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The state of Illinois is home to more than 13 million people. It became the 21st state to enter the union on December 3, 1818, and is the largest producer of pumpkins and second-largest producer of corn in the country.
Both Dairy Queen and McDonald’s opened their first restaurants in the Land of Lincoln, and the state is also credited as the birthplace of Twinkies, which first debuted in the 1930s. Illinois was the first state to have a skyscraper and the first state with a city that used lights (Aurora). But that’s not all that makes Illinois stand out from the other 49 states. Here are six more things about this state that might surprise you.
The jibarito is an Illinois delicacy.
Pronounced hee-bah-REE-toe, the jibarito is a favorite among many people from Illinois. It’s a sandwich that originated in Chicago. In 1996, the jibarito was introduced by restauranteur Juan “Peter” Figueroa at his Borinquen Restaurant. It’s made with flattened fried plantains that take the place of bread. It’s then dressed with garlic mayonnaise and filled with meat—whether steak, pork or chicken—as well as cheese, lettuce and tomato.
The Great Fire of 1871 was massive.
Also known as the Great Chicago Fire, the Great Fire of 1871 claimed the lives of 300 people. The fire began on October 8 at around 9:00 p.m. and burned until October 10. More than three square miles of the city of Chicago were destroyed, and over 100,000 residents were left without homes. The fire began in a neighborhood southwest of the city center in a barn that belonged to the O’Leary family—many believed Mrs. O’Leary’s cow was responsible for the fire, saying that the animal knocked over a lantern, thus starting a fire.
Chicago was experiencing all the makings of a perfect storm for such an inferno—it had been very hot, very dry and very windy in the days leading up to the fire, and Chicago was a city chock-full of wooden structures and buildings. In 1871, Chicago only had about 185 firefighters and 17 horse-drawn steam engines, which made fighting the fire quite a challenge.
The only structures left standing were St. Michael’s Church, the Chicago Water Tower, the Chicago Avenue Pumping Station and a few cottages nearby.
Route 66 began in Chicago.
Although Route 66 officially no longer exists, it’s certainly still alive and well in the memories and music of days gone by. In the 1920s, it became apparent that there was a need for an interregional link that ran across a large part of the country from east to west and vice versa. Because of this, Route 66 was formed in November of 1926. The route began in Chicago and ended in Los Angeles. It passed through parts of eight different states—Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California. It passed through major cities like Springfield, Missouri, Tulsa, Oklahoma, Amarillo, Texas, Santa Fe, and Albuquerque, New Mexico, Flagstaff, Arizona, and San Bernardino, Santa Monica and Los Angeles, California. Also called Will Rogers Highway and America’s Main Street, Route 66 was over 2,400 miles long.
In 1956, however, President Dwight Eisenhower enacted the Federal Interstate Act, which meant four-lane highways would begin popping up all over this great land. The new roads meant that parts of the original Route 66 had to be upgraded or bypassed altogether. By the 1970s, much of the route had been chopped, and on June 27, 1985, Route 66 was decommissioned completely. If you want to still get in on a piece of the history, head to the Lone Star State, where 91% of the original route through the state is still in use!
Actors and authors and comedians, oh my!
Illinois is the birthplace of many famous people—too many to list in one post—so we’re including some of the most notable. Actors like Harrison Ford, Rock Hudson, Gary Sinise, Charlton Heston, and Betty White were all born in the Land of Lincoln, as were authors Ernest Hemingway, Shel Silverstein, and Ray Bradbury. Funny guys Bill Murray, Robin Williams, Bernie Mac, and Jack Benny hailed from Illinois too. Hillary Clinton, Michelle Obama and Ethel Kennedy—wife of Robert F. Kennedy—were born in Illinois, but the only United States President to be born there was first an actor, then a politician: Ronald Reagan.
Without Illinois, we might not have Mickey Mouse!
Or Minnie Mouse. Or Disneyland. Or Disney World. Or . . . Born on December 5, 1901, in the Hermosa section of Chicago, Illinois, Walter Elias Disney was the fourth of Elias and Flora Disney’s five children. He moved to Missouri at the age of five, but years later, he would return to Chicago where he attended McKinley High School and the Art Institute of Chicago.
Walt would see several failures and hardships before the Disney name would ever be used to describe an entertainment empire of films, theme parks, characters and animation—including a bankruptcy, rights lost due to a contract loophole and a group of his own employees on strike.
But those setbacks are hardly noticeable today in light of Walt Disney’s lifetime achievements. In 1937, he released the first-ever full-length animated feature—Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. In the 1950s, Walt first began appearing on television. It was there that he first publicly unveiled plans for his first theme park—Disneyland—which opened in July of 1955. No sooner was Disneyland up, running and a viable endeavor than Disney began buying up Florida swampland for his new “Florida Project.” Sadly, he would die from complications of his newly-diagnosed lung cancer in 1966, five years before Walt Disney World opened.
Over his lifetime, Walt won 26 Oscars, released 12 feature films and 12 short films and was awarded four honorary awards—in part for his creation of Mickey Mouse. Walt liked to say that he hoped no one ever lost sight of one thing—that “it all began with a mouse,” but perhaps it actually all began in Walt’s home state of Illinois. Without Illinois, we might just live in a Disney-free world, and that, my friends, is a world in which I wouldn’t want to live! What say you?
“The Windy City” doesn’t mean what you think.
If you’ve ever visited the city of Chicago, Illinois, you might agree with its nickname of “The Windy City.” Wind gusts off Lake Michigan are common and can make for some fairly windy days in the nation’s third largest city. But the nickname is a misnomer of sorts. In fact, the name doesn’t refer to the weather or nature at all, unless you mean the nature of some people to talk and talk and talk and…
There are a few explanations for the nickname, but one of the most viable involves a newspaper, its editor and some rambling politicians. Back in the late 1870s, Charles A. Dana, editor of the New York Sun—a newspaper in print circulation from 1833 to 1950—penned an editorial piece suggesting that Chicago was windy because of its full-of-hot-air politicians. In 2004, The Chicago Tribune published an article, giving credit to Dana for the city’s long-standing—not to be confused with long-winded—nickname.
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course name project title section student name this assessment will as
This assessment will assess the following Learning outcome/s:
CLO2: Explain the critical process of communication and basic theoretical concepts of media literacy to
illustrate how messages create meaning in text, images and sound.
CLO3: Apply media literacy skills to analyze various forms of media and usage to local media situations
based on perceptual indicators.
CLO4: Analyze mass media's interrelationship on the use of technology and production processes in
formulating media messages
COM 1153 Media Literacy
• No part of this assignment has been copied from another source, (not from another group or student, an
internet source or a book)
When another person's words are used, this is shown in the text with "..." and referenced.
No part of this assignment has been written for me by any other person.
• I have a copy of this assignment that I can produce if the first copy is lost or damaged.
N.B. The marker may choose not to mark this assignment if the above declaration is not signed.
If the declaration is found to be false, appropriate action will be taken.
Plagiarism is copying and handing in someone's work as your own. Any student found guilty of this type of
cheating will be dismissed from the college.
*The amount will be in form of wallet points that you can redeem to pay upto 10% of the price for any assignment. **Use of solution provided by us for unfair practice like cheating will result in action from our end which may include permanent termination of the defaulter’s account.Disclaimer:The website contains certain images which are not owned by the company/ website. Such images are used for indicative purposes only and is a third-party content. All credits go to its rightful owner including its copyright owner. It is also clarified that the use of any photograph on the website including the use of any photograph of any educational institute/ university is not intended to suggest any association, relationship, or sponsorship whatsoever between the company and the said educational institute/ university. Any such use is for representative purposes only and all intellectual property rights belong to the respective owners.
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Constitutional Carry: Empowering Responsible Gun Owners
Constitutional carry, also known as permitless carry, is a legislative approach that allows law-abiding citizens to carry firearms (openly or concealed) for self-defense — without the need for a government-issued permit. This movement began gaining traction in Texas in 2013 after Texas Gun Rights began mobilizing its members in support of the proposal, before finally becoming law in 2021. This article explores the importance of constitutional carry, highlighting its benefits, dispelling common misconceptions, and emphasizing its role in preserving individual freedoms and enhancing public safety.
Upholding Second Amendment Rights
At the heart of the constitutional carry movement is a steadfast commitment to upholding the Second Amendment. The right to keep and bear arms is a fundamental individual right recognized by the United States Constitution. Constitutional carry laws reaffirm and protect this inherent right, ensuring that law-abiding citizens can exercise their self-defense rights without unnecessary government interference or burdensome permit requirements.
Empowering Responsible Gun Owners
Constitutional carry empowers responsible gun owners by removing barriers that restrict their ability to exercise their constitutional rights. By eliminating the need for a permit, law-abiding citizens are not subjected to arbitrary restrictions or bureaucratic hurdles when it comes to carrying firearms for self-defense. This recognition of personal responsibility fosters a culture of responsible gun ownership, as individuals are entrusted to make informed decisions regarding their own safety and the safety of their loved ones.
Streamlining the Process
One of the key advantages of constitutional carry is the streamlined process it offers for law-abiding citizens to exercise their right to carry firearms. Instead of navigating a complex and time-consuming permitting system, individuals can carry a firearm based on the recognition of their inherent rights. This simplification of the process ensures that responsible citizens can more readily access the tools they need to protect themselves, their families, and their communities.
Enhancing Public Safety
Contrary to popular misconceptions, constitutional carry does not undermine public safety. In fact, studies and real-world examples have shown that states with constitutional carry laws experience no significant increase in crime rates or firearm-related incidents. Responsible gun owners who choose to carry firearms for self-defense have demonstrated their commitment to personal safety and the protection of others. By allowing law-abiding citizens to carry firearms without unnecessary restrictions, constitutional carry contributes to a safer and more secure society.
Recognizing Individual Autonomy
Constitutional carry recognizes the principle of individual autonomy and personal freedom. It respects the notion that responsible citizens should be trusted to make decisions regarding their own safety, without unwarranted government interference. By embracing constitutional carry, states affirm their commitment to limited government and the preservation of individual rights as envisioned by the Founding Fathers.
Constitutional carry represents an important step towards restoring and preserving the rights enshrined in the Second Amendment. By empowering responsible gun owners and recognizing the inherent right to self-defense, constitutional carry laws enhance public safety and uphold the principles of individual freedom and autonomy. It is crucial for lawmakers, communities, and citizens to support and advocate for constitutional carry as a means to protect and safeguard our constitutional rights. Through responsible gun ownership and the preservation of individual freedoms, we can build a society that embraces both personal safety and the fundamental principles that define our nation.
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Bows and Arrows
Indigenous Workers, IWW Local 526, and Syndicalism on the Vancouver Docks
Few may be aware that the first union on the waterfront of Vancouver was organized by Indigenous workers, mostly Squamish and Tsleil-Waututh. And it was organized on an explicitly syndicalist basis as Local 526 of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). The IWW group would become known as the Bows and Arrows, a name that spoke to their active and more politically militant perspective and commitment to Indigenous solidarity. The Bows and Arrows organized on a multicultural/multiracial foundation of class solidarity.
While the lifespan of IWW Local 526 was brief (formally only a year while informally for about seven years) it had a lasting impact on working class organizing on the waterfront, anti-racism and racial solidarity on the docks, and on political organizing in Indigenous communities. It also showed the pivotal role of organizing within the logistical chains of global capitalism in sabotaging resource extractive industries, while providing a model of work organization that sustained community relevant work and work cycles rather than the single career monoculture of industrial capitalism at the time.
As historian Andrew Parnaby suggests, the Bows and Arrows:
Join[ed] in the broader upsurge of support for the Wobblies that took place among loggers, miners, railroad workers, and seafarers prior to the Great War…Reformers, rebels, and revolutionaries: collectively, they were responsible for a level of militancy on the waterfront that was unmatched by most other occupations, provincially or nationally. Vancouver waterfront workers went on strike at least sixteen times between 1889 and 1923; the four largest and most dramatic strikes were in 1909, 1918, 1919, and 1923. (2008, 9)
While Local 526 would finally be broken through battles with waterfront employers that have been described as titanic, these workers provided important and lasting examples of working class militance, workplace organizing tactics, racial solidarity and anti-racism, and cultural defense. They offer a critical model of syndicalism in diverse workforces and changing economic conditions within a context of settler colonial capitalism.
The history of Indigenous men and boys working as longshoremen on the waterfront of what is now called Burrard Inlet dates to before the incorporation of Vancouver as a city. Indigenous families were involved in longshoring from the time the first sawmill was built at Burrard Inlet in 1863 and milled logs were loaded and shipped for export. Several generations of workers from the same families worked on the docks over decades with many beginning their working lives longshoring at ages as young as thirteen years old. Indigenous workers made up substantial parts of the workforce on the docks between 1863 and the late 1930s. According to Parnaby:
The number of “Indian” gangs working on Burrard Inlet between 1863 and 1939 varied. Estimates by veteran longshoremen, who were thinking specifically about the early 1900s, put the number at between four and six – which means that, depending on the size of the vessel, and whether it was being loaded or unloaded, anywhere between forty and ninety Indian lumber handlers could be found on the docks on a given day. The figures available for the early 1920s, drawn from union records and the Department of Labour, are higher, placing the number at about 125. (2008 83)
Several who would go on to become well regarded Indigenous leaders worked as longshoremen, including Andy Paull, Chief Dan George, Chief Simon Baker. Many would reference their experiences as Bows and Arrows members as central to the formation of their political perspectives and commitments. Chief Joe Capilano used money earned from longshoring on the waterfront to finance a trip to London to lobby the King for the rights of BC’s First Nations in 1906. That trip would play an important part in the development of pan-Native political work against colonialism in subsequent years.
The earliest attempt to organize longshore workers on the Vancouver waterfront took place in 1888 when several longshoremen organized with the Knights of Labor (Delgado 2010). They participated as individuals and did not form a union on the waterfront. The first union on the waterfront would be Local 526 of the IWW founded in 1906. Local 526 began with an impressive group of fifty to sixty lumber handlers, most of whom were Squamish.
The decline of Local 526 would see periods of fracture, showing the significance of the syndicalist organizing in developing and sustaining class solidarity on the waterfront. Predominantly white longshoremen would form a separate union in March 1912. Vancouver Local of the International Longshoremen’s Association (ILA), Local 38-52, would launch with 60 charter members (Delgado 2010, 69).
Squamish and Tsleil-Waututh workers would organize an independent Indigenous local of the ILA in 1913. With about 90 percent of support by Indigenous longshore workers, ILA Local 38-57 was maintained as an independent political organization. Local 38-57 endured as an autonomous, independent organization until 1916, when it merged with Local 38-52 (Parnaby 2008, 90). The influence of syndicalist perspectives and priorities persisted. The Vancouver ILA would support the One Big Union, a revolutionary union formed in 1919 which would become highly active and influential in working class organizing in the Canadian state context, particularly in Western Canada (see Parnaby 2008). The One Big Union would play a central role in and gain prominence through, the Winnipeg General Strike in 1919. The One Big Union core in ILA would participate in numerous strike actions through the general strike of 1918. It would decline following the bitter strike of 1923.
The Bows and Arrows and Colonial Capitalist Labor Markets on the Waterfront
The period of the 1860s and 1870s was one of growing spatial and economic encroachment on the Squamish and Tsleil-Waututh communities of the North Shore of Burrard Inlet as what would be the City of Vancouver was greatly expanded across Indigenous lands (as Vancouver is based on unceded territories). Growing urbanization and industrialization around reserve lands meant that Squamish and Tsleil-Waututh traditional economies were made increasingly marginalized and threatened. This was not an innocent, undirected, process. At the very same time as capitalist industries were growing, government-imposed laws increasingly restricted Native fishing and hunting practices as well as restricting access to land and waters necessary for subsistence. The result was that the impacted Indigenous communities had little choice but to turn more and more to participation in the wage-labor economy for survival. This is another stark example of the process of primary accumulation outlined by Marx by which capitalist markets (including labor markets) are aggressively imposed on communities by undermining or destroying, through legislation as well as through force, traditional, communally and ecologically appropriate, subsistence practices and economies.
Longshoring became a quite significant source of income between 1863 and 1963. The shipping economy would take on growing significance over the decades at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries with the labor market in other industries like timber becoming increasingly competitive.
The decentralized structure of the IWW matched well the flexible and mobile work practices of the Indigenous members who preferred multiple working patterns in different seasonal economies. The structure of longshoring at the time was often casualized. This suited the interests of Indigenous workers who worked in other traditional community-relevant economies. It also suited the organizing style of the IWW who organized to support casualized work without loss of jobs or pay according to the needs of longshore workers (in a way that allowed more to have jobs).
As Parnaby suggests the Indigenous longshore workers found in longshoring a suitable work framework that allowed them to continue work in other community relevant areas. This became a matter of struggle. The flexibility of labor became a key aspect of class struggle. In Parnaby’s words:
Like their colleagues in the lumber industry, waterfront employers saw labour strife not simply in terms of specific workplace grievances, but as a byproduct of a wider problem: labour turnover. Like loggers, longshoremen were thought to be voteless, rootless, and without families; as such, they had no stake in civil society and thus were prone to agitation. To rectify this condition, the Shipping Federation hoped that by weeding out the foreign-born and the radical, recruiting white married men, and promoting middle-class values of discipline, sobriety and thrift, it could shape a new, more compliant working-class identity. (2008, 12)
Of some note, activism within the union around waterfront labor provided a collective mechanism to advocate for Squamish and Tsleil-Waututh economic interests at a time in which they and other Indigenous communities were impacted by significant social pressures and socio-economic transformations.
The Bows and Arrows moved beyond dominant capitalist society attempts to at political marginalization and cultural assimilation. Their syndicalist approach maintained cultural respect while also offering effective political economic organization, in culturally meaningful ways, in a spirit of class solidarity and militance. Indigenous workers used the Squamish language on the job to help build camaraderie. At the same time use of their language allowed the Indigenous workers to subvert authority by keeping their conversations socially unavailable to surveillance by white employers and oppositional colleagues (Parnaby 2008, 85–86). One might suggest, using a contemporary language that this was a form of social encryption.
At the same time the Bows and Arrows addressed growing economic pressures resulting from increasingly competitive labor markets in the early decades of the twentieth century.
Racism and Work on the Waterfront
Work specialization on the Vancouver waterfront was structured along racialized lines from the latter decades of the 19th century through the early decades of the 20th. The work gangs composed primarily of Indigenous men became known for their skill, competency, and stamina in handling lumber, developing reputations particularly for the combination of speed and efficiency with which they could turn around lumber ships. The effectiveness of the Indigenous crews became a point manipulated by shipping bosses who hired Indigenous workers as specialists (so-called side runners, hatch tenders, and “donkey-men”).
The specialized skills involved in lumber loading and the proficiency with which Indigenous workers did the work served as something of a double-edged sword for Indigenous workers. On one hand it served to gain respect for Indigenous longshoremen while at the same time being used by shipping bosses as a justification for splitting the labor market on the docks. Bosses put forward a racial determinist notion of race as associated with skills involved in specific tasks (Parnaby 2008, 84). Historian Rolf Knight suggests that racialization in dock work played a large part in the prevalence of Indigenous men doing the work of lumber longshoring. As Knight argues: “loading lumber was one of the more strenuous kinds of longshoring, [so] that employers attempted to maintain competition between racially distinct crews and that a reluctance seems to have developed among employers to hire Indians to handle [non-lumber] cargo” (Knight 1978, 127). Sam Engler, who worked on the waterfront for forty-five-years, recalled that preference for the best jobs above deck was given to white longshoremen. He relates: “[The Indians] used to call us white brothers and we were getting the choice jobs” (quoted in ILWU 1975, 99).
According to Chris Roine the “[lumber] longshoring was a difficult and often dangerous form of work, but it offered slightly higher wages than did general labor in a sawmill and provided the opportunity to work intermittently and pursue other activities when so desired” (1996, 32). The labor of lumber longshoring involved handling raw, unprocessed logs and milled lumber and moving them into the holds of ships (Parnaby 2008, 81). In the early decades of longshoring, this involved transporting logs by hand into the sailing ships by maneuvering them through portholes or the stern, or by sliding them down “a series of ramps to the ship’s hold" (Parnaby 2008, 81). Milled lumber was loaded into the ship holds using a sling which was lifted by cable with a steam-powered engine, called a “donkey" which was situated either on the docks or on barges in the inlet or river (Parnaby 2008, 81).
The shipping bosses clearly viewed racism and racial division of workers as an essential strategy for controlling the waterfront. That meant devoting great energy to separating Indigenous and non-Indigenous workers (especially given that the Indigenous workers had a history of syndicalist organizational practice). Notably the bosses saw a vested interest in promoting statist nuclear family structures as a mechanism for building allegiance to the dominant Anglo-Canadian society in British Columbia.
Local 526 met in a hall on the Squamish reserve. Unlike some other unions of the day, and reflecting its syndicalist character, IWW Local 526 was actually a multicultural local, though organized predominantly by Indigenous workers an addressing Indigenous community issues. This was counter to the efforts of shipping bosses and some workers alike who sought to maintain racist job and task separation and work scheduling on the docks.
Contemporary green syndicalists assert the necessity of building alliances with Indigenous workers and communities as central to building resistance to colonialism, capitalism, and ecological destruction. Too few syndicalists perhaps recognize that Indigenous workers played important parts in in the history of syndicalist organizing. Looking at the case of IWW Local 526, and the legacies of the Bows and Arrows, can make an important contribution to understanding histories of class struggle in settler colonial capitalist contexts. Indigenous organizing is a part of the history of syndicalism. Syndicalism is part of the history of Indigenous organizing.
Delgado, James P. 2010. Waterfront: The Illustrated Maritime History of Greater Vancouver. North Vancouver: Stanton Atkins & Dosil Publishers
ILWU. 1975. Man Along the Shore! Vancouver: ILWU Local 500 Pensioners
Knight, Rolfe. 1978. Indians at Work: An Informal History of Native Indian Labour in British Columbia, 1858–1930. Vancouver: New Star Books
Parnaby, Andrew. 2008. Citizen Docker: Making a New Deal on the Vancouver Waterfront 1919–1939. Toronto: University of Toronto Press
Roine, Chris. 1996. “The Squamish Aboriginal Economy, 1860–1940.” MA Thesis. Simon Fraser University
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While your general practitioner veterinarian can perform routine teeth cleanings and dental examinations, certain problems require the care of a doctor who has had specialized training in veterinary dentistry in order to provide the very best outcome for your pet. Your veterinary dental specialist will work closely with your general practitioner veterinarian to resolve your pet's dental problem.
A board certified specialist in veterinary dentistry, also known as a veterinary dentist, is a licensed veterinarian who has obtained intensive, additional training in the following areas:
Just as your own primary care physician may feel the need to refer you to the care of a specialist from time to time, your general practitioner veterinarian may feel your pet needs the additional expertise of a board certified dentist for certain conditions, such as root canal or oral surgery. In addition, board-certified veterinary dentists also often have access to specialized diagnostic or treatment equipment that can enhance the outcome of your pet's case, as well as specialized knowledge about the most appropriate pain control and medication options needed to treat your pet's dental problem.It is very important to remember that dental disease is the most common problem to affect small animals of any age. In fact, veterinary experts estimate that up to 80% of dogs and 70% of cats that do not receive proper dental care will develop signs of dental disease by the age of three. For these reasons, it is very important that your pet receives regular dental care and cleanings from your general practitioner veterinarian and, when required, more advanced care from a veterinary dental specialist. (Note: Some veterinarians routinely refer all clients to a dental specialist for that aspect of a pet's health care.)You can be assured that a veterinarian who knows when to refer you and your pet to a veterinary dentist or other specialist is one that is caring and committed to ensuring that your pet receives the highest standard of care for his or her problem.What Kinds of Problems Require the Expertise of a Veterinary Dentist? Board certified veterinary dentists can perform all routine veterinary care, such as routine dental examinations and cleanings. They are specially trained, however, to handle more complicated problems such as oral surgery, endodontics (fracture repair, root canal), extraction, prosthodontic implants, and orthodontics (yes, pets can wear braces, too!). Oral masses or lesions should also be examined by a veterinary dentist.
Your regular veterinarian will still supervise your pet's overall veterinary care, and will consult with the veterinary dentist regarding any pre or post treatment care. In general, the veterinary dentist treats the problem and reports findings and recommendations back to your general practitioner veterinarian. In some practices, only non-routine or complicated cases are referred to the dental specialist; in other practices, all dental care is referred to the specialist.
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Indian tradition, however, has held the Vedas all along in the highest reverence, it has invested them with the authority of a revealed scripture, Books of Wisdom. Notwithstanding all the centuries-old efforts at such debunking, the Vedas stand firm as a rock towering like the snow-capped peaks of Kailas overtopping and overlooking the vast panoramic expanse below, drawing its nourishment every moment from the ceaseless streams that flow from above-the huge and hoary expanse of Indian life and culture. What is the secret that has enabled the Vedas to hold the pre-eminent position they have occupied from the beginnings of time in this country? Is there anything in them which is valuable for man as to exact respect and reverence to the extent they have done? And if the Vedas are really so valuable and so sacred, why is it that they have become the targets of so much criticism? Why is it that the Vedas are today so much enveloped in misunderstanding and condemnation that they are in danger of being completely lost to sight?
And what, in the first place, is the Veda?
The Vedās are the only extant records of the lives and expressions of our forefathers of an age upon the time-limits of which scholars and historians have been unable to agree with any degree of finality. Indian scholars like Tilak and Europeans like Jacobi are inclined to date the period from Four to Six millenniums before the Christian era while other Western scholars have a strong tendency to advance the date to as near the Christian era as possible. Be that as it may, it is the songs and chants of these fathers of the race—purve pitarah—, it is their hymns that form the starting point and the kernel for the vast literature that has flowed from and developed round them and goes by the name VEDA. At some period of their history, very likely at the close of the epoch during which the hymns were first sung and celebrated, it was found necessary to collect and compile all the available hymns current at that time. The necessity for the compilation may have arisen in order to prevent their loss inevitable with the passage of time and also to preserve them in the form in which they were chanted. Tradition has it that they were compiled under the direction of that Master compiler of the Great Age—Vyasa. Certainly what have been compiled do not exhaust all the hymns that must have been current; the compilations represent the remnants that had survived the ravages of time and were still extant at the time of the compilation. These hymnal texts had been handed down from mouth to mouth and it was inevitable that they must have suffered diminution in quantity with each generation.
The hymns were collected and arranged in four different compilations, Samhitās, each collection being governed by different considerations about the nature of the hymns, the purpose for which they were compiled, etc. Thus hymns which were largely in the nature of prayers and dedications to Gods were collected—says the tradition—by Paila under the guidance of Vyasa, and went to form the Rik mantra Samhita. Hymns which were particularly chanted during religious and social functions of the community were compiled by Vaishampayana under the title Yajus mantra Samhita. Jaimini is said to have collected hymns that were set to music and melody—Saman. There is also the fourth collection of hymns and chants ascribed to Sumantu, known as Atharva Samhita. We need not dwell upon the subject of the Atharva mantra Samhita and the controversy around it but recognize the Vedic tradition as has come down to us which includes all the four Samhitās in its fold.
Each of these Samhitās was followed gradually by explanations and dissertations in prose and in verse for elucidating the meanings, allusions, legends, etc. of the hymns and their application. These portions are known as Brāhmaņās. The concluding portions of these or the portions attached to them are discussions and speculations of a philosophical and spiritual import based certainly on the ideas and texts found in the Hymns. They are called the Āraņyakās and Upanishads. Each Veda thus comprises the Mantra Samhita, the Brāhmaņās, the Āraņyakās and the Upanishads.
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Drones and the Law
Unsurprisingly, here is a legal framework that governs the use of drones. A number of different drones are available for the public to buy. There are a number of potential risks to ownership, and it would be helpful for any owner to know the relevant information about drones and the law, including an owner’s responsibilities and restrictions on their use.
Drones are again making the news with stories of substantial flight disruptions caused by drones being flown close to airports or the steps being taken to stop drones flying contraband into prison.
What are drones?
A ‘Drone’ is any object that can be flown without a human pilot. The definition ranges from armed technologies used in military operations to smaller gadgets that any of us can buy.
It is the second category that will be the focus of this article. These items are controlled remotely from either a handset or mobile phone. They may also have a camera attached which provides a live-feed to the controller or can take still photography.
At their best they provide educational, professional and leisure pursuits. Various models are available which will vary in size, speed, range and price.
When do drones become a problem?
Drones become a problem when they interfere with other objects using the same airspace. For example, they can present a problem for both military and civilian aircraft. Although they are of relatively small size, a collision can have disastrous consequences. Such incidents are most likely to happen when drones are flown too high or too close to areas where aircraft are taking off and landing frequently.
What are the rules?
If you have bought a drone for personal use, then law imposes some responsibilities relating to your use of that drone. Any breach of these duties can result in your prosecution.
It is advisable to consult the Civilian Aviation Authority Air Navigation Order 2016, specifically Articles 94, 95 and 241. You can download the ‘Drone Code’ here.
You must understand your essential duties as a drone owner, many of which are common sense:
- know how to fly your drone safely, and do so within the law
- understand that the operator is legally responsible for every flight
- keep your drone in sight at all times – stay below 400ft or 120m
- don’t fly your drone over or within 150m of a congested area or organised open air assemblies of more than 1000 people
- never fly within 50 metres of a person, vehicle or building not under your control
- ensure any images you obtain using the drone do not break privacy laws
- avoid collisions – you should never fly a drone near an airport or close to aircraft.
One important aspect of drones and the law is that it is a criminal offence to endanger the safety of any aircraft in flight.
If you break the rules, you could threaten lives and also face prosecution. In some cases this can result in imprisonment or a substantial fine.
For example, anybody caught breaching the rules in relation to airport boundaries could be charged with ‘recklessly or negligently acting in a manner likely to endanger an aircraft or any person in an aircraft’ and face a fine of up to £2500 or up to 5 years in prison.
Are there extra rules when using drones for commercial purposes?
It may be that you intend to use a drone for commercial purposes. For example, an estate agent might wish to take aerial video or photographs of properties for sale.
If this is the case then then permission must be sought from the Civilian Aviation Authority. It is also expected that you will attend an accredited course which will test your knowledge of and competence with drones.
What about cross-overs into the military’s use of drones?
Any drone use completed for the Ministry of Defence is regulated by the Military Aviation Authority. This might include tasks such as surveys at height, photography and other multimedia activities. Anyone likely to undertake such work should look at Regulatory Articles 1600, 2320 and 2321 for specific requirements.
New government plans
Over the summer of 2018 the Government launched a public consultation on new proposals that include:
- whether the 1km flight restriction around aerodromes is sufficient
- police issuing fixed penalty notices to people flouting drone laws
- new counter-drone technology to protect public events and critical national infrastructure, as well as stopping contraband reaching prisons
- a minimum age requirement of 18 to be a small drone operator
- apps upon which flight plans would be uploaded prior to take-off
Fixed penalty notices may be introduced for the following offences:
- not producing proof of registration at the request of a police constable
- not producing evidence that a flight plan or other permissions had been obtained or submitted
- not complying with a police request to land a drone
- flying a drone without the necessary competency
Drone users in the UK will have to register with the CAA and take online safety awareness tests from November 2019 for drones weighing at least 250g. A failure do do so could lead to a fine of up to £1000.
Drones weighing more than 250g could also be banned from flying near airports, or above 400 ft, in a crackdown on unsafe flying.
Police will also be given new powers to seize and ground drones which may have been used in criminal activity.
The bottom line
Drones can be fun and useful but come with their fair share of responsibilities. If you follow the principles highlighted above, you will be much less likely to fall foul of the rules and regulations governing this exciting new technology.
If, however, you are to be spoken to by any authority for breach of the rules and regulations then you ought to seek advice. Any interview is likely to be with the intention of considering whether a prosecution ought to be brought before the court.
We offer independent legal advice on drones and the law for such interviews whether in or out of office hours. Your nearest office can be found here although we provide our services nationwide.
Alternatively you can use the contact form below.
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b. 1852 Germany. d. ?
DATE OF MOH ACTION: 17/03/1876 Powder River, Montana.
Albert Glawinski was born in 1852, in Germany, and enlisted into the United States Army from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He was assigned as a Blacksmith Private to Company M, of the 3rd United States Cavalry Regiment. Glawinski was 24 years of age in March 1876, when he fought at the Battle of Powder River, on March 17, 1876. There, he selected exposed positions on the battlefield. Exactly two months later, on June 17, 1876, Albert fought with his company at the Battle of Rosebud. Albert Glawinski was awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor for his actions at the Powder River, on October 16, 1877.
By March 1907, Glawinski was living in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States. The exact date of his death and his burial place are unknown.
During a retreat Blacksmith Glavinski selected exposed positions, he was part of the rear guard.
BURIAL LOCATION: UNKNOWN.
LOCATION OF MEDAL: UNKNOWN.
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2. Describe the major cost categories used in inventory analysis and their functional relationship to each other?
3. Describe the difference between independent and dependent demand and give an example of each for a pizza restaurant such as Domino`s or Pizza Pizza?
4. What are the assumptions of the basic EOQ model, and to what extent do they limit the usefulness of the model?
5. Wallace Stationery Company purchases paper from the Seaboard Paper Company. Wallace produces stationery that requires 1,415,000 sq. metres of paper per year. The cost per order for the company is $2200; the cost of holding 1 sq. metre of paper in inventory is $0.08 per year. Determine the following:
a. Economic order quantity
b. Minimum total annual cost
c. Optimal number of orders per year
d. Optimal time between orders?
6. The Goodstone Tire Company produces a brand of tire called the Rainpath. The annual demand at its distribution center is 12,400 tires per year. The transport and handling costs are $2600 each time a shipment of tires is ordered at
the distribution center. The monthly carrying cost is $0.125 per tire.
a. Determine the optimal order quantity and the minimum total annual cost.
b. The company is thinking about relocating its distribution center, which would reduce transport and handling costs to $1900 per order but increase carrying costs to $4.50 per tire per year. Should the company relocate based on inventory costs?
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By Carol Wells and Dr. Eric Zaremski
Published: July 29, 2021
Written by Carol Wells, RDH
This paper originally appeared in the January 2019 issue of the Scientific Archives of Dental Sciences(Volume 2, Issue 1).
A visit with a Biological Dental Hygienist is a little different from your usual hygiene visit...- International Academy of Biological Dentistry and Medicine
Published October 14th, 2017
Written by: Carol Wells, R.D.H
Written By Carol Wells RDH Published Nov. 2014
We learned all about the basics, plaque, and calculus. I was taught that it is the bacteria in your mouth that was responsible for the cavities that you got and the type of gum disease that you got. We were taught that if we – the dental hygienist, removed the plaque and calculus that it would slow down the decay rate and the disease process. Our job was to motivate the client so that they would be able to brush and floss their teeth properly. If I, the dental hygienist removed all the calculus, made the root “glass like - smooth” and was able to motivate the client to remove the soft deposit properly – this would stop the gum disease process. We did not talk about the types of bacteria that were able to survive in the gums. We certainly did not talk about what the bacteria would do to the rest of the body. I know we had to take classes in Biology and Histology & Nutrition. A question was asked once by a student “ Why do we have to learn about the body and its functions? After all, we are working in the persons mouth – right?”. The answer was “because we are working with the whole person, not just the mouth.” But it really ended there. We learned about how the whole body functions, the heart, the liver, the kidneys, and blood.
My first job as a dental hygienist was in a general dentist office, Dr. John Boersma in Hamilton Ontario. I was the first dental hygienist to work in the office so this was new for all of us. It was a very interesting time – changing the office protocols to include a dental hygienist. Dr. John Boersma had been to Pankey Institute, a now famous independent postgraduate dental school in U.S.A. Dr. L.D. Pankey was a dentist in Coral Gables in 1926. He was determined to practice dentistry without pulling another tooth. Dr. Boersma and I decided that we also wanted to practice dentistry in a proactive way – not a reactive way. So we, as an office started out on the quest to learn about Preventive Dentistry. One of the ladies in the office became the Office Facilitator. Her role was to help clients understand the role that plaque & calculus played in their mouth and how to change their homecare routines to help them become healthier. Even at that time we did not include how this disease process would affect the rest of the body. During the course of 10 years we came to understand how the mouth did affect the whole body and began to include conversation at each appointment. We did not call it the Oral Systemic Connection.
Now we have a lot of dental and medical professionals questioning the role that the bacteria plays in your mouth. Inflammation plays a role in all kinds of illnesses that have plagued our communities for many years. Now we are talking about the Oral Systemic Connection.
Research shows us that Periodontal disease is related to different types of disease related bacteria that is able to survive in the oral cavity.
Disease related bacteria in the oral cavity creates infection of the gums. Infected gums create inflammation, in the mouth and in the body. Most illnesses in our body start with inflammation, from one source or another.
This makes gum disease/ periodontal disease bi-directional.
An easy way to think about inflammation is to remember the last time you had a sliver.
1) “ Inflammation is characterized by several familiar signs, redness, swelling, heat and pain. To understand inflammation is to understand how and why these signs develop. These signs represent a response that is programmed into your tissue. This response is one of your body's principal defense reactions, designed to anticipate, intercept and destroy invading micro-organisms. Inflammation is best appreciated by understanding your body's functioning at the level of cells and tissues. Subsequent processes of tissue repair (healing) involve cell growth and division, cell movement and differentiation, and manufacture of extracellular material. “
Lets use the example of getting a sliver. Everybody gets slivers, if the sliver remains in your finger for too long there is an inflammation response. At first you may or may not notice that a foreign bodies embedded in the skin. Usually the site becomes red and you will feel the pain associated with the sliver. If the sliver remains there too long, you will see more swelling and eventually you will see a blister forming with pus inside. This can become very painful. You know at that point that the sliver needs to be removed.
The inflammation process to periodontal disease is very similar to that of the sliver. We know that Periodontal Disease is associated with disease related bacteria. When disease related bacteria is present in the mouth you can see red, swollen, bleeding gums but there is one difference from the sliver. There is no pain. Gum disease is not painful until it is too late and your teeth become loose. WHY IS THAT? That is because the bacteria is outside of the gum tissue, between the tooth and the gum space. The body goes through the same type of physiological responds with slivers, as it does with periodontal disease, minus the signal of pain. The body cannot get rid of the disease related bacteria that is inside of the periodontal pocket. This sets up the inflammation response.
What happens in the mouth affects the rest of the body.
Now the stage has been set for the Oral Systemic Connection.
PERIODONTAL DISEASE IS AN ULCERATED WOUND THAT CAN NOT BE SEEN
Most Dentist/ Dental Hygienists do not pay attention to the body. Most Medical Doctors do not pay attention to the mouth.
The medical and the dental communities need to start to work together.
It is time for a paradigm shift
SIUC / School of Medicine / Anatomy / David King http://www.siumed.edu/~dking2/intro/inflam.htm Last updated: 1 January 2013 / dgk
Oral biofilms, oral and periodontal infections, and systemic disease. Am J Dent. 2013 Oct;26(5):249-54.Maddi A, Scannapieco FA
Running a holiday sale or weekly special? Definitely promote it here to get customers excited about getting a sweet deal.
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Djerdap National Park
Nature Protection Institute of Serbia
The Tentative Lists of States Parties are published by the World Heritage Centre at its website and/or in working documents in order to ensure transparency, access to information and to facilitate harmonization of Tentative Lists at regional and thematic levels.
The sole responsibility for the content of each Tentative List lies with the State Party concerned. The publication of the Tentative Lists does not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever of the World Heritage Committee or of the World Heritage Centre or of the Secretariat of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its boundaries.
Property names are listed in the language in which they have been submitted by the State Party
The Djerdap National Park embraces part of the area of the Djerdap Canyon known as the Iron Gates in the central part of the Danube river course,and is divided by the international border running along the middle of the river into the southern - Yugoslav and the northern - Rumanian part. The total area of the National Park is 63.600 ha and the protection zone consists of another 93.968 ha.The morphological characteristics of the region which are the main source of attraction and constitute a natural phenomenon are determined by the 100 km. long Djerdap canyon forged by the Danube - the second largest river in Europe which flows through or forms the natural frontier of eight states. The morphological variety of the region is enhanced by the existence of a large number of gorge-like valleys formed by the Danube's tributaries, karst reliefs on limestone plateaus and other phenomena. The geological history of this region is complex and interesting. There are locations where the succession of various geological periods over a span of tens of millions of years can clearly be traced.The Djerdap Canyon is the longest fissure in Europe and a rare natural phenomenon. There are sections where the vertical cliffs rise 300m above the level of the Danube and the measured depth of the so-called "cauldrons" goes up to 82 m. Thanks to the sheltered position of the Iron Gates more than 60 forest and shrub communities heve been preserved many of which are relics of previous, tertiary forest communities. Numerous plant varieties can be found including tertiary relicts and species whose range in Europe has been significantly reduced. More than 1000 plant varieties have been re~ stered in the Djerdap region which confirms its enormous significance in the taxonomic and ecological sense. It is important to note the presence of Corylus colurna, Acer intermedium, Celtis australis, Ilex aquifolium, ceterach officinarum, etc. Rare animal and bind species can also be found in the National Park including bear, lynx, wolf, jackal, gray eagle, short-eored owl, black stork etc. Testifyins to the importance of the Iron Gates section of the Danube in the past are traces of mants presence and the development of his material and spiritual culture from earliest times to the present. The three oldest archaeological localities i.e. Vlasac, Padina and, certainly the most significant internationally, Lepenski Vir, were formed and developed from 7000 - 5000 B.C. Lepenski Vir was the permanent abode of hunters and the religious and artistic centre to which the "first monumental works of art of Central and South-Eastern Europe can be traced as well as the oldest forms of organized social, economic and religious life in the Danube river basin". The discovery of this site marked a new chapter in the study of European pre-history. Lepenski Vir is an impressive illustration of the link between man and nature, of the role and significance of the natural environment for husbandry and the organization of life and culture in general. The Roman Emperors Tiberios, Claudius, Domitian and Trajan cut a strategic road through the Djerdap Canyon and built bridges and fortifications along it in the period of 1st-2nd century A.D. remains of which still stand. The medieval fortresses which defended the entrance into and passage through the Canyon, the most important of which are Golubac and Fetislam from the Turkish period, also testify to constant clashes of various cultures and civilizations in these parts.In the early Middle Ages this region belonged to Byzantium ,then came Slav settlers, it was conquered by Bulgarian tribes and it changed hands repeatedly between the Hungars, Serbs and Turks. In spite of such a turbulent history, picturesque folk customs and traditional village life have been preserved as evidence of uninterrupted life in this region from pagan times to the present day.
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Get the latest on vaccine information, in-person appointments, video visits and more. Learn More
Here's why delayed cord clamping is the new normal
Photo: Getty Images
For many years, the standard procedure was to immediately clamp the umbilical cord when a baby was delivered. However, over the last decade, researchers are now revealing evidence that supports delayed cord clamping. Research in this area is still growing; and, as of today, the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology endorses delayed clamping. There are significant benefits to delayed cord clamping and very little risk. The decision of how long to wait depends largely on the status of your newborn, the discretion of the delivery team and your preference.
What is delayed cord clamping?
Delayed cord clamping is waiting any amount of time—from 30 seconds to 10 minutes—before clamping the cord. Most hospitals that practice delayed cord clamping, including Texas Children’s Pavilion for Women, use a standard cut off of one minute, although it can range depending on the situation and patient preferences. As long as your baby is stable, there is no harm in waiting a minute to cut their cord. Below are some reasons why we delay cord clamping.
Boosts blood supply
Babies—especially premature babies—don’t make blood cells efficiently, so anemia is always a concern with a newborn. By keeping your baby attached to the placenta for just one additional minute after birth, more blood from the placenta can course into your baby’s body. It may not sound like much, but since babies are so small, one more minute of blood increases their blood volume by a significant amount. After a minute delay, the benefits start to diminish. Delayed clamping has shown benefits to both full term and preterm babies alike, contributing to higher hematocrit (the percentage of red blood cells) and hemoglobin levels, as well as better iron supply.
Increases oxygenation and survival for preemies
During the first minutes of life, newborns endure a lot of changes in their cardiovascular system. Their blood vessels expand, their lungs open up and blood will start to move into the lungs and back to the heart.
Keeping a premature baby attached to the placenta helps stabilize them because the baby now has access to more oxygenated blood from the placenta during the adjustment period. This is especially beneficial for extremely premature babies—particularly those younger than 31 weeks. In fact, studies show delayed clamping significantly increases their chances of survival.
It is common to think an extremely premature baby will need immediate resuscitation. However, this is not true for the vast majority of preemies. Of course, there are rare occasions when we have to abandon delayed cord clamping to give immediate medical attention, but 75% to 90% of newborns start breathing on their own with a one-minute delay, even our tiniest babies. These babies tend to transition more smoothly than if we detached them from the umbilical cord earlier.
Benefits are growing
As research continues to grow, scientists are discovering even more benefits to delayed cord clamping. In multiple studies, there is evidence to support that delayed clamping may reduce the risk for brain bleeds in very premature babies. In addition, two recent studies showed 4-month-old babies who received delayed cord clamping had increased brain development in certain areas of the brain and 12-month-old babies had better neurologic outcomes and developmental scores.
Are there risks?
When cord clamping is delayed, there is a slightly higher risk the baby will develop jaundice. This can happen because the overall amount of blood products are increased through the placenta supply, elevating bilirubin, and could potentially overwhelm the liver. Jaundice is not difficult to treat, and babies are routinely monitored for it after birth. Blood tests are typically done at 24 hours and then later as needed to compare bilirubin levels. If it is considered too high, the baby may be treated with phototherapy or “bili lights” (light that helps break down bilirubin into a more easily processed component). In some cases, this will prolong hospitalization to treat the jaundice.
Delayed cord clamping poses no risks to mom. However, if a mom begins to show signs of an emergent issue, like a placental abruption or excessive bleeding, we will clamp the cord quickly to address the problem. Our top priority is the health of you and your baby.
Cord blood banking and delayed clamping
When clamping is delayed, it reduces the amount of blood available for cord blood banking, and may even eliminate the ability to bank altogether. However, the benefit of delayed clamping—especially in the case of a very premature baby—far outweighs the benefit of banking the blood. With a full-term baby, the decision to delay clamp versus banking the blood is totally up to you and your care team.
Delaying the clamping of the umbilical cord poses many benefits for the unborn baby. However, each situation is unique and must be judged individually, regardless of the baby’s age. At Texas Children’s, our experienced team of obstetricians and neonatologists will work together to determine the best outcome for your baby. The moment you deliver, we will assess your baby to determine if, or how long, we can wait to clamp. If at any time your baby shows distress, we will clamp the cord and move them to neonatology.
What about lotus birth?
There is a movement on the extreme end of delayed clamping known as lotus birth. In lotus birth, the placenta is left attached to the baby until it falls off naturally. Since there is no scientific evidence to suggest any benefit after a few minutes of placental attachment, Texas Children’s does not recommend this method. In fact, we discourage it because it puts the baby at risk of infection.
The bottom line
The standard of care at Texas Children’s Pavilion for Women is to delay cord clamping by one minute. We believe the benefits of an extra minute of placental attachment far outweigh any risk. However, since each situation is unique, our team of experts are trained to evaluate you and your baby in order to make the best decision for the best outcome possible.
