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Gain confidence when dealing with stakeholders of major projects by learning to identify and manage those that are involved in the project planning and delivery. This course will enable you to explore project governance in theory and practice.
Through real life examples you’ll understand how the critical challenges of the governance in major projects are resolved.
Being able to successfully manage risk and uncertainty in major projects is vital for their delivery. In this course you’ll learn to distinguish between risk and uncertainty and the role of risk register. You’ll identify the unique challenges of scope management in major projects and employ scope management tools and techniques that will facilitate your project planning.
This course explores concepts analysed in the University’s Online MSc in Engineering Management. If you are interested to develop your skills further, take a look at our online degree.
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This article needs additional citations for verification. (August 2023)
A trophy is a tangible, durable reminder of a specific achievement, serving as recognition or evidence of merit. Trophies are most commonly awarded for sporting events, ranging from youth sports to professional level athletics. Additionally, trophies are presented for achievements in Academic, Arts and Entertainment, Business, Military, Professional awards, Community Service, Hunting, and Environmental accomplishments. In many contexts, especially in sports, medals (or, in North America, rings) are often given out either as the trophy or along with more traditional trophies.
Originally the word trophy, derived from the Greek tropaion, referred to arms, standards, other property, or human captives and body parts (e.g., headhunting) captured in battle. These war trophies commemorated the military victories of a state, army or individual combatant. In modern warfare trophy taking is discouraged, but this sense of the word is reflected in hunting trophies and human trophy collecting by serial killers.
Trophies have marked victories since ancient times. The word trophy, coined in English in 1550, was derived from the French trophée in 1513, "a prize of war", from Old French trophee, from Latin trophaeum, monument to victory, variant of tropaeum, which in turn is the latinisation of the Greek τρόπαιον (tropaion), the neuter of τροπαῖος (tropaios), "of defeat" or "for defeat", but generally "of a turning" or "of a change", from τροπή (tropē), "a turn, a change" and that from the verb τρέπω (trepo), "to turn, to alter".
In ancient Greece, trophies were made on the battlefields of victorious battles, from captured arms and standards, and were hung upon a tree or a large stake made to resemble a warrior. Often, these ancient trophies were inscribed with a story of the battle and were dedicated to various gods. Trophies made about naval victories sometimes consisted of entire ships (or what remained of them) laid out on the beach. To destroy a trophy was considered a sacrilege.
The ancient Romans kept their trophies closer to home. The Romans built magnificent trophies in Rome, including columns and arches atop a foundation. Most of the stone trophies that once adorned huge stone memorials in Rome have been long since stolen.
In ancient Greece, the winners of the Olympic games initially received no trophies except laurel wreaths. Later the winner also received an amphora with sacred olive oil. In local games, the winners received different trophies, such as a tripod vase, a bronze shield or a silver cup.
In ancient Rome, money usually was given to winners instead of trophies.
Chalices were given to winners of sporting events at least as early as the very late 1600s in the New World. For example, the Kyp Cup (made by silversmith Jesse Kyp), a small, two-handled, sterling cup in the Henry Ford Museum, was given to the winner of a horse race between two towns in New England in about 1699. Chalices, particularly, are associated with sporting events, and were traditionally made in silver. Winners of horse races, and later boating and early automobile races, were the typical recipients of these trophies. The Davis Cup, Stanley Cup, America's Cup and numerous World Cups are all now famous cup-shaped trophies given to sports winners.
Today, the most common trophies are much less expensive, and thus much more pervasive, thanks to mass-produced plastic/resin trophies.
The oldest sports trophies in the world are the Carlisle Bells, a horse racing trophy dating back to 1559 and 1599 and were first awarded by Elizabeth I. The race has been run for over 400 years in Carlisle, Cumbria, United Kingdom. The bells are on show at the local museum, Tullie House, which houses a variety of historic artifacts from the area from Roman legions to present day.[circular reference]
Contemporary trophies often depict an aspect of the event commemorated, for example in basketball tournaments, the trophy takes the shape of a basketball player, or a basketball. Trophies have been in the past objects of use such as two-handled cups, bowls, or mugs (all usually engraved); or representations such as statues of people, animals, and architecture while displaying words, numbers or images. While trophies traditionally have been made with metal figures, wood columns, and wood bases, in recent years they have been made with plastic figures and marble bases. This is to retain the weight traditionally associated with a quality award and make them more affordable to use as recognition items. Trophies increasingly have used resin depictions.
The Academy Awards Oscar is a trophy with a stylized human; the Hugo Award for science fiction is a space ship; and the Wimbledon awards for its singles champions are a large loving cup for men and a large silver plate for women.
Hunting trophies are reminders of successes from hunting animals, such as an animal's head mounted to be hung on a wall. There's also people who get their animals Taxidermy, where you can have just the head, or you can have the full animal stuffed; and put out for show.
Perpetual trophies are held by the winner until the next event, when the winner must compete again in order to keep the trophy. In some competitions winners of a certain number of consecutive or non-consecutive events receive the trophy or its copy in permanent ownership. This was particularly common in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and led to the discontinuation of many trophy events when the trophy was won permanently and the event organizers could not or would not purchase a new one.
Trophies have been awarded for team, or individual accomplishments in sports. Many combat sports, such as boxing, mixed martial arts, and professional wrestling use championship belts as trophies; however, unlike most of the trophies mentioned below, a new one is not created every time a new champion is crowned; rather, the new champion takes the belt from the old one.
Trophies in the sport include:
- Copa Libertadores Trophy — Known simply as Libertadores or Copa, awarded to the winners of the Copa Libertadores since 1960. It is one of the most prestigious laurels in the Western Hemisphere.
- The FA Cup — Awarded to winners of the primary English domestic football knockout tournament, officially The Football Association Challenge Cup, often referred to as just the FA Cup. The FA Cup was inaugurated in 1871 and is therefore the oldest tournament in club football. The original trophy, however, was stolen in 1895 and the current trophy design, which was first awarded in 1911, is actually the fifth incarnation in total.
- The Women's FA Cup – Awarded to winners of the primary English women's domestic football knockout tournament. Inaugurated in 1971, it was one of the first prestigious trophies to be made by the Thomas Lyte silver workshop.
- FIFA World Cup Trophy — Awarded to the winners of the FIFA World Cup from the 1974 FIFA World Cup onwards. Previous winners were awarded the Jules Rimet Trophy (known simply as Victory until 1949), which was awarded in perpetuity to Brazil after their 3rd win in the 1970 FIFA World Cup. Both are referred to colloquially as the World Cup
- FIFA Women's World Cup Winner's Trophy – Awarded to the winners of the FIFA Women's World Cup from the 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup onwards. Unlike the men's World Cup trophy, the women's trophy is constructed anew for each champion to keep.
- European Champion Clubs' Cup – colloquially the European Cup, awarded to the winners of the European Cup (before 1992–93) and the UEFA Champions League (since 1992–93). It is the most prestigious trophy in the Eastern Hemisphere. It is affectionately known as "old big ears" due to its shape.
- Philip F. Anschutz Trophy – Awarded to the winners of the MLS Cup, the MLS' championship game
- UEFA Super Cup — Awarded to the winners of a one-off match between the winners of the UEFA Champions League and the UEFA Europa League.
- The Scottish Cup — Awarded to the winners of the primary domestic knockout cup tournament of Scotland (the Scottish Football Association Challenge Cup, or just Scottish Cup). The tournament was founded in 1873 and still presents the original trophy. The Scottish Cup is therefore the world's oldest national football trophy and second oldest national trophy, behind the Carlisle Bells race trophy dating back to 1599.
Other notable trophies in the sport includes the Jules Rimet Trophy. The original was stolen in Brazil in 1983 and has never been recovered. Replicas were awarded to winning nations up to the retirement of the genuine trophy. However, prior to the 1966 final, The Football Association made an (unauthorised) replica in secret in gilded bronze for use in post-match celebrations due to security concerns – the genuine trophy was made out of close to 2 kg of pure gold. This has led to several conspiracy theories regarding which trophy was stolen – the FA replica, or the real trophy. FIFA purchased the replica for £254,500 (ten times the reserve price) in 1997, with the inflated price attributed to such rumours. This trophy is held on behalf of FIFA by the National Football Museum in Preston. The current FIFA World Cup trophy inscribe the names of the teams that won the award underneath the base of the trophy.
A club that manages to win the Copa Libertadores trophy three consecutive times retain the trophy permanently. The current trophy has been used since 1975. Like the FIFA World Cup trophy, the winners of each edition of the tournament has their name inscribed on the trophy; unlike the FIFA World Cup trophy, a pedestal contains a list of winners in the form of badges. The current pedestal is the fourth in the trophy's history, having been used since 2009. The original trophy was awarded to Estudiantes de La Plata in 1970 (after their third win) – the present trophy is the third, identical edition.
Until 2009, clubs that win the European Champion Clubs' Cup three times in successive seasons, or five times in total, were permitted to retain the trophy in perpetuity. The present trophy has been used since 2005–06 after Liverpool's fifth win in 2005. The original trophy was awarded to Real Madrid in 1966 (after their sixth win) — the present trophy is the sixth incarnation overall.
Four trophies have served as an award (out of five made) for the winner of the FA Cup. The first (1871–1895) was stolen in Birmingham and melted down, the second (1896–1910) was presented to Lord Kinnaird and is held by David Gold, the chairman of Birmingham City after private auction in 2005. The third (1910–1992) was retired after the 1992 final due to fragility and is held by The Football Association; two exact replicas of it were made, one of which has been awarded to the winners (1993–2013), the other remains as a backup in case of damage to the primary trophy. The same design was recast and was unveiled in 2014 to be more durable.
Australian rules football
- AFL Premiership Cup – Awarded to the Australian Football League's Premier/ Winner of the AFL Grand Final
- McClelland Trophy – Awarded to the Australian Football League's Home & Away season / Minor Premiership champion.
- Dockland Trophy - Awarded to the Australian Football League's best dock-side team in games between Fremantle and Port Adelaide.
- Jun Bernardino Trophy – Awarded to the Philippine Basketball Association Philippine Cup champion
- Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy – Awarded to the National Basketball Association's champion
- Naismith Trophy – Awarded to the FIBA World Cup champions
- Cricket World Cup Trophy – Awarded to the Winners of the ICC Cricket World Cup.
- The Ashes urn – Awarded to the winning team of the biennial cricket Test series between England and Australia. However, the urn itself has never been a trophy and remains in the MCC Cricket Museum at Lord's Cricket Ground. Only from 1998 to 1999 were the winners of the Ashes presented with a replica (not to scale) of the urn in Waterford Crystal.
- Border-Gavaskar trophy - Awarded to the winning team of the biennial cricket Test series between India and Australia.
- BCS Trophy – Awarded to College Football's National Champion
- College Football Playoff National Championship Trophy – Awarded to the winner of the College Football Playoff
- Heisman Trophy – Awarded to the NCAA's Most Valuable Player in College Football
- Vince Lombardi Trophy – Awarded to the National Football League's Super Bowl champion
- Grey Cup – Awarded to the Canadian Football League's champion
- Vanier Cup – Awarded to the U Sports Canadian football champion
- Claret Jug — Awarded to the winner of The Open Championship
- Ryder Cup — Awarded to the winner of a biennial competition between Europe and the USA
- Wanamaker Trophy - Awarded to the winner of the PGA Championship
- Arlington Million Trophy – Awarded to the winner of the Arlington Million
- August Belmont Trophy – Awarded to the winner of the Belmont Stakes
- Haskell Invitational Trophy – Awarded to the winner of the Haskell Invitational Stakes
- Kentucky Derby Trophy – Awarded to the winner of the Kentucky Derby
- Kentucky Oaks Trophy – Awarded to the winner of the Kentucky Oaks
- Man o' War Cup – Awarded to the winner of the Travers Stakes
- Triple Crown Trophy – Awarded to the winner of the United States Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing
- Woodlawn Vase – Awarded to the winner of the Preakness Stakes. Most valuable trophy in sports at $4,000,000+ US dollars. Designed by Tiffany & Co. in 1860
- Aurora Borealis Cup – Awarded to the Naisten Liiga's playoff champion
- Clarkson Cup – Awarded to the top team in Canadian women's ice hockey
- Gagarin Cup – Awarded to the Kontinental Hockey League's playoff champion
- Kanada-malja – Awarded to the Liiga's playoff champion
- Le Mat Trophy – Awarded to the Swedish Hockey League playoff champion
- O'Brien Trophy – Awarded to the National Hockey Association playoff champion from 1910 to 1917. Awarded to the National Hockey League (NHL) playoff champion from 1921 to 1927. After the 1927 NHL playoffs, the trophy was re-purposed and awarded for other accomplishments, before it was retired from use in 1950.
- Memorial Cup – Awarded to the winner of the Canadian Hockey League
- Stanley Cup – Awarded to the NHL's playoff champion. Previously served as a challenge cup for Canadian clubs from 1893 to 1914, and as the trophy for interleague tournaments from 1914 to 1926. It became the de facto NHL playoff trophy in 1927, and the de jure NHL playoff trophy in 1947 through an agreement with the Stanley Cup trustees.
- Spengler Cup – Awarded to the winner of an invitational tournament hosted by HC Davos
- Champion's Cup – Awarded to the National Lacrosse League champion
- Mann Cup – An Indoor Lacrosse trophy awarded to the senior men's lacrosse champions of Canada.
- Steinfeld Cup – Awarded to the Major League Lacrosse champion
- APBA Gold Cup — Awarded to H1 Unlimited’s APBA Gold Cup Champion. It is the oldest trophy in motorsports.
- British Grand Prix Trophy — Awarded to the winner of the Formula One British Grand Prix.
- Borg-Warner Trophy — Awarded to the Indianapolis 500 Champion.
- Harley J. Earl Trophy — Awarded to the Daytona 500 Champion.
- Sprint Cup Trophy – Awarded to the NASCAR's Sprint Cup Series Champion
- Wimbledon tennis trophies – although having no formal name, a cup is presented to the Wimbledon Men's (Gentlemen's) Singles Champion (The All England Lawn Tennis Club Single Handed Champion of the World, as stated on the cup itself). The women's (Ladies) Singles winner is presented with the Venus Rosewater Dish. Other trophies are presented to the winners of the Doubles and Mixed Doubles.
- Challenge Cup – rugby league's oldest knock-out competition. Notable for the wide range of teams which start, some taken from amateur ranks, "developing nations" and university team
- Paul Barrière Trophy – awarded to the champions of the Rugby League World Cup
- Provan-Summons Trophy – Awarded to the National Rugby League's Premier/ Winner of the NRL Grand Final.
- Bledisloe Cup – Awarded annually to the winner between New Zealand and Australia.
- Calcutta Cup – Awarded annually to the winner between England and Scotland in rugby union
- Webb Ellis Cup – Awarded to rugby union's World Champion
- Champions Cup - winner of European Championship
- Six Nations Cup - awarded to winner of six nations competition
- America's Cup – Awarded to Yacht Racing Champion
- Jules Verne Trophy – Awarded to the any type of yacht that circumnavigate the world the fastest
The United States military also issues a type of trophy which are known as "non-portable decorations". This indicates that the trophy carries the status of a military award, but is not meant to be worn on a uniform but rather is presented for static display. Such military trophies include athletic excellence awards, unit excellence awards, and superior service awards presented annually to the top service member of a command.
Many professional associations award trophies in recognition of outstanding work in their respective fields. Some examples of such awards include:
- Academy Award – Awarded by the American Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences for excellence in the Film Industry.
- Collier Trophy – Awarded by the US National Aeronautics Association for outstanding work in aviation engineering.
- Harmon Trophy – Awarded by the Clifford B. Harmon Trust for outstanding achievement in aviation or ballooning.
- Tony Award – Awarded by the American Theatre Wing and The Broadway League for excellence in live theater in New York City.
- Emmy Award – Awarded by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences and National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences for excellence in the Television industry.
- Grammy Award – Awarded by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences for excellence in the Music industry.
- Golden Globes – Awarded by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association recognizing excellence in film and television. The statuettes are manufactured by the New York firm Society Awards.
- MTV Video Music Award – Awarded by MTV to honor the best in the music video medium. The moonman is manufactured by the New York firm Society Awards.
- Academy of Country Music Awards – Awarded for achievements in country music. The "hat" trophy is manufactured by the New York firm Society Awards.
- Billboard Music Award – Awarded by billboard to honor outstanding chart performance. The trophy is manufactured by the New York firm Society Awards.
- NAACP Image Award – Awarded for excellence in film, television, music, and literature by outstanding people of color. The trophy is manufactured by the New York firm Society Awards.
- D&AD Awards - Awarded for excellence within design and advertising.
In hunting, although competition trophies like those mentioned above can be awarded, the word trophy more typically refers to an item made from the body of a killed animal and kept as a keepsake. See taxidermy.
- Goldman Environmental Prize – Commonly referred to as the alternative "Green Nobel Prize" for environmental activism, honoring those who significantly contribute to ecological and sustainability causes.
- Global 500 Roll of Honour – Presented by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to recognize outstanding contributions to environmental conservation.
- Ashden Awards – Awarded by the Ashden Trust to initiatives in the UK and developing world that champion sustainable energy solutions.
- Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement – Awarded by the Tyler Prize Executive Committee to those making exceptional contributions to environmental science, policy, or energy.
- Champions of the Earth – Presented by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to honor visionaries working for a more sustainable future.
- Equator Prize – Awarded by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) to recognize community efforts to reduce poverty through the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity.
- Skoll Awards for Social Entrepreneurship – Presented by the Skoll Foundation to innovators who have demonstrated scalable solutions to urgent social challenges, including environmental sustainability.
- Goi Peace Award – Awarded by the Goi Peace Foundation to individuals or organizations in various fields who have made notable contributions to peace and global well-being, often including environmental endeavors.
- Whitley Awards for Nature Conservation – Awarded by the Whitley Fund for Nature to outstanding grassroots conservation leaders in the Global South.
- The Earthshot Prize – Awarded annually by Prince William and David Attenborough since 2020 to five environmental pioneers across categories inspired by the UN Sustainable Development Goals, with each winner receiving a £1 million grant for their groundbreaking solutions.
- Acrylic trophy
- Championship belt
- PSN Trophies
- Achievement (video gaming)
- Eglinton Trophy
- Hales Trophy
- "War Trophies". About.com US Military. About.com. Archived from the original on 22 December 2010. Retrieved 24 May 2011.
- Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert. "τρόπαιον". A Greek-English Lexicon. Perseus Digital Library. Archived from the original on 2011-06-05.
- Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert. "τροπαῖος". A Greek-English Lexicon. Perseus Digital Library. Archived from the original on 2011-06-05.
- Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert. "τροπή". A Greek-English Lexicon. Perseus Digital Library. Archived from the original on 2011-06-05.
- Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert. "τρέπω". A Greek-English Lexicon. Perseus Digital Library. Archived from the original on 2011-06-05.
- "trophy". Online Etymological Dictionary. Archived from the original on 2009-03-31.
- "trophy". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2010-08-02.
- "Trophy". How Products are made, volume 6. Archived from the original on 2009-08-28.
- Carlisle Bell
- Noto, Suzanne. "Loving Cup History". Silver Gallery.
- Wicliffe, E. Gordon (June 1926). "The Tradition of the Trophy Cup". Golf Illustrated. Retrieved March 28, 2023.
- Kuper, Simon (2006-04-14). "Solid gold mystery awaits the final whistle". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 2009-03-06.
- Lozano, Fernando (2010-05-03). "¿Sabías que el trofeo de la Copa Libertadores se hizo en el Perú?". ElComercio.com.pe. Archived from the original on 2011-01-11.
- Palermo, Elizabeth. "Golden Globe Creator Eyes the Prize All Year Long". businessnewsdaily.com. Business News Daily. Archived from the original on 13 October 2014. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
- King, Ted. "Famous awards made at Grove, Oklahoma". pryordailytimes.com. Pryor Daily Times. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
- Knight, Meribah. "Why the manufacturer of the Oscars doesn't like how the story ends". chicagobusiness.com. Chicago Business. Archived from the original on 28 June 2017. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
- Podnieks, Andrew; Hockey Hall of Fame (2005). Silverware: Hockey Hall of Fame. HB Fenn and Company. ISBN 1-55168-296-6.
- Osborne, Robert (2003). 75 Years of the Oscar: The Official History of the Academy Awards. Abbeville Press. ISBN 0-7892-0787-7.
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As a warming Earth simmered into worrisome new territory this week, scientists said the unofficial records being set for average planetary temperature were a clear sign of how pollutants released by humans are warming their environment. But the heat is also just one way the planet is telling us something is gravely wrong, they said.
“Heat sets the pace of our climate in so many ways ... it’s never just the heat,” said Kim Cobb, a climate scientist at Brown University.
Dying coral reefs, more intense Nor’easters and the wildfire smoke that has choked much of North America this summer are among the many other signals of climate distress.
“The increasing heating of our planet caused by fossil fuel use is not unexpected, but it is dangerous for us humans and for the ecosystems we depend on. We need to stop it, fast,” said Stefan Rahmstorf of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research.
Some other recent “firsts” and events that indicate climate change has entered uncharted territory:
Most of the planet is covered by oceans, which have absorbed 90% of the recent warming caused by planet-warming gases such as carbon dioxide and methane. In April, global ocean temperature soared to 69.98 degrees Fahrenheit (21.1 degrees Celsius), which was attributed to the combination of greenhouse gas emissions and the early El Nino formation. Newly published data from the Copernicus Climate Change Service documented “exceptionally warm” ocean temperatures in the North Atlantic with “extreme” marine heat waves near Ireland, the U.K., and in the Baltic Sea.
Several rounds of wildfire smoke originating from northern Canada brought dangerous air quality levels to eastern North America. The high levels of wildfire smoke have become familiar on the West Coast, but scientists say that climate change will make wildfires and smoke more likely and intense and that the East Coast will see more of it.
El nino arrives early
The current El Nino — a period of warming Pacific Ocean waters — formed a month or two earlier than usual, replacing a La Nina that, with its cooling of Pacific waters, served as a damper on global temperatures. That means it will have more time than usual to strengthen. The World Meteorological Organization predicts there is a 98% chance that at least one of the next five years will be the warmest on record, beating 2016 when an exceptionally strong El Nino was present.
Shrinking antarctic sea ice
Scientists are watching Antarctic sea ice shrink to record lows. The 4.5 million square miles (11.7 million square kilometers) covered by the sheet on June 27 was almost 1 million square miles (2.6 million square kilometers) less than average for that date for the period from 1981-2010, according to the National Snow and Ice Data Center.
Put another way, an area nearly four times the size of Texas was gone from the ice sheet.
Sign up for our weekly newsletter to get more English-language news coverage from EL PAÍS USA Edition
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Published November 27, 2019
George Weigel's weekly column The Catholic Difference
Fifty years ago, on November 30, 1969, the Catholic Church marked the First Sunday of Advent with the universal implementation of the revised Roman Rite of the Mass, approved by Pope Paul VI in response to the Second Vatican Council’s Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy.
And the liturgy wars broke out in earnest.
They have not abated since. If anything, they’ve intensified in recent years.
As these debates continue, it will be helpful to remember that the Liturgical Movement of the mid-20th century, which led to “the changes” approved by Pope Pius XII before it led to “the changes” approved by Pope Paul VI, believed that the renewal of the Church’s worship would foster both sanctity and mission, including the Church’s social witness. For leading liturgical reformers like Father Virgil Michel, OSB, of St. John’s Abbey in Collegeville, Minnesota, liturgical renewal, evangelical zeal, and a commitment to living Catholic social doctrine went hand in hand. The bishops of Vatican II (who adopted the Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy by a vote of 2,174 to 4) agreed. If I may quote myself in a passage from my new book, The Irony of Modern Catholic History:
. . . the Council, building on and developing the teaching of Pius XII’s encyclical, Mediator Dei, sought to recover an understanding of the liturgy as the entire Church’s participation in the mystery of God’s presence through the sacraments, after a period in which “liturgy” meant, primarily, the performance of rites at which the laity were spectators who attend because of legal obligation. That participation, both the Liturgical Movement and the Council fathers hoped, would be an energizer of mission, for at the center of the liturgy is Christ, and it is Christ who sends his people out as heralds of the Gospel. Or, as the Council fathers began [the Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy], “the sacred Council has set out to impart an ever-increasing vigor to the Christian life of the faithful . . . [and] to strengthen whatever can help call mankind into the Church’s fold.”
That was the intention; the results, to date, have been decidedly mixed.
It’s a basic error of logic to think that everything that happened after Vatican II happened because of Vatican II. But even proponents of the reformed liturgy, among whom I count myself, must posit some sort of connection between what happened 50 years ago and two disturbing phenomena: decreasing weekly Mass attendance, and a lack of conviction that, in the Eucharist, Catholics encounter the real presence of the Lord Jesus Christ, body and blood, soul and divinity. Perhaps it was inevitable that the cultural acids of late modernity would cause too many 21st-century Catholics to think of Sunday Mass as a weekend recreational option rather than a privileged moment of encounter with the Lord, in which worship equips us spiritually for mission. But even if that’s true, proponents of the reformed liturgy must concede that “the changes” did not stem the Catholic exodus from Sunday worship. Nor did they mitigate Catholic ignorance of the reality of the Eucharist.
But then there’s the other side of the coin. I grew up with the pre-conciliar liturgy. It was not a Mozart Missa Brevis and sonorous Latin every Sunday; it was more often badly pronounced (and often mumbled) Latin, and execrable, pietistic music (when there was any). Of course, there were dignified, beautiful celebrations of what we now know as the Extraordinary Form of the Mass, and living in a cathedral parish, I was privileged to participate in them as an altar boy and choirboy. But they were hardly the norm in American Catholicism. Nostalgia for an imaginary past is not a reliable guide to the future.
A few weeks ago, I was discussing the latest twists and turns in the liturgy wars with a wise observer of Christian affairs in the United States, a convert to Catholicism from confessional Lutheranism. When I asked her what she thought millennial traditionalists were seeking in the “old Mass,” she immediately replied, “the awe.” That’s likely true. It’s also true that the Ordinary Form of the Roman Rite can be celebrated so that the awe and wonder of the divine presence is palpable.
For an example, go to smcgvl.org and click on “Mass Video” to experience the beauty of the reformed liturgy at St. Mary’s Catholic Church in Greenville, South Carolina: a parish that is also a thriving example of the New Evangelization, embodying the hope that the liturgical reform, reformed, can energize mission and empower missionary disciples.
George Weigel is Distinguished Senior Fellow of Washington, D.C.’s Ethics and Public Policy Center, where he holds the William E. Simon Chair in Catholic Studies.
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Going to study abroad for a period of time is a challenging time for young people, as they are facing an unfamiliar environment, a new language and culture to name but a few things. In addition, it can be more even more difficult for students with disabilities who may face inaccessible environments or disability-related stereotypes. As recognition of such challenges, ESN developed the ExchangeAbility project to make our organisation accessible for students with disabilities, to help remove obstacles to participation in exchange and promote the opportunities available.
The ExchangeAbility project was also initiated due to a recognition of the current situation regarding the mobility of students with disabilities. According to the data from the European Commission, during the academic year 2009/10 230 students with special needs receiving a supplementary grant participated in Erasmus for study. This represents 0.14 % of all Erasmus students. Although an increase compared to the previous years has been observed, the number is still exceptionally low.
Aims of the project
The project has dual aims that can be summarised as:
- Making ESN a more accessible association for disabled students at all the levels of its activities. This means that ESN wants to provide the conditions and opportunities for the disabled students to actively be involved in the work with international students and therefore to benefit from the exchange programmes at their home universities.
- Increasing the number of students with disabilities going on exchange. The long-term vision of the project is to promote the opportunities and support offered for students with disabilities to study abroad. Also, ExchangeAbility works with ESN sections, HEIs and organisations that are experts in the field to create the best conditions possible for disabled students during their stay abroad.
More information from the ExchangeAbility website: http://exchangeability.eu/
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Five Foods That Can Help Alleviate Psoriasis Itching
Coping with a skin condition can be a source of discomfort and annoyance. Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune skin disease that persists for an extended period. It occurs when the body mistakenly attacks its own tissues and produces an excessive amount of skin cells, leading to the formation of plaques on the skin.
The plaques that form are characterized by redness, scaling, and discomfort. In addition, psoriasis is often linked with psoriatic arthritis, which is a type of inflammatory joint condition.
If you suffer from psoriasis, altering your diet can have a significant positive impact!
There is a well-established link between nutrition and psoriasis. Certain foods have been shown to cause inflammation throughout the body, which can exacerbate psoriasis symptoms in some individuals.
Certain foods can trigger inflammation in various ways.
Various studies are underway to investigate how different foods trigger an inflammatory response. Based on research, some foods, particularly heavily processed ones, can activate the body’s defense mechanisms.
An excessive intake of fats can trigger inflammation in adipose tissue throughout the body. This persistent inflammation of fat tissue, commonly observed in overweight individuals, significantly increases the risk of developing psoriasis. It also raises the risk of developing other chronic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes and heart disease.
Opting for the Right Foods Can Alleviate the Symptoms of Psoriasis.
While some foods can worsen inflammation, others can help alleviate it. Eating a well-balanced diet with whole foods can generally be effective in reducing inflammation throughout the body, potentially leading to fewer psoriasis flare-ups or milder symptoms. Following a Mediterranean diet for psoriatic arthritis or psoriasis can also be helpful in reducing chronic inflammation, which is linked to heart disease, type 2 diabetes, cancer, and other diseases.
Here are five beneficial foods that can help alleviate the symptoms of psoriasis:
Dark Leafy Greens are a great addition to your diet if you have psoriasis. They are rich in antioxidants, which can help protect your cells from inflammation, and potentially alleviate psoriasis symptoms. Additionally, leafy greens are low in calories and high in fiber, making them an excellent choice for a healthy diet. You can try incorporating kale or collard greens into your soup, or adding chard or spinach to your omelet.
Fatty Fish Including fatty fish in your diet at least twice a week is a smart idea as their omega-3 fats may aid with inflammation and enhance your immune system, which in turn can help alleviate psoriasis symptoms. Research shows that those who consume six ounces of fatty fish each week experience an improvement in their psoriasis symptoms. Moreover, these beneficial fats may help reduce the risk of developing heart disease. Opt for cold-water fish such as salmon, albacore tuna, mackerel, sardines, herring, and lake trout.
Consuming whole grains, which are high in fiber, may help decrease inflammation and promote weight loss, which has been shown to alleviate psoriasis symptoms. Choose from whole-grain breads, cereals, and pastas, as well as brown or wild rice. Be cautious of deceptive labels like “multigrain” and ensure that the first ingredient listed is a whole grain. Other delicious options include bulgur, quinoa, and barley.
Eating fruits can satisfy your sweet cravings while also providing antioxidants, fiber, and other vitamins that combat inflammation. Consuming a variety of colors is beneficial, as each type of fruit contains its unique blend of nutrients. Berries, cherries, and apples are high in polyphenol antioxidants, while oranges and melons are rich in vitamin C. Pineapple, on the other hand, contains the anti-inflammatory enzyme bromelain.
Beans are a great source of protein, fiber, and antioxidants. They can help manage your weight and reduce inflammation in your body, and studies suggest that a vegetarian diet may be beneficial for psoriasis symptoms. Consider substituting them for meat occasionally: use them instead of ground beef in chili or tacos. You can also mix mashed beans into burgers and sandwiches for added nutrition.
How to Start a Psoriasis Diet?
Start your psoriasis diet carefully if you plan to make dietary changes. Highly restrictive diets are usually not sustainable and may lead to nutrient deficiencies. Instead, begin by eliminating certain highly processed foods.
Instead of pastries and cookies, consider switching to fresh fruits. Choose herbal tea or water flavoured with fresh fruits, mint, or cucumber as your preferred beverage. If you suspect that a specific food or ingredient is causing psoriasis flare-ups, consult your doctor or a certified nutritionist. Remember to make changes gradually and avoid overly restrictive diets that may lead to nutrient deficiencies.
Psoriasis symptoms may worsen if you are overweight or obese, so starting a weight-loss program that includes reducing calorie intake and eating smaller portions may be beneficial. A healthy lifestyle should accompany any diet used to treat psoriasis. Get enough sleep and exercise regularly, and try to reduce stress in your life. If you smoke, consult your doctor to develop a plan to quit.
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Australia has a strong record of advancing and protecting political rights and civil liberties. Challenges to these freedoms include the threat of foreign political influence, harsh policies toward asylum seekers, discrimination against LGBT+ people, increasingly stringent checks against the press, and ongoing difficulties ensuring the equal rights of First Nations Australians.
Freedom on the Net — Australia Country Report
Australia is rated Free in Freedom on the Net, Freedom House's comprehensive study of internet freedom around the globe.
NEW REPORT: Freedom in the Asia-Pacific Region Improved Slightly in 2022
March 9, 2023
Worried about Huawei? Take a closer look at Tencent
March 29, 2019
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Daisies are a type of flowering plant that grows wild in the summer. They produce white, light-weight petals with unique patterns on each one. Daisies reproduce by sending their seeds down to their roots or through wind and water transport called “hulling”.
The “how to propagate yellow daisies” is a flower that is easy to grow and has a beautiful yellow color. The flowers will grow in the garden and are perfect for decorating.
What is the best time to propagate cuttings?
A: Propagating cuttings is a process where you take an existing plant and break off a piece of it, then put that piece in water to root. The best time for propagating cuttings is when the plant is dormant.
What are the 3 types of cuttings?
A: There are 3 types of cutting in Beat Saber. The first is the blade cut, which is done by swinging your saber at a 45 degree angle and then quickly moving it back to its original position. The second type of cutting is the diagonal slash, which is done by swinging your saber diagonally from left to right and then quickly returning it back to its original position. The third type of cutting is the horizontal slash, which is done by swinging your saber horizontally from
African daisy cuttings are a great way to propagate daisies. They can be propagated by planting them into the ground, or they can also be propagated in water. Reference: african daisy cuttings.
Watch This Video:
- how to grow wild daisies
- how to propagate daisy seeds
- marguerite daisy cuttings
- how to propagate gerbera daisies
- shasta daisy propagation
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The further back one traces a family, the murkier the waters become. If it isn’t poor record-keeping, it’s a courthouse fire. And that’s if it isn’t wishful thinking on the part of another family researcher. Still most legends have some basis in fact. What then, is the basis of the fantastic legend surrounding the emigration of Mark Anthony?
The most traditional version of the narrative is that Mark Anthony was born in about 1670 to a merchant of the same or a similar name in Genoa, Italy. The elder Mark Anthony (or Marcus Antony, as he is sometimes known to researchers, most likely to distinguish him from his son) relocated to the Netherlands for reasons that aren’t clear. He desired his son to be educated in Genoa — an idea that didn’t appeal to the younger Mark Anthony’s adventurous spirit at all. Instead, the young man ran away to sea. He was waylaid by Barbary pirates and enslaved in Algiers. Different versions vary in the details, but most agree that once in Algiers, Mark Anthony either escaped by killing his captor or simply by slipping away. This story was retold for generations, and it seemed especially strong in the Georgia Anthony branch of the family.
Arlene Anthony, a researcher associated with Linda Starr’s Colonial Virginia Connections group, does not believe this wild tale, and I have to admit I don’t either. Her research tends to suggest that the Anthony family were from England, possibly by way of the Iberian peninsula, and that they were either Jewish or Roma. I think it more likely that they were Jewish. Their movements mirror those of Marranos, though without historical documents, it is impossible to know exactly when the family migrated from Italy or the Iberian Peninsula to the Netherlands.
The Georgia account of Mark Anthony’s arrival indicates that he arrived in Virginia after his harrowing adventure before October 3, 1690 and was indentured (possibly to Charles Fleming) for three years in order to pay for his passage. He is one of twenty people listed in an application for a land patent of 1000 acres in New Kent County in 1690. In 1700, he applied for a land grant of 1000 acres — some researchers speculate he returned to Europe and brought back 20 applicants in order to apply for this land grant. The 1704 book of Quit Rents indicates he had 190 acres of land in New Kent County. He appears in the records of St. Paul’s Vestry in 1709.
Mark Anthony married Isabella Hart in about 1703 and become a prosperous landowner. Some family researchers believe that the Anthonys and allied families were Crypto-Jews because they continued to practice Sephardic naming traditions. I have not found this to be true. Strict Sephardic naming practices call for the first son to be named for his paternal grandfather and the first daughter for her paternal grandfather. The second son and daughter should be named for the maternal grandfather and grandmother, respectively. The third son/daughter should be named for a paternal uncle or aunt, and the fourth son/daughter for a maternal uncle or aunt. The Clarks and Anthonys did commonly “recycle” names across generations in a somewhat Sephardic fashion, but it is not exact. For example, Mark Anthony’s son Joseph Anthony and his wife Elizabeth Clark Anthony did not name their firstborn son Mark — rather, he was named Christopher for his wife’s father. Likewise, their first daughter was named Sarah, seemingly for a maternal aunt. Not until their sixth son was born would they name him for his paternal grandfather, Mark Anthony. It is possible that the family were indeed Sephardic in origin, but I don’t think one can use their naming practices as evidence.
The Anthony family married into the Quaker families of Colonial Virginia. While Quakers would probably have been more tolerant of Jews, and thus, might have married Jews, it appears that if the Anthonys were Jewish, they eventually adopted various forms of Quaker or Protestant faith. For example, Anselm Anthony, a great-grandson of Mark Anthony, was a renowned Baptist minister in Georgia. Mark Anthony’s daughter-in-law, Elizabeth Clark Anthony, was known to have made multiple missionary trips between Georgia and Virginia; her family were said to be devoted Quakers. A funny and almost certainly apocryphal story has been passed down in the Anthony family that suggests that Joseph Anthony, son of Mark, actually possessed a written genealogy of his descent from Mark Antony, the famous Roman general and politician. His pious in-laws supposedly burned the document because it bespoke vanity. (I wonder what they would make of their numerous genealogist descendants!)
Speculation about who Mark Anthony might have been is more abundant than actual evidence. Certainly, he was the progenitor of a family of colorful characters with a love for a good yarn. You can read more about my own speculations (a post which also recounts my ancestry traced back to Mark Anthony) as to his background and you can read those of Arlene Anthony at Colonial Virginia Connections.
This post is third in a series about my known immigrant ancestors.
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What is Falting?Geology and Geography
What does faulting mean?
Definitions of faulting. (geology) a crack in the earth’s crust resulting from the displacement of one side with respect to the other. “he studied the faulting of the earth’s crust” synonyms: break, fault, fracture, geological fault, shift. examples: Denali Fault.
What is faulting in earth science?
A fault is a fracture or zone of fractures between two blocks of rock. Faults allow the blocks to move relative to each other. This movement may occur rapidly, in the form of an earthquake – or may occur slowly, in the form of creep.
