mental toughness and emerge more robust and accomplished.
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So you have heard of the AI craze, and YouTubers all over the world are “creating apps with a simple prompt”. Does that spell “the end” for programmers and software developers? As a developer who has adopted AI, I came to a simple conclusion:
If it is not obvious enough, AI is not capable of developing complex applications. At least not at the current level of “intelligence”. If that does not put some ease into your mind, let us walk through some hard facts and expectations. Read on!
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FACTS – CURRENT LEVEL OF AI
First, let us get some facts straight – The current level of AI technology is far from “enter a prompt and create an app within minutes”.
AI IS RESOURCE HUNGRY
To put things into perspective, let us take Meta’s Llama2 AI model as a benchmark. (Source: EasyWithAI)
- The smallest Llama2 7B model requires 8-10GB VRAM.
- The 13B model can barely run on 12GB VRAM after some tweaks.
- 70B model requires an 80GB VRAM commercial/industrial grade graphics card.
- The famous ChatGPT4 has 220B parameters, and it will take an “extremely costly server setup” to run.
At the time of writing, only the mid-to-high range gaming laptops have more than 8GB VRAM. That can barely run the smallest and lightest AI model. So yes, it will be many years before common consumer hardware can support AI properly.
THE TRUE COST OF AI SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT
Now, let’s assume that “AI is capable of processing complex projects”. Even so, companies will still need to:
- Hire a team of project managers, AI experts, designers, and developers.
- Purchase “extremely costly server setup”.
- Even if they use GPT-4, processing millions of tokens is not going to cost “just a few dollars” nor does it take “a few minutes only”.
Don’t get me wrong though, AI does help to reduce cost and speed up development. It’s just that a “single prompt 10 minutes app” is impossible… Not if your app is along the lines of “add two numbers”, or “a recursive function to find all image files in a folder”.
AI IS NOT FULLY CAPABLE OF GENERATING CODE
If you poke around the Internet, you will run into a ton of such “AI can generate an app within minutes” videos. Wow. It’s amazing how people conveniently miss out on the prior, after, and the caveat:
- There is a learning curve to using AI for generating code.
- You need some technical knowledge – Functions, libraries, plugins, etc…
- AI will generate erroneous code at times, you need to manually verify the generated code. Sometimes even manually fix it.
- You need to do plenty of trial and error for “prompt engineering”.
- There’s a limit to how much text/code AI can process at once, AI can only work with simple projects for now.
Clickbait, get it? One does not enter “create an e-commerce system” and get a fully working website, database, API, libraries, design, and mobile support out of the box.
AI IS A “BETTER AUTOCOMPLETE” (FOR NOW)
Of course, these cannot create an entire complex app with a single prompt. But it does help to speed up development with better suggestions and auto-complete. The best rating I can give the current level of AI and ML is “a better and clever autocomplete”, not a “replacement for programmers”.
EXPECTATIONS – AI WILL REDUCE MANPOWER
Nobody has a perfect crystal ball that can reveal the future. But as AI technology matures, here are a couple of changes we can expect.
LESS HARD CODING, MORE CREATIVE WORK
- We can grant AI permission to download, install, and do whatever is required to “make things work”. No more struggling with installing a code editor, IDE, compiler, interpreter, server stack, plugins, settings, etc…
- The limitations of AI will be raised, they can study existing projects, programming styles, and deal with more complex systems.
- “Super autocomplete” becomes a reality.
- We only need to create the skeleton frame of a new library or API, AI will figure out the rest.
- Highlight a function, and enter a prompt such as “create a form that submits to this function via the API”.
- Testing will pretty much be fully automated. Create your test sets, feed them into AI, and all the rest is magic.
The era of hard coding and manual testing will come to an end. AI can generate code and debug within seconds, the role of humans becomes “provide directions” and “what to build”.
UI design will also be automated to a certain degree.
- Artists can train their own AI models, and generate art/ideas of their style within seconds.
- AI can “see” and “design” – Feed the brand guidelines into AI, and generate ideas for the interface design.
- Simple drag-and-drop GUI and AI-assisted design will become mainstream.