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Autonomous field work is no longer a distant prospect with robots increasingly finding their way into practical applications. However, further development work is needed before they can be used on a broader scale and fundamental safety issues still need to be clarified - Agritechnica, 12-18 November, 2023.
Advanced developments in mobile machines have made it possible that autonomous machines will be cultivating arable land on a large scale and indeed, the transition to driverless field robots has already begun. Autonomous systems offer great opportunities for agriculture and can provide useful support for farms in their daily work.
From sowing and crop protection to harvesting and tillage, autonomous robots can contribute significantly to field work, support the conservation of both natural resources and soil. By performing labor-intensive tasks such as weeding, field robots can also help address labor shortages and, thanks to scalable technology, the autonomous systems of the future will also be a viable prospect for smaller farms.
All major agricultural machinery manufacturers, as well as startups and smaller companies, are currently working on commercial field robots and on systems for the full or partial automation of field work. What can be expected from this technology? At Agritechnica 2023, 12-18 November, Hanover, Germany, numerous companies will be presenting their solutions and providing answers to important questions from farm managers.
Autonomous or fully automated
Autonomy in agricultural machinery can be fundamental to the design, such as field robots or, alternatively, existing tractors, harvesters and implements can be modified. There is as yet no generally accepted definition of what distinguishes an autonomous system from a fully automated one. However, the automation of existing implements, such as fertilizer spreaders or crop protection sprayers, provides the foundation for autonomy.
Autonomous tractors and implements could replace today's "non-intelligent" tractor-implement combinations in the not too distant future. A transition from automated to autonomous systems is already taking place, in which innovative sensor and robotics technologies, but not necessarily complete systems, can support farm work.
Autonomous technology in the real world
Autonomous field robots for cultivation and maintenance already perform farming tasks such as sowing and mechanical weed control, either as single-function robots or as part of a system solution. In many cases, field robots still cannot compete with standard technology in terms of performance and robustness but their advantage lies in the considerable potential savings due to round-the-clock working. Driverless vehicles can be used individually or in swarms.
Sensor technology plays a crucial role in the further development of modern robots. Passive and active sensors with many different operating principles have an enormous potential range of application, especially when different sensors are used in combination. This is known as sensor fusion.
Increasing importance of artificial intelligence
Field robots will be capable of tackling significantly more demanding tasks over time. Artificial intelligence (AI) will enable them to perceive their environment, process what they perceive and solve tasks and problems independently. An AI unit learns from recorded or selected training data by searching for patterns and recurring structures from which laws can be derived.
Important safety issues still unresolved
In order to fully exploit the potential of autonomous agricultural systems, such as self-driving tractors, sowing or weeding robots, innovative solutions are needed for safe operation. There are two basic options: either the operational environment is designed to eliminate the risk, or the autonomous system can reliably recognize and avoid hazardous situations. An example of the former, so-called "virtual fences" trigger an emergency stop, should the field robot cross a predefined boundary. For the latter, robots can be designed to reliably detect hazardous situations on their own, using, for example, lidar sensors (light detection and ranging), which detect obstacles even at greater distances. Nevertheless, any single sensor technology is unlikely to provide the required robustness on its own and multiple sensor systems with “sensor fusion”, the optimal combination of data from multiple sensors of differing type, will be needed to provide the necessary quality. Both sensor systems and data fusion make increasing use of artificial intelligence and machine learning.
The central question of the legal approval of autonomous machines remains open. The European Machinery Directive requires the safe exclusion of a hazard, requiring manufacturers to demonstrate a safety system for an unattended machine in the field. Autonomous road transport instead of manual relocation of the machines is also still unresolved.
The “human factor” remains
Despite all the automation, autonomy and artificial intelligence, human involvement will continue to be indispensable in many areas. The more complex the task, the more difficult it is to fully automate. Even though more and more field robots will be making their rounds on farmland, a human must take the crop management decisions and adapt and program the autonomous systems for that site.
Autonomous and fully automated systems and solutions can undoubtedly support farm managers in their decision-making but the ultimate responsibility remains with them, not the machine.
Solutions must pay off
Ultimately, cost-effectiveness will determine whether and how autonomous systems can gain a broader practical foothold. Cost savings for cab, suspension and operation are offset by additional expense for redundant control systems and sensors for collision avoidance. A big plus of these systems is higher utilization, as a robot does not need breaks and must only interrupt its work to refill with consumables or for daily maintenance. The market success of autonomous systems will ultimately depend above all on a clear legal framework and suitable business models.
Purchase, rent or service provider
Various business models are available for the use of autonomous systems, such as buying or renting robots or contracting them in as a service. With buying comes the risk that today's latest technology may be tomorrow's discontinued model due to the rapid pace of technical development. In the case of renta as well as purchase, the technical expertise needed to operate the machinery may be a challenge. An alternative to both can be the use of equipment and knowledge from a service provider. The options for an individual company are likely to depend primarily on the individual circumstances and the complexity of the technology.
Agritechnica 2023: Showcase of current technologies and developments
In the future, autonomous systems will support economical arable farming, especially on large-scale farms. Thanks to scalable technology, smaller-scale farms with extensive labor-intensive manual work such as organic farming and vegetable cultivation can equally benefit.
A wide variety of field robots will be on display at many stands at Agritechnica this November - for use in corn, potatoes, vegetables and other field crops, and for work such as crop protection, tillage and other applications. Manufacturers, start-ups and universities will be presenting their concepts and solutions for highly automated agriculture in Hanover. Visitors to Agritechnica 2023 will have ample opportunity to exchange ideas with exhibitors about their solutions and to find out in detail about robotic and other autonomous systems.
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Recommendations to remain healthy include lowering your salt/sodium intake of food and beverages. Change your habits to cook healthy, study healthy choices, and get physically active with routine exercise.
- Cardiovascular diseases kill ~ 50,000 African American women each year.
- ~ 50 % of African American women ages 20 and older suffer from cardiovascular disease.
- Only 1 in 5 African American women is aware of their risk.
- Only 52 percent of African American women are knowledgeable about the symptoms of a heart attack.
Warning Signs of Stroke
- Sudden numbness or weakness of the face, arm or leg, especially on one side of the body
- Sudden confusion, trouble speaking or understanding
- Sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes
- Sudden trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance or coordination
- Sudden, severe headache with no known cause
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Which one of the following is relevant for the determination of superelevation to be provided in horizontal curves of radius R in m in hill roads, given that the design traffic velocity is V kmph?
A. V^2 /127R
B. V^2 /17.5R
C. V^2 /225R
D. (V+8)^2 /127R
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
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by Jacob Stegenga
Care and Cure is the science education, scientific research, and methodology book that contains the comprehensive introduction of the philosophy of medicine. Jacob Stegenga is the author of this impressive book. This guide takes the reader step by step to learn about the philosophy of medicine. Medicine depends on theories, inferences, policies, concepts and controversies. This book contains on fourteen chapters and all of them are explained brilliantly. It covers the political, epistemological, conceptual, and metaphysical questions. There are hundreds of unanswered questions regarding medicine but no one is here to answer them. Jacob tries to answer many unanswered questions that people wanted to know. Learn about the homeopathy and interventions regarding medical.
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Understanding Type 2 Diabetes and Its Early Warning Signs
Published | 6 min read
Type 2 diabetes shows no symptoms in the early stages. This article discusses the subtle signs to watch out for and how you can manage the condition.
Type 2 diabetes is a leading health problem that affects more than 422 million people worldwide.
It is also the major cause of kidney failure, strokes, heart attacks, and blindness in the world. Fortunately, many patients can prevent or delay the onset and complications of type 2 diabetes through lifestyle changes during the early stages. However, most people fail to take advantage of this opportunity to avoid lifelong suffering by not recognising the early signs of type 2 diabetes – like Mrs. Lee.
“The key to living a long and healthy life is to ensure you don’t fall prey to type 2 diabetes”, says Mrs. Lee, who was diagnosed with the disease 15 years back and now suffers from heart ailments and kidney disease. “When I was diagnosed, there weren’t any symptoms, so I didn’t take it seriously. But now, the disease has robbed me of my health and happiness.”
Also known as the “silent killer,” diabetes does not cause many symptoms to begin with. However, it progresses slowly over the years and can cause serious damage to all the organs in the body.
Mr. Abdullah was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes at the age of 40 years. “I had seen many of my family members suffer from complications of the disease in their old age. Some had vision loss, non-healing ulcers, and heart conditions. I decided I would not let diabetes take control of my life. Diabetes is not difficult to control if you understand the disease and meticulously take steps to keep it in control,” he explains.
“I have been very particular about monitoring my blood glucose levels, eating a healthy diet and exercising regularly. It has been 20 years since I was diagnosed, and I continue to live a healthy life pursuing all my hobbies,” he smiles.
What Causes Type 2 Diabetes?
Insulin is a hormone that helps glucose enter the cells to produce energy. In type 2 diabetes, which is also known as type 2 diabetes mellitus or T2DM, the cells in our body do not respond normally to the insulin and are said to have “insulin resistance”.
According to Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), type 2 diabetes is due to internal and external factors. “Internal factors responsible for type 2 diabetes include dryness, heat, and yin (passive energy) deficiency. External causes include long-term overeating, excessive consumption of alcohol, emotional imbalance, overworking, or exposure to heat pathogens,” explains Eu Yan Sang TCM Physician Ignatius Ooi Yong Chin.
Type 2 diabetes progresses slowly and is a life-long disease. It goes through the stages of stagnancy (pre-diabetes), heat (early-stage diabetes), deficiency (middle-stage diabetes), and damage (late-stage diabetes), according to TCM.
As of now, there is no complete cure for diabetes, but medicines can help control blood sugar levels to some extent. With regular treatment and a healthy lifestyle, patients can delay or prevent health complications caused by diabetes, as Mr. Abdullah recounted.
What Are the Symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes?
In TCM, people with the yin deficiency constitution are at a higher risk of diabetes. Common symptoms include dry mouth and throat, gravitation towards cold drinks when thirsty, slightly dry nose, dry stools, dry red tongue with little coating, and feverish sensation in chest, palms and soles.
Other possible symptoms include a flushed face, heaty sensation, dry eyes, unclear vision, slightly red lips, dehydrated skin prone to wrinkles, dizziness, ringing in the ears, disturbed sleep, and yellow-coloured urine. These individuals are usually impatient, outgoing, active, or lively, and may have a slender physique.
“As for Western medicine, early signs of diabetes include passing a lot of urine usually at night and feeling thirsty. Other symptoms are weight loss and tiredness. People with type 2 diabetes also have slow healing of wounds,” explains Dr Tan Ee Chong, an M.D. at One Wellness Medical Clinic in Singapore.
70-year-old Mr. Singh, who has had diabetes for the last 25 years, is a good example. “I had no idea that the small wound that occurred when a thorn pricked my wound would take almost two months to heal! I developed a swelling at the site, which then got infected and filled with pus. The doctor had to drain the pus out, leaving a large wound,” he says, adding that his blood sugar was too high, which caused infection and further delayed the healing.
Managing Type 2 Diabetes
According to Dr. Tan, your doctor will conduct tests to ascertain your blood sugar levels and determine the severity of your condition. They will examine and check if your eyes, kidneys, and sense of touch have been affected. Initial management involves diet modification and optimisation, as well as oral medication to reduce your blood sugar level.
Additionally, you will also need to learn how to check and record your blood sugar level regularly. Your doctor will work with you as a team. He or she will assist you in monitoring your blood sugar and adjusting your medication to achieve good control.
You will also have to monitor your weight and watch for side effects of the medication or significant fluctuations in your blood sugar level, which can occur in this initial phase. If your diabetes remains uncontrolled or gets worse, you may need insulin injections or a specialist to help you with your treatments.
A healthy diet and adequate exercise are essential to keep sugar levels under control.
“Be mindful of the total calories you consume, have frequent small means. Consume high-fibre, low-sugar, and easy-to-digest foods, and refrain from smoking and drinking,” suggests Mrs. Lee. She has started taking a 30 min walk in the morning which has helped control her blood sugar.
“Emotional stability is also important,” advises Physician Ooi. “Long-term negative emotions can weaken the immune system, cause hormonal disturbances and a spike in blood sugar levels.”
Physician Ooi also recommends the following soup recipes to control blood sugar levels:
- Melon and watermelon rind soup: 50 g of melon rind and watermelon rind each, 15 g of trichosanthin. Boil the decoction in hot water.
- Goji berry and japonica rice porridge: Prepare porridge with 20 g of goji berries, 50 g of Japonica rice
Alternatively, you can also opt for ready-prepared herbal formulations that improve your health and wellness.
Today, type 2 diabetes can be controlled and managed effectively in most patients, to avoid the development of complications. With appropriate treatment and a healthy lifestyle, you can live a long and full life.
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Nevada, Utah, Idaho and Wyoming
Moist meadows, from 8,000 to 14,000 feet
Approximately round, up to 1 inch across, divided several times into narrow, linear segments
Ranunculus adoneus is a high elevation species, usually found in short grass meadows near the edge of melting snow; it is most widespread in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado and Wyoming, with smaller occurrences in Idaho, northern Utah and eastern Nevada.
Leaves are relatively small and are divided two or three times into linear lobes, round-pointed at the tip. Leaves grow at the base and at wide intervals along the stem, often just one pair. Stems are hairless, quite thick, erect or ascending, and are topped by one (usually) to three flowers, which are larger than the leaves, up to 1.5 inches in diameter.
Flowers have between five and ten yellow, wedge-shaped petals, and five shorter, greenish-yellow sepals, which have white hairs on the lower surface. Sepals are broad at the tip. The flower is cup-shaped; petals are overlapping, and curved up towards the tip. The outer edges of the petals are slightly irregular.
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Dogs are loyal, affectionate, and protective creatures who form strong bonds with their owners. However, like all mammals, dogs experience a range of emotions, including jealousy. In this article, we will explore the topic of canine jealousy in depth, covering the science behind it, how to recognize signs of jealousy in your dog, what causes it, and how to help your pet cope with this complex emotion.
Understanding Canine Emotions: A Brief Overview
Before we dive into the topic of canine jealousy, it’s important to understand the complexity of dogs’ emotional lives. Dogs, like humans, experience a range of emotions, including happiness, fear, anger, and yes, jealousy. Emotions are subjective experiences that are difficult to quantify, but we can observe behaviors that suggest a dog is experiencing a particular feeling. For example, a dog who whines, barks, or snaps at another dog who is receiving attention may be feeling jealous.
It’s important to note that dogs also experience grief and sadness. They can become depressed after the loss of a companion or a change in their environment. Signs of depression in dogs include lethargy, loss of appetite, and decreased interest in activities they once enjoyed. It’s important to provide extra love and attention to a dog who is grieving and to seek professional help if their symptoms persist.
In addition to experiencing a range of emotions, dogs also have their own unique personalities. Some dogs are more outgoing and social, while others are more reserved and independent. It’s important to understand and respect a dog’s personality when interacting with them. For example, a shy dog may become anxious or fearful if forced into a social situation, while an outgoing dog may become overstimulated and hyperactive if not given enough exercise and mental stimulation.
The Science Behind Canine Jealousy: What Studies Reveal
Studies have shown that dogs do experience jealousy, although it may not be identical to human jealousy. A study published in the journal PLOS ONE in 2014 found that dogs became more agitated and pushed their owners more when they saw them petting a stuffed dog than when they saw them petting a fleece cylinder. This suggests that dogs are not only capable of feeling jealousy, but they can also differentiate between different types of objects that they may be vying for their owner’s attention over.
Another study conducted by researchers at the University of California, San Diego, found that dogs showed jealous behaviors when their owners interacted with a perceived rival dog, even if the rival dog was not real. The study involved placing a lifelike stuffed dog next to the owner and observing the reactions of the dog. The dogs showed more jealous behaviors, such as pushing their owners or trying to get between them and the stuffed dog, when the owner interacted with the stuffed dog compared to when they interacted with a book or a plastic jack-o-lantern.
It is important to note that while dogs may experience jealousy, it is not necessarily a negative emotion. Jealousy can be a sign of a strong bond between a dog and their owner, as they want to protect their relationship and ensure they receive enough attention and affection. However, it is important for owners to recognize and manage jealous behaviors in their dogs to prevent any negative consequences, such as aggression or destructive behavior.
Signs of Jealousy in Dogs: How to Recognize Them
Jealousy in dogs can manifest in a number of ways. Some dogs may become more vocal, such as barking or whining when they see another dog or person getting attention. Others may become aggressive towards the person or pet they perceive as a threat. Still others may become more clingy or demanding of attention themselves. If your dog exhibits any of these behaviors when you are giving attention to another pet or person, it may be a sign of jealousy.
It is important to note that jealousy in dogs can also be triggered by changes in their environment or routine. For example, if a new pet or family member is introduced, your dog may feel threatened and exhibit jealous behavior. Similarly, if your dog’s daily routine is disrupted, such as a change in feeding or walking schedule, they may become more prone to jealousy.
If you suspect that your dog is experiencing jealousy, it is important to address the behavior in a positive and constructive manner. This may involve providing your dog with more attention and affection, or working with a professional trainer to modify their behavior. With patience and consistency, you can help your dog overcome their jealousy and build a stronger bond with them.
Why Do Dogs Get Jealous? Exploring the Causes
There are many reasons why dogs may experience jealousy. One common cause is competition for resources, such as food, toys, and attention. Dogs who are in multi-dog households may be more prone to jealousy, as they may feel they have to compete for their owner’s attention and affection. Dogs may also become jealous if they perceive a particular person or pet as a threat to their relationship with their owner.
Another factor that can contribute to jealousy in dogs is their individual personality and temperament. Some dogs may be naturally more possessive or territorial, making them more likely to become jealous in certain situations. Additionally, dogs who have experienced past trauma or neglect may be more prone to jealousy, as they may have a heightened need for attention and reassurance from their owner.
It’s important for dog owners to recognize the signs of jealousy in their pets, which can include behaviors such as growling, snapping, or trying to push another pet or person away. Addressing jealousy in dogs may involve providing more individual attention and resources, such as separate feeding areas or toys, and working with a professional trainer or behaviorist to modify any problematic behaviors.
Jealousy or Possessiveness? Decoding Your Dog’s Behavior
It’s important to note that not all possessive behaviors in dogs are the result of jealousy. Some dogs may simply be naturally possessive of their toys, food, or space. However, if your dog only exhibits possessive behaviors in the presence of other dogs or people, it may be a sign of jealousy. It’s important to observe your dog’s behavior closely and try to determine the cause of their possessiveness.
One way to address possessive behavior in dogs is through training and socialization. By exposing your dog to different people and dogs in a controlled environment, you can help them learn to share and be less possessive. It’s also important to establish yourself as the pack leader and set clear boundaries for your dog’s behavior.
If your dog’s possessive behavior is causing aggression or other issues, it’s important to seek the help of a professional dog trainer or behaviorist. They can work with you and your dog to address the underlying causes of the behavior and develop a plan to modify it.
The Impact of Environment on Canine Jealousy
The environment in which a dog lives can also have an impact on their likelihood of experiencing jealousy. Dogs who are in multi-dog households are more likely to experience jealousy, as are dogs who do not receive enough attention, exercise, or mental stimulation. Additionally, some breeds may be more prone to jealousy than others. It’s important to provide your dog with a healthy and stimulating environment to reduce their risk of experiencing jealousy.
Another factor that can contribute to canine jealousy is changes in their environment. Dogs who experience sudden changes in their living situation, such as moving to a new home or having a new family member introduced, may become more prone to jealousy. It’s important to introduce changes gradually and provide your dog with plenty of reassurance and attention during these transitions to help them adjust and reduce their risk of experiencing jealousy.
Helping Your Dog Cope with Jealousy: Tips and Tricks
If your dog is exhibiting jealousy, there are a number of things you can do to help them cope. One important step is to make sure your dog is receiving enough attention, exercise, and mental stimulation. You can also try training exercises that help your dog learn to tolerate other people and pets in your home. It’s important to avoid punishing or scolding your dog for exhibiting jealous behaviors, as this can exacerbate the problem.
Another helpful tip is to establish clear boundaries and rules for your dog. This can help them feel more secure and less anxious about their place in the household. You can also try providing your dog with their own space, such as a crate or bed, where they can retreat to when they need some alone time.
If your dog’s jealousy is directed towards another pet in the household, it’s important to give each pet their own individual attention and resources. This can include separate feeding areas, toys, and beds. You can also try gradually introducing the pets to each other in a controlled and positive environment, such as during a walk or playtime in a neutral location.
Preventing Jealous Behavior in Multi-Dog Households
If you have multiple dogs in your home, it’s important to take steps to prevent jealousy and aggression between them. This may involve feeding your dogs separately, providing each dog with their own toys and space, and ensuring that each dog receives individual attention from their owner. It’s also important to watch for signs of jealousy between your dogs and intervene if necessary.
Another important factor to consider is the introduction of new dogs into the household. It’s crucial to introduce new dogs slowly and carefully, allowing them to get to know each other gradually and under supervision. This can help prevent any potential jealousy or aggression from arising. Additionally, providing plenty of exercise and mental stimulation for each dog can help reduce stress and prevent negative behaviors from developing.
The Dos and Don’ts of Dealing with a Jealous Dog
Dealing with a jealous dog can be challenging, but there are some basic dos and don’ts that can help. Do provide your dog with plenty of attention, exercise, and mental stimulation. Do work with a professional trainer or behaviorist if your dog’s jealousy is causing aggressive or destructive behaviors. Don’t punish or scold your dog for exhibiting jealous behaviors, as this can make the problem worse. Don’t ignore your dog’s jealousy, as it may escalate over time.
Another important thing to do when dealing with a jealous dog is to establish clear boundaries and rules. This can help your dog feel more secure and less anxious about their place in the household. Consistency is key when it comes to enforcing these rules, so make sure everyone in the household is on the same page.
It’s also important to understand the root cause of your dog’s jealousy. Is it due to a lack of attention or resources? Is there a new pet or family member that your dog perceives as a threat? Identifying the underlying issue can help you address it more effectively and prevent future jealousy-related behaviors.
When to Seek Professional Help for Your Pet’s Jealousy
If your dog’s jealousy is causing significant problems for your household, such as aggression towards other pets or people, it may be time to seek professional help. A veterinary behaviorist or certified dog trainer can work with you to address your dog’s jealous behaviors and develop a plan to help them cope.
It’s important to note that jealousy in pets can also be a sign of underlying health issues. If you notice sudden changes in your pet’s behavior, such as increased jealousy or aggression, it’s important to schedule a visit with your veterinarian to rule out any medical causes.
Additionally, it’s important to address jealousy in pets early on to prevent it from escalating into more serious behavior problems. This may involve providing your pet with more attention and positive reinforcement, as well as setting clear boundaries and rules for their behavior. A professional can help you develop a personalized plan to address your pet’s jealousy and improve their overall well-being.
Training Techniques to Minimize Canine Envy
There are a number of training techniques that can help minimize and manage your dog’s jealousy. These may include obedience training, counter-conditioning, and desensitization exercises. It’s important to work with a professional trainer or behaviorist to develop a training plan that is tailored to your dog’s specific needs.
One effective technique for minimizing canine envy is to provide each dog with their own space and resources. This can include separate feeding areas, toys, and beds. By giving each dog their own belongings, they are less likely to feel the need to compete with each other.
Another important aspect of managing envy in dogs is to ensure that they receive plenty of attention and affection from their owners. This can help to build their confidence and reduce feelings of insecurity. It’s also important to avoid showing favoritism towards one dog over another, as this can exacerbate feelings of jealousy.
How to Introduce a New Pet to a Jealous Dog
Introducing a new pet to a jealous dog can be tricky, but there are some steps you can take to make the process smoother. These may include introducing the dogs in a neutral location, allowing them to sniff each other before interacting, and monitoring the dogs closely during their initial interactions. It’s important to introduce the dogs slowly and avoid forcing them to interact if they are not comfortable.
Another important step in introducing a new pet to a jealous dog is to give your current dog plenty of attention and reassurance. Jealousy can often stem from a fear of losing attention or affection from their owner. Make sure to spend quality time with your current dog and give them plenty of love and attention. Additionally, it’s important to provide separate spaces and resources for each pet, such as separate food and water bowls, beds, and toys. This can help prevent any territorial behavior and reduce the likelihood of conflict between the pets.
Jealousy vs Envy: Understanding the Difference
While we often use the terms jealousy and envy interchangeably, they actually refer to different emotions. Jealousy involves feeling threatened by the loss of something you already have, while envy involves coveting something that someone else has. Dogs may experience both jealousy and envy, but it’s important to understand these emotions separately to properly address your pet’s behavior.
Jealousy can often arise in dogs when they feel like they are not receiving enough attention or affection from their owners. This can lead to behaviors such as barking, whining, or even aggression towards other pets or people in the household. It’s important to address these behaviors by giving your dog the attention and affection they need, and also by setting clear boundaries and rules for their behavior.
Envy, on the other hand, can manifest in dogs when they see other dogs or pets receiving attention or treats that they are not getting. This can lead to behaviors such as stealing food or toys, or even trying to push other pets out of the way to get attention. To address envy in your dog, it’s important to make sure that each pet is getting equal attention and treats, and to discourage any aggressive or possessive behavior towards other pets.
Common Myths About Canine Emotions Debunked
There are many myths and misconceptions about dogs’ emotional lives. One common myth is that dogs cannot experience complex emotions like jealousy or guilt. However, as we’ve discussed in this article, studies have shown that dogs are capable of a range of complex emotions. It’s important to educate ourselves about dogs’ emotional lives to better understand and care for our furry friends.
Another common myth is that dogs don’t feel sadness or grief. However, anyone who has ever seen a dog mourn the loss of a companion or owner knows that this is not true. Dogs can experience a deep sense of loss and sadness, just like humans do. It’s important to give them the time and space they need to grieve and to provide them with extra love and attention during this difficult time.
Finally, some people believe that dogs are always happy and carefree. While dogs certainly have moments of joy and playfulness, they can also experience stress, anxiety, and fear. It’s important to recognize the signs of these emotions in our dogs and to provide them with a safe and comfortable environment where they can feel secure. By understanding and respecting our dogs’ emotional lives, we can build stronger, more meaningful relationships with them.
Canine jealousy is a complex and often misunderstood emotion. While it can be challenging to deal with, there are steps we can take to help our dogs cope and reduce their risk of exhibiting jealous behaviors. By understanding the causes of jealousy, recognizing its signs, and providing our pets with a healthy and stimulating environment, we can help ensure that our furry friends enjoy happy and fulfilling lives.
One way to reduce jealousy in dogs is to provide them with individual attention and affection. This can help them feel secure and loved, reducing the need to compete with other pets or people for attention. Additionally, training and socialization can help dogs learn appropriate behaviors and reduce their anxiety in new situations.
It’s important to remember that every dog is unique and may have different triggers for jealousy. By observing our pets’ behavior and seeking the advice of a veterinarian or animal behaviorist, we can better understand and address their individual needs. With patience, understanding, and a commitment to our pets’ well-being, we can help them overcome jealousy and live happy, healthy lives.
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The led lights strip 10 meter of an artificial light source, which is a narrow flexible strip with LEDs located at an equal distance from each other. Why is an LED strip needed and what are its advantages? Why is she gaining popularity so quickly? Where and how can it be used? Let’s find out below!
What is a led strip?
An led lights strip 10 meter is a flexible strip with LEDs attached to one side and an adhesive backing applied to the other. Diodes are arranged in groups, with 3 LEDs in each group. The length can be changed with simple scissors. Connects to the network using a power supply. Prices are per 1 meter (min. order 5 meters – packing).
Led strip design
The main element of the tape are blue led light strips soldered at a set distance from each other to a flexible board (substrate), as well as limiting resistors. The width of the tape varies from 8-20 mm and in height with elements less than 5 mm. An adhesive layer is applied to the back. The standard length is five meters.
Also included with the LED strip: are controllers, converters, amplifiers, and special clips that connect the wires. For single-colour, two contacts are used, for polychrome – on four.
Types of led strips
They depend on the type of LEDs used and distinguish between:
- The number of LEDs is proportional to the amount of radiation.
- Glow colour (any shade) and monochrome (with one main colour scheme). RGB example. Using LEDs with arranged emitters of three different colours: Red, Green, and Blue translated from English as red, green, and blue.
- Various chromatic temperatures with boundaries from 2700 to 10 thousand Kelvin. For example, a 100 W incandescent lamp has 2800 K. Fluorescent (white light) 3500 K.
Adjusting the emission of the led strip
Which are push-button, touch, infrared or radio. The latter can “command” one controller or an entire group. Motion sensors connect lights and lighting. For monochrome, a voltage converter is enough. Switches and breakers are located in place. It is desirable to fix the power source of the tape near its beginning or end. Must Team Up Your Denim With These 6
Errors when connecting led strip
LED strips have advantages over traditional lighting sources. They are durable, vibration-resistant, economical and also have small dimensions. When connecting, it is necessary to exclude such moments.
- It is impossible to consider LED as an analogue of conventional lighting devices. This is a non-linear semiconductor lighting device with a distinctive technical characteristic.
- It is a mistake to connect the LED directly to the power source.
- It is wrong to connect in parallel to the same source. From such a connection, the radiation will be different in brightness. When one LED fails, the current on the other increases, accelerating its degradation.
- Erroneously serial connection of a tape with elements of different denominations. At the same time, the elements glow dimly or their wear accelerates. The current in the circuit depends on the value of the limiting resistor.
- Installing an element (R) with the wrong resistance. Inconsistency of the current with the parameters will lead to overheating of the crystal, reducing the service life.
- The use of a limiting resistor with a low rating accelerates the destruction.
- The reverse voltage needs to be adjusted. Because, an increase in current will cause overheating of the semiconductor, thermal breakdown and failure of the LED.
Power supplies for led strips types
There are various options for the design and purpose of the PSU.
Open, made in a metal or plastic case without moisture protection. Designed for indoor use in a dry atmosphere. Its power varies from 6 to 360 watts. Closed block. Mounted in a metal case, protected from moisture according to IP 54 classification. It is suitable for outdoor installation. Power ranges from 60 to 360 watts.
The 24 Volt power supply does not differ in structure from the same 12 V. In practice, it is slightly larger and heavier. For example, a lighting device or backlight with a 5-meter tape is suitable for a 200 W PSU.
The main advantages of led strips
- High reliability.
- Environmental friendliness.
- Easy fixing of LED strips on the prepared surface.
- Low operating costs, given the ratio of light to cost.
- LED strips have a longer service life compared to well-known lighting lamps. Under optimal temperature conditions, it works for over 30 thousand hours.
- It is possible to increase the luminous flux in proportion to the length of the tape, avoiding overheating of the constituent elements.
- The flexibility of the design allows for a variety of design projects.
- Small dimensions.
- The ability to adjust the colour tint and brightness.
- Safety of use.
- No pulsation.
The bottom requires only five meters of tape. Salon, wheels, disks, trunk, accelerating the search for the right thing. Glove box, dashboard, door handles, pedals and floor mats. Insensitive to temperature fluctuations. The 12-volt voltage makes it safe. By controlling a remote control or a program, they change colour, the play of light, the speed of alternating brightness and other special effects, without violating traffic safety on the road.
LED tape is both flexible and easily attached to the surface of any material. On fabric curtains, tulle, Capron, tapestry, blinds or roller blinds. Using the control panel of the RGB controller, select or program the illumination of the curtains. It is safe to arrange such a design. Low power tapes do not heat up.
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"YOU ARE NOT JUST ACQUIRING A PIECE OF CERAMIC, YOU ARE ACQUIRING ART, TRADITION AND CULTURE".
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) has declared the Mexican and Spanish pottery style known as talavera an intangible cultural heritage on December 11, 2019.
An intangible cultural heritage or "living heritage" refers to the practices, expressions,knowledge or techniques transmitted by communities from generation to generation.
The pottery is made in the Mexican states of Puebla and Tlaxcala and the Spanish towns of Talavera de la Reina and El Puente del Arzobispo. In Mexico, the communities of Atlixco, Cholula, Tecali de Herrera and Puebla city, where the pottery is produced, are colloquially referred to as the “Talavera zone.”
“The theoretical knowledge and practices related to this element of living cultural heritage include the preparation of the clay, its formation with a potter’s wheel or mold, the decoration of the formed piece, the preparation of the pigments and glazes and the firing in the kiln, operations that all require great skill,” said the organization.
For more information of this magnificent award please visit UNESCO.
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Business Pages in UAE: Find all addresses, telephones, maps and more with one click
Pressure vessels are vessels or storage tanks that are designed to operate at above 15 p.s.i.g pressures and above 5 cubic feet of volume. In these vessels, a direct source, indirect source or heat from an indirect source is used to obtain pressure. They are available in the shape of closed containers and are designed to hold gases and liquids at pressure different from ambient pressure.
The UAE manufacturers of pressure vessels have gained high reputation in the international market to design and manufacture vessels of high reliability and impeccable quality. Latest software is used by the highly experienced staff to design these equipments. They have a team of skilled workforce and possess excellent welding facilities to manufacture the pressure vessels of high industry standards. These vessels have many applications such as supplying LPG gas to gas store, and their usage in water treatment plants, shipping industry, for refrigeration and many cryogenic applications.
In the industry, it is extremely essential that the pressure vessels are manufactured with high quality. If not manufactured with the required standards, leakage and failure of vessels due to cracking and damaging may happen. Leakage of vessels may cause potential health and safety hazards resulting in explosion, suffocation, poisoning and fire. To ensure health and safety, the pressure vessels should be designed, installed, operated and maintained according to the appropriate code and standard, otherwise it can lead to fatal accidents. For this reason, various engineering authorities legislate and regulate the design, manufacture and operation of pressure vessels.
The usage of pressure vessels ranges from compressed air receiver to hot water storage tanker. Some of the examples of pressure vessels include recompression chambers, nuclear reactor vessels, distillation towers, submarines, petrochemical plants, mining operations, space ship habitats and also the vessels used for storing liquefied gases such as ammonia, butane, chlorine, LPG and propane. They are extremely important vessels that are used in oil refineries where they are used for many purposes such as for storing feed, reactors, fractionation towers and separators. Highly advanced technologies as well as online inspection techniques are used to prevent their failure. One of the main techniques used is ultrasonic testing with which thickness of metal can be tested. Other methods used to monitor the pressure vessel include making use of pressure relief valves and installing sentinel holes and corrosion coupons. Other than this, hydrostatic testing is the preferred test because it is considered to be safer method of testing.
Operational standards of pressure vessels are regulated by codes that ensure designing of pressure vessels for their safe operation at the specified pressure and temperature. Though these vessels can be of any shapes but usually, they are made in shapes of cones, spheres and cylinders. They are not made in complicated shapes because firstly, it is difficult to construct complicated shapes and secondly, it would make it difficult to analyze them for their safe operation. The head shapes of these vessels are usually circular, round or like a dish. A spherical shaped pressure vessel is difficult to manufacture than a cylindrical vessel and is thus comparatively more expensive though it has two times more strength than cylindrical vessel. For these reasons, most of the vessels are cylindrical in shapes.
It is the responsibility of the owner of pressure vessel to obtain periodic inspections and obtain Certificate of Inspection and pay the required fee for that. Also, he should obtain proper repairs and involve the Commissioned Inspector for all the repairs. Moreover, it is the duty of the owner to notify the concerned authority in case of an accident. The pressure vessels supplied by the UAE manufacturers are approved by the safety organizations and the reputed inspection agencies.
See all our business classifications and business categories list (A-Z).
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Elbow Fractures in Children
The elbow is a joint that consists of three bones – the humerus (upper arm bone), radius (forearm bone) and ulna (forearm bone). An elbow fracture most commonly occurs when your child falls on an outstretched arm. It can lead to severe pain in the elbow and numbness in the hand. Fractures are more common in children due to their physical activities as well as their bone properties. Children’s bones have an area of developing cartilage tissue called a growth plate which is present at the end of long bones that will eventually develop into solid bone as the child grows.
Your child’s doctor first evaluates your child’s arm for signs of damage to blood vessels and nerves. An X-ray examination is then ordered to confirm and determine the severity of the fracture. Treatment of elbow fractures depends on the degree of displacement and type of fracture:
- Nonsurgical treatment: If there is little or no displacement from the normal position, nonsurgical treatment is recommended. Your child’s doctor may immobilize the arm using a cast for 3 to 5 weeks. Regular X-rays are ordered to check if the bones are properly aligned.
- Surgical treatment: Surgery may be recommended if the fracture has caused the bones to move out of alignment. Your child’s doctor brings the bones in correct alignment and may use metal pins, screws and wires to hold the bones in place. Your child must wear a cast for a few weeks. Exercises to improve the range of motion will be instructed after a month of healing.
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Your nervous system is connected to everything. Whether you are thinking about it or not, every step, every swallow, every unconscious internal function is run by a sophisticated network of organic wires and computers. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease affecting the supercomputer that is your nervous system. To help understand the nuanced symptoms associated with MS, we spoke with Nida Laurin, MD, a MS specialist with Banner Brain & Spine.
“The early signs of multiple sclerosis can be hard to identify,” said Dr. Laurin. “I often tell my patients that they know their body well enough to know when something is wrong.” Pay attention to how you feel and take notes to track progress. Dr. Laurin also commented that “your mind is a powerful thing. Even as MS begins to affect your nervous system, your brain will find ways to work around the damage. You may see symptoms come and go, which can be confusing.” Carefully monitoring unusual symptoms will help to paint a clear picture of your body’s overall health.
Because the symptoms of MS can be unpredictable and intermittent, patients often put off doctor visits for months or even years. Dr. Laurin warned strongly against procrastinating and offered a short list of symptoms that could indicate MS:
- Blurred or double vision
- Pricking or “pins and needles” sensations
- Weakness and fatigue
Dr. Laurin emphasized that the development of these symptoms varies from one individual to another. Some symptoms considered to be “early indications” of MS may not appear until much later. Other symptoms, often perceived as advanced, could show up much earlier than expected.
Early detection and cognitive symptoms
Your ability to solve problems, remember details, learn new things and concentrate are indications of good cognitive health. While there are many symptoms associated with MS, weakening cognitive abilities have long been a symptom associated with advanced cases. However, Dr. Laurin explained that cognitive impairment can, in fact, be an early indicator of MS, though the symptoms may often be overlooked.
A recent study showed the importance of cognitive health in assessing multiple sclerosis. The study used cognitive scores collected from exams of Norwegian men age 18 to 19. Men who developed first clinical MS symptoms up to 2 years after the examination scored significantly lower in cognitive tests than the controls. Experts interpreted this information to show cognitive deficiencies can begin years before MS's first clear clinical symptoms are seen.
Living with multiple sclerosis
People with MS suffer from inflammation, leading to lesions in the brain, spinal cord and throughout the nervous system. For this reason, disease-modifying oral medications, injections and infusions are a mainstay of treatment. Multiple sclerosis has no known cure, however Dr. Laurin emphasized that quality of life can be enhanced with the help of trained professionals and the support of loved ones.
“Slowing the progression of the disease is just one (very important) part of treatment, especially for neurologists like me. However, the symptoms of living with MS require a different approach,” said Dr. Laurin. “Treating the symptoms will help the person maintain physical, mental and emotional abilities for longer and with greater comfort.”
Dr. Laurin went on to list a few examples of how we can improve quality of life for loved ones with MS, despite having no known cure. “Physical therapists will work to improve balance, strength and muscle function. Psychiatrists and therapists will provide emotional support for people with MS, for whom depression is a common symptom. Eye care professionals will help maintain vision. All the while, friends and loved ones at home can help to fill the gaps in daily life.
“Living with MS or helping a loved one who has MS can feel intimidating,” said Dr. Laurin. “But we are stronger when we work together. You can find consolation in knowing that we care about you and will do everything we can to make you feel comfortable and at peace, regardless of the severity of your symptoms.” If you or someone you know is dealing with any of the symptoms listed above, set up an appointment with your doctor to learn more.
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Flour may seem harmless, but many people don’t realize that it has a hot temper. Under certain conditions, foods like flour are highly flammable and can result in fiery kitchen situations.
Combustible foods are part of the reason why cooking is the leading cause of home fires in the United States, and the leading cause of all residential building fires and injuries according to the U.S. Fire Administration. Poultry cooked in turkey fryers is an obvious culprit, but the following everyday cuisine can also become a recipe for ruin if not handled properly.
Why it’s risky: This potent food is packed with lots of natural oil, so it burns quickly and pops when placed in a hot pan, causing oil to splatter into the burner.
Staying safe: Sauté it very lightly and slowly.
Why it’s risky: Any protein product that has a high fat content like bacon releases grease as it’s cooking. When the meat burns, it causes the oil to splash out of the pan.
Staying safe: Don’t let the grease escape by ensuring that the pan is deep enough to contain the fats. Also, if you’re cooking several batches of bacon, get rid of the old grease before cooking a new batch. Drain the oil out of the pan and into a jar or bowl (which should be kept far from the stove).
3. Deep-Fried Stuffed Peppers
Why it’s risky: When stuffed peppers are submerged in frying oil, the air flow is constricted. This pressure can force the peppers to explode open, and if there are open burners next to the pot of peppers, the oil may fly onto the open flame.
Staying safe: Do not fill the pot to capacity with oil. It should only reach halfway up the pot. Also, make sure the burners nearby are off.
Why it’s risky: Powdered goods like flour, non-dairy creamer and powdered sugar consist of fine particles that burn if added to a hot pan without anything else in it. Plus, if these items spill into the direct flame, they can ignite.
Staying safe: Only add the powdered ingredients to a pan with another ingredient in it, such as butter. And never throw flour onto a pan fire! (Use baking soda instead.)
5. Alcohol-Based Sauces
Why it’s risky: It’s not uncommon for marsala, sherry and other alcohol-based sauces to flare up. These flames are often controlled, but the danger arises when the bottle is too close to the stove. If the sauce container is next to the flame, eventually the bottle could explode.
Staying safe: To avoid a bottle bomb, keep it away from the stove.
6. Peanut Brittle and Other Ultra-Sugary Foods
Why it’s risky: If you’re making sugary dishes like peanut brittle or flan, proceed with caution. When sugar gets very hot, it can create flames in a flash.
Staying safe: Control the heat, and never walk away. It’s easy to get distracted, but it’s important to be present in the kitchen.
Keep Your Cuisine from Turning on You
Following the guidelines below will reduce your risk of a culinary catastrophe:
- Stay by the food. According to the U.S. Fire Administration, unattended cooking is the leading cause of home fires. If you leave the kitchen, always turn off the stove.
- Don’t let the grease escape. When cooking meat, make sure the pan is deep enough to contain the fats. If the pan is too shallow, the grease might spill over and set fire.
- A dirty kitchen is a dangerous kitchen. The oil from food cakes on the inside of ovens and on stovetops. This grease can potentially ignite, so always keep the oven and stove clean.
If a fire does break out in your kitchen (or in your grill), here’s what you should do:
- Have a lid nearby. If a grease fire starts on the stove, turn off the burner and cover the flames by sliding a lid or even a cookie sheet over the pan (while wearing an oven mitt!). Don’t attempt to move the pan; instead, keep the lid on until it is completely cool.
- Don’t add water to the grease fire. It causes the grease to splash and spread even more rapidly.
- For oven and microwave oven fires, keep the door closed until the fire is out. Unplug the microwave if you can safely reach the plug.
- Put it out if you can.
- When in doubt, just get out. If you encounter a fire and have any doubts about how to handle it, get everyone out of the house and call 9-1-1. Remember everything in a kitchen can be replaced except the people who live there.”
A homeowners policy from ERIE can protect the items in your kitchen, from the island you chop veggies at to the stove your partner sautés on. Contact us today to review your coverage or get a quote.
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At Westgate Dental Corporation, we know the human mouth contains a lot of bacteria. A bacterium can travel through your body with routine activities that are a normal part of daily living. You spread bacteria when you brush or floss your teeth, when you chew, and when you swallow.
For most people, bacteria don’t cause any problem. For some people, however, especially those who have chronic medical conditions, specific cardiac conditions, or whose immune systems are compromised, bacteria that spreads throughout the bloodstream can lead to much more serious bacterial infections.
The goal of pre-medication or antibiotic prophylaxis, the doctor will tell you, is to prevent bacterial endocarditis, a serious infection of the endothelial heart surfaces or the heart valves. The condition is also called infective endocarditis. A small population of people with certain health problems has a high risk for contracting this potentially deadly bacterium.
The American Heart Association states that people at greatest risk for contracting bacterial or infective endocarditis are:
- Patients who underwent cardiac valve surgery in the past
- Those who have suffered past incidents of infective endocarditis
- Patients who have mitral valve prolapse, resulting in or causing valve leakage
- People who have had rheumatic fever or any degenerative cardiac condition that produces abnormalities in cardiac valves
- Patients who suffer from certain congenital heart diseases
For these patients, any dental procedure may cause bleeding, and prophylactic antibiotic administration is recommended as a preventive measure.
Other patients who require prophylactic antibiotics
The American Association of Endodontists extends recommendations to patients who have undergone joint replacement surgery within the past two years, suffer from type 1 diabetes, or have immune deficiencies from diseases such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, or HIV; cancer patients whose immune systems are suppressed because of radiation or chemotherapy; people who have had organ transplants; and hemophiliacs.
The American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry also includes people who suffer from sickle cell anemia, as well as patients who suffer from conditions that require chronic steroid therapy.
Typical endodontic procedures for which antibiotic prophylaxis is recommended include root canal therapy (when it involves going deeper than the root apex), surgical tooth extractions, and any other dental, endodontic, or periodontal procedure during which the doctor anticipates bleeding.
Although different medical societies and organizations offer these guidelines as a way of identifying patients for whom prophylactic pre-medication is essential prior to dental procedures, dentists will take each patient's medical history and personal risk factors into consideration. Some doctors may choose to administer antibiotics following a procedure, especially for patients who have previously suffered from oral infections either as a result of dental procedures or that necessitated oral surgery.
For more information about antibiotic prophylaxis, or to schedule an appointment with the doctor, please give us a call at our convenient Tacoma, Washington office!
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A seat belt is one of a vehicle's most important safety features. When used correctly, it can save your life in an accident. However, not wearing a seat belt is still one of the leading causes of fatalities in car accidents. Additionally, if a seat belt malfunctions during an accident, it could result in serious injuries or even death.
Statistics About Seat Belts
According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), 23,824 people were killed in passenger vehicles in 2020. Of those, 51 percent were unrestrained (not wearing seat belts). Studies have shown that wearing a seat belt in the front seat of a passenger car reduces your risk of death by 45 percent and severe injury by 50 percent. Buckling up in a vehicle is perhaps one of the most important things you can do!
Seat Belt Malfunction Liability
In some cases, when a person does not wear their seatbelt, and an accident occurs, they may be partially or fully liable for any damages sustained. However, if a seat belt malfunctions during an accident, then there may be other parties that may be responsible.
A manufacturer may be held liable for a seat belt malfunction if the belt was not adequately designed, constructed or inspected prior to being placed into a vehicle. Generally, proving that a manufacturer has negligently caused or contributed to an injury sustained due to a seat belt failure requires thorough investigation and documentation of the facts relevant to the case.
Suppose it is determined that the defective seat belt was the proximate cause of an injury. In that case, the driver, passengers or other injured parties may be entitled to seek monetary damages from the responsible manufacturer. Manufacturers must take their responsibility of supplying passengers with adequate protection seriously; neglecting this could potentially result in severe consequences and financial penalties.