What is an example of faulting?
The most famous example of a strike-slip fault is the San Andreas Fault. The 1300-kilometer San Andreas Fault stretches across most of California and divides the Pacific and North American tectonic plates. It is responsible for a number of smaller fault systems across the western United States.
What are dip slips?
Dip-slip faults are inclined fractures where the blocks have mostly shifted vertically. If the rock mass above an inclined fault moves down, the fault is termed normal, whereas if the rock above the fault moves up, the fault is termed reverse.
What is faulting and folding?
Folds are bends in the rocks that are due to compressional forces. Faults are due to tensional forces along which displacements of rocks take pace. Folding occurs when compressional force is applied to rocks that are ductile or flexible.
What is faulting in social?
Faults are fractures in the Earth’s crust. When rocks are subjected to stress and pressure, they may bend but eventually break. Sometimes they are displaced vertically or horizontally.
What causes faulting?
The main cause of faulting is Tension. A fault is a break between two blocks of rocks in response to stress. Fault produces three type stresses. Most earthquakes occur at plate margins due to tension, compression or shearing forces.
What happens in the process of faulting?
Faulting happens when the Earth’s crust completely breaks and slides past each other. Whether the Earth’s crust experiences a fold or fault will depend on the material it is made out of in that area.
How does faulting happen?
Faults are fractures in Earth’s crust where movement has occurred. Sometimes faults move when energy is released from a sudden slip of the rocks on either side. Most earthquakes occur along plate boundaries, but they can also happen in the middle of plates along intraplate fault zones.
Do faults create mountains?
Fault-block mountains are formed by the movement of large crustal blocks along faults formed when tensional forces pull apart the crust (Figure 3). Tension is often the result of uplifting part of the crust; it can also be produced by opposite-flowing convection cells in the mantle (see Figure 1).
How do fault produce earthquake?
Earthquakes are the result of sudden movement along faults within the Earth. The movement releases stored-up ‘elastic strain’ energy in the form of seismic waves, which propagate through the Earth and cause the ground surface to shake.
What is the difference between a fault and earthquake?
Earthquakes occur on faults – strike-slip earthquakes occur on strike-slip faults, normal earthquakes occur on normal faults, and thrust earthquakes occur on reverse or thrust faults. When an earthquake occurs on one of these faults, the rock on one side of the fault slips with respect to the other.
What are the 3 fault types?
There are three main types of fault which can cause earthquakes: normal, reverse (thrust) and strike-slip. Figure 1 shows the types of faults that can cause earthquakes. Figures 2 and 3 show the location of large earthquakes over the past few decades.
What are the 4 types of faults?
There are four types of faulting — normal, reverse, strike-slip, and oblique. A normal fault is one in which the rocks above the fault plane, or hanging wall, move down relative to the rocks below the fault plane, or footwall. A reverse fault is one in which the hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall.
Can Aftershocks be bigger than the earthquake?
Is it possible for an aftershock to be as large as the main event? By definition, no. If an earthquake is followed by a more powerful seismic event, it’s automatically redefined as a foreshock. The largest tremor is always classified as the earthquake; everything else is either a foreshock or an aftershock.
Do small earthquakes mean a bigger one is coming?
Small cluster of earthquakes may be warning sign of larger one to come, researcher says. Most earthquakes we feel come after smaller ones. That’s according to a new study as scientists try to predict when and where earthquakes might occur.
What is the noise before an earthquake?
The low rumbling noise at the beginning is P waves and the S waves’ arrival is the big bang you hear. Peggy Hellweg: Earthquakes do produce sounds, and people do hear them.
How long can an aftershock last?
Aftershocks are earthquakes that follow the largest shock of an earthquake sequence. They are smaller than the mainshock and within 1-2 rupture lengths distance from the mainshock. Aftershocks can continue over a period of weeks, months, or years.
What is difference between earthquake and aftershock?
The difference is in the intensity of the quake. The initial quake always has the greatest power, or magnitude, as defined by the Richter scale. Aftershocks are smaller quakes that then occur in the general area after the main quake.
Will California fall into the ocean?
No, California is not going to fall into the ocean. California is firmly planted on the top of the earth’s crust in a location where it spans two tectonic plates.
What is the longest earthquake?
A devastating earthquake that rocked the Indonesian island of Sumatra in 1861 was long thought to be a sudden rupture on a previously quiescent fault.
Which country has the most earthquakes?
For which country do we locate the most earthquakes? Japan. The whole country is in a very active seismic area, and they have the densest seismic network in the world, so they are able to record many earthquakes.
Is a 10.0 earthquake possible?
No, earthquakes of magnitude 10 or larger cannot happen. The magnitude of an earthquake is related to the length of the fault on which it occurs. That is, the longer the fault, the larger the earthquake.
What was the first earthquake?
The earliest earthquake for which we have descriptive information occurred in China in 1177 B.C. The Chinese earthquake catalog describes several dozen large earthquakes in China during the next few thousand years.
What are 5 interesting facts about earthquake?
5 x Random facts about Earthquakes
- The longest recorded earthquake lasted for 10 minutes.
- An average earthquake lasts around a minute.
- There are at least 500,000 earthquakes per year.
- An earthquake under the ocean can cause tsunamis.
- There are at least one earthquake per year with a magnitude of 8,0 or higher on average.
Who founded earthquakes?
The first known earthquake detector was invented in 132 A.D. by the Chinese astronomer and mathematician Chang Heng. He called it an “earthquake weathercock.”
- Tracing Ancient Pathways: Unveiling Migration Routes of Asian Animals to the Americas
- Unraveling the Vertical Mystery: Understanding the Vertical Coordinate System in WRF Simulations
- What is a reasonable range of values for resistance to heat flux?
- Transforming Negativity: Converting ERA5 PET Data to Positive for Climate Analysis
- Curious natural patterns on the surface of basalt blocks that make up the sidewalk
- The Pristine Perfection: Unraveling the Enigma of Pingualuit Crater’s Pure Water
- Unveiling the Dynamic Nature of Earth: Exploring the Intricacies of Thermal Expansion in Geophysics
- Unraveling the Enigma: Exploring the Surprising Velocities of P Waves in Earth’s Lower Mantle vs. Core
- Unlocking the Arctic: Exploring Recent Temperature Anomalies as a Proxy for Global Heating
- How does a subduction zone form mountains?
- Unveiling the Magnetic Powerhouse: Exploring the Earth’s Magnetic Field Strength at McMurdo Station, Antarctica
- Unveiling the Mysteries: Exploring General Circulation Models for Simulating Venus’s Atmosphere
- Unveiling the Connection: Exploring the Relationship Between Soil Thickness and Altitude, Slope Angle, and Moisture in Earthscience
- Unveiling the Magnetic Power Shift: Exploring the Mid-Point Strength of Reversals in Earth’s Magnetic Field
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What is rocks and its types?Geology
There are three kinds of rock: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form when molten rock (magma or lava) cools and solidifies. Sedimentary rocks originate when particles settle out of water or air, or by precipitation of minerals from water. They accumulate in layers.
What is rock short answer?
A rock is a solid collection of mineral grains that grow or become cemented together. Some rocks are large while others are small. Small rocks are called pebbles. Every rock is made up of one or more minerals.
What are the 5 types of rock?
- Igneous rocks.
- Sedimentary rocks.
- Metamorphic rocks.
- Specific varieties.
- See also.
- External links.
- Sedimentary Rocks. Sedimentary rocks are formed from pieces of other existing rock or organic material. …
- Metamorphic Rocks. Metamorphic rocks are rocks that have been changed from their original form by immense heat or pressure. …
- Igneous Rocks.
- Weathering. Simply put, weathering is a process of breaking down rocks into smaller and smaller particles without any transporting agents at play. …
- Erosion and Transport. …
- Deposition of Sediment. …
- Burial and Compaction. …
- Crystallization of Magma. …
- Melting. …
- Uplift. …
- Deformation and Metamorphism.
What is this rock?
Quote from video:And cemented sediments. So you're going to look for little grains of sand pebbles clay and silt different sized chunks of rock that have been squeezed. Together until they form one larger rock.
What is in a rock?
A rock is an aggregate of one or more minerals, or a body of undifferentiated mineral matter. Common rocks include granite, basalt, limestone, and sandstone.
What is a rock Class 7?
(ii) What is a rock? Answer: Any natural mass of mineral matter that makes up the earth’s crust is called a rock. The earth’s crust is made up of various types of rocks of different texture, size and colour.
What is rock cycle class 9?
Complete answer:Rock cycle is a group of changes that enable sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic rocks to transform from kind to another through processes like melting, cooling, eroding, compacting and deforming.
What is metamorphism of rock?
Metamorphism is a process that changes preexisting rocks into new forms because of increases in temperature, pressure, and chemically active fluids. Metamorphism may affect igneous, sedimentary, or other metamorphic rocks.
What is rock cycle with diagram?
Rock Cycle Diagram
Rocks are broadly classified into three groups: igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic, and the simplest diagram of the “rock cycle” puts these three groups in a circle with arrows pointing from “igneous” to “sedimentary,” from “sedimentary” to “metamorphic,” and from “metamorphic” to “igneous” again.
Who discovered rock cycle?
The concept of the rock cycle is attributed to James Hutton (1726–1797), the 18th-century founder of modern geology.
What is rock formation?
A rock formation is an isolated, scenic, or spectacular surface rock outcrop. Rock formations are usually the result of weathering and erosion sculpting the existing rock. The term rock formation can also refer to specific sedimentary strata or other rock unit in stratigraphic and petrologic studies.
What rock cycle means?
The rock cycle is a concept used to explain how the three basic rock types are related and how Earth processes, over geologic time, change a rock from one type into another. Plate tectonic activity, along with weathering and erosional processes, are responsible for the continued recycling of rocks.
What is rock in geography?
To geologists, a rock is a natural substance composed of solid crystals of different minerals that have been fused together into a solid lump. The minerals may or may not have been formed at the same time. What matters is that natural processes glued them all together.
What are the 3 stages of the rock cycle?
The three processes that change one rock to another are crystallization, metamorphism, and erosion and sedimentation. Any rock can transform into any other rock by passing through one or more of these processes. This creates the rock cycle.
How are rocks classified?
Rocks are classified according to characteristics such as mineral and chemical composition, permeability, texture of the constituent particles, and particle size. These physical properties are the result of the processes that formed the rocks.
What are the 4 main rock types?
The Rock Cycle
What is rock structure?
The individual, contrasted, larger-scale features of rocks are called ‘structures’. Our task will be to see if there are rock structures that can provide clues to a rock’s formational environment: whether it’s igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic. There are hundreds of distinct rock structures.
What are the four types of rocks?
The types of rock: igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary.
What are the 3 main types of igneous rocks?
When molten rock, or melted rock, solidifies, igneous rocks are formed. There are two types of igneous rocks: intrusive and extrusive.
Intrusive Igneous Rocks
What are the 3 different type of rocks and how do they form?
Igneous rocks are formed from melted rock deep inside the Earth. Sedimentary rocks are formed from layers of sand, silt, dead plants, and animal skeletons. Metamorphic rocks formed from other rocks that are changed by heat and pressure underground.
What are the 5 stages of the rock cycle?
What are the 5 steps of rock cycle? The rock cycle stages include: weathering and erosion, transportation, deposition, compaction and cementation, metamorphism, and rock melting.
What are the 7 steps of rock cycle?
The Rock Cycle
What are the 4 steps of sedimentary rock formation?
Sedimentary rocks are the product of 1) weathering of preexisting rocks, 2) transport of the weathering products, 3) deposition of the material, followed by 4) compaction, and 5) cementation of the sediment to form a rock. The latter two steps are called lithification.
How does a rock work?
Inside Earth, heat, pressure, and melting change sedimentary and igneous rock into metamorphic rock. Intense heating results in hot liquid rock (magma) bursting through Earth’s surface and turning into solid igneous rock.
Where do rocks come from?
Rain and ice break up the rocks in mountains. These form sand and mud that get washed out to form beaches, rivers and swamps. This sand and mud can get buried, squashed and heated, which eventually turns them into rocks.
What is rock sampling?
Rock Sampling. Rock sampling reveals the true potential of an area for containing a mineral deposit. An anomaly in a rock sample from bedrock has had no effects of secondary dispersion, so the location of the sample is the location of the source.
- Tracing Ancient Pathways: Unveiling Migration Routes of Asian Animals to the Americas
- Unraveling the Vertical Mystery: Understanding the Vertical Coordinate System in WRF Simulations
- Transforming Negativity: Converting ERA5 PET Data to Positive for Climate Analysis
- What is a reasonable range of values for resistance to heat flux?
- Curious natural patterns on the surface of basalt blocks that make up the sidewalk
- The Pristine Perfection: Unraveling the Enigma of Pingualuit Crater’s Pure Water
- Unveiling the Dynamic Nature of Earth: Exploring the Intricacies of Thermal Expansion in Geophysics
- Unraveling the Enigma: Exploring the Surprising Velocities of P Waves in Earth’s Lower Mantle vs. Core
- Unlocking the Arctic: Exploring Recent Temperature Anomalies as a Proxy for Global Heating
- How does a subduction zone form mountains?
- Unveiling the Magnetic Powerhouse: Exploring the Earth’s Magnetic Field Strength at McMurdo Station, Antarctica
- Unveiling the Mysteries: Exploring General Circulation Models for Simulating Venus’s Atmosphere
- Unveiling the Connection: Exploring the Relationship Between Soil Thickness and Altitude, Slope Angle, and Moisture in Earthscience
- Unveiling the Magnetic Power Shift: Exploring the Mid-Point Strength of Reversals in Earth’s Magnetic Field
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Section 1: Introduction to SEO
Search Engine Optimization (SEO) is a critical aspect of digital marketing that focuses on enhancing a website’s visibility in search engine results pages (SERPs). It involves a variety of strategies and techniques aimed at improving the website’s ranking for specific keywords, driving organic traffic, and ultimately, leading to increased conversions and sales. The fundamental principles of SEO revolve around understanding the algorithms of search engines, keyword optimization, creating high-quality content, and building a robust website structure.
Section 2: Understanding Content Localization and Translation in SEO
While standard SEO typically focuses on optimizing a website for a specific language or region, localization and translation take this a step further by adapting the website’s content, design, and functionalities to suit different languages and cultural contexts. This process involves not just literal translation but also adjusting elements like date and number formats, color schemes, images, and even certain content to ensure relevance and appropriateness for the target audience.
Moreover, SEO strategies like geo-targeting and hreflang tags play a crucial role in this process. Geo-targeting involves delivering content to users based on their geographical location, while hreflang tags tell search engines which language you are using in a specific page, helping them serve the correct version to users.
Section 3: Implementing Content Localization and Translation
Businesses considering a localization and translation strategy can start by understanding their global audience through comprehensive market research. This involves identifying the countries or regions that hold the most potential for their product or service and understanding the languages, cultural norms, and preferences of these markets.
Implementation begins with the translation of content into the target languages, followed by its localization to match cultural nuances. Businesses can manage this process through multiple domains, subdomains, or directories, each catering to a different language or region.
Companies like Netflix and Airbnb have successfully implemented localization and translation strategies, providing their platforms in multiple languages and adapting their content to suit the cultural context of their global users.
Section 4: Challenges and Mitigation Strategies
Localization and translation come with their own set of challenges. Language nuances, dialect differences, cultural sensitivities, and local regulations can create hurdles. However, these can be mitigated through professional translation services, cultural research, and compliance with local laws.
Section 5: The Future of Global SEO and Content Localization
With the rise of AI and machine learning, localization and translation are becoming more efficient and accurate. Voice search and mobile-first indexing are further changing the landscape, requiring content to be optimized for voice commands and mobile devices.
Section 6: Conclusion
In conclusion, content localization and translation are powerful strategies for businesses looking to reach a global audience. By creating content that resonates with different cultures and languages, businesses can improve their global online visibility, enhance user experience, and drive more organic traffic.
Q: What is content localization and translation in SEO?
A: It involves adapting a website’s content, design, and functionalities to suit different languages and cultural contexts. It’s a part of global SEO strategy.
Q: What challenges can businesses face in implementing localization and translation?
A: Challenges include language nuances, dialect differences, cultural sensitivities, local competition, and regulations.
Q: How can businesses prepare for the future of global SEO?
A: By keeping up with SEO trends like AI and machine learning, voice search, mobile-first indexing, and continuously improving their localization and translation strategies.
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Lyme disease or Lyme borreliosis (LB) is the most common vector born bacterial infection in the temperate northern hemisphere.
- the infection is caused by the bacterium, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato
- B. afzelii, B. garinii and other related species may also be responsible for Lyme disease in Europe and in Asia
- the infection is spread through the bite of an infected tick of the genus Ixodes
- the Ixodes ricinus tick is responsible for the transmission of the infection in the UK and Europe while in the USA, Ixodes scapularis (on the west coast Ixodes pacificus predominates) spreads the disease
- ticks are often found in hard-to-see areas such as the groin, armpits, and scalp (but may attach to any part of the human body)
- in most cases, the tick must be attached for 36 to 48 hours or more before the Lyme disease bacterium can be transmitted.
- transmission from person to person or directly from other animals do not occur (1,2,3)
The disease was first recognised in Lyme, Connecticut when a large cluster of children developed arthritis.
Lyme borreliosis is more commonly diagnosed during the summer season, coinciding with tick activity, but cases are reported throughout the year (4).
Public Health England (PHE) reports that there are approximately 1,000 serologically confirmed cases of Lyme disease each year in England and Wales (5)
- many diagnoses will also be made clinically without laboratory testing
- true number of cases is currently unknown. In England and Wales, cases of laboratory-confirmed Lyme disease have increased
- not certain how much of the rise is due to increased awareness and how much to the spread of the disease
A subset of individuals reports persistent symptoms after antibiotic treatment, including fatigue, pain, arthralgia, and neurocognitive symptoms, which in some people are severe enough to fulfil the criteria for post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome (6):
- reported prevalence of such persistent symptoms following antimicrobial treatment varies considerably, and its pathophysiology is unclear
- persistent active infection in humans has not been identified as a cause of this syndrome
- randomized treatment trials have invariably failed to show any benefit of prolonged antibiotic treatment
Key points (6):
- treat erythema migrans empirically; serology is often negative early in infection
- for other suspected Lyme disease such as neuroborreliosis (CN palsy, radiculopathy) seek advice.
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Technology is the application of scientific knowledge in order to achieve practical goals. It involves both tangible tools such as utensils or machines and intangible ones such as software.
The word technology is derived from the Greek word
It is a broad term that encompasses the tools, processes and systems used to transform the practice of science, engineering, medicine, agriculture, business, and other fields into a cohesive, efficient, and productive means of doing things.
For instance, when people talk about technology they often mean the invention of machines and devices that have become an integral part of our everyday lives. This includes things such as computers, mobile phones, and televisions.
A lot of these innovations have improved the quality of life for many people across the globe and they are unlikely to go away anytime soon. However, like everything in the world, there are both benefits and drawbacks to technology as well.
Advantages of Technology
One of the main advantages of technology is that it makes things much easier for people to do. For example, if someone has a medical problem they can send a picture to the doctor or a specialist with just a few clicks of a button. This is great for people who have trouble communicating with doctors and it saves money for both the patient and the doctor or specialist.
Another advantage of technology is that it has made it possible for people to work remotely. This means that a person can work from home or any other location in the world. They can even have an internet connection so they can communicate with people in other countries.
This can be a huge advantage for people who live in remote areas or have health problems that make it difficult for them to travel or communicate with their family and friends. It also allows them to learn from their peers in other parts of the world.
The disadvantages of technology include that it can lead to pollution and deplete natural resources, which is a big concern for many people. This is why a lot of the newer technologies are made with eco-friendly materials.
A final disadvantage of technology is that it can be expensive and take up a large amount of space. This can be a concern for those who are concerned about the environment or who have children and would prefer to keep their home as clean as possible.
Education and Learning Benefits of Technology
The biggest advantage of technology is that it can make learning more engaging for students. This is especially true when a student does not have access to a classroom or does not live in a city with good schools.
For example, if a student in India is studying an English course online they can access the class and watch it at their own convenience. They can also listen to the lecture again if they miss any parts.
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|Paradigms and models|
|Methodologies and frameworks|
|Standards and Bodies of Knowledge|
Software development is the process of conceiving, specifying, designing, programming, documenting, testing, and bug fixing involved in creating and maintaining applications, frameworks, or other software components. Software development involves writing and maintaining the source code, but in a broader sense, it includes all processes from the conception of the desired software through the final manifestation, typically in a planned and structured process often overlapping with software engineering. Software development also includes research, new development, prototyping, modification, reuse, re-engineering, maintenance, or any other activities that result in software products.
One system development methodology is not necessarily suitable for use by all projects.
Each of the available methodologies are best suited to specific kinds of projects, based on various technical, organizational, project, and team considerations.
Software development activities
Identification of need
The sources of ideas for software products are plentiful. These ideas can come from market research including the demographics of potential new customers, existing customers, sales prospects who rejected the product, other internal software development staff, or a creative third party. Ideas for software products are usually first evaluated by marketing personnel for economic feasibility, for fit with existing channels distribution, for possible effects on existing product lines, required features, and for fit with the company's marketing objectives. In a marketing evaluation phase, the cost and time assumptions become evaluated. A decision is reached early in the first phase as to whether, based on the more detailed information generated by the marketing and development staff, the project should be pursued further.
In the book "Great Software Debates", Alan M. Davis states in the chapter "Requirements", sub-chapter "The Missing Piece of Software Development"
Students of engineering learn engineering and are rarely exposed to finance or marketing. Students of marketing learn marketing and are rarely exposed to finance or engineering. Most of us become specialists in just one area. To complicate matters, few of us meet interdisciplinary people in the workforce, so there are few roles to mimic. Yet, software product planning is critical to the development success and absolutely requires knowledge of multiple disciplines.
An important task in creating software is requirements analysis. Customers typically have an abstract idea of what they want as an end result but do not know what software should do. Skilled and experienced software engineers recognize incomplete, ambiguous, or even contradictory requirements at this point. Frequently demonstrating live code may help reduce the risk that the requirements are incorrect.
"Although much effort is put in the requirements phase to ensure that requirements are complete and consistent, rarely that is the case; leaving the software design phase as the most influential one when it comes to minimizing the effects of new or changing requirements. Requirements volatility is challenging because they impact future or already going development efforts."
A software developer is a person or company engaged in a software development process, including research, design, programming, testing, and other facets of creating computer software. Other job titles for individuals with similar meanings include programmer, software analyst, or software engineer. Companies specializing in software may be called software houses. In a large company, there may be employees whose sole responsibility consists of only one of the disciplines. In smaller development environments, a few people or even a single individual might handle the complete process. Collaborative environments, such as open-source software, can bring together many developers.
A view model is a framework that provides the viewpoints on the system and its environment, to be used in the software development process. It is a graphical representation of the underlying semantics of a view.
The purpose of viewpoints and views is to enable human engineers to comprehend very complex systems and to organize the elements of the problem around domains of expertise. In the engineering of physically intensive systems, viewpoints often correspond to capabilities and responsibilities within the engineering organization.
Business process and data modelling
Graphical representation of the current state of information provides a very effective means for presenting information to both users and system developers.
- A business model illustrates the functions associated with the business process being modeled and the organizations that perform these functions. By depicting activities and information flows, a foundation is created to visualize, define, understand, and validate the nature of a process.
- A data model provides the details of information to be stored and is of primary use when the final product is the generation of computer software code for an application or the preparation of a functional specification to aid a computer software make-or-buy decision. See the figure on the right for an example of the interaction between business process and data models.
Usually, a model is created after conducting an interview, referred to as business analysis. The interview consists of a facilitator asking a series of questions designed to extract required information that describes a process. The interviewer is called a facilitator to emphasize that it is the participants who provide the information. The facilitator should have some knowledge of the process of interest, but this is not as important as having a structured methodology by which the questions are asked of the process expert. The methodology is important because usually a team of facilitators is collecting information across the facility and the results of the information from all the interviewers must fit together once completed.
The models are developed as defining either the current state of the process, in which case the final product is called the "as-is" snapshot model, or a collection of ideas of what the process should contain, resulting in a "what-can-be" model. Generation of process and data models can be used to determine if the existing processes and information systems are sound and only need minor modifications or enhancements, or if re-engineering is required as a corrective action. The creation of business models is more than a way to view or automate your information process. Analysis can be used to fundamentally reshape the way your business or organization conducts its operations.
Computer-aided software engineering
Computer-aided software engineering (CASE), in the field software engineering, is the scientific application of a set of software tools and methods to the development of software to help achieve high-quality, defect-free, and maintainable software products. It also refers to methods for the development of information systems together with automated tools that can be used in the software development process. The term "computer-aided software engineering" (CASE) can refer to the software used for the automated development of systems software, i.e., computer code. The CASE functions include analysis, design, and programming. CASE tools automate methods for designing, documenting, and producing structured computer code in the desired programming language.
Two key ideas of Computer-aided Software System Engineering (CASE) are:
- Foster computer assistance in software development and software maintenance processes, and
- An engineering approach to software development and maintenance.
A modeling language is any artificial language that can be used to express information or knowledge or systems in a structure that is defined by a consistent set of rules. The rules are used for interpretation of the meaning of components in the structure. A modeling language can be graphical or textual.
A programming paradigm is a fundamental style of computer programming, which is not generally dictated by the project management methodology (such as waterfall or agile). Paradigms differ in the concepts and abstractions used to represent the elements of a program (such as objects, functions, variables, constraints) and the steps that comprise a computation (such as assignations, evaluation, continuations, data flows). Sometimes the concepts asserted by the paradigm are utilized cooperatively in high-level system architecture design; in other cases, the programming paradigm's scope is limited to the internal structure of a particular program or module. Example: Grady Booch's object-oriented design (OOD), also known as object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD). The Booch model includes six diagrams: class, object, state transition, interaction, module, and process.
- Continuous integration
- Custom software
- Functional specification
- Programming productivity
- Software blueprint
- Software design
- Systems design
- Software development effort estimation
- Software development process
- Software industry
- Software project management
- Specification and Description Language
- User experience
- Video game development
- Web development
Roles and industry
- Computer programmer
- Consulting software engineer
- Offshore software development
- Software developer
- Software engineer
- Software publisher
- DRM Associates (2002). "New Product Development Glossary". http://www.npd-solutions.com/glossary.html.
- System Development Methodologies for Web-Enabled E-Business: A Customization Framework Linda V. Knight (DePaul University, USA), Theresa A. Steinbach (DePaul University, USA) and Vince Kellen (Blue Wolf, USA)
- Joseph M. Morris (2001). Software Industry Accounting. p.1.10
- Alan M. Davis. Great Software Debates (October 8, 2004), pp:125-128 Wiley-IEEE Computer Society Press
- Otero, Carlos. "Software Design Challenges". Taylor & Francis LLC. http://www.ittoday.info/ITPerformanceImprovement/Articles/2012-06Otero.html.
- Edward J. Barkmeyer ea (2003). Concepts for Automating Systems Integration NIST 2003.
- Paul R. Smith & Richard Sarfaty (1993). Creating a strategic plan for configuration management using Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE) tools. Paper For 1993 National DOE/Contractors and Facilities CAD/CAE User's Group.
- Kuhn, D.L (1989). "Selecting and effectively using a computer-aided software engineering tool". Annual Westinghouse computer symposium; 6–7 Nov 1989; Pittsburgh, PA (USA); DOE Project.
- P. Loucopoulos and V. Karakostas (1995). System Requirements Engineering. McGraw-Hill.
- CASE definition In: Telecom Glossary 2000 . Retrieved 26 Oct 2008.
- K. Robinson (1992). Putting the Software Engineering into CASE. New York : John Wiley and Sons Inc.
- Xiao He (2007). "A metamodel for the notation of graphical modeling languages". In: Computer Software and Applications Conference, 2007. COMPSAC 2007 – Vol. 1. 31st Annual International, Volume 1, Issue, 24–27 July 2007, pp 219–224.
- Merx, Georges G.; Norman, Ronald J. (2006). Unified Software Engineering with Java. Prentice-Hall, Inc.. p. 201. ISBN 0130473766. https://archive.org/details/unifiedsoftwaree0000merx/page/201.
- Kit, Edward (1992). Software Testing in The Real World. Addison-Wesley Professional. ISBN 0201877562. https://archive.org/details/softwaretestingi00kite.
- McCarthy, Jim (1995). Dynamics of Software Development. Microsoft Press. ISBN 1556158238. https://archive.org/details/dynamicsofsoftwa00mcca.
- Conde, Dan (2002). Software Product Management: Managing Software Development from Idea to Product to Marketing to Sales. Aspatore Books. ISBN 1587622025.
- Davis, A. M. (2005). Just enough requirements management: Where software development meets marketing. Dorset House Publishing Company, Incorporated. ISBN 0932633641.
- Hasted, Edward (2005). Software That Sells: A Practical Guide to Developing and Marketing Your Software Project. Wiley Publishing. ISBN 0764597833.
- Hohmann, Luke (2003). Beyond Software Architecture: Creating and Sustaining Winning Solutions. Addison-Wesley Professional. ISBN 0201775948.
- John W. Horch (2005). "Two Orientations On How To Work With Objects." In: IEEE Software. vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 117–118, Mar., 1995.
- Rittinghouse, John (2003). Managing Software Deliverables: A Software Development Management Methodology. Digital Press. ISBN 155558313X.
- Wiegers, Karl E. (2005). More About Software Requirements: Thorny Issues and Practical Advice. Microsoft Press. ISBN 0735622671.
- Wysocki, Robert K. (2006). Effective Software Project Management. Wiley. ISBN 0764596365. https://archive.org/details/effectivesoftwar0000wyso.
sq:Zhvillimi i softuerit
Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software development. Read more
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In a surprising turn of events, superworms, commonly known as wiggly bugs often sold as lizard food, have revealed a remarkable ability to digest polystyrene, offering a potential breakthrough in addressing the planet’s persistent plastic problem. Scientists from the University of Queensland in Australia, as reported in the journal Microbial Genomics, have unveiled that the Zophobas morio “superworms” possess a bacterial enzyme in their gut that enables them to happily consume polystyrene.
The study, led by Dr. Chris Rinke from UQ’s School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, discovered that superworms fed a diet exclusively consisting of polystyrene not only demonstrated the ability to consume the human-made plastic but also gained a little weight in the process. This unexpected finding suggests that superworms might thrive on a diet primarily composed of polystyrene.
Dr. Rinke clarified that superworms, technically the larvae of the darkling beetle Zophobas morio, have a history of damaging and consuming plastic. Their larger size, compared to other insect larvae in the same family, hinted at the possibility of their enhanced capability to digest plastic, a hypothesis that the study confirmed.
While previous studies hinted at the superworms’ plastic-eating proclivities, the latest research delved deeper into the genetic underpinnings of this unique talent. Sequencing the DNA of the microbes inhabiting the superworm gut allowed scientists to identify the bacterial genes responsible for producing plastic-degrading enzymes. This genetic insight could pave the way for screening other bacteria with similar plastic-degrading enzymes, potentially expanding the scope of this plastic-eating ability.
Dr. Rinke envisions a scalable solution to plastic disposal, emphasizing the use of bacterial enzymes over employing tanks filled with hungry superworms. The proposed method involves collecting polystyrene waste, mechanically shredding it similar to the superworms’ process, and degrading it in bioreactors with a combination of plastic-munching enzymes. The resulting chemical compounds could then be utilized by other microbes to synthesize higher-value products, such as bioplastics like PHA.
While the realization of this vision remains uncertain, the discovery underscores the potential of harnessing nature’s solutions to combat plastic pollution. The collaboration between science and the inherent abilities of these “creepy crawlies” showcases a promising avenue in the ongoing battle against plastic waste.
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You encourage your pets to be active and make sure they eat well, but do you pay much attention to their pearly whites? If not, you may be putting their health at risk. “Periodontal disease is the most common thing that we diagnose in dogs and cats,” says Carlos A. Rice, D.V.M., founder of Veterinary Dentistry Specialists in Mount Laurel, New Jersey. And left untreated, an unhealthy mouth can lead to inflammation, gum recession, and bone loss—all of which result in pain and poor quality of life.
Brush up at home
You should be cleaning your animal’s teeth twice a week with a soft brush and pet toothpaste. Django Martel, D.V.M., a board certified veterinary dentist at NYC’s Animal Medical Center, suggests brushing with the animal’s mouth closed: Gently hold your pet’s snout and insert the brush between the lips to brush top and bottom teeth along the gum lines. If you’re a dog owner, know this: Smaller pups have more crowding in their mouth and are often genetically predisposed to periodontal disease, so diligence is even more important. Dental chews are a great way to get rid of tartar—especially in cats, who have smaller mouths. These taste like a treat and wipe gunk away as they are eaten. Another smart move is to steer clear of certain toys. “We see so many broken teeth from chewing on bones,” says Martel. Tennis balls, with their scratchy exterior, act like sandpaper against teeth, wearing them down over time. Need an alternative? “Any rubber or silicone-based toys that bend are wonderful,” says Rice.
Get pro help
“Annually, pets should have a proper oral examination done by their vet,” advises Rice. Unlike humans, who can use logic to grin and bear being poked by a dentist, animals won’t sit still. General anesthesia will be used to safely clean all the areas in need. “We do full mouth X-rays, dental charting, ultrasonic scaling and polishing,” adds Martel. Plus, routine cleanings allow your vet to check for other diseases, like oral cancer.
Keep an eye out
Even if you’re doing all of the above, a dental problem can arise, and knowing what to look for could save your pet. The most common sign of an issue is smelly breath (worse than normal). Red or bloody gums, extreme drooling or sensitivity when you try to touch the mouth area are other clues. Since cats use their mouths for grooming, an unkempt kitty may be a sign something is up. If you notice any of these things, it’s time to make a vet appointment.
© Meredith Operations Corporation. All rights reserved. Used with permission.
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When you are focused on a child with a fever, cough, or vomiting, it can be easy to question getting them out of the sickbed to brush their teeth. However, keeping mouths clean and teeth healthy can be even more important during illness. Here are some useful tips for protecting your child’s oral health when they’re sick.
Brush and floss
Brushing and flossing helps prevent build-up of harmful germs and bacteria in your child’s mouth. This helps keep their immune system focused on fighting the cold or flu virus. If your child’s illness includes vomiting, their teeth are exposed to acids that can weaken teeth. Help them rinse thoroughly and brush their teeth to avoid damage.
When your child is sick, they need plenty of water to stay hydrated, soothe a sore throat, and keep sinuses moist. In addition, dry mouth can occur during illness and increase risk of tooth decay. Drinking water helps combat dry mouth and congestion.
Watch out for sugars
Cough drops and cough syrups can contain high amounts of sugar to improve the medicine flavor. However, this can leave sugary residue on the teeth. Look for sugar-free options when possible and rinse well after any medicine with sugar.
Disinfect dental appliances
If your child has a dental appliance, such as a retainer, athletic mouth guard, or night guard, be sure it is cleaned thoroughly between uses. Contact our office for information on the type of cleanser that is appropriate for your child’s device.
When your child is well again, replace their toothbrush. Even a clean toothbrush may retain some bacteria or germs following use. To help protect your child from reinfection, discard the used toothbrush in favor of a new one.
For more tips on keeping teeth healthy through an illness, contact our office.
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Psychoanalysis Of Perks Of Being A Wallflower. The film analyses will involve viewing and critically analyzing a movie that we will discuss in class. Choose at least one phenomenon from a topic we discussed in class. The paper should be 2-3 double spaced pages in 12 pt font.
The assigned reading for the movie should be included in your analysis. The readings can be found in the Sakai folder under the resources tab.
Please label the following sections:
1) Describe the psychological principle(s) illustrated in the film using the reading and PowerPoint (only 1-2). Be sure to include citations for the definitions of the concepts (even if taken from the PowerPoint). If the concept is a psychological disorder, be sure to include the symptoms. 10pts
2) Describe the relevant scenes which illustrate the psychological principle(s). If this is a psychological disorder, this should be an illustration of the symptoms. 10pts
3) Analyze your concept(s) in part 1 using the assigned article. You should include information from the article (with citations) which relate to your concept(s). Describe the relevant movie scenes from the perspective of the article 10 pts.
4) Critically analyze the accuracies and in accuracies of the movie’s portrayal related to the concepts analyzed. based on the readings/PowerPoint 7pts
5) In-text citations and a reference page 3 pts
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The ratio of the amount of total solar energy in the full solar wavelength range (300-2500 nm) that is allowed to pass through a glazing system. The value is expressed as a percent.
The ratio of total solar energy which is reflected outwardly by a glazing system to the amount of total solar energy falling on the glazing system. On filmed windows, this reflectance is a function of the side of the film facing the exterior of the building. The value is expressed as a percent.
The ratio of the amount of total solar energy absorbed by a glazing system. Solar absorption is that portion of total solar energy neither transmitted nor reflected. Total solar absorption is nothing more than center of glass temperature. This function however is what causes glass breakage in Colorado. We don’t recommend installing solar films in Colorado on double pane glass if the film has a solar abortion of more that .45%. We have been installing film for 31 years in Denver and have learned a lot over the years.
The ratio of the amount of total solar visible solar energy (380-780 nm) that is allowed to pass through a glazing system. The value is express as a percentage and is photopically weighted to account for the greater sensitivity to the human eye to the center region of the visible spectrum.
The ratio of the amount of total visible light (380-780) reflected by a glazing system to the amount of visible light falling on that system. This value is expressed as a percent. The higher the visible reflectance of a glazing system, the more mirror-like its appearance. Visible reflectance values may be given for the interior or exterior side of the glazing system.
Very important to our Denver, Colorado window tinting customers. This is what makes us superior to other window film dealers in Denver.
The overall heat transfer coefficient of the glazing system, U-value is a measure of the heat transfer that occurs through the glazing system and its outer and inner surfaces. This value is a function of temperature, and it is expressed in BTU per square foot per hour per degree-Fahrenheit (BTU/sq./hr./°F). The lower the U-value the better the insulation qualities of the glazing system. This value is measured at 0° F outdoors, 70° F indoors with a 1 mph wind.
Shading Coefficient (SC) is the ratio of the total amount of solar energy that passes through a glazing system relative to 1/8-inch (3.0mm) clear glass under the same design conditions. It includes both solar energy transmitted directly plus any absorbed solar energy re-radiated and covected. Lower shading coefficient values indicate better performance in reducing solar heat gain.
Homes in Denver, Colorado experience sun damage from the intense Colorado sun. This is one of the most important reasons to install window film in your home. Damage to your home and your skin increases by 5% for every 1,000 feet in elevation that you live.