A CHALLENGING ENVIRONMENT FOR NEWBIES
- AI will reduce technical difficulty. The barrier of entry becomes very low for anyone to hop into programming.
- Everyone will be able to do programming to a certain degree with the help of AI.
- Everyone can troubleshoot and fix their projects to a certain degree with the help of AI.
- AI will take away most of the “simple programming jobs”, the remaining ones require specialized and skilled programmers/developers.
- Companies will prefer an “AI-assisted programmer” over a “non-AI programmer”.
Long story short, programmers will still be around. But it becomes a highly competitive environment where newbies compete with each other, and with every other “wannabe AI programmer”.
THE WORLD WILL STILL NEED PROGRAMMERS!
If you are worried that a “normal person with zero technical knowledge” can take over programmers, let’s challenge them to do these:
- I develop AI.
- Debugging and troubleshooting.
- Design a database.
- Design a system.
- Come up with operating procedures, and design the process flow.
- All kinds of concepts – Classes, functions, API, OOP, logic, CRUD, MVC, SDLC.
- UI and UX. Responsive design.
- Security and encryption.
Just like how it takes an artist to produce art, and musicians to produce music – It will take a programmer to produce professional software. So yep, anyone smart enough will hire a “knowledgable programmer with AI” over a “wannabe with AI”.
THE FUTURE IS NOT ALL GRIM
- If you think in scarcity & adversity – AI can do work faster and better than humans, we don’t need that many programmers.
- But if you think in abundance & opportunity – We are so much more productive with the help of AI. Let’s create more jobs and projects.
Yep, we don’t know for sure. Given how AI takes away the technical difficulty, the indie games/apps market may also start to explode with more jobs and opportunities.
HOW TO STAY RELEVANT IN THE AGE OF AI
My advice as a senior web developer – “Adapt to the inevitable change. Adopt AI and pick up more non-technical skills”. AI Haters are not going to like this, but as mentioned above – A knowledgeable person who uses AI is going to be much more productive and has an edge over others.
Also, don’t stop at “I know how to write scripts”. That skill set is easily replaceable, even without AI. Become a person who offers direction and adds value. “This feature is worth implementing”, “this will streamline the process”, and “automating this will cut cost by N”. That is a skill that cannot be replaced by AI. Yet.
Thank you for reading, and we have come to the end. Haters gonna hate, but sometimes, we have to pick up things that we don’t like to survive. Fill your stomach before you feed your ego. If you want to share anything, please feel free to comment below. Good luck and happy coding!
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A few years ago, the movie Concussion, brought this frequent sports injury to the forefront of the news. The movie focuses on a real-life doctor who brings awareness to the significant risk that some of our nation’s top athletic stars – football players – undergo each time they walk on to the field, whether during practice or during a game.
The statistics aren’t good, especially for children and adolescents. Per Daneshaver, et al, the CDC estimates that 1.6 to 3.87 million concussions occur in sports related activities each year – but if anything that number is low, as many people with mild or moderate symptoms never even seek medical advice and thus are not accounted for in that number. Meanwhile, also according to the CDC, the incidence of concussion has risen over 200 percent among teens in the last decade.
Definition: a concussion (also known as a mild traumatic brain injury, or TBI) is a serious medical condition resulting from a loss of consciousness and/or confusion and disorientation for less than 30 minutes (longer than that would qualify as a full TBI).
Symptoms: Although a concussion is referred to as a “mild” TBI, there is nothing mild about the impact that a concussion can have on a person’s day to day functioning, particularly if there are repeated concussions. These issues can be short-lived or long-lasting:
Common Causes: a concussion is caused by a blow to the head, or any type of whiplash, jerking motion that affects the head (this can actually cause the brain to hit the skull within the head). So that means that really, concussions can happen anywhere and at anytime, whether it’s in the car, during combat, or on the playing field. One of the greatest risks are sports-related head injuries, particularly during contact sports like football and ice hockey. That doesn’t mean, of course, that non-contact sports (from soccer to swimming) don’t pose some level of risk. It’s crucial to wear protective head-gear, and to be attentive to symptoms of concussion – there is never a reason to “be the big guy” and play through symptoms of a concussion. Immediate medical attention is necessary if you see any symptoms of confusion, disorientation, or loss of consciousness.