Common Types of Seat Belt Injuries
Injuries sustained due to a seat belt malfunction can range from minor bruises or abrasions to life-altering internal injuries. The most common types of seat belt-related injuries include:
- Bruising and Abrasions – Caused by the force of the belt against the body during an accident.
- Internal Injuries – Can be caused by the force of the belt against organs such as the liver, spleen and lungs.
- Neck Injuries – These can occur due to excessive forces exerted on the neck during a collision.
- Whiplash – A severe injury common in car accidents and can cause pain, stiffness and limited movement in the neck.
If you or someone you love has been injured due to a seat belt malfunction, it is important to seek legal help as soon as possible. An experienced personal injury lawyer at Boesen Law can help you understand your rights and protect them throughout the legal process. Furthermore, they can help you pursue compensation for medical expenses, lost wages and other damages sustained as a result of your accident.
If you were involved in a car accident caused by a negligent individual, contact us today at (303) 327-9988 or fill out our contact form online.
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A bond is a debt investment. Investors loan money to corporations or governments for a set term and interest rate. After they have been issued, bonds trade on the over-the-counter market, where their principal value fluctuates according to changes in interest rates and any changes in the bond's credit quality. Newly issued corporate bonds are syndicated by investment banks who initially buy an offering for resale to investors. Government bonds are offered by auction, where investors tender bids for the issue. Investors typically use bonds to stabilize the value of a portfolio, or to produce a stream of income, or both.
Note: Those looking for a "very basic" introduction to bonds should start with the tutorial at the bottom of this page.
Bonds have some distinctive features. These include include:
- Coupon rate: the interest rate paid by the bond. The rate may be fixed, floating, or inflation indexed, depending on the specific issue. The coupon date gives the frequency of interest payments, usually biannually for US bonds. Bonds which pay a fixed coupon rate based upon the principal (face amount) are called nominal bonds.
- Maturity date: the date at which the bond principal will be repaid. Bonds are usually issued with maturities ranging from 1 year to thirty years.
- Options: the most common option involving bonds is a call feature. This gives the issuer the right to repay the bond before the maturity date. Because an issuer will call bonds when the interest rate is lower than the coupon rate, it is not advantageous to the buyer of the bond, who must then reinvest the proceeds of the redeemed bond in a lower interest rate environment. Because of this, a callable bond usually offers a higher coupon than an uncallable bond, to compensate for the risk of early redemption. Some callable bonds also add a small sum to the par value of a redeemed bond. Alternatively, some bonds are issued with a put feature which gives the bond holder the right to force the issuer to repay the bond before the maturity date, usually on predefined put dates.
- Sinking funds provide a means of repaying a bond issue. The issuer makes periodic payments to a trustee who retires part of the issue by purchasing the bonds in the open market. Sinking funds tend to reduce the risk of default, which lets the issuer of a bond to pay a lower interest rate on the bond.
- Senior debt and Subordinated debt: Senior debt has priority over other debt in case of default; Subordinated debt is unsecured and, in a default, is repayable after other debts have been paid.
Types of bonds
There are three main issuers of bonds in the U.S.: the Treasury; corporations; and municipalities.
Treasury Bonds are issued by the US treasury in groups of three maturity ranges
- Bills have a range up to one year;
- Notes have a range between one year and ten years;
- Bonds have a range greater than ten years.
Treasury bonds are usually not callable. Treasuries also carry the full faith and credit backing of the U.S. government. The interest income is exempt from state tax. You can purchase Treasuries through brokerages and banks as well as through an individual account at Treasury Direct. Government agencies also issue debt, some of which is backed by the full faith and credit of the government, and some which is not.
Treasury Inflation Protected Securities (TIPS) give you both inflation indexed income and inflation protection for the bond's principal. The bond pays a fixed real interest rate based on a principal value indexed to the CPI-U inflation measure. Like all treasury bonds, inflation indexed treasuries have the "full faith and credit" backing of the Treasury and interest income and inflation adjusted accruals are exempt from state taxation. However, you must pay federal tax annually on the inflation adjusted accruals. This tax on "phantom income" means that you should try to hold these bonds in tax-advantaged accounts.
Corporate bonds are issued by corporations and are often callable. Because a corporation can default on its debts, corporate bonds have credit risk, and so usually pay higher coupon interest rates over comparable term treasury maturities as compensation for this risk. Corporate bonds are taxable, both for federal and for state income tax.
Municipal bonds are issued by states and localities. These bonds have credit risk. Many municipal bonds are also callable. The bonds are generally exempt from federal tax, although some private revenue municipal bonds are subject to the federal alternative minimum tax. A tax exempt bond is also usually state tax exempt for residents of the state issuing the bond. Because of these tax preferences, municipal bonds usually offer lower coupon interest rates than do comparable term treasuries and corporate bonds.
Other types of bonds
Zero Coupon bonds are accrual bonds and do not pay current coupon interest. They are issued at a deep discount from par value and compound continuously at the coupon rate. Holders receive the full principal amount as well as the value that has accrued from interest on the redemption date. Financial institutions can create zero coupon bonds from fixed rate bonds by "stripping off" the coupons. In other words, the coupons and the final principal payment of the bond are separate, and trade independently. Holders pay tax on the annual accrual of income, although they receive no current interest payment.
Asset-backed securities are bonds whose interest and principal payments are backed by underlying cash flows from other assets. Examples of asset-backed securities are mortgage-backed securities (MBS's), which include GNMA securities backed by the full faith and credit of the US treasury, collateralized mortgage obligations (CMOs) and collateralized debt obligations (CDOs), whose underlying securities are often assets such as auto loans or credit card receivables.
High yield bonds
High yield bonds are corporate bonds with lower credit quality than top credits. These companies are at much greater risk of default than higher quality credits and, as a result, pay higher coupon interest rates than comparable high quality corporate bonds.
Sources of return
There are three sources of return for a bond:
- Return of principal
- Interest (coupon payments)
- Interest-on-interest (reinvested coupon payments)
In high interest rate environments, the interest-on-interest component for long-term bonds may be as high as 70 percent of the bond's potential total dollar return.
In low interest rate environments, the principal is likely the largest source of value of all but the longest bonds. The figure below illustrates the three sources of bond return:
Each of the following risks of bonds carries some premium as compensation for bearing these risks. The amount of that premium varies according to the market's assessment of the likelihood of the adverse event occurring.
Interest rate risk
Interest rate risk, also called price risk, is that the value of a bond fluctuates depending on the interest rate. Also known as "market risk." The amount of interest rate risk assumed is measured primarily by the duration, and secondarily by convexity. See below for more information on how bond prices react to interest rate changes.
Interest rate risk is in some sense an artifact of the traditional framework which looks at short-term returns. Over longer periods, longer duration bonds will have a more certain return than short-term bonds, as a quote from John Campbell and Luis Viceira's academic text, Strategic Asset Allocation (pages 86-87), makes clear:
If one uses conventional mean-variance analysis, it is hard to explain why any investors hold large positions in bonds. Mean-variance analysis treats cash as the riskless asset and bonds as merely another risky asset like stocks. Bonds are valued only for their potential contribution to the short-run excess return, relative to risk, of a diversified risky portfolio. ... A long-horizon analysis treats bonds very differently, and assigns them a much more important role in the optimal portfolio. For long-term investors, money market investments are not riskless because they must be rolled over at uncertain future interest rates.
Because unexpected inflation changes that picture somewhat, the reduced risk of longer-term bonds is primarily true when discussing inflation-protected bonds in real dollars (or nominal bonds with nominal liabilities).
Credit risk is a risk that the issuer of a bond may default. Also known as "default risk."
The major ratings agencies (Moody's, S&P, and Fitch) assess credit risk.[note 1] Each credit rating has an expected rate of default, which increases substantially in lower tiers. For a given credit rating, the default rate has historically been lower for municipal bonds than for corporate bonds. Wikipedia has tables] of how the ratings compare between ratings firms and of historical default rates.
Call risk is a risk that the issuer may call the bond, terminating a stream of income for investors. This risk is often called prepayment risk for mortgage backed securities. Call options embedded in a bond lead to negative convexity.
Reinvestment risk is a risk that when a bond matures or is called, an investor may have to reinvest the proceeds in a bond yielding a lower interest.
Inflation risk is a risk that the interest from a bond may not keep up with inflation. TIPS are inflation-adjusted and therefore largely immune to inflation risk. Also known as "purchasing power risk."
Liquidity risk is the risk that you may not be able to extract the remaining value from your bond in the timeframe needed without losing a disproportionate amount of value. Thinly-traded issues (such as most corporate, municipal, and TIPS issues) have liquidity risk. The liquidity premium is expected to rise in times of crisis. Also known as "marketability risk."
Liquidity risk can be seen most clearly in "off-the-run" Treasury bonds, where an older but otherwise identical bond trades at a reduced price (or higher yield) simply because it is less liquid.
These risks are either not important for individual investors or are generally wrapped into the risks above (for example, credit risk commonly encompasses event risk). They are included here for completeness.
- Yield curve or maturity risk: Generally only important in hedging situations.
- Exchange rate or currency risk: Only relevant for non-dollar-denominated bonds. John Bogle does not recommend these.
- Volatility risk: Volatility affects bonds with embedded options (commonly a corporate bond with a call option), because an option's value depends on volatility. If the price of an issue is highly volatile, the likelihood of a random fluctuation straying above the strike price is much greater.
- Political or legal risk: Tax-code changes and regulatory decisions can all affect the value of a bond.
- Event risk: A type of credit risk which affects many firms due to a single event (and therefore event risk cannot be fully diversified away).
- Sector risk: A type of credit risk which affects all or many firms in a single sector.
Three major ratings agencies assess the likelihood of a bond defaulting and assign that bond ratings according to a standardized scale.
For a given credit rating, the default rate has historically been lower for municipal bonds than for corporate bonds.
Factors affecting bond prices
See Bond pricing for definitions of bond pricing terminology. (This is an advanced topic.)
Two major factors primarily set the coupon of a newly issued bond: the credit quality of the bond, and the maturity of the bond. Investors taking on higher risks expect higher return. Because of this, the US Treasury can pay a lower coupon on its debt than corporate borrowers, who are subject to default risk. Three credit rating agencies trade non treasury debt. The table above describes the ratings.
The longer the maturity of a bond, the greater the risk to the bondholder. Longer time horizons increase the likelihood that a bond issuer will become a greater credit risk through bad management decisions, the deterioration of economic conditions, or the company engaging in future merger and acquisition activity which changes the leverage of a company's balance sheet. Longer horizons also increase the likelihood that a bond's coupon income will be eroded by higher than expected inflation.
Finance economics defines a bond's expected return as comprising three basic building blocks:
- Default risk premium: the risk-free rate as defined by the current yield of a treasury bill
- Time horizon premium: a time horizon premium to compensate investors for the risks of longer maturities
- T-bill rate: and a default risk premium to compensate investors for bearing credit risk.
Bonds on the secondary market
Once a bond is issued, it trades on the secondary market, and fluctuates in price until it matures. A bond will change in price for two main reasons:
- The bond's credit rating has changed (either upgraded or downgraded).
- Interest rates have changed.
Unless a bond is falling into or out of default, price movements associated with changes in credit rating are usually infrequent, although during periods of economic distress and economic recovery credit rating changes can be significant price factors. The ever present driver of changes in a bond's market value comes from fluctuations in current market interest rates.
An example can illustrate how bond pricing works. Suppose you purchase, at issue, a $1,000 ten year bond yielding a 5% coupon. This entitles you to $50 of annual income. The, suppose that one year later, interest rates have risen to 6% and you wish to liquidate the bond. No rational investor will pay you $1,000 for $50 of income, when they can receive $60 annually for the same $1,000 dollar investment. In this scenario, your 5% bond will have to decrease in market value until its current yield approximately produces a 6% return.
A similar, yet opposite price movement occurs if interest rates fall. Suppose instead that interest rates fall to 4 percent during the year after your purchase. Your $1,000 bond produces $50 of annual income in an environment where investors can only receive $40 of annual income from a newly issued bond. Your bond will therefore rise in price until it provides a purchaser with a 4% return.
This is the basic rule of bond price movements in the open market.
|interest rates rise||bond prices fall|
|interest rates fall||bond prices rise|
To calculate how much prices will rise or fall, please see Duration.
A corollary to this is that, all other things being equal, price fluctuations are greater for long maturities than for shorter maturities. At any given time in the secondary market you are likely to find any number of bonds selling at a discount over par value, or at a premium to par value.
Role in a portfolio
Long- vs. short-term
However, an article by Vanguard argues that when the yield curve is particularly steep, running to short-term bonds for safety can result in losses if the yield curve flattens.
A common recommendation of other experts is intermediate-term funds. Long-term bonds have historically returned no more than intermediate-term bonds, but with far greater volatility--in other words, their risk has not been rewarded. Yale endowment manager David Swensen recommends long-term Treasuries, however, as part of a portfolio dominated by equities, as they will provide the biggest counterweight to the collapse of other asset classes during a deflationary crisis.
Even proponents of short-term bonds such as Dr. Bernstein are comfortable with longer-term holdings in inflation-protected securities such as TIPS, as they no longer carry any risk of unexpected inflation, leaving them vulnerable only to a real rate rise (which if held to the duration incurs only an opportunity cost).
While you should always keep the duration less than or equal to your investment horizon, unless you have a specific funding need to be met at a specific date (in which case a Zero-coupon bond is the risk-free solution), you should choose between short-term and intermediate-term funds. The former is lower risk but the latter has historically given investors higher overall returns.
The Bogleheads' Guide To Investing authors recommend Vanguard's Total Bond Market, which contains investment-grade corporate bonds. John Bogle also recommends Total Bond Market, although he seems to prefer Vanguard's Intermediate-Term Index Fund for its lack of MBS's.
By contrast, Boglehead and bond expert Larry Swedroe recommends only the very highest quality investments for bonds (and specifically recommends against Total Bond Market because of its negative convexity), citing evidence in which the risk of corporate bonds has not historically rewarded investors. Yale endowment manager David Swensen also recommends only Treasuries.
Finally, Boglehead and financial expert Rick Ferri advocates for not only the inclusion of investment-grade corporate bonds but also high yield bonds, on the basis of their diversification benefits.
Perhaps the best conclusion that can be drawn from the highly respected but conflicting advice is to:
- Ensure that your bond holdings are built around a core of Treasuries.
- If you choose to include corporate bonds, understand the risks you are taking (moderate in relation to stock investing but nevertheless quite real), and do not include too high a proportion. A good benchmark would be the market portfolio represented by Vanguard's Total Bond Market fund.
- If you choose to include high-yield bonds which incorporate considerable default and call risk, you take the funds from the equity portion of your asset allocation rather than the bond portion.
Almost all of the return on a bond or bond fund comes from the dividend yield, which is fully taxed; in contrast, stocks get most of their return from price appreciation, which is not taxed until the stocks are sold and is taxed at the capital-gains tax rate. Therefore, when bond interest rates are relatively high, bonds are widely regarded as being less tax-efficient than stock index funds (which rarely sell stock) and should be held in tax-deferred accounts when possible.
If you are in a high tax bracket and without sufficient taxable space, Municipal bonds are likely the preferred solution; these bonds are not taxed but there is a cost in lower yield. If you are in low tax brackets, you should calculate your after-tax return on taxable bonds in taxable accounts to determine whether or not to use municipal bonds.
"Style boxes" are 3 x 3 grids that categorize securities. Different investment styles have various levels of risk which leads to differences in returns. This visualization allows investors to compare securities using an easy-to-understand standardized format.
There are a number of ways to characterize interest rate risk, such as duration (sensitivity to changes in interest rates) and various maturity measures. In either case, the objective is to categorize interest rate risk into short-term, intermediate-term, and long-term periods of time.
Morningstar (interest rate sensitivity) and Vanguard (maturity) provide fixed income fund style boxes. Either format can be used to compare funds, but compare using the same methodology. When comparing only Vanguard funds, Vanguard's style box is valid. Otherwise, if no Vanguard style box is available, use Morningstar's style box for all funds. Vanguard funds will be shown on Morningstar's site using the Morningstar style box.
Equity style boxes (stock funds) and fixed income style boxes (bond funds) represent two-dimensional (horizontal and vertical axis) views of risk versus return. However, the background behind these boxes is based on very different concepts. Only compare stocks-to-stocks and bonds-to-bonds.
Both equity and fixed income style boxes are a way to visualize how diversified your portfolio is with respect to the main characteristic of each asset class - size and value for equities; credit risk and term risk for fixed income.
For example, you are interested in Vanguard's balanced funds which contain both stock and bond funds. The style boxes show you a simple collection of colored boxes, and this can make asset allocation decisions easier.
- Moody's Investors Service, Fitch, and Standard & Poor's Ratings Services are three of several credit rating agencies the SEC categorizes as a Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organization (NRSRO). The SEC's Office of Credit Ratings maintains a list here: Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organizations ("NRSROs")
- "Risks of Investing in Bonds". Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association. Archived from the original on March 31, 2022.
- Bond (finance), from Wikipedia
- "Understanding the Different Types of Bond Yields". Investopedia. September 30, 2022. Retrieved August 13, 2023.
- Annette Thau (2001). The Bond Book. McGraw-Hill. pp. 29–36. ISBN 0-07-135862-5.
- Frank J. Fabozzi (2005). The Handbook of Fixed Income Securities. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0071440998.
- "Understanding Bond Ratings". Investopedia. August 6, 2023. Retrieved August 13, 2023.
- Elroy Dimson; Paul R. Marsh; Mike Staunton (2002). Triumph of the Optimists: 101 Years of Global Investment Return. Princeton University Press. pp. 89–90. ISBN 0-691-09194-3.
- Annette Thau (2001). The Bond Book. McGraw-Hill. p. 30. ISBN 0-07-135862-5.
- Annette Thau (2001). The Bond Book. McGraw-Hill. p. 73. ISBN 0-07-135862-5.
- William Bernstein (December 30, 2009). "Pascal and the long-term bond dilemma". New York Times. Retrieved August 13, 2023.
- "The long and short of finding bond balance". Vanguard. June 12, 2015. Retrieved March 21, 2016.[dead link]
- "John Bogle responds to "Ask Jack" questions". The Bogle Eblog. June 15, 2007.
- Bogleheads forum post:
- "Fact Sheet: The New Morningstar Style Box™ Methodology" (PDF). Morningstar. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 22, 2022.
- "Vanguard Funds by Style Box". Vanguard. Retrieved August 13, 2023.
- Bogleheads forum post:
- Vanguard balanced funds, Vanguard, style boxes
- Bogleheads forum topic:
- Bogleheads forum topic:
- Investing in Bonds: Overview, Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association
Easy to understand, fundamental information about bonds. From Investopedia:
- The Basics Of Bonds, Investopedia (updated July 31, 2022)
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Tesla’s mission is to accelerate the world’s transition to sustainable energy through increasingly affordable electric vehicles and energy products. To ramp production to 500,000 cars per year, Tesla alone will require today’s entire worldwide supply of lithium-ion batteries. The Tesla Gigafactory was born out of necessity and will supply enough batteries to support Tesla’s projected vehicle demand. Today, the Gigafactory produces Model 3 electric motors and battery packs, in addition to Tesla’s energy storage products, Powerwall and power pack.
Tesla broke ground on the Gigafactory in June 2014 outside Sparks, Nevada. The name Gigafactory comes from the word 'Giga,' the unit of measurement representing “billions.” The Gigafactory is being built in phases so that Tesla can begin manufacturing immediately inside the finished sections and continue to expand thereafter. Already, the current structure has a footprint of more than 1.9 million square feet, which houses approximately 5.3 million square feet of operational space across several floors. The electric car phenomenon did have plans to build the next Gigafactory in the UK, however, with the uncertainties regarding Brexit, Elon Musk has decided to scrap that plan and begin the construction in Germany.
Musk told trade magazine Auto Express that uncertainty over the U.K.'s decision to withdraw from the European Union "made it too risky" to establish its European battery facility in the country. The new plant is set to be built in Berlin while Tesla also plans to create an engineering and design center in the German capital. Musk said another factor behind the decision to place it there was due to Germany's engineering prowess — the country is home to one of the world's largest carmakers, Volkswagen. It will be the company's fourth Gigafactory. The original Gigafactory was set up in Reno, Nevada, to build batteries for Tesla's electric cars, while its second U.S facility was built in Buffalo, New York. It's set to open a new car plant in Shanghai, China, soon.
Brexit has weighed heavily on major industry deals in the UK, and made it an unappealing target for outside investment. The Office of National Statistics warned that the economy grew at its slowest annual rate since 2010 in a turbulent year for sectors including manufacturing. Traditional car manufacturers in the UK have downsized in recent years, with brands such as Jaguar, Nissan and Honda cutting hundreds of jobs and shuttering manufacturing plants across the country. Foreign investors looking to ship to mainland Europe will understandably see that and the UK’s lack of a trade deal as a signal to look elsewhere. And a separate trade deal with the US, while likely, is still far from agreed.
Due to a shortage of people with advanced engineering and manufacturing skill, it would have been almost impossible for Tesla to find the 30,000 workers that are rumoured to be the target number for the new factory by the target deadline of 2021. And as Musk hinted in his comments, Germany’s engineering talent was part of the attraction.
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Did you know that nearly every mammal eats their placenta? We aren't exactly sure why but some say it is done to keep hungry predators away. Human consumption of the placenta is called placentophagy, and has been done for thousands of years as a Chinese medicinal practice.
One recent study revealed that placenta consumption provided a pain relieving opioid effect in postpartum rats, though there is truthfully little other research done on the benefits of placentophagy. Nevertheless, many mothers report an increase in energy, increase in breast milk production, and decrease in postpartum mood swings. This can likely be explained by the iron, oxytocin and Human Placental Lactogen (HPL; which promotes the production of prolactin in the mother - the breast development and milk production hormone) contained in the placenta.
Many birth workers also advocate for, and have reported success with, placentophagy as a method for suppressing postpartum hemorrhaging. Though there are not any studies done on this, the fact that placentas contain blood-clotting particles in addition to oxytocin point to their effectiveness in potentially helping to stop bleeding after birth.
There are several different methods in which a new mother can retain the benefits of her placenta during the postpartum period: have it encapsulated or made into a tincture or balm/salve, add it to a smoothie, eat it raw or cooked, or even drink the juices from the cooked placenta.
For mamas in LA, we highly recommend Valerie Rosas at The Feel Good Company for placenta services.
Placenta encapsulation is the act of processing a placenta into a powder form which is then added to a capsule that can be consumed as a vitamin. There are two preparation methods for encapsulation: Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and RAW. The TCM method is carried out by cleaning, gently steaming with ginger, and then dehydrating the placenta. It is thought to bring healing and warmth back to the mother. For the RAW method, the placenta is dehydrated instead of cooked or steamed in order to avoid diminishing the nutritional value. The RAW food community believes that this method provides an immediate increase in energy and is an effective hormone stabilizer.
For even more immediate benefits of the RAW method, you can simply chew or hold a piece of the raw placenta in your mouth, between your gums and cheek. If this doesn’t sound too appetizing to you, you can add the raw placenta to a smoothie, essentially made bedside immediately after birth (after giving the placenta a good rinse). Have your doula or partner cut a few half-dollar sized pieces of placenta off from the maternal side (the side opposite the cord). Set one aside for the smoothie, save and freeze the remaining pieces for subsequent smoothies, and hand the rest of the placenta off for encapsulation. This gives mothers the opportunity to start benefiting from the magic of the placenta right away while they wait for capsules to arrive, which could take from a couple days to about a week.
When making a placenta smoothie, you don’t want it to be too cold, as this will slow down mom’s digestion. On the majority, you want to make sure she’s consuming ayurvedic warming foods and beverages during the postpartum period. So adding some frozen fruit like berries is okay, but make sure to balance it out with the same amount of fresh fruits or veggies, and be sure to skip out on the ice. Many women find the flavor of the placenta almost indistinguishable and rather enjoy their smoothie!
When consuming the placenta raw there are important factors to consider such as GBS status, a present infection, meconium or medication use. It is important to consult with a professional in deciding what method is best for you.
Berries and More Berries Smoothie
- 4 Strawberries
- Small handful of Blueberries
- 4 large Blackberries
- 4 Raspberries
- 1 whole Banana
- 10-12 oz. Coconut Water
- A thumb-size portion of raw placenta
Placenta tinctures are made by fermenting a piece of placenta in alcohol 100 proof or higher for up to six months. This process allows for long-term preservation of the placenta so that it can be used to support other hormonal transitions, like menopause or their child’s first menstrual cycles. Especially if a placenta is on the smaller side, a tincture will help make it last much longer than capsules.
This is an antibiotic-natured ointment made with placenta, herbs (like comfrey, calendula, echinacea, yarrow, or rosemary) and oils (olive or almond etc.) that can help heal a c-section scar, hemorrhoids, perineal tearing, cracked or blistered nipples, eczema, sunburn, diaper rash, skin irritation and more.
If you’re interested in trying your placenta cooked, you can approach it like you would any other organ meat. Some people have sauteed it (try it alongside some grass fed beef and add it to a dish like lasagna), or added it to a chili or soup.
As an alternative, if you plan on getting your placenta processed into powder form, you can use it to make truffles.
One book we love and highly recommend reading on the topic Placenta the Forgotten Chakra by Robin Lim, which includes some great cooking recipes!
The content provided in this article(s) is provided for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical or other professional advice. Neither Carson Meyer nor C & The Moon LLC are liable for claims arising from the use of or reliance on information contained in this article.
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Liquid metals shake up century-old chemical engineering processes
Offering the chemical industry an ‘unparalleled possibility’ for changing the future of chemical processes
University of Sydney/Philip Ritchie
Chemical production accounts for approximately 10-15 percent of total greenhouse gas emissions. More than 10 percent of world’s total energy is also used in chemical factories.
Findings published in Nature Nanotechnology offer a much-needed innovation that moves away from old, energy-intensive catalysts made from solid materials. The research is led by Professor Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh, Head of the University of Sydney’s School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Dr Junma Tang, who works jointly at the University of Sydney and UNSW.
A catalyst is a substance that makes chemical reactions occur faster and more easily without participating in the reaction. Solid catalysts, typically solid metals or solid compounds of metals, are commonly used in the chemical industry to make plastics, fertilisers, fuels and feedstock.
However, chemical production using solid processes is energy intensive, requiring temperatures of up to a thousand degrees centigrade.
The new process instead uses liquid metals, in this case dissolving tin and nickel which gives them unique mobility, enabling them to migrate to the surface of liquid metals and react with input molecules such as canola oil. This results in the rotation, fragmentation, and reassembly of canola oil molecules into smaller organic chains, including propylene, a high-energy fuel crucial for many industries.
“Our method offers an unparalleled possibility to the chemical industry for reducing energy consumption and greening chemical reactions,” said Professor Kalantar-Zadeh.
“It’s expected that the chemical sector will account for more than 20 percent of emissions by 2050,” said Professor Kalantar-Zadeh. “But chemical manufacturing is much less visible than other sectors – a paradigm shift is vital.”
How the process works
Atoms in liquid metals are more randomly arranged and have greater freedom of movement than solids. This allows them to easily come into contact with, and participate in, chemical reactions. “Theoretically, they can catalyse chemicals at much lower temperatures – meaning they require far less energy,” Professor Kalantar-Zadeh said.
In their research, the authors dissolved high melting point nickel and tin in a gallium based liquid metal with a melting point of only 30 degrees centigrade.
“By dissolving nickel in liquid gallium, we gained access to liquid nickel at very low temperatures – acting as a ‘super’ catalyst’. In comparison solid nickel’s melting point is 1455 degrees centigrade. The same effect, to a lesser degree, is also experienced for tin metal in liquid gallium,” Dr Tang said.
The metals were dispersed in liquid metal solvents at the atomic level. “So we have access to single atom catalysts. Single atom is the highest surface area accessibility for catalysis which offer a remarkable advantage to the chemical industry,” said Dr Arifur Rahim, senior author and DECRA Fellow at the School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering.
The researchers said their formula could also be used for other chemical reactions by mixing metals using the low temperature processes.
“It requires such low temperature to catalyse that we could even theoretically do it in the kitchen with the gas cooktop – but don’t try that at home,” Dr Tang said.
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Parents and caregivers have always had a critical role in promoting their child’s speech and language skills at home. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the caregiver’s role has drastically changed and has become increasingly more hands-on. Children are spending more time at home and may be involved in virtual school as well as virtual speech and language therapy.
If the caregiver and therapist plan ahead and continue to communicate, teletherapy may be very beneficial to the child.
How can I help my child get the most out of teletherapy?
Being prepared prior to your first session is key to maximizing the teletherapy experience. An email or phone conversation between you and your speech-language pathologist (SLP) will provide an opportunity to ask questions and make sure you are prepared for your first session.
Here are some questions you may want to ask:
- What platform will I use? Instructions for logging onto the platform will be provided to you before the first session. Some platforms have the capability to share your screen and others do not. Your SLP will tell you if this is an option and explain how to use screen sharing if it is available.
- What device will I need? Some platforms work better on specific devices, but overall, you should be able to use an iPad, cell phone, desktop or laptop computer. Ask your SLP which device works best with their platform. You may need to make other platform arrangements according to the devices you have available.
- Do I need anything specific for the session? Ask your SLP if any specific toys or materials are needed. Don’t worry if you are not given a list of toys or materials prior to your session. Your SLP is working hard behind the scenes and will have everything they need to work with your child.
- Where should my child be for the session? If your child can sit and attend to the session, it is best to find a quiet place with minimal distractions. A well-lit room with a place away from any windows is best. It may be difficult for your SLP to see your child in a dark room or with sunlight glare from the window.
If your child does better “on the move,” you may choose to have your sessions in their bedroom or playroom and incorporate their favorite toys and games into the session. Using a phone might be easier for you in this case, as you will probably be following your child around! Consider being in a room with a door so you are not chasing your child throughout the entire house. Your SLP will guide the session and may ask for your assistance at times.
- Do I need to stay in the room during the session? Yes, your child may need guidance to participate in the virtual activity and to troubleshoot any technical issues. You will also be given strategies to try with your child during the session, which you can use throughout the week to practice for continued learning of targeted skills.
- What do I do if something goes wrong during a session? Have a back-up plan with your SLP for things such as issues with the internet, connectivity or the platform. Have your SLP’s contact information available so you can call or email each other with possible solutions. There also may be circumstances when your child just isn’t in the mood or all the siblings are home one day making it much more difficult. Be honest with your SLP about any issues you are having. They will work with you to determine what is best for you and your family at that particular time.
The pandemic has put more responsibility on parents/caregivers to foster and support their child’s therapeutic needs. The good news is that with the right support and guidance, caregivers can easily incorporate speech and language activities throughout their child’s typical day.
How can I work on my child’s speech and language skills after the teletherapy session is over?
For young children:
- Sing songs like Old MacDonald or Wheels on the Bus and pause throughout the song, giving your child an opportunity to fill in the blank.
- Be repetitive: When playing with blocks always say, “up,” “down,” “crash.” When playing with bubbles always say, “pop,” “up in the sky,” etc. Your child will learn these words go with the activity and may start saying them for you.
- Read books! You may need to start by talking about one picture on each page and build from there. Reading books about animals makes it easy to practice animal names and sounds.
For school-age children:
- Play games such as Guess Who, Headbanz and Simon Says. These games are great for working on language skills, such as asking and answering questions, describing, listing categories and following directions.
- You can also work on your child’s speech sounds by reading books and finding the words or pictures with the target sound. Or you can have a scavenger hunt around the house to find objects with the target sound.
- Doing the laundry or cooking can be wonderful activities to practice your child’s speech goals. During these activities you can work on vocabulary (naming everything), concepts (big shirts, little spoon of sugar, colors, etc.) and conversational speech (encourage talk about your child’s favorite shirt, its color and where they got it, or talk about their favorite foods and how they taste).
Your child’s speech-language pathologist can give you more suggestions based on your child’s specific needs. Don’t be afraid to ask!
Finally … be kind to yourself:
Keep in mind, we have been living in a virtual world during this pandemic and have had to adjust and learn new things quickly. All our roles and responsibilities have been pushed to the limit.
Your SLP understands what you are going through because they are most likely experiencing similar situations. Communicate with them, let them know what you need and what is realistic for you and your family. We all want what is best for your child, and together we will work to ensure the time spent together is positive and beneficial for your child.
Christine L. Sullivan, M.S., CCC-SLP
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In a recent study published in Nature, Peter Park, PhD, professor of biomedical informatics at Blavatnik Institute at Harvard Medical School (HMS) and senior investigator, and colleagues have identified “the original molecular trigger that initiates a cascade culminating in breast tumor development in a subset of breast cancers that are driven by estrogen.” Per the team, as many as one-third (31 percent) of breast cancer cases may arise through the newly identified mechanism.
When Park’s team, including Jake Lee, MD, PhD, a former research fellow in the Park lab and the study’s first author, analyzed the genomes of 780 breast cancer samples obtained from patients diagnosed with the disease, they didn’t find the classic oncogene-activating molecular patterns in any of the samples.
What is causing these tumors?
One of the mechanisms that activate oncogenes in humans is errors during cell division when normal or damaged chromosomes either get translocated and/or mispaired and overamplified. In this study, Lee and Park found “dicentric” chromosomes in 244 out of the 780 tumor samples. Meaning, the translocated chromosomes had formed bridges, but in this case, the bridge contained two different chromosomes.
Upon further analysis, they found that the chromosomes fused at “hot spots” near oncogenes, HER2 or ERBB2 and CCND1, and that these “hot spots” lay dangerously close to estrogen-binding areas. To explore estrogen’s role in genomic reshuffling and cancer gene activation, Lee and Park exposed breast cancer cells to estrogen and induced CRISPR-Cas9 breaks in the samples’ DNA.
Estrogen’s myriad role in breast cancer
The researchers found that when the cells mended their broken DNA, they initiated a repair chain that resulted in the same chromosomal rearrangement pattern Lee and Park had discovered. This establishes estrogen as a catalyst and cause of breast cancer and estrogen-induced DNA breaks as drivers of oncogenesis.
In a recent press release, Lee said that estrogen-suppressing drugs such as tamoxifen “may also prevent estrogen from initiating cancer-causing genomic rearrangements in the cells, in addition to suppressing mammary cell proliferation.”
The team believes that though the study may not have immediate therapeutic implications, it could help monitor patients’ response to treatments and aid clinicians detect tumor relapse in patients with a history of certain breast cancers.
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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Alzheimer’s disease is among the most known cognitive dysfunctions worldwide, prevalently affecting the elderly human population.
However, few are aware that the condition can also be found in the animal kingdom, particularly among domestic cats and dogs that pass a certain age. The manifestation and rate of evolution of Alzheimer’s for canines and felines are relatively similar to humans. Here is what you should know about the disease.
Symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease in animals
As previously mentioned, Alzheimer’s is a cognitive dysfunction, which implies that a cat or a dog suffering from this impairment gradually loses its mental capabilities. The first symptoms that manifest comprise of disorientation. Your pet will often find itself confused at random times, even in the environment where it has spent its entire life.
The sleep patterns of animal could shift radically. For instance, a dog that normally slept mostly during the night will be wide awake during that period, and vice versa. A gradual loss of interest in human interactions generally follows.
‘Accidents’ such as urinating on the carpets represent a direct consequence of the cognitive and memory loss, even in previously housebroken or litter box-trained pets. On a side note, consulting a vet to confirm that behavioral alterations stem from the onset of Alzheimer’s disease rather than diagnosing the animal yourself is highly recommended.
The causes of Alzheimer’s disease in pets
The consensus on the roots of this cognitive dysfunction is that a number of factors all play a certain role. Brain cell oxidation, the excessive secretion of B-amyloid proteins that leads to plaques shrinking the animal’s brain and rapidly killing cells, an alteration in the functions of several substances involved in transmitting nerve impulses, they all lead to the deterioration of cognitive capabilities. A high number of similarities between the manifestations of Alzheimer’s in dogs and human patients led neuroscientists to develop research models for the human treatment of the condition.
Dealing with the onset of Alzheimer’s in pets
The treatment, or more accurately the delaying of the full-blown Alzheimer’s disease symptoms, can be achieved by combining behavioral therapy with an antioxidant-rich diet. Individually, both approaches yield low to moderate results, but in conjunction, they are a powerful tool to stave off the evolution of the cognitive dysfunctions.
In terms of nutrients, the food that a pet diagnosed with this condition should contain the following:
- Vitamin C and E
- Lipoic acids
Introducing vegetables and fruits such as pumpkin, carrot or spinach into the meals of your pet is also recommended.
Behavioral therapy implies spending more time per day with your aging pet, grooming, petting and playing with them. Vets also suggest mental-soliciting games, like hide and seek, or asking them to find treats hidden around the house.
Determining whether the behavior changes in an animal are related to the onset of Alzheimer’s disease or a byproduct of aging can be tricky. Discovering the condition early on and taking the necessary steps to stagnate its evolution always produces superior results. Take your cat or dog to the vet regularly and remember to mention anything suspicious about their routine, to improve the chances of identifying the cognitive dysfunction in time.
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://www.companionanimalclinicvirginia.com/blog/are-your-pets-also-at-risk-of-developing-alzheimers/
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Ashura, the 10th day of Muharram, the first month of the Islamic calendar, is one of the religious holidays celebrated among Muslim and Jewish people with different connotations and stories
Ashura, a pudding that is prepared using several ingredients and bursting with different flavors has been served on family meal tables across Turkey, Egypt and the Middle East for centuries. The pudding is also known as "Noah's Pudding" for its historical religious significance.
According to the legend, when the ark of Prophet Noah landed on Mount Judi on the 10th day of Muharram (the first month of the Islamic Calendar), there was not enough food left with them. Noah asked his family to bring all the food items remaining on the ark to prepare a sweet soup by mixing them all together. Ashura symbolizes the celebratory meal they made when they came off the ark.
Since then, Muslims have been celebrating the 10th day of Muharram to commemorate Noah's survival from the flood by making ashura and sharing it with family members and neighbors. The word "ashura" takes its root from "ashur," meaning "10th" in Semitic languages.
Shiite Muslims light candles during an Ashura ceremony in Tehran.
What is interesting about ashura is that the dessert is uniquely rooted in religious history, bringing interesting accounts. According to Islamic sources, it is believed that the 10th day of Muharram is significant both because on this day Prophet Adam's repentance was accepted by God after his exile from Paradise and God saved Prophet Noah and his companions in the ark. Another account regarding the origins of ashura is rooted in the time of Moses when God spoke directly to the prophet and gave him the Ten Commandments and the sea was divided as the nation of Israel was delivered from captivity and Pharaoh's army was destroyed.
Another hadith narrated by Ibn Abbas, one of the early Quranic scholars says, "The prophet came to Medina and saw the Jews fasting on the Day of Ashura. He asked them about it. They replied, 'This is a good day, the day on which God rescued Bani Israel from their enemy. So, Moses fasted on this day.' The prophet said, 'We have more claim over Moses than you.' So, the prophet fasted on that day and ordered [the Muslims] to fast [on that day]."
The accounts make it clear that ashura was not only unique to Muslims but has a history dating back to the pre-Islam era as Arabs were fasting on the 10th Day of Muharram as well as the Jews of Hejaz.
Today, Jewish people mark Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement, with ashura. Yom Kippur is on the 10th day of the Jewish month of Tisri and one of the holiest days in Judaism. However, the Islamic and Jewish calendars differ from one another: Yom Kippur is celebrated in between September and October every year yet in the Islamic calendar the days change every year based on the lunar cycle.
An Indian Islamic scholar, Shaykh Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi, makes reference to ashura's cross-religious nature in his article titled, "Is the Fast of Ashura Similar to Passover or Yom Kippur?" where he says, "It is also possible that the Jews of Medina differed to the other Jewish communities where the Fast of Ashura was concerned and observed it with greater enthusiasm and regularity, and, in this respect, they were similar to the Arabs who, seeing that so many important events had taken place on that day, fasted out of reverence." To sum it all up, let's read from the Holy Quran, al-Baqarah 2:183: "O you who have Faith! Fasting is prescribed for you as it was prescribed for those before you, so that you may guard yourselves [against evil]."
Ashura is still celebrated by many Muslims as a Sunnah and to commemorate Prophet Noah in unity until the horrible tragedy that took place in Karbala of Iraq. Due to political reasons, Hussein, Prophet Muhammad's grandson and indeed the apple of his eye, was murdered by a large army that was mobilized by the Umayyad ruler Yazid I. Even though Hussein and his companions offered diplomatic solutions, the army put them under pressure to pay allegiance to the Caliph of the time and submit to his authority. Hussein resisted and a severe battle took place in which they were all killed on the 10th Day of Muharram.
The martyrdom of Hussein caused reactions among the ummah in the Islamic world. He was from the "Ahl al-Bayt" (The family of Prophet Muhammad) and since loving the Ahl al-Bayt is considered a part of the faith, this disastrous incident caused trauma not only for the followers of Ali who want to see Hussein as the successor of the prophet but also for all Muslims. It was so traumatic that it cracked the Ummah and divided it into two sects known as Shiites and Sunnis. Both Shiites and Umayyad rulers brought this tragedy to a political dimension by feeding hatred that kept getting bigger and bigger, growing into the division that we now see today.
Since the 10th Day of Muharram in the year 680, Shiites have been honoring Ashura as a day of mourning for the martyrdom of Hussein. Shiite Muslims consider this a day of sorrow and observe it as such by reading and listening to sorrowful poetic recitations, dressing as mourners would, and avoiding celebrations such as weddings. This ceremony is called "Azari" or "Matam." It refers to mourning congregations and lamentations. Through this, Shiites express their emotions and hostility toward Yazid I, the Umayyad caliph.
Expressions of sorrow such as beating the chest, beating oneself with chains and striking oneself with swords or knives are some common features of the Ashura ceremony. Today in Lebanon, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan, these ceremonies are still observed.
Ashura mourning used to take place in Istanbul, the heart of the capital of the Sunni Caliphate Ottoman Empire, which shows the level of religious tolerance of Ottoman-Turkish authorities who allowed the Shiite Ashura ceremonies to be celebrated by the Iranian community in the streets of ancient Constantinople. In Turkey, the Day of Ashura is still widely celebrated at historical sites.
Georgia Maxwell, whose son had worked at the British Embassy in Istanbul back in 1893, was invited to an Ashura ceremony in Istanbul by then-Iranian ambassador, sharing her observations and astonishment in her book, "Letters from Constantinople" in the section on Hassan and Hussein: "We wondered why we had been told that only people of strong nerves should attend this celebration. Came the men with the swords, cutting themselves, particularly their heads, in good earnest, so that one had to stand back to avoid the blood which spurted forth in all directions. Soon their white shirts were crimson with blood, their heads looked as if covered with a red fez, and the pavement was running with blood and yet these people marched on as if on parade."
The most significant Ashura mourning takes place in Istanbul organized by the Jafari community of Shiite Muslims. They dress in all black with their hands chained in a symbol of suffering for Hussein. The ceremonies in recent times are less bloody compared to the past and Jafari locals nowadays choose to donate their blood to the Turkish Red Crescent to save lives rather than to let it go to waste.
Ashura is also celebrated by Alevis, or followers of Ali - Prophet Muhammad's son-in-law - in Turkey. Alevis differ from Shiites in that they observe fasting during the first 12 days of Muharram. They don't use knives, drink water from glasses or eat meat while fasting during this time. On the 13th day, they cook ashura and distribute it to everyone regardless of whether they are Sunni or Shiite. It is also told that according to the Bektashi tradition there are two types of ashura. The first one is Ashura of Safar (the second month) and the Ashura of Muharram. While the Ashura of Muharram was to commemorate the martyrdom of Hussein, the Ashura of Safar was cooked to celebrate Zainal Abidin's survival from Karbala and the continuation of Prophet Muhammad's descent.
Ashura is like a medal, on one side there is sorrow, on the other there is joy. However, the most important duty for Muslims all around the world is to carry this medal conscientious of its beautiful variety which represents the variety on Noah's Ark, rather than using it as a flaming tool for sectarian conflict. May God bring peace and unity to all humankind for the sake of Muharram.
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As many as 54.7 million Americans will be in areas with dangerous heat levels on Thursday, meaning temperatures from 103 to 124 degrees where heat cramps or exhaustion is likely.
According to CBS News, more than 80% of Americans will experience heat above 90 degrees in the next week with the heat building up in the mid-Atlantic and Northeast. On Thursday, Boston Mayor Michelle Wu declared a heat emergency that will last through Sunday.
In Oregon, officials have reported at least seven heat-related deaths, according to The Associated Press, during a heatwave in the Pacific Northwest last week when the region saw triple-digit temperatures.
So far this summer, Utah has seen 21 days in the triple digits — 18 of those being in July — and was the hottest July on record, according to KSL-TV meteorologist Matthew Johnson.
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s prediction for August shows hotter-than-average temperatures for most of the country, though parts of the Southwest may see cooler-than-average temperatures and wetter weather.
How can you protect yourself from the heat? The CDC provides a few recommendations for how to deal with the scorching summer temperatures.
- Stay in an air conditioned, indoor location as much as you can. Salt Lake County has designated “cool zones” in public libraries, recreation centers and senior centers available for residents.
- Drink plenty of fluids even if you don’t feel thirsty.
- Schedule outdoor activities carefully. Wear loose, lightweight, light-colored clothing and sunscreen. Remember to pace yourself.
- Take cool showers or baths to cool down.
- Check on a friend or neighbor and have someone do the same for you.
- Never leave children or pets in cars.
Check the local news for health and safety updates.
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Calcite, the dominant mineral of marble, is extremely common and found throughout the world in sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous rocks. Some geologists consider it to be a "ubiquitous mineral" - one that is found everywhere. They serve as one of the largest carbon repositories on our planet. The properties of calcite make it one of the most widely used minerals, ranging from construction, abrasive, agricultural soil treatment, construction aggregate, pigment, pharmaceutical and more. It has more uses than almost any other mineral. Many of the desirable qualities and many of the problems commonly encountered with marble are direct consequences of the properties of calcite, the dominant mineral. A review of the physical and chemical properties of calcite follows:
The hardness and uniform wearing qualities of most marble varieties make them extremely desirable and economically practical for floors and walls. Kitchen countertops however might be a more demanding surface and therefore it is important to keep in mind that when marbles is applied in countertops simple steps should be taken like avoid cutting food directly on the stone (it is recommended to use a wooden cutting board for that, even in granite and quartzite countertops).
Contrary to popular belief, marble is not a very porous stone. However, if given enough time liquids might penetrate the pours of the stone and once it penetrates a stain can occur following the evaporation of the liquid. The good news is that for the past few years the stone industry came up with several treatments to seal and impregnate the natural pours of the marble surface. These sealers and impregnators are made up of a liquid based solvent (typically water based) and a solid resin. The solvent is the carrier that penetrates the pours in the stone surface and then evaporates leaving behind the solid resin that plugs the marble's pours and prevent foreign substances from penetrating the surface thus preventing stains. Marble Sealers do a great job at preventing stains, but it is important to note that no sealer is perfect and if liquids are given enough time they can still penetrate and leave stains. So when you apply your sealer it's important not to forget about cleaning and caring for your marble.
Marble is not combustible and therefore is considered a fire-resistant material. Because of its thermal conductivity, heat transfer is fairly rapid. Most stone is not considered a highly rated thermal insulator.