The ratio of the amount of total UV solar energy (280-380 nanometers) that is not allowed to pass directly through a glazing system to the amount of total UV solar energy falling on the glazing system. Ultraviolet radiation is one portion of the total solar energy spectrum which greatly contributes to fading and deterioration of fabrics, flooring and furnishings.
This is what sets us apart from the competition. Our films are made for Colorado by reducing winter heat loss. Our competitor’s films are made for sunbelt type climates like Arizona. Colorado is a heating state, not a cooling state.
The measure of a surfaces ability to emit long-wave infrared radiation or room temperature radiant heat energy. The lower the emissivity the better the windows insulating performance. Low emissivity films reflect radiant heat back into the room, helping to lower heating costs.
Measures how well a window system blocks heat caused by sunlight. SHGC is the total fraction of incident solar energy that passes through a glazing system, directly and indirectly, via direct transmission or indirectly via conduction, convection, and re-radiation of absorbed solar energy. The lower a windows solar heat coefficient, the less solar heat is transmitted.
The total percentage of incident solar energy that is prevented from passing directly or indirectly through a glazing system. The higher the number the more heat rejection achieved. This is very important on hot afternoons with southern and western facing glazing.
The ratio of visible light transmittance (in decimal form) to the solar heat gain coefficient. Films with values approaching or exceeding 1.0 reject a larger percentage of solar heat from the infrared portion of the solar spectrum rather than from the visible light portion.
The percentage by which incoming solar heat energy is reduced by the addition of a filtering material. The higher this number, the greater heat gain is reduced.
The percentage by which heat energy loss through a given glazing system is reduced by the addition of an insulating material. The greater this number, the better.
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Natural colours are obtained from foodstuffs and other natural materials by physical or chemical extraction resulting in a selection of the pigments and are used to naturally modify the colouring of foodstuffs and beverages among other products. Natural colours are in great demand in those applications for which artificial colours are not permitted, such as in the meat industry. Although it is true that industries and gastronomy specialists add colouring additives to improve the appearance of some foods and to make them more acceptable to the eyes of consumers, the truth is that they are also used to compensate for the loss of colour that occurs during the processing and production of foods.
Colour is one of the first attributes we look at when choosing a food or drink. Its format, presentation and physical attractiveness is vital for the consumer. That is why colorants are very important additives in the food industry.
Among the natural colorants, Cochineal Carmine is one of the most used pigments in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry, due to its color and stability properties, and its natural production process approved by the FDA. The cochineal (Dactylopius coccus), is a small insect native to Peru, Mexico and certain countries in Africa, which lives as a parasite of the Opuntia cactus.
As well as carmine, we find other natural colourings such as curcumin, paprika, annatto, chlorophyll, etc., which can be presented in different variants depending on the use that is going to be given to the pigment and the product on which it is going to be used:
-Hydro-soluble: these are powders extracted from different raw materials as we have already seen (carmine, curcumin) which are mixed with water to dye the products.
-Liposoluble: these are oil-soluble products and fatty products such as butter, cheese, ice cream, desserts, cakes, etc. Among the best known are paprika, chlorophylls, among others.
To request a sample and more information, please contact us.
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Manufacturing companies are challenged with workers, demand and materials due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The disruption has placed an importance on deglobalization and relocalization of manufacturing activities. Industry 4.0 technologies were already transforming manufacturing and improving operational efficiencies, however the pandemic has accelerated the adoption of these technologies. Now Industry 4.0 is supporting overall supply chain resilience that is one of the major concerns of companies.
McKinsey & Company offered its perspective on disruption within manufacturing (Agrawal et al. 2020). They characterized Industry 4.0 in four foundational clusters of technologies: (1) Connectivity and computational power; (2) Analytics and intelligence; (3) Human-machine interaction; and (4) Advanced engineering. As we move forward in the age of technology, it is key to use the power of connectivity, such as sensors, internet of things, cloud and blockchain, which will unlock intelligent data-driven decision-making capabilities. This will provide the much needed help for manufacturing companies to make quick and reliable decisions. In addition, technologies like extended reality can be applied to enhance human-machine interaction alongside advanced engineering technologies like additive manufacturing and renewable energy.
Mayank Agrawal, Karel Eloot, Matteo Mancini, Alpesh Patel, “Industry 4.0: Reimagining Manufacturing Operations after COVID-19”. McKinsey & Company, July 2020.
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Data and Text mining
Discussion Question 1: Explain the relationship among data mining, text mining, and sentiment analysis.
Discussion Question 2: In your own words, define text mining, and discuss its most popular applications.
Discussion Question 3: What does it mean to induce structure into text-based data? Discuss the alternative ways of inducing structure into them.
Discussion Question 4: What is the role of NLP in text mining? Discuss the capabilities and limitations of NLP in the context of text mining.
Exercise 3: Go to https://www.teradata.com/Blogs/Analyzing-the-Analytics and read the case study titled Analyzing the Analytics. Read the case carefully and extend your understanding of it by searching the Internet for additional information, and then answer the following question: How effective is managing analytical models through automation? Write a one-page report.
Internet Exercise 7: Go to kdnuggets.com. Explore the section on applications as well as software. Find the names at least three additional packages for data mining and text mining. Write a one-page report summary the identified packages.
Textbook: Business Intelligence and Analytics
Your response should be 5-6 pages. There must be APA formatted references (and APA in-text citation) to support the thoughts in the post.
"Place your order now for a similar assignment and have exceptional work written by our team of experts, guaranteeing you A results."
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Blueberries are sweet, delicious, and nutritious! They are a low calorie “superfood” and here are some of the reasons they are so super:
1. Blueberries are high in nutrients, but low in calories!
1 cup has:
- 4 grams of fiber
- 24% RDA – vitamin C
- 36% RDA – vitamin K
- and only 84 calories!
2. Blueberries Might Lower Your Blood Pressure!
I had high blood pressure when I was obese. I talk about it and how I lost 125 lbs in my book – Small Bites, Big Results.
I didn’t try to lower my blood pressure with blueberries, but numerous studies have shown a link between regular consumption of the berries and reduction in blood pressure.
3. Blueberries Might Lower Your Risk of Heart Disease!
High blood pressure is one risk factor for heart disease, but some observational studies have shown that regular consumption of blueberries not only lowered blood pressure, but they were also linked to a 32% reduction in heart attacks.
4. Blueberries Are High in Antioxidants!
Blueberries have the highest antioxidant capacity of all commonly consumed fruits and vegetables!
5. Blueberries Can Help With Brain Function and Memory!
A 12 week study of elderly participants with mild cognitive impairment showed improvements with brain function after consuming blueberry juice every day.
The berries were linked to slowing cognitive aging by up to 2.5 years in a 6 year study of elderly participants.
6. Blueberries May Reduce Muscle Soreness!
This one is near and dear to my heart. Since I teach fitness classes, do personal training, and workout on my own, I’m always sore -ALWAYS!
A small study of female athletes showed that eating blueberries accelerated muscle recovery and minimized soreness. Give me a blueberry NOW!
7. Blueberries May Help Protect Against Cancer!
Remember, blueberries are high in antioxidants? Well, those antioxidants can help protect against cancer, since they help to neutralize free radicals that cause damage to our DNA.
8. Blueberries Help Lower Cholesterol!
High cholesterol is another health risk that can lead to heart disease. Thankfully, the antioxidants in blueberries have been linked to lowering LDL (“bad” cholesterol).
9. Blueberries Can Help Protect Against Diabetes!
Several studies have shown that blueberries can help improve insulin sensitivity and lower blood sugar levels.
10. Blueberries Can Help Fight Urinary Tract Infections!
We know that cranberries can help with UTI’s, but blueberries?! Like cranberries, blueberries contain substances that can prevent certain bacteria. This may be useful in preventing urinary tract infections.
If those reasons aren’t enough to have you popping a few berries into your mouth, try this recipe!
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Cultural geography essay topics. Conclusion for an essay the tempest essay prompt free essays online for college admission! Benjamin franklin essays fenimore cooper how to write an essay the most easiest way advanced creative writing syllabus pdf creative problem-solving techniques for nurses. Startup business plans. Geography Paper Topics | Best Ideas to Develop in Your ... A variety of cultural geography paper topics. The cornerstone of cultural geography is how humans interact and carry out their lives from place to place (or spatially) with respect to specific cultural elements. Each of these elements can easily be used as a starting point of research (you can use them to brainstorm ideas for related topics). 10 Great Topics For An A+ Research Paper In Geography 10 Great Topics for Your Geography Research Paper Geography research papers. Geography is an interesting subject. It is all about the Earth and its composition. The study of Earth is quite interesting as it reveals certain information and fun facts about the planet we are living in.
A variety of cultural geography paper topics. The cornerstone of cultural geography is how humans interact and carry out their lives from place to place (or spatially) with respect to specific cultural elements. Each of these elements can easily be used as a starting point of research (you can use them to brainstorm ideas for related topics).
Possible Culture Topics for Papers IDEAS FOR CULTURE ESSAY & PAPER TOPICS. Papers may be written on other topics; this list is meant to stimulate your imagination. Curanderismo (folk healing) Folksong as an Ethnic Expression. Blues Geography 6742 Seminar in Cultural Geography Geography 6742 Seminar in Cultural Geography. Spring Semester, 2010. ... and explores in greater detail my own area of research interest in cultural economy and related topics of cultural governance, development, themed landscapes and place-branding. ... The following collections of essays on Cultural Geography may be helpful in your ...
Geography Dissertation Topics - UK Essays
Cultural Geography Overview Cultural geography developed out of the University of California, Berkeley and was led by Carl Sauer. He used landscapes as the defining unit of geographic study and said that cultures develop because of the landscape but also help to develop the landscape as well. In addition, his work and the cultural... Cultural geography - Wikipedia Cultural geography is a subfield within human geography. Though the first traces of the study of different nations and cultures on Earth can be dated back to ancient geographers such as Ptolemy... Geography Essay: Essay on Geography (2495 Words) Geography as a university discipline got recognition in the early decades of the 19th century in the GermanGeography for most of the people was nothing but general knowledge. In the recent pastThis involves disentangling complex networks of economic, social and cultural relationships and also... Geography Essay | Cram
Possible Culture Topics for Papers
Cultural Geographer - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Cultural Geography: Cultural Landscape Essays
View and download cultural geography essays examples. Also discover topics, titles, outlines, thesis statements, and conclusions for your cultural geography ... 35 questions with answers in Cultural Geography | Science topic Get answers to questions in Cultural Geography from experts. ... Is there any research paper/s related to impact of tradition and festivals on market and ...
Need Geography Assignment Help online? Assignment Prime offers the best help with Geography Assignment writing service in Australia with free Turnitin report. Cultural Geography Essays: Examples, Topics, Titles, & Outlines
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In today’s English pronunciation lesson, you will learn how to pronounce advertisement properly. We are going to look at each of the syllables in detail, so that you never mispronounce this word again.
Before we get to the pronunciation of ‘advertisement’, we will begin by learning the form of the word that native speakers use in informal speech…
‘Advert’ Meaning in British English
The noun ‘advert’ /’æd.vɜːt/ is a clipping (shortening) of ‘advertisement’ (n) in British English. The word refers to images, emails and videos etc. that are used to influence potential customers to buy products. In informal conversation, British people say:
“Have you seen that advert?”
In American English, the word ‘advert’ isn’t used. They use the informal word ‘ad’ instead, as in; ‘There are too many ads on TV.”
How to Pronounce Advertisement
We will now learn the correct pronunciation of ‘advertisement’ in British English by breaking the word up into its four syllables. Skip to [5:14] in the video above to hear my pronunciation of advertisement.
The first syllable is unstressed and contains a schwa → /əd/
The second syllable carries the stress and contains a long vowel → /ˈvɜː/
The third syllable contains a short, unstressed vowel with a final /s/ → /tɪs/
The fourth syllable contains another schwa. → /mənt/
Now put all the syllables in the word together and pronounce ‘advertisement’ properly as /ədˈvɜː.tɪs.mənt/. Your pronunciation should now contain one long vowel (in the second syllable) and three other unstressed vowels.
If you don’t know how to read IPA (the symbols above), here is an interpreted spelling to help you pronounce ‘advertisement’:
Pronounce ‘Advertisement’ Properly
So that you remember the correct pronunciation to use, here are a couple of notes on the pronunciation:
- The final syllable doesn’t sound the same as ‘meant’ /ment/ (the past simple & past participle of ‘mean’).
- Your pronunciation of ‘advertisement’ should not contain the word ‘ties’ /taɪz/ anywhere inside it. *A tie is a long, thin piece of material that is worn around the collar of a shirt.
Now practise the pronunciation of ‘advertisement’ in an example sentence:
“That advertisement is not suitable for children.”
How to Pronounce ‘Advertise’
The verb-noun pair ‘advertise’ (v) and ‘advertisement’ (n) are pronounced differently. The verb contains a long vowel in the final syllable, but note that it does not carry the stress. ‘Advertise’ is stressed on the first syllable.
In interpreted spelling, ‘advertise’ sounds like AD-vuh-ties.
British vs American Pronunciation of ‘Advertisement’
The British and American pronunciations of ‘advertisement’ are different. The American English pronunciation of the word contains the word ‘ties’ inside it → /ˈæd.vɚˌtaɪz.mənt/. For a British English accent, this pronunciation should be avoided because it is an Americanism.
Thank you for watching this English pronunciation lesson and for removing a common mistake from your English with me!
Extend Your Learning: Pronunciation Lessons
▶︎ Do my lesson on the Pronunciation of “Often”. Is Your Pronunciation Posh, or Not?
▶︎ Do my lesson on the Pronunciation of “Garage”. Is Your Pronunciation Posh, or Not?
▶︎ Learn the difference between the confusing words ‘weary’ and ‘wary’. Are you pronouncing them correctly?
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Yellow Fever in AngolaUpdated August 22, 2016
What is the current situation?
The Ministry of Health in Angola has reported an ongoing outbreak of yellow fever. At least 3,867 suspected and confirmed cases have been reported nationally, including 369 deaths. The majority of yellow fever cases and deaths have been in Luanda Province. However, cases have been reported throughout the country. The Ministry is working with the World Health Organization to control the outbreak and has been conducting an emergency vaccination campaign.
The government of Angola requires all travelers older than 9 months of age to show proof of yellow fever vaccination upon arrival. In addition, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that all travelers to Angola aged 9 months or older be vaccinated against yellow fever.
People who have never been vaccinated against yellow fever should not travel to Angola. Since there is currently a shortage of yellow fever vaccine(http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/news-announcements/yellow-fever-vaccine-shortage-2016), travelers may need to contact a yellow fever vaccine provider well in advance of travel. CDC no longer recommends booster doses of yellow fever vaccine for most travelers. However, Angola is currently a higher-risk setting because of the outbreak, so travelers to Angola may consider getting a booster if their last yellow fever vaccine was more than 10 years ago. For more information, see http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6423a5.htm.
What is yellow fever?
Yellow fever is a disease caused by a virus, which is spread through mosquito bites. Symptoms take 3–6 days to develop and include fever, chills, headache, backache, and muscle aches. About 15% of people who get yellow fever develop serious illness that can lead to bleeding, shock, organ failure, and sometimes death.
How can travelers protect themselves?
Travelers can protect themselves from yellow fever by getting yellow fever vaccine and preventing mosquito bites.
Get yellow fever vaccine:
- Visit a yellow fever vaccination (travel) clinic(http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellow-fever-vaccination-clinics/search.htm) and ask for a yellow fever vaccine.
- You should receive this vaccine at least 10 days before your trip.
- After receiving the vaccine, you will receive a signed and stamped International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis(http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2016/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/yellow-fever#4735) (ICVP, sometimes called the “yellow card”), which you must bring with you on your trip.
- For most travelers, one dose of the vaccine lasts for a lifetime. Consult a travel medicine provider to see if additional doses of vaccine may be recommended for you based on specific risk factors.
- In rare cases, the yellow fever vaccine can have serious and sometimes fatal side effects. People older than 60 years and people with weakened immune systems might be at higher risk of developing these side effects. Also, there are special concerns for pregnant and nursing women. Talk to your doctor about whether you should get the vaccine.
Prevent mosquito bites:
- Cover exposed skin by wearing long-sleeved shirts and pants.
- Use an EPA-registered insect repellent containing DEET, picaridin, oil of lemon eucalyptus (OLE), or IR3535. Always use as directed.
- If you are also using sunscreen, apply sunscreen first and insect repellent second.
- Pregnant and breastfeeding women can use all EPA-registered insect repellents, including DEET, according to the product label.
- Most repellents, including DEET, can be used on children aged >2 months.
- Follow package directions when applying repellent on children. Avoid applying repellent to their hands, eyes, and mouth.
- Use permethrin-treated clothing and gear (such as boots, pants, socks, and tents). You can buy pre-treated clothing and gear or treat them yourself:
- Treated clothing remains protective after multiple washings. See the product information to find out how long the protection will last.
- If treating items yourself, follow the product instructions carefully.
- Do not use permethrin directly on skin.
- Stay and sleep in screened or air conditioned rooms.
- Use a bed net if the area where you are sleeping is exposed to the outdoors.
- Yellow Fever(http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2012/chapter-3-infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/yellow-fever.htm) in CDC Health Information for International Travel -“Yellow Book”
- Clinical and Laboratory Guidance
- Diagnostic Testing
- Testing for Vaccine Adverse Events
- Yellow Fever Vaccine Booster Doses
- FAQ’s about Yellow Fever
- Avoid Bug Bites(http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/avoid-bug-bites)-Information for travelers
- Insect Repellent Use and Safety
- Yellow Fever Vaccine Information Statement (VIS)
- Authorized U.S. Yellow Fever Vaccine Centers(http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellow-fever-vaccination-clinics/search.htm)
- Page created: February 08, 2016
- Page last updated: August 19, 2016
- Page last reviewed: August 19, 2016
- Content source:
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Cycling continues to increase in popularity in Chicago. Unfortunately, Chicago cyclists still face a wide range of dangers not encountered by motorists. Big cities can be especially dangerous for bicyclists, particularly in areas that do not have bike lanes or that are poorly designed.
There is a way cities can reduce the risk of bicycle crashes, according to researchers at the University of Colorado Denver and the University of New Mexico. Studies have consistently shown that adding bike lanes protected by a physical barrier on highly traveled roadways can decrease the likelihood of a collision involving a cyclist and a motorist.
“Protected separated bike facilities was one of our biggest factors associated with lower fatalities and lower injuries for all road users,” study co-author Wesley Marshall, a University of Colorado Denver engineering professor, said in an interview with Streetsblog. “If you’re going out of your way to make your city safe for a broader range of cyclists … we’re finding that it ends up being a safer city for everyone.”
Painted bike lanes may be more dangerous for bicyclists
Professor Marshall’s recent study found that cities with protected, separate travel lanes specifically designated for bicyclists had 44 percent fewer fatalities than cities with bicycle lanes that were not protected from motorized traffic. Researchers involved in the study analyzed 17,000 fatalities and 77,000 serious injuries that occurred between 2000-2012 in Chicago, and several other metropolitan areas.
The same study also helped debunk a longstanding myth about bicycle collisions. For years, some researchers believed that simply increasing the number of cyclists on city streets would decrease the number of bicycle crashes caused by motorists. The recent study conducted by the University of Colorado Denver and the University of New Mexico found that building physical barriers to protect bicycle lanes was the key to protecting cyclists.
In addition, the recent study showed that simply having painted bike lanes that allow bicyclists to share the road with cars did not do enough to adequately protect cyclists. In fact, some researchers believe painted bike lanes give cyclists a false sense of security and are actually worse than having no markings at all.
While we feel that painted bike lanes do have the benefit of warning drivers of the presence of cyclist and providing the physical layout of the legally protected area, it does raise the issue of what more can be done to protect Chicago cyclists riding in the bike lanes.
Cities should consider lanes separated by barriers
What makes painted bicycle lanes so dangerous? Some cities allow drivers to park in marked bike lanes, which often forces bicyclists to swerve out into traffic. In addition, collision data clearly shows that protected bicycle lanes are far safer than unprotected bike lanes. Cities that installed physical barriers that separated bicycles from cars (as part of their Vision Zero plans) saw a significantly lower rate of bicyclist fatalities. In Chicago, fatalities dropped by 38.2 percent between 1990-2015.
“When you have them designed like that, even if it’s a protected lane, that might create a more dangerous situation because cyclists are merging in and out of the road versus places with a foot-wide concrete planter,” Professor Marshall said.
Chicago currently has 18.5 miles of barrier-protected bike lanes throughout the city. These barrier protected bike lanes typically run parallel to sidewalks and are separated by bollards (short, vertical posts) and lanes designated for parked cars. The first barrier protected bike lane in Chicago was installed in 2011 and ran from Milwaukee Avenue to Wells Street. Since its installation, bicycle traffic has increased by 55 percent in Chicago.
Chicago cyclists have rights. Our law firm fights for them
Of course, not all streets in Chicago are equipped with lane barriers. Even when there are protective barriers consisting of bollards, cyclists can still get hurt if a driver veers off the road and crashes through the bollards. When that happens, at-fault drivers must be held accountable for their actions but this can often be harder than many people realize. The Chicago Municipal Code (9-40-060) specifically states that it is illegal in Chicago for a driver to drive on, stop, or stand on a bike lane. That is why it is important to talk to a lawyer as soon as possible after your bicycle crash.
If you or a loved one has been injured in a collision caused by someone else’s negligence, an experienced Chicago bicycle attorney can help you demand justice. At Keating Law Offices, we are highly skilled litigators dedicated to helping injured bicyclists pursue justice and maximize compensation. Our lawyers have years of experience handling complex Chicago bicycle crashes.
In addition, attorney Michael S. Keating helped create “Dennis’s Law,” a state law that protects the rights of cyclists throughout Illinois. For our law firm, fighting for the rights of injured bicyclists is more than just a job. It is our mission. Contact us today to find out how we can help you. We are here to help.
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New technologies in the sphere of manufacturing implants based on titanium and steel
Three-dimensional printing based on 3D technology has found its application in the medical industry. A group of employees at the University of Washington began to develop implants that are fully compatible with the tissues of the human body. Such artificial parts of the human body will not cause rejection and can perfectly compensate for some physical flaws in the structure. The development of the scientific group is aimed at creating a unique substance capable of completely replacing bone tissue. The popularity of three-dimensional printers in various industries and their high efficiency in modeling various designs could not leave indifferent physicians. The implementation of the new project will bring invaluable benefits to the health of numerous patients with defects in bones and joints, both congenital and acquired.
The main raw material for making such structural parts of the human skeleton will be titanium, steel and possibly even ceramics. Such materials are characterized by high inertness of the biological type, due to which they are well accepted by tissues and do not provoke rejections. In addition, titanium and its alloys are famous for their strength and active resistance to corrosion and significant stresses. The ability of lightweight material to withstand high stresses and temperature differences, against the background of resistance to aggressive media, will allow the use of new implants in the elimination of the consequences of various injuries and bone defects. Printers of three-dimensional type will allow the surgeon to become a turner or joiner for a while and to construct the most suitable element for the solution of one or another specific task. After all, sometimes the case of a traumatism can be so complicated and confusing that the implantable body has to repeatedly be manually adjusted to ensure full compliance with the natural analogue.
After the introduction of LENS technology, no finishing and additional polishing of the artificial bone will be required. Immediately after the development of the layout on the printer, the finished product can be used in practice and used in the course of a surgical operation. Substitutes developed using a similar device will be almost identical to the structure of the real bone of the human body.
Our consultant will save your time!
+38 (093) 727-19-11
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The island cluster of the Aegean Sea and the nautical trade character of its residents led to the naval Greek marvel and made the Greeks absolute masters of the seas. Since 9000 B.C., with the discovery of obsidian from Milos island to the Frachthi cavern in Argolida, the most ancient commercial travel in human history is proven. Until 1500 B.C. the sea-going ships (oared- sailed) of exceptional perfection of the Minoan Crete (master of the seas) sailed the Mediterranean (and not only). In the years that followed “round” commercial ships with their square sails continued being the transporters of products and culture to each corner of the world. At the same time, with the military conflicts in the crossroad of Aegean Sea, the Greeks realised that in the sea speed was a powerful military advantage. The fastest ships could approach the rival ships from the side, ram them and sink them. Thus, the development of war ships was changed into a fight for a greater speed. The ships from “round” as were the commercial ones became “long” that is to say acquired a shallow keel and an oblong form so that they were hydrodynamic and many oarsmen could be deployed (with minimal soldiers). The sails were henceforth supplementary. The triantaconter, the penteconter, the bireme and the fastest the trireme constituted the peak of naval technology each in their era. The colossal commercial – recreational ships of the successors of Alexander the Great (such as the “Syracusea”) led the naval art to its limits and needed 1500 years in order to be exceeded.
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Whether you’re looking to have banners, brochures, business cards or wall art finishes, you always want the results to be of extremely high-quality. It’s important to then understand the advantages and disadvantages of the printing processes and technologies you’re considering. Offset printing and digital printing are two of the most common printing technologies people opt for based on the processes of high performance, reliability and quality.
How do you choose between the two? Below, we explain offset printing and digital printing to help you decide which printing technology is best for your project.
Offset Printing: Explained
Offset printing is a technique where an inked picture is transferred from the printing plate onto a rubber blanket, then onto the offset printing surface. This specific printing technology is most effective for larger printing projects and provides high detail colour reproduction that presents a professional, high-quality product. This printing process is primarily used for envelopes, brochures, key tags and postures. These printers can print in one colour, two colours or full colour.
Digital Printing: Explained
Digital printing is a printing technique that involves the toner sitting on top of a slip of paper instead of being directly absorbed by it. This process uses the toner in a solution of Cyan, Magenta, Yellow and Black dots to produce the image. Digital printing is primarily used for short-run projects using a large format, and inkjet printer or a high volume laser.
The Differences Between Offset Printing and Digital Printing
There are a few differences between the two printing processes, including:
- Cost: Offset printing prices often decrease as the unit number raises because of the original cost to install the machine and plate. The offset printer has to be consistently washed between print projects for colour changes. Digital printing is most inexpensive for short-run printing projects based on its cheaper set-up cost. However, there is an increasingly higher cost per unit and more cost-effective for units up to 500.
- Colour Representation: Offset printing offers colour controls which can be more effective than digital printing. Offset uses certain ink, including Cyan, Magenta, Yellow and Black. Pantone colours are often more visible and accurate on offset printing because they are using Pantone ink. Digital printing uses CMYK colour mode, which prints in grayscale and may not be able to match colours as precisely as Pantone.
- Turnaround Time: As the set-up, maintenance of the printer and often more print requests and quantities, the turnaround time can be much longer than digital printing. Digital printing, however, may be more effective for smaller quantity printing projects that may not require the same maintenance and set-up between each print job, which results in quicker turnaround time.
Lamin-8 is a digital printing and fine art finishing company in Toronto, providing high-quality, affordable printing and laminating services. We are always meticulous with each printing project we complete to ensure exceptional customer service and print results for your business or personal use. Contact us for a quote on your next print project.
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Introducing PC antivirus programming on your PC is significant. It very well may be the lifeline of your PC and the friend in need of your significant documents and information. Consequently you should focus on antivirus with regards to the things introduced in your PC.
The most significant purpose for having PC antivirus programming is for the assurance of your contraption. Infections are intruders that can breakdown your PC’s activity. It could devastate every single fundamental datum and upset the working framework making your PC useless. Infections can only with significant effort get to the focal preparing unit of your PC when you have security programming against these infections. CPU is the cerebrum and heart of your PC that is the reason it is basic to have an assurance gear against undesirable aggressors.
Second explanation in having PC antivirus programming is to shield you from programmers. Programmers are individuals or gathering of individuals who unlawfully infiltrate individual data, for example, financial balances, charge cards and other related information. They utilize this individual information to obtain entrance in somebody’s monetary exercises, loan some cash utilizing others account and unlawfully execute for somebody’s benefit. Programmers are living infections that you should dodge. Antivirus program keeps these individuals from making associations through your web and in any event, blocking baseless messages from coming in your messages.
Next advantage that you will pick up from having this product is the cost proficiency of your unit. Albeit some antivirus is generally expensive, there are additionally wide varieties of free and downloadable programming in the web. Antivirus programming can expand the life and use of your PC by securing the equipment and the operational programming from hurtful infections. Regardless of whether you pay a higher rate in buying these business virtual products, the advantage of making the most of your PC longer can go past the value that you spend. The effectiveness is estimated not on the cost however on the nature of administration you will have.
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Key Ideas about this Work of Art
- This Sicán funerary mask is from the North Coast of Peru. It is made up of three sheets of hammered gold metal that are held together by tiny metal pieces similar to staples. A thin layer of red mineral covers most of the cheeks and forehead. The pupils of the eyes are round, blue-green beads, each with one small hole in the center. The details of the face include wing-shaped eyes, a three-dimensional nose and mouth, and two circular earpieces.
- The Sicán people lived along the North Coast of Peru from about 700 to 1370. The Sicán are also sometimes referred to as the Lambayeque. The word “Lambayeque” (pronounced lam-ba-yeck-eh) comes from a myth about their founder, Naymlap, and his green-stone idol called LLampallec.
- The chronology of the ancient Sicán culture is divided into three periods: the Early Sicán period (750 to 900 C.E.), the Middle Sicán period (900 to 1100 C.E.), and the Late Sicán period (1100 to 1375 C.E.). The Sicán is best known for its extraordinary metalwork produced during the middle period.
- Like the ancient Egyptians, the Sicán used to mummify their deceased. The mummies in Peru were meant to keep a physical representation of an individual’s status and power after they died.
This Sicán funerary mask is made from a type of gold metal that was abundant to the Sicán. Its color indicates that it is an alloy, or mixture of metals. During the time in which it was made, the mixture of metals would have most likely been gold, silver, and copper. Artifacts of this kind are reported to have been used to adorn the bodies of deceased rulers inside their burial spots. The underside of the mask shows faint traces of the wrappings that once enveloped the mummy. The detailed facial painting indicates the high status of the individual. Since mummification was used to preserve the power of the deceased individuals, scholars believe funerary masks were created to help the deceased embody the power of the Sicán deities or divine rulers.
A thin layer of red mineral (possibly iron oxide) covers most of the cheeks and forehead of this funerary mask. The blue-green beads in the center of the eyes are most likely made of turquoise. Similar funerary masks, with the same type of eyes, have been found during archaeological excavations. The mask’s form is consistent with the Lambayeque (Sicán) style, which features upturned or “winged” eyes, a prominent nose, thin mouth, and round ornaments on the ears. There are two tiny holes in each side of the mask, which may have been punched into the metal to attach danglers to it.
Resources for Teachers
- Discover more about the Sicán people.
- Read an essay about the Sicán people.
- See how mummy bundles were created in Peru and how they are similar to the mummy bundles found at Sicán archaeological sites.
- Read an article about the production and craftsmanship of metal pieces from the Sicán.
Resources for Students
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Stimson Doctrine Apush
The Stimson Doctrine is a significant policy in American history, particularly in the context of APUSH (Advanced Placement United States History). This doctrine, named after Secretary of State Henry L. Stimson, was announced in 1932. It was a response to the Japanese invasion of Manchuria and aimed to establish a precedent against recognizing territorial acquisitions achieved through force. The Stimson Doctrine had far-reaching implications for U.S. foreign policy and set the stage for future diplomatic approaches.
The Stimson Doctrine’s impact extended beyond its immediate context. It laid the groundwork for subsequent policies and principles, such as the Good Neighbor Policy and the United Nations Charter, which emphasized collective security and peaceful resolution of disputes. By examining the Stimson Doctrine in the context of APUSH, we gain valuable insights into the evolution of American foreign policy and the complex dynamics that shaped the nation’s role on the global stage.
Understanding The Stimson Doctrine
Definition of The Stimson Doctrine
The Stimson Doctrine, a significant event in APUSH (Advanced Placement United States History), was a foreign policy statement announced by Secretary of State Henry L. Stimson in 1932. It served as a response to the Japanese invasion of Manchuria, which had caused tensions in East Asia. The doctrine aimed to establish a precedent against recognizing territorial acquisitions achieved through force.
Historical Context of The Stimson Doctrine
To fully understand the significance of the Stimson Doctrine, it is essential to consider the historical context in which it emerged. During this time, the world was still recovering from the devastation of World War I and facing the rise of aggressive nationalist movements. The Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931 was a clear violation of international norms, prompting a response from the United States.
Key Principles of The Stimson Doctrine
The Stimson Doctrine was founded on several key principles that shaped its impact on American foreign policy:
- Non-recognition of territorial acquisitions achieved through force: The doctrine firmly stated that the United States would not recognize any territorial gains made by a nation through the use of force. This principle aimed to discourage future acts of aggression and promote peaceful resolution of conflicts.
- Support for the peaceful settlement of disputes: The Stimson Doctrine emphasized the importance of diplomatic negotiations and peaceful resolution of conflicts. By advocating for dialogue, the United States aimed to prevent further escalation of tension and preserve international stability.
- Promotion of collective security: The doctrine highlighted the significance of collective security in maintaining peace. It called for nations to work together to address and prevent acts of aggression, emphasizing the importance of international cooperation.
Impact of The Stimson Doctrine
Response From Japan
The Stimson Doctrine, introduced in response to the Japanese invasion of Manchuria, had a significant impact on various parties involved. Japan, the primary target of the doctrine, reacted strongly to this declaration from the United States.
Japan, already engaged in an aggressive military campaign to expand its territory, saw the Stimson Doctrine as an interference in its imperial ambitions. The Japanese government dismissed the doctrine as mere words without any real consequences. They continued their occupation of Manchuria, disregarding the principles of the doctrine.
International Reactions to The Stimson Doctrine
While Japan’s response was dismissive, the Stimson Doctrine received positive reactions from the international community. Many countries, especially those concerned about territorial aggression, welcomed the doctrine as a step towards promoting peace and stability.
The Stimson Doctrine aligned with the principles of the League of Nations, an international organization established to prevent future conflicts. Several nations expressed their support for the doctrine, emphasizing the importance of resolving disputes through peaceful means. This international backing boosted the credibility and influence of the Stimson Doctrine.
Effectiveness of The Stimson Doctrine
The effectiveness of the Stimson Doctrine in achieving its intended goals is a subject of debate among historians. While it did not deter Japan from further expansion, the doctrine laid the foundation for future policies and initiatives aimed at preventing aggression.
The Stimson Doctrine established a precedent against recognizing territorial acquisitions achieved through force. This principle became a cornerstone of American foreign policy, influencing subsequent actions such as the Good Neighbor Policy and the United Nations Charter.
Furthermore, the Stimson Doctrine highlighted the importance of collective security and peaceful resolution of conflicts. It set the stage for future efforts to establish international mechanisms for resolving disputes and promoting global stability.
The Stimson Doctrine, in response to the Japanese invasion of Manchuria, had a significant impact on all parties involved. Despite Japan’s dismissal of the doctrine, the international community embraced it as a crucial step towards promoting peace and stability. This doctrine served as a foundation for future policies and initiatives aimed at preventing aggression and establishing a precedent against recognizing territorial acquisitions achieved through force. Additionally, it emphasized the importance of collective security and peaceful resolution of conflicts, influencing American foreign policy and shaping international attitudes towards territorial expansion. The Stimson Doctrine remains a testament to the United States’ commitment to upholding international law and promoting global peace.
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The practice of Coin Burning is common in the crypto industry and is quite simple to implement.
Many projects use coin burning to preserve their assets supply and demand ratio.
Reducing the total volume of coins, theoretically, leads to their value increase, provided that current demand indicators are maintained.In this article, we will elaborate on what coin burning is, which projects use this practice and whether you can profit from it.
What is coin burning?
Coin Burning is a process of intentionally “burning” or destroying coins, which makes them unusable.
This is achieved by sending coins to a certain address where they “burn”; recording this transaction on the blockchain proves that the user or development team actually burned the coins.
These addresses are often called “black holes” because private keys to these addresses are out of anyone’s reach.
Therefore, any coins sent to this address cannot be restored and cannot be used.
Buyback is a well-known term in economics.
It is also known as share repurchase when a company buys its outstanding shares to reduce the number of shares available on the open market.
This strategy is meant to increase the value and reduce the circulating shares’ volume.
Coin burning is notably similar to the stock repurchase process and has the same goals.
That is, the smaller the total number of coins, the higher their future value is.
Regardless of how coin burning is executed, it usually acts as a deflationary mechanism.
Most projects use it to stabilize asset value and incentivize investors and traders to hold their coins.
Reasons for and examples of coin burning
There are various reasons for coin burning, and they vary depending on the team’s goals.
Some will use non-recurrent burning after completing an ICO to take unsold coins out of circulation.
Others prefer to burn coins at certain time intervals periodically. But the main goal is to reduce the number of available tokens and remove them from circulation.
Coin burning after ICO
ICO projects often set the number of tokens available for sale.
To this end, developers are introducing a coin burning mechanism for tokens in excess.
That is, if the project fails to achieve its crowdfunding goal and some coins remain on the company’s wallets, the most natural solution for the developers is to burn the unsold coins.
This highlights the project’s transparency and adds to the investors’ confidence in the product as they are ensured that the team only utilizes the funds raised to develop the project and does not plan to speculate on the rate.
For example, after the Neblio ICO, the team was forced to reduce the number of coins, since most of them were not sold.
The team had to burn almost 80% of NEBL tokens.
The entire Neblio blockchain system benefited from this, but financial benefits were reserved solely for the investors.
Coin Burning — Binance Coin (BNB)
The burning of Binance Coin (BNB) by the Binance exchange is often discussed in the crypto industry.
The Binance exchange burns coins every quarter, artificially reducing the asset’s supply and increasing long-term supply and demand ratio.
The Binance fund’s reserves (80 million, or 40% of the total supply), as well as tokens received as a commission by the exchange, are allocated for burning.
Binance’s goals for burning BNB tokens were spelled out in the project’s Whitepaper. They aim to ultimately halve the total supply of BNB (from the initial 200 million to 100 million).
After ten quarterly token burning procedures, the asset’s supply decreased from 187,536,713 BNB to 155,536,713 BNB.
Hence, more than 55.5 million BNB tokens, which are planned to be burned quarterly, reducing the number of tokens in circulation.
This is aimed at increasing the value of each BNB token in circulation.
On the day of BNB tokens burning, the price rose from $17.17 to $18.03 but soon dropped back to $17. The burning did not affect the asset’s price.
Coin Burning — TRON (TRX)
Absolutely all markets are based on supply and demand; coin burning often leads to a strong reaction from the buyers.
Thus, in late 2018 the founder of the TRON project, Justin Sun, announced the successful burning of ERC-20 TRX tokens, equivalent $800 million.
The burning of Tron coins helped increase the cryptocurrency rate and add value to the tokens.
Currently, there are 99 billion TRX tokens in circulation; since the launch of the project, their number has decreased by a billion.