Diagnosis: a concussion is diagnosed by a medical professional such as a doctor. Sometimes symptoms can be seen on an MRI or CAT scan, but not always.
Long-term, concussion symptoms can be lasting, particularly those affecting cognitive functions such as memory and attention. Those symptoms can be treated by a variety of professionals, ranging from speech-language pathologists to neurologists to educational specialists (depending on the age of the injured person) to occupational therapists.
Programs like Constant Therapy can be helpful to work on those cognitive functions, especially attention and memory.
Bottom-line: Take this injury seriously. Talk to a medical professional right away.
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Debt collection refers to a creditor outsourcing the collection of debt owed by private people and companies to an attorney or a debt collection agency. The debt can be collected either outside of court or by a bailiff’s court.
What is debt collection?
If you have debt you either do not or can not pay, the case can be transferred to debt collection. This often means that a third party is charged with the responsibility of collecting debt. This can be a debt collection agency or an attorney. The creditor can also elect to collect themselves or go to a bailiff’s court.
When the debt is transferred to collection, the debtor is from then on contacted by the attorney, collection agency or the bailiff’s court. They will attempt to set up a payment scheme or find a different solution, to make sure that the debt is repaid. This could include returning the article purchased on credit or using valuables as a safety deposit. If the debtor continues to neglect paying their debt or breaches their agreement, these valuables can be sold.
When is debt transferred to debt collection?
A case can only be handed to collection when payment remains open and ten days have gone by after the first reminder is sent. The creditor can send a first reminder with a warning regarding collection, if they have not received a satisfactory explanation for why the payment was not made. If you do not respond to the first reminder within ten days, the case can then be sent to collection.
A reminder contains a warning about the consequences of neglecting to pay. Reminders are commonly associated with a fee for every one that is sent. Private creditors can send a maximum of three reminders. If it is about a running agreement such as a loan or a subscription service, the company can not accept the payment of a later bill as payment for an earlier reminder. This way, they can not demand monthly reminder fees for the same debt. Apart from reminder fees, a company can also demand rates of the sum owed, should payment be delayed.
What a debt collection agency is allowed to do
When a debt collection agency takes over a debt, they will contact the debtor in order to process it. They may grant a delay or form an agreement on a temporarily lower rate if the person can not afford to pay the sum at that moment.
If the collection agency and the debtor can not reach an agreement or establish contact, the case is then often sent to a bailiff’s court. This can lead to the person being registered as a bad payer in their respective credit rating agency, such as SCHUFA in Germany or RKI in Denmark.
Debt collection agencies are subject to collection laws that are meant to protect loaners and debtors from being treated unfairly. This includes clear rules for how they are allowed to collect debt and contact debtors.
Debt collection agencies are allowed to do the following after the deadline for payment has been missed:
- Contact someone by phone or by mail in order to reach an agreement on how the debt is to be repaid
- Seek out the person concerned at their residence if they have announced their visit in time or the person has missed an earlier announced visit
- Inform the person about the debt collection agency’s options for handing the case to a bailiff’s court or register them in the national credit rating agency
They may not:
- Seek out a person at their workplace unless that person is the company’s owner or outside their residence
- Alert others (employers, family or friends) to a person’s debt or share other sensitive information
- Use words like “collection” or “reminders” in written documents that are accessible to people other than the debtor
- Neglect to show valid identification
- Mislead or lie
- Bring forth threats about pressing charges unless they have knowledge of the person concerned committing criminal acts
- Subject them to unreasonable pressure
If the debt collection agency breaks the law or violates “good practices”, you can report them to the police or file a lawsuit with the national customer protection agency.
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Manifesto To Accelerate The Use Of Space In Europe:
The European Space Agency (ESA) council has approved a manifesto to accelerate the use of space in Europe.
- Basically, the council has adopted a resolution that lays down a vision for the continent in terms of maintaining and expanding its activities in space.