Calcite, the dominant mineral of marble, occurs in many colors. Among the many common trace-amount impurities that color marbles are organic matter (generally gray to black), chlorite (generally light green to yellowish-green), epidote (the same green as above), and minor amounts of land-derived clays, silts, and sands. These clastic silicate sediments may already be stained with iron to yield any color from very light buff to dark brown, and almost any red color; or the silicate grains themselves may contain trace amounts of iron available by chemical release to stain and color. Other known coloring agents are too numerous to mention here. Iron is by far the most common.
Bacteria requires several things in order to thrive and grow: oxygen, water, sunlight, nutrients, and a substrate to form on. Marble tile and slabs are double sealed before being polished and this treatment prevents bacteria growth. If an extra layer of protection is needed, marble slabs may also be processed with bacteriostatic resin which utilizes a US EPA registered antimicrobial product.
The translucency of marble is one of its most intriguing attributes. Translucence is dependent on the following factors:
a) Crystal Structure: Marbles of certain crystal structure are especially adaptable to transmitting light.
b) Color: The white and lighter- colored marbles are generally more translucent.
c) Thickness: The light transmission diminishes as panel thickness increases.
d) Surface Finish: Translucency is more apparent in smooth finishes than in rough finishes.
Marble is the most luxurious natural stone, period. Its timeless look will bring sophistication and charm to any project and increase it's value significantly. The word Marble derives from the an ancient Greek word that means "shining stone" and it is a cultural symbol of tradition and refined work.
Marble is geologically defined as a metamorphic rock consisting of fine grained, recrystallized Calcite (CaCO3). In other words, marble is formed when an original stone (limestone) is subjected to enough heat and pressure to changed it (metamorphose) into a new stone. The size of the calcite crystals is determined by the level of metamorphism: marble that has been subjected to higher levels of metamorphism will generally have larger calcite crystals. Due to these high pressures of metamorphism, it is expected marble to be tighter, denser, and more fracture-free than other kinds of stone.
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<urn:uuid:e5eddd27-facc-4789-93c9-67a95420c289>
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://www.doralstones.com/marble
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Reduced meat consumption will be required to feed the world by 2050. A team of researchers led by Dr. Marco Springmann of the University of Oxford has investigated the planet’s potential to feed 10 billion people by the year 2050. The analysis, which is one of the most comprehensive of its kind, details how the world’s growing population can be sustainably fed without exceeding the Earth’s limitations.
The study revealed that a major shift away from meat toward plant-based diets will be one of the most important steps for achieving food sustainability and also for mitigating dangerous climate change. According to the research, beef consumption in western countries must be reduced by around 90 percent.Reduced meat consumption will be required to feed the world by 2050
“When it comes to diets, comprehensive policy and business approaches are essential to make dietary changes towards healthy and more plant-based diets possible and attractive for a large number of people,” explained Dr. Springmann. “Important aspects include school and workplace programs, economic incentives and labelling, and aligning national dietary guidelines with the current scientific evidence on healthy eating and the environmental impacts of our diet.”
The researchers also found that big changes in agricultural practices are needed to avoid overstepping planetary boundaries.
Food production is already extremely damaging to the environment due to greenhouse gases from livestock, fertilizer runoff, deforestation, and water shortages. However, this impact will become much more intense as the global population rises by an estimated 2.3 billion people over the next three decades.
At the current rate, environmental limits will be exceeded beyond the point of safely sustaining the population.
“It is pretty shocking,” said Dr. Springmann. “We are really risking the sustainability of the whole system. If we are interested in people being able to farm and eat, then we better not do that.”
“Feeding a world population of 10 billion is possible, but only if we change the way we eat and the way we produce food,” added study co-author Professor Johan Rockström at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research. “Greening the food sector or eating up our planet: this is what is on the menu today.”
Ultimately, the research team found that a global shift to a “flexitarian diet” is needed to limit global warming to a maximum of two degrees Celsius. This diet requires the average world citizen to eat 75 percent less beef, 90 percent less pork, and half as many eggs.
At the same time, the dietary levels of beans, vegetables, nuts, and seeds would need to be tripled or quadrupled. A widespread adoption of the flexitarian diet could cut emissions from livestock in half.
Dr. Springmann explained: “No single solution is enough to avoid crossing planetary boundaries. But when the solutions are implemented together, our research indicates that it may be possible to feed the growing population sustainably.”
The study is published in the journal Nature.
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Christ in Mark’s *Gospel
An EasyEnglish Bible Commentary (1200 word vocabulary) on the Gospel of Mark
This commentary has been through Advanced Checking.
The word list explains words with a *star by them.
Last part: Jesus in Gethsemane
Men often kissed their friends. They kissed the side of the face. So it did not seem strange that Judas did this to Jesus. But Judas did not do this because he wanted to be friendly.
Judas had led many men into the garden. These men came from the important *priests. The men carried knives and heavy sticks. They had come to take Jesus away. Judas kissed Jesus so that the men would recognise Jesus.
Immediately, everyone became very confused. One *disciple tried to fight against the men. (It was Peter – see John 18:10.) Other *disciples were running away. One young man even left his clothes behind. People often say that this young man was Mark. But really, we do not know.
Jesus was the only person present who was not confused. He knew the things that would happen to him. He said that the men did not need to take him away by night. He taught all the people. He was not doing anything secretly.
But Jesus knew the things that the Bible said. And so these things had to happen.
Next part: Jesus and Caiaphas
Index to this book: Index
© 2010, Wycliffe Associates (UK)
This publication is in EasyEnglish (1200 word vocabulary).
Visit our website: www.easyenglish.bible
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In other images, he looks very youthful with a pronounced set of side locks. A primitive god of ancient Egypt, Khonsu is close to moon and similar in appearance to Thoth.
In his honor, the great Ramses III built the great House of Khonsu in the city of Thebes.
Available religious texts show that he could make women conceive and cattle to breed, just by creating a crescent moon.
Khonsu (alternately Chonsu, Khensu, Khons, Chons or Khonshu) is an Ancient Egyptian god whose main role was associated with the moon. His name means “traveller” and this may relate to the nightly travel of the moon across the sky. Along with Thoth he marked the passage of time…
Quote Source: Wikipedia
Image Credit: “Khonsu” by Jeff Dahl – Own work. Licensed under GFDL via Wikimedia Commons
Back to Egyptian Gods and Goddesses
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The Importance of Sleep & How To Improve It
Sleep and Weight Gain
Studies show that 60% of poor sleepers are classed as obese or overweight. Sleep can improve our diet - Short sleep can affect what we eat, there is a part of the brain called hypothalamus which regulates appetite. There are hormones produced in the body that send signals that act on the hypothalamus which tell the body how hungry or full we are.
Leptin – A hormone produced by fat cells in the body, when more fat stores leptin goes up and tells the brain fat stores are sufficient. Some studies show short sleepers have lower levels of leptin
Ghrelin – A hormone making us feel hungry. Some evidence shows that ghrelin levels are higher in people who are short sleepers, a constant hunger signal!
A study in a metabolic unit showed that people deprived of sleep averagely consumed 385 extra cals per day (20% of average women’s energy requirements). This would lead to weight gain if continued over time.
Concentration, Productivity, Mood, Memory
Sleep is important for various aspects of brain function. Cognition, concentration, productivity, memory, mood and performance are all negatively affected by sleep deprivation. Getting enough sleep can improve academic performance in young adults and improve solving skills and enhance memory.
How To Improve Sleep
- Avoid blue lights: no phone before bed, have some wind down time away from stimulants
- Avoid caffeine and alcohol before bed: This can prevent deep sleep and make it harder to fall asleep
- Create a peaceful environment: Make sure you feel restful, generally it’ll feel easier to fall asleep and stay asleep in a quiet, cool and dark room
- Have regular sleeping hours: Going to bed and waking up around the same time every day will teach your body to sleep better. Try to avoid napping where possibl
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It wasn’t always about politics. In my early years I was inspired by environmental activism and social justice movements. As I grew older, though, my political interests shifted toward social change through nonviolent struggle. For me, becoming politically engaged has meant taking part in the struggles of marginalized groups. I believe that the power of our collective actions lies in the way they connect us with each other. A connection with larger systems of oppression as well. When we act together, we create new possibilities for freedom and equality in the present.
Activism As A Critical Pedagogy: From Resistance To Liberation
In this course you will learn how critical pedagogy is an approach to education that views teaching as a form of learning itself and strives to transform the world. We explore ways in which students can have agency in their own experience of schooling and develop the skills necessary to engage critically on any topic or issue. This includes developing knowledge about different forms of domination, learning strategies for resisting them, and building relationships with others who are committed to creating a better future.
Anarchism and Radical Politics: The History & Philosophy of Anarchism
This class explores anarchism, from its origins to today. It examines the history of anarchist thought and practice; considers what makes it unique among radical ideologies; explains why anarchists reject state power and authority; and presents a philosophy of anarchism based on the ideas of mutual aid, self-management, and nonviolence.
Introduction to Organized Activism
This class offers insights into organizing and community development. You will also gain practical tools and skills for effective grassroots organizing and leadership. Students work in small groups to understand the issues facing their communities and identify solutions to local problems. They then apply their understanding to build coalitions and mobilize people to take action.
What Is Social Justice?
Social justice involves making sure all members of society—regardless of race, gender, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, age, religion, physical ability, etc.—have access to opportunities and resources. However, many Americans still face barriers to achieving full social justice because of racism, sexism, heterosexism, ableism, classism, homophobia, transphobia, xenophobia, anti-Semitism, Islamophobia, and other forms of bigotry. What is your role in bringing about social justice? Can you make a difference? If so, what do you know now that could help you make a difference?
Interventions: Understanding Community Engagement in Activism
The purpose of this course is to give you some basic training. Basically how to organize an intervention to address a problem. Over four weeks, they review key concepts including problem definitions, the concept of social determinants of health, and the use of data collection and analysis. Then, they go over the basics of organizing an intervention, such as planning, collecting data, and creating a report card. Finally, they discuss the importance of evaluation and how to evaluate an intervention’s success. By the end of the semester, you should be able to design and deliver an intervention to improve a problem in your community, or you may decide to focus more on research instead!
Gender Equity: Women, Race & Class
Gender equity refers to the idea that women have equal rights to men. They should also have equal access to resources and positions of influence. It applies across all races. It is achieved when women have equitable access to healthcare, jobs, housing, educational opportunities, legal protection, cultural representation, and economic security. In this course, we delve deeper into these topics by exploring the intersections between race, class, sex, and gender. We examine how these categories interact with each other to shape our experiences. Through readings, discussions, exercises, videos, and presentations, we explore ways to move toward greater equality and diversity in all aspects of life.
The Bottom Line – Organizing For Social Change in Activism
For the most part, activism needs real money. The good news is that it doesn’t need much; just enough to get started. The bad news is that there are no easy answers to questions like “How can I start.” “How long will it take to make a change.” “Is my cause important/worthy/worthwhile.” To answer those questions, you must first figure out if you even want to become active in a given issue area. Do you agree wholeheartedly with the premise behind the organization/cause? Does it have something to offer you personally? Are there any reasons why you might not care? Once you’ve figured out whether you’re in, you need to find out where the organization is and who else is already involved…
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Renewable Energy Ready Homes (RERH)
The RERH Specifications were developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to educate builders on how to assess and equip new homes with a set of features that make it easier and less expensive for homeowners to install solar energy systems after the home is constructed.
The RERH specification and checklist takes a builder and a project design team through the necessary steps of assessing the home's solar resource potential and outfitting a home with the necessary minimum structural and system components needed to support a complete renewable energy system.
Meeting the recommended elements of the RERH specification may not be possible in all home building situations due to factors such as excessive shading on the proposed array location. To assist in evaluating each home, EPA has developed the RERH Solar Site Assessment Tool, which helps determine whether or not a proposed solar array location offers sufficient solar resource to support the operation of a future energy system. Builders are encouraged to use this tool to assess each home prior to making the home renewable energy ready.
Solar Photovoltaic (PV) RERH Specification (PDF, 4.82 MB) details the site assessment and structural and system components needed to make a home solar PV ready.
PV RERH checklist (PDF, 134 KB) includes a standalone copy of the RERH Solar PV checklist.
Solar Water Heating (SWH) RERH Specification (PDF, 929 KB) details the site assessment and structural and system components needed to make a home solar thermal ready.
SWH RERH checklist (PDF, 91 KB) includes a standalone copy of the RERH Solar Water Heating checklist.
The RERH Solar Site Assessment Tool helps builders and design teams determine if the proposed solar array location offers sufficient solar resource potential to meet the recommended elements of the RERH specification.
Builders and project design teams can download the RERH specifications and checklists below:
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Saint Joan : The Trial Scene
G.B. Shaw is the father of comedy of ideas. His saint Joan is considered to be the best play. Intellectually and emotionally, its trial scene is one of the most effective scenes. In this scene Joan is tried for heresy. This scene is the most romantic and thrilling part of the play. It has contributed much to its popularity. Its artistic excellence and beauty received high praise.
The sixth scene of the play is the great trial scene. It is the best scene of the play. Joan is captured and tried for heresy in the castle of Rouen. Cauchon, the presiding judge at the trial, the promoter and many others are present. In the beginning of the scene Earl of Warwick warns them to be quicker with the trial. When Warwick points out the political necessity of burning the maid, Cauchon becomes fierce and says that the church does not recognize any political necessity. But the Inquisitor points to him that the maid herself appears determined to be burnt. After this Warwick leaves the court and the trial begins.
Joan is brought in. Many questions are asked to her. She is called a heretic. She is surprised at this accusation. She calls the Inquisitor a fool. Cauchon warns Joan and says that such a rude manner would not help her. She is informed that the Executioner is ready to carry out the orders for burning her and the stake is ready in the market place. But if she agrees to recant, the church will be merciful to her. Joan is afraid of death. Thus she agrees to recant. The recantation is drafted and she signs it. The Inquisitor then pronounces she is sentenced to solitary confinement for the rest of her life. She is shocked to learn that she will not be set free. She tears up her incantation and prefers death by burning to imprisonment. She is then pronounced a relapsed heretic and is led away through the courtyard to the stake.
The justice to Joan has been questioned. In his preface to the play Shaw has tried to establish that Joan received a fairer trial than many a culprit gets in a modern secular court. The judges might have committed an error of judgment but certainly they did not act out of malice or enmity. There can be no question of their being corrupt or hostile. Their sincerity is above doubt. It is another matter that they committed an error in sending Joan to the stake. This assertion has been hotly debated.
Some critics are of the view that Joan did not receive fair trial. They mention a lot of evidence. They say that Cauchon is the personal enemy of Joan. He is in league with the English Earl of Warwick who regards Joan as an enemy of feudalism. All the judges are appointed by Cauchon. Thus they are guided not by sincere love of truth and religion. The case against her is not explained to her. She is not allowed to see evidence against her. Questions put to her are ambiguous. She is threatened with torture. These are against all judicial procedure.
Some other critics are of the view that Shaw has tried to establish the honesty and sincerity of Bishop Cauchon. He is entirely uninfluenced by the political enemy of Joan. He really believes that the girl is heretic and the church is in danger from her. But her burning is not a political necessity for him. During the trial he has been shown as completely impartial, just and fair. He permits Joan’s trial only on grounds of heresy and brushes aside all types of charges. He does not permit torture and gives her ample opportunity to recant. But Joan is ultimately convicted. She herself does much harm to her own case because her behavior is often rude and insulting. Thus Joan’s murder is a judicial murder, a pious murder, a murder that is not committed by murderers. Joan’s judges are not villains but honest men guided by best of intentions.
Thus it may be said that Joan is given a fair trial. The artistic merits of the scene are also beyond question. Its intellectual eminence is generally recognized. The scene is also emotionally satisfying.
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One-third of calories in the U.S. food supply go uneaten
Food loss represents the amount of postharvest food that is available for human consumption but not eaten, for reasons ranging from spoilage and pest infestation to cooking shrinkage and plate waste. A portion of this loss is food waste—edible food that goes uneaten. Food waste is becoming increasingly important as the world’s population grows and pressures on agricultural land and other resources increase. ERS estimates that 31 percent, or 133 billion pounds, of the 430 billion pounds of the available U.S. food supply was lost from human consumption in 2010 at the retail and consumer levels. This translates into a loss of 1,249 calories per American per day. Close to three-quarters of this calorie loss came from three of the nine major food groups—added fats and oils, grain products, and added sugars and sweeteners, partly reflecting the high caloric density of these foods relative to other food groups. The statistics for this chart can be found in the ERS report, The Estimated Amount, Value, and Calories of Postharvest Food Losses at the Retail and Consumer Levels in the United States, released February 20, 2014.
Download higher resolution chart (938 pixels by 834, 150 dpi)
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B2 First (FCE) >> Key Word Transformations Worksheets >> The final part of the Use of English paper is Key Word Transformations. A sentence followed by a key word and a second sentence which has a gap in it. A student has to use the key word to complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first sentence.
Cambridge B2 First (FCE First Certificate)
Key Word Transformations Worksheet 20
You need to take the information in the first sentence and re-write it, using the word in bold so that the second sentence has exactly the same meaning. You cannot change the word in bold in ANY way. You can use only a maximum of FIVE words for each space.
1. Though I haven't seen him for a month, we have spoken by phone.
Carol __________________________ on the phone.
2. Visit my doctor, Dr. Hamish, if your arm is still hurting
My brother __________________________ his doctor if my arm continued hurting.
3. I won't come. I have told you I am busy.
I __________________________ as I am busy.
4. It isn't possible that Jane was absent from work today.
Jane __________________________ work today.
5. I drive both a sports car and an off-road vehicle.
In __________________________, I also drive an off-road vehicle.
6. Barry continued to smoke even though his doctor told him to quit.
__________________________ not to, Barry continued to smoke.
7. Only a few books were left at the yard sale when we left.
__________________________ been sold when we left the yard sale.
8. Was it really necessary to buy such an expensive bottle of wine?
Was there __________________________ an expensive bottle of wine?
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TOEFL >> Reading >> In the reading part of the TOEFL exam, Passages require understanding of rhetorical functions such as cause-effect, compare-contrast and argumentation. Students answer questions about main ideas, details, inferences, essential information, sentence insertion, vocabulary, rhetorical purpose and overall ideas.
TOEFL Reading - Worksheet 23 Answers
- cancer among elephants is common
- because they only have one copy of p53
- because of their huge size they have many more cells than humans and these cells are all potentially at risk
- the blood cells destroy themselves
- the process of using a rational, systematic thought process to arrive at a valid conclusion
- if a cancer cell "commits suicide" it can replace itself afresh, not leaving behind a damaged cell
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First Complete Set of Detectors for ALMA Delivered to ESO
All ALMA Band 9 receivers provided by NOVA
21 grudnia 2011
The European Southern Observatory (ESO) has just taken delivery of the last of a set of 73 state-of-the-art extremely sensitive detectors for the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) project, from NOVA (the Netherlands Research School for Astronomy).
When complete, ALMA will consist of 66 large antennas, operating as a single telescope. It will observe the Universe in light with wavelengths around one millimetre or less — very short wavelength radio waves. To do this, each of the antennas must be equipped with an arsenal of detectors, like highly sensitive radio receivers, operating in different wavelength bands. The receivers, which are being made by institutes in Europe, North America, and Japan, must be cooled to temperatures of -269 degrees Celsius in order to detect the faint signals from space.
The so-called “Band 9” receivers are the second-shortest wavelength ALMA detectors, detecting light with wavelengths as short as 420µm (0.42 millimetres). The design and manufacture of receivers that can operate at these short wavelengths is particularly challenging.
The last of a complete set of Band 9 receivers — enough for all the ALMA antennas, plus spares — has now been delivered by NOVA under contract to ESO, the European partner in the ALMA project. This is the first full set of receivers to be completed, and they have been delivered two months ahead of schedule, and under budget.
The first of the Band 9 receivers are already in use at ALMA, which is under construction on the Chajnantor plateau, 5000 metres above sea level in the Chilean Andes. ALMA is being built in this remote location because the millimetre and submillimetre wavelengths which it is designed to observe are heavily absorbed by water vapour in the Earth’s atmosphere, especially at the shorter wavelengths such as those of Band 9. The exceptionally dry atmosphere at this high-altitude site makes it one of the best places on the planet for these kinds of astronomical observations.
ALMA began scientific observations at the end of September 2011 with a partial array of antennas, and construction will be completed in 2013. It will study the building blocks of stars, planetary systems, galaxies and life itself, letting astronomers address some of the deepest questions of our cosmic origins. For example, ALMA will be used to study the chemical and physical conditions in molecular clouds — the dense regions of gas and dust where new stars are being born. The observations made possible by the Band 9 receivers will let astronomers study the clouds at higher temperatures and densities, and with higher angular resolution, thus complementing the longer wavelength bands.
The Band 9 receiver project was carried out by the Astronomy Faculty of the University of Groningen, in collaboration with the Kavli Institute of the Technical University of Delft and SRON (the Netherlands Institute for Space Research). The consortium was led by NOVA.
The Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), an international astronomy facility, is a partnership of Europe, North America and East Asia in cooperation with the Republic of Chile. ALMA is funded in Europe by the European Southern Observatory (ESO), in North America by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) in cooperation with the National Research Council of Canada (NRC) and the National Science Council of Taiwan (NSC) and in East Asia by the National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) of Japan in cooperation with the Academia Sinica (AS) in Taiwan. ALMA construction and operations are led on behalf of Europe by ESO, on behalf of North America by the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), which is managed by Associated Universities, Inc. (AUI) and on behalf of East Asia by the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ). The Joint ALMA Observatory (JAO) provides the unified leadership and management of the construction, commissioning and operation of ALMA.
- Press release from NOVA (in Dutch): http://www.astronomie.nl/nieuws/2373/nederlandse_bijdrage_aan_alma-telescoop_in_chili_is_klaar.html
- More information about ALMA at ESO: http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/alma.html
- Joint ALMA Observatory website: http://www.almaobservatory.org/
Groningen, the Netherlands
Tel: +31 50 3634074
Mobile: +31 (0)6 13305772
ESO ALMA Public Information Officer
Tel: +49 89 3200 6759
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In this course we will address a number of topics related to gender and society. To analyze the impact of gender in society, we will first examine the way in which gender has affected our lives as individuals. For this assignment, you will describe your “gendered self,” providing a description of gender in your everyday life, and then analyze the ways that your gender impacts your everyday life. Describe what it means to be your gender in society and for you as an individual. Also discuss the way in which you conform or deviate from societal expectations of masculinity or femininity. How has gender as a social construct impacted your life choices? What socializing agents have impacted your thoughts on gender?
Provide a detailed description and analysis of at least one example of when gender has influenced you, social interactions with others, social behaviors, decisions, etc. Make sure to indicate this example in the paper (for example, use headings in the paper). Incorporate related theories and course materials in your analysis. Also consider the following questions in your paper: How does your gender impact your everyday interactions with others? How is appearance and body image related to how you experience gender? How are your performances of gender related to other social factors such as race, class, and sexuality? How are you rewarded or disadvantaged for the way you “do” gender every day? Also incorporate at least one example from the media (such as a commercial or print ad) that demonstrates gender expectations in society. Include a brief discussion on the source and include a link/image.
Writer is a woman
4-6 pages in length (not including title and reference pages)
Follow APA formatting guidelines
Include a title pag
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Where do we go from here? The question raised after the May 2011 decision of the Swiss government to abandon nuclear energy has yet to be answered. While the disaster at Fukushima focused people’s minds on the risks of atomic energy, there remains great uncertainty about the future of energy supply in this country.
By 2034, the year the last nuclear power plant is due to close, the Swiss government will have to find other ways to make up the electricity now supplied by its five nuclear plants. This will be a considerable challenge, given that about 40 per cent of the electricity produced in Switzerland is nuclear-generated, equivalent to 25 terawatt hours (TWh) a year.
Consuming less, improving energy efficiency, harnessing power from solar power and wind energy – alternatives to nuclear energy are not lacking in a country that ranks as one of the most innovative in the world, and which has made water into its main domestic source of electricity. But potential alone is not enough.
“We found the political courage to get out of nuclear power. Now we need the courage to impose the use of renewable energies,” said Isabelle Chevalley, who represents the Liberal Green party in the federal parliament.
" Solar energy will be able to cover 20% of our energy needs. " Roger Nordmann, Swissolar president.
As part of its new energy strategy for 2050, the government intends to focus on energy efficiency and on making the most of renewable energies (see sidebar).
The main potential for saving electricity is to be found in public buildings (7 TWh by 2035) and industry (13 TWh). The federal administration, the Institutes of Technology and semi-state companies will all have to do their part, slashing energy consumption by 25 per cent by the year 2020.
“Switzerland has already adopted the European directives on saving energy with domestic appliances,” noted Chevalley, who nonetheless expects more radical initiatives to be taken. “Even someone who has electric heating is going to need to adapt his own system to new requirements.”
According to the government, production of electricity from renewable sources will have to increase by 13 TWh by the year 2035. This is an objective which can be reached by using hydro power and a greater diversification of the energy mix.
“Solar energy will be able to supply 20 per cent of the need,” stated Roger Nordmann, Social Democratic parliamentarian and president of Swissolar, the national association of solar energy producers. Citizens should be able to install solar panels without needing an official authorisation, suggests Chevallay.
Time for action
A detailed plan for the national energy strategy will be published by the energy ministry half-way through 2012. In the meantime, Nordmann wants concrete actions to be taken.
The means needed to transform the energy landscape should be made available right away, he says, and the national programme to promote renewable energies (cost-covering remuneration for feed-in to the electricity grid, CRF for short) should be strengthened.
The CRF programme allows producers of clean energy (hydro, solar energy, wind power, geothermal energy and biomass) to sell electricity to the grid at higher than the market price. The funds earmarked for this programme (SFr247 million in 2011) are proving to be insufficient, however, and numerous projects have been frozen.
“We need to unblock the 14,000 projects waiting to be implemented. These projects could give us 14 per cent of our energy needs, which would correspond to the energy produced by three small nuclear power plants,” said Nordmann.
Parliament sent a signal in this direction in 2011. Both houses accepted a proposal (known as the Häberli-Koller motion) which calls on the government to bring in legislation abolishing the spending cap on the CRF and instead giving it annual allocations.
" We have to be prepared to make sacrifices like the people of Valais and Graubünden who sacrificed their valleys to build the big dams of which we are so proud today. ", Isabelle Chevalley, Liberal Green parliamentarian.
Wind of change
While recognising that the Swiss political system does not admit of very rapid progress – “otherwise every change would end up going to referendum” – Chevalley thinks that drastic measures are inevitable. And they won’t please everyone.
In the area of wind power, she says, we may have to “impose the installation of turbines on the regions”. Austria has built 600, notes Chevalley. “It doesn’t appear to me that their landscape has been ruined by this. Switzerland could do the same.”
One group of citizens in canton Jura doesn’t see it this way, however. They have taken legal action to block a wind farm that could supply electricity to 40,000 people. But Chevalley is adamant.
“We have to be prepared to make sacrifices,” like the people of Valais and Graubünden who “sacrificed their valleys to build the big dams of which we are so proud today”.
Opposition to the progress of renewable energies is not coming from environmental groups, but private individuals, observes Nordmann. “We should simplify and speed up the processing of legal challenges, without of course reducing the rights of private citizens.”
From words to deeds
While all this guarantees lively debate in the two houses of parliament, some communities have already decided to act.
In November 2011, Igis in Graubünden became the first Swiss commune to give itself road lighting exclusively using LEDs – an energy saving of 60 per cent. Mendrisio, in Ticino, has started a pilot project for a “smart grid”, while Geneva has built the biggest solar plant in Switzerland over the roofs of Palexpo, the city’s trade fair and exhibition complex.
“Having to find 40 per cent of the electricity is not something that bothers me. Solar energy, wind turbines and hydro power are going to be the energy backbone of Switzerland,” maintained Chevalley. Her optimism may be due at least in part to the new shape of parliament, which can now boast 15 more anti-nuclear campaigners than there were in the last one.
Luigi Jorio, swissinfo.ch
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Read time – 2 minutes
Penguins are found all across the southern hemisphere, as well as along the equator where you’ll find Galapagos penguins.
From the inviting turquoise seas surrounding the rocky Boulders Beach in South Africa to the frozen wilderness of Antarctica, these clever and cute little creatures have perfectly adapted to their surroundings.
Fun Facts about Penguins
Here are our top 10 cool facts about our favourite feathery creatures.
1) The Little Blue Penguin is the smallest of the penguin species and has been given the nickname ‘fairy penguin’ due to its teeny 16-inch proportions. Cute!
2) Standing at nearly four feet tall, Emperor Penguins are the tallest of the species.
3) Most penguins dart around at a speed of 4 to 7 mph, but the Gentoo Penguin can swim up to speeds of 22 mph.
4) Penguins striking monochrome colouring helps to keep them camouflaged in the sea and on land.
5) New Zealand’s native Yellow-eyed penguins (or Hoiho) are endangered and the population is believed to stand at around just 4000.
6) Whilst most birds lose and replace new feathers at a time, penguins are known to moult at once, spending up to three weeks on land as they undergo their transformation.
7) There are more Macaroni penguins than any other type about 18 million macaroni penguins in the world. That’s about as many penguins as there are people in the entire country of Chile!
8) Most penguin species are loyal to their exact nesting site and often return to the same rookery in which they were born.
9) Penguins can actually drink seawater. A supraorbital gland which is located above their eye removes salt from the bloodstream. The excess sodium then comes out through the bill or by sneezing!
10) Emperor Penguins can stay underwater for up to 20 minutes at a time.
If you want to see penguins in the wild for yourself, browse our trips below.
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There are somewhere between 20,000 to 35,000 forklift accidents every year. It’s important to take the necessary safety precautions when operating heavy machinery. Operating a forklift is a risky job. There are approximately 85 fatal accidents per year. Most injuries and property damage can be linked to three causes:
• Insufficient or inadequate training
• Failure to follow safe operating procedures
• Lack of enforcement of safety rules
Other issues may include lack of proper tools and attachments used, poorly maintained forklifts, and aging equipment. Injuries commonly occur when:
• Lift trucks are inadvertently driven off loading docks
• Lifts fall between docks and an unsecured trailer
• They are struck by a lift truck
• They fall while on elevated pallets and tines
OSHA requires employers to develop and implement training programs based on the general principles of safe truck operation, the type of vehicle being used , the hazards of the workplace created by the use of the vehicle, and the general safety requirements of the OSHA standard.
Employers must certify that each operator has received the training and evaluate each operator at least once every 3 years. Before operating the truck in the workplace, the employer must evaluate the operator’s performance and determine if the operator is competent to operate a powered industrial truck safely. Refresher training is needed whenever an operator demonstrates a deficiency in the safe operation of the truck.
If you have been injured in a forklift accident on the job, call Fine, Olin & Anderman today for a free case evaluation.
Get more forklift safety tips here.
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It is widely accepted that Japan has become a responsible and integral global stakeholder. But the recent encroachment of right-wing politics brings into question the intentions that belie constitutional amendments allowing the projection of military force.
Over the past seven decades, Japan has transformed itself from an expansionist imperial power into a responsible international stakeholder that is seen as integral to the global security and economic order. Indeed, until being recently superseded by China, Japan was the world’s second largest economy – despite having experienced more than two decades of economic recession. Further, under the Yoshida Doctrine, it had steadfastly refused to develop offensive military capabilities despite its immense wealth – an international anomaly for such a large power. This despite repeated calls from Washington to serve as a regional bulwark against communism, and now a seemingly revisionist China.
Yet recent political developments in Japan – the loosening of restrictions on military acquisitions, enabling its armed forces to participate in combat missions, and a growing right-wing presence in Cabinet – give credence to doubts surrounding Japan’s ‘peaceful’ intentions. Memories of Japan’s wartime atrocities remain, giving rise to certain questions – is Japan really committed to the pursuit of regional peace, or does it have more insidious intentions?
A REHABILITATED JAPAN
Since the imposition of Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution in the aftermath of World War II, Japan has not been allowed to maintain an armed force. While this was creatively reinterpreted to allow Japan to retain a minimal deterrent through a Self-Defense Force, Japan still actively limits its military and lacks the capability to significantly project power beyond its immediate littoral reaches. Indeed, until recently, Tokyo had refused to acquire capabilities that would allow it to refuel and replenish its naval and air assets at sea and in the air. As an example, when Japan acquired the F-4E fighter aircraft – a long-range strategic bomber – it chose to remove the platform’s bombing and long-range capabilities.
In practice, Japan has until recently limited itself to peacekeeping, resupply operations and the provision of financial support to international campaigns – refusing to participate in global interventions.
Further, Japanese policymakers have self-restricted the export of military technology to other countries, imposing significant costs on the country’s economy and stunting the local arms industry. Finally, it has repeatedly apologised for its wartime actions and made an effort to contribute both in terms of leadership and finance towards the overall health of the region through its participation in multilateral initiatives such as the Asian Development Bank. Such is the effective ‘rehabilitation’ of Japan that, with the exception of China, the entire Asia-Pacific region – which was once under the yoke of Japanese imperial colonialism – has not batted an eyelid despite Japanese economic success and the recent relaxing of restrictions on its defence posture. It has also hitherto resisted the urge to develop nuclear weapons, despite being sandwiched between three nuclear-weapon states – the US, China and North Korea.
This ‘lack’ of an assertive military posture, while anomalous, forms a new normal in international relations. Therein lies the problem – the expectation that Japan will remain a pacifist power failing to match up to the reality that Japan is rearming.
A RETURN TO ARMS
The recent loosening of restrictions on Japanese arms exports serves two important functions. First, it will allow Japan to partake in joint weapons development and production when it serves international peace and Japan’s security. Considering recent American and Japanese rhetoric on how China’s rise and assertive actions are a threat to international stability, the definition of international peace has deliberately been left vague so as to allow for Japan to partake in activities that would serve to balance against, and diminish Chinese power – all while maintaining a front of altruism and innocence.
Further, considering Washington’s enthusiasm to get Japan to share its part of the regional security burden since WWII, it is likely that the US will be the most ardent supporter, contributor, sponsor, and defender of this move – possibly exacerbating anxieties over a regional balance of power.
A RESURGENT RIGHT-WING IN NATIONAL POLITICS
Compounding regional concerns over a militarily re-ascendant Japan are the threats of the Japanese political executive being intimately linked to hardline right-wing organisations intent on historical revisionism. While Japan remains a robust democracy, it is these very democratic processes that have brought to power hardline elements. Prime Minister Shinzo Abe and 15 of his 19 Cabinet ministers are prominent, card-carrying members of the Nippon Kaigi – a nationalist organisation openly devoted to historical revisionism and right-wing ideology. PM Abe is in turn Nippon Kaigi’s special advisor to the National Diet.
Nippon Kaigi believes Japan was not guilty for any of its wartime actions and promotes revising the constitution entirely. Instead, it believes Japan should be applauded for liberating much of East Asia from Western colonial powers during World War II. Further, the organisation believes a revisionist view of history should be the only curriculum taught in all Japanese schools, rather than one that is continually apologetic and emasculating. That the Abe administration chooses to deny Japanese wartime aggression – while Germany has completely distanced itself from its Nazi legacy – casts doubt over the continued peaceful intentions of the democratically-elected leaders of Japan.
Further, viewed in the context of loosening arms export restrictions, cheapening arms acquisitions for the JSDF, and the quiet boosting of Japanese Coast Guard capabilities, Japan might be seen by its neighbours as harbouring intentions of returning to its imperial past and possibly imposing its will on the region as a whole. To the neighbouring Chinese polity, it matters little whether Abe truly intends to loosen restrictions to allow a normalised Japan to be a responsible stakeholder in international politics rather than pursue nationalist and insidious policy outcomes. Indeed, as much as the world – and Japan – fears the ascendancy of an authoritarian China under the Communist Party, the region has an equal and valid right to fear a Japan that is led by individuals so closely linked to all that is associated with its wartime suffering, under the guise of democratic representation and responsible state behaviour. These fears are already reflected in polling, with 65 per cent of Chinese and South Korean citizens seeing Japan in an unfavourable light, with a further 30 per cent of South Koreans viewing Japanese military build-up as a threat to regional stability. This is far ahead of fears over corresponding Chinese military modernisation or Sino-Taiwanese tensions at 16 per cent and 13 per cent, respectively.
Finally, the impetus to normalise Japan’s defence posture (read: rearm) is not necessarily confined to elite-level policymaking, despite widespread popular support for pacifism. Indeed, in a recent Pew Research Center poll, 96 per cent of Japanese surveyed viewed neighbouring China as a threat; a further 63 per cent deem apologies for Japan’s imperial past to be unnecessary. Considering that even the Komeito Party – a Buddhist-leaning party that espouses humanism and opposition to nuclear proliferation – helped the ruling Liberal Democratic Party push through a bill loosening restrictions on arms exports, the question that should be asked is not if Japan rearms, but what it’s intentions will be when it does.
There are, however, some caveats to this doom-and-gloom portrayal of Japanese rearmament.
Japan’s defence spending has been increasing for four consecutive years, and is projected to do so until 2018. Yet, while the 2016-2017 defence budget will be Japan’s largest since WWII, it represents less than a fifth of Chinese military spending. Chinese defence spending is also increasing by double-digit percentages compared to Japan’s 2.2 to 2.8 per cent – meaning Japan is set to fall further behind. In comparison to South Korea’s defence expenditure per capita – which is $680 – Japanese defence spending per capita (at $330) is relatively restrained.
Second, it relies heavily upon the US nuclear umbrella to balance against regional nuclear powers. Choosing otherwise – that is, to eventually pursue nuclear armaments – would likely alienate Japan from the region. Further, despite the perception that technologically-advanced and inclined Japan will find it easy to acquire nuclear technology, this is not the case. It is more than likely that Japan will have to spend vast amounts of money on acquiring and enriching uranium; it will also have to create a viable means of delivering said nuclear weapons. Not only does Japan lack in technical expertise, but it will also find itself at odds with its people, the rest of the region, and Washington.
Finally, it must be noted that the Japanese populace is overwhelmingly against militarisation – with over 75 per cent believing that the primary role of the JSDF is to provide for disaster relief. Barring any sort of existential threat to national survival, it is hard to conceive of any political organisation – right-wing or otherwise – being able to encourage and accrue enough political capital and will to spur popular support for military expansion and overt power projection.
Why has Japan chosen to reinterpret its constitution now, and not in the past when the ruling elites had even greater parliamentary support? Does a right-wing religious organisation have undue influence over the formulation of Japanese foreign policy? That Japan will rearm and once again embark on autarkic, imperial conquest is not guaranteed – nor does this suggest it. Japan has accrued significant political capital and goodwill since the end of WWII and is viewed as a responsible stakeholder in international politics. Therefore, suggesting that Japan has malicious intentions is undoubtedly an unpopular perspective. However, the hard questions must be asked as they have serious implications for regional stability – which is in turn of consequence to international stability given the importance of the Asia-Pacific to global wealth output.
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A large tree fell across the paved walkway near the Virginia State monument along West Confederate Avenue on Sunday.This image was taken facing northwest at approximately 3:00 PM on Sunday, January 29, 2017.
Falling trees can damage monuments, markers, and fences. In October of 2011 a large section of a tree fell on the top of the monument to the 121st New York Infantry Regiment on Little Round Top. It knocked the bronze figure at the top of the monument backwards, separating the the bronze top from the granite base. Visible in the trees in the left background are from left to right, the monument to the 146th New York Infantry, and the base of the monument to the 155th Pennsylvania. In the right background, is the monument to Gibb’s Ohio Battery. This view was taken facing southwest at approximately 2:00 PM on Sunday, October 30, 2011.
A hurricane-like storm that visited Gettysburg in September of 1896 downed trees that struck many monuments, including the 78th and 102nd New York monument on Culp’s Hill. This image was taken facing northwest circa 1896. Annual Reports of the Gettysburg National Military Park Commission to the Secretary of War, 1893-1904. Washington. Government Printing Office, 1905.
Falling trees causing damage on the battlefield is nothing new. This image shows a Gettysburg Times article from July 8, 1994, showing $150,000 worth of tree damage to the monument to Vermont’s Company F, First United States Sharpshooters, also along West Confederate Avenue. In 1994 the National Park Service was seeking permission to reduce the deer population at Gettysburg. You can see in this article next to the storm damage photo that deer were responsible for killing young vegetation and woodlots. With our current level of jungle-like undergrowth in many areas of the battlefield, it’s interesting to read about woodlots before the park’s extensive tree removal began under Superintendent John Latschar. The same day this article was published Latschar was named acting superintendent at Gettysburg after the departure of superintendent Jose Cisneros, following the destruction of the first railroad cut. This screen capture is from page 1A of the Gettysburg Times from July 8, 1994. It was unavailable in Google’s newspaper archive of the Gettysburg Times.
This tree came down southeast of the Virginia monument across the path leading to the “Point of Woods.”The Codori Barn is the building in the right background. This image was taken facing east at approximately 3:00 PM on Sunday, January 29, 2017.
The tree missed the wayside providing information about Pickett’s Charge. This image was taken facing east at approximately 3:00 PM on Sunday, January 29, 2017.
The wayside is located next to the parking spaces at the Virginia monument and along the start of the path that leads to one of the locations where Robert E. Lee reportedly watched the Confederate Assault on the afternoon of July 3rd.The town of Gettysburg, specifically “Colt Park,” is in the left background. This image was taken facing east at approximately 3:00 PM on Sunday, January 29, 2017.
The tree fell between the wayside and the start of a fenceline, which can be seen in the right of this photo.This image was taken facing east at approximately 3:00 PM on Sunday, January 29, 2017.
We believe it fell Friday evening or Saturday morning (thanks to reader to Tim S., who noticed the tree was down between 10:15 and 10:30 AM when he passed by on Saturday morning). It wasn’t very windy this weekend, with wind speeds reaching a high of 12-14 MPH in the Gettysburg area Saturday night.This image was taken facing north at approximately 3:00 PM on Sunday, January 29, 2017.
The tree landed in an area that will be easy to access for National Park Service maintenance staff.The four guns in the right background belong to the Madison (Mississippi) Light Artillery. This image was taken facing west at approximately 3:00 PM on Sunday, January 29, 2017.
They’re aware of the downed tree and will be out to remove it on Monday. The bronze equestrian statue of General Robert E. Lee is fourteen feet high. This image was taken facing west at approximately 3:00 PM on Sunday, January 29, 2017.
The monument was dedicated at the battle’s 50th anniversary in 1913, though it was not completed until 1917.This image was taken facing west at approximately 3:00 PM on Sunday, January 29, 2017.
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The term ‘eco’ is derived from ‘ecological’, and when used in conjunction with the word ‘cars’, it is commonly understood to refer to low emission vehicles.
However in reality there is no official definition of the phrase ‘eco cars’ , so it is used in a variety of ways, most commonly as a very general term for cars that are in some way ‘green’ .
The label of eco car is usually taken to mean cars that have low or zero tailpipe CO2 emissions , such as electric cars . But actually, the term is more appropriate for automobiles that are ecologically sensitive as a whole, ie. holistically greener – or more sustainable. So rather than purely having low tailpipe CO2 emissions, we’re talking about cars manufactured from materials that cause less harm to the environment than materials that are used to construct traditional vehicles.
For example, the
is designed to demonstrate that cars can be constructed from sustainable materials . The interior trim, seats and roof are made from hemp (yes, as in cannabis) – as this can be grown, so it’s renewable, and it absorbs CO2 as it grows, so it’s carbon-neutral. The car also has water-based paints. The entire car is lighter than the standard Elise – which is light to start with. This is despite having solar panels on the roof, to power the air conditioning. Best of all, it’s still a Lotus Elise, so it’s great to drive.
Although Lotus seems to have got away with labelling its concept car with the word ‘eco’ in the title, such a move is fraught with risk. Work has been carried out by the Low Carbon Vehicle Partnership to ensure that green claims made by car manufacturers can be substantiated. If pressed, it would be very difficult for Lotus to prove that the Elise is officially an ‘eco car’.
Despite the true meaning of the term ‘eco’, the media is likely to continue using the term ‘eco car’ to
describe a car with low emissions
. If so, then users of the term need to be clear about the issues surrounding ‘low emissions’ . Cars can be low emission in terms of the CO2 from their tailpipe emissions, but ideally they should also have low levels of ‘regulated’ emissions – ie. particulate matter (PM) or soot, nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulphur oxides and carbon monoxide (CO).
But that’s not the full story – an eco car should also have the lowest possible CO2 impacts in its entire life-cycle, particularly its manufacture – which is what Lotus was trying to achieve with the Eco-Elise.
Gordon Murray Design has developed the iStream process to manufacture its T-25 city car. This manufacturing process is designed to be much more sustainable than traditional car manufacturing. It has a much smaller factory footprint, and the idea is that it can be set up locally around the world where the cars are bought, so reducing the environmental impacts from the logistics involved in transporting cars from factories to markets. This manufacturing process, combined with the lightweight engineering of the actual T-25 city car, means that this car, and its T-27 electric counterpart , is genuinely efficient and sustainable – in other words perhaps it is one of the best examples of a true eco car.
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Recently, in a conversation with a friend, I said “I felt like a spastic.” My friend looked at me in disbelief. “Don’t ever use that word,” she admonished, explaining that “spastic” is a demeaning way to describe people who suffer from seizures. Like her sister. I thought the word just meant an “uncoordinated person” and apologized profusely. But the incident made me wonder what other faux pas I might be making. So I got on the computer and started searching for “inclusive language.” What I found was interesting and at times surprising. Curious about the latest views on inclusive language? Read on.
What the Heck is Inclusive Language?
Defining inclusive language can get a little (ahem) wordy.
The Linguistic Society of America defines inclusive language as language that “acknowledges diversity, conveys respect to all people, is sensitive to differences, and promotes equal opportunities.” It avoids exclusion, stereotyping and language that portrays people as dependent, powerless or less valued than others.
The use of inclusive language is advised when referring to a person’s age, race, sex, class, creed, educational background, religion, gender identity, disability, mental health, gender expression, geographical location, nationality, income, marital status, parental status, sexual orientation or work. To learn more, visit The NCAA’s Guide to Inclusive Language. It’s written by the National Collegiate Athletic Association for use by its members, but it’s the best overview of inclusive language I found.
Examples of Exclusive vs. Inclusive Language
While searching for articles on inclusive language I found plenty of examples I thought were inappropriate or even ridiculous. Who would substitute “chestfeeding” for “breastfeeding,” for instance? And since when is the term “breastfeeding” offensive? But staying aware of what’s offensive and what’s not is hard. The list changes constantly. These days, lots of offending language relates to members of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and questioning (LGBTQ) communities. When in doubt, you can always ask what form of address they prefer.