Later, the head of TRON added that burning helps restrain inflation and increases the value of tokens for the hodlers.
Coin Burning — Ripple (XRP)
The Ripple project burns coins as well; the concept of the project is wrapped around a capped amount of coins, which, according to the creators, will help avoid inflation.
A unique mechanism was developed to achieve this; with each transaction, 0.00001 XRP is burned to execute Ripple’s strategy.
It is a small amount today, but in 3–5 years, the value of the XRP token will increase significantly.
Moreover, such an algorithm can protect the network and reduce the number of spam transactions.
Coin Burning — Stellar (XLM)
Here’s another prime example of coin burning: in early November 2019, Stellar Development Foundation’s (SDF) CEO Denel Dixon announced that the foundation burned 55B of 105B Lumen tokens issued on the Stellar blockchain.
This event allowed the halving of the total number of coins.
The burning of $4B worth of XLM tokens caused an increase in the altcoin’s price by 25%.
It is safe to say that this practice is beneficial since, in the long run, it yields significant profits.
As the examples above suggest, projects burn a certain amount of coins to maintain the asset’s price at the desired level artificially.
This avoids depreciation of the coins, which are not used for a long time.
If this strategy is neglected, the coins’ value tends to zero, and the project turns unprofitable.
Burning does not often lead to an immediate asset’s value appreciation, as it often destroys coins that have not been in circulation for a long time.
But as the demand for coins increases over time, this can contribute to significant growth, and updating the previous highs can be achieved much faster.
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In many countries, an ISSN is mandatory for all publications subject to the legal deposit.
What form does an ISSN take?
The ISSN takes the form of the acronym ISSN followed by two groups of four digits, separated by a hyphen. The eighth digit is a check digit calculated according to a modulus 11 algorithm on the basis of the 7 preceding digits; this eighth control digit may be an “X” if the result of the computing is equal to “10”, in order to avoid any ambiguity.
What is its role?
The ISSN role is to identify a publication.
It is a digital code without any intrinsic meaning:
it does not include any information about the origin or contents of the publication,
it does not guarantee the quality or validity of the contents.
The ISSN is associated with the title of the publication. If the publication is modified significantly, a new ISSN must be assigned.
Where is it displayed?
For a print publication, the ISSN should be shown:
preferably, in the upper right corner of the cover,
failing that, on the pages where editorial information is shown (publisher, frequency, colophon, etc.).
For a publication in electronic media, the ISSN should be shown:
on the homepage or on the main menu, if it is an online publication,
on any part visible to the naked eye (microfiche header, CD-Rom or DVD label, box, case, etc.), if the publication is on a physical medium.
If a publication is identified by ISSN and ISBN, both of these identifiers should be mentioned.
Use of ISSN for DOI identifiers
It is strongly recommended that publishers use the ISSN number as part of the title-level DOI they use to offer a persistent and resolvable link to their journal.
A DOI is the identifier of an entity—physical, digital or abstract. Its syntax is defined by ISO 26324:2012 Information and documentation – Digital Object Identifier System (DOI). It is composed of a prefix and suffix:
the DOI prefix is assigned to an organization by a DOI Registration Agency;
the suffix for a DOI is created by the organization depositing the DOI for a content item in the DOI system.
Among official DOI registration agencies, CrossRef specializes in scholarly and professional publications and it assigns DOI prefixes to publishers. The latter can thus identify articles or book chapters with DOIs. They are also strongly encouraged to create DOIs for journal titles.
The ISSN Standard, ISO 3297:2007, provides internationally accepted recommendations to use ISSN as suffix for title-level DOIs: “To construct a DOI suffix using an ISSN, precede the ISSN (including the hyphen) with the lowercase letters “issn” and a period”.
Publishers are also encouraged to follow DOI best practices defined by Crossref, notably:
A distinct DOI should be created for each version of a title deposited with CrossRef. Any title changes requiring a new ISSN should result in a new title-level DOI as well in order to ensure consistency between CrossRef and ISSN Registries.
A title-level DOI should resolve to a response page that displays the same title and ISSN recorded in the ISSN Registry and in CrossRef database.
Once assigned, a title-level DOI should be maintained.
Responsibility for maintaining a title-level DOI transfers to the new owner when title ownership is transferred.
The primary role of Registration Agencies (RAs) is to provide services to Registrants — allocating DOI name prefixes, registering DOI names and providing the necessary infrastructure to allow Registrants to declare and maintain metadata and state data. This service is expected to encompass quality assurance measures, so that the integrity of the DOI system as a whole is maintained at the highest possible level (delivering reliable and consistent results to users). This includes ensuring that state data is accurate and up-to-date and that metadata is consistent and complies with both DOI system Kernel and appropriate Application Profile standards.
This is the web site of the International DOI Foundation (IDF), a not-for-profit membership organization that is the governance and management body for the federation of Registration Agencies providing Digital Object Identifier (DOI) services and registration, and is the registration authority for the ISO standard (ISO 26324) for the DOI system.
The DOI system provides a technical and social infrastructure for the registration and use of persistent interoperable identifiers, called DOIs, for use on digital networks.
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HARRY POTTER IN THE HOSPITAL WING - USING HARRY POTTER MOVIES FOR PRACTICING MEDICAL ENGLISH
Kyushu University (JAPAN)
About this paper:
Appears in: INTED2014 Proceedings
Publication year: 2014
Conference name: 8th International Technology, Education and Development Conference
Dates: 10-12 March, 2014
Location: Valencia, Spain
Abstract:DVD's have been widely used in language classes as they are quite versatile. Harry Potter videos can be useful to students in the medical professions as Harry and his friends spend a fair amount of time in the hospital wing. If not actually in the hospital, they incur various injuries and illnesses. This provides the opportunity to teach medical vocabulary and medically oriented problem solving in an engaging way. In the 'real world', students may not encounter patients with "a head full of nargles", but wizards still have human anatomy and physiology! Students "assess" and "treat" magical maladies while providing "rationale" for them (all-important in the medical professions). As there is no exam pressure, the affective filter is noticeably lowered as students practice pronunciation, medical vocabulary, and conversation.
This presentation will include demonstrations of activities for using Harry Potter for students studying in the medical fields.
Keywords: DVD's, Medical English, Nursing English.
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High-speed X-ray free-electron lasers have unlocked the crystal structures of small molecules relevant to chemistry and materials science, proving a new method that could advance semiconductor and solar cell development.
Compounds that form tiny crystals hold secrets that could advance renewable energy generation and semiconductor development. Revealing the arrangement of their atoms has already allowed for breakthroughs in materials science and solar cells. However, existing techniques for determining these structures can damage sensitive microcrystals.
Now scientists have a new tool in their tool belts: a system for investigating microcrystals by the thousands with ultrafast pulses from an X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL), which can collect structural information before damage sets in. This approach, developed over the past decade to study proteins and other large biological molecules at the Department of Energy’s SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, has now been applied for the first time to small molecules that are of interest to chemistry and materials science.
Researchers from the University of Connecticut, SLAC, DOE’s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and other institutions developed the new process, called small molecule serial femtosecond X-ray crystallography or smSFX, to determine the structures of three compounds that form microcrystal powders, including two that were previously unknown. The experiments took place at SLAC’s Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) XFEL and the SACLA XFEL in Japan.
Read more on the SLAC website
Image: Artist’s rendition of the X-ray beam illuminating a solution of powdered metal-organic materials called chalcogenolates.
Credit: Ella Maru Studios
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Origin and Habitat: Southern Cape coastal areas of South Africa to KwaZulu-Natal, where it also extends inland to the foothills of the Drakensberg, and widespread northwards into tropical East Africa.
Altitude (min/max): 0/300 metres above sea level.
Habitat and Ecology: Ornithogalum caudatumSN|19751]]SN|19751]] grows in warm moist habitats comprising Forest, Fynbos, Indian Ocean Coastal Belt and Savanna. This bulbs is often found in forest, forest margins, closed woodland and sheltered rock ledges. It is a widespread and common species that is not threatened. The population trend is stable.
- Albuca bracteata (Thunb.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt
Albuca bracteata (Thunb.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt
Taxon 58: 93 2009.
- Albuca bracteata (Thunb.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt
- Ornithogalum caudatum Aiton
- Eliokarmos caudatum (Aiton) Raf.
- Loncomelos caudatum (Aiton) Dostal
- Urophyllon caudatum (Aiton) Salisb.
- Ornithogalum caudatum f. compact Kowie River
- Ornithogalum longibracteatum Jacq.
- Stellarioides longibracteata (Jacq.) Speta
- Ornithogalum massonii J.F.Gmel.
- Ornithogalum scilloides Jacq.
- Ornithogalum sessiliflorum Desf.
- Urginea mouretii Battandier & Trab.
ENGLISH: German Onion, False Sea Onion, Pregnant Onion, Pregnant Onion Seeds
CZECH (Čeština): Snědek ocasatý
RUSSIAN (Русский): Альбука прицветниковая
Description: Albuca bracteataSN|19749]]SN|19749]], formerly known as Ornithogalum caudatumSN|19751]]SN|19751]], is a peculiar bulbous plant often found among the collection of succulent fanciers, because of the green opalescent, exposed bulb with curious little bulblets that form on the bulb layers, causing 'pregnant' looking bumps until the layer sloughs off to reveal the bulblets. Inflorescences are spikes 70-90 cm tall, capped by small white fragrant flowers with green, central stripes, often produced in different seasons. This bulb is better-known in cultivation as "Pregnant Onions" or "False Sea Onion" and is used as a houseplant.
Habit: Ornithogalum caudatumSN|19751]]SN|19751]] it is a rather curious bulbous plant and looks very similar to an onion. It a classic cryptophyte (with bulb-like stem) that dies back during the dry period of the Mediterranean climate.
Bulbs: Sitting partially on top of the ground and cluster-forming, globose to ovoid, that and will reach 3-8 (-10) cm in diameter, smooth, tunics succulent, opalescent, pale apple-green, withering grey, exposing green live tissue. When larger produce bulbils on their sides. The pedicels of the numerous bulbils are unite with one another and with the face of the sheath of the succeding leaf.
Roots: White, terete, succulent.
Leaves: 5–8(-12) synanthous (with flowers and leaves appearing at the same time), rosulate, bases sheathing, strap-like and tapering to a slender point, ascending to curving, semi-succulent, flaccid, channelled, growing very long under ideal circumstances (20-)30-60(-100) cm in length, 20-50 mm broad low down. The leaves wither from the apex and droop.
Inflorescence (raceme): Peduncle (scape), terete, erect, moderately stout, stiffly erect, 45-90 cm long. Pedicels ascending, the lower about 5 mm long (lengthening to 15-18 mm in fruit); bracts subulate-setaceous (filiform), from a broadening lanceolate base, the lower 12-40 mm long, projecting beyond the buds. Raceme moderately dense, 15-30 cm long. There may be as many as 50 to 100(-300) flowers per stalk.
Flowers: Small, fragrant, white, with green, central stripes. Perianth stellate, white 8-12 mm long; segments (tepals) oblong, linear-elliptic, to 9 mm long 2.5 mm broad, white, with a distinct green keel. Stamens 3/4 the length of the perianth; filaments alternately lanceolate and quadrate at the base; style 3-4 mm long. Ovary globose.
Fruit (capsule): Globose to ovate trigonous, to10 mm long 6 mm in diameter.
Seeds: Oblong, angular, 4 x 1.5 mm, not crowded nor compressed .
Blooming Time: Usually flower from May to August.
Chromosome number: Albuca bracteataSN|19749]]SN|19749]] occours in different cytotypes 2n=54, 52.
Subspecies, varieties, forms and cultivars of plants belonging to the Albuca bracteata group
- Albuca bracteata (Thunb.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt: has green opalescent, exposed bulb with curious little bulblets, causing 'pregnant' looking bumps until the layer sloughs off to reveal the bulblets. Distribution: Suoth Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, and widespread northwards into tropical East Africa.
- Ornithogalum caudatum Aiton: same as Albuca bracteata? distribution. Suoth Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, and widespread northwards into tropical East Africa.
- Ornithogalum caudatum f. compact Kowie River: Compact form. Distribution: Kowie River.
Notes: This plant is also known as the "Pregnant Onion". The pregnant part is owed to its strange distinction of producing babies on the bulb scales that are visible as small bumps on the surface. To show off the ‘pregnancies,’ occasionally remove the papery outer layers and drying leaves.
Bibliography: Major references and further lectures
1) J. G. Baker. “Flora of Tropical Africa”, Vol 7, page 421, 1898.
2) J. G. Baker. “Flora Capensis” page 253, 1897.
3) Urs Eggli “Illustrated Handbook of Succulent Plants: Monocotyledons” Springer Science & Business Media, 06 December 2012
4) Müller-Doblies, U. and Müller-Doblies, D. “Revisionula incompleta Ornithogalorum Austro-Africanorum (Hyacinthaceae).” Feddes Repertorium 107(5-6):361-548. 1996.
5) Obermeyer, A.A. ”Ornithogalum: a revision of the southern African species.” Bothalia 12(3):323-376. 1978.
6) von Staden, L. Albuca bracteata (Thunb.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt. National Assessment: Red List of South African Plants version 2015.1. Accessed on 2015/12/06 2012.
7) Thomas C. Fuller, Elizabeth May McClintock “Poisonous Plants of California” University of California Press, 1986
8) Agnes Arber, Arber “Monocotyledons: A Morphological Study” Cambridge University Press, 31 October 2010
9) New Botanist, Volume 15, Page 61, Today & Tomorrow's Printers & Publishers., 1988
10) Liberty Hyde Bailey “The Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture”, Volume 2 Macmillan, 1935
11) Seán A. O'Hara “Albuca bracteata (Thunb.) Mann. & Goldbl.” gardening in mediterranean climates worldwide "Retrieved 5 December 2015", from <http://www.gimcw.org/plants/Albuca.bracteata.cfm>
12) H. C. Vogel “The nature doctor: a manual of traditional and complementary medicine” Instant Improvement Inc., 01 January 1994
13) Crouch & Symmonds “Toxicity ? fact or fancy ?” Plantlife 20: 27-29, 1999.
14) African Plants Database (version 3.4.0). Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève and South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, "Retrieved 5 December 2015", from <http://www.ville-ge.ch/musinfo/bd/cjb/africa/>.
15) Liepina, J. “False Sea Onion.” Zvaigzne ABC.
Albuca bracteata Photo by: Giuseppe Distefano
The gallery now contains thousands of pictures, however it is possible to do even more. We are, of course, seeking photos of species not yet shown in the gallery but not only that, we are also looking for better pictures than those already present. Read More...
Cultivation and Propagation: Albuca bracteataSN|19749]]SN|19749]] is an easy and adaptable plant to grow and it is well suited for containers growing happily in a pot for many years. It makes a good but odd houseplant or specimen. The albucas are increased naturally by the new bulbs. In general, they are plants of easy culture.
Exposure: Prefers some direct sun but will scorch in hot, sunny, dry locations.
Soil: In the greenhouse, use a suffice cactus soil with some peat (a soil that retains water yet drains well).
Waterings: The plants are allowed to dry slightly in-between waterings. If the plants are allowed to dry too much, they will go dormant. The bulbs rest , leafless, during the dry summers of the Mediterranean climate, but can rest at any time of the year when water is suspended.
Overwintering: During the winter months, the plants are allowed to go dormant and are stored in the cold storage until spring. Temperature: Reportedly hardy down to -5°C.
Ethnobotanical/Economic Uses: Its crushed leaves when used as a poultice are an effective remedy for a number of ailments; for example, wrap around the neck to alleviate headaches and sore throats; for rheumatism apply to the painful areas and said to have healing effects similar to aloe vera. They are also efficacious in cases of blood poisoning, suppurations and serious insect stings. Also used as cooked syrup with rock candy against colds.
Warning: Most parts of the plant are considered highly toxic. Contact dermatitis from the juicy sap can also be a problem for some people. The size and attractiveness of the little bulblets may pose a choking danger to children. In east Africa tribal groups recognized the toxicity of this plant.
Propagation: Division, seeds, offsets (bulbils). Produces somatic embryos (bulbils) on the bulb scale tissue, visible as small bumps (pregnancies) on the surface of overlying bulb scales in mature specimens. These eventually fall off when outer scale layers disintegrate or split. After being shed, these root easily and begin new plants, often congesting the original plant unless moved to a new location or, as is very common, given away to unsuspecting fellow gardeners. For this reason, this plant is also a fun plant for grade-school projects. Copious seed is also produced and germinate easily. It is best to propagate seeds in the spring through summer in a mixture of moist peat and perlite. Cover the pot and plant with a plastic bag secured by a rubber band to prevent the moisture from escaping. Place in indirect sunlight or under a fluorescent light. Repot in its regular mix after it has been growing for a while. After dividing plant or removing offsets, pot it in its regular potting mix.
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Topic: "Rumsfeldstiltskin" (2)
Frodo's father was a member of Tom Brokaw's "Greatest Generation." Serving as an enlisted man in George Patton's Third Army, he admired anybody and everybody who did their best to bring the War to a quick conclusion. He also had a grudging admiration for the manner in which the Germans had organized power and the civil accomplishments which served both military and civilian purposes. The Autobahn being the most obvious example.
Hitler, as history tells us, became the penultimate "micro manager" of his day. To the consternation of his commanding generals, Hitler took a more active role in military decisions as the situation worsened. In time, the pressure became so great that his mental health was being questioned by almost everyone with whom he came into contact. Eventually, for fear of the total destruction of their nation, members of the military, including Field Marshal Erwin Rommel, attempted to assassinate Hitler. It was the commanding generals who were most acutely aware of the pending disaster as Hitler issued commands for entire armies to stand and die when the situations were hopeless.
Frodo suggests that we now "fast forward" from 1944 to 2006, and change scenes from Berlin to Washington. Donald Rumsfeld, a "micro manager," replaced generals when they disagreed with him on the number of troops required. Six retired generals, having served directly under Rumsfeld, have called for him to be replaced as Secretary of Defense. A public affairs initiative has been launched by the Pentagon because it is felt in those circles that the "good news" about the Pre-Emptive War is not being adequately covered by those who dislike Rumsfeld, and quite obviously his boss.
Rumsfeld has taken to expressing the view, and the Republicans are speaking in political support, that those who disagree on policy decisions are akin to those who sought to appease Hitler in the late 1930's. Those who disagree aren't aware of the dangers of Fascism, in his mind. Frodo feels that Rumsfeld knows too well the definition of Fascism.
Paranoia probably was the root cause of the insanity of Adolf Hitler which had become so very evident by the Fall of 1944. Insanity is probably the cause of the paranoia that has become so very evident in the conduct of Donald Rumsfeld in the late Summer of 2006. "Staying the Course" is not an option when brave and loyal young men and women die because an irrational leader is unwilling to recognize that his involvement is a major contributing factor to the ongoing, and unnecessary, carnage.
If he had a brain, he'd walk.
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The Moon’s thin atmosphere contains neon, NASA’s Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) spacecraft has confirmed.
“The presence of neon in the exosphere of the moon has been a subject of speculation since the Apollo missions, but no credible detections were made,” said Mehdi Benna of NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland and the University of Maryland, Baltimore County in a NASA press release. “We were very pleased to not only finally confirm its presence, but to show that it is relatively abundant.”
Because the Moon’s atmosphere is so tenuous, about 100 trillion times less dense than Earth’s atmosphere are sea level, the volume of neon is minute.
Most of the gases in the exosphere — primarily neon, argon, and helium — comes from the solar win, a stream of electrically conducting gas blown from the surface of the sun into space at about one million miles per hour. All of these elements impact the Moon, but only helium, neon and argon are volatile enough to return to space. A portion of the helium, argon, and neon in the lunar exosphere comes from naturally occurring radioactive potassium-40, thorium, and uranium found naturally in lunar rocks.
Launched in September 2013, from NASA’s Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia, LADEE orbited the Moon from Oct. 6, 2015, to Nov. 10, 2015.
The level of argon varied over time by about 25% over the course of the LADEE mission. Benna conjectured that a transient source of argon may come from outgassing from the surface triggered by tidal stress on the Moon.
In addition to its use in signs, neon is used to make high-voltage indicators and switching gear, lightning arresters, diving equipment, and lasers. Liquid neon is a cryogenic refrigerant, with 40 times more refrigerating capacity per unit of volume than liquid helium and three times that of liquid hydrogen.
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When Esther Marjorie Hill (BASc 1920) stepped on stage to receive her degree, the audience cheered Ontario’s first female architect. Outside, reporters waited to photograph Hill for the next day’s newspaper. Missing from the festivities, though, was C.H.C. Wright, the chair of the department of architecture, who protested her graduation by refusing to attend. (President Robert Falconer and Chancellor William Meredith were there, however, cheering grads on.) Hill’s experience was a far cry from this spring’s convocation, where 54 per cent of those awarded an architecture degree were women.
Hill followed in the pioneering footsteps of her mother, Jennie Stork Hill (BA 1890 UC), who was one of the first 11 women to be admitted to U of T. In a Globe article, Esther spoke of the qualities needed for a woman to succeed in architectural studies. “A good training in mathematics and a firm determination to persevere in spite of difficulties are two essential elements,” she said.
After graduating, Hill moved to Edmonton, where the Alberta Association of Architects kept her from practising by adding one year of work in an architect’s office to its entrance requirements. So she found a job with an Edmonton architectural firm and then enrolled at the University of Toronto for postgraduate work in urban planning. During the Depression, building stopped so Hill designed made-to-measure gloves and became a master weaver.
In 1936, Hill started her own business in Victoria. She specialized in houses, designing up to three a week. Her homes were known for their large windows, open spaces, and kitchens with generous cupboards and high countertops. Still, some of her male clients insisted they had designed the house and that Hill was “just the draftsman.”
An earlier version of this story was called “Canada’s First Female Architect,” but was changed when new evidence surfaced that the first female architect in Canada was, in fact, Alice Charlotte Malhiot, who earned a degree in architecture from the University of Alberta in 1914.
A U of T lab is working with actors, writers and directors on how they could harness AI and other emerging technologies to generate new ideas and – just maybe – reinvent theatre
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Weekly Sea Discovery: the Rare Glass Sponge Reefs of British Columbia
For our first Weekly Sea Discovery we are showcasing the incredible glass sponge reefs discovered off the coast of British Columbia which were thought to be extinct from the entire globe.
Following the first discovery of these reefs in Hecate Strait in 1987, scientists widened their search and found multiple reefs in the Strait of Georgia and Howe Sound—and, amazingly, right off the shores of Mayne Island! Our local reef is made up of two glass sponge (Hexactinellida) species: the Cloud Sponge (pictured below) and Fingered Goblet Sponge. These sponges can grow large and in all sorts of shapes, providing a complex structure that is important habitat for many organisms in the surrounding communities such as rockfish, spot prawns and other invertebrates.
What exactly is a sponge? Sponges are invertebrates made up of porous skeletons that have cells which pump water from the outside-in. Through this process they filter all the tiny bacteria and microbes from the water for food.
While you may never see these mysterious glass sponges with your own eyes, these reefs have a very important role in the filtration of our ocean. Just one kilometre of reef can filter 80,000 litres of water in a second! Even with this massive pumping power, glass sponges are as fragile as their name suggests because their structures are made up of needles of glass known as “spicules”. These glass skeletons can shatter from a sudden disturbance.
Because of the fragility and importance of these ecosystems, the Department of Fisheries and Oceans has protected areas of glass sponge reef from commercial and non-commercial fisheries through the Strait of Georgia and Howe Sound Glass Sponge Reef Conservation Initiative. For example, fishing practices like bottom-trawling can destroy sections of glass sponge reef. Bottom-trawling also disturbs sediment that can smother the sponges. It is important that we continue to protect these unique ecosystems that support a wide number of species and keep our ocean clean.
If you’d like to learn more about these amazing creatures, check out http://glassspongereefs.com/ created by the Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society.
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Table of contents
The Schaeffler Noise Index (SGI) has been developed as a new feature for comparing the noise level of different bearing types and series. As a result, a noise evaluation of rolling bearings can now be carried out for the first time.
The SGI value is based on the maximum permissible noise level of a bearing in accordance with internal standards, which is calculated on the basis of ISO 15242. In order that different bearing types and series can be compared, the SGI value is plotted against the basic static load rating C0.
This permits direct comparisons between bearings with the same load carrying capacity. The upper limit value is given in each of the diagrams. This means that the average noise level of the bearings is lower than illustrated in the diagram.
The Schaeffler Noise Index is an additional performance characteristic in the selection of bearings for noise-sensitive applications. The specific suitability of a bearing for an application in terms of installation space, load carrying capacity or speed limit for example, must be checked independently of this.
Until now, the Noise Index has only been available for the main series of radial deep groove ball bearings, radial angular contact ball bearings, tapered roller bearings and cylindrical roller bearings. Additional bearing types and series will be updated and introduced in subsequent publications.
Example of Noise Index calculation
If the requisite basic load rating is known for an application, the bearing arrangement can also be designed using the Noise Index as an additional performance characteristic. If the requisite basic static load rating is C0 = 20 300 N for example, various ball bearings are available with a different SGI value ➤ Figure. As a result, the calculation can be carried out for the bearing application using the smallest SGI value. Bearings of Generation C offer a particular advantage here.
Example: comparison of deep groove ball bearings using the Schaeffler Noise Index
SGI = Schaeffler Noise Index
C0 = basic static load rating
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Tuberculosis is widely known as a disease that affects the lungs. Tuberculosis is an infection caused by a bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Although most commonly the lungs and bowel are affected, it can affect any organ in the body including the bones and joints.
How and who:
Tubercular bacteria usually enter the body through the airway into lungs or through the gut and spread out to different areas of the body through the blood stream, spine being the most common area. They can stay dormant in the body for many years and start multiplying when the immunity goes down due to any reason. So those with reduced immunity like young kids, old age group, diabetics, those on steroid medication or other immune-suppressive medication are at a high risk of developing tuberculosis of various organs. Patients affected with HIV are also at high risk of developing tubercular infection. But it is not uncommon to see a healthy young person affected with tuberculosis of spine.
Disease manifestations for Spine Tuberculosis
Spine is one of the very common structures affected by tuberculosis, leading to significant disability and high risk of paralysis if undetected in the early stages. As the bones in the spine get destroyed by the disease, the spine bends abnormally at the affected level and a deformity develops. There is pus formation at the affected area which can cause compression on the spinal cord and nerves in the spinal canal and lead to paralysis of limbs and loss of bowel and bladder control. Tuberculosis of spine can affect all age groups from infancy to old age.
Spine tuberculosis initially causes pain in the back/neck, which gets worse on movements and while changing posture. Night pains that wake the patient up from sleep is another characteristic feature. Fever, weight loss and loss of appetite are usually associated. Weakness of limb muscles can lead to unstable gait and tendency to fall and the patient usually seeks a support to hold on to while walking.
Spine Tuberculosis Diagnosis and treatment
With MRI being available widely, spinal tuberculosis is being detected at early stages now as compared to X-rays. Most of them can be cured well by anti-tubercular medication (ATT). The medication needs to be taken for a long duration (minimum of 6 months – upto 18 months). Drug resistance is a serious problem needing second line medicines and is more difficult to treat. There are special tests like Gene Xpert available now to detect multiple drug resistant tuberculosis.
In some patients with deformity in spine or those with spinal cord compression causing paralysis, surgery to stabilise the spine and decompress the spinal cord/nerves is required. Surgical treatment in right time can prevent spinal deformity/paralysis and help in faster and better recovery of muscle power in those who have developed paralysis.
So, any persistent back pain needs an evaluation by a Spine physician. Feel free to ask your queries here for any further information.
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A balanced diet and exercise, which includes a combination of aerobic activities and strength training, is necessary to maintain long-term health.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, regular physical activity is one of the most important things older adults can do to protect their overall health. Exercise helps to delay or prevent many of the conditions that come with age. Adults ages 65 and older should aim for the recommended 150 minutes a week of moderate-intensity activity, such as brisk walking, and at least two days of activities that strengthen muscles.
When it comes to muscle strengthening, seniors can follow these safety guidelines as they embark on their strength-training journeys.
• Speak with a healthcare provider first. Get the green light to proceed with an exercise regimen before beginning by having a discussion with your general practitioner about your fitness goals. Your doctor can recommend strategies that are safe and point out any exercises that may compromise your overall health.
• Master basic exercises first. Anyone new to strength training, which is sometimes known as resistance training, can start out slowly, even using just body weight, to provide resistance. Resistance exercises can include squats, crunches, modified push ups, planks and lunges.
• Graduate to resistance bands. When you’re ready to move on to something else, consider resistance bands as an alternative to free weights. The bands can help you develop good form before introducing weight. Good form is key to avoiding injury.
• Work with a trainer. Working with a certified personal trainer can help you learn how to use free weights and strength-training machines correctly. A trainer also can create a routine that includes the right number of sets and repetitions to gradually build and maintain muscle mass. If you decide against hiring a trainer, gym staff members may guide you through equipment and demonstrate proper form.
• Exercise with a friend. Strength training with a friend or family member can provide motivation and keep you on target to meet your goals.
• Build up gradually. Your first strength session should only last 10 to 15 minutes, according to Tiffany Chag, a strength coach at the Hospital for Special Surgery in New York. This enables you to gauge soreness. Wait until soreness abates before beginning your next session if you are new to strength training.
Strength exercises are a vital part of maintaining health as a senior. Such exercises help maintain muscle mass and also improve balance and bone health.
Content provided by Bay Area News Group
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What is a virus?
A virus is a type of malware with certain characteristics that closely resemble those of a flu virus. It has the ability to replicate, spread, and infect, and carries a payload. The payload is the most dangerous part of the virus, which manifests itself in malicious activity.
Viruses come in different shapes and sizes, which can determine how it spreads, infects, as well as the payload it carries.
How do viruses work?
Viruses attach themselves to digital assets such as programs, documents, and files. Once the asset is run or opened, the virus executes and delivers its payload. The payload is essentially the ‘effect’ of the virus and what we as users see.
For the most part, the payload will depend on the type of virus, however, this will vary from one virus to another. There are different types of viruses, each of which may behave differently.
A resident virus is a generic term for viruses that can access system memory and execute when certain criteria are met, such as a specific date or time or specific action.
Boot-sector viruses reside in the boot sector – the hard drive partition dedicated to loading the operating system. This type of virus is spread through hard media such as USB flash drives.
Polymorphic viruses are smart viruses that are able to avoid detection by altering their code after they run.
File infector viruses
File infector viruses infect executable files, which allow the virus to execute when the program is run.
Macro viruses use macros such as those found in Microsoft Office files to execute when the document is opened.
Why are viruses dangerous?
Viruses are dangerous because of the payload they carry. While some payloads are relatively benign, others can be quite fatal to data, the computer itself, and the network the computer is connected to at large.
In a WordPress environment, the damage can be significant since there’s a risk of not only infecting your WordPress but the computers of your visitors and users. Infected websites may be also blacklisted by search engines and other websites – something that can be quite difficult to recover from.
How viruses can be introduced to WordPress websites
Viruses can be introduced to WordPress websites in many ways. Here are the two most common ways; either by infecting the server on which WordPress is installed or by infecting a file that users download.
In the first scenario, the server on which WordPress is installed is infected. This can be done through a security breach or by the unintentional (or intentional) download of an infected file onto the server.
In the second scenario, the WordPress website is not infected but becomes the host of an infected file that users and website visitors download.
How to protect your WordPress website from viruses
Fortunately, there are several steps that you can take to protect your website from viruses. As no solution offers complete protection, a well-rounded approach is the best approach you can take to minimize the risk and secure WordPress websites and users from viruses.
Keeping all of your software updated is an easy enough step that not only protects you from viruses, but equally can reduce the risk of other malicious attacks. It also has the added benefit of adding new functionality and fixing known bugs.
You should also avoid using null plugins, themes and any other type of software. Antivirus software can help you detect viruses that make it through your defense lines, however, they are not bulletproof, hence why you should always do your homework when choosing the best WordPress plugins for your website.
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Looking for an ethically sustainable, environmentally friendly fabric printer?
If you’re like us, then you care about the environment. You try to do your bit by recycling and conserving energy where you can. But what about the way we produce the materials we use everyday? There are some fabric printing processes that can be extremely harmful to the environment if not done ethically and sustainably. Luckily, there are companies out there who are doing things the right way. In this blog post, I’ll introduce you to how we maintain our ethical sustainability as fabric printers, and tell you why it’s important to carefully consider eco-friendly options for your fabric printing.
Making sustainable choices when it comes to fabric can help reduce your impact on the environment. By selecting recycled materials and using environmentally friendly printing methods along with ethical protocols, you can create beautiful fabric designs while helping to protect the planet.
How do we make sure we’re selecting Sustainable Textiles?
There are a number of ways to make sure your fabric choice is sustainable. One is to look for materials that are made from other recycled materials. Recycled fabric is a great way to reduce your carbon footprint, as it takes less energy and resources to produce. We have a selection of fabrics available here that are either completely or part-made using recycled materials.
When it comes to the printing portion of your fabric selection, there are a few things to keep in mind to make sure the process is as sustainable as possible. One is to choose a printer that uses water-based inks instead of solvent-based inks. Water-based inks are less harmful to both the environment and your health, they also tend to produce brighter and more vibrant colours. At Mereton, all of our inks are water-based and any minimal waste is disposed of accordingly (we never pour any of our inks down drains!).
Another way to make sure your fabric printing is more eco-friendly is to select a printer that uses digital technology (like us!) Instead of traditional methods relying on larger quantities and higher stock holdings. Digital fabric printers use less water and electricity, inks are less likely to include hazardous chemicals, and it’s all printed on demand, so no additional consumption in the way of fabric, paper, or energy is required.
What is Ethical Sustainability?
Ethical Sustainability, much like Sustainable Textiles, is the process of making sure materials are sourced and created in a way that is not harmful to the environment or the people involved.
It’s not just about where and how the fabric was sourced, it’s also about all of these other processes to make sure we’re all doing our part in ensuring this world has an amazing future ahead!
When it comes to Ethical Sustainability in the textile industry, there are a few key things to keep in mind. First, it’s important to think about where your fabric is coming from. If it’s coming from a country with poor working conditions or environmental regulations, it’s likely not ethically sustainable. Second, consider the entire life cycle of the fabric. How will it be disposed of when you’re done with it? Can it be recycled or reused? And finally, think about the chemicals used in the creation of the fabric. Are they safe for the environment and the people who will be wearing the fabric?
Ethical Sustainability is an important part of creating a sustainable future for our planet, and it’s something we can all strive to achieve.
The key aspect here: sustainability doesn’t just mean using recycled content or eco-friendly pesticides, but focuses more holistically around ensuring there isn’t any kind of harm coming towards workers who produce them – from where they’re sourced all the way through production to what happens after you’ve made your purchase.
Are man-made or natural fabrics the better choice for Sustainability?
In the debate of whether to use natural fabrics or man-made ones, some people feel that because polyester is made from plastic which uses fossil fuel during its creation it should be avoided. However we must also look at both sides: one being how much water cotton takes up in production (5,000 gallons for just one t-shirt and jeans!) and secondly whether or not this fabric actually helps protect our environment more than any other options such as recycled material sales (which can sometimes end up using energy sources like coal).
So, what’s a sustainable fabric printing choice? It can be tough to know sometimes. But we’re here to help. If you have any questions about the sustainability of our fabrics or want more information on our printing process, please don’t hesitate to contact us.
We appreciate your interest in choosing environmentally friendly textiles and look forward to working with you!
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The education system in the U.S. is known for its diversity and flexibility, offering a wide range of choices for students at different levels of learning. Understanding the education system can be crucial, whether you are a local resident, an international student, or a parent seeking the best educational options for your child. In this collective guide, we will explore the best credential evaluation services in U.S.A., providing valuable insights into the structure, levels, and key characteristics that make it unique.
Key Levels of the U.S. Education System
The education system in the U.S. is divided into several fundamental levels, each with its specific characteristics and objectives. Here’s an overview of the primary levels:
- Early Childhood Education
- Preschool: Typically begins around the age of 3 and is not mandatory. It prepares children for formal education by emphasizing play-based learning and social development.
- Kindergarten: Generally, kindergarten starts at age 5 and is the first year of mandatory education in many states.
2. Elementary School
- Grades 1-5: Elementary school provides a foundational education covering math, English language arts, science, and social studies.
3. Middle School or Junior High
- Grades 6-8: Students transition from elementary to middle school or junior high, where they continue their core subjects and may start exploring elective courses.
4. High School
- Grades 9-12: High school is the final stage of K-12 education, where students work towards earning a high school diploma. They can choose from various elective courses to customize their education to their interests and career goals.
5. Higher Education
- Undergraduate Programs: Students can pursue higher education at colleges or universities after high school. Undergraduate programs typically lead to a bachelor’s degree and can take around four years to complete.
- Graduate Programs: Following a bachelor’s degree, students can enroll in graduate programs such as master’s or doctoral programs. These programs are more specialized and research-oriented.
Key Characteristics of the Educational System in the U.S.
- Decentralized: The U.S. education system is highly decentralized, with authority primarily vested in individual states and local school districts. This decentralization allows for significant variation in curriculum and standards from one state to another.
- Grading System: The U.S. education system commonly uses a letter grading system, with A (excellent), B (good), C (satisfactory), D (passing but poor), and F (failing). Grade point averages (GPA) often measure a student’s academic performance.
- Core Curriculum: The curriculum typically includes core subjects like English language arts, science, mathematics, and social studies. These subjects are complemented by various elective courses, allowing students to explore their interests.
- Standardized Testing: Standardized tests like the SAT and ACT are often used for college admissions. State-level standardized assessments are expected to measure student performance.
- Extracurricular Activities: The U.S. education system places a strong hold on extracurricular activities, including sports, clubs, and community service, which are seen as essential for holistic development.
- Parental Involvement: Parents are encouraged to always be involved in their child’s education, and parent-teacher conferences are expected at various educational levels.
Higher Education System in the U.S.
Higher education in the United States is renowned for its diversity and quality. Here are some critical aspects of the higher education system:
- Types of Institutions: The U.S. offers many higher education institutions, including public and private universities, liberal arts colleges, community centers, and vocational schools.
- Degrees Offered: Higher education institutions provide a broad spectrum of degrees, including associate degrees, bachelor’s degrees, master’s degrees, and doctoral degrees.
- Admissions: Admission to undergraduate programs is competitive, and colleges and universities consider factors such as high school GPA, standardized test scores, extracurricular activities, and personal essays during the selection process. For international students it becomes important to get a credential evaluation report for higher education.
- Liberal Arts Education: Many American colleges and universities provide a liberal arts education, emphasizing a well-rounded education and specialized studies.
- Research Opportunities: U.S. higher education institutions are known for their research opportunities and cutting-edge facilities, attracting students and scholars worldwide.