- Other than this, the council recognised two “inspirators” to reinforce European leadership in science, technology development and inspiration: an icy moon sample return mission and human space exploration.
- The resolution defines three “accelerators” to further advance Europe’s space ambitions.
Space for a Green Future:
- Space projects that enable it to understand the current state of the planet and help it get to net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050.
- Earth observation satellites and their data are a key part of this.
- Space applications that allow nations to manage more effectively any crises that crop up.
- Examples: Severe flooding and wildfires were seen in parts of Europe earlier this year (2021). Also, the latest report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has flagged frequent weather events, such as heatwaves, extreme rainfalls and rising sea levels. Some of these factors may influence the way wildfires play out.
- Russia’s use of a missile to destroy a satellite in orbit recently has highlighted the need for new systems to safeguard European astronauts and satellites from interference.
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create spoke with Anthony Murfett, Deputy Head of the Australian Space Agency, to find out what Australia’s investment in space exploration means for engineers.
create: How will Australia be most involved in space exploration over the coming decades?
ANTHONY MURFETT: There are a range of areas where we can contribute:
- Communications technologies and services: Supporting deep space missions through our ground station capabilities in collaboration with the European Space Agency, NASA, JAXA (Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency) and other international space agencies. For example, this includes the great work by CSIRO through its involvement in NASA’s Deep Space Network.
- Robotics and automation R&D: The use of these technologies in space activities, for example drawing on robotics and automation used in the mining sector.
- Space Situational Awareness: increasing the understanding, providing reliable data sets and accuracy prediction of all relevant artefacts in orbit and near-earth objects.
- Some future areas include supporting the ability for humans to live and work in space through applications of human physiology research, space medicine development and synthetic biology and bioengineering applications. Other areas could also include creating new propulsion technologies and the use of artificial intelligence in satellites.
But we shouldn’t limit ourselves to these areas. With the rapid growth of the commercial space sector, opportunities are being created every day. It will be important to watch the growth of the sector and identify those areas where Australia can play a role and nurture that capability now, so we can continue to play a significant role in space in the future.
create: What will Australian space engineers provide to the international community?
AM: Australia has a range of competitive advantages in areas including communications and services, space situational awareness, Earth observation and new areas including robotics and remote applications for use in space.
Engineers have been a large part of this story, stemming from Australia’s early involvement in deep space exploration through facilities like the tracking stations at Tidbinbilla and Parkes.
Australian engineers have also applied their skills around the world – this has included many engineers working with the likes of NASA and the European Space Agency.
create: What opportunities exist for engineers as the Australian space industry grows?
AM: With the growth of the commercial space sector, thanks to things like the lowering cost of launch and miniaturisation of technology, there are a range of areas Australian engineers could pursue.
This includes areas such as robotics and algorithms to support autonomous operations where we can draw on the expertise in Australia’s mining industry.
Other areas include avionics and related space rated components, power sources, propulsion, data computing and analytics, sensors (e.g. for earth observation and space situational awareness), artificial intelligence, next generation of communication (e.g. laser communications), the list goes on.
New technologies such as quantum communications also present great opportunities in the space environment.
Ultimately many engineers will have a role to play as the space ecosystem embraces a vast amount of skills and also extends to law, policy, regulations, medicine and bio-technology. There are immense opportunities, and we should encourage our future engineers to explore what is possible.
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Newly released results from a study by Penn State, Syracuse and Drexel University researchers revealed that women suffering from celiac disease, an autoimmune disease in which the body reacts negatively to gluten products, are more likely to be depressed and more likely to be disordered eaters even if they keep the disease under control through diet.
The researchers surveyed 177 women with celiac disease for the study, including asking them about what it was like for them physically, emotionally and behaviorally to live with the disease, how well they stuck to a gluten-free diet, how they fared in stress management and questions regarding body image.
“We found that most participants frequently adhered to a gluten-free diet, and this greater compliance with diet was related to increased vitality, lower stress, decreased depressive symptoms and greater overall emotional health,” said researcher Josh Smyth. “However, even those people who were managing their illness very well reported higher rates of stress, depression and a range of issues clustered around body dissatisfaction, weight and shape when compared to the general population.”