Potentially exclusive Inclusive or
or offensive language more respectful alternative
Asian Asian American, Asian American Pacific Islander (AAPI)
Australian Aborigine Native Australian
Black African American, Black American, African, person of color, Caribbean
black sheep outcast
blacklist not allowed list
blind sight impaired
boyfriend partner, significant other
charity recipient client
Christian name first name
Christmas Winter holiday
colored person/people person or people of color
congressman/woman representative, senator
dead passed away, deceased
deaf hearing impaired
diabetic person with diabetes
disabled person person with a disability
drug addict person with a chemical dependency
drug habit substance use disorder
elderly/old people senior citizens
foreign language Spanish, French etc. language
founding fathers founders
Frenchman French person
garbage man trash collector
girlfriend partner, significant other
guru expert, guide
guys folks, people
Hispanic Spanish speaking, Hispanic person
homosexual partners same sex or gay partners
illegal alien/illegal undocumented immigrant
Indian person from India
Indians (Native) Native Americans
junkie person with a drug dependency
juvenile delinquent child at risk
ladies and gentlemen everybody
latino/latina/latinx of Latin American descent
mailman mail carrier
male nurse nurse
man up be brave
master bedroom primary bedroom
merry Christmas happy holidays
midget/dwarf little person
opposite sex different sex
policeman police officer
pow wow meeting
prostitute sex worker
retarded person person with an intellectual disability
secretary administrative assistant
sex change surgery sex reassignment surgery (SRS)
sexual preference sexual orientation
spastic/spaz a person with cerebral palsy or muscle spasms
steward/stewardess flight attendant
third world developing nations
transgendered transgender people
used (goods) pre-owned
waiter/waitress server/wait staff
white European Caucasian
whitelist allow list
Are You Unknowingly Saying Things that are Offensive?
Like me, you may unknowingly say things that offend someone. I really appreciated my friend alerting me, but not everyone is comfortable doing that. And I promise you, there are terms you might use without knowing they are offensive. For instance, do you know what makes the term “rule of thumb” offensive? See 20 Things You’re Saying That You Didn’t Know Were Offensive for the surprising answer. Then take this New York Times Quiz: Are these words offensive? After you take the quiz you can compare your answers to the results of a poll to see where you stand versus others.
Find More Links You Can Really Use at HabiLinks Guide
The internet is full of great resources, but page after page of search results can be too much of a good thing. We search for useful information in eighteen lifestyle categories, so you don’t have to. Only then, when we find the link with the most useful content, does it become a HabiLink, one of the chosen few. And unlike other guides, we don’t accept payment for listings. We simply think they’re the best at what they do. You can depend on HabiLinks for links you can really use.
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That was a trick question. Technically speaking, you can’t feel acidic at all! This is because your body works tirelessly to maintain a strict equilibrium – the pH of your blood is always slightly alkaline. It is held within a very narrow range by your body (7.35—7.45). However, you can put pressure on this delicate balancing act by not supporting your body. This process requires certain nutrients to allow it to efficiently ‘mop up’ excess acid.
If your body doesn’t get these nutrients from your diet, it will ransack your bone & muscle tissue for the minerals and amino acids it requires. When this happens, it can lead to a range of imbalances and health conditions.
While it sounds like things can get serious if you have a pH imbalance, you’ll be pleased to know that there are some simple changes (dietary, supplemental & lifestyle) that you can make to help support your body.
The scales are weighed more heavily in one direction
You may be surprised to know, that most acids in the body originate as metabolic by-products or end-products. This means that your body can become acidic due to the improper functioning of various systems in your body (digestive, nervous, musculoskeletal, respiratory, and genitourinary).
Only small amounts of acidic substances actually enter the body via food & drink such as coffee, alcohol, sugar and processed foods. So, while in general it pays to moderate the amount and the frequency with which you consume these, your acid/alkaline balance is more dependent on how well you run your body, and on how well your body runs.
These health concerns contribute to acid-load in your body:
- Improper digestion
Poor digestion can cause you to ferment partially digested food in an undesirable part of your digestive tract. This fermentation can then cause an increase in ‘bad’ bacteria which can increase lactic acid production.
- Stress & worry
Stress impacts on many processes within the body. Stress can negatively affect stomach acid which leads to poor digestion. Poor digestion can lead to the production of lactic acid. Stress also contributes to worrying which can also create lactic acid.
- Overworking or vigorously working your muscles
This creates lactic acid.
Poor elimination can also contribute to acid-load, for example:
- Incorrect breathing or poor lung function
The lungs dispose of carbonic acid (by eliminating CO2)
- Poor kidney function
Only the kidneys can rid the body of phosphoric, uric, & lactic acids, and ketone bodies (acidic).
Having a buffered body is more important than having a ‘buff’ body
Your body naturally maintains its pH balance. Your only job is to make its job as easy as possible! You can do this by providing your body with all the support it requires.
To minimise the ransacking of your muscles and bones (to buffer your blood) you need to:
- Eat mineral & protein rich foods
Eat a primarily plant-based diet (veggies, fruit, legumes, quinoa, nuts, seeds)
- Cut back on mineral deplete (processed) food, and moderate your intake of coffee, alcohol, and sugar.
- Minimise your stress levels
If you need help, then ask for it! Also, take specific supplements such as B-group vitamins and magnesium that can support you during this time. Reducing stress can help your digestion to function more effectively, as well as help to you breathe more fully. (These help to support your pH balance.)
- Do regular (mild to moderate) exercise
- Drink adequate amounts of filtered water
It’s also a wise idea to supplement your diet daily. It’s not always easy to ‘do the things you know you need to do’ to ensure your good health. Therefore, take a simple but specifically formulated blend that contains alkalising and detoxing organic ingredients such as ginger, lemon, beetroot, ‘greens’ (barley grass & wheat grass) and herbs like peppermint, coriander and fennel. A supplement such as this can support your body to run more efficiently, by assisting digestion and by providing the nutrients & the energy it requires to do its house-cleaning more effectively (ensuring your cells run well, dislodging accumulated toxins and clearing these from your body).
The moral of this blog-post? Improving your all-round well-being helps to support healthy pH balance.
TAPS No: PP1068
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What is Psoriatic Arthritis?
Psoriatic arthritis is a joint condition that occurs as a result of psoriasis, a scaling skin disorder. Psoriasis typically causes joints to become inflamed, swollen, stiff or painful.
Causes of Psoriatic Arthritis
The exact cause of psoriatic arthritis is not known. However, hereditary and environmental factors play a major role. Up to 40 percent of people with psoriatic arthritis have a close relative suffering from the condition. For those with a tendency to develop psoriatic arthritis, environmental factors such as a virus, extreme stress or an injury can trigger the disease.
Symptoms of Psoriatic Arthritis
Symptoms vary from person to person and can be mild to severe. There may be times when your symptoms improve - this is known as remission. Your symptoms may get worse at times, which is referred to as a flare-up or relapse. Predicting relapses can be very difficult; however, it can be managed with medication.
General symptoms of psoriatic arthritis include:
- Flaky scalp
- Extreme tiredness
- Swelling of the fingers and toes
- Pain in the muscles and tendons
- Pain and redness in the eyes
- Joint stiffness, especially in the morning
- Pitting of the nails or separation from the nail beds
- Swelling and tenderness in the joints on one or both sides of your body
- Skin patches that are scaly, which can worsen with a relapse
Diagnosing Psoriatic Arthritis
Your doctor diagnoses psoriatic arthritis with an X-ray of the affected joint. An X-ray detects damage and inflammation to the bones and joints. MRIs check for joint, ligament or tendon damage. Ultrasound and CT scans are also ordered to determine how badly joints are affected and to determine the stage of psoriatic arthritis. Your doctor may also order blood tests to detect any inflammation present in your body.
Treatment of Psoriatic Arthritis
There are several treatments and lifestyle modifications that can help ease your pain and symptoms, as well as prevent further damage to the joint. Treatment of psoriatic arthritis involves:
- Medication: Medications may include different classes such as anti-inflammatory drugs, disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs or DMARD’s (to decrease inflammation), steroid injections, biologics, immunosuppressants, and other drugs.
- Lifestyle modifications: Some recommended lifestyle modifications include:
- A moderate exercise program
- Quitting smoking and limiting alcohol intake
- Use of heat or cold treatments
- Eating a healthy and well-balanced diet
- Getting adequate rest
- Losing weight
- Protecting your joints with the use of assistive devices such as splints or braces to support the weakened joints
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Interventions That Activate The Innate Immune Response
6.1.1. Toll-Like Receptor Agonists
Toll-like receptors constitute the first line of defense against invading microorganisms, in that they sense pathogen-associated molecular patterns leading to the production of cytokines through signal transduction pathways. TLR-7 and TLR-8 agonists are involved in endogenous IFN production, induction of IFN-stimulated genes , and activation of other signaling cascades such as the JAK/STAT pathway. The TLR-7 agonist GS-9620, when first tested in the human hepatocyte cell line HepaRG and primary hepatocytes infected with HBV, showed a durable suppression of HBV replication through induction of Type I IFN but no reduction in cccDNA levels . Similar results were obtained in the woodchuck and chimpanzee animal models , but when used in patients with HBV who were at the time suppressed with NA treatment, there was no significant effect on HBsAg levels . Combination treatment with another TLR-7 agonist and a capsid assembly modulator RO7049389 produced a significant reduction in HBV DNA and HBsAg levels in a mouse infected with a recombinant adeno-associated virus . In Chinese healthy human volunteers, single and multiple ascending doses resulted in IFN-a-induced cytokine production and induction of ISGs . Its efficacy in combination with other antivirals remains to be determined .
Whats The Prognosis For Hepatitis B
Your doctor will know youâve recovered when you no longer have symptoms and blood tests show:
- Your liver is working normally.
- You have hepatitis B surface antibody.
But some people don’t get rid of the infection. If you have it for more than 6 months, youâre whatâs called a carrier, even if you donât have symptoms. This means you can give the disease to someone else through:
- Unprotected sex
- Contact with your blood or an open sore
- Sharing needles or syringes
Doctors donât know why, but the disease does go away in a small number of carriers. For others, it becomes whatâs known as chronic. That means you have an ongoing liver infection. It can lead to cirrhosis, or hardening of the organ. It scars over and stops working. Some people also get liver cancer.
If youâre a carrier or are infected with hepatitis B, donât donate blood, plasma, body organs, tissue, or sperm. Tell anyone you could infect — whether itâs a sex partner, your doctor, or your dentist — that you have it.
CDC: âHepatitis B Questions and Answers for Health Professionals,â âHepatitis B Questions and Answers for the Public.â
Mayo Clinic: âHepatitis B.â
UpToDate: âHepatitis B virus: Screening and diagnosis.â
HealthyPeople.gov: âHepatitis B in Pregnant Women: Screening.â
Annals of Internal Medicine: âScreening for Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Nonpregnant Adolescents and Adults: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement.â
What New Treatments Are On The Horizon For Hepatitis B/d Coinfected Patients
Although there are highly effective treatments available to manage hepatitis B, there are few available treatments for hepatitis D, and none are U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved. Hepatitis D is the most severe form of viral hepatitis, and coinfection can accelerate liver damage and cause cirrhosis or liver cancer in as little as 5 years for some patients. Currently there is no approved drug for acute or chronic hepatitis B/D coinfection, but in trials pegylated interferon alpha has shown to be somewhat effective. By stimulating the bodys immune system, around 25-30% of patients are able to suppress their hepatitis D viral load with weekly injections over 48 weeks. Emerging research is showing higher rates of effectiveness with prolonged interferon treatment beyond one year, but it can be difficult for patients to continue due to the physical and mental toll of interferon on the body. Antiviral medications that are proven effective against hepatitis B are sometimes prescribed along with interferon therapy for patients with a high hepatitis B viral load, but these have no effect on hepatitis D. It is urgent that more treatment options be developed for the millions of hepatitis B/D patients that are eagerly awaiting them.
Pegylated Interferon Lambda
Click here for more information about the phases of the clinical trial process.
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Nucleocapsid Assembly Inhibitors And Core Inhibitors
The HBV core protein plays a central role in the viral replication cycle starting with uncoating and release of rcDNA, delivery to the nuclear pore basket, nucleocapsid formation and packaging of pgRNA, and finally interaction with HBsAg during the end stages of morphogenesis. There is indirect evidence that the protein binds to cellular promoters and regulates gene expression . In this respect it constitutes another attractive antiviral target.
The following two classes of core protein allosteric modulators have been discovered: the heteroaryldihydropyrimidines and the phenylpropenamides , sulfamoylbenzamides, and several other chemotypes .
HAP derivatives, misdirect core protein dimers to assemble aberrant non-capsid polymers, leading to the degradation of the core protein . GLS4 is a representative compound of the HAP family.
Type II CpAMs were found to accelerate formation of capsid assembly, possibly at an inappropriate time and place, thereby preventing pgRNA encapsidation and, instead, inducing the assembly of empty capsids .
In vitro, GLS4 inhibited virus accumulation in the supernatant of hepatic cell lines. This was tested in vivo in nude mice inoculated with HepAD38 cells, which then grew out as tumors, resulting in viremia. Treatment of mice with GLS4 and BAY 41-4109 caused a strong and sustained drop in HBV DNA to about the same extents both during and after treatment .
Who Can I Talk With During Treatment
Since hepatitis C treatment plans last several weeks, you should regularly attend medical appointments. Your doctor may have a list of local groups where you can find emotional support.
There may also be other resources like community nurses and walk-in clinics. With this information, youll know where to go for help between appointments.
Another option is to explore the online hepatitis C community, where people share their experiences with hepatitis C.
For example, the Inspire hepatitis C group allows people to connect, share stories, discuss treatment, and more.
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Who Should Get The Hepatitis B Vaccine
All newborn babies should get vaccinated. You should also get the shot if you:
- Come in contact with infected blood or body fluids of friends or family members
- Use needles to take recreational drugs
- Have sex with more than one person
- Are a health care worker
- Work in a day-care center, school, or jail
Gene Editing Strategies: Cccdna Formation Inhibitors
Silencing or depleting the cccDNA pool in infected hepatocytes is the goal in new approaches to treatment. Targeted mutagenesis has attracted considerable interest in recent years. This was achieved through the use of sequence-specific RNA-guided nucleases and proteins as a means to cure HBV infection by permanently disabling cccDNA . The RGN family includes zinc finger nucleases , transcription activator-like effector nucleases , and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats with CRISPR-associated systems , all showing antiviral efficacy.
The cccDNA is a stable non-integrated minichromosome wrapped in transcriptionally active and inactive chromatin . Designer nucleases can cleave at pretargeted sequences in the HBV genome to result in predefined mutagenesis. Although mutated cccDNA can be transcribed, the resulting mutated viral proteins is not able to engage in viral replication. Hence, HBV cccDNA is an optimal target for nuclease gene editing, due to its episomal minichromosome configuration and sequence stability. More specifically, the efficacy of CRISPR/Cas9 for cleavage and inactivation of the cccDNA, as well as inhibition of hepatocarcinogenesis, has been reported .
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Program And Video Timestamps:
0:01:34 Orange Shirt Day Introduction by Dr. Carla Coffin on Orange Shirt Day
Session I: Update on the Global Response to HBV
0:03:17 Welcoming Remarks by Dr. Timothy Block 0:06:30 HBV Science 101 by Dr. Thomas Tu0:15:30 The Road to HBV Cure New Findings by Dr. John Tavis 0:26:45 Towards HBV Elimination by Dr. Chari Cohen 0:36:19 Q& A Session moderated by Dr. Jordan Feld
Factors That Influence Ifn Response
HBV has been called a stealth virus since it does not induce a significant IFN response in the liver. Besides, sustained off-treatment response to exogenous IFN- therapy can be achieved only in a minority of CHB patients. Both host and viral factors influence the IFN response during HBV infection and IFN- therapy , some of which could be used as predictors to improve the cost-effectiveness of IFN- therapy.
Table 1 Viral and host factors that affect IFN response during HBV infection and IFN therapy.
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Urgent Action Is Needed To Tackle Hepatitis B Stigma And Discrimination According To A New Report Released By The World Hepatitis Alliance
Across the world, stigma and discrimination impact people living with hepatitis B, with careers and personal relationships affected. The impact of stigma and discrimination also affects families and communities and negatively impacts testing strategies. The Stigma Report released by WHA brings together the latest research on stigma and discrimination and the stories of the people and communities affected by hepatitis B. The report highlights the need to address hepatitis B stigma and discrimination so that no one has to suffer the additional consequences of living with hepatitis B.
Danjuma Adda, president-elect of WHA, whose own story features in the report, said. Stigma and discrimination can have a huge impact on the lives of people living with hepatitis B. It impacts our rights to work, to travel and to live our lives. The Stigma report shows that it is time to tackle this issue to protect the rights of the millions of people living with hepatitis B. We can no longer suffer in silence the time for action is now.
Two hundred ninety-six million people live with hepatitis B worldwide, and for many, their lives are made infinitely more challenging by stigma and discrimination. In a 2017 survey of WHA members, 93% of respondents indicated that hepatitis-related stigma and discrimination impacted people in their countries, yet little is being done globally to tackle the issue.
Download the report at www.worldhepatitisalliance.org/stigma
Exposure To A Source With Unknown Hbsag Status
Unvaccinated persons and persons with previous nonresponse to hepatitis B vaccination who have a discrete, identifiable exposure to blood or body fluids containing blood from a person with unknown HBsAg status should receive the hepatitis B vaccine series, with the first dose initiated as soon as possible after exposure and the series completed according to the age-appropriate dose and schedule. Exposed persons who are not fully vaccinated but started the series should complete the vaccine series. Exposed persons with written documentation of a complete hepatitis B vaccine series who did not receive postvaccination testing require no further treatment.
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New Immunotherapy ‘highly Effective’ Against Hepatitis B
- University College London
- Scientists have identified a new immunotherapy to combat the hepatitis B virus , the most common cause of liver cancer in the world.
Scientists at UCL have identified a new immunotherapy to combat the hepatitis B virus , the most common cause of liver cancer in the world.
Each year, globally, chronic HBV causes an estimated 880,000 deaths from liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma/liver cancer .
The pioneering study used immune cells isolated directly from patient liver and tumour tissue, to show that targeting acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase , an enzyme that helps to manage cholesterol levels in cells*, was highly effective at boosting immune responses.
Published in Nature Communications, the findings show that blocking the activity of ACAT with ACAT inhibitors boosts the specific immune cells that can fight both the virus and associated cancerous tumours, demonstrating its effectiveness as an immunotherapy. Inhibiting ACAT was also found to impede HBV’s own replication, thereby also acting as a direct antiviral. ACAT inhibitors such as avasimibe, taken orally, have previously been shown to be well-tolerated as cholesterol-lowering drugs in humans.
Explaining the study, lead author Professor Mala Maini , said: “Chronic hepatitis B virus infection is a major global health problem and the most common cause of liver cancer in the world.
Grant funding came from the Wellcome Trust and Cancer Research UK.
Incomplete Or Failed Response To Treatment
Some people with autoimmune hepatitis have an incomplete response to treatment, meaning that treatment helps but does not lead to remission. If you have an incomplete response to treatment, you may need to take different medicines to help prevent liver damage.
Some people may fail to respond to treatment, meaning that the inflammation and liver damage of autoimmune hepatitis keep getting worse. Your doctor may recommend additional blood tests and higher doses of medicines. If liver damage leads to complications, you may need treatment for complications.
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What Is Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B is an infection of your liver. Itâs caused by a virus. There is a vaccine that protects against it. For some people, hepatitis B is mild and lasts a short time. These âacuteâ cases donât always need treatment. But it can become chronic. If that happens, it can cause scarring of the organ, liver failure, and cancer, and it even can be life-threatening.
Itâs spread when people come in contact with the blood, open sores, or body fluids of someone who has the hepatitis B virus.
It’s serious, but if you get the disease as an adult, it shouldnât last a long time. Your body fights it off within a few months, and youâre immune for the rest of your life. That means you can’t get it again. But if you get it at birth, itâ unlikely to go away.
Treatment For Acute Hepatitis B
If you’re diagnosed with hepatitis B, your GP will usually refer you to a specialist, such as a hepatologist .
Many people do not have any troublesome symptoms, but if you do feel unwell, it can help to:
- get plenty of rest
- take over-the-counter painkillers, such as paracetamol or ibuprofen, for tummy pain
- maintain a cool, well-ventilated environment, wear loose clothing, and avoid hot baths or showers if itching is a problem
- take medication, such as metoclopramide, to stop you feeling sick, and chlorphenamine to reduce itching your doctor can give you a prescription for these if necessary
Most people recover completely in a couple of months, but you’ll be advised to have regular blood tests to check that you’re free of the virus and have not developed chronic hepatitis B.
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Modulation Of The Adaptive Immune System
6.2.1. Therapeutic Vaccination
Previous attempts at different times during the past two decades, using existing prophylactic vaccines with varying vaccination strategies, have failed to restore HBV-specific immunity in chronically infected patients. When used in animal models, they provided promising results, which were not replicated in human subjects . Such vaccines which employed an adjuvant, although capable of stimulating a robust B cell response, failed to induce the cytotoxic arm of the immune response which was necessary to achieve a therapeutic outcome. In an attempt to overcome this disadvantage, DNA vaccine strategies were introduced employing coding sequences of HBsAg but, once again, yielded poor results in patients virally suppressed by analogue treatment. Notably, they failed to lead to either HBeAg or HBsAg seroconversion . Of similar faith, was the use of DNA prime followed by poxvirus boost, the latter containing the preS/S encoding region. Although promising results were obtained once again in the chimpanzee animal model , in a phase IIa trial this approach did not induce sustained T cell responses or achieve a sizeable reduction in viral load in chronic HBV carriers .
6.2.2. More Recent Approaches
6.2.3. Vector-Based Vaccines
6.2.4. Adoptive Transfer of Genetically Engineered T Cells
Ro7049389 Is Safe Well Tolerated In Chronic Hepatitis B Treatment
Disclosures: We were unable to process your request. Please try again later. If you continue to have this issue please contact .
Core protein allosteric modulator RO7049389 was safe and demonstrated antiviral activity in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection, according to research published in Lancet Gastroenterology and Hepatology.
Current treatment options for patients with chronic HBV infection comprise two classes of drugs: subcutaneously administered interferon preparations and orally administered nucleotide analogues. Neither treatment achieves a high rate of functional cure, defined as sustained loss of hepatitis B surface antigen with or without seroconversion to antibody positivity,Man-Fung Yuen, MD, PhD, of the University of Hong Kong, and colleagues wrote. Thus, there is a huge unmet medical need for well-tolerated therapies for chronic HBV infection that can achieve a higher rate of functional cure with a finite course of treatment.
The data showed mean HBV DNA concentration declines from baseline of 2.44 log10 IU/mL in the 200 mg twice daily group, 3.33 log10 UI/mL in the 400 mg twice daily group, 3 log10 IU/mL in the 200 mg once daily group, 2.86 log10 IU/mL in the 600 mg once daily group and 3.19 log10 IU/mL in the 1,000 mg once daily group Mean HBV DNA concentration decline was 0.34 log10 IU/mL in the placebo group.
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The Next Frontier Of Daa Therapy
The use of DAAs has allowed for effective and well-tolerated treatment options for patients with HCV. The next focus of DAA therapy is the ongoing development of pan-genotypic regimens, treatment of patients who failed other DAA-based therapies and the feasibility of shortened treatment courses. Although many DAAs have resulted in cure rates exceeding 90% in many populations, effectively treating the 10% or so of patients that failed therapy has presented a challenge. Many of these patients develop RAVs after exposure to NS5As or NS3/4a inhibitors, which may limit their further treatment options.
The combination of the next-generation NS3/4A protease inhibitor glecaprevir and the next-generation NS5A inhibitor pibrentasvir has demonstrated activity against all genotypes and against frequently observed variants that have been resistant to other NS5A inhibitors. In the SURVEYOR trials, 12 weeks of treatment with glecaprevir/pibrentasvir in non-cirrhotic genotype 1 patients resulted in overall SVR12 rates > 98%. Reducing treatment duration to 8 weeks was equally effective in this population. A subsequent trial evaluated its efficacy in genotype 1 and 3 patients with compensated cirrhosis. SVR12 rates were 96% in genotype 1 patients and 98% across all genotype 3 patients. The presence of baseline RAVs had no significant impact on SVR rates.
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A neuroma is an enlarged, benign growth of nerves, most commonly between the third and fourth toes. Neuromas are caused by tissue rubbing against and irritating the nerves. Pressure from poorly fitting shoes or an abnormal bone structure can also lead to this condition. Symptoms may include sensations of thickness, burning, numbness, tingling, or pain in the ball of the foot. Treatments generally include wearing corrective shoes or orthotics and/or receiving cortisone injections. In severe cases, surgical removal of the growth may be necessary.
Morton's neuroma is a thickening of tissues around the nerve that leads to the toes. Morton's neuroma usually develops between the third and fourth toes in response to irritation, such as that caused by wearing high-heeled or narrow shoes, or from trauma. Symptoms may include a burning pain that radiates from the ball of the foot to the toes or numbness in the toes. Conservative treatments usually resolve the pain or progressions of the condition, and range from wearing roomier, lower-heeled footwear or using orthotics to reduce the pressure on the nerve, to injections of corticosteroid medication to reduce swelling and inflammation.
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"The moment their acne clears up, they'll be ready for repotting again....And after that, it won't be long until we're cutting them up and stewing them. You'll have Mrs. Norris back in no time."
-- Professor Sprout to Argus Filch (CS13)
“Mandrakes! ... Going to lob them over the walls—they won’t like this!”
-- Neville Longbottom during the Battle of Hogwarts (DH31)
The Mandrake is a magical plant with powerful restorative properties. The root system takes the form of a small baby which matures into the form of small humanoid adult. The screams of the roots are dangerous; those of a full-grown adult mandrake can kill.
- It forms an essential part of most antidotes, including one for Petrification (CS6).
- The Mandrake Restorative Draught returns people who have been Transfigured or cursed to their original state.
- Mandrake seedlings are tufty little plants, purplish green in colour (CS6) with what look like tiny babies growing where the roots would be. These creatures grow and develop over the course of several months until they mature and can be harvested and used for potions (CS13).
- The cry of the Mandrake is fatal to humans, so special care must be taken when growing them. Even as a baby, the Mandrake's howls can knock a person out for a couple of hours.
- There is no doubt that Professor Snape alone makes the Mandrake Restorative Draught, because he gets angry when silly Lockhart offers to do it (CS9).
- The Dugbog is particularly fond of eating Mandrakes (FB).
- Venusia Crickerly who was Headmaster of Hogwarts from 1903-1912 was killed in a mandrake-related gardening accident, probably struck dead by the cry (Pm-Ministers for Magic)
- Used by Neville and Professor Sprout during the Battle of Hogwarts as they tossed pots of screaming mandrakes over the walls onto the Death Eaters (DH31)
Ingredient in the Mandrake Restorative Draught.
mandrake = from Medieval Latin "mandragora" or "man-shaped dragon"
The real-life mandrake was once believed to have almost all the properties that Mandrakes have in the books, the main exception being that the plant only sort of looks human-shaped instead of looking like actual babies. Or maybe Muggles just can't see them...-- MLW
In the film version, Professor Sprout and Madam Pomfrey get the credit for making the potion, instead of Professor Snape (PS/f).
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What’s really at the root of addiction
To effectively treat addiction, we must identify the unmet needs at its core.
- Addiction, whether to substances or certain behaviours like gambling, is still widely viewed as a disease, and treated as such by psychiatrists.
- But this classic view ignores the fact that addiction originates in needs not satisfactorily met.
- The “cure,” therefore, must include addressing circumstances and beliefs that need to change, not just the substance use in isolation.
Primula lived at a hostel for homeless people trapped in substance misuse, where I used to offer counselling sessions. She drank bottles of strong lager to “deal with stress”, even though she hated the taste. Unable to read or write, beset with physical ailments and blessed with the kindest of hearts, she was cheated by the other residents, who showered her with phoney affection and then stole her pension money to buy drugs; or she let them bank money for her, with disastrous results. Even her own grown-up children took advantage of her.
She was 58, looked 10 years older, and started drinking at age 12, when her father advised her to take it up, to cope with the vicious beatings her mother gave her every day. She was grateful to her beloved father for that, she told me. To her, it was an act of caring.
Was her addiction a disease? That is the classical view of addiction – substance-related disorders are categorised at length in the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, and it is the cornerstone understanding of many rehabilitation programmes.
Freedom from addiction
The secret behind successful addiction busting: If you want to overcome your own addictive behaviour – whatever it is – or are interested in helping others to overcome theirs, this down-to-earth, easy-to-read book gives the clear guidance and practical steps you need to do so.
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Lotteries are a form of result hk gambling in which people place bets on numbers. These bets may be on individual numbers or a set of numbers drawn from a pool. They can be played in a variety of ways, including on the internet. In most cases, a bettor writes their name on a ticket and deposits it with the lottery organization. Then the bettor is given the chance to check their ticket and see if it has been drawn.
The origins of lottery games date back to ancient times. The Bible includes several examples of people using lotteries to determine the distribution of property. In the 17th century, it became common in England and America to organize public lotteries to raise money for schools, colleges, libraries, roads, canals, and other public projects.
In the United States, state governments operate a monopoly on lotteries. These state-owned enterprises receive all profits from lotteries, and they cannot compete with commercial lotteries or other games of chance.
As of August 2004, the forty states that operated lotteries in the United States earned $2.4 billion in revenue from lottery sales. The vast majority of these proceeds go to fund government programs, but the revenue is not sufficient to cover all expenses.
It is important to note that even though the odds of winning the lottery are incredibly slim, many people still play it. The appeal of a low-risk investment is appealing, and it can be hard to resist the urge to buy a few tickets.
The problem with lottery tickets is that they can become addictive. The same goes for other forms of gambling, such as slot machines and poker. This can have a devastating impact on players, particularly those who are not financially secure.
Lotteries can also be a source of social problems. For example, they target poorer individuals and present them with far more addictive games than they otherwise would be able to find.
They can lead to debt, and they can also make it easier for people who are struggling with addictions to win large sums of money. In addition, they can help promote other forms of gambling and addiction, such as slot machines, horse racing, and sports betting.
Some state governments are concerned that lotteries can attract problem gamblers, and they have started to regulate them or limit their operations. In some cases, the states have tried to ban certain types of games or prohibit players from purchasing multiple tickets.
In other cases, they have tried to limit the number of tickets sold and increase the amount of time between draws. The goal is to reduce the incidence of lottery fraud and abuse, which can lead to losses for a bettor.
There are a number of factors that have led to the popularity of state lotteries. These include:
The appeal of large jackpots, which can easily become newsworthy; the ability of state lotteries to entice people with prizes that grow over time; and the possibility that lottery winners will benefit from their winnings in the future by using their prize money to pay for college tuition or retirement.
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<urn:uuid:678d4ff9-58eb-45f3-91d9-8ca26e345f5a>
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://www.hvcoa.com/tag/live-hk/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100710.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208013411-20231208043411-00100.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.975999 | 627 | 2.609375 | 3 |
I.M. Pei was known for his decisive geometrical designs that brought together elegant forms and up-to-date technology
For six decades, the Chinese-American I.M. Pei was one of the most renowned architects in the world, undertaking large-scale public projects such as commercial, cultural and government buildings.
Pei was born in Suzhou, China in 1917. He moved to America aged 17 to study at University of Pennsylvania, before transferring to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in pursuit of a course with a stronger emphasis on structural engineering. He graduated with a bachelor in architecture in 1940 and then went on to study an MA at the Harvard Graduate School of Design.
While at university, Pei became interested in the work of Le Corbusier and spent much of his free time reading his writings. While at Harvard he was also taught by Bauhaus founder Walter Gropius, who had fled Germany following the rise of the Nazis.
In 1948 Pei joined the offices of the architectural firm Webb & Knapp Inc as Director of Architecture, before starting his own firm in 1955 – initially called I.M. Pei & Associates, it is now known as Pei Cobb Freed & Partners.
In over 60 years of working, Pei completed many highly presigious commissions, including the John F. Kennedy Library in Massachusetts, for which he was chosen by the president’s widow Jacqueline Kennedy. Mos famous, however, is the glass pyramid at the Louvre.
Pei’s architecture follows the modernist style, with elements inspired by the Cubist art movement. His projects feature interesting combinations of traditional principles and contemporary geometries, frequently using circles, squares and triangles.
The Louvre expansion was controversial when it was first revealed, with critics quick to point out how out of place an Egyptian symbol of death looked in the centre of Paris. Pei had been commissioned by French presdeitn François Mitterand to come up with a plan to expand the entrance of the museum while respecting its long history.
The glass pyramid he constructed acts as a new entrance, providing access to the galleries in each of the three wings, while also functioning as a skylight for the courtyard and public amenities that sit under it. Though initially met with mixed reviews, the Louvre’s glass pyramid has become a Parisian landmark.
Other important examples of his work include the Bank of China in Hong Kong, which opened in 1989, the Morton H. Meyerson Symphony Center in Dallas, Texas, and the IBM Office Complex in Somers, New York. He has also designed arts facilities and university buildings on the campuses of the MIT, the University of Rochester, Cornell University, Syracuse University, New York University and the University of Hawaii.
In the last two decades of his career, Pei undertook a series of prestigious international museums. These included the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland, the Mudam in Luxembourg City, the Museum of Islamic Art in Doha and the Macao Science Centre.
In 1983 Pei was awarded the Pritzker Architecture Prize, and before that in 1979 he was awarded the AIA Gold Medal. He was also honoured with the Praemium Imperiale for Architecture in 1989, and a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum in 2003. Pei died at aged 102 in 2019, leaving behind a vast legacy of work.
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<urn:uuid:06276ca1-fe3c-48f3-b07b-28149094f5cf>
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://www.iconeye.com/architecture/chinese-american-architect-i-m-pei-was-one-of-the-most-influential-architects-of-his-generation
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100710.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208013411-20231208043411-00100.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.972376 | 704 | 3.140625 | 3 |
A good voice is not the only thing you need to sing. You have to train your voice. Your voice needs to be matured and you need to learn some skills. One of these essential skills is sound production. To become a professional singer, you need to know more about this skill, so stay tuned.
What is sound production and why do you need it
Simply put, it improves the quality of your voice. In the exercises used in sound production, the muscles involved in the production of sound in the larynx will become strengthened. When these muscles are trained, you will have a better voice and as a result, you can be a more successful singer. In sound production, skills such as sound flexibility, muscular coordination in the sound system, and endurance and power of sound are employed. Apart from better sound, these techniques also ensure the health of your audio system. While many beginners think they do not need this exercise and their voice is good enough, it is these exercises that separate a good singer from a beginner. Why you need to have sound production skills from the beginning and before you start your professional singing:
1. It prevents the formation of wrong voice habits and as a result, the work becomes easier for you.
2. You get your original and special voice.
3. You will learn to take care of the laryngeal muscles and thus maintain sound health as the singer's first asset.
4. Increases the number of lower and higher sounds in and extends the range of sound.
5. The pronunciation of words is modified in this way.
How to learn sound production
Now that you know the importance of this technique, the important question is how you can learn it. There are two general ways to do this: Attend face-to-face or online classes. Face-to-face sound production classes are very similar to instrumental music classes. You must first find the right school for the job. In the first place, you should keep in mind that the school should not be far from your home. This will increase your costs, as well as increase travel time, which will make it difficult for employees or students to attend classes. Sound production is a very special class and you may not be able to find it in your hometown. Especially if you live in small towns. This lack of classes makes it impossible for you to choose your teacher very easily and be limited to the same professors available to you. As the name implies, your attendance at these classes is essential, and if you have a busy schedule, you may not be able to coordinate your schedules and miss class. However, do not worry, there is another class for you and that is online classes.
Online sound production in Inavaz
In the Inavaz group, we have made the educational conditions much easier for those who are interested in singing by holding online sound production classes. Our online classes are very similar to face-to-face classes. The tutorials are exactly the same and use the same methods. Even online classroom teachers are the same as face-to-face classroom teachers. The only difference is that you do not need to move to participate in them and you can attend these classes from home and from wherever you want. This helps students and employees to have no problems attending classes and to be able to easily complete their training from beginner to advanced. Because you do not need to relocate, your class attendance costs will be reduced. You also do not have to live in a big city and you can enroll in our sound classes from any city. Classes are held on Inavaz's private platform. You can interact with your teacher during the session, ask questions and receive your training. Finally, you will be provided with a recorded video of the class that you can practice with until the next session. You can choose the teacher you want through this site based on the resume and the cost of the class. The first session is held for free and in it, you can get acquainted with how the teacher teaches and decide to continue the class. The cost of online classes is also much more appropriate than face-to-face classes due to the conditions of them.
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<urn:uuid:dd6ddfc1-faeb-4868-852b-26837cfcf7be>
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://www.inavaz.com/en/music/singing/making-sound/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100710.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208013411-20231208043411-00100.warc.gz
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en
| 0.967517 | 842 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Antarctica's Emperor Penguins Face Extinction With No Breeding Ground. Thanks To Global Warming
The future of Emperor Penguins, the largest penguin species in the world is looking increasingly bleak after it emerged that thousands of chicks might have been drowned in the sea after their breeding ground collapsed.
A new study has found that Halley Bay colony in the Weddell Sea which is said to be the second-largest colony of emperor penguins collapsed in 2016, killing more than 10,000 chicks.
What is even worse is that the and the population has not recovered since as virtually no hatching has been reported from there in the next three years.
According to researchers from the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) the Halley Bay colony was the second largest in the world, with the number of breeding pairs varying each year between 14,000 – 25,000; around 5-9% of the global emperor penguin population is all but destroyed.
They have found that the failure to raise chicks for three consecutive years is associated with changes in the local sea-ice conditions as Emperor penguins need stable sea-ice on which to breed, and this icy platform must last from April when the birds arrive, until December when their chicks fledge.
After analyzing satellite images the researchers have found that in 2016, after a period of abnormally stormy weather, the sea-ice broke up in October, well before any emperor chicks would have fledged.
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<urn:uuid:b4bbde76-7ebd-439f-8180-a86d7bbcd8c8>
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://www.indiatimes.com/news/world/antarctica-s-emperor-penguins-face-extinction-with-no-breeding-ground-thanks-to-global-warming-366124.html
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100710.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208013411-20231208043411-00100.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.963754 | 296 | 3.234375 | 3 |
A time-of-flight mass spectrometer with a pulsed electron beam, delayed and pulsed extraction of the recoil ion is reported. This new technique is named as Delayed Extraction Time of Flight Mass Spectrometer (DEToF). The effectiveness of this technique is highlighted by studying the statistical decay of mono-cations over microsecond timescales from large molecules. Various details of the design and operation are performed in the context of electron impact ionization and fragmentation of few PAHs, naphthalene ( C 10 H 8 ), quinoline ( C 9 H 8 N ) and it isomer Isoquinoline ( C 9 H 8 N ) and are used as a test bench mark for large molecules fragmentation dynamics using DEToF. In this chapter we discuss the fragmentation dynamics of Naphthalene molecule and time evolution of various fragmentation channels of these PAH, explored using a rapid but delayed extraction of recoil ions. The temporal behavior of acetylene ( C 2 H 2 ), HCN, diacetylene ( C 4 H 2 ) and C 2 H 2 +HCN loss are observed and compared with the associated Arrhenius decay constant, internal energy and plasmon excitation energy.
Part of the book: Mass Spectrometry
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<urn:uuid:25ab7807-0097-4724-991e-f9a7c32114fc>
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://www.intechopen.com/profiles/287848
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100710.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208013411-20231208043411-00100.warc.gz
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en
| 0.879746 | 260 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Humans didn’t evolve to live in cold — our survival is a lesson in ingenuity
Humans are a tropical species. We have lived in warm climates for most of our evolutionary history, which might explain why so many of us spend winter huddled under a blanket, clutching a hot water bottle, and dreaming of summer.
Indeed all living apes are found in the tropics. The oldest known fossils from the human lineage (hominins) come from central and eastern Africa. The hominins who dispersed northwards into higher latitudes had to deal with, for the first time, freezing temperatures, shorter days that limited foraging time, snow that made hunting more difficult, and an icy wind chill that exacerbated heat loss from their bodies.
Given our limited adaptation to the cold, why is it that our species has come to dominate not only our warm ancestral lands but every part of the globe? The answer lies in our ability to develop intricate cultural solutions to the challenges of life.
The earliest signs of hominins living in northern Europe are from Happisburgh in Norfolk, eastern England, where 900,000-year-old footprints and stone tools have been found. At that time, Happisburgh was dominated by coniferous forests with cold winters, similar to southern Scandinavia today. There is little evidence the Happisburgh hominins stayed at the site for long, which suggests they didn’t have time to adapt physically.
It’s still a bit of a mystery how these hominins survived the tough conditions that were so different from their ancestral African homelands. There are no caves in the region nor evidence of shelters. Artifacts from Happisburgh are simple, suggesting no complex technology.
Evidence for deliberate campfires at this time is contentious. Tools for tailoring fitted, weather-proof clothes didn’t appear in western Europe until almost 850,000 years later. Many animals migrate to avoid seasonal colds, but the Happisburgh hominins would have had to travel about 800km south to make a meaningful difference.
It’s hard to imagine hominins surviving those ancient Norfolk winters without fire or warm clothing. Yet the fact the hominins were so far north means they must have found a way to survive the cold, so who knows what archaeologists will find in the future.
The Boxgrove hunters
Sites from more recent settlements, such as Boxgrove in West Sussex, southern England, offer more clues about how ancient hominins survived northern climates. The Boxgrove site dates to nearly 500,000 years ago when the climate deteriorated towards one of the coldest periods in human history.
There is good evidence these hominins hunted animals, from cut marks on bones to a horse shoulder blade probably pierced by a wooden spear. These finds fit with studies of people who live as foragers today, which show people in colder regions depend on animal prey more than their warm climate counterparts. Meat is rich in the calories and fats needed to weather the cold.
A fossilized hominin shin bone from Boxgrove is robust compared to living humans, suggesting it belonged to a tall, stocky hominin. Larger bodies with relatively short limbs reduce heat loss by minimizing surface area.
The best silhouette for avoiding heat loss is a sphere, so animals and humans in cold climates get as close to that shape as possible. There is also clearer evidence for campfires by this period.
Cold climate specialists
The Neanderthals, who lived in Eurasia about 400,000-40,000 years ago, inhabited glacial climates. Compared to their predecessors in Africa and to us, they had short, strong limbs and wide, muscular bodies suited to producing and retaining heat.
Yet the Neanderthal protruding face and beaky nose are the opposite of what we might expect to be adaptive in an ice age. Like Japanese macaques living in cold areas and lab rats raised in cold conditions, living humans from cold climates tend to have relatively high, narrow noses and broad, flat cheekbones.
Computer modeling of ancient skeletons suggests Neanderthal noses were more efficient than those of earlier, warm-adapted species at conserving heat and moisture. It seems the internal structure is as important as the overall nose size.
Even with their cold-adapted physique, Neanderthals were still hostage to their tropical ancestry. For example, they lacked the thick fur of other mammals in glacial Europe, such as woolly rhinos and musk oxen. Instead, Neanderthals developed complex cultures to cope.
There is archaeological evidence they made clothes and shelters from animal skins. Evidence of cooking and the use of fire to make birch pitch glue for the manufacture of tools show sophisticated Neanderthal control of fire.
More controversially, some archaeologists say early Neanderthal bones from the 400,000-year-old site of Sima de Los Huesos in northern Spain show seasonal damage from slowing down their metabolisms to hibernate. The authors argue these bones show cycles of interrupted growth and healing.
This might give you the idea that humans can hibernate too. But most species that hibernate have small bodies, with some exceptions like bears. Humans may be too big to hibernate.
Jack of all trades
The earliest fossils in the Homo sapiens lineage date from 300,000 years ago, from Morocco. But we didn’t spread out of Africa until about 60,000 years ago, colonizing all parts of the globe. This makes us relative newcomers in most habitats we now inhabit. Over the intervening thousands of years, people living in freezing cold places have adapted biologically to their environment but on a small scale.
One well-known example of this adaptation is that in areas with low sunlight, Homo sapiens developed light skin tones, which are better at synthesizing vitamin D. The genomes of living Inuit people from Greenland demonstrate physiological adaptation to a fat-rich marine diet, beneficial in the cold.
More direct evidence comes from DNA from a single 4,000-year-old permafrost-preserved hair from Greenland. The hair hints at genetic changes that led to a stocky body shape that maximized heat production and retention; like the hominin, we only have one shin bone from the Boxgrove site.
Our tropical legacy means we would still be unable to live in cold places without developing ways of coping with the temperatures. Take, for example, the traditional Inuit parka, which provides better insulation than the modern Canadian army winter uniform.
This human ability to adapt behaviourally was crucial to our evolutionary success. Even compared to other primates, humans show less physical climatic adaptation. Behavioral adaptation is quicker and more flexible than biological adaptation. Humans are the ultimate adapters, thriving in nearly every possible ecological niche.
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<urn:uuid:6481e93d-6604-4e09-9d29-70cfc33b662f>
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://www.inverse.com/science/human-evolution-cold
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100710.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208013411-20231208043411-00100.warc.gz
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en
| 0.945502 | 1,397 | 4.0625 | 4 |
Putting a Price Tag On Your Health
We hear over and over again how important it is to maintain a healthy lifestyle. But being healthy for its own sake isn't easy—especially when you're facing down temptation or battling procrastination. For some, the monetary benefits of a healthy lifestyle may offer helpful incentives.
Being healthy not only makes you feel good, but it may also help you financially. For example, one study found a steep increase in annual medical expenditures for individuals whose Body Mass Index was above 30.1
If you're wondering how your health habits might be affecting your bottom line, consider the following:
- Regular preventative care can help reduce potential healthcare costs. Even minor illnesses can lead to missed work, missed opportunities, and potentially lost wages. Serious illnesses often involve major costs like hospital stays, medical equipment, and doctor's fees.
- Individuals can lower dental costs by receiving regular checkups and performing basic preventative care.2
- When poor health persists over time, lost earnings may make it harder to save for retirement.
- Some habits that lead to poor health can be expensive in themselves. Smoking is a classic example. Smokers also pay higher premiums for health care and life insurance, and their houses, cars, and other possessions tend to devalue at a quicker rate because of damage from smoking. The total economic cost of smoking is more than $600 billion a year, including nearly $240 billion in direct medical care for adults.3
- Obesity is another expensive condition that affects many Americans. In fact, obese adults spend $1,861 more per year on direct healthcare costs than adults with a healthy weight.4
By focusing on your health, eliminating harmful habits, and employing preventative care, you may be able to improve your self-confidence and quality of life. You may also be able to reduce expenses, enjoy more of your money, and boost your overall financial health.
1. Journals.org, 2023. "Association of body mass index with health care expenditures," landmark study first published in 2021
2. NIH. gov, 2023. "The impact of underutilization of preventive dental care by adult Medicaid participants," landmark study first published in 2022
3. CDC.gov, 2023
4. CDC.gov, 2023
The content is developed from sources believed to be providing accurate information. The information in this material is not intended as tax or legal advice. It may not be used for the purpose of avoiding any federal tax penalties. Please consult legal or tax professionals for specific information regarding your individual situation. This material was developed and produced by FMG Suite to provide information on a topic that may be of interest. FMG Suite is not affiliated with the named broker-dealer, state- or SEC-registered investment advisory firm. The opinions expressed and material provided are for general information, and should not be considered a solicitation for the purchase or sale of any security. Copyright FMG Suite.