- Financial Aid: Scholarships, grants, and loans are commonly available to help students finance their education. The Free Application for (FAFSA) Federal Student Aid is a critical tool for accessing financial aid.
- Campus Life: College campuses often have vibrant student life with numerous clubs, organizations, and extracurricular activities.
Vocational and Technical Education
The United States also offers a robust system of vocational and technical education. These programs provide students practical skills and knowledge for specific trades and professions. Vocational and technical education can be pursued at the high school level, through community colleges, or specialized technical institutions.
Challenges in the U.S. Education System
While the U.S. education system offers many advantages, it also faces challenges:
- Educational Disparities: Educational opportunities and outcomes persist, with significant variations in funding, curriculum, and educational quality across different states and school districts.
- Access to Higher Education: Higher education can be limited due to rising tuition costs and student loan debt. Many students struggle to afford a college education.
- Standardized Testing Debate: The emphasis on standardized testing has led to debates about its effectiveness and impact on students, teachers, and schools.
- Diversity and Inclusion: Acts to promote diversity and inclusion in education are ongoing, with a focus on addressing issues faced due to racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic disparities.
The U.S. education system is marked by its diversity, flexibility, and commitment to offering students a well-rounded education. From early childhood education to higher education, the U.S. provides various options to cater to students’ unique needs and aspirations. While the system is not without its challenges, extra efforts are being made to improve access, equity, and the overall quality of education. Whether you are a student, parent, or educator, understanding the structure and characteristics of the U.S. education system is essential for making informed decisions and contributing to advancing education in the United States.
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Lyme disease is a tick-borne disease spread from animals to humans. There is no Lyme disease in Australia. There are tick-borne diseases in Australia, but no Lyme disease.
Lyme disease exists in North America and it is very common in Europe, especially in forested areas. So when people build their houses into forest areas, they can catch it from a deer. Symptoms of the disease cinclude fatigue, muscle pain and in rare serious cases, cerebral problem as well.
Most of the people who get infected with the Lyme disease bug don’t have any symptoms at all, while some people do. As I said earlier, it’s not in Australia, but some people do come back from overseas. Remember the days where we used to go overseas? Sometimes people can come back from overseas with Lyme disease and its symptoms, there’s a particular rash that you can get with it too.
If you think you are having odd symptoms after being overseas. These include being fatigued more often normal, having an odd rash, headaches or muscle pains, then you need to talk to your GP. You need to be alert to the possibility you may have Lyme disease. Otherwise you do not catch this disease in Australia.
Dr Norman Swan, Physician and Journalist
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Why do we estimate?
National Emissions Ceilings Regulations (NECR)
Air pollution travels over long distances, affects human health, degrades buildings and other man-made structures and adversely affects the natural environment through acidification, eutrophication and ground-level ozone. The European Community agreed to set emission ceilings through the National Emission Ceilings Directive (NECD) to protect its citizens, its man-made structures and its diverse environments. The revised NECR (2016/2284/EU), which entered into force on 31 December 2016, sets new emission reduction commitments for each Member State for the total emissions of NOx, SOx, NMVOC, NH3 and PM2.5 in 2020 and 2030. The new Directive repeals and replaces Directive 2001/81/EC to ensure that the emission ceilings for 2010 set in that Directive shall continue to apply until 2020. In 2018, NECD was transposed into UK law as the National Emissions Ceilings Regulations (NECR).
Under the NECR, the Secretary of State is responsible for publishing emission inventories and other reporting obligations including the National Air Pollution Control Programme (NAPCP) which must be reviewed at least once every four years, starting from April 1st 2019. The obligations are coordinated and implemented by Defra with contributions from the Devolved Administrations. The reporting requirements are closely aligned with those for the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP), which include a common scope of reporting of pollutant inventories and similar reporting timeframe.
UK compliance with targets:
The UK reports on compliance with targets in the relevant sections of the Informative Inventory Report. The legislation includes a mechanism for applying adjustments to estimated emissions totals, to account for new sources and new science identified after the Emission Reduction Commitments are agreed.
The UK has met its Emission Reduction Commitments for all four pollutants (nitrogen oxides (NOx), ammonia (NH3), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs)) for all years between 2010 to 2019 inclusive. The UK successfully applied for adjustments to emissions totals for NOx for the 2010-2019 period.
The UK has met its Emission Reduction Commitments for 2020 for nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulphur dioxide (SO2), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) and particulate matter (PM2.5). An adjustment for ammonia was approved which brings the UK into compliance for ammonia (NH3). For 2021, the UK met the 2020 Emission Reduction Commitments for nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulphur dioxide (SO2), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) and ammonia (NH3), with an approved adjustment applied to ammonia. The UK is not in compliance for particulate matter (PM2.5) for the year 2021 but is in compliance still for 2020.
The UK has Emission Reduction Commitments for 2030 under the NECR. The latest projections show the likely future trajectory of UK emissions.
View the latest UK data submission under LRTAP/NECR Submissions.
Detailed data used for the UK NECR estimates can be downloaded from the data page Air Quality data (XLSX).
Page last modified: 17 November 2023
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Pollutant Information: Potassium
Category: Heavy metals and base cations
Base cations such as potassium are important in the environment because deposition has an impact upon surface pH, causing an increase in alkalinity, thereby buffering or neutralizing the effects of acidity generated by sulphur and nitrogen. It is for this reason these emissions are of interest, rather than their negative impacts upon human health or ecosystems. It was long assumed that the major source of base cations in the air was dust from soil erosion, but patterns of concentrations in air and precipitation also suggest significant emissions from urban and industrial sources.
Construction and demolition was the largest source of potassium emissions in 2021, accounting for 26% of total emissions, followed by fireworks (25%), iron and steel production (20%) and then domestic combustion of solid fuels (18%). Annual total emissions have decreased by 65% between 1990 and 2021 mainly due to the decline in the use of coal by power stations, industry and the domestic sector. However, domestic sector emissions have increased in recent years due to a rise in wood use, which now accounts for 65% of emissions from the residential sector, compared with just 7% in 1990.
Time series graph
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WILLIAMS Name Meaning
|Meaning||SON OF WILLIAM|
WILLIAMS is the name which is primarily used by parents to name their baby boys. The name WILLIAMS means SON OF WILLIAM, and belongs to ENGLISH origin. Depending on different languages or countries, the name WILLIAMS can sometimes be part of other origins as well. Furthermore, the meaning of the name WILLIAMS may vary depending on the different origins or languages or countries. That said, we always suggest you double check the meaning of the name WILLIAMS from other sources as well before naming your baby.
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- A.N. Other
- Ship histories and stories, History - WW1
- RAN Ships
- None noted.
- September 2014 edition of the Naval Historical Review (all rights reserved)
By Jim Craigie
In August 1914, Germany was second only to Britain in merchant tonnage. In the Pacific, German territories and international trade meant German merchant ships were frequent visitors to British Empire ports with numerous supplies needed by German settlers in New Guinea coming from Australia. On 3 August there were many German merchant ships in Australian ports. Just one of them was the SS Pfalz, operated by Norddeutscher Lloyds of Bremen. Her master, the young Captain Wilhelm Kuhleken, was destined to hear the first shot fired on this side of the world in World War I.
The name Pfalz is a diminutive of the ancient south-western German province of Rheinland-Pfalz. SS Pfalz was a new ship of 6,557 tons built in 1913 by the renowned shipyard of Bremer Vulkan. The type of plating used in German shipyards at that time was thought to add great strength and Pfalz was said by her builders to be the finest of her type in the world.
Australian authorities were well aware that German ships would run for it if war was declared. On 2 August the Director of Naval Reserves was ordered to take immediate steps to put into force an ‘Examination Service’ in all defended ports. Accordingly at Thursday Island, Brisbane, Newcastle, Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide, Fremantle and Hobart every vessel entering and leaving those ports anchored in an area set apart for the purpose and submitted to examination by the naval authorities. The coastal pilots of Australia were mobilised for the task.
Despite the pilots’ readiness the nation’s top politicians were distracted, being enmeshed in a fierce general election campaign called because Labor senators were frustrating the will of the Liberal majority in the House of Representatives. Prime Minister Joseph Cook was campaigning in Ballarat and other country centres. At last Cook received the message that war was imminent and as many of the Cabinet that could be gathered together met on 3 August and pledged full backing for Britain.
At the end of July 1914 the agent and captain of SS Pfalz, were aware that hostilities were threatening and had her ready for sea on the evening of 4 August; ostensibly she was bound for Sydney, but actually it was intended to take her to a South American port. At the last minute her departure was delayed to take on an additional 200 tons of coal. This was loaded during the night of the 4th. Early next morning the vessel left her moorings but traffic on the Yarra delayed her in getting clear of the river. She steamed slowly, her captain having resolved to conserve his coal, in the charge of Captain Robinson of the Port Phillip Pilot Service.
When Pfalz arrived off Portsea at about 1000 a launch came alongside with an officer of the Examination Service. The ship was examined, but advice of the outbreak of war had not been received and so there was no legitimate reason to stop her and she was given approval to proceed. Some German consular officials, who had not previously made their appearance on deck, came on to the bridge and they and the ship’s captain displayed great jubilation. Meanwhile the vessel had turned on the tide and Captain Robinson was engaged in swinging her round.
Between the departure of the Examination Service launch from the Portsea jetty to inspect Pfalz and its return, advice of the outbreak of war had reached the heads. It was Solicitor-General Sir Robert Garran who issued the order to fire the first shot of the war on 5 August 1914. LTCOL Sandford at Fort Queenscliff passed on the order to LT Morris, Fire Commander at Fort Nepean, to ‘stop her or sink her’.
The order was telephoned to Fort Nepean and signals were hoisted calling on the vessel to stop. But Captain Robinson was concentrating on getting her through the heads. A glance at the map of Port Philip Bay shows how close to open water the vessel was. The first realisation Robinson had that all was not serene was the booming sound from one of the Fort Nepean guns, followed by the splash of the shell close to the Pfalz’s stern (not the customary shot across the bow). He immediately signalled to the engine room ‘full speed astern’. The Captain at once countermanded with ‘full speed ahead’.
For a time pilot and master struggled for control, Captain Robinson explaining to the German that it was useless to resist, as the next shot would hit his vessel. With great reluctance the Captain submitted. The rapid change from elation to the realisation of certain capture must have been very trying to a young officer with his first command.
Pfalz was brought back to Portsea where both ship and crew were placed under arrest. Shortly afterwards she was taken to Williamstown by Captain Robinson and remained there about five months when the Commonwealth Government claimed her as a prize and converted her into a troopship.
The crew of the Pfalz was sent to Holsworthy internment camp and Captain Kuhleken and his officers to Berrima where they remained until hostilities ceased. But this ship was to go on to have an eventful war.
Boorara’s big adventure
Pfalz was converted to a troop transport at Williamstown and renamed His Majesty’s Australian Transport (HMAT) Boorara, with the pennant number A42. Boorara is a Western Australian gold mining area. She then sailed for Sydney. A fleet of transport ships was leased by the Commonwealth government for the specific purpose of transporting AIF formations to their respective overseas destinations. When not committed to military transport, these ships were employed to carry various commodity exports to Britain and France. The fleet was made up of British ships and captured German vessels.
HMAT Boorara left Sydney on 21 December carrying 114 troops and 387 horses and joined the Second ANZAC Convoy at Albany. She safely landed troops and their mounts in Egypt and went on to London with other cargo. Instead of returning to Australia she was temporarily taken over by the Admiralty for cross-channel work and later sent to the Mediterranean to run as a storeship between Alexandria and Mudros, a small port on the Greek island of Lemnos. It gained wartime significance in the early part of 1915 with the determination of the Allies – largely through the enthusiasm of Winston Churchill –in an attempt to seize control of the Dardanelles Strait, some 50 km away.
In mid-July 1915 Boorara was involved in the evacuation of Turkish prisoners of war and taking them under guard to internment in Egypt. Shortly after midnight on 17 July the master (Captain McPhail) had shaped his course to pass to the east of Skyros Island, when a shout from the officer on the bridge brought him from his chart. The first thing he observed was a large vessel, without lights, bearing down upon him at great speed on the starboard side. Boorara was struck aft between No. 5 and 6 hatches with the other ship wedged in her hull. All hands were immediately ordered to emergency stations and Captain McPhail requested the stranger – which turned out to be the French armoured cruiser Kleber – not to back out until the Turkish prisoners and their guards, and a portion of his crew could make their way to safety onboard the cruiser. Number 5 and 6 holds were rapidly filling with water, the influx being beyond the control of the pumps.
The light cruiser HMS Doris and an armed boarding steamer Fauvette stood by and as the Boorara appeared to be settling down, the remaining hands left her. However as she did not sink, within half an hour the master and those of the crew who had boarded Doris returned to the ship. They were able to get underway and she arrived at Mudros Harbour about 1400. The only casualty was one missing steward.
So severe was her damage that after temporary repairs were affected Boorara was docked at Naples for several months. In May 1916 she left for Australia with a cargo of sulphur from Sicily. In mid-August she embarked 1,100 troops at Brisbane and Sydney for England, and lifted wheat and other cargo for Bordeaux and London. At Bordeaux congestion was so great she had to wait 30 days for a berth. For most of the next two years she continued in her role as a troopship and a storeship taking both troops from England and troops from Australia to the Middle East.
At 1135 on 20 March 1918, while making a zigzag course down the English Channel to Plymouth, where she was to embark passengers for Australia, she was attacked off Beachy Head lighthouse by submarine UB3, whose torpedo blew a hole 40 by 22 feet in her port side abreast of the funnel. The engine room was immediately flooded and the engines stopped working.
Five men were lost. The fourth engineer escaped through being floated up the engine room ladder by the inrush of water. Wireless warnings were sent out. After quickly ascertaining the damage the master (Captain Buchanan) believed it might be possible to tow the ship into Portsmouth instead of beaching her on the exposed coast. He therefore ordered all hands not required in the towing operation to be put off in boats. Two armed trawlers which had come to her assistance readily agreed to undertake the tow.
By 1300 five trawlers were involved in towing and at 1500 a tug arrived. A naval officer boarded and suggested she be taken to Southampton. A thick fog set in and she twice ran aground. It was not until 0800 on 22 March she was beached off Netley. The ship, patched up, was ordered to the Tyne for full repairs. She left Southampton on 17 July towed by two tugs and next morning picked up a trawler escort. After anchoring for three nights through unsettled weather she put out again on 22 July.
Off Whitby at 1300 on 23 July the track of a torpedo from German submarine UC70 was sighted by several crew. It struck her in the same spot as the previous torpedo. The explosion buckled the ship badly, but the tugs were signalled to continue towing. Two hours later as she was making little or no water, Captain Buchanan decided to go to the Tyne as ordered. Her officers and crew working unsparingly, she arrived off the Tyne at 2030, securing to a mooring two hours later. The next day, when she went into dry dock, it was seen that the ship had nearly broken in two, and that both main and auxiliary engines were completely wrecked. It was July 1919 before new engines were installed and repairs effected, and she returned to the Commonwealth with Australian troops.
Research shows that after the war Boorara was used by the Commonwealth Line for the transport of frozen cargo to the United Kingdom, using ports at Avonmouth, Liverpool and Glasgow. In 1926 she was acquired by the Hadjilias shipping line of Athens and renamed Nereus. In August 1937 Nereus sailed in ballast from Moji in Japan for Port Alberni to load a cargo of lumber for the United Kingdom under charter to the Anglo-Canadian Shipping Co. On 8 August in heavy fog she ran aground on rocks about 300 m south-east of Cape Beale on Vancouver Island. The salvage steamer Salvage King from Victoria rescued her crew. Within 48 hours of grounding, Nereus broke her back and was lost.
Of course many other Australian ships had similar adventures in WW I – the Pfalz stands out for that shot from Port Nepean. As for Captain Kuhleken, he returned to Bremen after four and a half years of internment. But he didn’t forget Australia. In 1930 he returned as master of the Grandon. His main aim was to meet again Sergeant-Major Leonard Hagon from Berrima. ‘Ever since the war ended I have wanted to get back to Australia but I never saw a chance until the Grandon was listed. I promptly resigned a better command and applied for this ship. My friends thought I was mad but I longed for another sight of Berrima and especially I wanted to meet again my friend Mr Hagon, whom I will always regard as my friend’.
They caught up in Melbourne and then Captain Kuhleken went on to Berrima. ‘And when I walked down the familiar road I remembered every bend in it, every stone. I would like nothing better when my days of usefulness at sea are passed than to come back and settle down somewhere in the bush in Australia. I remember only the kind and pleasant things of those war days and I have forgotten the unpleasant things.’
We have been unable to track down any further details of the captain’s life. Allied bombing in 1944 obliterated the records kept by his shipping company. Did he return to Australia again, perhaps? As for the handsome Pfalz turned Boorara, how well built she must have been to withstand a crippling blow by collision with an armoured (friendly) cruiser and then two separate torpedo attacks. Neither of the German submarines survived the war but their target (also German built) went on for many years. She served Australia well.
The first inmates at the Berrima Internment Centre were mainly officers from German merchant steamers caught in Australian ports, and from the light cruiser Emden sunk by HMAS Sydney. At first a miserable place to be, conditions are said to have improved rapidly. Internees were allowed ‘free range’ and villagers soon accepted the strangers as ordinary people making the best of the circumstances. Most had adequate English and displayed goodwill, ability and industry, creating a ‘pleasure garden’ and a flotilla of canoes on the Wingecarribee River. People from other areas came to see the internees, swim and picnic. It was Berrima’s first tourism industry. Generally, it was said, the relationship between guards and internees was of mutual tolerance, respect and friendliness. No wonder Captain Kuhleken had such fond memories.
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The National Centre for Atmospheric Science has completed tests to quantify the emissions from the combustion of sustainable aviation fuels.
Researchers compared a standard jet fuel with several different blends of sustainable aviation fuel, including fuels supplied by Neste, and monitored the emissions produced by an engine used on the FAAM Airborne Laboratory’s BAe-146-301 aircraft and a test engine supplied by SCITEK Consultants Ltd using CFS Aero facilities at at Hawarden Airport.
The FAAM Airborne Laboratory, managed by the National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS), operates a world-class research aircraft that recently made its first flight using a blend of sustainable aviation fuel.
Sustainable aviation fuel is made from renewable biomass and waste resources, and can be used as a direct replacement for jet fuel sourced from crude oil. Blends of sustainable aviation fuel and jet fuel are fully compatible with our FAAM Airborne Laboratory’s BAe-146 aircraft engines and fuelling infrastructure.
Using sustainable aviation fuel, as well as adopting a range of other sustainable practices, is a quick way to reduce carbon emissions from research aircraft operations.
Sustainable aviation fuel has the potential to reduce climate-changing greenhouse gas emissions – such as carbon dioxide – in aviation by up to 80% when compared to standard jet fuel, but it has the potential to benefit local air quality as well.
The ground-based engine testing enabled the team to detect a range of air pollutant emissions created by the combustion of blended aviation biofuel and HEFA fuel – to compare emissions between fuels from sustainable and non-sustainable sources.
The chemical and physical properties of emitted gases and particles – such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and suspended small particles – were evaluated.
Using a sample probe developed by SCITEK, and equipment from Cardiff University and NCAS, emissions were measured within the engine exhaust.
Dr Paul I Williams, NCAS research scientist based at the University of Manchester, describes the sampling setup:
“Sampling is achieved by placing probes within a few centimetres of the engine exhaust, and transporting the sample to a dedicated set of equipment. The sampling system is complex, with flows and temperatures carefully controlled, and typically takes around a week to install.”
Dr Paul I Williams also shares some of the preliminary findings:
“As part of the ground-based engine testing we sampled emissions of ultrafine black carbon, also known as non-volatile particulate matter. Non-volatile particulate matter emissions from aircraft engines at low thrust directly impact local air quality near the earth’s surface, and the people who live and work nearby airports. The testing shows that at low thrust, for every kilogram of blended sustainable aviation fuel burnt, there is approximately 45% less in number and 80% less in mass of non-volatile particulate matter. At cruise thrusts, we found that there were also lower amounts of non-volatile particulate matter being emitted from the burning of sustainable aviation fuel. This indicates that while an aircraft is cruising there would be less non-volatile particulate matter produced, which in turn impacts contrail formation. This could have the potential to reduce the climate warming effects of aviation globally.”
Alan Woolley, Head of the NCAS-managed FAAM Airborne Laboratory, explains that these results will help producers and users of sustainable aviation fuel to better understand its properties, and the economical and environmental consequences of replacing jet fuel:
“For NCAS and the FAAM Airborne Laboratory, the results from this emissions-testing work will inform decisions around investment and the use of sustainable aviation fuel for future airborne science missions around the world.”
Alan Woolley also points out that international aviation regulators will benefit from this new information about combustion emissions from sustainable aviation fuels.
The aviation sector will be able to use our data to improve sector-wide understanding of the gases and particles released from gas turbine engines – of the size used on the FAAM Airborne Laboratory’s research aircraft.
Alan Woolley, Head of the FAAM Airborne Laboratory
The engine tests for monitoring sustainable aviation fuel emissions were made possible by a partnership with NCAS and its FAAM Airborne Laboratory*, Cardiff University, Neste, Rolls-Royce, CFS Aero, SCITEK, University of Manchester, and University of York.
*The FAAM Airborne Laboratory’s research aircraft is owned by UK Research and Innovation and the Natural Environmental Research Council. It is managed through the National Centre for Atmospheric Science, and leased through the University of Leeds. The aircraft is supported, modified and upgraded by BAE Systems, operated by Airtask Group, and maintained by Avalon Aero. It is hangared in Bedfordshire, with Cranfield Airport at Cranfield University.
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We all have a critic inside us. Sometimes this voice inside us can actually help individuals to keep focusing on their goals. For example, when this critic inside us reminds us that what we will be eating isn’t good for our health or what we are planning to do may not be good. However, this voice can often cause more harm than being helpful, especially when you step into the domain of negativity by indulging in negative self-talk, which can really affect one’s life disastrously.
ENUMERATION OF NEGATIVE SELF-TALK
Negative self-talk comes in many forms and it is a time to time experience, one cannot simply stay away from it, but it can be transformed sooner or later into positive self-talk. Different studies show people with higher negative self-talk abilities show up with high stress levels and low self-esteem. This inner dialogue is one of the leading causes of depression, stress, anxiety, isolation and insomnia as most people spend their nights thinking why they are not capable of living another day of their life. This also builds up the feeling of helplessness and restlessness in a person. Those who find themselves frequently engaged in negative self-talk keep themselves away from reality, they are the ones who lose those opportunities which they always waited for, but at that time of negative self-talk they don’t find themselves capable of attaining something better. Other than depression, stress, anxiety, isolation and insomnia, negative thoughts and self-talk can cause physical changes. These mental illnesses can also cause eating disorders which may lead to over or under eating.
The toxicity of negative self-talk is much higher than we think. One of the most apparent drawbacks of negative self-talk is that it’s not positive. This sounds naive, but research has shown that positive self-talk is a great predictor of success. It is needed to be understood that reminding ourselves about how to do something is not important than telling ourselves that we are doing something great. Self-appreciation is sometimes the most needed tool in one’s life.
NEGATIVE SELF-TALK TO POSITIVE SELF TALK – HOW?
Negative self-talk encourages a cycle of self-fulfilling predictions and blocks you from seeing the bright side of life. We think we’ll fail, which makes us execute tasks poorly. This also makes us think that we will fail in the future. Changing the way, you talk to yourself helps you in getting out from the pool of sadness you are stuck in.
Following are a few steps one could take in order to turn negative self-talk into positive self-talk:
- Pay attention
The first step in learning how to be more positive is to pay attention to your thinking and accept the fact that you are engaged in negative self-talk. Before rectifying, you first need to accept that there is something you are doing wrong. This self-realization will accompany you with loads of motivation. To your brain the messages you give are just pieces of information and recalling those messages repeatedly will make your brain store them.
- Try to stop the spiral
Firstly, try stopping the spiral by doing things simply to distract yourself. For instance, start counting all the green things you can see or movements of the clouds, choosing a tough word and spelling it backwards in your head and having a peaceful talk with your lord to occupy your mind more positively. Build a positive relationship with your mind.
For some, intense workouts work while for others meditation works. The important thing is not necessarily what you use to stop your spiral, but to learn what works best for you in order to engage you positively.
- Correct Negative Self-Talk with Positive Self-Talk
Take a piece of paper, fold it in half and write the negative thoughts on one side of the paper and on the other write a healthier way to say that same thoughts. Turning the negative talk into positive will take off some burden and darkness inside you, and will aid your healing process. For example, “Nobody will ever love me” changes into “I haven’t yet found the right person.” “I am a failure.” turns into “Working even harder will surely make me succeed.” and so on. These motivational statements will lead you towards positive self-talk and healing.
- Turning negative thoughts into positive
The final step in successfully adopting positive self-talk is to picture your negative thoughts into something positive. To complete this step one must need a reality check on why something happened and what effects it had which should have been dealt with earlier, but our thoughts never let go. For example, a negative thought like, “I am unlovable because I’m not beautiful.” In reality, one’s self-awareness makes them more open to genuine intimacy and love. This is how a negative thought can be manipulated.
Nelumbo consultancy is pro in providing psychological counselling sessions in order to work on stress that is destructing one’s life and add a motivating factor in your life. It is highly recommended to contact Nelumbo consultancy to attain positivity.
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Can we blame Ron Paul’s political ambitions on his last name? Research suggests that people choose—or are unconsciously drawn to—careers that resemble their own names. The effect is stronger for women’s first names and men’s last names; psychologists hypothesize that women are less attached to their last names because they anticipate taking their husbands’.
In a 2002 paper in the journal Attitudes and Social Cognition, psychologists from the State University of New York at Buffalo, led by Brett Pelham, found that people’s first and last names may have an impact on the jobs they end up in, thanks to a phenomenon called “implicit egotism.” “The essential idea behind implicit egotism,” they write, “Is that people should prefer people, places, and things that they associate (unconsciously) with the self...people’s positive automatic associations about themselves may influence their feelings about almost anything that people associate with the self.”
Research on the mere ownership effect shows that giving people objects such as pens or keychains causes people to evaluate these objects more favorably than they would otherwise…If people instantly acquire positive feelings about objects once these objects become part of the self, it stands to reason that people should develop deep and abiding affections for objects that are chronically associated with the self.
The "ownership effect" could apply to people's names, or even the individual letters in their names. Pelham investigated the implications of this bias on people's careers:
We began our assessment of career choices by focusing on whether people’s first names predicted whether they were dentists or lawyers.
We searched for dentists and lawyers by consulting the official Web pages of the American Dental Association (http://www.ada.org/directory/ dentistsearchform.html) and the American Bar Association (http://lawyers.martindale.com/aba).
We began this search by consulting 1990 census records. Using these records, we attempted to identify the four most common male and female first names that shared a minimum of their first three letters with the names of each of these two occupations.
The 16 names we generated in this fashion included the female names Denise, Dena, Denice, Denna, Laura, Lauren, Laurie, and Laverne and the male names Dennis, Denis, Denny, Denver, Lawrence, Larry, Lance, and Laurence. We expected that people with names such as Dennis or Denise would be overrepresented among dentists, and people with names such as Lawrence or Laura would be overrepresented among lawyers...We limited both searches to the eight most populous U.S. states (California, Florida, Illinois, Michigan, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Texas).
Their findings confirmed the implicit egotism theory:
Relative to female lawyers, female dentists were quite a bit more likely to have names that began with the letters “Den”…Though the results for men were also in the expected direction, they fell short of significance.
And in an even more convincing analysis:
We sampled dentists in all 50 U.S. states and assessed whether dentists were more likely than the average American to possess names such as Dennis, Denis, Denise, or Dena (the two most common male and female names in our lists).
We compared (a) the number of dentists with each of these four specific names with (b) the number of dentists who had the two European American names that were most similar in frequency to each of these specific names. For example, according to 1990 census records, the names Jerry, Dennis, and Walter respectively ranked 39th, 40th, and 41st in frequency for male first names. Taken together, the names Jerry and Walter have an average frequency of 0.416%, compared with a frequency of 0.415% for the name Dennis. Thus, if people named Dennis are more likely than people named Jerry or Walter to work as dentists, this would suggest that people named Dennis do, in fact, gravitate toward dentistry. This is the case. A nationwide search focusing on each of these specific first names revealed 482 dentists named Dennis, 257 dentists named Walter, and 270 dentists named Jerry.
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Millions of cellphones rely on barium-strontium titanate to adjust, or “tune,” their antennae circuitry and achieve clear reception. A Cornell-led collaboration has created a new material that will bring this clarity and extra bandwidth to the next generation of cellphones and other high-frequency electronics.
The team’s paper, “Targeted Chemical Pressure Yields Tuneable Millimetre-Wave Dielectric,” published Dec. 23 in Nature Materials.
Today’s cellphones, including the newest 5G phones, operate at frequencies below 6 gigahertz (GHz), but the second wave of 5G and anticipated 6G cellular communications will require frequencies above 30 GHz, a range in which barium-strontium titanate doesn’t perform well.
“Our material gives the same performance that you get in today’s cellphone material, at 100-times-higher frequencies,” said senior author Darrell Schlom, the Herbert Fisk Johnson Professor of Industrial Chemistry. “That’s a big deal because as you increase the frequency, you get more bandwidth. So more data can flow. And people are hungry for data, especially on their cellphones.”
Schlom partnered with David Muller, the Samuel B. Eckert Professor of Engineering, and Craig Fennie, associate professor in applied and engineering physics. In 2013, the group used molecular beam epitaxy to create a layered strontium titanium oxide for a similar purpose. That insulator, also a tunable dielectric, boosted the performance of circuit capacitors up to about 40 GHz by removing the barium from barium-strontium titanate.
“The materials before were kind of ‘lossy,’ which means they wasted a lot of energy and turned it into heat, rather than useful tuning of the antennae. Part of the reason was it was a mixture of barium and strontium atoms that were thrown in randomly,” said Muller, a co-director of the Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science. “We learned that when we ordered the strontium, we got less loss. And so this time, with Craig’s guidance, instead of throwing the atoms in randomly so they just fell anywhere, we tried to keep the two different types of atoms in different layers to take away some of the randomness and remove the disorder. By removing the disorder, we’d remove the losses and the power dissipation.”
At Fennie’s suggestion, Schlom’s team reintroduced barium, in a carefully applied layer just one atom thick, to their strontium titanium oxide dielectric through a technique called targeted chemical pressure.
“I had a gut feeling that this would work and it took nearly a year of calculations to conclusively show the promise of this approach,” Fennie said. “Of course, it is one thing to put the atoms into the desired locations on the computer and simulate how such a hypothetical material will perform, and quite another to get them into those locations, which in this case happen to be positions they don’t really want to be in.”
“One of the challenges in this particular project was, we were trying to make a material that not only doesn’t exist in nature, but doesn’t want to exist in nature,” Schlom said. “And by that, I mean it’s thermodynamically unstable. So we were trying to put a layer of atoms where Mother Nature would like to find another way for those atoms to arrange. Developing the synthesis science to surmount this challenge is the magnum opus of my student Natalie Dawley’s Ph.D. research.”
The resulting material, with its tidy layer of barium, is capable of operating at frequencies up to 125 GHz, well above the desired 30 GHz for the next wave of 5G and even 6G cell service. The tunable dielectric could also be used for defense applications such as electronic spoofing, in which a signal is deployed to confuse high-frequency radar systems.
The paper’s co-lead author is Natalie Dawley Ph.D. ’19. Co-authors include doctoral student Megan Holtz, postdoctoral researcher Gerhard Olsen and undergraduate Jingshu Zhang ’14. Researchers from the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, and the Leibniz Institute for Crystal Growth also contributed.
The research was supported primarily by the U.S. Department of Energy. Additional support was provided by the National Science Foundation and the Czech Science Foundation.
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What’s the Difference Between a Gasket and a Seal?
It is a common misconception that gaskets and seals are the same thing.
While it is true they perform similar functions in preventing leaks, gaskets and seals have distinct applications. Generally speaking, gaskets serve as a static seal between flat surfaces, such as joints, while seals are used in more dynamic environments between active components such as rotating shafts, pumps, and engines.
What Is a Gasket?
A gasket is a ring or sheet composed of a supple material used in static applications to seal joints, flanges, and other mating surfaces to prevent leakage.
Depending on the material and application, gaskets can be produced using a broad range of manufacturing techniques, including:
Hot vulcanized and cold bond splicing
Compression, injection and transfer molding
Custom die cutting
Both gaskets and seals can be found in nearly every application and industry, including oil and gas, manufacturing and industrial applications, pulp and paper production, and agricultural equipment.
Worn or broken gaskets are easy to replace. It is typically recommended to change gaskets any time the equipment is disassembled and reassembled.
What Is a Seal?
Seals are a broader category that includes o-rings, valve stem seals, rotary seals, and mechanical seals. Unlike gaskets, which are typically used for static applications, seals are found in more active environments in motors, engines, pumps, and rotary shafts. Seals tend to be flat and round, with a tilted inner ring of rubber surrounded by a metal outer ring. The tilted angle of the seal’s inner layer helps to prevent leakage in dynamic applications. Seals are typically used to prevent leaks between two moving parts, and to prevent the intrusion of particles and contaminants into the system.
The process for replacing a broken or damaged seal can be very involved. Not only the seal, but the entire assembly may need to be dis-assembled to get access to the seal and allow for replacement.
Gasket and Seal Materials
Seals and gaskets can be made of a broad range of materials, depending on the applications for which they will be used. Common materials used to make both gaskets and seals include:
Buna ‘N’ (Nitrile)
Natural Rubber (polyisoprene)
Thermoplastic Rubber (TPR)
All of Aero Rubber’s materials can be formulated and customized to meet the needs of your specific application.
Quality Sealing Solutions From Aero Rubber
At Aero Rubber, we pride ourselves on providing the highest quality rubber gaskets and seals in the industry. We manufacture your gaskets and seals to meet even the most detailed specifications. Whether you need a simple gasket or a complex sealing solution, our knowledgeable and experienced engineers and specialists will help you find the best sealing material and design for your needs.
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From the Editors of E – The Environmental Magazine
Dear EarthTalk: What are softbotics and how can this emerging field help us better understand animal evolution and achieve our conservation goals? — James Penfield, Boone, IA
Soft robotics, AKA softbotics, an emerging field of robotics, is revolutionizing how we design and build machines. Unlike traditional rigid robots, soft robots are inspired by the flexibility and adaptability found in nature, such as in the movement of animals like octopi and worms. These robots are made from pliable materials that let them mimic the dexterity and agility of living organisms. This innovative technology is not only changing the landscape of robotics but also providing valuable insights into animal evolution.
At its core, soft robotics aims to replicate and harness the qualities of soft, living organisms to create robots that are better suited for complex, dynamic environments. Traditional hard, rigid robots are often limited in their ability to navigate and interact with unpredictable surroundings. Soft robots can bend, stretch, and deform, making them better equipped to handle real-world challenges.
In 2023, researchers at Carnegie Mellon University’s Department of Mechanical Engineering, along with paleontologists from Spain and Poland, used fossil evidence to create a robotic replica of pleurocystitid, a marine organism that lived 450 million years ago and is thought to be one of the first echinoderms able to moving using a muscular stem. “We are building robot analogues to study how locomotion has changed,” says lead researcher Carmel Majidi of Carnegie Mellon. “Many fundamental principles of biology and nature can only fully be explained if we look back at the evolutionary timeline of how animals evolved.”
The connection between soft robotics and animal evolution is evident when we consider how these robots are designed and built. Scientists and engineers draw inspiration from nature, studying the movement and behavior of animals to inform the design of soft robots. For example, an octopus’ ability to squeeze through tight spaces and manipulate objects with its flexible tentacles has inspired the development of soft robots that can perform similar tasks, such as search and rescue missions in collapsed buildings.
Animals have evolved over the millennia to develop structures and behaviors that optimize their survival and reproduction. Soft robotics seeks to emulate these evolutionary solutions, creating machines that can perform tasks with a level of versatility and efficiency that was previously unattainable. Studying the biomechanics of animals like snakes, which move gracefully despite their lack of legs, has inspired the creation of serpentine soft robots that can navigate tight spaces and uneven terrain.
Soft robotics is not merely an attempt to mimic nature but a way to explore the principles that underlie the remarkable adaptations found in living organisms. This exploration can lead to breakthroughs in a wide range of applications, from medical devices to environmental monitoring and even space exploration.
One particularly exciting area of research is developing soft robots for use in ecological and wildlife studies. These robots can be designed to mimic specific animals, enabling researchers to observe and interact with wildlife in their natural habitats more unobtrusively. This has the potential to revolutionize our understanding of animal behavior and ecology by providing unprecedented insights into their lives.
CONTACTS: 450-million-year-old organism finds new life in Softbotics, https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/11/231106202936.htm; Carnegie Mellon Softbotics, https://engineering.cmu.edu/softbotics/index.html;This Skin-like Robot Can Heal Itself, https://www.sciencefriday.com/segments/self-healing-robot-softbiotics/.EarthTalk® is produced by Roddy Scheer & Doug Moss for the 501(c)3 nonprofit EarthTalk. See more at https://emagazine.com. To donate, visit https://earthtalk.org. Send questions to: qu******@ea*******.org
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Dear Teachers, Principals, Librarians, and other Colleagues:
The State Library cordially invites your students to participate in Letters About Literature, sponsored by the New Mexico State Library in cooperation with The Center for the Book at the Library of Congress and Dollar General Literacy Foundation. Letters About Literature is a writing contest designed to promote reading and thoughtful writing by encouraging young readers to read a book and then write a letter to the author explaining how his or her work shaped their perspective on the world or themselves. This is the fifth year New Mexico State Library has sponsored the competition.
Readers in grades 4-12 write a personal letter to an author describing their personal reaction to a book, story, or poem. Students may write about works of fiction or nonfiction. Entries in Spanish will be accepted and translated for the New Mexico judges. State judges will select the top letter writers in New Mexico, who then advance to the national competition.
Letter writers compete at three levels: Level I is grades 4-6; Level II is grades 7-8; and Level III is grades 9-12. The one winning letter from each level from each state is entered into the final national competition. There will be cash prizes for the three state winners and also for the national winners.
Please see the attached Letters About Literature participation guidelines and the entry form at the end of this message, or visit http://www.read.gov/documents/LAL16-Guidelines.pdf.
Level 3 entries must be postmarked by December 2, 2016.
Level 1 and 2 entries must be postmarked by January 9, 2017.
The entry form is for teachers or librarians submitting class or group entries, as well as for individual students who prefer to enter separately on their own. Individual entries are signed by a parent or guardian rather than a teacher or a librarian.
I look forward to working with you and truly hope you will participate in the New Mexico Letters About Literature contest.