When people with celiac disease eat gluten, some of the effects on the body include abdominal pain, constipation, decreased appetite, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting. Smyth says the results of the study could have implications for people with similar types of food allergies, like Crohn’s disease.
“Going out to eat with friends or to a holiday potluck is a much different experience for these people because they have to be vigilant and monitor their diets,” Smyth said. “They may feel that they are a burden on a host or hostess. In many cases the only treatment option they are given is to manage their diets. I think we need to educate patients at diagnosis or post-diagnosis about some of the other associated difficulties they might experience and provide strategies for how to better manage those things. I am a proponent of elaborating our treatment models to not just address diseases, but also to address the psychological, social and behavioral aspects of disease as well, as they can influence disease outcomes and the well being of patients.”
Source: Penn State
Heather Rudow is a staff writer for Counseling Today. Email her at [email protected].
Follow Counseling Today on Twitter.
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Veterinary Pest Genomics Center Overview
The Veterinary Pest Genomics Center (VPGC) is an initiative within the US Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Research Service (ARS). The vision for this initiative is to leverage big data solutions to evaluate risk from, and develop mitigations for invasive and other economically important veterinary pests. The introduction of invasive veterinary pests is accelerated by global change, including anomalies related to climate variability. An important aspect of this effort is to foster an innovation ecosystem involving the network of laboratories directly linked to ARS National Program 104 (Veterinary, Medical, and Urban Entomology), and related locations, in a way that allows ARS to leverage its scientific talent and other research assets.
VPGC's mission is to:
- Utilize key biological resources, next generation sequencing technology, and state-of-the-art bioinformatics approaches to sequence and annotate the genomes, transcriptomes, proteomes and metagenomes of important and emerging arthropod pests of veterinary importance
- Develop and use molecular tools for population genomics studies of veterinary pests in their indigenous and invasive ranges to understand the role of different evolutionary forces in shaping phenotypic variation of high-consequence to agriculture
- Apply biogeographic, spatial, and temporal analyses to quantify and predict economically important or potential veterinary pest distributional changes, and integrate these analyses with genetic studies of rapid evolution and adaptation of pests to new or changing environments
- Conduct feasibility studies to evaluate advanced computing hardware and software systems for their ability to store and analyze large data sets on veterinary pests, and the capacity to integrate results from longitudinal
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Understanding the Importance of Data Entry Standards and Guidelines
Ensuring accurate and consistent data entry is crucial for any organization. Without proper data entry standards and guidelines in place, an influx of errors and inconsistencies can occur, leading to a myriad of issues down the line. Imagine a company collecting customer information without enforcing a standardized data entry format. One employee might input a customer's address as "123 Main St," while another employee enters it as "123 Main Street." These small variations might seem inconsequential at first, but when it comes time to send out mailers or analyze customer data, these inconsistencies can cause headaches and inaccuracies.
Data entry standards and guidelines help establish a framework for consistency throughout an organization. They provide clear instructions on how data should be entered, ensuring that everyone follows the same format and structure. By implementing these standards, organizations can avoid errors, eliminate redundancies, and streamline data handling processes. This not only improves efficiency but also enhances data accuracy and reliability. With standardized data entry practices in place, businesses can trust that the information they collect is consistent, accurate, and easily accessible when needed.
Key Principles for Effective Data Entry Practices
Data entry is a crucial task in any organization that deals with large volumes of information. It is essential to follow key principles for effective data entry practices to ensure accuracy and efficiency in managing data. Firstly, it is important to establish clear guidelines and standards for data entry. This includes outlining the format, structure, and specific conventions that should be followed when entering data into a system. By setting these expectations, data entry operators can maintain consistency and uniformity, enabling easier data retrieval and analysis.
Another key principle is the importance of thorough validation and verification of entered data. Data entry operators should always cross-check the information they have inputted to ensure accuracy. This can be achieved through techniques such as double-entry verification, where the same data is entered by two different operators independently. Additionally, implementing automated validation checks, such as range checks or data type verification, can help identify and flag any potential errors or inconsistencies in the data. By diligently validating and verifying data, organizations can minimize the risk of erroneous information being stored and subsequently utilized for decision-making purposes.