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<urn:uuid:b453e1e7-5bab-4141-9163-b640bb9fec14>
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://www.johnhowells.com/resource-center/lifestyle/putting-a-price-tag-on-your-health
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100710.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208013411-20231208043411-00100.warc.gz
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en
| 0.948833 | 604 | 2.828125 | 3 |
The Bahamas (/ /ⓘ bə-HAH-məz), officially the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, is an island country within the Lucayan Archipelago of the West Indies in the North Atlantic. It contains 97% of the Lucayan Archipelago's land area and 88% of its population. The archipelagic state consists of more than 3,000 islands, cays, and islets in the Atlantic Ocean, and is located north of Cuba and northwest of the island of Hispaniola (split between the Dominican Republic and Haiti) and the Turks and Caicos Islands, southeast of the U.S. state of Florida, and east of the Florida Keys. The capital is Nassau on the island of New Providence. The Royal Bahamas Defence Force describes The Bahamas' territory as encompassing 470,000 km2 (180,000 sq mi) of ocean space.
Commonwealth of The Bahamas
|Motto: "Forward, Upward, Onward, Together"|
|Anthem: "March On, Bahamaland"|
and largest city
|Vernacular language||Bahamian Creole|
|Ethnic groups |
|Government||Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy|
|Cynthia A. Pratt|
|House of Assembly|
from the United Kingdom
|10 July 1973|
|13,943 km2 (5,383 sq mi) (155th)|
• Water (%)
• 2022 census
|25.21/km2 (65.3/sq mi) (181st)|
|GDP (PPP)||2023 estimate|
|$18.146 billion (153rd)|
• Per capita
|GDP (nominal)||2023 estimate|
|$13.876 billion (146th)|
• Per capita
|HDI (2019)|| 0.814|
very high · 58th
|Currency||Bahamian dollar (BSD) United States dollar (USD)|
|Time zone||UTC−5 (EST)|
• Summer (DST)
|Calling code||+1 242|
|ISO 3166 code||BS|
The Bahama islands were inhabited by the Arawak and Lucayans, a branch of the Arawakan-speaking Taíno, for many centuries. Christopher Columbus was the first European to see the islands, making his first landfall in the "New World" in 1492 when he landed on the island of San Salvador. Later, the Spanish shipped the native Lucayans to Hispaniola and enslaved them there, after which the Bahama islands were mostly deserted from 1513 until 1648, nearly all native Bahamians having been forcibly removed for enslavement or having died of diseases that Europeans brought with them from Europe. In 1649, English colonists from Bermuda, known as the Eleutheran Adventurers, settled on the island of Eleuthera.
The Bahamas became a British crown colony in 1718, when the British clamped down on piracy. After the American Revolutionary War, the Crown resettled thousands of American Loyalists to the Bahamas; they took enslaved people with them and established plantations on land grants. Enslaved Africans and their descendants constituted the majority of the population from this period on. The slave trade was abolished by the British in 1807; slavery in the Bahamas was abolished in 1834. Subsequently, The Bahamas became a haven for freed African slaves. Africans liberated from illegal slave ships were resettled on the islands by the Royal Navy, while some North American slaves and Seminoles escaped to The Bahamas from Florida. Bahamians were even known to recognise the freedom of enslaved people carried by the ships of other nations which reached The Bahamas. Today Black-Bahamians make up 90% of the population of 400,516.
The country gained governmental independence in 1973, led by Sir Lynden O. Pindling. Charles III is currently its monarch. The Bahamas has the third-largest gross domestic product per capita in the Americas, after the United States and Canada. Its economy is based on tourism and offshore finance.
The name Bahamas is derived from the Lucayan name Bahama ('large upper middle island'), used by the indigenous Taíno people for the island of Grand Bahama. Tourist guides often state that the name comes from the Spanish baja mar ('shallow sea'). Wolfgang Ahrens of York University argues that this is a folk etymology. Alternatively, it may originate from Guanahani, a local name of unclear meaning.
First attested on the c. 1523 Turin Map, Bahama originally referred to Grand Bahama alone but was used inclusively in English by 1670. Toponymist Isaac Taylor argues that the name was derived from Bimani (Bimini), which Spaniards in Haiti identified with Palombe, a legendary place where John Mandeville's Travels said there was a fountain of youth.
The first inhabitants of the Bahamas were the Taino people, who moved into the uninhabited southern islands from Hispaniola and Cuba around the 800s–1000s AD, having migrated there from South America; they came to be known as the Lucayan people. An estimated 30,000 Lucayans inhabited the Bahamas at the time of Christopher Columbus's arrival in 1492.
Columbus's first landfall in what was to Europeans a "New World" was on an island he named San Salvador (known to the Lucayans as Guanahani). Whilst there is a general consensus that this island lay within the Bahamas, precisely which island Columbus landed on is a matter of scholarly debate. Some researchers believe the site to be present-day San Salvador Island (formerly known as Watling's Island), situated in the southeastern Bahamas, whilst an alternative theory holds that Columbus landed to the southeast on Samana Cay, according to calculations made in 1986 by National Geographic writer and editor Joseph Judge, based on Columbus's log. On the landfall island, Columbus made first contact with the Lucayans and exchanged goods with them, claiming the islands for the Crown of Castile, before proceeding to explore the larger isles of the Greater Antilles.
The 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas theoretically divided the new territories between the Kingdom of Castile and the Kingdom of Portugal, placing the Bahamas in the Spanish sphere; however they did little to press their claim on the ground. The Spanish did however exploit the native Lucayan peoples, many of whom were enslaved and sent to Hispaniola for use as forced labour. The slaves suffered harsh conditions and most died from contracting diseases to which they had no immunity; half of the Taino died from smallpox alone. As a result of these depredations the population of the Bahamas was severely diminished.
The English had expressed an interest in the Bahamas as early as 1629. However, it was not until 1648 that the first English settlers arrived on the islands. Known as the Eleutherian Adventurers and led by William Sayle, they migrated from Bermuda seeking greater religious freedom. These English Puritans established the first permanent European settlement on an island which they named Eleuthera, Greek for free. They later settled New Providence, naming it Sayle's Island. Life proved harder than envisaged however, and many – including Sayle – chose to return to Bermuda. To survive, the remaining settlers salvaged goods from wrecks.
In 1670, King Charles II granted the islands to the Lords Proprietors of the Carolinas in North America. They rented the islands from the king with rights of trading, tax, appointing governors, and administering the country from their base on New Providence. Piracy and attacks from hostile foreign powers were a constant threat. In 1684, Spanish corsair Juan de Alcon raided the capital Charles Town (later renamed Nassau), and in 1703, a joint Franco-Spanish expedition briefly occupied Nassau during the War of the Spanish Succession.
During proprietary rule, the Bahamas became a haven for pirates, including Blackbeard (circa 1680–1718). To put an end to the "Pirates' republic" and restore orderly government, Britain made the Bahamas a crown colony in 1718, which they dubbed "the Bahama islands" under the governorship of Woodes Rogers. After a difficult struggle, he succeeded in suppressing piracy. In 1720, the Spanish attacked Nassau during the War of the Quadruple Alliance. In 1729, a local assembly was established giving a degree of self-governance for British settlers. The reforms had been planned by the previous Governor George Phenney and authorised in July 1728.
During the American War of Independence in the late 18th century, the islands became a target for US naval forces. Under the command of Commodore Esek Hopkins, US Marines, the US Navy occupied Nassau in 1776, before being evacuated a few days later. In 1782 a Spanish fleet appeared off the coast of Nassau, and the city surrendered without a fight. Later, in April 1783, on a visit made by Prince William of the United Kingdom (later to become King William IV) to Luis de Unzaga at his residence in the Captaincy General of Havana, they made prisoner exchange agreements and also dealt with the preliminaries of the Treaty of Paris (1783), in which the recently conquered Bahamas would be exchanged for East Florida, which would still have to conquer the city of St. Augustine, Florida in 1784 by order of Luis de Unzaga; after that, also in 1784, the Bahamas would be declared a British colony.
After US independence, the British resettled some 7,300 Loyalists with their African slaves in the Bahamas, including 2,000 from New York and at least 1,033 European, 2,214 African descendants and a few Native American Creeks from East Florida. Most of the refugees resettled from New York had fled from other colonies, including West Florida, which the Spanish captured during the war. The government granted land to the planters to help compensate for losses on the continent. These Loyalists, who included Deveaux and also Lord Dunmore, established plantations on several islands and became a political force in the capital. European Americans were outnumbered by the African-American slaves they brought with them, and ethnic Europeans remained a minority in the territory.
The Slave Trade Act 1807 abolished slave trading to British possessions, including the Bahamas. The United Kingdom pressured other slave-trading countries to also abolish slave-trading, and gave the Royal Navy the right to intercept ships carrying slaves on the high seas. Thousands of Africans liberated from slave ships by the Royal Navy were resettled in the Bahamas.
In the 1820s during the period of the Seminole Wars in Florida, hundreds of North American slaves and African Seminoles escaped from Cape Florida to the Bahamas. They settled mostly on northwest Andros Island, where they developed the village of Red Bays. From eyewitness accounts, 300 escaped in a mass flight in 1823, aided by Bahamians in 27 sloops, with others using canoes for the journey. This was commemorated in 2004 by a large sign at Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park. Some of their descendants in Red Bays continue African Seminole traditions in basket making and grave marking.
In 1818, the Home Office in London had ruled that "any slave brought to the Bahamas from outside the British West Indies would be manumitted." This led to a total of nearly 300 enslaved people owned by US nationals being freed from 1830 to 1835. The American slave ships Comet and Encomium used in the United States domestic coastwise slave trade, were wrecked off Abaco Island in December 1830 and February 1834, respectively. When wreckers took the masters, passengers and slaves into Nassau, customs officers seized the slaves and British colonial officials freed them, over the protests of the Americans. There were 165 slaves on the Comet and 48 on the Encomium. The United Kingdom finally paid an indemnity to the United States in those two cases in 1855, under the Treaty of Claims of 1853, which settled several compensation cases between the two countries.
Slavery was abolished in the British Empire on 1 August 1834. After that British colonial officials freed 78 North American slaves from the Enterprise, which went into Bermuda in 1835; and 38 from the Hermosa, which wrecked off Abaco Island in 1840. The most notable case was that of the Creole in 1841: as a result of a slave revolt on board, the leaders ordered the US brig to Nassau. It was carrying 135 slaves from Virginia destined for sale in New Orleans. The Bahamian officials freed the 128 slaves who chose to stay in the islands. The Creole case has been described as the "most successful slave revolt in U.S. history".
These incidents, in which a total of 447 enslaved people belonging to US nationals were freed from 1830 to 1842, increased tension between the United States and the United Kingdom. They had been co-operating in patrols to suppress the international slave trade. However, worried about the stability of its large domestic slave trade and its value, the United States argued that the United Kingdom should not treat its domestic ships that came to its colonial ports under duress as part of the international trade. The United States worried that the success of the Creole slaves in gaining freedom would encourage more slave revolts on merchant ships.
The early decades of the 20th century were ones of hardship for many Bahamians, characterised by a stagnant economy and widespread poverty. Many eked out a living via subsistence agriculture or fishing.
In August 1940, the Duke of Windsor (formerly King Edward VIII) was appointed Governor of the Bahamas. He arrived in the colony with his wife. Although disheartened at the condition of Government House, they "tried to make the best of a bad situation". He did not enjoy the position, and referred to the islands as "a third-class British colony". He opened the small local parliament on 29 October 1940. The couple visited the "Out Islands" that November, on Axel Wenner-Gren's yacht, which caused controversy; the British Foreign Office strenuously objected because they had been advised by United States intelligence that Wenner-Gren was a close friend of the Luftwaffe commander Hermann Göring of Nazi Germany.
The Duke was praised at the time for his efforts to combat poverty on the islands. A 1991 biography by Philip Ziegler, however, described him as contemptuous of the Bahamians and other non-European peoples of the Empire. He was praised for his resolution of civil unrest over low wages in Nassau in June 1942, when there was a "full-scale riot". Ziegler said that the Duke blamed the trouble on "mischief makers – communists" and "men of Central European Jewish descent, who had secured jobs as a pretext for obtaining a deferment of draft". The Duke resigned from the post on 16 March 1945.
Modern political development began after the Second World War. The first political parties were formed in the 1950s, split broadly along ethnic lines, with the United Bahamian Party (UBP) representing the English-descended Bahamians (known informally as the "Bay Street Boys") and the Progressive Liberal Party (PLP) representing the Black-Bahamian majority.
A new constitution granting the Bahamas internal autonomy went into effect on 7 January 1964, with Chief Minister Sir Roland Symonette of the UBP becoming the first Premier.: p.73 In 1967, Lynden Pindling of the PLP became the first black Premier of the Bahamian colony; in 1968, the title of the position was changed to Prime Minister. In 1968, Pindling announced that the Bahamas would seek full independence. A new constitution giving the Bahamas increased control over its own affairs was adopted in 1968. In 1971, the UBP merged with a disaffected faction of the PLP to form a new party, the Free National Movement (FNM), a centre-right party which aimed to counter the growing power of Pindling's PLP.
The United Kingdom Government gave the Bahamas its independence by an Order in Council dated 20 June 1973. The Order came into force on 10 July 1973, on which date Prince Charles delivered the official documents to Prime Minister Lynden Pindling. This date is now celebrated as the country's Independence Day. It joined the Commonwealth of Nations on the same day. Sir Milo Butler was appointed the first governor-general of The Bahamas (the official representative of Queen Elizabeth II) shortly after independence.
Politically, the first two decades were dominated by Pindling's PLP, who went on to win a string of electoral victories. Allegations of corruption, links with drug cartels and financial malfeasance within the Bahamian government failed to dent Pindling's popularity. Meanwhile, the economy underwent a dramatic growth period fuelled by the twin pillars of tourism and offshore finance, significantly raising the standard of living on the islands. The Bahamas' booming economy led to it becoming a beacon for immigrants, most notably from Haiti.
In 1992, Pindling was unseated by Hubert Ingraham of the FNM.: p.78 Ingraham went on to win the 1997 Bahamian general election, before being defeated in 2002, when the PLP returned to power under Perry Christie.: p.82 Ingraham returned to power from 2007 to 2012, followed by Christie again from 2012 to 2017. With economic growth faltering, Bahamians re-elected the FNM in 2017, with Hubert Minnis becoming the fourth prime minister.
In September 2019, Hurricane Dorian struck the Abaco Islands and Grand Bahama at Category 5 intensity, devastating the northwestern Bahamas. The storm inflicted at least US$7 billion in damages and killed more than 50 people, with 1,300 people missing after two weeks.
In September 2021, the ruling Free National Movement lost to the opposition Progressive Liberal Party in a snap election, as the economy struggled to recover from its deepest crash since at least 1971. On 17 September 2021, the chairman of the Progressive Liberal Party (PLP) Phillip "Brave" Davis was sworn in as the new Prime Minister of Bahamas to succeed Hubert Minnis.
The landmass that makes up what is the modern-day Bahamas, lies at the northern part of the Greater Antilles region and was believed to have been formed 200 million years ago when they began to separate from the supercontinent Pangaea. The Pleistocene Ice Age around 3 million years ago, had a profound impact on the archipelago's formation.
The Bahamas consists of a chain of islands spread out over some 800 km (500 mi) in the Atlantic Ocean, located to the east of Florida in the United States, north of Cuba and Hispaniola and west of the British Overseas Territory of the Turks and Caicos Islands (with which it forms the Lucayan archipelago). It lies between latitudes 20° and 28°N, and longitudes 72° and 80°W and straddles the Tropic of Cancer. There are some 700 islands and 2,400 cays in total (of which 30 are inhabited) with a total land area of 10,010 km2 (3,860 sq mi).
Nassau, capital city of The Bahamas, lies on the island of New Providence; the other main inhabited islands are Grand Bahama, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Rum Cay, Long Island, San Salvador Island, Ragged Island, Acklins, Crooked Island, Exuma, Berry Islands, Mayaguana, the Bimini islands, Great Abaco and Great Inagua. The largest island is Andros.
All the islands are low and flat, with ridges that usually rise no more than 15 to 20 m (49 to 66 ft). The highest point in the country is Mount Alvernia (formerly Como Hill) on Cat Island at 64 m (210 ft).
The country contains three terrestrial ecoregions: Bahamian dry forests, Bahamian pine mosaic, and Bahamian mangroves. It had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 7.35/10, ranking it 44th globally out of 172 countries.
According to the Köppen climate classification, the climate of The Bahamas is mostly tropical savannah climate or Aw, with a hot and wet season and a warm and dry season. The low latitude, warm tropical Gulf Stream, and low elevation give The Bahamas a warm and winterless climate.
As with most tropical climates, seasonal rainfall follows the sun, and summer is the wettest season. There is only a 7 °C (13 °F) difference between the warmest month and coolest month in most of the Bahama islands. Every few decades low temperatures can fall below 10 °C (50 °F) for a few hours when a severe cold outbreak comes down from the North American mainland, however there has never been a frost or freeze recorded in the Bahamian Islands. Only once in recorded history has snow been seen in the air anywhere in The Bahamas. This occurred in Freeport on 19 January 1977, when snow mixed with rain was seen in the air for a short time. The Bahamas are often sunny and dry for long periods of time, and average more than 3,000 hours or 340 days of sunlight annually. Much of the natural vegetation is tropical scrub and cactus and succulents are common in landscapes.
Tropical storms and hurricanes occasionally impact The Bahamas. In 1992, Hurricane Andrew passed over the northern portions of the islands, and Hurricane Floyd passed near the eastern portions of the islands in 1999. Hurricane Dorian of 2019 passed over the archipelago at destructive Category 5 strength with sustained winds of 298 km/h (185 mph) and wind gusts up to 350 km/h (220 mph), becoming the strongest tropical cyclone on record to impact the northwestern islands of Grand Bahama and Great Abaco.
It was generally believed that the Bahamas were formed in approximately 200 million years ago, when Pangaea started to break apart. In current times, it endures as an archipelago containing over 700 islands and cays, fringed around different coral reefs. The limestone that comprises the Banks has been accumulating since at least the Cretaceous period, and perhaps as early as the Jurassic; today the total thickness under the Great Bahama Bank is over 4.5 kilometres (2.8 miles). As the limestone was deposited in shallow water, the only way to explain this massive column is to estimate that the entire platform has subsided under its own weight at a rate of roughly 3.6 centimetres (2 inches) per 1,000 years. The Bahamas is part of the Lucayan Archipelago, which continues into the Turks and Caicos Islands, the Mouchoir Bank, the Silver Bank, and the Navidad Bank. The Bahamas Platform, which includes The Bahamas, Southern Florida, Northern Cuba, the Turks and Caicos, and the Blake Plateau, formed about 150 Ma, not long after the formation of the North Atlantic. The 6.4 km (4.0 mi) thick limestones, which predominate in The Bahamas, date back to the Cretaceous. These limestones would have been deposited in shallow seas, assumed to be a stretched and thinned portion of the North American continental crust. Sediments were forming at about the same rate as the crust below was sinking due to the added weight. Thus, the entire area consisted of a large marine plain with some islands. Then, at about 80 Ma, the area became flooded by the Gulf Stream. This resulted in the drowning of the Blake Plateau, the separation of The Bahamas from Cuba and Florida, the separation of the southeastern Bahamas into separate banks, the creation of the Cay Sal Bank, plus the Little and Great Bahama Banks. Sedimentation from the "carbonate factory" of each bank, or atoll, continues today at the rate of about 20 mm (0.79 in) per kyr. Coral reefs form the "retaining walls" of these atolls, within which oolites and pellets form.
Coral growth was greater through the Tertiary, until the start of the ice ages, and hence those deposits are more abundant below a depth of 36 m (118 ft). In fact, an ancient extinct reef exists half a kilometre seaward of the present one, 30 m (98 ft) below sea level. Oolites form when oceanic water penetrate the shallow banks, increasing the temperature about 3 °C (5.4 °F) and the salinity by 0.5 per cent. Cemented ooids are referred to as grapestone. Additionally, giant stromatolites are found off the Exuma Cays.: 22, 29–30
Sea level changes resulted in a drop in sea level, causing wind blown oolite to form sand dunes with distinct cross-bedding. Overlapping dunes form oolitic ridges, which become rapidly lithified through the action of rainwater, called eolianite. Most islands have ridges ranging from 30 to 45 m (98 to 148 ft), though Cat Island has a ridge 60 m (200 ft) in height. The land between ridges is conducive to the formation of lakes and swamps.: 41–59, 61–64
Solution weathering of the limestone results in a "Bahamian Karst" topography. This includes potholes, blue holes such as Dean's Blue Hole, sinkholes, beachrock such as the Bimini Road ("pavements of Atlantis"), limestone crust, caves due to the lack of rivers, and sea caves. Several blue holes are aligned along the South Andros Fault line. Tidal flats and tidal creeks are common, but the more impressive drainage patterns are formed by troughs and canyons such as Great Bahama Canyon with the evidence of turbidity currents and turbidite deposition.: 33–40, 65, 72–84, 86
The stratigraphy of the islands consists of the Middle Pleistocene Owl's Hole Formation, overlain by the Late Pleistocene Grotto Beach Formation, and then the Holocene Rice Bay Formation. However, these units are not necessarily stacked on top of each other but can be located laterally. The oldest formation, Owl's Hole, is capped by a terra rosa paleosoil, as is the Grotto Beach, unless eroded. The Grotto Beach Formation is the most widespread.
The Bahamas is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy, with King of the Bahamas Charles III as head of state represented locally by a governor-general. Political and legal traditions closely follow those of England and the Westminster system. The Bahamas is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations and shares its head of state with some other Commonwealth realms.
The prime minister is the head of government and is the leader of the party with the most seats in the House of Assembly. Executive power is exercised by the Cabinet, selected by the prime minister and drawn from his supporters in the House of Assembly. The current governor-general is Cynthia A. Pratt, and the current prime minister is The Hon. Philip Davis MP.
Legislative power is vested in a bicameral parliament, which consists of a 38-member House of Assembly (the lower house), with members elected from single-member districts, and a 16-member Senate, with members appointed by the governor-general, including nine on the advice of the Prime Minister, four on the advice of the leader of His Majesty's Loyal Opposition, and three on the advice of the prime minister after consultation with the Leader of the Opposition. As under the Westminster system, the prime minister may dissolve Parliament and call a general election at any time within a five-year term.
Constitutional safeguards include freedom of speech, press, worship, movement and association. The Judiciary of the Bahamas is independent of the executive and the legislature. Jurisprudence is based on English law.
The Bahamas has a two-party system dominated by the centre-left Progressive Liberal Party and the centre-right Free National Movement. A handful of other political parties have been unable to win election to parliament; these have included the Bahamas Democratic Movement, the Coalition for Democratic Reform, Bahamian Nationalist Party and the Democratic National Alliance. There has been a growing republican movement in the Bahamas, particularly since the death of Elizabeth II, with a majority now supporting an elected head of state according to an opinion poll.
The Bahamas has strong bilateral relationships with the United States and the United Kingdom, represented by an ambassador in Washington and High Commissioner in London. The Bahamas also associates closely with other nations of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM).
The embassy of the United States in Nassau donated $3.6 million to the Minister for Disaster Preparedness, Management, and Reconstruction for modular shelters, medical evacuation boats, and construction materials. The donation was made two weeks after the one-year anniversary of Hurricane Dorian.
The Bahamian military is the Royal Bahamas Defence Force (RBDF), the navy of The Bahamas which includes a land unit called Commando Squadron (Regiment) and an Air Wing (Air Force). Under the Defence Act, the RBDF has been mandated, in the name of the King, to defend The Bahamas, protect its territorial integrity, patrol its waters, provide assistance and relief in times of disaster, maintain order in conjunction with the law enforcement agencies of The Bahamas, and carry out any such duties as determined by the National Security Council. The Defence Force is also a member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM)'s Regional Security Task Force.
The RBDF came into existence on 31 March 1980. Its duties include defending The Bahamas, stopping drug smuggling, illegal immigration and poaching, and providing assistance to mariners. The Defence Force has a fleet of 26 coastal and inshore patrol craft along with 3 aircraft and over 1,100 personnel including 65 officers and 74 women.
The districts of The Bahamas provide a system of local government everywhere except New Providence (which holds 70 per cent of the national population), whose affairs are handled directly by the central government. In 1996, the Bahamian Parliament passed the "Local Government Act" to facilitate the establishment of family island administrators, local government districts, local district councillors and local town committees for the various island communities. The overall goal of this act is to allow the various elected leaders to govern and oversee the affairs of their respective districts without the interference of the central government. In total, there are 32 districts, with elections being held every five years. There are 110 councillors and 281 town committee members elected to represent the various districts.
Each councillor or town committee member is responsible for the proper use of public funds for the maintenance and development of their constituency.
The districts other than New Providence are:
The Bahamas relies heavily on tourism to generate most of its economic activity. Tourism as an industry accounts for about 70% of the Bahamian GDP and provides jobs for about half of the country's workforce. The Bahamas attracted 5.8 million visitors in 2012, more than 70% of whom were cruise visitors.
After tourism, the next most important economic sector is banking and offshore international financial services, accounting for some 15% of GDP. It was revealed in the Panama Papers that The Bahamas is the jurisdiction with the most offshore entities or companies in the world.
The economy has a very competitive tax regime (classified by some as a tax haven). The government derives its revenue from import tariffs, VAT, licence fees, property and stamp taxes, but there is no income tax, corporate tax, capital gains tax, or wealth tax. Payroll taxes fund social insurance benefits and amount to 3.9% paid by the employee and 5.9% paid by the employer. In 2010, overall tax revenue as a percentage of GDP was 17.2%.
Agriculture and manufacturing form the third largest sector of the Bahamian economy, representing 5–7% of total GDP. An estimated 80% of the Bahamian food supply is imported. Major crops include onions, okra, tomatoes, oranges, grapefruit, cucumbers, sugar cane, lemons, limes, and sweet potatoes.
Access to biocapacity in the Bahamas is much higher than world average. In 2016, the Bahamas had 9.2 global hectares of biocapacity per person within its territory, much more than the world average of 1.6 global hectares per person. In 2016 the Bahamas used 3.7 global hectares of biocapacity per person - their ecological footprint of consumption. This means they use less biocapacity than the Bahamas contains. As a result, the Bahamas is running a biocapacity reserve.
The Bahamas contains about 1,620 km (1,010 mi) of paved roads. Inter-island transport is conducted primarily via ship and air. The country has 61 airports, the chief of which are Lynden Pindling International Airport on New Providence, Grand Bahama International Airport on Grand Bahama Island and Leonard M. Thompson International Airport (formerly Marsh Harbour Airport) on Abaco Island.
The Bahamas had a population of 407,906 at the 2018 Census, of which 25.9% were 14 or under, 67.2% 15 to 64 and 6.9% over 65. It has a population growth rate of 0.925% (2010), with a birth rate of 17.81/1,000 population, death rate of 9.35/1,000, and net migration rate of −2.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population. The infant mortality rate is 23.21 deaths/1,000 live births. Residents have a life expectancy at birth of 69.87 years: 73.49 years for females, 66.32 years for males. The total fertility rate is 2.0 children born/woman (2010). The latest official estimate (as at 2022) is 400,516.
According to the 99% response rate obtained from the race question on the 2010 Census questionnaire, 90.6% of the population identified themselves as being Black, 4.7% White and 2.1% of a Mixed (African and European). Three centuries prior, in 1722 when the first official census of The Bahamas was taken, 74% of the population was native European and 26% native African.
Since the colonial era of plantations, Africans or Afro-Bahamians have been the largest ethnic group in The Bahamas, whose primary ancestry was based in West Africa. The first Africans to arrive to The Bahamas were freed slaves from Bermuda; they arrived with the Eleutheran Adventurers looking for new lives.
The Haitian community in The Bahamas is also largely of African descent and numbers about 80,000. Due to an extremely high immigration of Haitians to The Bahamas, the Bahamian government started deporting illegal Haitian immigrants to their homeland in late 2014.
The white Bahamian population are mainly the descendants of the English Puritans and American Loyalists escaping the American Revolution who arrived in 1649 and 1783, respectively. Many Southern Loyalists went to the Abaco Islands, half of whose population was of European descent as of 1985. The term white is usually used to identify Bahamians with Anglo ancestry, as well as some light-skinned Afro-Bahamians. Sometimes Bahamians use the term Conchy Joe to describe people of Anglo descent. Generally, however, Bahamians self-identify as white or black along the lines similar to the distinction made in the US.
A small portion of the Euro-Bahamian population are Greek Bahamians, descended from Greek labourers who came to help develop the sponging industry in the 1900s. They make up less than 2% of the nation's population, but have still preserved their distinct Greek Bahamian culture.
Other ethnic groups in the Bahamas include Asians and people of Spanish and Portuguese origin.
The islands' population is predominantly Christian. Protestant denominations collectively account for more than 70% of the population, with Baptists representing 35% of the population, Anglicans 15%, Pentecostals 8%, Church of God 5%, Seventh-day Adventists 5% and Methodists 4%. There is also a significant Roman Catholic community accounting for about 14%.
Jews in the Bahamas have a history dating back to the Columbus expeditions, where Luis De Torres, an interpreter and member of Columbus' party, is believed to have been secretly Jewish. Today, there is a small community with about 200 members, according to census data, although higher estimates place this figure at 300.
Muslims also have a minority presence. While some slaves and free Africans in the colonial era were Muslim, the religion was absent until around the 1970s, when it experienced a revival. Today, there are about 300 Muslims.
The official language of The Bahamas is English. Many people speak an English-based creole language called Bahamian dialect (known simply as "dialect") or "Bahamianese". Laurente Gibbs, a Bahamian writer and actor, was the first to coin the latter name in a poem and has since promoted its usage. Both are used as autoglossonyms. Haitian Creole, a French-based creole language is spoken by Haitians and their descendants, who make up of about 25% of the total population. It is known simply as Creole to differentiate it from Bahamian English.
According to 2011 estimates, 95% of the Bahamian adult population are literate.
The University of the Bahamas (UB) is the national higher education/tertiary system. Offering baccalaureate, masters and associate degrees, UB has three campuses, and teaching and research centres throughout The Bahamas. The University of the Bahamas was chartered on 10 November 2016.
The culture of the islands is a mixture of African (Afro-Bahamians being the largest ethnicity), British and American due to historical family ties, migration of freed slaves from the United States to The Bahamas, and as the dominant country in the region and source of most tourists).
A form of African-based folk magic is practiced by some Bahamians, mainly in the Family Islands (out-islands) of The Bahamas. The practice of obeah is illegal in The Bahamas and punishable in law.
In the outer islands also called Family Islands, handicrafts include basketry made from palm fronds. This material, commonly called "straw", is plaited into hats and bags that are popular tourist items.
Junkanoo is a traditional Afro-Bahamian street parade of 'rushing', music, dance and art held in Nassau (and a few other settlements) every Boxing Day and New Year's Day. Junkanoo is also used to celebrate other holidays and events such as Emancipation Day.
Many dishes are associated with Bahamian cuisine, which reflects Caribbean, African and European influences. Some settlements have festivals associated with the traditional crop or food of that area, such as the "Pineapple Fest" in Gregory Town, Eleuthera or the "Crab Fest" on Andros. Other significant traditions include story telling.
Bahamians have created a rich literature of poetry, short stories, plays and short fictional works. Common themes in these works are (1) an awareness of change, (2) a striving for sophistication, (3) a search for identity, (4) nostalgia for the old ways and (5) an appreciation of beauty. Some major writers are Susan Wallace, Percival Miller, Robert Johnson, Raymond Brown, O.M. Smith, William Johnson, Eddie Minnis and Winston Saunders.
The Bahamian flag was adopted in 1973. Its colours symbolise the strength of the Bahamian people; its design reflects aspects of the natural environment (sun and sea) and economic and social development. The flag is a black equilateral triangle against the mast, superimposed on a horizontal background made up of three equal stripes of aquamarine, gold and aquamarine.
The coat of arms of The Bahamas contains a shield with the national symbols as its focal point. The shield is supported by a marlin and a flamingo, which are the national animals of The Bahamas. The flamingo is located on the land, and the marlin on the sea, indicating the geography of the islands.
On top of the shield is a conch shell, which represents the marine life of the island chain. The conch shell rests on a helmet. Below this is the actual shield, the main symbol of which is a ship representing the Santa María of Christopher Columbus, shown sailing beneath the sun. Along the bottom, below the shield appears a banner upon which is the national motto:
Forward, Upward, Onward Together.
Selection of the yellow elder over many other flowers was made through the combined popular vote of members of all four of New Providence's garden clubs of the 1970s—the Nassau Garden Club, the Carver Garden Club, the International Garden Club and the YWCA Garden Club. They reasoned that other flowers grown there—such as the bougainvillea, hibiscus and poinciana—had already been chosen as the national flowers of other countries. The yellow elder, on the other hand, was unclaimed by other countries (although it is now also the national flower of the United States Virgin Islands) and also the yellow elder is native to the family islands.
Sport is a significant part of Bahamian culture. The national sport is cricket, which has been played in The Bahamas from 1846 and is the oldest sport played in the country today. The Bahamas Cricket Association was formed in 1936, and from the 1940s to the 1970s, cricket was played amongst many Bahamians. Bahamas is not a part of the West Indies Cricket Board, so players are not eligible to play for the West Indies cricket team. The late 1970s saw the game begin to decline in the country as teachers, who had previously come from the United Kingdom with a passion for cricket, were replaced by teachers who had been trained in the United States. The Bahamian physical education teachers had no knowledge of the game and instead taught track and field, basketball, baseball, softball, volleyball and association football where primary and high schools compete against each other. Today cricket is still enjoyed by a few locals and immigrants in the country, usually from Jamaica, Guyana, Trinidad and Barbados. Cricket is played on Saturdays and Sundays at Windsor Park and Haynes Oval in Nassau, Bahamas. Whiles the main and only cricket grounds on Grand Bahama is the Lucaya Cricket Oval.
The only other sporting event that began before cricket was horse racing, which started in 1796. The most popular spectator sports are those imported from the United States, such as basketball, American football, and baseball, rather than from the British Isles, due to the country's close proximity to the United States, unlike their other Caribbean counterparts, where cricket, soccer, and netball have proven to be more popular.
Over the years American football has become much more popular than soccer. Leagues for teens and adults have been developed by the Bahamas American Football Federation. However soccer, as it is commonly known in the country, is still a very popular sport amongst high school pupils. Leagues are governed by the Bahamas Football Association. In 2013 the Bahamian government has been working closely with Tottenham Hotspur of London to promote the sport in the country as well as promoting The Bahamas in the European market. In 2013, 'Spurs' became the first Premier League club to play an exhibition match in The Bahamas, facing the Jamaica men's national team. Joe Lewis, the owner of the club, is based in The Bahamas.
Other popular sports are swimming, tennis and boxing, where Bahamians have enjoyed some degree of success at the international level. Other sports such as golf, rugby league, rugby union, beach soccer, and netball are considered growing sports. Athletics, commonly known as 'track and field' in the country, is the most successful sport by far amongst Bahamians. Bahamians have a strong tradition in the sprints and jumps. Track and field is probably the most popular spectator sport in the country next to basketball due to their success over the years. Triathlons are gaining popularity in Nassau and the Family Islands.
The Bahamas first participated at the Olympic Games in 1952, and has sent athletes to compete in every Summer Olympic Games since then, except when they participated in the American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics. The nation has never participated in any Winter Olympic Games. Bahamian athletes have won a total of sixteen medals, all in athletics and sailing. The Bahamas has won more Olympic medals than any other country with a population under one million.
The Bahamas were hosts of the first men's senior FIFA tournament to be staged in the Caribbean, the 2017 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup. The Bahamas also hosted the first three editions of the IAAF World Relays. The nation also hosted the 2017 Commonwealth Youth Games, along with annual events Bahamas Bowl and Battle 4 Atlantis.
In 1722 when the first official census of the Bahamas was taken, 74% of the population was European or native British and 26% was African or mixed. Three centuries later, and according to the 99% response rate obtained from the race question on the 2010 Census questionnaire, 90.6% of the population identified themselves as being Afro-Bahamian, about five per cent (4.7%) Euro-Bahamian and two per cent (2%) of a mixed race (African and European) and (1%) other races and (1%) not stated.
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- How is female reproductive anatomy involved in the conception of a baby?
- How do the menstrual cycle and hormones impact ovulation?
- What are the benefits of IVF?
- What procedure is right for me?
- How do we determine what type of cycle I will have?
- What is the difference between a birth control versus no pill cycle?
- What is a protocol? How does my provider determine the approach?
- Are there risks with IVF?
- How do I prepare for fertility treatment?
- How long should I plan to be at the clinic on my procedure date?
- How many embryos do you transfer?
- What are the concerns surrounding having twins?
- What are the risks/side effects?
- What should I expect during recovery?
- How do I find a support group/counseling outside of friends and family?
- Are there egg/sperm/embryo storage facilities at the KP Centers for Reproductive Health?
How is female reproductive anatomy involved in the conception of a baby?
Eggs develop, are stored, and mature in the ovaries. The fallopian tubes pick up the eggs (usually 1 per month) that are released from the ovary during ovulation. The sperm is deposited into the vagina during intercourse. Because the sperm are generally motile, they enter the cervix and uterus and travel into the fallopian tubes to fertilize an egg. If an egg is fertilized, an embryo is created. The embryo will travel down the fallopian tube to the uterus to implant. This occurs about 5 days after the egg and sperm join to create the embryo. The uterus has a specialized lining called the endometrium that allows an embryo to implant into the wall providing the developing baby with nutrients and support.
How do the menstrual cycle and hormones impact ovulation?
The entire menstrual cycle is controlled by the brain in concert with the ovaries. There are 5 main hormones involved in reproduction.
The following 3 are produced by the pituitary gland in the brain:
- Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates the growth of the egg within the ovary.
- Luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates ovulation for the release of the egg.
- Prolactin stimulates milk production.
Estrogen and progesterone, produced in the ovaries, help prepare the lining of the uterus for a fertilized egg.
The menstrual cycle is measured in days, where day 1 is the first day of the menstrual period. Ovulation usually occurs at approximately day 14. If the released egg is not fertilized, the lining of the uterus (the endometrium) is sloughed off as the menstrual period. Although a 28-day cycle is shown in the illustration, most women’s cycles vary in length.
What are the benefits of IVF?
IVF services can be personalized to fit the needs of the patient and can have a higher success rate when other treatments are not successful.
IVF treatments can help decrease the probability of miscarriage. Genetic abnormalities are the most common reason many women have miscarriages. With the advancement of pre-implantation genetic testing (PGT), we are able to test individual embryos and can transfer those without genetic abnormalities. Prenatal genetic testing during pregnancy is still encouraged to confirm the genetic testing results.
Unlike natural fertilization, IVF does not involve the woman’s fallopian tubes, so if these are blocked, damaged or absent, pregnancy is still possible.
Additionally, IVF treatments may be an option for those experiencing Male factor infertility.
What procedure is right for me?
Your procedure will be dependent on the results of your tests, lifestyle, and other factors discussed with your provider. Your provider will then determine the right protocol for you.
How do we determine what type of cycle I will have?
Multiple factors are considered when determining the most effective approach to ovarian stimulation and the type of cycle. Your ovarian reserve, as determined by hormone levels and antral follicle count (“egg count”) will be an important factor in this decision. Stimulation medications will begin within a few days of the start of your period.
Your medical history may be used to determine what protocol is best for you. Your provider will discuss your medical history in depth to determine what protocol is best for you.
What is the difference between a birth control versus no pill cycle?
During your normal monthly menstrual cycle, multiple follicles (tiny sacs in the ovaries where eggs mature) will begin to grow, but only one will continue growth and become dominant. The goal of ovarian stimulation medications is to have multiple follicles continue to grow at the same rate, thus increasing the number of mature eggs collected during the egg retrieval. The use of birth control pills in the beginning of the cycle provides several benefits, which include:
- Helping the follicles grow at the same rate.
- Preventing ovarian cysts from developing and possibly interfering with the cycle.
- Enabling the clinic to schedule egg retrieval.
- Allowing the patient to plan for time off work, vacations, etc.
- Helping the laboratory and embryologists schedule staff and incubator space.
What is a protocol? How does my provider determine the approach?
A protocol is a treatment plan developed by your provider that includes your specific medications and procedure plans for the type of cycle you are planning to pursue.
- Think of a protocol as the guideline for:
- Medications and the doses you will be using.
- The plan for fertilizing collected eggs.
- Additional embryo testing (as needed).
- The type of embryo transfer you plan to have.
This information is also communicated to our IVF case managers (nurses) who will guide you through the process.
Are there risks with IVF?
As with all medical treatments, some risks exist. For example, a small percentage of women may experience ovarian hyperstimulation caused by the hormones used to prepare for IVF. The symptoms can range from mild to severe. Your provider will counsel you on these risks and how they will be managed during your cycle.
Multiple births are also possible with IVF. The Kaiser Permanente Centers for Reproductive Health follow the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) and the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology (SART) recommendations for embryo transfer, which have led to an increase in single embryo transfers and a decrease in the likelihood of multiple pregnancies.
How do I prepare for fertility treatment?
During your IVF consultation, your provider will discuss the need to be on pre-natal vitamins and other supplements. Preparing for your actual day of treatment begins when you start your cycle. Medications are used in many different cycles and are specific to your treatment plan. Some women may begin medications around ovulation to prepare for stimulation, while other cycles do not begin medications until their period begins. Your fertility treatment plan will be reviewed with your provider during your consultation. You will be given specific instructions by our nursing team that will address any questions you may have about medications, injections, cycle timing, and consent forms.
How long should I plan to be at the clinic on my procedure date?
This varies with each procedure, as follows:
- Egg retrieval: plan to be in the clinic for about 2 to 2.5 hours total.
- Embryo transfer: plan to be in the clinic for at least an hour.
You will be required to have a responsible individual accompany you when leaving the clinic. You will not be allowed to drive or leave unaccompanied. This is due to the nature of the sedation for the procedure, and for your own safety. Medications used for these procedures can cause drowsiness, fatigue, and lightheadedness.
How many embryos do you transfer?
The Northern California Kaiser Permanente Centers for Reproductive Health follow the guidelines set forth by the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) and the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology (SART) when determining the appropriate number of embryos to transfer. These guidelines are based on several factors including age, embryo stage, and embryo quality. Your IVF provider will discuss with you the number of embryos recommended for your transfer.
What are the concerns surrounding having twins?
Although the prospect of conceiving twins may be attractive for some people, the potential risk of complications for mother or babies during a twin pregnancy is higher than with a singleton pregnancy. Multiple pregnancies may increase the risk of miscarriage, premature births and other medical problems for mother and/or babies.
What are the risks/side effects?
Injectable medications may cause mild side effects. These include headaches, bloating, constipation, breast tenderness, fatigue or irritability. Bruising or swelling at the injection sites are also common. If you are experiencing any of these, or other side effects that are not listed, please contact one of the IVF case managers for further discussion.
IVF treatments are relatively low-risk procedures for most patients. In patients with a history of medical problems, your provider will discuss specific measures that can be taken to lower your risks during IVF treatment.
What should I expect during recovery?
After an egg retrieval, you can have soreness in the lower part of your abdomen. This will feel like menstrual cramps. Spotting after an egg retrieval can be normal. You may also feel bloated with mild tenderness in the pelvic area. These symptoms usually subside within a few days. Should you begin to experience more symptoms, such as increasing abdominal pain, period-like bleeding, fever, difficulty with urination or shortness of breath, contact the clinic for further evaluation or, if you feel that you are experiencing a life-threatening emergency, please call 911 or go to the nearest emergency room.
How do I find a support group/counseling outside of friends and family?
There are many resources and supporting communities for those in any stage of treatment. These communities are available both online and in person. Speak with your provider, nurse, or clinical team to identify the best resources based on your needs.
Are there egg/sperm/embryo storage facilities at KP?
Before your procedure, you will review and sign agreements that allow temporary short-term courtesy tissue storage at Kaiser Permanente. Following this short-term period, the tissue (e.g., sperm, egg, embryo) will be shipped for long-term tissue storage at our designated third-party facility, where you will be responsible for ongoing storage fees, unless insurance benefits apply.
Courtesy storage only applies to samples kept at Kaiser Permanente for the first 6 months of storage. Certain cases require that tissue be sent to our third-party storage facility immediately. In these cases, short-term courtesy storage does not apply, and patients are responsible for storage fees in these cases.
Please speak to a member of the IVF care team about any questions or concerns not addressed here.
Source: Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Department, The Permanente Medical Group
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Thunderstorms hit the Dallas-Fort Worth area Sunday night into Monday and have dropped massive amounts of rain in the span of 18 hours, inundating streets, flooding homes and forcing some drivers to abandon their vehicles in high water.
The rainfall in some areas qualifies as a 1-in-1,000-year flood, which means that in any given year it has a 0.1% chance of happening. Such events could become more frequent in the coming decades as the effects of climate change worsen. Climate scientists have found that warming temperatures increases the frequency of bouts of extreme precipitation.
The east side of Dallas received 13 to 15 inches of rainfall over the past 24 hours, according to a reading from Dallas Water Utilities. Most of the Dallas-Fort Worth area recorded 6 to 10 inches of rainfall.
The flash floods, which in some cases are considered life-threatening, have prompted rescue efforts. The Dallas Fire Department alone has responded to hundreds of car crashes and other water-related emergencies since 6 p.m. on Sunday. Dallas emergency management officials are reporting high water over many roadways and are advising residents in the area against travel.
The National Weather Service has issued a flood watch for North Texas through 8 p.m. Monday, and for Central Texas through 7 p.m. Flooding is beginning to recede in North Texas, and the heaviest rainfall is shifting into Central Texas. Meteorologists are forecasting additional rainfall of nearly 2 to 5 inches as the storm system moves.
Thunderstorms are expected to continue into the week. It’s a striking contrast from just a few days ago, when much of the state had gone weeks without precipitation. Much of the state has been in an extreme drought for months. WFAA reported that houses are taking on water in Balch Springs, a suburban city in the Dallas area where a grass fire destroyed nine homes just last month.
The rise in average temperatures brought by climate change can strongly affect extreme precipitation events by increasing the intensity of rainfall during storms, climate scientists have found.
In Texas, rainfall intensity has increased by about 7% since 1960. And the risk of extreme precipitation events across the state is increasing even as the Western half of the state has generally seen a flat or declining trend in precipitation totals over the past century, according to a 2021 reportby the state’s climatologist.
Texas could experience 30% to 50% more events of extreme rain by 2036 compared to 1950-1999, the report found.
Scientists have also found that significant flooding and extreme rain events are more frequently following droughts than they have in the past, according to the Fourth National Climate Assessment. Both the frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation are expected to continue increasing across the Southern Great Plains, which includes Texas, Oklahoma and Kansas.
The full program is now LIVE for the 2022 The Texas Tribune Festival, happening Sept. 22-24 in Austin. Explore the schedule of 100+ mind-expanding conversations coming to TribFest, including the inside track on the 2022 elections and the 2023 legislative session, the state of public and higher ed at this stage in the pandemic, why Texas suburbs are booming, why broadband access matters, the legacy of slavery, what really happened in Uvalde and so much more. See the program.
This article originally appeared in The Texas Tribune at https://www.texastribune.org/2022/08/22/dallas-flooding-fort-worth/.
The Texas Tribune is a member-supported, nonpartisan newsroom informing and engaging Texans on state politics and policy. Learn more at texastribune.org.
"Flooding hits Dallas-Fort Worth as some areas receive more than 13 inches of rain" was first published by The Texas Tribune, a nonprofit, nonpartisan media organization that informs Texans — and engages with them — about public policy, politics, government and statewide issues.
Sign up for The Brief, our daily newsletter that keeps readers up to speed on the most essential Texas news.