Download the guidelines and entry form here: Entry_Guidelines_LAL_2017
Lori Smith Thornton
New Mexico Letters About Literature Coordinator
Chief, Public Services Bureau
New Mexico State Library
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Many people, especially those who have just picked up learning flute, have a doubt that blowing harder on flute might produce Tivra sound for any note. This is not correct. Blowing harder produces sound of that note on its Higher pitch.
For example, if you play “kora kagaz tha“, which is a duet song, you can produce the female voice (high pitch) by blowing your flute harder on the same notes.
In Indian classical music there is only one Tivra swar and that is Ma. Ma can be shuddh but cannot be komal.
Sa and Pa are stationary, means only shuddh, these cannot be played as komal.
Rest of the notes viz., Re Ga Dha and Ni can be played as both shudhh and komal Notes. Following chart will help you understand this:
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Leaders can have one of three different styles – autocratic, democratic, or laissez-faire. Most people at one point in time have experienced each of these. Characteristics and Behaviors of the Styles Autocratic Leaders. My experience with an autocratic leader have not been as positive as a democratic leader as an autocratic leader is more a dictator. One in particular required immediate response to e-mails that she sent. Due dates were never given when information was requested as it was stated that if something was requested it was really needed the day before.
You were expected to be on your toes at all times. Directives were given without consideration of the challenges that may occur for the team and no effort was made to discuss them or attempt to problem solve them together. You were just expected to get it done. These leaders can show coercive power by dispensing punishments and/or legitimate power due to their position and the obligation of the employee to follow their instructions (Landy & Conte, 2013, p. 487). Democratic Leaders. Democratic leaders are easier to work with.
Most of my experiences have been with democratic leaders. One in particular would announce upcoming changes early, work with you to implement, and provide guidance on how to implement. This leader would listen to your concerns and challenges and work with you to resolve them. He would delegate responsibilities to you that allowed you an opportunity to develop and gain exposure to other leaders within the organization. Democratic leaders will provide more opportunity for their employees to take responsibility and risks (Landy & Conte, 2013, p. 564). Laissez-Faire Leaders.
Laissez-faire leaders might be easy to work for because they let you run the show. However, they don’t give you feedback or guidance. My experience with a laissez-faire leader was positive in there was no stress. However, I wasn’t sure if I was performing well or not. There was virtually no coaching on how to improve performance. She was reluctant to give negative feedback or even constructive criticism so you were not able to develop and grow as you would want. She didn’t question decisions or provide alternative solutions so any expertise she had was not transferred to her staff.
In an article in relation to the Multifactor Leadership Theory, it is stated that laissez-faire leaders do not interact with their followers (Hargis, Watt, & Piotrowski, 2011). It further states that they avoid having to make a decision and fail to take an interest in the growth of their area (Hargis, Watt, & Piotrowski, 2011). Leadership Problems and Resolution Autocratic Leaders. These leaders are effective when a crisis erupts and/or when their staff is not skilled enough to solve a problem.
They are able to quickly analyze, make decisions, and give instructions to their staff in order to resolve the issue. They are effective when others are looking to them for guidance or problem solving. Democratic Leaders. These leaders are effective when a problem erupts, a group project occurs, or a change is announced. They will involve the different players that should be involved and will request input and feedback. This will result in staff feeling favorable about the change/ project as they are involved in it.
However, they may not do well in a crisis as they may not be able to quickly make a hard decision. They may take too long analyzing it and involving others when a quick decision is needed by the “leader”. Laissez-Faire Leaders. These leaders are effective when there is nothing crucial going on, there is no specific critical management decision that needs to be made, and/or when their staff is highly skilled and doesn’t need a lot of guidance. They may even refer their problem to their staff to resolve.
They let their teams manage themselves and run the shop. One ownside is that they may not look for change initiatives within their own area in order to develop their team or improve their processes. They go with the status quo and probably hope that nothing does change that would be disruptive. Leader’s Culture Impact on Applying Style Culture can be engrained from your country of origin – if it is high or low power. If it is high power, you would identify with being an authoritative leader. If a low power, you would be more apt to be a democratic or even a laissez-faire leader. Culture can also be engrained from prior places of employment.
If you have worked at a company that had a democratic climate, and your new employer’s climate expects you to be authoritative, you might have some big adjustments to make. Conclusion The three leadership styles are distinctly different. Each one may be appropriate under different circumstances. A leader may need to display each one at different times throughout their career. While the democratic leader is more appealing, there may be times when a leader needs to display authoritarian as well as laissez-faire. Knowing when to display each one is important in order to gain the respect from your team. Knowing when each one 8Enter conclusion.
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Social media has revolutionised our way of communicating. Since Six Degrees was established in 1997, a site widely regarded as the first recognisable social media network, digital communication has evolved rapidly, transcending geographical barriers to become a crucial part of many people’s lives. Today, there are 3.2 billion social media users worldwide equating to around 42% of the population. Social media giants Facebook and Twitter remain hugely popular, with Instagram and Snapchat used more by the younger generations. The impact of social media on society is a contentious issue, with some criticising the way it has made many people into digital addicts and others defending it as a networking tool capable of bringing together people from different backgrounds. Undoubtedly, social media has shaped society, giving a voice and a platform to many people who may have otherwise remained on the fringes of society. While some, including Jon Ronson, would argue “the great thing about social media was how it gave a voice to voiceless people”, this perspective disregards the problems that social media has brought into society. The power to broadcast your voice can be used for good or by those wishing to spread messages of violence and hate, resulting in both positive and negative outcomes.
The positive impact of social media can be seen in Hashtag Activism, with movements using the internet to gain publicity. In October 2017, actress Alyssa Milano tweeted “women who have been sexually harassed or assaulted write #MeToo” and within hours the tag went viral. While the original #MeToo movement was started by Tarama Burke on MySpace more than a decade ago, Milano catapulted the movement to new levels. Thousands of people shared their stories and this incredible response demonstrates how social media has given people the courage to come forward and share what they have been through. Social media has facilitated a conversation not only about workplace sexism but also “a movement of accountability on violence against women” – Carmen Perez, co-chair of the Women’s March.
The #MeToo movement is just one example of Hashtag Activism. Other movements that have gained prominence on social media include #BlackLivesMatter and #HeForShe, highlighting deeply rooted issues in society. The trending hashtag of #BringBackOurGirls following the Chibok schoolgirls kidnapping in Nigeria in 2014 showed how the general public were using social media to put pressure on their governments. It was essentially a faster way of petitioning the government; whilst not official, it still had the power to show how people stand together. Hashtag Activism has also highlighted the plight of individuals, as is the case with #IStandWithAhmed which started trending on Twitter following the unjust arrest of a young Muslim boy who had made a clock and brought it into school to show his teacher. Through social media, members of the general public and high-profile figures alike shared their disgust at the way Ahmed was treated. This shows how an incident which may have otherwise been overlooked became a national issue. These are just some examples of how social media has allowed people to share their stories in their own words almost instantaneously.
On an individual basis, social media can be used to share and promote creative work and has become a popular tool for budding writers, artists, and musicians. In industries where it is difficult to be noticed, social media provides creative minds with a way to gain support online, particularly for those who are unable to pursue their career through traditional avenues. For example, Eli Waduba Yusuf is a Nigerian artist who shared his drawing of Kevin Hart online; it was brought to Hart’s attention and he commissioned Yusuf to create more pictures, opening many new doors for Yusuf. Social media has not just given a voice to the voiceless, it has provided a platform for people to promote their talents and potentially start or further their career.
However, in the same way that social media can be used for good, it can also be utilised by individuals or organisations looking to spread their message of violence, hate and destruction. Increasingly, social media is being used by extremists to radicalise vulnerable people; it is giving a voice to people who may have otherwise been on the fringes of society. A worryingly high number of young people in the UK have been targeted by ISIS to join the so-called jihadist war. Social media has made geographical barriers redundant for recruiters and allowed terrorist organisations to extend their influence on a global scale. Live streaming on social media has also been used to share the horrendous acts committed, as was the case with the Christchurch mosque shootings in New Zealand earlier this year. The footage of the terrorist attack was streamed live on Facebook showing how social media has given terrorists a platform to share the outcome of their crimes. This is an appalling use of social media but is unfortunately a very real result of social media giving people a voice.
For some of the younger generations, social media has brought with it new problems in the form of cyberbullying. Where once bullying was restricted to the playground, children are now struggling to leave behind the taunts when they return home from school as social media allows constant communication. Recent surveys suggest nearly 40% of children aged 12 to 17 in the US have been bullied online, the majority through Instagram. 87% of young people say they have seen cyberbullying happening to someone else. It is evident that social media has given a stronger and louder voice to bullies, particularly as it allows people to hide behind a screen. The problem of cyberbullying is not limited to children; many adults also face abuse online. In the UK, there has been a rise in death threats against MPs due to rifts caused by Brexit and social media has allowed this to happen. This growing crisis has had a damaging effect on many people and is a key problem with social media.
These examples show how social media has negatively impacted society by giving everybody with internet access a voice, allowing people to spread hatred and violence. While it should fall to the social media companies to regulate their platforms, the sheer vastness of the internet makes it difficult to police successfully and situations often escalate out of control without being brought to the attention of moderators.
While the idea of “the greatest thing about social media was how it gave a voice to voiceless people” is an optimistic outlook, it also romanticises the reality of life in the digital age. To recognise only the positive impact of social media would be both naïve and unhelpful as it would not put pressure on social media organisations to solve the issues that undermine the impressive way digital communication has changed society. The great achievements of social media cannot be denied but neither can the problems that it has brought. Social media has indeed given a voice to voiceless people but this power needs to be kept in check.
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Enhancing Farm Safety
OneStepAI is a cloud-based AI model creation tool that specializes in Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN). CNN is a type of deep learning neural network that is particularly well-suited for tasks involving images and grid-like data. CNNs are designed to automatically and adaptively learn patterns and features from data, making them highly effective for tasks such as image classification, object detection, facial recognition, and more. OneStepAI (OSAI) is known for its ease of use and requires no programming skills, making it accessible to a wide range of users. Importantly, OSAI focuses solely on creating AI models and does not require extensive changes to the company’s processes. This means that any company can seamlessly integrate AI into its operations.
XYZ Farm specializes in livestock farming with a focus on animal welfare and safety. The farm faces a constant challenge of protecting its livestock from local predators, such as foxes and wolves. These predators pose a significant threat to the farm’s animals. XYZ Farm strives to ensure the safety of its livestock while optimizing its operational efficiency.
1. Predator detection: Identifying and responding to the presence of local predators, especially foxes and wolves, to protect livestock.
2. Immediate alerting: Immediately notifying farm personnel of predator presence in order to take action.
3. Scalability: Implementing an effective predator detection system that can cover large areas of farm without extensive infrastructure or manpower requirements.
1. Deploying AI surveillance cameras:
- XYZ Farm strategically deploys AI-enabled surveillance cameras on its farm, especially in areas known for predator activity.
- These cameras capture images continuously, providing 24/7 coverage.
2. Creating predator detection models with OneStepAI:
- Farm personnel use OneStepAI’s intuitive interface to create object detection models specifically trained to detect local predators, such as foxes and wolves.
- The AI models are trained to distinguish these predators from other animals and objects.
3. Real-time predator detection:
- OneStepAI’s AI models analyze the camera feeds in real time to detect the presence of local predators.
- When a predator is identified, the system triggers an immediate alert.
4. Instant alert and action:
- Farm personnel receive real-time alerts on their mobile devices or through a central monitoring system.
- They can quickly assess the situation and take appropriate action to protect the livestock, such as moving the animals to secure enclosures or deploying predator deterrents.
5. Cost-effective scalability:
- OneStepAI’s cloud-based platform eliminates the need for extensive on-site hardware.
- XYZ Farm can easily expand its surveillance network by adding more cameras and updating AI models as needed to cover additional areas of the farm.
1. Livestock safety: AI-based predator detection significantly reduces the risk of livestock losses caused by local predators.
2. Resource efficiency: Reduced human surveillance needs lead to cost savings and improved operational efficiency.
3. Scalability: The solution can adapt to the farm’s growth without significant infrastructure investments.
4. User-friendly: The intuitive interface enables farm personnel with varying levels of technical expertise to create and deploy predator detection models.
By leveraging OneStepAI’s easy to use, cloud-based platform, XYZ Farm can efficiently enhance its predator detection capabilities, ensuring the safety of its livestock while optimizing resource utilization.
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Basics of Apache Kafka Partitions:
To understand the basics of Apache Kafka Partitions, you need to know about Kafka Topic first.
A Topic is like a database in a SQL database such as MariaDB for Apache Kafka. A Topic has a name or identifier that you use to group messages in Apache Kafka.
A Partition is like a channel for each Topic. A Topic can have many Partitions or channels.
A network cable connecting two computers has two ends, one is sending data, the other one is receiving data. Just like that, Apache Kafka Topic has two ends, Producers and Consumers. A Producer creates messages, and sends them in one of the Partitions of a Topic. A Consumer on the other hand reads the messages from the Partitions of a Topic.
Multiple Partitions or channels are created to increase redundancy. It is also used to group messages in a specific Topic.
That’s the basics of Apache Kafka Partitions. You can learn more about Apache Kafka partitions on another dedicated article Apache Kafka Partitioning at https://linuxhint.com/apache-kafka-partitioning
Installing Apache Kafka:
I have a dedicated detailed article on how to Install Apache Kafka on Ubuntu, which you can read at https://linuxhint.com/install-apache-kafka-ubuntu/
With a little bit of tweaks, you can install Apache Kafka on other Linux distributions as well.
Starting Apache Kafka Server:
If you’ve followed my article to install Apache Kafka, then first start Apache Kafka server with the following command:
Apache Kafka server should start. Keep this terminal open as long as you want Apache Kafka server to run.
Creating an Apache Kafka Topic:
You can create an Apache Kafka Topic testing with the following command:
The Topic testing should be created. This Topic has 1 partition.
If you want to create, let’s say N partitions, then set –partitions to N.
Let’s create another Topic, let’s say users, with 3 Partitions, then run the following command:
Topic users should be created with 3 Partitions.
Adding Partitioned Messages to the Topic:
A Partitioned message of a Topic has a key and a value. The key and value is usually separated by a comma or other special character. It does not matter what special character you use to separate the key and value pair. But you must use the same special character everywhere on that Topic. Otherwise things could go wrong.
The key is used to determine which Partition a message of a Topic belongs to. It should be unique on a Topic. If you have 3 Partitions, then you should use 3 different keys. So that the messages can be divided into 3 Partitions.
Let’s say our users Topic has 3 users with key 1, 2, and 3, each of them belongs to one of the 3 Partitions of the users Topic.
Run the following command to add the first user with key 1 using the Kafka Producer API:
Now you can list the message from the users Topic using the Kafka Consumer API with the following command:
As you can see, the key and value pair I just added to the users Topic is listed.
I am going to keep the Consumer program for users Topic open on this Terminal and add the other users to the users Topic from another Terminal and see what happens.
Add another user with key 2 with the following command:
As you can see from the marked section of the screenshot below, the new user is listed on the Consumer program instantly.
Let’s add our last user with key 3 with the following command:
As you can see, the new user is also listed in the Consumer program.
You can also add many users to the same Partition. Just make sure the key is the same.
Let’s add another user to the Partition with key 1:
As you can see, the new user is added to the correct Partition of the users Topic.
I can keep adding random users to the users Topic and they will be send through the correct partition as you can see from the screenshot below.
So that’s how Partitions in Apache Kafka works. Every Partition is like a Queue, the first message you send through that partition is displayed first, and then the second message and so on in the order they are sent.
If you’re a Java developer, you can use Java programming language and Apache Kafka Java APIs to do interesting things with Apache Kafka Partitions. For example, you can assign different Partition for different chat rooms for your instant messaging app as messages must be displayed on the order they are sent.
So that’s all for today. Thank you for reading this article.
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Rethinking walkability and developing a conceptual definition of active living environments to guide research and practice Tobin, Melissa; Hajna, Samantha; Orychock, Kassia; Ross, Nancy; DeVries, Megan; Villeneuve, Paul J.; Frank, Lawrence D.; McCormack, Gavin R.; Wasfi, Rania; Steinmetz-Wood, Madeleine; et al.
Background Walkability is a popular term used to describe aspects of the built and social environment that have important population-level impacts on physical activity, energy balance, and health. Although the term is widely used by researchers, practitioners, and the general public, and multiple operational definitions and walkability measurement tools exist, there are is no agreed-upon conceptual definition of walkability. Method To address this gap, researchers from Memorial University of Newfoundland hosted “The Future of Walkability Measures Workshop” in association with researchers from the Canadian Urban Environmental Health Research Consortium (CANUE) in November 2017. During the workshop, trainees, researchers, and practitioners worked together in small groups to iteratively develop and reach consensus about a conceptual definition and name for walkability. The objective of this paper was to discuss and propose a conceptual definition of walkability and related concepts. Results In discussions during the workshop, it became clear that the term walkability leads to a narrow conception of the environmental features associated with health as it inherently focuses on walking. As a result, we suggest that the term Active Living Environments, as has been previously proposed in the literature, are more appropriate. We define Active Living Environments (ALEs) as the emergent natural, built, and social properties of neighbourhoods that promote physical activity and health and allow for equitable access to health-enhancing resources. Conclusions We believe that this broader conceptualization allows for a more comprehensive understanding of how built, natural, and social environments can contribute to improved health for all members of the population.
Item Citations and Data
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The International Herb Association has named the Agastache genus as the 2019 Herb of the Year. There are about 20 species, all native to North America. Of the agastache plants, anise hyssop (Agastache foeniculum) is the most well-known for culinary uses in Europe and America.
Anise hyssop is an herbaceous perennial hardy to zone 4. It is a short-lived perennial but it self-seeds and spreads a bit by rhizomes. In March, the leaves emerge with a purple hue. As the plant grows the leaves become green (although there is a golden cultivar). A member of the mint family (Lamiaceae), the leaves have scalloped edges and look like catnip leaves. Anise hyssop grows a few feet tall and about one foot wide. In the summer, there are small lavender-blue flowers on 4 to 6-inch terminal spikes, creating fuzzy wands. The flowers attract beneficial pollinators, including butterflies and hummingbirds. Because the foliage is so fragrant, deer do not seem interested.
Anise hyssop is a full sun to part shade plant tolerating a wide range of soils in a well-drained site. In addition to its culinary use, anise hyssop is an asset in the garden as an ornamental. It provides contrast to orange and yellow flowers and complements purple foliage plants.
Anise hyssop is harvested for its leaves as well as its flowers. Although the aroma is categorized as anise or licorice, some might say anise with a touch of basil or anise with a touch of tarragon. The most common use of the leaves is tea but you can also add the leaves to lamb or pork dishes, to the milk for making ice cream, sugar syrups and/or sugar syrups for cough drops, cocktails, honey, butter cookies, and sugar to make flavored sugar. The leaves dry well, retaining their taste and fragrance.
Use the flowers as a garnish for desserts, add to a salad, or add to a beverage such as ice tea. The flowers also dry well, retaining their color and aroma.
You can find small plants in the nursery in the spring or you can grow anise hyssop from seed. Sow the seed indoors under lights in order to transplant outside after the last frost or sow outside in the summer. Anise hyssop can also be propagated by root division.
This summer, grow anise hyssop in your garden for beauty as well as flavor.
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Walking onions, also called Egyptian walking onions, tree onions, winter onions, and perennial onions, are very easy to grow. Unlike an ordinary onion plant, Allium proliferum will produce little bulbs at the top of the plant in the summer. The weight of these marble-sized bulbils will pull the stem down, enabling the bulbils to root and produce a new plant. Although walking onions seem to walk by producing new plants a few inches away, they are not invasive. Continue reading
harvest with one lone flower
I dug up my yellow potato onions and was surprised to find almost 40 bulbs. I first wrote about them in September 2016, when I received the shipment from Southern Exposure Seed Exchange. I planted the original 15 bulbs in the fall in very loose soil, high in organic matter. This spring, green stalks grew so that by summer there was green tubular foliage, similar to scallions. By the end of June, I could see bulbs clustered at soil level, as if emerging from the deep. The green stalks were bent and falling over so that when it was clear that the stalks were dying, I dug up the bulbs in the beginning of July.
Potato onions are a type of multiplier onion called Allium cepa var. aggregatum. They multiply at the base by making more bulbs. They are not as large or as pungent as onions we get at the grocery store. Within the same species are shallots, which also multiply at the base but are milder, can be eaten raw, and are round or bullet shape. The Egyptian walking onion is another type of multiplier onion, a different species called Allium cepa var. proliferum. The difference between potato onions and Egyptian walking onions is that potato onions do not create bulbils at the top. The Egyptian walking onions create bulbs in the ground and bulbils at the top; therefore, are “proliferate.”
green stalks are down, signaling harvest time
In my Virginia garden, potato onions are planted in the fall, dug up in the summer, cured until fall, and then some are re-planted and some are eaten. Thus they are “perennial” because they will exist in the garden every year. In the 1800’s, they were very popular because they were a constant source of onions, they stored for a long time, and they propagated easily. People just passed them along to neighbors and family. Now they are considered an heirloom. Very few seed catalogs sell them and you probably will not see them in your garden center.
Like other onions, potato onions have to be cured in order to extend their storage time. Bulbs should be in a shaded, warm, dry, well-ventilated area for a few months. I could slice up the large ones now and cook them or just let them cure if I want to use them in the winter. In the fall, I will plant the smaller bulbs and harvest again next year in July. It’s a perennial cycle but I am looking forward to sliced yellow potato onions in butter and parsley over broiled trout, with green beans on the side.
bulbil on walking onion pulling stem down
You can grow walking onions, also called Egyptian walking onions, tree onions, winter onions, and perennial onions. Unlike an ordinary onion plant, Allium proliferum will produce little bulbs at the top of the plant in the summer. The weight of these marble-sized bulbils will pull the stem down, enabling the bulbils to root and produce a new plant. Although walking onions seem to walk by producing new plants a few inches away, they are not invasive.
Walking onions are very hardy, perennial plants in our Virginia area. They are also “passalongs,” easy to give away to friends. I received mine from a fellow member of the Potomac Unit of the Herb Society of America. I was interviewing her at her Falls Church home for the Potomac Unit newsletter because she had been a member for over 25 years and had quite a lot of herbal experience. After we talked in her living room, we walked around her herb garden and she snapped off a few bulbils from an enormous tub of walking onion plants. She said when her kids were young, they used to grow them along the fence and weave the stems in and out of the holes. The tub of plants came from her original set about 30 years ago! That was five years ago and so far, my plants have thrived enough that I can now pass along plants to friends as well.
walking onion stems in March
Walking onions prefer full sun, organic matter, and well-drained soil. They grow to 2 to 3 feet tall with hollow green stems. All parts are edible. If you cut the stems for cooking or salads, cut only a few stems at a time and don’t cut the ones that have bulbils. Stems can be eaten fresh in salad or cooked. You can cut the bulbils when they form in the summer and use them for cooking or pickling. In the fall, the entire plant can be dug up to harvest the underground bulbs. Simply divide and used some of the bulbs like you would with regular onions in the kitchen and re-plant the rest.
You Can Grow That! is a collaborative effort by gardeners around the world to encourage others to grow something. Gardeners usually post articles on their blog on the fourth day of the month (fourth day, four words: #1: You; #2: Can; #3: Grow; #4: That).
Posted in Edibles, landscape edible, You Can Grow That!
Tagged Egyptian onion, onion plant, perennial onion, perennial plants, Potomac Unit, tree onion, walking onion, winter onion, You Can Grow That!
I love to walk around the garden in March to see what is coming back but at the same time, I love to start new plants from seeds indoors. This week, mid March, the bright green foliage of parsley has emerged. A biennial, I harvested leaves from this parsley last year; I tend to use parsley quite a bit for meals. This year, the same plant has come back to flower and set seed. I hope to start a parsley patch that will self sow, creating more than enough for the kitchen.
The new growth on the tansy is pretty but the old growth is messy, which I will need to trim when it gets a little warmer. Last year, I used the tansy for flower arrangements. This year, I will see if there are more uses for tansy. I always try new herbs each year and a few weeks ago I started two types of fennel by seed in the house. They germinated so fast I had to pot them up and bring them outside for more light. You can’t really tell the difference now but the leafy fennel is on the left and the bulbing fennel is on the right. I have several more pots, I may have to give some away!
The slender shallots braved the snow; they were this size this last fall when I transplanted the seedlings to this bed. As the weather warms up the shallots will continue to grow and make little bulbs for cooking. Their cousin, the chesnok red hardneck garlic, was planted last fall to be harvested this summer. Their perennial cousin, the walking onion or Egyptian onion, has been thriving in the garden for years now and feel quite at home among a tulip and a hyacinth.
leaf fennel on left and bulb fennel on right
Posted in Edibles, herbs, landscape edible
Tagged bulbing fennel, chesnok red garlic, Egyptian onion, fennel, hardneck garlic, parsley, shallots, tansy, walking onion
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This Penlighten article explains the two types of characterization i.e. direct and indirect, along with some examples. They are followed by all writers to reveal the characters in their story to the readers.
Whether you write a short story, a novel, or any other work of fiction, there are six components that you need to develop and work upon in order to make it worth reading. They are the theme of the fiction work, its plot, the characters around which the story revolves, the dialogs which the characters speak, the time period, and the place where the story is set, and finally the narration i.e., what the writer thinks about the events and the characters in the fiction writing work.
Of these main components of writing, the development of the characters, which is known as characterization, is extremely important to bring out the essence of the story. Characterization can be defined as the process through which the writer brings forth the nature, personality, and physical appearance of the characters for the better understanding of the reader. There are two types of characterization―direct and indirect. Let us try to understand them by studying the differences between the two.
Direct ― Jane was a beautiful young girl. She had golden hair and blue eyes, which made her stand out from the rest.
Indirect ― When Jane walked in the room, nobody could help but look at her stunning, gorgeous face. She commanded attention wherever she went due to her good looks.
Direct ― Jim was an honest man. He never cheated anybody in his entire life.
Indirect ― Jim was very unlike any other businessman. He made sure that all his clients got what they had paid for.
Direct ― Linda was a strong woman who lived her entire life on her own terms, without compromising and without ever being apologetic for anything.
Indirect ― You would not expect Linda to do what other women would normally do. When she was 18, she ran away from home and got married to a 39-year-old painter. The marriage however, did not last long. At the end of one year, Linda was left with a two month child and a divorce. This did not kill Linda’s spirit though. She soon moved to the city and got herself a job as a dancer at the newly opened Evans theater.
Direct ― John cared a lot for the well-being of others. There was an old couple living alone near his house. John used to buy weekly groceries for them and even checked on them everyday just to see how they were doing.
Indirect ― An old couple living near John’s house considered him just like their own son. John did all that for them what even a son these days won’t do. He would shop for them, get them things, and say hello everyday.
While writing about the story’s characters, the choice of introducing the characters lies totally on the writer. Both styles have their own pluses and minuses. Direct characterization makes the narrator’s point of view very clear, while indirect characterization is much more engaging, and it makes the readers think and gets them involved in the story. So, it is left to the writer’s judgment as to which way of characterization he/she wants to follow.
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Real and artificially generated 3-D films are nearly impossible to distinguish
For viewers it seems to be very difficult to tell the difference between real and artificially rendered 3-D films. Psychologists at Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (JGU) have studied the effects of various technologies and found that it plays virtually no role in the viewer's experience whether a 3-D film was originally produced as such or whether it was later converted from 2-D to 3-D using algorithms as, for example, is the case with new 3-D televisions.
"That is surprising when you consider how much time and money goes into producing real 3-D films," said Andreas Baranowski of the Institute of Psychology at Mainz University. In the study, test subjects were shown six short film sequences, two each from the categories horror, action, and documentary films. While there were no detectable differences when it came to the two 3-D technologies, there was divergence in the way that the three individual categories were assessed.
The 108 subjects of the study were given 3-D glasses and had to rate the impressions made on them by the film segments. For example, they had to say whether the story in the film drew them in, whether they were impressed by the technological aspects of the film, what type of emotion or excitement they experienced, and whether they felt any sort of queasiness due to the camera movements. They were also asked what they thought of the main characters in the films.
According to the results, 3-D films essentially inspire stronger feelings of being drawn into the story than 2-D films. However, 3-D films also more often cause slight nausea because of what can be described as 'motion sickness'. When it came to the film categories, the researchers in Professor Heiko Hecht's work group identified stronger effects. Due to the 3-D technology, subjects felt more drawn into the action and horror films, but were less emotionally attached to the main characters in the documentary films than when they watched them in 2-D.
It was of virtually no significance whether the 3-D aspect of the film was real or an algorithmic conversion. This contradicts the common assumption that the stereo disparity of the eyes, i.e. the difference between the two eyes' angles of view of a given object, needs to be accurately reproduced. "In fact, our visual system seems to be surprisingly tolerant when what it has to do is combine information from the left and right eyes into one stereoscopic image," explained Baranowski, primary author of the study. However, he also pointed out that during the study the films using the different 3-D technologies were shown one after the other and that any differences might have been more noticeable if they had been viewed in parallel.
More information: A.M. Baranowski et al, Genre-dependent effects of 3D film on presence, motion sickness, and protagonist perception, Displays (2016). DOI: 10.1016/j.displa.2016.06.004
Provided by Universitaet Mainz
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Eco-tourism is a type of sustainable tourism that focuses on responsible travel to natural areas, and it offers an opportunity to learn about the natural environment, local culture, and customs. Beach vacations are the most popular, and travelers can make the best out of them by choosing a beach destination that offers eco-tourism opportunities, booking eco-friendly accommodation, participating in eco-friendly activities, learning from local experts, and promoting sustainable practices. Eco-tourism promotes sustainable practices and environmental conservation while offering a unique and sustainable experience that supports local economies and preserves biodiversity.
How to Turn Your Beach Vacation into a Learning Opportunity with Eco-Tourism
Beaches are one of the most popular vacation destinations around the world. People love to relax on the beach and take a break from their busy schedules. However, beaches offer much more than just a place to unwind and soak up the sun. You can turn your beach vacation into a learning opportunity with eco-tourism.
What is Eco-Tourism?
Eco-tourism is a form of sustainable tourism that focuses on responsible travel to natural areas. It includes activities that minimize the impact on the environment and promote conservation. Eco-tourism aims to educate travelers about the natural environment and its conservation.
How to Turn Your Beach Vacation into a Learning Opportunity with Eco-Tourism?
1. Choose a Beach Destination with Eco-Tourism Opportunities
Choose a beach destination that offers eco-tourism opportunities. Look for destinations that have protected areas, eco-parks, or wildlife reserves. These places offer opportunities for eco-tourism activities like hiking, bird watching, and exploring coral reefs.
2. Book Eco-Friendly Accommodation
Choose eco-friendly accommodation options for your stay. Eco-lodges, tents, and villas are good options that minimize the environmental impact. These accommodations promote conservation and use sustainable practices. They also offer opportunities to learn about sustainable living.
3. Participate in Eco-Friendly Activities
Participate in eco-friendly activities during your beach vacation. These activities include sea turtle conservation, coral reef conservation, beach cleanups, and nature walks. The eco-tourism activities help in preserving the environment, and they offer learning opportunities. You can learn about the local flora, fauna, and ecology.
4. Learn from Local Experts
Interact with locals and experts to learn about the local environment and conservation efforts. The locals can provide insight into the local culture, cuisine, and customs. They can also help you understand the importance of preserving natural resources and ecosystems.
5. Promote Sustainable Practices
Promote sustainable practices during your beach vacation. Avoid using single-use plastics, use refillable water bottles, and practice responsible waste management. You can also support local businesses that promote sustainability.
Q. What are the benefits of eco-tourism?
A. Eco-tourism promotes sustainable practices and environmental conservation. It offers an opportunity to learn about the natural environment, local culture, and customs. It also supports local economies and preserves biodiversity.
Q. Can I participate in eco-tourism activities without prior experience?
A. Yes, most eco-tourism activities are suitable for beginners. The local guides and experts ensure that the activities are safe and informative. They also provide training and equipment.
Q. Are eco-friendly accommodations expensive?
A. Eco-friendly accommodations can be more expensive than conventional options. However, they offer a unique and sustainable experience that is worth the investment. They also promote responsible travel and support local economies.
Beach vacations are perfect for relaxation, but they can also be opportunities for learning and conservation. Eco-tourism offers a sustainable and responsible way to explore natural areas and learn about the environment. Choose a beach destination that offers eco-tourism opportunities, book eco-friendly accommodations, and participate in eco-friendly activities. Interact with locals and learn about the local environment and conservation efforts. Promote sustainable practices and support local businesses. Turn your beach vacation into a meaningful and impactful experience.
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Aug. 10, 2022 – No parent expects their child’s life to be at risk when they climb into a bouncy castle, but windy days and poor regulations can quickly turn glee into terror.
In the past 2 decades, researchers found almost 500 injuries and nearly 30 deaths not only from high-wind-related bounce house incidents, but also slip-ups in setting up the popular toys. In one tragic incident, six children in Australia died at school last year after plunging over 30 feet out of a bounce house that was whisked into the air by a sudden gust of wind.
“Year after year, all over the world, inflatable houses are being carried away by the wind and causing unforeseen injuries and accidents,” says Thomas Gill, PhD, a professor of environmental science at the University of Texas at El Paso, who helped with a recent study on wind-related bounce house events. “Probably most of these incidents could have been prevented by careful planning, watching the weather, or being more diligent about securing the bounce house to the ground.”
Gill and his colleagues cataloged at least 28 deaths and 479 injuries from more than 130 weather-related bounce house incidents worldwide – figures they say likely underestimate the problem. Between 2000 and 2021, bounce houses were linked to nearly 10,000 trips to the emergency room in the U.S. alone for injuries like concussions, broken bones, and muscle sprains.
The American Society for Testing and Materials, which regulates the use of inflatables and bounce houses in the U.S., discourages the use of bounce houses in winds higher than 25 mph unless they’re anchored by a professional engineer.
But 25 mph winds “are nowhere close to the winds required for a severe thunderstorm warning [58 mph] or a high wind warning [40 mph] in the United States from the National Weather Service,” says John Knox, PhD, a geography professor at Franklin College of Arts and Sciences in Athens, GA, who led the research. “Bounce houses can and do tip over, roll over, or get lofted in the air in non-severe winds, and it often happens during what most people would call ‘good weather.’”
Most of the injuries – more than 70% – happened during the passing of cold fronts, dust devils, or winds from thunderstorms. But at least one-third of the incidents occurred with winds below 20 mph, and some happened during clear skies, Knox says.
Bounce houses must always be anchored to the ground with sandbags or stakes, and always monitored by an adult, according to the researchers.
Only 19 states have regulations that specify what windspeeds are safe for inflatable houses, according to the study. The researchers created a website to document weather-related bounce house injuries, as well as provide safety tips for the public.
“It’s important for parents to pay careful attention to how bounce houses should be used and operated, whether at their homes for birthday parties, or at a school carnival, or wherever,” Knox says. “Also, be weather-wise, it doesn’t take bad weather to cause a problem.”
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The health of both mothers and babies can have important ongoing implications. In 2021, there were 315,705 babies born to 311,360 mothers in Australia. Explore the characteristics and health of mothers and their babies through interactive data visualisations, and in-depth information and trends on the antenatal period, labour and birth, and outcomes for babies at birth.
This web report also provides information on stillbirths, neonatal and maternal deaths, including causes, maternal characteristics, timing and investigations.
The data in this report are based on final 2021 data from the National Perinatal Data Collection, the National Maternal Mortality Data Collection, and the National Perinatal Mortality Data Collection.
This year for the first time, Australia's mothers and babies includes a separate article on breastfeeding in Australia, focusing on breastfeeding duration and breastfeeding by state or territory, remoteness area and among Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander (First Nations) mothers.
- Cat. no: PER 101
Birth rate increased after a period of decline (from 56 per 1,000 women in 2020 to 61 per 1,000 in 2021)
Average maternal age is increasing (from 30.0 years in 2011 to 31.1 in 2021)
Fewer women are smoking during pregnancy (from 13% in 2011 to 8.7% in 2021)
There were 9.6 perinatal deaths for every 1,000 births in 2021
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Irrational thinking can feel isolating. You might wonder, does everyone think this way, and what can I do about these thoughts?
Your mind is as unique as your fingerprints — no two are alike. We all have different ways of thinking.
Some of us have thoughts about the past that linger, while others focus on the future. But what about thoughts that hinder your enjoyment of life and compel you to restructure your day around them?
In your difficult moments, irrational thoughts may be overwhelming. But with the right support, it’s possible to manage the impact irrational thoughts may have on your life.
The term “irrational” is not a judgment. In this context, it’s a clinical term. It refers to something that’s not based on reason, logic, or understanding.
From a psychological perspective, irrational thoughts:
- are not based in evidence
- operate mostly on assumptions
- are rooted in beliefs based on past experiences — positive or negative
We all have irrational thoughts from time to time, and in the general sense, these thoughts are not “bad.” However, they may cause you great distress and create friction in your relationships. In this sense, it may be important to understand them better and develop coping skills to manage them.
Irrational thoughts are a coping mechanism. They’re your brain’s way of trying to prepare for an outcome, making the unknown feel less scary.
Do we all have them?
Irrational thoughts are a natural part of life, especially right before a stressful event, like a presentation or a date.
“‘I can’t do it. I’m not good enough.’ Sound familiar? Absolutely everyone has irrational thoughts from time to time,” says Renée Goff, a licensed clinical psychologist in Cincinnati, Ohio.
Many people will be able to recognize these thoughts as irrational, push through, and shake them off, she says. “Others hold onto them and give them too much weight.”
In the latter case, irrational thoughts can negatively impact multiple areas of your life. These include:
- home life
- romantic relationships
For some, irrational thoughts are a pattern. Although not always the case, this could sometimes be a symptom of a mental health condition.
“While we all have irrational thoughts, the line between problematic and not is when they start negatively impacting our life or cause functional impairments in our behavior,” says Billy Roberts, a licensed clinician in Columbus, Ohio.
Some mental health conditions that may lead to persistent irrational thoughts include:
Irrational thoughts can act as fuel for the fire of anxiety, leading to rumination.
Rumination can then put you into a cycle of fear: The thought loops make you anxious, and then the anxiety makes your thoughts even more persistent.
Anxiety disorders may also create a “resource error.” This means that many thoughts may focus on the need to be prepared for every possible situation, which is not realistic, says Janika Joyner, a licensed clinical social worker in Chesapeake, Virginia.
“We are created with internal and external resources to solve problems as they arise,” she says.
“Anxiety leads a person to believe that they must have it all figured out. This is not possible or healthy, as life is unpredictable, people are complex, and there are a number of things that are not in our control.”