Common Challenges in Data Entry and How to Overcome Them
Data entry is an essential but often underestimated task in various industries. It involves the meticulous process of inputting and verifying data into a computer system. Despite its significance, there are common challenges that data entry professionals face on a regular basis. One such challenge is the occurrence of errors due to manual data entry. It is no secret that humans are prone to making mistakes, and in data entry, these errors can lead to significant consequences.
Another common challenge in data entry is dealing with a large volume of data. As businesses are growing and technology is advancing, the amount of data that needs to be processed is increasing exponentially. This can put a strain on data entry professionals who may find it overwhelming to manage and input the vast amount of information accurately and efficiently. Additionally, the pressure to work quickly while maintaining accuracy adds to the complexity of this task.
Overcoming these challenges requires effective strategies and processes. One approach is to implement automated data entry systems that can reduce errors caused by manual input. Utilizing optical character recognition (OCR) technology can help convert written or printed data into electronic format, minimizing the risk of mistakes. Furthermore, using data validation techniques, such as double-entry verification and data scrubbing, can help ensure the accuracy and integrity of the entered data.
In conclusion, data entry is not without its challenges, but with the right approach and tools, these obstacles can be overcome. By addressing the issue of errors in manual data entry and implementing automated systems, businesses can streamline their data entry processes and ensure the accuracy of their information. Additionally, managing a large volume of data becomes more manageable with the use of OCR technology and data validation techniques. As technology continues to advance, it is crucial that data entry professionals stay updated and adaptable to effectively handle the ever-increasing demands of this essential task.
Best Practices for Ensuring Accuracy in Data Entry
Accuracy in data entry is crucial for any organization that relies on accurate and up-to-date information. Errors in data entry can have far-reaching consequences, including financial losses, damaged reputation, and poor decision-making. To ensure accuracy in data entry, it is essential to establish best practices that focus on attention to detail, effective training, and regular quality control checks.
Attention to detail is the cornerstone of accurate data entry. It involves paying close attention to every detail of the information being entered, from numbers and letters to formatting and punctuation. Data entry professionals should develop a habit of double-checking their work, proofreading for any mistakes or inconsistencies. Employing a systematic approach, such as breaking down data into smaller segments, can also help reduce errors. By emphasizing the importance of careful attention to detail, organizations can significantly minimize the risk of inaccuracies in their data sets.
Essential Tools and Software for Efficient Data Entry
Data entry is a vital and often time-consuming task for many businesses and organizations. To streamline this process and increase efficiency, there are several essential tools and software options available. One such tool is optical character recognition (OCR) software, which allows for the conversion of scanned documents or images into editable and searchable text. By eliminating the need for manual data entry, OCR software significantly reduces errors and saves valuable time. Additionally, data cleansing software helps to ensure the accuracy and quality of data by detecting and correcting any inconsistencies or inaccuracies. This tool is especially useful when dealing with large volumes of data, as it can automatically identify and resolve duplicates, missing values, and formatting errors. By automating the data cleansing process, businesses can save significant time and resources while maintaining data integrity.
Strategies for Organizing and Structuring Data for Easy Entry
When it comes to organizing and structuring data for easy entry, there are a few strategies that can greatly improve efficiency and accuracy. One such strategy is to create a standardized template that clearly outlines the required information for each entry. This template should include specific fields and categories that capture all relevant data points. By using a consistent template, data entry can be streamlined, reducing the likelihood of errors and ensuring that all necessary information is captured.
Another effective strategy is to establish a clear naming convention for files and folders. This not only helps in quickly locating the desired information, but also ensures that files are organized in a logical and systematic manner. For example, using a combination of date, project name, and specific keywords can help in categorizing and retrieving data with ease. Additionally, it is important to regularly review and update the naming convention to accommodate any changes or additions to the data structure. By implementing these strategies, organizing and structuring data for easy entry becomes a seamless and efficient process.
Related LinksUtilizing data entry software and systems efficiently
Collaborating with team members for data entry assignments
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