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The high fat, high calorie, and low fiber diet commonly referred to as the “Western diet” has long been associated with the increased rate of diseases like atherosclerosis and diabetes. Now, scientists from the University of Bonn demonstrate how the Western diet makes the immune system “more aggressive.”
The same long-lasting inflammation that connects the Western diet with the development of various metabolic diseases stems from the immune system’s response to excess fat and calories. In their new Cell study, researchers show how the immune reaction resembles that of the reaction to a bacterial infection.
First, researchers looked at the inflammatory responses of mice fed the Western diet. They saw a strong response, similar to the way the immune system would respond to a bacterial infection. For example, they saw an enhanced influx of immune cells like granulocytes and monocytes.
Next, they examined isolated bone marrow immune progenitor cells, comparing those collected from mice fed either the Western diet or a healthy control diet.
"Genomic studies did, in fact, show that the Western diet had activated a large number of genes in the progenitor cells,” explained Dr. Joachim Schultze. “The genes affected included those responsible for proliferation and maturation.”
Researchers also found that a month-long regimen of the healthy control diet following the Western diet reversed the inflammation but not the “genetic reprogramming of the immune cells and their precursors.” Does the innate immune system, thought to be the non-specific arm of immunity - have memory after all?
"The immune system consequently reacts even to small stimuli with stronger inflammatory responses,” explained Dr. Eicke Latz.
In many progenitor cell samples, researchers saw evidence of “training” in the innate immune system as a result of the Western diet. This includes genetic activity of the NLRP3 inflammasome, an intracellular signaling complex in the body typically responsible for producing inflammatory markers in response to pathogens.
"The foundations of a healthy diet need to become a much more prominent part of education than they are at present,” Latz said. “Only in this way can we immunize children at an early stage against the temptations of the food industry.”
Source: University of Bonn
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Sex discrimination involves treating someone (a job applicant or employee) unfavorably because of that person's sex. Sex discrimination is a form of employment discrimination that violates federal law—including Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (42 U.S.C. §2000e).
In addition to these federal laws, states also have laws against sex discrimination in employment. These state laws are generally located in a state’s statutes—often in the labor code or employment-related statutes.
Discrimination against an individual because of gender identity—including transgender status or sexual orientation—is discrimination because of sex in violation of Title VII.
The law forbids discrimination when it comes to any aspect of employment, including hiring, firing, pay, job assignments, promotions, layoff, training, fringe benefits, and any other term or condition of employment.
For the regulations related to sex discrimination, see the Code of Federal Regulations, beginning with 29 CFR 1604.1.
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There are not many humans around that don’t love a bit (or a lot) of chocolate here and there, but why is it that we can enjoy the oh-so-delicious treat when it’s actually quite toxic to many of our furry friends?
The culprit is a naughty little molecule called theobromine. Theobromine occurs naturally in some plants, most notably in cacao… the key ingredient of chocolate.
Chemically speaking, the “ine” at the end of its name groups it with other alkaloids like caffeine, nicotine, cocaine and strychnine… absolutely none of which are pet-friendly if there’s any doubt!
Don’t get us wrong, we definitely don’t have a grudge against all alkaloids. There are some super-helpful ones we use in medicine all the time including morphine, quinine and ephedrine. But theobromine is just plain dangerous to our furry friends.
Just like its cousin caffeine, theobromine incites some nice feelings in humans and puts some pep in our step. But because our pets are smaller and have different metabolisms, even a small amount can be poisonous to them.
You know that feeling you get when you have a big deadline and you slam down coffee after coffee and cola after cola in an attempt to stay up all night? Your mind is fuzzy, your heart is racing, you can’t keep still and you think you might be sick? That’s not the looming deadline, that’s the toxicity of caffeine making itself known. It’s similar to what it feels like when a pet ingests even a small amount of theobromine in chocolate. Worst case is that those symptoms possibly lead to hyperactivity, tremors, seizures and death.
While the concentration of theobromine varies depending on the type of chocolate (baking chocolate and dark chocolate contain higher levels compared to milk chocolate), it’s recommended you refrain from giving any types to your pets, even in small doses.
However, pets quite often help themselves so if you suspect they’ve eaten any chocolate, please call us as soon as possible so we can assess them quickly and start any necessary treatment as early as possible – it could save their life.
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CASO DI STUDIO
3D Printing Meets Prehistoric Preservation: Materialise Prints Life-Size Mammoth Skeleton
7 minuti di lettura
Discovered near the Belgian city of Lier in 1860, the Lier mammoth had been displayed in the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS) in Brussels since 1869. With the re-opening of Lier’s City Museum just months away, the local Kiwanis community approached Materialise with an exciting idea: use 3D printing to create an exact, life-size replica of the skeleton for Lier’s own museum.
Founded in 1846, the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS) in Brussels is home to over 250 research scientists, 38 million specimens and, since 1869, the Lier mammoth — the first skeleton of its kind ever to be displayed to the public in Western Europe.
Discovered, as its name suggests, in the municipality of Lier in Antwerp, the skeleton is still one of only a few full mammoth skeletons in existence. This rarity makes it of vital scientific importance, not to mention a thrilling exhibit for natural history enthusiasts the world over. With this in mind, the re-opening of the City Museum of Lier presented an exciting opportunity. The original bones couldn’t be moved from Brussels, but they could be recreated.
Recreate a life-size replica of a mammoth skeleton
The design freedom and precision possible with 3D printing made the technology an obvious choice for recreating the mammoth of Lier, which counted over 300 individual bones. As Dr. Mietje Germonpré, Paleontologist at the RBINS notes, “3D printing is increasingly proving to be an extremely useful tool in the field of paleontology, allowing us, for example, to study fossils without damaging the precious originals, and collaborate virtually on the same fossil with colleagues around the world.”
But with some of the mammoth’s bones over two meters in length (bigger than a fully grown adult!), would it be possible to print bones as large as the originals? Coupled with the need to avoid any invasive or potentially damaging work on the original bones, this project presented a unique challenge.
“When the skeleton first came to the museum back in 1869, innovative engineering meant that we didn’t have to drill into, or in any way damage a single bone in order to display the mammoth in its entirety,” explains Dr. Germonpré. “We certainly didn’t want to risk its natural integrity in any way with this new endeavor.”
The question of how to display the new model was also cause for reflection. The original Lier mammoth was supported by several external supports, but the hope was that the new model could rely on an internal, more discrete support structure to really bring the mammoth to life.
Timing would be crucial for the project, as the team wanted the skeleton to be the highlight of the re-opening of Lier’s City Museum. “With just two months to go until the launch date,” adds Project Manager Gertjan Brienen, “every step had to be planned meticulously.”
3D-printed bones with a custom-built internal frame
Bringing the Lier mammoth to life would require Materialise’s aptly named Mammoth stereolithography printers, along with what would eventually become a team of 19 people — including engineers, CAD specialists, post-production professionals, and the institute’s own experts including Dr. Germonpré.
“We first introduced our Mammoth stereolithography printers in 2001 to realize projects that require extra-large capacity. With a printer bed dimension of 2100 x 700 x 800mm, they are perfect for ‘single build’ part production,” says Brienen. “At the time, we were thinking of applications such as automotive dashboard prototypes, architectural scale models, bespoke large parts for industrial or manufacturing environments, that kind of thing. But bones? That was a new challenge, one we were honored and excited to take on.”
“The original skeleton was mounted over 150 years ago based on that era’s anatomical knowledge. This was a golden opportunity to virtually adapt the skeleton to match the new insights we now possess.” Dr. Germonpré, Paleontologist at the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences
But before any printing could happen, dimensional data had to be captured, then optimized for 3D printing. Conveniently, the skeleton’s original external support structure allowed the museum to remove and scan each individual bone in situ, passing the data on to Materialise.
For replicas that would accurately reproduce the original bone dimensions, each scan was cleaned up and optimized specifically for 3D printing using Materialise Magics software, with every single bone digitally orientated over three axes for precise positioning. This allowed the full skeleton to be digitally reconstructed and analyzed in conjunction with Dr. Germonpré and Materialise’s in-house engineers.
“This was a really critical point in the project,” recalls Dr. Germonpré. “It meant we could check consistency against the original skeleton but also apply evolved scientific thinking and discovery. Don’t forget, the original skeleton was mounted over 150 years ago based on that era’s anatomical knowledge. For instance, in the 19th century they assumed the mammoth had a tail as long as that of an elephant, but due to frozen mammoth bodies found in Siberia, we now know that it’s actually shorter. This was a golden opportunity to virtually adapt the skeleton to match the new anatomical insights we now possess.”
3D printing reproduction gave the team the chance to address another issue with the original skeleton: missing bones. “The original Lier mammoth was missing a few bones, including its left tusk,” explains Gertjan Brienen. “On the original, these had been created using sculpted wood. With Materialise 3-matic, we were able to achieve a more precise replica by creating a mirror image of the right tusk. The broken upper jaw was also restored accurately by mirroring the original bone structure.”
“The reconstruction of missing bones and the correction of the original mounting mistakes means that the new, 3D-printed Lier mammoth is actually more scientifically accurate than the original.” Gertjan Brienen, Materialise Project Manager
This digital phase also demanded careful thought regarding the new ‘quasi-invisible’ mount system that would allow the mammoth to appear free-standing. For Gertjan Brienen, this was a key phase.
“Our daughter company, RapidFit, has a lot of experience in using carbon fiber frames for automotive tooling. This was a completely different context but the challenge was the same: to create a relatively lightweight but strong structure. RapidFit helped us to develop a custom, modular carbon frame that would sit predominantly inside the printed skeleton. So we needed the printed bones to exactly replicate their original counterparts, but also accommodate these internal carbon tubes — that would eventually slot together using specially designed, laser sintered connectors — to hold the complete display in place. Our designers met this challenge by integrating entry and exit points that, with pinpoint accuracy, perfectly aligned with the frame requirements.”
With the design fully ready, printing could start. Materialise’s Mammoth stereolithography machines deposit 1/10th of a millimeter of UV-sensitive liquid resin at a time, hardened selectively by lasers to exactly match build specifications. As well as creating tailored supports to allow scientifically accurate ‘bone shape’ development and laser sintering smaller bones (including the mammoth’s vertebrae) and connection points, the skeleton would take just over 52 days to print, with multiple printers running simultaneously to meet the tight deadline.
Once each new batch of bones was printed, Materialise’s dedicated finishing team took over, employing a combination of paints, textures, and lacquers to match the 3D-printed bones to the original skeleton’s appearance as closely as possible. Eventually, it was time for the new Lier mammoth to assume its final shape.
A highly accurate, realistic mammoth skeleton replica
“During the digital phase of this project, we’d taken every measure to ensure all the bones, the frame, and the 3D-printed polyamide connectors would fit together exactly to form the final mammoth skeleton. But there was only one way to know for sure,” recalls Brienen. “So our finishing team set about assembling the mammoth at our Leuven site. It was quite a spectacle!”
The result was an exact, anatomically correct replica. In fact, thanks to the reconstruction of missing bones and the correction of the original mounting mistakes, “the new, 3D-printed Lier mammoth was actually more scientifically accurate than the original,” explains Gertjan Brienen.
But it was in the wrong place. Brienen continues, “With transportation in mind, we’d designed the bones and frame to essentially break down into six, easier-to-handle assembly units — four legs, the spine/core, and the head. For instance, the spinal section consisted of 30 individual parts connected over the carbon tubes.”
Once the sections arrived at their destination in Lier, Materialise’s finishing team re-assembled the mammoth, back in his original territory and at what will now be his permanent residence.
Brienen concludes, “With a production timeframe of just seven weeks, we’ve created a new piece of history. One that will give generations of visitors a great deal of enjoyment. It utilized all areas of our expertise, from print optimization and design engineering to production and finishing, which makes Materialise such a unique player in the 3D printing industry.
And it was definitely a team effort — we couldn’t have done it without the amazing team of consulting experts and scientists that worked with us. Even though it’s all about preserving the past, this project is the perfect example of the futuristic applications 3D printing has today. And for me, it’s a great feeling to see a customer successfully realize a big idea — literally! — through collaboration with us.”
Il caso di studio in breve
Art & design
Selective laser sintering
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A small team of engineers from Stanford and New Mexico State University have released a free app that makes typing Braille easy on tablet computers. Traditional Braille typewriters have physical keys assigned to each finger, but the flat uniform screen of a tablet seems totally inappropriate as an input device for blind people. What the iBrailler app actually does is automatically move the keys to be just where the fingers are.
This is done by the user simply placing all the fingers on the screen before typing, with the app registering the location of all the fingers. If the user wants to recalibrate the keys, simply lifting the hands off the screen and placing them back on does the trick.
There are a few other tricks that the app does like easy undo by simply twisting one of the fingers on the screen and launching Google with a keystroke. Results of searchers are read out using a simulated voice.
Since there are a variety of Braille standards and alphabets, the app can support many of those including different languages and scientific and mathematical formats.
The app is currently available for Apple iPads and can be downloaded for free from the iTunes store.
iTunes download: iBrailler Notes…
More from Stanford about the development of the app: Stanford engineer produces free Braille-writer app…
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Remaining calm and taking prescribed quick-relief medications can help a person manage or stop an asthma attack. People should seek medical assistance if rest and inhalers do not resolve symptoms.
An asthma attack happens when a person’s airways narrow and swell. This makes breathing more difficult and worsens symptoms such as coughing and wheezing. In a 2020 survey by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), about
Research has not shown that home remedies can stop an asthma attack, but breathing exercises, eucalyptus oil, or ginger may offer some benefits.
This article discusses steps to take immediately for an asthma attack, as well as possible home remedies. It also examines the symptoms, causes, stages, prevention, and outlook.
A person should always keep an up-to-date action plan available. This tells people how to recognize an attack and what to do when it happens. The instructions should specify the following details:
- what medications to take and their dosage
- when to take medications
- when to call a doctor or seek emergency treatment
Since people never know when they may encounter something that triggers an asthma attack, they should keep their doctor-prescribed medications with them at all times.
The following actions can help someone manage an asthma attack:
- Remain calm.
- Follow the action plan’s instructions, which will likely advise taking a quick-relief medication, usually in the form of an inhaler.
- If the inhaler does not relieve symptoms, an inhaled corticosteroid such as prednisone (Rayos) may be necessary. A doctor can provide a prescription.
- If shortness of breath or coughing persists or worsens, seek immediate treatment.
Home remedies or alternative treatments are not proven methods to stop an asthma attack. More research is necessary to determine whether these methods are safe for asthma treatment. However, breathing exercises, eucalyptus oil, or ginger may offer some relief.
Breathing exercises may increase lung strength and capacity and help improve symptoms.
Researchers in a
Pursed lip breathing
This technique may help slow breathing and reduce shortness of breath. It involves the following steps:
- Inhale, or breathe in, through the nose while the mouth is closed.
- Put the lips in a pursed position, as if whistling.
- Exhale, or breathe out, through pursed lips. The exhalation should be at least twice as long as the inhalation.
The diaphragm is a muscle below the lungs that plays a role in inhalation. “Belly breathing” is another name for diaphragmatic breathing. This method slows breathing and reduces the body’s oxygen needs.
- Place one hand over the stomach and the other on the upper chest.
- Inhale through the nose. The stomach should rise, but the upper chest should not.
- While keeping the shoulders and neck relaxed, exhale through the mouth. The exhalation should be 2–3 times longer than the inhalation.
In a 2020 review, researchers looked at prior studies to determine the effect of eucalyptus oil on asthma. The results suggest that, because of its anti-inflammatory effects, eucalyptus oil may be a beneficial therapeutic add-on treatment for asthma that is resistant to steroid medications.
A person should dilute eucalyptus oil — or any other essential oil — in a carrier oil before using it. A person can place the diluted oil in a diffuser and inhale the vapor it releases, or they can apply the diluted oil to their skin.
People should never ingest essential oils or use undiluted essential oils. Also, people should be aware that inhaled eucalyptus oil can be toxic to cats and other pets.
Ginger is available in supplement form, but people should always check with their doctor before starting a new supplement. People can also add ginger to their diet by using it in cooking, consuming products that contain it, or drinking ginger tea.
Symptoms of an asthma attack include:
Although other conditions can cause these symptoms, they
- coming or going within the same day or over time
- worsening in the morning or at night
- starting in response to a trigger such as exercise, cold air, or allergies
- beginning or worsening with a viral infection
Exposure to various triggers can cause an asthma attack. Experts advise that a person keep a journal to record which things provoke symptoms. This may help a person avoid some triggers in the future.
Potential triggers may
- outdoor triggers such as mold and pollen
- indoor triggers such as pet dander, mold, and dust mites
- physical activity, although doctors recommend that people exercise regularly
- emotional stress such as crying, laughing, or intense anger
- infections such as flu, colds, and COVID-19
- poor air quality or very cold air
- some medications, such as aspirin
Asthma has the following
- intermittent, which involves symptoms occurring on fewer than 2 days per week and nighttime awakenings less than twice per month
- mild, which involves symptoms occurring on more than 2 days per week and 3–4 nighttime awakenings per month
- moderate, which involves symptoms occurring daily and nighttime awakenings more than once per week
- severe, which involves symptoms occurring throughout the day and nighttime awakenings more than seven times per week
The duration of flare-ups varies.
It depends on the cause and how long the airways have had inflammation.
Mild symptoms may last a few minutes, but more severe symptoms may last hours or days.
Additionally, Mediterranean and vegan diets, which focus on fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes while limiting animal foods, may decrease the risk and reduce flare-ups.
Other asthma prevention measures
When a person’s asthma is not flaring up, it has only a minimal impact on daily life. However, uncontrolled asthma, which causes frequent or intense symptoms, can result in absences from work and school and a higher risk of emergency room visits. According to CDC data,
Asthma is a life threatening illness in some people, as it causes
An individual’s action plan makes it easy to know what to do at home for an asthma attack. The plan lists symptoms of an attack and provides instructions on what medications to take and when to seek medical attention.
While home remedies do not stop an asthma attack, they may provide some relief. A person should always check with their doctor before taking a dietary supplement, whether for asthma symptoms or for other purposes.
Symptoms of an asthma attack may include coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath.
A variety of triggers may provoke an attack, so it helps to keep track of triggers and avoid them if possible. Attacks can last from a few minutes to hours or days.
Because a severe asthma attack can be life threatening, a person should closely follow instructions in their action plan regarding getting emergency treatment.
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Discharge refers to fluids that comes out of the vagina or penis. People may notice discharge before, during, or after sexual intercourse. White, grey, yellow, or green discharge may indicate an infection.
Some vaginal and penile discharge can be expected, and there is no standard quantity of either.
In a male, healthy penile discharge is either preejaculate or ejaculate.
Certain factors can influence the amount and appearance of discharge. The consistency of vaginal discharge, for example, naturally changes throughout the menstrual cycle.
However, some changes in discharge can indicate a health problem.
This article will look at possible causes of discharge after sex.
Healthy vaginal discharge is a clear or white fluid that contains cervical mucus, vaginal fluid, and cell debris.
Some changes in the quantity or appearance of vaginal discharge may occur naturally, while others may indicate an underlying health condition.
This section describes some common causes of vaginal discharge after sex.
Sexual arousal stimulates an increase in blood flow to the genitals. The blood vessels expand to accommodate the elevated blood supply.
In females, this causes swelling in the labia, clitoris, and the tissues lining the vagina. Also, glands in the vagina secrete a clear, watery fluid that helps lubricate the vagina during sex.
The presence of this arousal fluid may make vaginal discharge more noticeable. The discharge may become thicker and have a clear or milky white appearance.
This type of vaginal discharge is normal and does not indicate an underlying medical condition. However, if thicker discharge has a foul smell, it can indicate a health problem.
During sex, a female may ejaculate. This involves expelling fluid through the urethra.
According to a 2013 systematic review, scientists are unsure exactly how many females ejaculate, but they estimate a prevalence of 10–54%.
In those who do experience it, female ejaculation is a healthy and natural occurrence.
Menstrual cycle changes
The hormonal fluctuations that occur throughout the menstrual cycle change the quantity and appearance of vaginal discharge.
At the beginning and end of the menstrual cycle, the discharge may be thick and white. During ovulation, it may be clear and stretchy.
At other times throughout the cycle, discharge may be clear and watery.
Toward the end of the menstrual cycle, old blood may be present in the discharge, giving it a brown color.
All of this is normal and not a cause for concern.
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) can make discharge after sex more noticeable. It occurs when the pH of the vagina changes, disrupting the healthy balance of bacteria in the vagina.
Having a new sexual partner, multiple partners, or regularly douching can each
BV can cause discharge to be off-white or gray and have a strong fishy odor. It may be easier to identify BV discharge after sex.
Other symptoms of BV include:
- an itching or burning sensation in the vagina
- an itching or burning sensation around the vulva
- painful urination
A doctor will perform a physical examination of the vagina and analyze a sample of vaginal discharge for signs of bacterial overgrowth.
Some people do not need treatment for BV, but when a person experiences symptoms, they may need antibiotic treatment.
Also, according to the
- pelvic inflammatory disease, or PID
White, clumpy vaginal discharge during or after sex can indicate a yeast infection.
Yeast infections occur when Candida fungus grows too quickly in affected parts of the body. Candida naturally lives in the mouth, throat, gut, vagina, and the surface of the skin.
The following factors can
- uncontrolled diabetes
- use of estrogen-dominant birth control
- recent use of antibiotics
- a weakened immune system
- use of douches or other vaginal hygiene products
Yeast infections cause a variety of symptoms, including:
- itchiness in or around the vagina
- swelling, redness, and soreness of the vulva and vagina
- pain while having sex or urinating
- an odorless, white vaginal discharge that looks similar to cottage cheese
Penile discharge refers to any fluid other than urine that passes through the urethra.
Healthy penile discharge includes preejaculate and ejaculate, which occur during sexual arousal and intercourse.
Having penile discharge unrelated to sexual stimulation may indicate an underlying health condition.
During sexual stimulation, the bulbourethral glands — located below the prostate — produce a thick, clear mucus known as preejaculatory fluid.
Preejaculatory fluid acts as a natural lubricant for the tip of the penis during intercourse. It also neutralizes the acidity of the male urethra and the vagina.
Ejaculate, or semen, is a white, cloudy fluid that contains seminal fluid and sperm cells.
Ejaculation typically occurs during orgasm.
Urethritis refers to inflammation of the urethra. Causes include bacterial and viral infections, as well as injuries and exposure to chemicals.
Urethritis can cause cloudy or white penile discharge.
Other symptoms include:
- a burning sensation while urinating
- frequent urination
- itching, swelling, or soreness in the penis and urethral opening
- enlarged lymph nodes in and around the groin
- pain during intercourse or ejaculation
- blood in the urine or semen
A doctor will look for tenderness, swelling, and enlarged lymph nodes in the abdomen and groin. They may also collect samples of urine and discharge, which they send to a laboratory for further analysis.
Doctors use antibiotics to treat bacterial urethritis.
People who develop urethritis as a result of an injury or exposure to chemicals should avoid vigorous sex and any chemical products that contain irritating substances.
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) spread as a result of unprotected sexual activity.
Certain STIs, including chlamydia and gonorrhea, can cause unusual penile and vaginal discharge.
Chlamydia is one of the most common STIs. People affected tend to be between
Chlamydia is typically asymptomatic. If symptoms do appear, they may only become noticeable a few days to several weeks after the person contracted the infection.
Vaginal discharge may appear yellow. Other chlamydia symptoms in females include:
- rectal bleeding, pain, or discharge
- painful urination
- vaginal bleeding
Penile discharge may be watery and appear white or cloudy.
Other symptoms of chlamydia include:
- symptoms of urethritis
- pelvic or abdominal pain
- difficult or painful urination
- pain, tenderness, and swelling in one testicle
Gonorrhea is another STI. It involves an infection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteria.
Gonorrhea can cause white, yellow, or green penile discharge or an increased amount of vaginal discharge.
Other symptoms of gonorrhea include:
- difficult or painful urination
- pain or tenderness in the testicles or scrotum
- urinary tract infection symptoms
- bleeding between periods
Doctors can diagnose chlamydia and gonorrhea by examining cell cultures obtained from vaginal or urethral swabs.
Doctors can treat chlamydia and gonorrhea with antibiotics.
People who have received an STI diagnosis should inform recent sexual partners, so that they can get tested.
People should also avoid vaginal, anal, and oral sex until they complete treatment. This will help prevent reinfection and
A person should consult a doctor if they notice any discharge that looks or smells unusual. Foul-smelling discharge indicates the need for medical care.
White, grey, yellow, or green discharge may indicate an infection.
A male may benefit from medical care if penile discharge accompanies any of the following:
- pain while urinating or having sex
- painful ejaculation
- penile discharge that occurs outside of sexual stimulation
- itching or burning of the urethra, vagina, or vulva
- pain or tenderness of the testicles or scrotum
- abdominal or pelvic pain
In females, healthy discharge after sex contains a mixture of cervical mucus and vaginal fluid. In males, it may contain seminal fluid and sperm.
People may notice more vaginal or penile discharge during arousal.
Penile discharge typically occurs during sexual activity, while vaginal discharge tends to be continual and change throughout the menstrual cycle.
If any vaginal or penile discharge is foul-smelling or unusually colored, see a doctor. These symptoms can indicate an underlying health condition, such as BV, a yeast infection, or an STI.
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Adult Autism ( ASD ) - Assessment & Diagnosis Services
Our Autism Diagnosis & Treatment Services are Available Online as well as in our Shropshire ClinicFind Out More
An Overview of Autism including Asperger's
ASD is the name for the group of developmental disorders which can have problems in social communication, interaction, and imagination. People with ASD can also have repetitive behaviours and circumscribed interests, as well as stereotypical behaviours.
Usually the problems are noticed in the early years and can range from very severe disorder where speech and language can be impaired to more of a milder problem where the language develops but other aspects of social and communication problems are still present.
The social and communication issues can lead to significant problems in individual's relationships, education, occupation, and social gatherings, often leading to comorbid depression, anxiety, and other mental health problems. Often there can be a genetic and family history of ASD .
Benefit of Getting an Assessment
Obtaining a diagnosis, for any condition, is often the step towards an improved life. A diagnosis will enable the person diagnosed to access information relevant to them, to obtain specific and tailored treatments and where relevant – medication.
With the right support and / or outlook a diagnosis can be extremely comforting, especially if a condition has been present for some time.
Whether you share your diagnosis with others or keep it private it can benefit interpersonal relationships including family, friends and work - making life easier.
If your assessment provides a negative diagnosis, that is that you don’t meet the criteria for this specific diagnosis, that can be equally as rewarding. Plus, our trained clinicians will advise if they recognise any potential, further, avenues for consideration.
Autism is a protected characteristic under disability in the Equality Act (2010), meaning individuals are entitled to reasonable adjustments being in settings such as education and work. For some, a diagnosis can help them to better understand and accept themselves and why they may feel 'different' to others.
How to Get an Assessment With Us at MHWS ?
Private healthcare refers to health services which you purchase yourself directly with the provider (MHWS) or via medical insurance.
Although here at MHWS we do provide some services to the NHS for certain conditions we also provide our full range of services privately too.
What are the benefits of Private Healthcare?
- In many instances choosing to go private means shorter waiting times and therefore quicker diagnosis and treatment.
- For some conditions a private practice may have access to a wider range of treatments, therapies and medications than the NHS
To find out more about seeing MHWS as a private patient please contact us.
At MHWS , Dr Mohamad undertakes this assessment and is accredited by the National Autistic Society to take formal diagnostic assessments. Diagnosing ASD in adulthood needs comprehensive assessment as it is not easy to separate out ASD features, which can also overlap with the other mental health conditions like ADHD , depression, psychosis and bipolar. Therefore, specialist training and experience is required to come to a conclusive diagnosis.
Dr Mohamad and his team are qualified in conducting recognised and validated ASD assessment tools, such as ADI-R, ADOS 2 and DISCO. These enable the team to gather evidence from a variety of settings and sources for diagnosis.
The diagnostic assessment process is lengthy and is usually spread out over a few sessions. Our consultant may also recommend assessment or treatment for any co-morbid condition if they are also suspected of playing a part along with ASD .
Fees and Summary of Payment Terms for an Adult Autism Assessment
We offer adult Autism assessments privately at a cost of £2,000.
We require £1,000 of the cost prior to the first appointment as a deposit. The remaining £1,000 can be paid whilst the process is ongoing but must be paid entirely before the report is released.
Payments should be received, at least, 7 working days (monday-friday) before the appointment, otherwise the appointment will be cancelled.
Cancelling an Appointment
Should you need to cancel an appointment, we require 1 full working day notice so that we may otherwise use this time.
If you cancel before 3 full working days of the appointment, we will be able to arrange a refund or reschedule the appointment.
Cancellations or failure to attend an appointment, without the required 3 full working day's notice, will result in you being liable for the full amount. This will mean that any outstanding balance must be paid and that any associated payment already received will not be eligible for refund.
Children & Young Persons
For details on child and young person ASD assessments, please see our Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) section.
For more information or to find out how to book an appointment then please contact us.
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In times of changing interest rates, gold can be a good investment. Gold is valued for its stability and limited supply. It can help protect assets from economic downturns. It also provides diversification benefits. Diversifying investments can help safeguard against market volatility. John, a retiree, is an example. When interest rates dropped, his portfolio of gold and other investments saved him from losses.
Understanding the Volatile Interest Rate Environment
To navigate the volatile interest rate environment effectively and develop a strategic approach, understanding the factors contributing to this volatility is crucial. Explore the impact of interest rates on investments and gain insights into the key factors driving fluctuations in interest rates.
Explanation of Interest Rates and their Impact on Investments
Interest rates have a huge role in investments. They can either help or hinder economic growth. Low interest rates make it easier to borrow, motivating businesses and people to take out loans for investing. This boosts industries like construction and real estate. When rates are high, borrowing gets expensive, so fewer people take out loans. This slows economic expansion and investment.
Interest rates affect more than borrowing costs. Returns on investments like bonds change with interest rates. When rates are low, bond yields may also be low. But when rates rise, yields go up, which makes bonds attractive to those wanting stable income.
Stocks also respond to interest rate shifts. Low rates can draw investors from fixed-income options to stocks, which can offer higher returns. John is a retired person who wants to make money from his savings. In a low-interest-rate environment, John diversifies by investing in stocks that give him steady cash. By adjusting investments based on rates, John’s savings keep generating income even in tough markets.
It’s important to understand how interest rates affect investments. Knowing this helps people and businesses make decisions that maximize their financial potential.
Factors Contributing to Volatility in Interest Rates
The interest rate volatility is affected by many factors. These can cause interest rate instability, generating uncertainty in the financial market. To gain insight into this phenomenon, let’s look into the essential determinants of interest rate volatility.
|Economic indicators||Unemployment rate, GDP growth, inflation|
|Central bank policies||Interest rate decisions, quantitative easing measures|
|Political instability||Elections, geopolitical tensions, policy uncertainties|
|Market speculation||Risk perceptions, investor sentiment, market expectations|
Apart from these, there are other factors that have an impact on interest rate volatility. The global economy and the connections between countries are crucial for interest rate movements. External events such as trade agreements or natural disasters can lead to shifts in interest rates.
Unexpected events like terrorist attacks or epidemics also influence interest rate volatility. These events affect investor confidence and risk appetite, which then influences the demand for loans and investments.
It’s important for investors and policymakers to comprehend the factors that cause interest rate volatility. By monitoring economic indicators and central bank policies, one can anticipate potential interest rate changes and adjust investment strategies.
Why Gold is a Strategic Investment in a Volatile Interest Rate Environment
To navigate a volatile interest rate environment, explore why gold is a strategic investment. Discover the historical performance of gold during periods of interest rate volatility, its role as a hedge against inflation, and the diversification benefits it brings to an investment portfolio.
Historical Performance of Gold during Periods of Interest Rate Volatility
Gold has proven its strength in times of interest rate volatility. Let’s explore how it has done so.
|Year||Interest Rate Change||Gold Price Change|
It is evident that gold can perform well during periods of interest rate volatility. In 2008, when rates dropped 0.75%, gold prices rose by 4.5%. The same situation occurred in 2011 and 2013 when rates changed +0.25% and -0.50%.
Gold is an attractive asset because it is a hedge against inflation and currency fluctuations. It provides stability and security when economic uncertainty is present. A real-life example is in 2008, during the global financial crisis. Many investors suffered great losses in their portfolios, whereas those who had gold investments were more stable and even profited from the rise in gold prices.
Overall, gold is a reliable and valuable asset class which can protect investments during times of interest rate volatility.
Gold as a Hedge against Inflation
Gold is a great pick for investors in a volatile interest rate environment. Its value stays stable during times of increasing prices, making it a desirable option for those wanting to protect their finances.
To understand why gold is a good hedge against inflation, let’s take a look at some facts:
|Year||Inflation Rate (%)||Gold Price Change (%)|
The table shows that gold prices have usually done well in different inflation scenarios, providing a secure hedge against rising prices.
In addition to being an inflation hedge, gold has other benefits. It is highly liquid and can be easily changed into cash when you need it. Plus, it is often seen as a safe investment in uncertain times, giving security and steadiness in erratic markets.
A good example of how gold serves as a hedge against inflation is the ‘Great Inflation’ of the late 1960s to the early 1980s in the U.S. During this time, inflation rates shot up, even reaching double digits, which caused the value of stocks and bonds to go down.
Nevertheless, those who had bought gold experienced huge gains during this period. The cost of gold went from around $35 per ounce in 1971 to over $800 per ounce by January 1980, meaning a 2,185% increase. This example illustrates the potential of gold as a strategic investment to protect against inflation and keep wealth.
Diversification Benefits of Gold in an Investment Portfolio
Gold offers multiple advantageous diversification features in an investor’s portfolio. It can act as a safeguard against inflation and currency drops, offering reliability and safety during unstable times. Also, gold has a limited association with other kinds of investments, such as stocks and bonds, making it an effective tool for managing risk.
|Hedging against inflation||Gold safeguards against the diminishing of purchasing power caused by increasing prices.|
|Currency diversification||Gold can act as a safe haven when currencies depreciate or face uncertainty.|
|Risk management||The restricted correlation of gold with other assets helps reduce total portfolio risk.|
Gold’s benefits exceed those mentioned above. Its past history of protecting wealth and serving as a source of value has made it sought-after in times of financial distress. Also, gold is easily tradable and accepted worldwide, giving liquidity and access to investors.
Tip: When adding gold to your investment portfolio, take into consideration consulting with a specialist financial advisor to ensure it meets your individual goals and risk tolerance.
Strategies for Investing in Gold in a Volatile Interest Rate Environment
To navigate the volatile interest rate environment, embrace strategic approaches when investing in gold. Explore the pros and cons of physical gold versus gold ETFs or mining stocks. Learn about optimal timing for buying or selling gold. Lastly, delve into considerations for storing and safeguarding physical gold. Find the best way to maximize your investments in gold while minimizing risks.
Physical Gold vs. Gold ETFs or Mining Stocks
Investing in gold can be done through physical gold, gold ETFs (Exchange Traded Funds) or mining stocks. Each has its own advantages and considerations. To compare them, have a look at the table below:
|Physical Gold||Gold ETFs||Mining Stocks|
|Tangible asset||Shares ownership||Shares ownership and potential dividends|
|Storage needed||No storage needed||No storage needed|
|Easy to sell||Easy buy and sell||Easy buy and sell, but can have liquidity issues|
|Hedge against inflation||Exposure to gold price fluctuations||Exposure to company-specific risks and gold price fluctuations|
This table highlights key characteristics of each investment option. Physical gold is a tangible asset and provides a hedge against inflation. However, storage is needed and it may be difficult to buy and sell.
Gold ETFs offer ownership through shares with no need for storage. Buying and selling is easy. But investors are exposed to price fluctuations of gold instead of owning the physical asset directly.
Mining stocks provide ownership through shares with potential dividends. Buying and selling is easy, but investors should consider company-specific risks as well as price fluctuations.
To make an informed decision, consider diversifying across these options based on your risk tolerance. Physical gold can provide stability to your portfolio during uncertain times, while gold ETFs offer flexibility and ease of trading. Mining stocks can potentially provide higher returns but come with additional risks.
The choice between physical gold, gold ETFs or mining stocks depends on your investment strategy and preferences. Combining them can help achieve a balanced portfolio and mitigate risk in a volatile interest rate environment.
Timing the Market – When to Buy or Sell Gold
Gold is a popular investment, so timing is key when buying or selling. Factors such as economic conditions and interest rates can heavily affect prices. The table below outlines indicators for timing gold investments:
|Indicator||Buy Gold||Sell Gold|
|Increasing Rates||Wait for Dip||Consider Selling|
|Decreasing Rates||Consider Buying||Hold or Consider Accumulating|
|Inflationary||Consider Buying||Hold or Consider Accumulating|
|Deflationary||Wait for Dip||Sell Part or Fully|
|Global Crisis||Safe-Haven Investment||Potential to Sell at High Prices|
It’s also important to consider specific factors like geopolitical tensions, currency fluctuations, and investor sentiment. There’s a story of an investor who timed their gold sell-off perfectly during the 2008 financial crisis. Despite initial doubt, they managed to make a lot of money by selling their gold at peak value.
In conclusion, timing is essential for successful gold investments in a volatile market.
Considerations for Storing and Protecting Physical Gold
When storing physical gold, planning and thought is key! Keep these points in mind:
- Storing Security: Select a facility or deposit box with strong security.
- Insurance: Ensure your gold’s insured against theft, damage, and loss.
- Locations: Divide your gold holdings to numerous storage spots to stop you from losing it all in one place.
- Vaulting: Look for private vaults that have deposit boxes specifically for precious metals like gold.
- Security Systems: See if the storage spot has motion sensors, biometric access controls, CCTV cameras, and alarms.
- Accessing: Understand the process of accessing your stored gold – including ID requirements and booking processes.
Also, some investors store gold at home. But this can increase the danger of theft or mishap.
Pro Tip: Balance convenience and security by using a mix of secure outside facilities and home safes.
Risks and Challenges in Investing in Gold in a Volatile Interest Rate Environment
To navigate risks and challenges in investing in gold in a volatile interest rate environment, explore the sub-sections on gold price volatility and market fluctuations, potential impact of regulatory policies changes, and the role of geopolitical factors on gold prices. Gain strategic awareness to make informed investment decisions.
Gold Price Volatility and Market Fluctuations
Gold prices are known to be unstable and open to market changes. This is due to different reasons such as economic conditions, geopolitical events, and investor sentiment shifts. Knowing these dynamics is necessary for investors who want to invest in gold.
For a graphic of the volatility and changes in gold prices, check the table:
|Year||Average Gold Price ($)|
We can see from the table that gold prices have had huge variations over the years. In 2010, it was $1,224 per ounce, with an increase to $1,571 in 2011. However, in 2013 there was a drop to $1,411. This illustrates the inherent volatility in gold prices.
In addition to these general trends, it is essential to note that gold prices can also be affected by certain events or circumstances. When there is economic uncertainty or geopolitical tensions, investors tend to use gold as a safe-haven asset. This increased demand can cause prices to jump significantly in a short time.
It is worth noting that this article collects information from reliable sources such as financial institutions and market analysis reports. By looking at gold price volatility and market fluctuations from multiple points of view and data, investors can make more educated investment decisions.
In conclusion, investing in gold has inherent risks due to its volatile nature and susceptibility to market fluctuations. It is essential for investors to keep an eye on economic conditions and geopolitical events which affect gold price movements.
Potential Impact of Changes in Regulatory Policies
The effect of regulatory policy changes on gold investing cannot be discounted. These can alter the worth and interest in gold, so investors must stay informed and adjust their plans.
A table is included to show potential impacts of policy changes:
|Regulation Increase||Rigid rules can reduce gold mining and cause a decrease in availability, increasing prices.|
|Taxation Policy||Changes in taxation can affect how appealing it is to invest in gold, impacting demand from individuals and institutions.|
|Financial Stability||Regulations that support financial stability can make gold a lesser attractive option for cautious investors.|
It’s important to note that these are only some examples of how policy changes can influence gold investing. Investors must monitor news and adjust accordingly to manage risks and seize advantages.
Also, it is crucial to understand that policies vary between countries and regions, making investing more complex.
For instance, during the 2008 financial crisis, regulatory policies had a major impact on gold investing. Governments imposed stricter regulations to control markets, leading to decreased investor faith. This caused higher demand for safer investments like gold, pushing up prices.
Role of Geopolitical Factors on Gold Prices
Geopolitical factors hugely affect gold prices. They shape gold’s demand and value. Tensions, conflicts, and economic unsteadiness all have an effect on investor sentiment about gold.
When tensions arise, investors look for safe-haven assets like gold to protect their wealth. Unstable political events can cause financial markets to waver, leading to changes in gold prices. War and political unrest usually cause demand for gold to rise.
Conflicts can also influence gold supply. Many gold-rich countries are located in unsteady regions. Conflict can disrupt production and distribution of gold, reducing supply and increasing prices.
Economic instability caused by geopolitical factors can also push up gold prices. Weak currencies and inflation from political uncertainty may make investors turn to gold as a store of value. Gold has generally kept its worth, even when traditional currencies fail.
Stay informed of global events that could alter the price of gold. Knowing how geopolitical factors alter market dynamics can help you make the right decisions and benefit from investments in this erratic environment. Invest smartly and safeguard your future!
The investment potential of gold in times of interest rate volatility is unquestionable. It serves as a safe haven and a hedge against inflation. However, investing in gold needs a smart strategy to get the most out of it and reduce risks.
It’s essential to be mindful of when you invest. Keeping an eye on economic indicators and interest rate movements can help you identify the best time to buy or sell. This means staying up-to-date with market data.
Diversifying your portfolio is another smart step. Allocating only a portion of it to gold reduces the risk while still taking advantage of the metal’s performance during uncertain times.
Interestingly, central banks have been raising their gold reserves lately. This reflects the confidence they have in gold’s value and its potential as a store of wealth.
In conclusion, investing in gold amidst volatile interest rates needs thoughtful planning. By staying informed, diversifying your portfolio, and capitalizing on opportune moments, you can navigate this difficult environment effectively and enjoy the unique qualities that gold offers as an investment asset.
Frequently Asked Questions
Q: Why should I consider investing in gold in a volatile interest rate environment?
A: Gold is often seen as a safe-haven investment during periods of uncertainty and economic instability. When interest rates are volatile, gold can provide a hedge against inflation and currency fluctuations, making it an attractive investment choice.
Q: How does a volatile interest rate environment affect the price of gold?
A: In a volatile interest rate environment, the price of gold can be influenced by several factors. Higher interest rates may increase the opportunity cost of holding gold, as it does not generate any interest or dividends. However, if interest rates are increased to curb inflation, investors may turn to gold as a store of value, driving up its price.
Q: What is a strategic approach to investing in gold in a volatile interest rate environment?
A: A strategic approach involves carefully analyzing market conditions and diversifying your investment portfolio. Consider the potential impact of interest rate changes on gold prices, and allocate a portion of your portfolio to physical gold, gold exchange-traded funds (ETFs), or gold mining stocks to spread the risk.
Q: Are there any risks involved in investing in gold in a volatile interest rate environment?
A: Like any investment, there are risks associated with investing in gold. The price of gold can be volatile and influenced by various factors beyond interest rates, such as global economic conditions, geopolitical tensions, and market sentiment. It is important to conduct thorough research and seek professional advice before making any investment decisions.
Q: Can investing in gold help protect my portfolio from interest rate fluctuations?
A: While gold can be a hedge against inflation and currency fluctuations, it does not guarantee protection from interest rate fluctuations alone. It is important to diversify your portfolio across different asset classes to effectively manage the impact of interest rate changes on your investments.
Q: Are there any tax implications associated with investing in gold?
A: Tax implications can vary depending on your country and the specific investment vehicles you choose. It is advisable to consult with a tax professional to understand the tax obligations and benefits related to investing in gold.
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What Is Diamond Drilling?
Diamond Drilling is a precise, cost-effective form of core drilling used to create holes in a range of materials including reinforced concrete, brick and stone. As the hardest naturally occurring material in the world, diamonds are embedded into hollow drill bits to ensure they can cut or drill through of these material.
The hollow drill shaft allows water to be pumped through the bit whilst drilling, providing an effective cooling and dust suppression that makes diamond drilling one of the cleanest methods in construction.
Unlike many traditional drilling techniques, diamond drilling is a precision method that produces minimal noise, dust and vibration throughout the process, making it ideal for a number of applications where structural integrity needs to be maintained.
Diamond drilling is a popular technique in the construction industry, providing a versatile, non-percussive method of creating holes from 12mm to 1000mm and openings of any size in concrete structures without damaging the surrounding surface. The technique can be used for a range of applications, including:
Diamond drilling is particularly useful for electrical cabling installations where minimal damage to the surrounding concrete or brickwork is required, rendering other drilling methods, such as bursting, obsolete. Electricians required diamond drilling to cut precise holes for cables to pass through with minimal mess. This is particularly useful for retail clients who need to move points of sale, and can also be used for changing usage requirements.
Plumbing projects regularly enlist the help of diamond drilling operatives, creating clean holes through concrete or masonry to install utility pipes and plumbing. Diamond drilling can be used for plumbing works in both domestic and commercial properties, creating precise openings for pipework with minimal noise, mess, and disruption.
As a method of core drilling applicable for any situation where openings are required for ducts, pipes, wiring, bolts and more, diamond drilling is most popularly used by builders in a wide range of construction projects.
Builders will often rely on diamond drilling in order to create precise holes to affix steel bolts, anchors and fittings without damaging the surrounding surface. However, contractors will often also use diamond drilling for concrete samples to determine loadings of the concrete at survey stage.
At M Hall Diamond Drilling, our skilled team with leading diamond drilling equipment are ready to work on a wide range of projects, with our services available 24/7 across the UK for your convenience.
To discuss your diamond drilling requirements today, or for any further information on the services we offer, simply contact our friendly team on 020 8012 7857 and we’ll be happy to assist you.
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According to Professor Nicola Lautenschlager at The University of Melbourne, vigorous physical activity could reduce the number of Alzheimer’s cases by up to 30 percent.
The neurodegenerative disorder has been linked to an accumulation of proteins, such as amyloid plaques, dangerously linking together to form the fourth leading cause of death among the elderly.
Whilst there is still no cure or treatment for Alzheimer’s that appears to reduce its affects once it has taken hold, there are certain lifestyle changes and choices that can affect how these proteins work.
These amyloid proteins may begin massing together up to 30 years before clinical symptoms emerge, says Lautenschlager. Whilst this is scary information it also allows this new research to form an exciting, and informative approach to preventative treatment.
“You can make a difference on the concentration of these pathological proteins just by modifying your lifestyle,” says Lautenschlager.
Studies have shown that people with high levels of physical activity, compared to those with low levels of activity, have a lower risk of dementia and cognitive decline. Lautenschlager recommends a minimum of 150 minutes per week to be devoted to physical activity as a preventative measure.
However, not all exercise is created equal according to Lautenschlager. When it comes to creating the best environment for protein fighting, it takes sweat, and a lot of it, to combat the build-up of amyloid’s in the brain.
“You have to work up a sweat and you have to have more intensive breathing,” says Lautenschlager. “So it’s not the stroll with a walking buddy where you have a chat or you stop at every corner with your dog. You have to walk fairly fast, so we call that moderate to vigorous.”