How to manage anxiety related to irrational thinking
Joyner uses a four-step process to help clients slow down and challenge their irrational thoughts. The steps include:
|Identify the thought.||“My partner is upset and wants to break up.”|
|Find exceptions.||“Every time things are tense, we lovingly work it out.”|
|Discredit with proof.||“Last weekend, my partner told me at dinner how happy they were to be with me.”|
|Replace it with a helpful alternative.||“There is a reasonable explanation and I trust that they will tell me what it is.”|
You may find it useful to round out this process with a bonus step: honing your strengths with an empowering statement.
For example, “No matter what is going on, I will be able to handle this.”
When irrational thinking becomes a pattern, it creates a cognitive distortion. This is an error in thinking or logic that affects the way your mind processes information.
Cognitive distortions refer to your mind making judgments, assessments, and inferences about a situation that are not based entirely on logic or evidence. This is usually the result of past experiences.
Cognitive distortions can shape your beliefs, mood, and how you view yourself, others, and the world in general.
“All mental health conditions come with their own unique thinking errors,” says Roberts.
“Depression-type thoughts often have to do with excessive guilt and minimization of the positive parts of life,” he says. “Anxious thoughts cluster around catastrophic views of current stressors and minimizing one’s own ability to solve problems.”
There are several common cognitive distortions that go hand-in-hand with irrational thoughts. These include:
This is jumping to the worst-case scenario, without considering other possibilities.
You have constipation. You are convinced it must be stomach cancer, even though you have no other symptoms. Upon getting results from your doctor, it turns out the constipation was from stress and a change in your eating habits.
This is the belief that you’re responsible for the moods and behaviors of others, without examining what else may be going on with that person.
Your co-worker didn’t say hi to you when she came into work this morning. You assume she must be upset with you, even though you can’t think of a reason why she would be. Later, you find out she had just received some bad news and was very distracted.
This refers to thinking in terms of all good or all bad. There is no gray area, and you have no ability to see two things as both true at once. You may refer to circumstances with buzzwords like always, never, everyone, no one, everything, and nothing.
Your partner is late for date night. You get into an argument and say that they always do this to you, they never show that they care, and everyone has a better relationship than you two do. Upon reflection, you recall that for the last three date nights they actually showed up early.
Minimization and magnification
Minimization occurs more commonly with those who live with depression. It means that you are not able to balance the negative circumstances in your life with positive ones. It’s the opposite of rose-colored glasses.
On the other end of the spectrum, there’s magnification, which is more common with those who live with anxiety.
You give a speech at a conference that earns you a standing ovation. You feel miserable, however, because you tripped up the stairs on the way to the stage. Later, at lunch, no one even remembers that you tripped.
Cognitive distortions can be a challenge to undo, but with some attention — and intention — change is possible. You can reframe your thoughts, which will also have an impact on your mood.
If you are having a difficult time identifying your irrational thoughts, mindfulness or meditation practice may help.
Instead of pushing your thoughts away, allow them to be there. Imagine your thoughts going by like clouds, or as if you are viewing them from a moving train.
Set a timer for 10 minutes and write down your thoughts into a stream of consciousness.
When the timer goes off, reread your entry. Circle any irrational thoughts and write out three replacement thoughts that are helpful. For example:
|I am going to fail this test tomorrow. I always mess up.||1. I have gotten As many times.|
2. I studied really hard for this test.
3. If I do poorly, I can ask for a bonus assignment.
Sit with the discomfort
When you have an irrational thought, you may rely on certain behaviors to help relieve the discomfort you feel. For example, you may assume someone is mad at you (the thought) and then call them repeatedly (the behavior).
If you can learn to sit with the discomfort, knowing it’s temporary, you may disconnect the thought-behavior connection. Try reciting this mantra: “I am having an irrational thought, and I do not need to act on it.”
Channel that energy elsewhere
If irrational thoughts are taking over your mind, you may find it helpful to change what you’re doing. You can try:
- calling a friend
- deep breathing
- getting into nature
- taking a walk
Irrational thinking exists on a continuum, from mild to severe.
For some, irrational thoughts turn into false beliefs. If you feel strongly that these beliefs are unshakeable, even without evidence to support them, they may be delusions.
Delusions may be present in psychosis or as a positive symptom of schizophrenia. They are often coupled with hallucinations, which may cause you to act on them. However, only a trained health professional can provide a diagnosis, and there are many other causes of false beliefs.
For those who live with OCD, irrational thoughts contribute to obsessions.
Obsessions are persistent and distressing thoughts that are:
- lead to urges (compulsions)
Obsessions may include unwelcome thoughts related to sex, violence, germs, or fear of doing or saying something embarrassing in public.
Irrational thoughts are common. But when they start negatively impacting your life or cause you to change your behavior, consider reaching out to a professional.
“Working with a therapist trained in cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) can be a good resource in learning to manage irrational thinking patterns, reduce anxiety, improve mood, and support mental health,” says Roberts.
Irrational thoughts are manageable. Working on reducing them can improve your mood.
You may find it helpful to use the APA’s Psychologist Locator to find someone who specializes in CBT.
Self-help books can also be beneficial, like “The Anxiety and Worry Workbook: The Cognitive Behavioral Solution.”
If possible, try to work a mindfulness practice into your routine, journal regularly, and use that thinking energy for positive activities, like connecting with others or exercising.
Most importantly, be patient with yourself and take it one thought at a time.
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Symptoms are most severe and pronounced in the acute phase of schizophrenia.
Schizophrenia is a chronic mental health condition impacting millions of people around the world. When active, the condition impairs a person’s thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and perception of reality.
Individuals with schizophrenia often move through three consecutive phases:
In the acute phase, the symptoms are active and noticeable. These symptoms often include the most well-known signs of schizophrenia, including hallucinations, delusions, and atypical behaviors.
In medical terminology, “chronic” refers to a long-term illness, while “acute” refers to more severe symptoms with a sudden onset.
In general, schizophrenia can be both. It’s considered a chronic condition with an acute phase.
During an acute phase, you can experience the most severe symptoms of schizophrenia, such as hallucinations and delusions.
The onset of acute schizophrenia may be different in men and women. The acute phase often begins between 18-25 in men. In women, onset has two peaks: mid-20s to mid-30s and after age 40.
Schizophrenia symptoms vary widely from person to person and fall into the following domains:
- positive symptoms
- negative symptoms
- cognitive symptoms
Positive symptoms “add” to your personality behaviors that weren’t there before, including:
- feeling (tactile)
- smell (olfactory)
- taste (gustatory)
- delusions: fixed false beliefs
- disorganized thinking or speech:
- incoherent speech, “word salad” (random words and phrases strung together)
- pressured speech (speaking rapidly)
- abnormal behavior: odd behaviors such:
Negative symptoms reduce or “take away” from your personality, particularly in:
Negative symptoms involve five key areas:
- fewer words spoken (alogia)
- reduced experience of pleasure (anhedonia)
- withdrawing from social activities (asociality)
- reduced goal-directed activity due to less motivation (avolition)
- difficulty expressing emotions (flat affect)
The cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia can be quite debilitating and often lead to disability.
Cognitive symptoms may include the following:
- memory challenges
- rigid thinking
- lack of focus and inattention
- reduced processing speed
According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5), a diagnosis of schizophrenia must include at least two of the following symptoms:
- disorganized speech
- negative symptoms
- severely disorganized or catatonic behavior
One of these symptoms must be delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech. The symptoms must frequently occur for at least one month, with some lasting more than 6 months.
Diagnosis will also screen for impacted personal relationships, work, or self-care.
When people seek treatment for schizophrenia, they’re usually in the acute phase of the disorder when their symptoms are most active and pronounced.
Though there’s no cure for schizophrenia, treatment can help you move into the recovery phase. The goal is to manage symptoms well enough so that you experience few-to-no positive symptoms and minimal life interference.
Research shows that symptom remission is possible in 20-60% of those with schizophrenia. Early intervention is linked to better long-term outcomes.
Atypical antipsychotics are the first line of treatment for schizophrenia. These drugs emerged in the 1980s as a safer alternative (fewer side effects) than the older generation of antipsychotics.
For the most part, atypical antipsychotics have replaced the first generation, though the older drugs are still used for some people with severe psychosis.
Atypical antipsychotics reduce symptoms of psychosis by acting on the brain’s dopamine system. They may also block a serotonin receptor (5HT2a), allowing for a better balance of dopamine in the brain overall.
Atypical antipsychotics are quite effective for many people; however, about
These drugs are ineffective for schizophrenia’s negative symptoms. In some cases, they can worsen symptoms.
These medications are available in tablets, solutions, and longer-term injections.
Folks with schizophrenia can have difficulties working, socializing, and living independently.
Numerous psychosocial therapies are available to help those with schizophrenia with everything from:
- the ability to think
- money management
- dealing with criticism
Some of the most common therapies include:
- social skills training: improve social and independent living skills, such as money or medication management
- cognitive remediation: improve and train memory, attention, and problem-solving so you can function better in everyday life
- cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT): identify and change inaccurate thinking patterns and behaviors
- social cognition training: improve social skills, such as understanding social and body clues and recognizing other people’s emotions
Schizophrenia is a complex mental health condition that involves three consecutive phases:
- prodromal (early)
- acute (active)
- residual (recovery)
The acute phase involves the most well-known symptoms of schizophrenia, such as:
- disordered thoughts and behaviors
These symptoms are more active and pronounced than in the other two phases.
With atypical antipsychotics and therapy, folks with schizophrenia can manage acute symptoms and live fulfilling lives.
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Prion diseases are fatal transmissible neurodegenerative disorders that affect animals including humans. The kinetics of prion infectivity and PrP(Sc) accumulation can differ between prion strains and within a single strain in different tissues. The net accumulation of PrP(Sc) in animals is controlled by the relationship between the rate of PrP(Sc) formation and clearance. Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) is a powerful technique that faithfully recapitulates PrP(Sc) formation and prion infectivity in a cell-free system. PMCA has been used as a surrogate for animal bioassay and can model species barriers, host range, strain co-factors and strain interference. In this study we investigated if degradation of PrP(Sc) and/or prion infectivity occurs during PMCA. To accomplish this we performed PMCA under conditions that do not support PrP(Sc) formation and did not observe either a reduction in PrP(Sc) abundance or an extension of prion incubation period, compared to untreated control samples. These results indicate that prion clearance does not occur during PMCA. These data have significant implications for the interpretation of PMCA based experiments such as prion amplification rate, adaptation to new species and strain interference where production and clearance of prions can affect the outcome.
Keywords: prion clearance; prion disease; protein misfolding cyclic amplification.
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The border and the central band that runs through the nioge are orriseegé (paths/pathways) and provide a compositional framework for the designs.
The black sawtooth design that runs around the borders of the work are dahoru’e, the design of the Ömie mountains.
The spots within the orriseegé and above the dahoru’e are a design called sabu ahe representing the spots which can be seen on the sides of a wood-boring grub. This grub is sacred to Ömie people as it plays an important part within the creation story of how Huvaimo (Mount Lamington) came to be volcanic. It is a traditional sor’e (tattoo design) which was most commonly tattooed running in one line under both eyes.
The main design is mahudan’e, pig’s tusks, consisting of two tusks bound together in opposite directions with natural bush fibres and necklace strings threaded with suhine, plant seeds. Pig’s tusks are the traditional form of wealth for the Ömie and are often used for brideprice ceremonies. During dance ceremonies and rituals, pig tusk necklaces are worn by men and sometimes, although very rarely, by high-ranking women elders. The pig tusks have mouthpieces which male dancers bite, displaying the object to make themselves look like fierce warriors. In the time of the ancestors when tribal conflicts, village raids and retribution were an everyday part of life, no doubt this fierce appearance would have served a very important purpose.
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In order to implement the inverse kinematics of a 6R robot (with spherical wrist), you need to use a technique called kinematic decoupling. Kinematic decoupling is when you separate the task of orienting the end effector with the task of translating the end effector.
The book that I think talks about this well is
Robot Dynamics and Control
Second Edition, W. Spong, Seth Hutchinson, and M. Vidyasagar.
For this next part, I am assuming you have learned about D-H parameters already (and therefore have developed the forward-kinematics frame transforms for your 6R robot). If not, the Wikipedia page is a great source on the subject.
First 3 Joints Analysis
When looking at a 6R robot, and as you already mentioned, there is a spherical wrist at the end effector (ee). This sperical wrist determines the orientation of the ee and therefore all of the calculations for solving for the location of the ee can be solved pretty easily. This is because the first 3 joints, or 3 equations, all contribute to the location of the center of the wrist. You know the location of the wrist by doing the inverse transform of the ee along the local Z-axis by the robot's physical offset. (This is known as the approach vector, which is the Z-component of the rotation matrix, also known as the 3rd column unit vector. The offset distance along this vector is a constant known value that can be changed to somebody's needs and the math does not change.)
You can then solve for the first 3 joint angles by solving the X-Y-Z equations for the location of the center of the wrist, which would be frame transforms T0-1 to T2-3 multiplied together. These calculations may result in multiple solutions, so you need to be mindful of including all possible solutions.
Spherical Wrist Analysis
Once you have decided which 3 joint values you want for the first 3 joints, you can then solve for the wrist. Since you know the frame transforms T3-6 from your D-H table, you can then look at the rotation component of the frame transform. I don't remember off the top of my head what it looks like, but there are specific elements in the matrix that have fewer symbolic terms involved in the mathematical definition which allow you to systematically solve for the rotations of the last 3 joints.
After a quick google search, I found resources on how to solve spherical wrists with pretty pictures. This one also happens to show how to do the first 3 joints as well. I don't want to take credit for other people's work, but there are many presentations out there that explain this out fully pretty well. I also didn't want to make this a simple link answer, but rather explain what is going on, then share a reference link.
I am writing this without all of my books in front of me, but hopefully it gives you more of a direction. You just need to understand kinematic decoupling and this problem will look a lot simpler to you. I would happily share a pdf of a book, but, let's just say I don't know how legal that would be... LoL hope that helps
(If this answer helped you, a vote up or green check-mark is greatly appreciated).
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The Vi has proven to be a protective antigen in two double masked, controlled clinical trials in areas with high rates of typhoid fever (approximately 1% per annum). In both studies the protective efficacy of the Vi was approximately 70%. Approximately 75% of subjects in these areas responded with a fourfold or greater rise of serum Vi antibodies. In contrast, the Vi elicited a fourfold or greater rise in 95-100% of young adults in France and the United States. Methods were devised, therefore, to synthesize Vi-protein conjugates in order to both enhance the antibody response and confer T-dependent properties to the Vi (and theoretically increase its protective action in populations at high risk for typhoid fever). We settled on a method that used the heterobifunctional crosslinking reagent, N-succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithio)-propionate (SPDP), to bind thiol derivatives of the Vi to proteins. This synthetic scheme was reproducible, provided high yields of Vi-protein conjugates, and was applicable to several medically relevant proteins such as diphtheria and tetanus toxoids. The resultant conjugates were more immunogenic in mice and juvenile Rhesus monkeys than the Vi alone. In contrast to the T-independent properties of the Vi, conjugates of this polysaccharide with several medically relevant proteins induced booster responses in mice and in juvenile Rhesus monkeys. Clinical studies with Vi-protein conjugates are planned. This scheme is also applicable to synthesize protein conjugates with other polysaccharides that have carboxyl functions.
Vi capsular polysaccharide-protein conjugates for prevention of typhoid fever. Preparation, characterization, and immunogenicity in laboratory animals.
S C Szu, A L Stone, J D Robbins, R Schneerson, J B Robbins; Vi capsular polysaccharide-protein conjugates for prevention of typhoid fever. Preparation, characterization, and immunogenicity in laboratory animals.. J Exp Med 1 November 1987; 166 (5): 1510–1524. doi: https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.166.5.1510
Download citation file:
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History is a core subject for all students. In Forms I and II, the work of a historian and the ancient civilizations of the Celts and Romans are studied, along with the Renaissance, Explorations and the Reformation. Also the American, French, 1798, Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions are examined. Students complete a project on a subject of their choice. In Form III, Irish Independence, Northern Ireland and the World Wars are the themes of study.
History is again a core subject in Transition Year. The History modules are very much student oriented. Students are required to be very active in their learning. They are facilitated in the development of their research skills; they produce Powerpoint presentations on subjects of interest and work on research reports. Broad themes such as War and Peace, Apartheid and Racism develop the conceptual understanding of the student of today’s world.
History is an elective subject in senior cycle. Students complete the Leaving Certificate syllabus, studying Irish Independence and the formation of the state, Dictatorship and Democracy, and the U.S. and the world. They also do a documents module and complete a research module.
The Junior Cycle and Transition Year students have outings to historical locations in Dublin. Trips to explore Viking Dublin, the National Museum, Kilmainham Gaol and Collins Barracks help history come alive.
The Senior History Trip is an established part of school life. Recent trips include those to London, Berlin and, most recently, to Northern Ireland, while in the future, it is planned that the students will visit Dachau and Auschwitz.
Sandford Park also takes part in the History Teachers Association Annual Quiz every year in Spring. This is a very competitive and fun night.
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Will the world wide decline in energy use, caused by the Covid-19 related economic slowdown, be a way to transition to clean energy or will the rebound be more use of fossil fuels?
The Covid-19 and measures taken to slow its spread have had a profound impact on energy demand, the likes of which have not been seen for 70 years. The full impact of the current situation, as yet unknown, will be determined by the duration of lockdown measures and the recovery paths taken around the world. This unprecedented situation and the stimulus packages that governments are putting in place will shape the energy sector for years to come, with significant consequences for the energy industry at large, energy security and clean energy transitions.
There are clean energy opportunities here or will we go back to business as usual, the report contends:
The Covid‑19 crisis is also influencing the path for clean energy transitions. Global CO2 emissions are set for the largest year-to-year reduction on record, but a sustainable energy pathway calls for continuous efforts and commitment. The unprecedented decline in emissions in 2020 may only be temporary without structural changes. Recoveries from past crises have caused immediate rebounds in CO2 emissions, including the highest year-on-year increase on record in 2010.
Governments will play a big role:
Governments will play a major role in shaping the energy sector’s recovery from the Covid‑19 crisis, just as they have long been in the driving seat in orienting energy investment. In particular, the design of economic stimulus packages presents a major opportunity for governments to link economic recovery efforts with clean energy transitions – and steer the energy system onto a more sustainable path. While the clean energy transitions and stimulus discussions are gathering momentum, a co-ordinated policy effort will be needed to harvest its opportunities and lead to a more modern, cleaner and more resilient energy sector for all.
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An integrated waste management system requires baseline data, including waste generation analysis, composition density, and waste characteristics. Baseline data is needed to determine the proper waste management strategy. This research was conducted by measuring directly from the source of waste carried out by stratified sampling following SNI 19-3964-1994. The location of the study was carried out in Tanjung and Gangga districts because this location is considered to represent North Lombok Regency. The research was conducted using 100 samples of household waste. The study results on the composition of waste in the North Lombok Regency consisted of organic waste, plastic waste, paper, cloth, wood, glass, metal, and rubber waste. The dominant composition is organic waste. The characteristics of waste in the North Lombok Regency have a higher water content than the water content of waste in general. All the characteristics tested indicate that the waste in North Lombok Regency requires several treatments before processing waste, such as reducing the water content and increasing the C/N ratio. Based on the characteristics and composition of the waste, composting or incineration is the suitable waste management method in North Lombok Regency.
|Journal||IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science|
|Publication status||Published - 7 Jul 2021|
|Event||2021 International Conference on Research Collaboration of Environmental Science, ICRC 2021 - Kitakyushu, Virtual, Japan|
Duration: 25 Apr 2021 → 26 Apr 2021
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Scientists on the Florida campus of The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) have developed new opioid pain relievers that reduce pain on par with morphine but do not slow or stop breathing—the cause of opiate overdose.
The research, published today in the journal Cell, describes a method for making safer opioid painkillers. According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 91 Americans die every day from opioid overdoses—deaths caused when opiates like oxycontin, heroin and fentanyl slow and eventually stop a person’s breathing.
Study leader TSRI Professor Laura M. Bohn, Ph.D., said the research shows that a range of compounds can deliver pain-blocking potency without affecting respiration.
The study builds on two decades of research by Bohn and her colleagues, who long questioned whether the painkilling pathway, called the G protein pathway, could be unlinked from the breathing suppression pathway, called the beta-arrestin pathway.
“One of the questions we had was how good we can get at separating out the pathways, and how much separation do we need to see analgesia without respiratory suppression,” Bohn said.
For the study, the Bohn worked closely with TSRI chemist Thomas Bannister, Ph.D, to develope new potential drug molecules; they then tweaked their chemical structures to systematically vary the “bias” between the two pathways—G protein signaling and beta-arrestin recruitment. The group developed more than 500 compounds in the past six years, and they found more than 60 that showed bias between signaling assays. They then selected six compounds to represent a wide range in the degree of bias (from those that preferred barrestin2 recruitment to those that almost exclusively preferred G protein signaling) and determined their overall potency for inducing analgesia and respiratory suppression in mouse models.
The researchers found that the new compounds could indeed enter the brain—and all of the compounds were as potent, if not more so, than morphine. The compounds that were less able to promote barrestin2 associations in cells were also less likely to induce respiratory suppression in mice.
In contrast, the painkiller fentanyl was shown to prefer receptor-barrestin2 associations and also had a more narrow safety margin. In short, the fentanyl dose needed to alleviate the perception of pain was closer to the dose that suppressed breathing, which may be why fentanyl is more likely to trigger respiratory suppression at low doses. Fentanyl is a powerful pain killer, but one with a narrow therapeutic window and a history of overdoses. While this issue requires more research, “this at least brings into question whether this may be part of the reason,” Bohn said.
Bohn explained that separating the receptor’s ability to engage in the two pathways can provide a way to separate desired drug effects from side effects.
“I think what we have done here is shown that bias isn’t all or none—that there is a spectrum.” That suggests an opportunity to expand the “therapeutic window,” or the range of doses at which a drug may be administered safely, she said.
The results announced today are the culmination of nearly six years of work by TSRI scientists including Cullen Schmid, Ph.D., Nicole Kennedy, Ph.D., and Michael Cameron, Ph.D.; as well as former members of the research lab: Jenny Morgenweck, Ph.D., Zhizhou Yue, Ph.D., Kim Lovell, Ph.D. and Nicolette Ross, Ph.D. The work was funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health (grants R01 DA033073 and R01 DA038694).
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Throughout your life, you will have two sets of teeth: primary (baby) teeth and secondary (permanent) teeth. The primary teeth appear around ages 6-8 months, and all 20 are in place by age 3.
Permanent teeth will begin to grow around age 6, and with the exception of wisdom teeth, are all present between ages 12 and 14. The next teeth to grow in are the 12-year molars and finally the wisdom teeth. Wisdom teeth typically begin breaking through from age 17 and on. The total number of permanent teeth is 32, though few people have room for all 32 teeth, which is why wisdom teeth are usually removed.
Your front teeth are called incisors. The sharp “fang-like” teeth are canines. The next side teeth are referred to as pre-molars or bicuspids, and the back teeth are molars. Your permanent teeth are the ones you keep for life, so it is important that they are brushed and flossed regularly and that periodic check-ups by a dentist are followed.
Tooth Brushing and Flossing
Use a toothbrush with soft bristles and a small strip of fluoride toothpaste. When you brush your teeth, move the brush in small circular motions to reach food particles that may be under your gum line. Hold the toothbrush at an angle and brush slowly and carefully, covering all areas between teeth and the surface of each tooth. It will take you several minutes to thoroughly brush your teeth. Brush up on the lower teeth, down on the upper teeth, and the outside, inside, and chewing surface of your front and back teeth. Brush your tongue and the roof of your mouth before you rinse.
Brush your teeth four times daily to avoid the accumulation of food particles and plaque:
- In the morning after breakfast
- After lunch or right after school
- After dinner
- At bedtime
As soon as the bristles start to wear down or fray, replace your toothbrush with a new one. Do not swallow any toothpaste; rinse your mouth thoroughly with water after you finish brushing. It is important to carefully floss and brush daily for optimal oral hygiene.
For areas between the teeth that a toothbrush can’t reach, dental floss is used to remove food particles and plaque. Dental floss is a thin thread of waxed nylon that is used to reach below the gum line and clean between teeth. It is very important to floss between your teeth every day.
Pull a small length of floss from the dispenser.
Wrap the ends of the floss tightly around your middle fingers. Guide the floss between all teeth to the gum line, pulling out any food particles or plaque. Unwrap clean floss from around your fingers as you go, so that you have used the floss from beginning to end when you finish.
Floss behind all of your back teeth.
Floss at night to make sure your teeth are squeaky clean before you go to bed. When you first begin flossing, your gums may bleed a little. If the bleeding does not go away after the first few times, let a staff member know at your next appointment.
Thumb and pacifier sucking habits will generally only become a problem if they go on for a very long period of time. Thumb or finger sucking are habits that occurs in infants. Children usually give up thumb-sucking by the age of four. If the child continues past the age when their permanent teeth start to erupt, they may develop crooked teeth and a malformed roof of their mouth. This results from the frequency, duration, intensity and position of the thumb in the child’s mouth. This can also effect the position of the upper and lower jaw and can also affect speech.
Most children stop these habits on their own, but if they are still sucking their thumbs or fingers when the permanent teeth arrive, a mouth appliance may be recommended by your pediatric dentist. Ask us about the book, “David Decides”, and a product called Mavala.
Breaking the Habit
- Wait till the time is right. (low stress)
- Motivate your child (show examples of what could happen to their teeth, and fingers/thumbs.)
- Use a reward system. (small incentives will encourage your child to stick with it!)
Most of the time cavities are due to a diet high in sugary foods and a lack of brushing.
Limiting sugar intake and brushing regularly, of course, can help. The longer it takes your child to chew their food, the longer the residue stays on their teeth and the greater the chances of getting cavities.
Every time someone eats, an acid reaction occurs inside their mouth as the bacteria digests the sugars. This reaction lasts approximately 20 minutes. During this time the acid environment can destroy the tooth structure, eventually leading to cavities.
Consistency of a person’s saliva also makes a difference as thinner saliva breaks up and washes away food more quickly. When a person eats diets high in carbohydrates and sugars, they tend to have thicker saliva, which in turn produces more of the acid-producing bacteria that causes cavities.
Tips for Cavity Prevention
- Limit frequency of meals and snacks.
- Encourage brushing, flossing, and rinsing.
- Watch what you drink.
- Avoid sticky foods.
- Make treats part of meals.
- Choose nutritious snacks.
Sweet Facts and Healthy Snacks
Healthy Diet for Healthy Teeth
Your child needs a balanced diet for healthy teeth and gums. This includes snacks as well as meals. Trying to figure what kind of healthy snacks to provide? The snacking guidelines below should help you set the proper limits. Remember, it all starts with you!
Read more about healthy eating for children. Click below…
- Packing a Safe School Lunch
- Eat 5 a Day – The Color Way!
- 25 Healthy Snacks for Kids
- Raising Healthy Eaters
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In the fast-paced world of the digital era, websites have become the cornerstone of our online existence. From personal blogs to multinational corporations, Business Listings virtually everyone and everything has staked their claim in the vast landscape of the World Wide Web. Let’s delve into the significance of websites and explore the various roles they play in our interconnected lives.
1. The Digital Storefront:
Websites serve as the modern-day storefronts, A2Z Web Links offering businesses a digital space to showcase their products and services. Whether you’re a small local business or a global enterprise, a well-designed website provides a platform to reach a broader audience, establish credibility, and facilitate transactions. E-commerce has revolutionized the way we shop, with websites becoming the virtual aisles where consumers can explore, compare, and purchase with a click. Business Listings
2. Information Hub:
Websites are invaluable sources of information. From educational institutions sharing course materials to news outlets delivering the latest headlines, Fixx Directory the internet is an expansive library accessible at our fingertips. The convenience of finding information online has redefined how we learn, stay informed, and engage with the world around us. Websites are the conduits through which knowledge is disseminated, fostering a culture of continuous learning. Business Listings
3. Social Interaction and Networking:
Social media platforms are a testament to the power of websites in facilitating social interaction. Whether through social networking sites, Online Zest Directory forums, or community-driven platforms, the internet has brought people together on a global scale. Websites act as the meeting grounds for individuals with shared interests, creating virtual communities that transcend geographical boundaries. From rekindling old connections to forging new friendships, websites are the bridges that connect us in this vast digital landscape. Business Listings
4. Creative Expression:
Blogs, personal websites, Websolute Directory and online portfolios have democratized creative expression. Writers, artists, photographers, and musicians can showcase their talents to a worldwide audience without the need for traditional gatekeepers. Websites have empowered individuals to carve out their digital identities, fostering a diverse online ecosystem enriched by the myriad voices of creators.
5. Technological Advancements:
The evolution of web technologies has been instrumental in shaping the digital landscape. Responsive design, artificial intelligence, Max Websites and interactive user interfaces are just a few examples of how websites continue to push the boundaries of what is possible online. The constant innovation in web development ensures that the digital experience is dynamic, engaging, and tailored to the evolving needs of users.
In conclusion, websites are the cornerstone of our digital existence, serving as multifaceted tools that empower businesses, individuals, and communities alike. As we navigate the intricacies of the online world, the role of websites continues to expand, shaping the way we connect, communicate, Angelinas Web and create in the ever-evolving landscape of the internet.
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Bilingual Edition - Translated by Laura Emilia Pacheco
The first Western noir by Barry Gifford, "a killer fuckin' writer." (David Lynch)
Based on historical events in 1851, this Western noir novella traces the struggle of the first integrated Native American tribe to establish themselves on the North American continent. After escaping the Oklahoma relocation camps they had been placed in following their forced evacuation from Florida, the Seminole Indians banded with fugitive slaves from the American South to fulfill the vision of their leader, Coyote, to establish their land in Mexico's Nacimiento. The Mexican government allowed them initially to settle in Mexico near the Texas-Mexico border, in exchange for guarding nearby villages from bands of raiding Comanches and Apaches.
On the Texas side of the border, a romance begins between Teresa, daughter of former Texas Ranger and slavehunter Cass Dupuy, and Sunny, son of the great Seminole chief Osceola. Teresa's father, a violent man, has heard about the fugitive slaves settled on the other side of the border and plans to profit from them. As the story progresses, multiple actors come into play, forming alliances or declaring each other enemy, as the Seminoles struggle to fulfill captain Coyote's corazonada to find their own land. Black Sun Rising is a poetic story which brings to light a little-known but important chapter in American and Mexican history and will be simultaneously published in Mexico by Almadía. One of America's greatest novelists and a tireless innovator whose oeuvre spans fiction, autobiography, oral history, and short fiction, Barry Gifford is now venturing into the genre of Western, breaking new ground by infusing it with his signature noir style.
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| 0.943922 | 360 | 2.65625 | 3 |
100 years ago, the masses in Russia – led by the Bolsheviks – took power. For Marxists, this is undoubtedly the greatest event in human history; the first time – with the brief exception of the Paris Commune – when the oppressed and exploited rose up and overthrew the old order.
Despite what the slanderous bourgeois historians and defenders of the status quo say about the October Revolution of 1917 being a ‘coup’, the real motor force for these titanic events was none other than the masses themselves: the organised workers, peasants, and soldiers in the soviets.
Nevertheless, whilst the Revolution was ‘made’ by the masses, its success would ultimately not have been possible without the vital leading role of two individuals: Lenin and Trotsky. And even then, Trotsky was humble enough to admit that his was an auxiliary role compared to that of Lenin, whose years of patient work in building and educating the Bolsheviks were key in providing the revolutionary masses with the necessary organisation, direction, and leadership.
“Had I not been present in 1917 in Petersburg, the October Revolution would still have taken place – on the condition that Lenin was present and in command,” Trotsky remarked in his Diary in Exile.
“If neither Lenin nor I had been present in Petersburg, there would have been no October Revolution: the leadership of the Bolshevik Party would have prevented it from occurring – of this I have not the slightest doubt! If Lenin had not been in Petersburg, I doubt whether I could have managed to conquer the resistance of the Bolshevik leaders…But I repeat, granted the presence of Lenin the October Revolution would have been victorious anyway.”
Human agency and free will
What is true for the Russian Revolution is true of all pivotal changes in society. Most textbooks and documentaries would like us to believe that all historical progress is the product of ‘Great Men and Women’ with ‘Great Ideas’, in which the masses are merely the passive recipients of charismatic, determined, and resolute individuals.
The Marxist view of history, by contrast, in the words of Marx and Engels in the Communist Manifesto – emphasises that ultimately “the history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles”.
Many academic critics attempt to paint Marxism as being rigid and mechanical, accusing the theories of scientific socialism (as Marx and Engels referred to their ideas) of being ‘economically deterministic’. Yet Marx never denied the importance of human agency in determining the course of history. Indeed, ‘history’, Marx stressed, is not some mystical force. There is no ‘destiny’ or ‘fate’.
“History does nothing, it possesses no immense wealth, it wages no battles. It is man, real, living man who does all that, who possesses and fights; ‘history’ is not, as it were, a person apart, using man as a means to achieve its own aims; history is nothing but the activity of man pursuing his aims.” (Marx and Engels, The Holy Family, emphasis in the original)
As Engels commented in a letter to Bloch, one of his German socialist peers:
“History is made in such a way that the final result always arises from conflicts between many individual wills, of which each in turn has been made what it is by a host of particular conditions of life. Thus there are innumerable intersecting forces, an infinite series of parallelograms of forces which give rise to one resultant — the historical event.”
History, then, is made up of individuals following their own individual aims and interests. But, in doing so, as Marx explained, people “inevitably enter into definite relations, which are independent of their will, namely relations of production.”
Whilst we all have a relative degree of freedom about our choices in life, in other words, we are nevertheless forced by our economic position in society to make very definite decisions that are out of our control. If – like the vast majority of people in society – you are part of the working class, for example, without a wealth of shares and investments to your name that you can live off, then you have no real choice but to work for a wage in order to put food on the table. You might have a certain amount of freedom as to who you work for, depending on your circumstances, but ultimately you have to sell your labour-power (your ability to work) to the capitalist if you are to survive.
The landscape of history
As with individuals in general, so it is with the ‘Great’ individuals of history also.
Marxism does not deny the role of the individual in shaping history. Indeed, in certain cases, this can be a vital and central role. But even history’s ‘Great’ individuals can still only act within the limits set by the conditions of their time, which in turn are created by those who have come before them. As Marx famously commented in his writings on the 18th Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte,
“Men make their own history, but they do not make it as they please; they do not make it under self-selected circumstances, but under circumstances existing already, given and transmitted from the past. The tradition of all dead generations weighs like a nightmare on the brains of the living.”
In other words, even the most resolute, intelligent, and charismatic individuals are not completely free agents, but are constrained by the material conditions, social relations, and economic laws of their time.
Like raindrops on a hilly terrain, we each leave our own mark on the surrounding environment, shaping it as we flow through it. The accumulation of all these individual impacts, in turn, creates an historical landscape, the contours of which define the scope of the path travelled by future flows of water.
And whilst a flood of rain or great political earthquakes can inexorably alter the terrain forever, ultimately, in ‘normal’ times, the path we follow is constrained by this social topography that we find ourselves travelling along. Society’s past activities and previous historical events, in other words, constrain and limit the decisions and possibilities available to the individuals that follow – including the ‘Great’ individuals of history.
Accident and necessity
As the great dialectical German philosopher Hegel remarked, accident – ultimately – is a reflection of necessity. In this respect, the emergence of any particular ‘Great’ individual is largely ‘accidental’ in historical terms; ‘accidental’ in the sense that a similar historical role might have been played by another individual.
Even then, however, Engels noted in his own philosophical writings that the relationship between so-called ‘accident’ and ‘necessity’ is a dialectical one. “Common sense,” Engels writes in his Dialectics of Nature, “treats necessity and chance as determinations that exclude each other once for all. A thing, a circumstance, a process is either accidental or necessary, but not both.”
“What can be brought under general laws is regarded as necessary,” Engels continues; “what cannot be so brought as accidental.”
Applied to the study of history, we can therefore say that: whilst the emergence of a particular ‘Great’ individual is ‘accidental’, the emergence of a ‘Great’ leader or visionary in general is (at key moments) ‘necessary’.
In certain historical periods and conditions, in other words, the demands and needs of society will tend to create and call forth individuals with certain qualities and characteristics. In times when the class struggle is at its sharpest, for example, a leader is required who is firm and unwavering in their resolve.
Engels marvellously summarises this question of accident and necessity in relation to the ‘Great’ individuals of history in one of his letters:
“Men make their history themselves, but not as yet with a collective will or according to a collective plan or even in a definitely defined, given society. Their efforts clash, and for that very reason all such societies are governed by necessity, which is supplemented by and appears under the forms of accident. The necessity which here asserts itself amidst all accident is again ultimately economic necessity.
“This is where the so-called great men come in for treatment. That such and such a man and precisely that man arises at that particular time in that given country is of course pure accident. But cut him out and there will be a demand for a substitute, and this substitute will be found, good or bad, but in the long run he will be found. That Napoleon, just that particular Corsican, should have been the military dictator whom the French Republic, exhausted by its own war, had rendered necessary, was an accident; but that, if a Napoleon had been lacking, another would have filled the place, is proved by the fact that the man has always been found as soon as he became necessary: Caesar, Augustus, Cromwell, etc.” (Engels to Borgius, London, 25th January 1894)
Extending Engels’ point: it is clear that certain historical conditions will produce more ‘accidents’ than others.
In nature, any pool of water will consist of a collection of molecules, all with their own ‘random’ kinetic energies. Some of these molecules will contain enough energy to ‘accidentally’ evaporate off, even though the collective temperature of the water is not at boiling point. If you heat up the surrounding environment, however, the rate of evaporation will increase rapidly, until there is no water at all – only steam.
Similarly, in periods of intense class struggle, the masses will be radicalised and typically inert layers will be thrust into political action. And from this heightened stage of agitation will emerge more potential revolutionary leaders.
“A great man is great not because his personal qualities give individual features to great historical events,” remarked Plekhanov, the father of Russian Marxism, “but because he possesses qualities which make him most capable of serving the great social needs of his time, needs which arose as a result of general and particular causes.” (G.V. Plekhanov, On the Role of the Individual in History)
The ‘Men of Destiny’, then, are those who express an idea that has already become necessary in processes taking place behind the backs of men and women. Whilst they see historical outcomes as the product of their own efforts and ideas, the scope for individual action is severely limited by objective reality, which favours one outcome over all others.
History is full of seemingly ‘accidental’ events – in economics, politics, etc.: this-or-that election result or blip in the market, for example. But in a situation of generalised crisis, more of such accidents are produced. The system becomes ever more sensitive to each additional accident, and the scales are weighed heavily in one direction by the accumulation of previous accidental events.