She also adds that combining exercise with resistance training like pilates and weightlifting can be even more beneficial.
In 2008, Lautenschlager published a study involving 170 seniors with memory deficits. These participants were encouraged to walk for 150 minutes a week for six months, with a control group of the same size, doing no exercise.
‘What we found was, really to our surprise, how striking the effect was,’ she says. ‘The cognition was clearly much better than in the control group.’ More promising, the benefits had a lasting effect. ‘Even a year later you could still see the effect.”
However, according to Lautenschlager, not all studies prove that exercise is the winning factor. ‘It’s not consistent,’ she says. ‘So you have negative and positive findings, but we have increasingly more often publications which show that regular physical activity can improve cognition.’
Whilst studies will continue to rise from the foundations of Lautenschlager’s study into cognitive vitality, she stresses that diet – now more than ever, has a huge impact on how our brains degenerate over time and is increasingly being viewed as an important factor in reducing the risk of dementia.
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Aircraft Propulsion is a field of engineering that focuses on the design and development of engines used by aircraft, spacecraft, and ground vehicles. Propulsion Engineers have an extensive amount of knowledge and experience in the design, operation, and analysis of these complex systems. With an understanding of everything from atmospheric conditions to engine operation, a Propulsion Engineer can help clients adapt their existing setups and design new propulsion systems tailored to their needs.
Here's some projects that our expert Propulsion Engineers made real:
- Designing efficient thermo-structural components with advanced 3D modelling
- Developing innovative exhaust nozzles to reduce fuel costs
- Increasing the overall performance of a gas turbine engine
- Implementing advanced diagnostics techniques in propulsion system health monitoring
At Freelancer.com we have experts in Aircraft Propulsion ready to tackle your most challenging projects. So if you're looking for a reliable Propulsion Engineer to develop your next aerospace project, don't hesitate to post your project description on Freelancer.com and hire the best candidate for the job!Daripada 179 ulasan, klien menilai Propulsion Engineers 4.8 daripada 5 bintang.
Upah Propulsion Engineers
Participants need to fill out the Challenge Registration form before submitting the solution. Please refer to the Guidelines tab for more information. Overview As space travel extends to greater duration and distance, missions may require a propellant refill in space. To achieve this, spacecraft may require larger tanks and efficient refueling along with tanks that have the capability of isolating propellant from ullage fluid (a gas and vapor mixture) during a vent. The goal of this Challenge is to develop a novel solution for the venting of ullage contents from a partially full propellant tank, in microgravity, with minimal loss of propellant. This ullage venting solution would help allow the adjustment of pressure in the receiving tank prior to, during, and/or after the liquid propella...
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Birth Of Artist Winslow Homer
Winslow Homer was born on February 24, 1836, in Boston, Massachusetts.
Homer’s mother was a talented watercolorist that began teaching him to paint at a young age. Though Homer was an average student, he proved himself to be a talented artist early on.
Homer’s father was always anxious to make money. He tried out different business ventures, moved to California for the gold rush, and even went to Europe to raise money for get-rich-quick schemes. Then, after Homer graduated from high school, his father got him an apprenticeship with a Boston lithographer. Though it provided him with good experience, Homer grew tired of the repetitive work of engraving sheet music covers. He began working as a freelance artist two years later and turned down an offer for a full-time position with Harper’s Weekly. Homer claimed, “From the time I took my nose off that lithographic stone I have had no master, and never shall have any.”
Homer worked as a successful freelance illustrator for the next 20 years. His work appeared in Ballou’s Pictorial and Harper’s Weekly. Most of his illustrations during this time were of urban and country scenes. In the coming years, Homer moved to Belmont, Massachusetts and later New York City. It was in New York that he opened his studio and briefly attended the National Academy of Design.
Homer showed immense skill painting with oils, even though he’d largely been training himself for about a year. His mother tried to raise money to send him to Europe to study, but he then received another job offer. Harper’s Weekly wanted to send him to the front lines of the Civil War. Homer obliged and sketched (and later painted) camp life as well as intense battle scenes. Most of his Civil War paintings picture George B. McClellan and his troops along the Potomac River. He also illustrated women in wartime, showing the effect of the war on the home front.
During and after the war, Homer returned to his New York studio and began exhibiting his paintings at the National Academy of Design. His painting, Home, Sweet Home, was particularly popular. As one critic described it, “It is a work of real feeling, soldiers in camp listening to the evening band, and thinking of the wives and darlings far away. There is no strained effect in it, no sentimentality, but a hearty, homely actuality, broadly, freely, and simply worked out.”
Homer also continued to do magazine illustrations for Our Young Folks and Frank Leslie’s Chimney Corner. He finally made it to Paris in 1867, where he spent a year. He produced about 12 paintings while there, largely focusing on peasant life.
Homer’s post-war paintings focused largely on childhood, as he and much of the nation yearned for simpler times. His Crossing the Pasture pictured two young boys and represented hopes of a united future after a war that pitted brother against brother.
Homer decided to quit working as a commercial illustrator in 1875, so he could focus all of his attention on painting and watercolor. Though this took a strain on his finances, he was as popular as ever. Two of his paintings appeared at the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia: Snap-the-Whip and Breezing Up. Around this time Homer visited Petersburg, Virginia, and began painting scenes of rural African American life. He explored racial tensions in such paintings as A Visit from the Old Mistress.
In 1873, Homer began painting with watercolors on a more regular basis. While some critics dismissed them, they proved popular with the public and improved his finances. Some were simple and impressionistic while others were highly detailed. He also used watercolors as his early versions of later oil paintings.
In the late 1870s, Homer became reclusive (some suggest romantic troubles and others say emotional issues). He abandoned his urban social life and spent a while living hidden away in the Eastern Point Lighthouse. This renewed his love of painting the sea and fishermen. Then in 1881, Homer made another drastic move to England, where he lived for two years. Here he painted workingmen and women almost always in watercolor. The paintings from this era were larger and more detailed.
Homer returned to America in 1882 to display his new works in New York. Critics noticed the dramatic change in his work, claiming it “touch[ed] a far higher plane… They are works of High Art.” The following year he moved to Prouts Neck, Maine, and devoted much of his time to painting massive sea scenes. Many of these paintings depict a struggle between man and the sea. Now 50 years old, Homer was described as “Yankee Robinson Crusoe, cloistered on his art island” and “a hermit with a brush.” But he also spent the winter months in Florida, Cuba, and the Bahamas, painting vibrant Caribbean watercolors.
Homer had one of the biggest successes of his career in 1893 with The Fox Hunt. His largest painting, it was purchased by the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, marking the first time his work was hung in a major American museum. By the turn of the century, Homer was finally financially stable and his work went for higher prices to museums. He continued painting into his final years until his death on September 29, 1910, leaving his painting, Shooting the Rapids, unfinished.
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The economic downturn that eventually led to the 2022 bankruptcy commenced on August 12, 1953, when the Dudley-JRJ government reversed its policy of sustaining an extensively subsidized rice ration, a staple since World War II.
The decision to withdraw the subsidy triggered widespread public discontent, climaxing in a nationwide strike (Hartal). In response to significant demonstrations, the government ultimately surrendered and abandoned its stance.
As the projected deficit surged tenfold within a month, Minister of Finance JR sought urgent financial aid or higher rubber prices from the US, yet these endeavours proved fruitless. Ultimately, the government had to tamper with the rice ration subsidy, which constituted 70 percent of the budget deficit. This action impacted all citizens, even the affluent, who paid significantly less for rice compared to its import cost borne by the State.
Over the ensuing 25 years, this practice persisted despite its detrimental impact on the economy, severe fiscal constraints, and the depletion of international reserves—often driven by politicians focused on securing victory in upcoming elections. However, in 1978, President JR Jayewardene assumed office and made the pivotal decision to terminate the subsidy, recognizing the urgent need for change.
He not only eliminated the subsidy but also introduced economic liberalization and deferred the 1983 general elections, at the cost of democracy though, this shift led to substantial development, greatly benefiting the nation and its populace.
It also underscores how decisions made by the government in the past, even seemingly minor ones, can exert a lasting impact on a country’s course.
Dudley Senanayake and Gotabhaya Rajapaksa both succumbed to the influence of rebellious masses, stepping down as heads of state in response to the inaugural and the third such uprisings, separated by a span of 69 years.
The subsidized imported rice, initially priced at 70 cents per measure with only a 30 percent local contribution, evolved into a necessity for citizens, cherished and supported by the state.
Any government attempting to alter the Hal-Potha [ration card] faced potential electoral calamity.
The 1952 UNP manifesto vowed Rice ration stays at 25 cents as long as Sun and Moon exist.
In the 1970 elections, the SLFP-led United Front pledged Rice from the Moon…
During the Free India movement in India under colonial rule, the term ‘hartal,’ distinct to South Asia, first emerged as a form of Strike Action.
Hartal involves a mass protest campaign where people voluntarily close shops, workplaces, schools, and transport services, abstaining from work and holding demonstrations to express disapproval of an unacceptable and unpopular ruling decision.
Two subsequent mass uprisings were documented. The second, on July 29, 1987, emerged as people protested the Indo-Lanka accord. The situation escalated with violent actions from JVP activists, prompting police intervention and resulting in 140 fatalities.
The second event encompassed a peaceful Aragala movement from April to July, culminating on July 9, when SLPP activists attacked the aragalists, and later, JVP arsonists set fire to 78 houses.
The UNP leadership’s insensitivity to social anxieties became evident through a sweeping price hike of 300 percent—from 25 cents to 70 cents per measure in one stroke—prompting widespread unrest.
The policy speech and budget announcement on July 23, 1953, intensified public discontent as it not only removed the rice subsidy but also imposed higher taxes on sugar, increased train fares, and postal rates, and eliminated free midday meals for school children.
Marxist parties, which included LSSP, CP, and VLSSP, wielded significant influence during this period, exercising control over more than 90 percent of the Trade Unions and establishing a well-organized branch network across various provinces.
The protest gathered participation from a variety, including the organized working class, urban and suburban residents, plantation workers, and supporters of the Federal and left-wing movements in Jaffna. Although the newly formed SLFP offered conceptual support, it did not actively engage in the campaign. SWRD Bandaranaike, the leader of the SLFP, presided over the Galle Face rally held on the same day. On the occasion of the budget presentation on July 23, 1953, a mass rally coordinated by leftist parties witnessed some supporters and workers defying organizers’ instructions, attempting to storm the Parliament, which led to riots.
The ensuing violence during the Hartal on August 12 reached an unprecedented level. The turmoil inflicted extensive damage on railway lines, resulted in the toppling of telegraph posts, and severely disrupted communication facilities. Protesters obstructed main roads using trees and logs, and buses were attacked and halted. The chaotic situation escalated throughout the day, with even women joining the protest.
In the lead-up to the Hartal on August 12, Leftist leaders conducted ‘factory gate meetings’ to educate workers and visited villages to disseminate the call, especially in their strongholds.
This effort established the worker-peasant alliance, a fundamental tenet of Marxist ideology.
The media establishments, including the Lake House, Times, and Radio Ceylon, mostly circulated pro-government and anti-Hartal propaganda.
In response, the LSSP and CP published special editions of their news sheets dedicated to the Hartal to counter these allegations and inform the public about the plans.
The Hartal witnessed widespread participation and fervent expressions of discontent across various regions, with the Western, Southern, and Sabaragamuwa provinces experiencing the most pronounced protests and violence. In several towns, mass uprisings unfolded, resulting in significant damage to coastal railways and confrontations with the Police that led to the loss of life.
Notably, in Kandy, University students staged a demonstration that escalated into a violent clash with the Police, resulting in hours of street fighting.
The Hartal emerged as a strong example of the people’s frustration and dissatisfaction with the government’s policies.
An active and courageous role was assumed by women during the Hartal, particularly in locations like Koralawella, Egoda-uyana, and Waskaduwa, intensifying the protests with their determination.
The timing of the Hartal, against the backdrop of Mao Zedong’s triumph in China and Fidel Castro’s assault in Cuba, left the ruling class bewildered, as the swift and resolute response of the people caught them off guard. As violence escalated on August 12, 1953, the Prime Minister and his Cabinet sought refuge aboard the British Warship HMS Newfoundland docked in Colombo harbour.
An emergency Cabinet meeting convened onboard, leading to the imposition of Martial Law in certain areas, accompanied by a 24-hour curfew and orders to “shoot at sight with impunity.”
Despite the use of tear gas and force, the rioting participants remained firm, resulting in nine reported deaths.
The following individuals tragically succumbed to the use of force: K. Edwin-Pettah, Almadurage Alwis–Ratgama, S. H. Rabel-Uragaha, T. M. Panagoda-Dodanduwa, S. K. A. Piyasena-Dompe; K. A. Sadiris-Dompe, S. K. A. Wickremasinghe Perera-Dompe, T. Sirisena-Kirulapona, Douglas Nicholas-Modera.
Addressing unrealistic election pledges and tolerating corruption within governance has yielded adverse economic outcomes. Effectively addressing national reconciliation, taxation, debt restructuring, privatization of state assets, and maintaining law and order necessitates a bold and skilled leader with robust international relations capabilities, ready to make difficult decisions prioritizing immediate requirements over future electoral concerns.
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| 0.940777 | 1,592 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Governor Murphy signed into law on April 24, 2018 a law known as the Diane B. Allen Equal Pay Act. It amends the New Jersey Law Against Discrimination (“LAD”) to expand and strengthen the rights of employees to be paid equally for their work without regard to their gender, pregnancy, race, age, national origin, ancestry, age, disability, marital status, civil union and domestic partnership status, and sexual orientation—which are known as protected classes. As a result, New Jersey may have the strongest state law in the country which prohibits discrimination in pay.
The new law, which goes into effect on July 1, 2018, makes it unlawful for an employer to pay an employee lower compensation than it pays employees for substantially similar work because of the employee’s membership in a protected class. The judgment whether work is substantial similar is based on looking at the skill, effort and responsibility which the jobs involve. The comparison of wage rates will be based on rates in all of the employer’s operations and facilities.
Employers are prohibited from correcting unequal compensation by reducing the pay rate of any employee. Instead, the employer must increase the pay of the lower paid employee to the level of the higher paid employees who performs substantially similar work.
An employer can continue to pay a different rate of compensation to an employee in a protected class if the employer can demonstrate (a) the different compensation results from a seniority system or a merit system, or if (b) the employer proves all of the following:
- The unequal pay resulted from bona fide factors other than characteristics of the members of the protected class, such as training, education, experience or production
- The factors are not based on the fact that the employee is in the protected case
- Each factor is applied reasonably,
- The factors account for the entire difference in wages, and
- The factors are job related and based on legitimate business activity.
The new law provides that each time an employee is affected by discrimination in compensation, including each paycheck that is the result of discriminatory compensation, is an illegal act.
Previously, an employee had to start a lawsuit for unequal pay within two years of each illegal act of discrimination. Under the new Equal Pay Act, an employee will have six years from the time of each illegal act to start a lawsuit. That longer time period will mean that employees who prevail on equal pay claims will be able to be awarded back pay for a much longer period of time.
Another major expansion of employees’ remedies under the new statute is that if a jury finds an equal pay violation the judge has to order the employer to pay the employee “treble damages,” meaning three times the actual monetary damages. Treble damages also are available to an employee who establishes in a lawsuit that the employer retaliated because the employee asserted his or her right to receive equal pay.
The amendment expands the LAD’s restriction against employers retaliating against employees to prohibit retaliation against employees because they discuss, disclose or request information about wages.
The new statute likely will result in many employers reevaluating the amount they are paying employees in protected classes and, in appropriate instances, increasing the compensation of those people.
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Holocaust Remembrance Day
"The United States Congress established the Days of Remembrance as our nation's annual commemoration of the Holocaust and created the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum as a permanent living memorial to the victims. Observances and remembrance activities can occur during the week of Remembrance that runs from the Sunday before Holocaust Remembrance Day (Yom Hashoah) through the following Sunday. Days of Remembrance are observed by state and local governments, military bases, workplaces, schools, churches, synagogues, and civic centers." - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. The Holocaust Remembrance Program at Ohio University is cosponsored by Bobcats For Israel, Jewish Women of Ohio, AEPi, Multicultural Programs, and SAC.
Multicultural Student Expo
The Multicultural Student Expo is a student organization fair for first year students. During the program, first year students have an opportunity to meet upper class students, learn about multicultural student organizations, and meet other members of their graduating class.
About 40 organizations hosted tables at the event and attendees enjoyed music, food, prizes and a black Greek fraternity and sorority stroll.
Kwanzaa, an African American holiday based on the first fruit celebrations of Africa, was created by Dr. Maulana Karenga to introduce and reinforce seven basic values of African culture: Unity, Self-determination, Collective Work and Responsibility, Cooperative Economics, Purpose, Creativity, and Faith. The holiday is officially celebrated December 26 to January 1. Due to the OU calendar, it is celebrated early while students are still on campus. Kwanzaa is a collaborative cultural presentation of the Office of Multicultural Programs (MCP), the Multicultural Center (MCC) and the Black Student Cultural Programming Board (BSCPB).
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https://www.ohio.edu/diversity/multicultural-center/programs/sponsored-events
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| 0.927591 | 359 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Music, the Body in Time, and Self-Similarity Concepts
It is shown in this paper that the structural configuration of music exactly parallels the structural configuration of the human body. Music and biological systems share time as a common denominator, since both derive from, and exist in the time dimension. Music and biological systems also share as a common denominator certain features of self-similarity that can be quantified by power-law formulations. Discussed herein is how further investigations into these two common features—selfsimilarity as an architectural property of both music and the human body, and space-time as common dimensions of perception—can provide some insights into specific mechanisms by which the six elements of music—rhythm, melody, harmony, timbre, dynamics, and form—succeed in eliciting profound physiological responses. Once these mechanisms are understood, they can be exploited to develop diagnostic protocols which, in turn, can provide a scientific basis for using music as a clinical intervention in a variety of diagnosed populations.
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https://www.omicsonline.org/peer-reviewed/music-the-body-in-time-and-selfsimilarity-concepts-22685.html
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| 0.935637 | 205 | 2.625 | 3 |
Analog Communication Interview Questions
- 1) What is Analog Communication?
- 2) List different parts of a Communication System?
- 3) What are types of Signals?
- 4) What is an Analog Signal?
- 5) What is Aperiodic Signal and periodic Signal?
- 6) What is Modulation?
- 7) Enlist some advantages of Modulation?
- 8) What are different types of Modulation?
- 9) Please Explain Square Law Modulator?
- 10) What are Demodulator? List its Types?
- 11) What are Transmitters?
- 12) What is a Receiver?
- 13) What is Sampling?
- 14) What do you understand by FM and classify FM?
- 15) What are advantages of Super Heterodyning?
- 16) What Is Amplitude Modulation?
- 17) What Is Pulse Position Modulation?
- 18) Explain the principle of PPM?
- 19) What is PAM in practical circuits?
- 20) What is pass and stop band?
- 21) What is a precision rectifier?
- 22) What is DAC?
- 23) What are RF and microwave filters?
- 24) What are harmonics?
- 25) What is a multivibrator?
Below are the list of Best Analog Communication Interview Questions and Answers
Analog Communication is a data transmitting technique used to transmit data including video, audio, electrons, image etc. An analog signal is a continuous time-varying signal which represents a time-varying quantity.
There are five main parts of the communication system:
- Message: Message is the data which needs to be sent .It can be in any form like text, audio, number, video, images.
- Sender: As the name suggests is the device that sends the message. It can be a computer, telephone handset, workstation, video camera and so on.
- Receiver: The device where the message is received is called a receiver. It can be a computer, telephone handset, workstation, video camera and so on.
- Transmission medium: It is a physical path in the data communication network by which the data travel to its destination. Source occupies the one end to send data whereas receives use another end to receive the data. Examples of mediums are twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, fibre-optic cable etc.
- Protocol: It is a set of rules that regulates the data communication. It is an agreement between the two devices for successful communication. Without the protocol, it is not possible to communicate even though the devices are connected. It handles a lot of things like how the data will be sent or traveled, to ensure data is received or not and many others.
Signalling is a source of energy that used to convey the information. Information can be shared by means like sounds, action, gestures etc.
Based on their amplitude: -
- Analog Signal – The value of the amplitude in the analog signal has infinite value.
- Digital Signal – The value of the amplitude in the Digital signal can only have finite and discrete values.
Based on their horizontal axis (time axis) of the signal:-
- Continuous-time signal- It is a type of signal whose value (amplitude) exists for every fraction of time t.
- Discrete-time signal- It exists only for a discrete value of time t.
Based on “determination by mathematical equation:-
- Deterministic Signal: These signals are those signals that are determined by a mathematical formula.
- Non- deterministic Signal: These signals are random and they are not defined by any mathematical equation.
Based on symmetry:-
- Even signals – These signals are symmetric around a vertical axis
- Odd signals – These signals are symmetric about the origin.
Based on power & Energy:-
- Energy Signal- These signals have finite energy.
- Power signal– These signals have finite power.
A continuous signal in which a one-time varying quantity represents another time-based variable is called an Analog signal. These signals work with a natural phenomenon, for example a volcano, speed of wind, weight, frequency, earthquake, lighting etc.
- Periodic Signal: A periodic signal always repeats over a cycle of time or regular interval of time. If a periodic signal repeats its pattern after a period it is called a periodic signal. A function e.g. f(x) here can be periodic if and only if it satisfies the following equation..
➤f(x + p) = f(x)
Example: The sinusoidal signal is periodic having periodicity value of 2π
- Aperiodic Signal: It is a signal which does not repeat its pattern over a period. For example, the signal created by a telephone when one or two words are pronounced is aperiodic.
A process of encoding message source into information which is suitable for transmission is called Modulation.This is achieved by altering the characteristics of a wave. There are several forms of modulation based on the characteristics they change. Most of the common characteristics are frequency, amplitude, phase, pulse duration and pulse sequence
Some of the Advantages of implanting modulation are mentioned below: -
- Frequency of the radiated signal is inversely proportional to the size of the antennae. So, by increasing the frequency of the signal with the help of the modulation will certainly reduce the size of the antenna.
- Signals from different sources are conveyed from a common channel at the same time with the help of multiplexers. If the bandwidth of all these signals is the same then there would be interference and the signal or data cannot be sent properly. Therefore for proper functioning, speech signals are modulated to different carrier frequencies so that the receiver tunes them to desired bandwidth.
- The quality of the reception improves a lot because of the modulation.
- Modulation plays a key role in bringing the wireless system in the communication system.
There are three types of modulation which are mentioned below:
- Amplitude modulation: As the name suggests, amplitude modulation is used to modulate the amplitude of the signal. The amplitude of the carrier wave varies in accordance with the modulating signal.
- Frequency modulation, FM: In frequency modulation, the form of modulation varies the frequency in accordance with the modulating signal. This type of modulation is used in various applications like telemetry seismic prospecting, radio, radar and so on.
- Phase modulation: The carrier phase is varied in line with the data signal. In this modulation, frequency changes whenever the phase is changed.
In Square Law Modulator or the Switching-modulator, the "Square-law" refers to the input-output relation of the device used for modulation. It is basically used for generating amplitude modulation (AM/DSB).
In contrast to modulation, this process is used to extract the original information-carrying signal from a modulated carrier wave. It is used to recover the original message from the modulated carrier wave.
Transmitters are used to send out the data in the form of radio waves in a particular band of the electromagnetic spectrum so that required specific communication meet up, be it for voice or general data. Information sent by the transmitter is in the form of an electronic signal. It can be video from a TV camera, audio from a microphone, or a digital signal for wireless networking devices.
A receiver is a device that selects a particular signal from the collection of signals received from a communication channel. It collects the signal, recovers it and delivers it to the user.
It is the phenomenon of changing an analog signal to a discrete signal. For example, if a source produces an analog signal, and if it needs to be discretized in 1s and 0s, this can be done by sampling.
FM stands for frequency modulation is a technique used to encode the information on a specific signal. In this, the form of modulation varies the carrier wave frequency in accordance with the modulating signal.
There are two types of FM:
- Narrowband FM: Narrow-Band FM means that the modulated wave has a narrow bandwidth. m(t) = Am cos(2fmt)
- Wideband FM: Wideband FM is used for better signal quality. This is used in an application where the modulation index either equals to or greater than 1.
Super heterodyning is a device that converts high frequency to low frequency There are many advantages of Super Heterodyning.
Some of them are mentioned below: -
- Cost: Lower frequencies component is cheaper compared to the higher frequency therefore with the help of superheterodyne, these lower frequency components can be used easily
- Superior sensitivity: It is easy to filter the unwanted signal at IF as compared to the RF, therefore, Superheterodyne provides the superior sensitivity
- Another advantage of using Super heterodyning is that various components can be designed for a fixed frequency which is cheaper and easier as compared to the designing wideband components.
Amplitude modulation is defined as the amplitude of a carrier wave varies in line with the characteristics of a message signal. The signal can be musical sound, vocal sound.
Pulse Position Modulation (PPM) defines a signalling scheme that allows in the transmission of multiple bits per symbol. Continuous signals are sampled at a specific interval in pulse modulation.
The principle used in PPM is that the width and the amplitude of the pulse remain constant but the position varies in line with the amplitude of the modulating signal.
In practical circuits, PAM stands for Pulse-amplitude modulation. It is a form of signal modulation where the message information is encoded in the amplitude of a series of signal pulses.
- Bandpass filter: A bandpass filter includes an LPF and a high pass. It permits only selectable frequency to pass and block the above and below frequencies. Cut off frequency of the LPF is higher in comparison with the cut off frequency of the high pass filter. Because of this, it allows only a specific range of frequency to pass.
- Bandstop filter: Bandstop filter or notch filter is opposite to Bandpass filter as they block the specific range of frequency and allows the rest of frequency to pass through. It is reverse of the bandpass filter and can be designed simply using the same input at a high pass and an LPF.
The precision rectifier is acquired with the help of one or more than one operation amplifier to obtain a circuit that behaves like an ideal diode and rectifier. There are two methods to design a precision rectifier. First one is amplifying the AC signal and rectifying it or performing both steps at once with a single amplifier. The latter is more convenient to use.
DAC is known as Digital to Analog Converter is a device that changes binary values (0s and 1s) to a set of continuous analog to produce the output it is important to convert the data that is understandable with the help of devices like DAC. voltages. DAC is also known as D/A or D2A. As we know, a computer uses binary language to operate, therefore
The Microwave and RF filters are used to pass or reject signals by frequency. The function of the filter is used to determine the quantity of insertion loss. It also checks the phase shift for signals that pass through the filter. There are two main types of RF and Microwave filter which are Bandpass filter and Band reject filter.
When a musical instrument is playing a note, it is the fundamental pitch that we are hearing. This pitch is joined with a series of frequencies which are usually heard as a single tone. Harmonics are those particular frequencies which are integer multiples of the fundamental pitch’s frequency.
Multivibrator is an electronic device that generates a non-sinusoidal waveform. The produced wave can be in any form like a triangular wave, sawtooth wave, square wave, ramp wave, rectangular wave etc.
An R-2R resistor ladder network is used to transform the parallel digital symbol into an analog voltage. It follows the principle of superposition where you can switch on the binary input if you are willing to add more voltage at the output.
This diagram shows the binary analogue and output. The below ladder can be extended to any length:
A logic input type that gives hysteresis or two various threshold voltage levels for falling and a rising edge is called Schmitt trigger. It is very useful to avoid errors in noisy input signals where the only aim is to get square wave signals. Schmitt trigger transforms an analog signal or sinusoidal signal to a digital signal. The output transition from low to high and high to low occur at various thresholds.
Active filters are those filters that contain active components like operational amplifiers along with passive elements like capacitor and resistor. Active filter used to amplify the output signal by using the power from an external power source.
The precision full-wave rectifier accepts the ac signal at the input. Then it inverts either the positive half or the negative half. At the output, this full-wave rectifier provides both the non inverted and inverted halves. It supplies both the cycles in one direction. The diagram is below:
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Residential customers may bring limited amounts of asbestos-containing materials to a Metro household hazardous waste facility. These materials cannot be delivered to a Metro transfer station.
Asbestos information for Metro customers
Common hazardous ingredients
Asbestos is the generic name for a group of naturally occurring minerals.
Products and building materials containing asbestos can release small, invisible mineral fibers into the air when drilled, sawed, damaged, scraped, sanded or shattered. Breathing in asbestos fibers can cause asbestos-related diseases and cancer.
Until the late 1970s, many types of commercial and home building products contained asbestos, and these products were often not labeled. Some flooring contained asbestos through the mid-1980s.
Some common products that contained asbestos include:
- steam pipes, boilers and furnace ducts insulated with asbestos wrapping, block and paper tape
- resilient floor tiles (vinyl asbestos and asphalt) and the backing on vinyl sheet flooring
- cement sheet, millboard and paper used as insulation or a heat barrier around furnaces and wood burning stoves
- cement roofing shingles and siding
- decorative material sprayed on ceilings (common name “popcorn”)
- patching, leveling and joint compounds for walls, ceilings and floors • older household products such as hot pads, old ironing board covers and some old hairdryers
- automobile brake pads and linings, clutch facings and gaskets.
Minimize your exposure to toxic asbestos fibers. Locate all asbestos-containing materials by having your home or business surveyed professionally. If the material is in good condition, leave it alone. If the material is damaged or you are planning to make changes that may disturb the asbestos-containing material (such as remodeling), contact the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality.
Best: Special authorization is given to landfills that handle asbestos waste. Two landfills close to the Portland area, Hillsboro Landfill and Wasco County Landfill, are permitted to accept asbestos waste by appointment only. Please call a landfill in advance of your delivery for details, hours of operation and pricing.
Metro’s hazardous waste facilities can accept small amounts (two 25-pound, double-bagged and sealed 6 mil bags) of asbestos-contaminated waste from non-commercial customers only. For information about proper packaging and labeling of asbestos waste, ask Metro at 503-234-3000 or consult DEQ.
Second best: Outside the Portland metropolitan area and northwest region of Oregon you may hold small properly packaged and labeled amounts of asbestos containing materials for a DEQ household hazardous waste collection event.
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When you get into a good routine of wearing your hearing aids, you start noticing things. New sounds. New sensations. New emotions. And, quite possibly, earwax.
In this post we are going to talk about cleaning your hearing aids – including removing earwax. We will also show you how to change the batteries in your hearing aids.
Cleaning your hearing aids
Your ear canals produce earwax primarily for two reasons: Firstly, it assists in lubricating the ear canal – sort of like lip balm for your ears. Secondly, it helps protect the ears against infections and foreign objects such as small insects.
So, earwax serves a natural and vital purpose in our body. Wax build-up can, however, clog up your hearing aids and is one of the main contributors to the need for hearing aid repair.
We recommend you establish a daily routine of taking a tissue or dry cloth and using it to dab the earpiece mould. This should remove any earwax.
If you notice your hearing aids are not performing as well as before and there is a build-up of earwax, you may need to replace the wax filter. This rarely happens within the first month – and you don’t need to worry. Just contact your hearing care professional and ask for assistance. They can teach you how to do this at home if you are comfortable with it, or you can rely on them for help.
Changing the batteries in your hearing aids
The batteries in your hearing aids will typically last three to ten days, depending on usage – for example, how much you use them for streaming music and television.
Changing the batteries is not complicated. You will hear a sound when the battery is running low and this signals that it is time to replace the batteries. This warning period can vary depending on how your hearing care professional has programmed your hearing aids.
If you need assistance, you can watch this demonstration of how to change the batteries in your hearing aids:
Here are a few useful tips when it comes to changing the batteries:
- Put a little dot or the sticker from your battery in your calendar every time you change the batteries. This will allow you to keep track of your average battery life and plan accordingly.
- Handle the batteries over a surface such as a table or a tray. That way, if you drop the batteries, you won’t have to rummage around on the floor looking for them.
- Once you have removed the sticker from the battery, we advise waiting 30 seconds before inserting it. This gives the new battery time to draw air and will help it to function optimally.
We hope these tips will help you in your daily life with your hearing aids!
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By medical definition, whiplash is an injury whereupon the injured person that is in a motor vehicle is rear-ended by another motor vehicle. This creates the anatomic phenomenon of hyperextension (the neck bends excessively backwards, followed by hyperflexion (the neck bends forward-chin to chest). With the backward compressive forces, the facet joints, disc and nerve roots can get injured. With the hyperflexion portion of the injury, muscles and ligaments often get stretched beyond their normal anatomic limit and therefore injured.
The two most common complaints following a whiplash injury include neck pain and headaches. Often the headaches are in the back of the head. This is sometimes due to a medical condition known as occipital neuralgia. An injury to the nerve at the top of the neck/base of the head gets injured from the whiplash mechanism of injury and causes pain in the occiput (back) of the head. One does not need to strike his or her head to suffer from a post-traumatic headache syndrome. The intensity and frequency of post-traumatic headaches usually decreases with time.
Ninety percent of persons suffering from a whiplash injury do make a full recovery. Persons with whiplash-related pain beyond one year of the accident are considered to have suffered permanent injuries.
Within the category of whiplash there is the subcategory of a minimal impact soft tissue (MIST) injury. There is some research, as well as our clinical experience, indicating that if the worst pain is the day after the motor vehicle accident, such symptoms are very limited, most often in the order of days. Another way to look at this is that if a disc herniation occurred or if a bone was broken or dislocated, for those more serious injuries, the worst pain is going to be at the time of impact. With a strain injury, some delayed response development of inflammation could make the pain worse the next day.
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We each have primary movement and reflex patterns that are key to development. These reflexes are the fundamental building blocks for all learned movement and skills from first lifting your head to crawling, walking, talking, writing, calculating, etc.
When the body is put under certain stressors, it could cause a reflex to not continue integrating while we continue to grow/develop - meaning that this reflex is left behind and the rest of the body has to compensate for it. A person’s reflexes can be affected at any time - while they are in utero to older adulthood.
If the infant/child/adult has a negative outcome when using a reflex, the brain will remember this and figure out a new way to go about it so that the negative outcome does not occur again. The brain does not forget the negative outcome easily - your brain is always trying to protect you! But sometimes this is not what is best for the body. For example, if an infant experiences that when he wiggles around using his spinal reflexes, and then falls off the changing table and hurts himself. So then the brain documents a negative outcome and thinks: “when using the spinal reflexes, I fall and hurt myself. I better not use these so that I do not hurt myself again.” The next time the body is needing to use the spinal reflexes, it will compensate - overtime causing other issues. As this child grows, he may not have proper hip motion, could develop back problems, or many more possible negative outcomes from this reflex not integrating.
To integrate the reflex, there are a variety of steps that can be taken that will depend on your individual situation - but no worries your practitioner will know what to do, you simply need to lie on the table and ask questions when you have them. Eventually, by working a reflex you will likely be able to integrate it so that the brain and body know that you are safe when using this reflex. This allows the system to be balanced and can function efficiently with less stressors and therefore less discomfort.
The best way to learn about MNRI is to set up an assessment where the practitioner can show you an example of a specific reflex integration treatment. Or please visit MNRI’s website: www.masgutovamethod.com for more resources and information..
Common instances where a reflex may not be integrated
- born c-section, premature, induced or an epidural was used
- if mother used alcohol or drugs while pregnant
- crawling, walking, speech delays
- behavior disorders (OCD, ADD, autism, etc.)
- inability to regulate emotions, hyperactivity, lack of motivation
- chronic tightness, movement limitations
- walking on your toes, inside or outside edge of your foot
- balance/coordination issues
- bad posture
- Experienced trauma (including PTSD)
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Dental problems can significantly affect your health, relationships, and overall well-being. Although most dental problems are easily preventable, you’ll likely experience at least one dental problem during your lifetime. This article discusses the 5 most common dental problems and how they’re prevented and treated.
Gingivitis: Gingivitis is a mild, early form of gum disease that occurs when bacteria and plaque build-up in the mouth, forming tartar under the gumline. You can develop a gum infection when plaque extends below the gum line. Tartar creates a protective shield for bacteria leading to irritation, infection, redness, and swelling (inflammation) along the gumline. Once tartar has formed, it can only be removed by your dentist during a professional cleaning. Good oral health habits, such as brushing at least twice daily, flossing daily, and getting regular checkups, can help prevent and reverse gingivitis.
Periodontal disease: If left untreated, gingivitis can advance to periodontal disease (periodontitis), a much more serious condition that can lead to tooth loss. In the early stages of periodontitis, your gums recede or pull away from your teeth and form small pockets between the gums and teeth. Bacteria enter and flourish in these pockets, leading to infection below the gum line, eventually breaking down the tissue and bone holding your teeth in place and causing tooth loss. If you have periodontitis, you might experience severe pain while chewing, severe bad breath, and a foul taste in your mouth. Your dentist will examine and diagnose you and create a treatment plan that may include deep cleaning and surgery. Maintaining good dental hygiene after treatment is important to keep for your dental health and prevent reinfection.
Oral cancer is a serious and common problem that often occurs in the tongue, tonsils and oropharynx, gums, lips, floor and roof of the mouth, and cheek lining. Oral cancer is particularly dangerous because it often doesn’t present pain or readily recognizable symptoms in its early stages, so you may not even know you have it.
As with other cancers, prompt treatment and early detection improve your chances of survival. In fact, the five-year overall survival rate in those with stage 1 and 2 oral cancers is typically 70 to 90 percent. That’s why going to your dentist for dental examinations and oral cancer screenings is incredibly important—the dentist knows what to look for and will thoroughly examine you for any signs and symptoms of oral cancer.
Tooth decay is among the most common health problems, affecting 1 in 4 adults in the United States. They’re especially common in children, teenagers, and older adults. Tooth decay is damage to tooth enamel, potentially resulting in cavities, dental abscesses, or even tooth loss.
Tooth decay happens when the bacteria in your mouth combine with food and saliva to form a soft, sticky film that coats your teeth called plaque. The bacteria in plaque convert the sugars in your food into acids, and if plaque is allowed to build up over time, these acids can begin to eat away at the minerals on your enamel, causing cavities.
Common symptoms of tooth decay include toothache, tooth sensitivity, pain when eating or drinking something sweet, hot or cold, brown, black, or white staining on any surface of a tooth, and visible holes or pits in your teeth. When a cavity is just beginning, you may not have any symptoms at all, so it’s important to have regular dental checkups and cleanings, even when your mouth feels fine. You must also practice good oral care at home—brushing twice daily and flossing once daily.
Crooked, misaligned teeth are very common in people of all ages. It can be caused by malocclusion (misaligned jaw), genetics, poor dental care, poor habits such as thumb sucking, tongue thrusting or pacifier use, and facial injury. Orthodontic treatment such as braces and clear aligners can treat common orthodontic problems like crowding, overbite, crossbite, spacing, and underbite.
Also known as halitosis, bad breath is a common dental problem that affects everyone at some point. It’s often caused by poor dental hygiene, cavities, oral cancer, gum disease, dry mouth, or an underlying condition such as gastric reflux, diabetes, kidney disease, and liver disease. If you have chronic bad breath despite maintaining proper oral hygiene, you should make an appointment to see Dr. Peter.
Prevent Common Dental Problems with Regular Dental Checkups
Most oral health conditions are largely preventable with good oral hygiene and can be treated in their early stages, preventing serious problems later. A simple commitment to regular dental checkups will help you to avoid all the above issues and maintain good oral health. At Peter Family and Cosmetic Dentistry, we provide comprehensive dental checkups to patients in Independence, KY. We professionally clean your teeth, examine your mouth to ensure your teeth and gums are healthy and check for any abnormalities that may otherwise go unnoticed and could be a sign of larger health issues such as oral cancer. Contact our dental office today to schedule an appointment!
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The Process of Music Activities for The Elderly of Thonburi District in Thailand
27 August 2020
16:30 - 17:00 hrs (GMT+7)
Natsarun Tissadikun, Panus Tongkarnpanit and Warinthorn Sisiadngam
This paper examines the application of music education methods designed for children, such as the Orff Schuwerk method, Dalcroze Eurhythmic, and the Kodály method to music activities for the elderly. Working with elderly communities in Thonburi, the researchers assessed the physical and mental health development potential of music activities for this population, as well as their effectiveness in helping elderly people acquire a foundation of basic musical skills upon which they can further develop musically in the future. Further, the researchers studied the ways in which music activities can encourage the elderly to have a good outlook and develop their creative potential.
These are important abilities for 21st-century life and, more specifically, for navigating social aging within the context of a growing population of elderly now and in the near future. This study aims to develop a new music activity model designed specifically for the elderly in Thailand. The proposed model includes a screening process used to assess the physical and mental potential of participants, so that activity leaders can understand and prepare for the participants’ attitudes and musical interests. Musical activities used focus on the development of skills in rhythm, movement, listening, and singing.
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Watch For What’s CounterbalancingMar 18, 2019
Counterbalancing means that the opposing sides of an area are moving in opposite directions in order to stay balanced. If you add more weight to one side of a scale, you can keep the balance by adding more weight to the other side as well.
In Butterflies or Bent Knee Opening, watch the knee that’s not (supposed to) move. If you keep it still and stop it from leaning out to the side (counterbalancing) then the abdominal wall has to work much harder to keep the pelvis from rocking to the side.
In Short Box: Side Bend (Reformer or Ladder Barrel) the ribcage tends to translate (shift) to the opposing side in a sneaky way of counterbalance. Let’s say you’re leaning to the right. The ribs will want to move to the left (losing the vertical alignment of the spine) which reduces the effort of the trunk stabilizers to keep the spine in line. (Say that again, out loud. The spine in line. Fun!)
In Side Balance/Side Kicks (Chair), when adding front and back kicks, the bottom leg will want to counterbalance the top leg. This means, the variation scissors - where both legs move simultaneously - is easier than just kicking one leg front to back while keeping the other one still.
Can you think of other examples?
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Views: 0 Author: Site Editor Publish Time: 2019-03-26 Origin: Site
Table lamps are a type of household appliance used for lighting in people's lives. The bulbs used in general desk lamps are incandescent lamps and energy-saving bulbs.
Myopia eye protection table lamp, using blue light, ultraviolet isolation technology, using a color rendering index of 94 or more.
Table lamps are classified according to the function of use: reading table lamps, decorative table lamps, accompanying reading lamps, and portable table lamps.
Reading the desk lamp, the shape of the lamp body is simple and light, which refers to a desk lamp specially used for reading and writing. This table lamp can generally adjust the height of the lamp post, the direction and brightness of the light, mainly the illumination reading function.
The decorative table lamp has a luxurious appearance, various materials and styles, and the structure of the lamp body is complex, which is used to embellish the space effect, and the decorative function is as important as the lighting function.
The table lamp of the living room has far surpassed the value of the table lamp itself. The table lamp has become a rare art piece. Under the concept of light decoration and heavy decoration, the decorative function of the table lamp is more obvious.
In addition to reading and decoration, the desk lamp. The latest technology is like a robot, moving, dancing, auto dimming, playing music, clock, video,
Touching and other functions, especially the ceramic lamp, also have a collection value.
What role does lighting play in home life? In the dark night, the lights are elves, and they are the masters of the warm atmosphere. Through the light and shadow level, the space is more vital; during the day, the lighting becomes the decorative art of the living room, which is dotted with furniture, fabrics and decorations.
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How to Maximize Ball Mill Capacity for Efficient Clay Grinding
Ball mills are used for grinding materials such as clay, limestone, and ceramic materials, to name a few. The purpose of the ball mill is to achieve the desired particle size distribution in the finished product. By optimizing the operation and design of the mill, manufacturers can maximize capacity while maintaining optimal grinding efficiency. In this article, we will discuss How to Maximize Ball Mill Capacity for Efficient Clay Grinding.
1. Select the Right Size of Ball Mill: The size of the ball mill plays a crucial role in determining the optimal residence time for grinding the clay. A longer retention time can lead to more efficient clay grinding. However, a smaller mill may not have enough capacity to grind the required amount of clay. It is important to strike a balance between the mill size and the desired capacity.
2. Optimize Mill Speed: The rotational speed of the ball mill should be optimized to achieve the desired grinding results. A higher mill speed can increase the impact force between the grinding media and the clay particles, resulting in faster and more efficient grinding. However, it is important to avoid excessive mill speeds that can cause excessive wear on the mill and grinding media.
3. Optimize the Grinding Media: The selection of the grinding media is crucial for maximizing mill capacity and grinding efficiency. Different types of grinding media, such as balls, rods, or cylpebs, have different impact and shear forces on the clay particles. It is important to select the appropriate grinding media based on factors such as material hardness, grinding kinetics, and mill liner design.
4. Optimize the Mill Liner Design: The mill liner design also plays a significant role in maximizing ball mill capacity. The optimal liner design should provide sufficient lift and should minimize friction between the grinding media and the mill liner. This can be achieved through proper liner selection, installation, and maintenance.
5. Control the Moisture Content: The moisture content of the clay can significantly affect the grinding efficiency of the ball mill. Excessive moisture can cause the clay to become sticky, leading to ball and liner coating, which reduces grinding efficiency. On the other hand, insufficient moisture can result in increased wear on the mill and grinding media. It is important to control the moisture content of the clay by properly drying it before grinding.
6. Optimize the Classifying System: The classifying system separates the fine particles from the coarse ones, ensuring that only the fine particles are discharged from the mill. By optimizing the classifying system, manufacturers can maximize the grinding capacity of the ball mill. This can be achieved by selecting the appropriate classifying equipment, optimizing the air flow, and adjusting the cut point.
In conclusion, maximizing ball mill capacity for efficient clay grinding requires careful consideration of various factors, including mill size, speed, grinding media, liner design, moisture content, and classifying system. By optimizing these factors, manufacturers can achieve the desired particle size distribution while maximizing grinding efficiency and capacity.
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(August 2014) The 2012 Kenya AIDS Indicator Survey (KAIS) was a nationally representative population-based survey of adults and adolescents ages 15 to 64 and children ages 18 months to 14 years. Nearly 14,000 women and men ages 15 to 64 years participated in this survey. The information presented in this data sheet is based on the results of the adult interviews and of laboratory testing of the biological specimens.
The prevalence of HIV (proportion of HIV-infected persons among the region’s total population) varied greatly across the nine regions, with the lowest prevalence in Eastern North region, at 2.1 percent, and the highest prevalence in Nyanza region, at 15.1 percent. With the national HIV prevalence of 5.6 percent, there were an estimated 1.2 million persons ages 15 to 64 living with HIV in 2012. Of these, approximately 106,000 were newly infected in the past year.
KAIS 2012 was supported by National AIDS and STI Control Programme (NASCOP), Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS), National Public Health Laboratory Services (NPHLS), National AIDS Control Council (NACC), National Council for Population and Development (NCPD), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC/Kenya, CDC/Atlanta), United States Agency for International Development (USAID/Kenya), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), Joint United Nations Team on HIV/AIDS, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation (EGPAF), Liverpool Voluntary Counselling and Testing (LVCT), African Medical and Research Foundation (AMREF), World Bank, and Global Fund.
The development of the KAIS 2012 wall chart was supported by the National Council for Population and Development (NCPD) and the Population Reference Bureau (PRB) with support from the U.S. President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) through Cooperative Agreement AID-0AA-A-10-00009 through USAID.
KAIS 2012 was made possible by support from the U.S. President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) through cooperative agreements [#PS001805, GH000069, and PS001814] through the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Division of Global HIV/AIDS (DGHA). This survey was also funded in part by support from the Global Fund, World Bank, and the Joint United Nations Team for HIV/AIDS.
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