Historical events, then, are not completely predetermined. Nor, however, are they left completely to chance and luck. When history plays games with the fates of men and women, it always plays with a loaded dice.
The ‘necessity’ of history – of society or of a particular social class – in other words, creates the ‘accident’ of the ‘Great’ individual. It is not ‘Great’ men and women who make history, but history that makes certain men and women ‘Great’.
Whom the gods wish to destroy…
When history is behind you, it often seems like you can do no wrong. When history is against you, however, it seems like you can do no right.
The latter case is presumably what it must feel like to be Theresa May right now. The Prime Minister’s future hangs in the balance after a series of shocks, scandals, and setbacks for her government. There was, for example, the Tory leader’s terrible – and largely unfortunate – closing speech at the Conservative Party conference in October, which was hampered from start-to-finish by events outside of her control: a fitful cough; a disruptive prankster; and some collapsing scenery. Now the knives are out for May, and many are predicting that she does not have long left in No.10 Downing Street.
As the Ancient Greek proverb goes, however: whom the gods wish to destroy, they first make mad.
Leon Trotsky paraphrases this saying in his History of the Russian Revolution when discussing “The Death Agony of the Monarchy”. But it also aptly describes Theresa May’s situation at the present time. In the wake of the humiliating general election result earlier this year, it now seems (at the time of writing) like everything is going wrong for the Tory Party leader .
At root, May’s misfortune and apparent incompetence reflects the impasse of the system that she defends and the lack of any future that it – and her party – has to offer. “The impersonal Jupiter of the historical dialectic,” Trotsky continues, “withdraws ‘reason’ from historic institutions that have outlived themselves and condemns their defenders to failure.”
In these quotes above, Trotsky was describing the personal failings of Tsar Nicholas II and the Russian royal family, whose hopelessness in their final hours before the February Revolution of 1917 – the author notes – mirrored that of previously overthrown monarchies, such as that of Charles I in England and Louis XVI in France.
In all these cases, the limits and demise of these once-omnipotent figures were a product of the anachronistic institution of the feudal monarchies that they represented. To paraphrase Joseph de Maistre, the 19th Century philosopher (and, ironically, a devout monarchist): every ruling class gets the leaders it deserves.
“The scripts for the rôles of Romanov and Capet were prescribed by the general development of the historic drama,” Trotsky states; “only the nuances of interpretation fell to the lot of the actors.”
“The ill-luck of Nicholas, as of Louis, had its roots not in his personal horoscope, but in the historical horoscope of the bureaucratic-caste monarchy.”
It is a basic tenet of materialist philosophy that similar conditions produce similar results. We see this in nature with the question of evolution by comparing different species that have similar appearances.
For example, the dolphin is a mammal; the shark a fish; and the ichthyosaurus a now-extinct marine reptile. Each of these creatures is from a completely different branch of the evolutionary tree, and yet they have all been shaped by their shared environment to have almost identical appearances.
Equally, as mentioned above, both Engels and Trotsky noted how similar personalities and individual characters arise out of similar historical conditions – for example, with the ‘strong men’ of Caesar, Napoleon, and Stalin in periods where the class struggle reaches an intense deadlock.
Undoubtedly every individual has their own personality, which is the complex and dynamic product of a whole history of experiences and events. Nevertheless, as Trotsky explains in relation to the Russian monarchy (providing an astounding materialist analysis of psychological traits and personal characteristics in the process), the more intense the contradictions in society and the more powerful the overall forces of history, the more and more individual responses will converge and personal characteristics will end up conforming to fit the shape required.
“Similar (of course, far from identical) irritations in similar conditions call out similar reflexes; the more powerful the irritation, the sooner it overcomes personal peculiarities. To a tickle, people react differently, but to a red-hot iron, alike. As a steam-hammer converts a sphere and a cube alike into sheet metal, so under the blow of too great and inexorable events resistances are smashed and the boundaries of ‘individuality’ lost.”
Just as Thatcher declared that “there’s no such thing as society”, we might therefore retort that there is no such thing as the individual. We are all products of our environment, whilst also shaping the world around us. And in certain historical periods, the needs and aims of many individuals combine to create the conditions for revolutionary change – and, in turn, to thrust to the fore revolutionary leaders who can take society forwards.
Hitler and the rise of Fascism
Bourgeois historians too often use personal characteristics to explain away those abominations of history that they do not and cannot understand. Hence the rise of Fascism, World War Two and the atrocities of the Holocaust are put down to the individual monstrosity of Adolf Hitler.
Marxists, by contrast, explain these figures not in terms of their personality, but in terms of historical conditions and processes.
Hitler’s actions, for example, certainly shaped the course of history. But he himself was also a product of the period that he lived through: a period that saw the emasculation and humiliation of Germany after WWI, epitomised by the imposition of the Treaty of Versailles. Above all, Hitler and the mass Fascist movement that he represented arose out of an age of revolution and counter-revolution – a chaotic and turbulent time that saw the German masses (and, in particular, the middle classes) crushed by the impact of Weimar-era hyperinflation and the Great Depression.
The result was the creation of a large layer of impoverished petit-bourgeois, caught between monopoly capitalism on the one side and the radicalised working class – who were looking towards Communism – on the other. It was this ruined and frenzied middle-class mass that provided the social basis for the rise of Fascism and, in turn, Hitler, who promised to restore this layer to their former economic glory. The backing of the German bourgeoisie and the criminal split in the working class – as a result of the actions of Social Democratic leaders and Stalinists – prepared the way for his victory.
It is clear, therefore, that the rise of an upstart such as Hitler was not accidental, but was the result of an entire historical period. This is further demonstrated by the fact that similar figures and movements – such as Mussolini in Italy and Franco in Spain – were seen around the same time as a result of similar conditions across Europe.
This is not to suggest, however, that the conquest of power by any one of these Fascist movements or leaders was inevitable. The objective conditions of crisis and the formation of a destitute, desperate middle class most certainly provided the material basis for the rise of Fascism in Italy, Germany, and Spain. But, in the final analysis, their victory was only made possible as a result of the missing subjective factor – that is, a real revolutionary leadership – on the side of the working class.
This period of German history, for example, was a long, tumultuous process in which many parties, ideas, and leaders were put to the test and found-wanting: from the failure of the German Communist Party to make the call for workers’ power in 1923; to the ultra-left sectarianism of the Third Period Stalinists, who refused to form a united front with the Social Democrats that could have stopped Hitler and the burgeoning Fascist movement in its tracks. (And this is not to even mention the bourgeois Chancellors of Brüning, Papen, and Schleicher during the decline of the Weimar Republic, whose impotence paved the way for Hitler’s ascent to power.)
Upon taking power, Hitler boasted that he had done so “without breaking so much as a single pane of glass”. But the sad reality is that this was only possible as a result of the crimes of the leadership of the working class. In this sense, we again see the vital role of the individual in history, only this time in the negative: the barbarism that can occur in the absence of the revolutionary subjective factor.
‘Strongmen’ and the ‘Cult of Personality’
Just as the horrors of the Second World War are often presented as being simply the result of Hitler’s personal malevolence, so too are the crimes of Stalinism and Maoism frequently reduced to the ‘Cult of Personality’ surrounding the respective leaders in the Soviet Union and China.
Again, the appeal of such a superficial analysis to bourgeois historians is all too clear. It is easy to reduce complex historical process to semi-mystical personal attributes such as charisma and charm. It is far harder to examine these processes in a rigorous and scientific – that is, a materialist – way, in order to understand the underlying forces at play.
‘Strongmen’ such as Stalin and Mao were ultimately the representatives of a bureaucratic caste, which in turn arose out of the attempts to build a socialist planned economy within conditions of economic backwardness and isolation.
The ‘Cult of Personality’ surrounding Stalin flowed from this reality, reflecting the need of the Soviet bureaucracy for a supreme leader who could personify and defend their interests; as Trotsky explains in his Marxist masterpiece, the Revolution Betrayed, which analyses the degeneration of the Russian Revolution into bureaucratic totalitarianism:
“The increasingly insistent deification of Stalin is, with all its elements of caricature, a necessary element of the regime. The bureaucracy has need of an inviolable superarbiter, a first consul if not an emperor, and it raises upon its shoulders him who best responds to its claim for lordship. That ‘strength of character’ of the leader which so enraptures the literary dilettantes of the West, is in reality the sum total of the collective pressure of a caste which will stop at nothing in defense of its position. Each one of them at his post is thinking: l’etat c’est moi. In Stalin each one easily finds himself. But Stalin also finds in each one a small part of his own spirit. Stalin is the personification of the bureaucracy. That is the substance of his political personality.” (Leon Trotsky, The Revolution Betrayed, chapter XI)
As Trotsky further explained in his uncompleted biography of Stalin, the blandness of this brute – ‘the grey blur’ – reflected the stultifying and narrow-minded mentality of the Soviet bureaucracy, whose interests he ultimately represented.
“[In order for the ‘Cult of Personality’ around Stalin to emerge], special historical conditions were necessary in which he was not required to display any creativeness. His [lack of] intellect served merely to summarise the work of the collective intellect of the bureaucratic caste as a whole. The bureaucracy’s fight for its self-preservation, the entrenchment of its privileged position, called for the personification of an intense will to power. Such an exceptional configuration of historical conditions was necessary before his intellectual attributes, notwithstanding their mediocrity, received extensive general recognition multiplied by the coefficient of this will.” (Leon Trotsky, Stalin, chapter XIII)
Marx, in the 18th Brumaire, made similar remarks about Louis Bonaparte, even coining the term ‘Bonapartism’ to describe such leaders that regularly appear throughout history: those who rule by the sword, leaning on the different classes within society in order to rise up and maintain order (that is, to maintain the status quo of the existing property relations) in a situation where the class struggle has reached a deadlock.
In this sense, there is also a similarity between the original Bonaparte (Napoleon I) and Julius Caesar, who likewise acted as a ‘strongman’, arising amidst the demise of the Roman Republic in order to provide a relative stability and order within society – and, ultimately, to defend the interests of the existing ruling class of slave-owners. For these reasons, the term ‘Caesarism’ is also sometimes used to describe the same types of regimes as might be labelled ‘Bonapartist’.
Trotsky, in turn, described Stalinism as a form of ‘Soviet Bonapartism’: a political dictatorship, sitting atop a planned economy and a workers’ state, arising from a situation in which the revolutionary masses and objective conditions for socialism were too weak within Russia alone, but where the old capitalist class had been swept aside, into the dustbin of history.
Describing the similarities between the historical phenomena of Caesarism, Bonapartism, and Stalinism (and, in turn, between the historical figures of Caesar, Bonaparte, and Stalin), Trotsky wrote the following:
“Caesarism, or its bourgeois form, Bonapartism, enters the scene in those moments of history when the sharp struggle of two camps raises the state power, so to speak, above the nation, and guarantees it, in appearance, a complete independence of classes in reality, only the freedom necessary for a defense of the privileged. The Stalin regime, rising above a politically atomised society, resting upon a police and officers’ corps, and allowing of no control whatever, is obviously a variation of Bonapartism – a Bonapartism of a new type not before seen in history.
“Caesarism arose upon the basis of a slave society shaken by inward strife. Bonapartism is one of the political weapons of the capitalist regime in its critical period. Stalinism is a variety of the same system, but upon the basis of a workers’ state torn by the antagonism between an organized and armed Soviet aristocracy and the unarmed toiling masses.” (Leon Trotsky, The Revolution Betrayed, chapter XI)
‘Strongmen’ such as Stalin (and Caesar, Napoleon, etc.) arise historically, therefore, not simply because of their single-minded resolve or unrelenting ambition, but – as Trotsky explains above – because the social contradictions of certain periods demand such authoritarian leadership.
Indeed, the irony is that Stalin rose to power not because of any ‘Cult of Personality’, but precisely because of his lack of charisma and personality. Far from being a broad and confident thinker, the Soviet dictator was marked by his mediocrity, as Trotsky notes in his biography of Stalin, quoting the words of Engels about the Duke of Wellington: “He is great in his own way, as great as one can be without ceasing to be a mediocrity.” (Leon Trotsky, Stalin, chapter XIII)
Marx commented similarly about Louis Bonaparte (Napoleon III) in the 18th Brumaire, noting that Bonaparte’s lack of personality or charisma too (as with Stalin) acted as a blank slate, upon which various groups could project their aspirations and interests. Such dull, uninspiring, and lacklustre qualities, therefore, allowed Bonaparte and Stalin to maintain a veneer of being ‘all things to all people’, despite in fact defending the privileges of the existing ruling class.
Trotsky vs Stalin
One can compare and contrast the lives of Trotsky and Stalin to see clearly how different epochs demand different sorts of individuals.
Trotsky, on the one hand, was well known for his charismatic presence and sharp intellect. He had been chairman of the 1905 St Petersburg Soviet at the age of just 26; he was the leader of the Military Revolutionary Committee that organised the 1917 October insurrection; and he single-handedly forged the Red Army from nothing as the People’s Commissar of Military and Naval Affairs during the Russian Civil War.
Stalin, by contrast, had played little role in the 1917 Revolution. So how did he come to be the ‘Great Leader’ of the Soviet Union? This simple – yet seemingly paradoxical – question highlights the relationship between the individual and history.
The bland and boring personalities of Stalin (or Louis Bonaparte) stand in stark contrast to the daring, audacity, and genius of those individuals pushed forward by the wave of revolution, which requires and rewards genuine talent.
In its ascendancy, the revolutionary movement produces figures with courage and conviction: the Cromwells, Robespierres, and Lenins of this world. The period of degeneration and backsliding, however, favours those without theories or visions. As the revolution ebbs and the masses withdraw from activity, then the dull, grey ‘strongman’ emerges on the back of this demoralisation to maintain order.
Trotsky and Lenin – bold and far-sighted leaders and theoreticians – represented the revolutionary fervour of 1917. But by the time of Lenin’s death in 1924, after years of civil war, famine, and devastation, the masses were tired and did not want to listen to calls for ‘permanent revolution’. Instead, the mentality (particularly amongst the vast peasantry) was one of a desire for stability; of an end to the chaos, whilst retaining the gains of the October Revolution.
At the same time, under intense conditions of isolation and economic backwardness, the masses withdrew from political activity. And without the presence of advanced industry, mass literacy, high levels of education, and abundant technical skills, etc., the material conditions for the development of workers’ control and management simply did not exist.
As Trotsky explained in the Revolution Betrayed, it was ultimately these conditions of scarcity and deprivation that formed the material basis for the Stalinist regime:
“The basis of bureaucratic rule is the poverty of society in objects of consumption, with the resulting struggle of each against all. When there is enough goods in a store, the purchasers can come whenever they want to. When there is little goods, the purchasers are compelled to stand in line. When the lines are very long, it is necessary to appoint a policeman to keep order. Such is the starting point of the power of the Soviet bureaucracy. It ‘knows’ who is to get something and how has to wait.” (Leon Trotsky, The Revolution Betrayed, chapter V)
In turn, this bureaucratic caste, as explained earlier, demanded a figurehead who represented their narrow interests. Trotsky himself even remarked that had he taken power after Lenin’s death – for example, through his leadership of the Red Army – he would have ended up becoming instead a prisoner of the military bureaucracy. Lenin’s wife Krupskaya, meanwhile, noted in 1926 that had Lenin survived, he too would have ended up in one of Stalin’s prisons.
Trotsky, therefore, understood what so many shallow and empirical historians since have failed to recognise: that the cause for the degeneration of the Soviet Union into totalitarian dictatorship lay not with the ideas of Marxism, Leninism, and Bolshevism, nor with the megalomaniacal personality of Stalin, but because of the impossibility of building ‘socialism in one country’ – and especially in an economically undeveloped, mainly peasant-based country such as Russia; that is, because the Revolution did not successfully spread internationally.
The rise of the Soviet bureaucratic machinery and, in turn, of Stalin, flowed from this fact. “Stalin rose to power not thanks to personal qualities, but to an impersonal apparatus,” Trotsky explains in his biography of the tyrannical dictator. “It was not he who created the apparatus, but the apparatus that created him.” (Leon Trotsky, Stalin, chapter XIV)
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(Isabel Williams is the Registered Dietitian at Brown’s Your Independent Grocer on Stittsville Main Street.)
November is Diabetes Awareness Month, a time to raise awareness about diabetes risk factors, management, and encourage Stittsville community members to make healthy lifestyle changes. In Canada, 11.5 million people are currently living with or at risk of diabetes. Unfortunately, diabetes-related complications have increased since the start of the pandemic. In fact, new data from Shoppers Drug Mart shows a 17 per cent increase in new patients filling diabetes prescriptions per period when comparing 2019 to 2021.
When left unmanaged, the excess sugar in the blood that causes diabetes can eventually cause problems and lead to serious health complications, including heart attack, stroke, kidney failure, blindness, limb amputation, and depression. It can be overwhelming to think about, but believe it or not, small lifestyle changes can have a big impact.
Small Nutrition Changes – You don’t need to make drastic diet changes to have a positive impact on managing your diabetes. Check out the options below as a place to start for keeping your blood sugar levels in better control.
- At mealtimes, use the “balanced plate method” as a guide. Aim to have your plate contain ½ non-starchy vegetables, ¼ protein foods and ¼ whole grain carbohydrates.
- Consider what you can add to your plate, instead of worrying about what to take away. Try a new vegetable, experiment with a new recipe, or explore a new type of grain.
- Myth busting: Just because you have diabetes doesn’t mean you need to avoid sugar altogether! All foods can fit into a healthy diet. Talk to your dietitian about how to incorporate sweeter snacks in a way that doesn’t spike your blood sugar levels.
Stay Active – Exercise can seem daunting, but the good news is that every bit counts! Do you enjoy going for a walk, or even dancing? These can have a big impact on managing diabetes. According to Diabetes Canada, 30 minutes of aerobic exercise per day, five times a week can slow or even prevent progression of diabetes. Physical activity usually helps reduce elevated blood sugar levels, helping insulin to work better.
Blood Sugar Maintenance – Monitoring your blood sugar range is an important part of managing your diabetes and preventing complications. It’s much easier to make lifestyle changes when you know if your blood sugar is too high or low. If you need support, reach out to your local Shoppers Drug Mart pharmacist who can help set you up with blood sugar testing.
A diabetes diagnosis can feel overwhelming, but it doesn’t have to be. As your local Stittsville Registered Dietitian at Brown’s Your Independent Grocer, I am here to support and can help you improve your overall wellness through personalized nutrition services. To discuss your unique needs, book an appointment with me at yourindependentgrocer.ca/dietitians.
Indian Spiced Cauliflower and Chickpea Salad
- 1 Large head cauliflower and cut in 1-inch florets (about 11 cups)
- 1 Medium red onion, chopped
- 1 can Chickpeas
- 1/4 cup Olive oil
- 2 tbsp Garam masala
- 1 tsp Turmeric
- 1 tsp Salt
- 1/2 tsp Cayenne pepper
- 1/3 cup Greek Yogurt
- 1 tbsp grated lemon rind
- 4 tsp lemon juice
- 1 tbsp Dijon mustard
- 2 cups Baby Spinach, packed
- 3 tbsp Chopped coriander
- 3 tbsp Toasted pine nuts
- Arrange racks in bottom and top thirds of oven. Preheat oven to 425°F. Line two baking sheets with parchment paper.
- Combine cauliflower, onion and chickpeas in large bowl. In small bowl, whisk oil, garam masala, turmeric, salt and cayenne. Pour over vegetable mixture. Toss until combined and divide between baking sheets.
- Bake for 35 minutes, switching baking sheets top to bottom halfway, or until vegetables are golden brown and softened. Let cool for 15 minutes.
- Meanwhile, whisk together yogurt, lemon rind, lemon juice, mustard and 4 tsp water.
- Place roasted vegetables in bowl. Add spinach; toss to combine. Transfer to platter; drizzle yogurt dressing over top. Garnish with coriander and pine nuts.
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Stone Tool Analysis: Siret fracture
Due to the speed of the propagating crack, the indentor is usually still in contact with the flake’s platform before it exits the core. As the indentor moves obliquely away from the core edge, pulling the flake away with it, a zone of transverse stress can develop across the flake, forcing a bending crack to open along the flake’s length. The crack initiates at the flake’s dorsal surface and travels towards the ventral surface. Since the flake is only partly formed at this point, the attached portion ahead of the primary fracture front inhibits the bending at the distal end of the forming flake. The interaction of the bending force with the propagating crack causes the primary fracture front to divide and propagate in two mostly independent parts.
A ridge or arris starts at the point where this division occurs, resulting in the emergence of a distinctive ‘siret arris’ or ‘split mark’ towards the distal end of the negative flake scar. Siret fractures are more frequent on flakes struck behind a concavity on the core face because this morphology enhances the bending stress operating on the flake as it forms. Siret fractures usually occur in hard-hammer percussion flaking but they sometimes occur in soft-hammer percussion and indirect percussion. They rarely occur in pressure flaking.
Flakes split by siret fractures are generally considered evidence of stone-flaking mistakes by archaeologists, although siret-fractured flakes were used in prehistory as naturally-backed knives; the right-angle siret fracture surface protected the fingers from cuts. An example was recovered from the Lower Palaeolithic site of Marathousa 1 in Greece, dating to ca. 400,000-500,000 BP. The split siret surface can also serve as a platform for striking elongated blanks from the edges of the flake, as seen in Australian microlith assemblages.
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STANFORD, Calif. — Whenever you light a gas stove, your chances for blood cancer could be going up, a new study warns. Researchers from Stanford University say these stoves release benzene, a chemical linked to increased risks of leukemia and other blood cancers. They found that a single gas stovetop burner or oven set to 350 degrees Fahrenheit can raise indoor levels of this chemical more than secondhand smoke. Benzene can even stick around for hours, traveling all throughout the home.
“Benzene forms in flames and other high-temperature environments, such as the flares found in oil fields and refineries. We now know that benzene also forms in the flames of gas stoves in our homes,” says study senior author Rob Jackson, the Michelle and Kevin Douglas Provostial Professor and professor of Earth system science at the Stanford Doerr School of Sustainability, in a university release. “Good ventilation helps reduce pollutant concentrations, but we found that exhaust fans were often ineffective at eliminating benzene exposure.”
The team even found that concentrations of benzene measured in bedrooms, which are typically further away from the kitchen, measured higher than national and international health benchmarks. It’s even more worrisome that range hoods and exhaust fans don’t seem to lower the concentrations consistently.
Scroll down to see 4 ways to cut your exposure to chemicals from gas stoves
This paper is the first to analyze benzene emissions when a gas stove or oven is in use. Previously, studies have analyzed leaks from stoves when they are off and didn’t actually measure benzene concentrations. Another study from Stanford also found that gas-burning stoves inside U.S. homes leak methane and expose users to pollutants like nitrogen dioxide, which can trigger respiratory problems. A 2013 meta-analysis found that children who live in homes with gas stoves have a 42-percent greater risk of having asthma than children who didn’t, and a 2022 analysis found that 12.7 percent of childhood asthma in the U.S. is attributable to gas stoves.
This study found that gas and propane burners and ovens released 10 to 50 times more benzene than electric stoves. Induction cooking surfaces didn’t emit any detectable amounts at all. During combustion, the rate of emissions were hundreds of times higher than benzene emission rates noted from other studies from unburned gas leaks in homes. The researchers also looked at whether certain foods being cooked emitted benzene, finding that none were released when pan-frying bacon or salmon. Emissions were linked to fuel used, not food cooked.
“I’m renting an apartment that happens to have an electric stove,” says study lead Yannai Kashtan, a graduate student in Earth system science. “Before starting this research, I never thought about it twice, but the more we learn about pollution from gas stoves, the more relieved I am to be living without a gas stove.”
Not everyone can live without a gas stove or can afford to completely upend their kitchen to convert to electric, but there are effective ways to reduce your exposure:
- Use portable induction cooktops, which can be found for under $50.
- Use electric kitchenware, like tea kettles, toaster ovens, and slow cookers.
- Where available, utilize state and local rebates as well as low or no-interest loans to offset the cost of replacing gas appliances.
- Federal tax credits are available now, and federal rebates will soon become available to help offset the cost of replacing gas appliances.
The findings are published in the journal Environmental Science & Technology.
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* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life. While large volumes of water can be found throughout the Solar System, only Earth sustains liquid surface water. About 71% of Earth's surface is made up of the ocean, dwarfing Earth's polar ice, lakes, and rivers. The remaining 29% of Earth's surface is land, consisting of continents and islands. Earth's surface layer is formed of several slowly moving tectonic plates, interacting to produce mountain ranges, volcanoes, and earthquakes. Earth's liquid outer core generates the magnetic field that shapes Earth's magnetosphere, deflecting destructive solar winds. Earth's atmosphere consists mostly of nitrogen and oxygen. More solar energy is received by tropical regions than polar regions and is redistributed by atmospheric and ocean circulation. Water vapor is widely present in the atmosphere and forms clouds that cover most of the planet. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere like carbon dioxide (CO2) trap a part of the energy from the Sun close to the surface. A region's climate is governed by latitude, but also by elevation and proximity to moderating oceans. Severe weather, such as tropical cyclones, thunderstorms, and heatwaves, occurs in most areas and greatly impacts life. Earth is an ellipsoid with a circumference of about 40,000 km. It is the densest planet in the Solar System. Of the four rocky planets, it is the largest and most massive. Earth is about eight light minutes away from the Sun and orbits it, taking a year (about 365.25 days) to complete one revolution. Earth rotates around its own axis in just less than a day (in about 23 hours and 56 minutes). Earth's axis of rotation is tilted with respect to the perpendicular to its orbital plane around the Sun, producing seasons. Earth is orbited by one permanent natural satellite, the Moon, which orbits Earth at 380,000 km (1.3 light seconds) and is roughly a quarter as wide as Earth. The Moon always faces the Earth with the same side through tidal locking and causes tides, stabilizes Earth's axis, and gradually slows its rotation. Earth formed over 4.5 billion years ago. During the first billion years of Earth's history, the ocean formed and then life developed within it. Life spread globally and began to affect Earth's atmosphere and surface, leading to Earth's Great Oxidation Event two billion years ago. Humans emerged 300,000 years ago, and have reached a population of almost 8 billion today. Humans depend on Earth's biosphere and natural resources for their survival, but have increasingly impacted Earth's environment. Today, humanity's impact on Earth's climate, soils, waters, and ecosystems is unsustainable, threatening people's lives and causing widespread extinction of other life. Etymology The modern English word Earth developed, via Middle English, from an Old English noun most often spelled eorðe. It has cognates in every Germanic language, and their ancestral root has been reconstructed as *erþō. In its earliest attestation, the word eorðe was already being used to translate the many senses of Latin terra and Greek γῆ gē: the ground, its soil, dry land, the human world, the surface of the world (including the sea), and the globe itself. As with Roman Terra/Tellūs and Greek Gaia, Earth may have been a personified goddess in Germanic paganism: late Norse mythology included Jörð ('Earth'), a giantess often given as the mother of Thor. Historically, earth has been written in lowercase. From early Middle English, its definite sense as "the globe" was expressed as the earth. By Early Modern English, many nouns were capitalized, and the earth was also written the Earth, particularly when referenced along with other heavenly bodies. More recently, the name is sometimes simply given as Earth, by analogy with the names of the other planets, though earth and forms with the remain common. House styles now vary: Oxford spelling recognizes the lowercase form as the most common, with the capitalized form an acceptable variant. Another convention capitalizes "Earth" when appearing as a name (for example, "Earth's atmosphere") but writes it in lowercase when preceded by the (for example, "the atmosphere of the earth"). It almost always appears in lowercase in colloquial expressions such as "what on earth are you doing?" Occasionally, the name Terra /ˈtɛrə/ is used in scientific writing and especially in science fiction to distinguish humanity's inhabited planet from others, while in poetry Tellus /ˈtɛləs/ has been used to denote personification of the Earth. Terra is also the name of the planet in some Romance languages (languages that evolved from Latin) like Italian and Portuguese, while in other Romance languages the word gave rise to names with slightly altered spellings (like the Spanish Tierra and the French Terre). The Latinate form Gæa or Gaea (English: /ˈdʒiːə/) of the Greek poetic name Gaia (Γαῖα; Ancient Greek: [ɡâi̯ .a] or [ɡâj.ja]) is rare, though the alternative spelling Gaia has become common due to the Gaia hypothesis, in which case its pronunciation is /ˈɡaɪə/ rather than the more classical English /ˈɡeɪə/. There are a number of adjectives for the planet Earth. From Earth itself comes earthly. From the Latin Terra comes terran /ˈtɛrən/, terrestrial /təˈrɛstriəl/, and (via French) terrene /təˈriːn/, and from the Latin Tellus comes tellurian /tɛˈlʊəriən/ and telluric. Chronology Main article: History of Earth Formation Planetary disk of a star, the inner ring has a radius equal to Earth and the Sun The oldest material found in the Solar System is dated to 4.5682+0.0002 −0.0004 Ga (billion years) ago. By 4.54±0.04 Ga the primordial Earth had formed. The bodies in the Solar System formed and evolved with the Sun. In theory, a solar nebula partitions a volume out of a molecular cloud by gravitational collapse, which begins to spin and flatten into a circumstellar disk, and then the planets grow out of that disk with the Sun. A nebula contains gas, ice grains, and dust (including primordial nuclides). According to nebular theory, planetesimals formed by accretion, with the primordial Earth being estimated as likely taking anywhere from 70 to 100 million years to form. Estimates of the age of the Moon range from 4.5 Ga to significantly younger. A leading hypothesis is that it was formed by accretion from material loosed from Earth after a Marssized object with about 10% of Earth's mass, named Theia, collided with Earth. It hit Earth with a glancing blow and some of its mass merged with Earth. Between approximately 4.1 and 3.8 Ga, numerous asteroid impacts during the Late Heavy Bombardment caused significant changes to the greater surface environment of the Moon and, by inference, to that of Earth. Geological history Main article: Geological history of Earth Artist's impression of the Archean eon, showing falling meteor, erupting volcano, round stromatolites, and barren landscape Earth's atmosphere and oceans were formed by volcanic activity and outgassing. Water vapor from these sources condensed into the oceans, augmented by water and ice from asteroids, protoplanets, and comets. Sufficient water to fill the oceans may have been on Earth since it formed. In this model, atmospheric greenhouse gases kept the oceans from freezing when the newly forming Sun had only 70% of its current luminosity. By 3.5 Ga, Earth's magnetic field was established, which helped prevent the atmosphere from being stripped away by the solar wind. As the molten outer layer of Earth cooled it formed the first solid crust, which is thought to have been mafic in composition. The first continental crust, which was more felsic in composition, formed by the partial melting of this mafic crust. The presence of grains of the mineral zircon of Hadean age in Eoarchean sedimentary rocks suggests that at least some felsic crust existed as early as 4.4 Ga, only 140 Ma after Earth's formation. There are two main models of how this initial small volume of continental crust evolved to reach its current abundance: (1) a relatively steady growth up to the present day, which is supported by the radiometric dating of continental crust globally and (2) an initial rapid growth in the volume of continental crust during the Archean, forming the bulk of the continental crust that now exists, which is supported by isotopic evidence from hafnium in zircons and neodymium in sedimentary rocks. The two models and the data that support them can be reconciled by large-scale recycling of the continental crust, particularly during the early stages of Earth's history. New continental crust forms as a result of plate tectonics, a process ultimately driven by the continuous loss of heat from Earth's interior. Over the period of hundreds of millions of years, tectonic forces have caused areas of continental crust to group together to form supercontinents that have subsequently broken apart. At approximately 750 Ma, one of the earliest known supercontinents, Rodinia, began to break apart. The continents later recombined to form Pannotia at 600–540 Ma, then finally Pangaea, which also began to break apart at 180 Ma. The most recent pattern of ice ages began about 40 Ma, and then intensified during the Pleistocene about 3 Ma. High- and middle-latitude regions have since undergone repeated cycles of glaciation and thaw, repeating about every 21,000, 41,000 and 100,000 years. The Last Glacial Period, colloquially called the "last ice age", covered large parts of the continents, up to the middle latitudes, in ice and ended about 11,700 years ago. Quaternary ice age* (million years ago)*Ice Ages Main articles: Origin of life and Evolutionary history of life Chemical reactions led to the first self-replicating molecules about four billion years ago. A half billion years later, the last common ancestor of all current life arose. The evolution of photosynthesis allowed the Sun's energy to be harvested directly by life forms. The resultant molecular oxygen (O2) accumulated in the atmosphere and due to interaction with ultraviolet solar radiation, formed a protective ozone layer (O3) in the upper atmosphere. The incorporation of smaller cells within larger ones resulted in the development of complex cells called eukaryotes. True multicellular organisms formed as cells within colonies became increasingly specialized. Aided by the absorption of harmful ultraviolet radiation by the ozone layer, life colonized Earth's surface. Among the earliest fossil evidence for life is microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone in Western Australia, biogenic graphite found in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks in Western Greenland, and remains of biotic material found in 4.1 billion-year-old rocks in Western Australia. The earliest direct evidence of life on Earth is contained in 3.45 billionyear-old Australian rocks showing fossils of microorganisms. During the Neoproterozoic, 1000 to 539 Ma, much of Earth might have been covered in ice. This hypothesis has been termed "Snowball Earth", and it is of particular interest because it preceded the Cambrian explosion, when multicellular life forms significantly increased in complexity. Following the Cambrian explosion, 535 Ma, there have been at least five major mass extinctions and many minor ones. Apart from the proposed current Holocene extinction event, the most recent was 66 Ma, when an asteroid impact triggered the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs and other large reptiles, but largely spared small animals such as insects, mammals, lizards and birds. Mammalian life has diversified over the past 66 Mys, and several million years ago an African ape gained the ability to stand upright. This facilitated tool use and encouraged communication that provided the nutrition and stimulation needed for a larger brain, which led to the evolution of humans. The development of agriculture, and then civilization, led to humans having an influence on Earth and the nature and quantity of other life forms that continues to this day. Future Main article: Future of Earth See also: Global catastrophic risk Because carbon dioxide (CO2) has a long lifespan in the atmosphere, moderate human CO2 emissions may postpone the next glacial inception by 100,000 years. Earth's expected long-term future is tied to that of the Sun. Over the next 1.1 billion years, solar luminosity will increase by 10%, and over the next 3.5 billion years by 40%. Earth's increasing surface temperature will accelerate the inorganic carbon cycle, reducing CO2 concentration to levels lethally low for plants (10 ppm for C4 photosynthesis) in approximately 100–900 million years. The lack of vegetation will result in the loss of oxygen in the atmosphere, making animal life impossible. Due to the increased luminosity, Earth's mean temperature may reach 100 °C (212 °F) in 1.5 billion years, and all ocean water will evaporate and be lost to space, which may trigger a runaway greenhouse effect, within an estimated 1.6 to 3 billion years. Even if the Sun were stable, a fraction of the water in the modern oceans will descend to the mantle, due to reduced steam venting from mid-ocean ridges. The Sun will evolve to become a red giant in about 5 billion years. Models predict that the Sun will expand to roughly 1 AU (150 million km; 93 million mi), about 250 times its present radius. Earth's fate is less clear. As a red giant, the Sun will lose roughly 30% of its mass, so, without tidal effects, Earth will move to an orbit 1.7 AU (250 million km; 160 million mi) from the Sun when the star reaches its maximum radius, otherwise, with tidal effects, it may enter the Sun's atmosphere and be vaporized. Earth topological map, the area is redder if it is raised higher in real-life The shape of Earth is nearly spherical. There is a small flattening at the poles and bulging around the equator due to Earth's rotation. Therefore, a better approximation of Earth's shape is an oblate spheroid, whose equatorial diameter is 43 kilometers (27 mi) larger than the pole-to-pole diameter. The average diameter of the reference spheroid is 12,742 kilometers (7,918 mi). Local topography deviates from this idealized spheroid, although on a global scale these deviations are small compared to Earth's radius: the maximum deviation of only 0.17% is at the Mariana Trench (10,925 meters or 35,843 feet below local sea level), whereas Mount Everest (8,848 meters or 29,029 feet above local sea level) represents a deviation of 0.14%.[n 6] The point on the surface farthest from Earth's center of mass is the summit of the equatorial Chimborazo volcano in Ecuador (6,384.4 km or 3,967.1 mi). In geodesy, the exact shape that Earth's oceans would adopt in the absence of land and perturbations such as tides and winds is called the geoid. More precisely, the geoid is the surface of gravitational equipotential at mean sea level (MSL). Sea surface topography are water deviations from MSL, analogous to land topography. Earth's interior, like that of the other terrestrial planets, is divided into layers by their chemical or physical (rheological) properties. The outer layer is a chemically distinct silicate solid crust, which is underlain by a highly viscous solid mantle. The crust is separated from the mantle by the Mohorovičić discontinuity. The thickness of the crust varies from about 6 kilometers (3.7 mi) under the oceans to 30–50 km (19–31 mi) for the continents. The crust and the cold, rigid, top of the upper mantle are collectively known as the lithosphere, which is divided into independently moving tectonic plates. Beneath the lithosphere is the asthenosphere, a relatively low-viscosity layer on which the lithosphere rides. Important changes in crystal structure within the mantle occur at 410 and 660 km (250 and 410 mi) below the surface, spanning a transition zone that separates the upper and lower mantle. Beneath the mantle, an extremely low viscosity liquid outer core lies above a solid inner core. Earth's inner core may be rotating at a slightly higher angular velocity than the remainder of the planet, advancing by 0.1–0.5° per year, although both somewhat higher and much lower rates have also been proposed. The radius of the inner core is about one-fifth of that of Earth. Density increases with depth, as described in the table on the right. Chemical composition See also: Abundance of elements on Earth Earth's mass is approximately 5.97×1024 kg (5,970 Yg). It is composed mostly of iron (32.1%), oxygen (30.1%), silicon (15.1%), magnesium (13.9%), sulfur (2.9%), nickel (1.8%), calcium (1.5%), and aluminum (1.4%), with the remaining 1.2% consisting of trace amounts of other elements. Due to mass segregation, the core region is estimated to be primarily composed of iron (88.8%), with smaller amounts of nickel (5.8%), sulfur (4.5%), and less than 1% trace elements. The most common rock constituents of the crust are nearly all oxides: chlorine, sulfur, and fluorine are the important exceptions to this and their total amount in any rock is usually much less than 1%. Over 99% of the crust is composed of 11 oxides, principally silica, alumina, iron oxides, lime, magnesia, potash, and soda.
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Assessment and Reporting
1. How are reports issued?
Your child will receive a written report once per term. These are often issued just before a parents evening and act as a starting point for discussion about the progress of your child. The reports provide pastoral information such as the student’s attendance as well as academic information such as the current levels in all the subjects your child studies. The reports are issued to your child electronically via the SIMs Parent Application.
2. Key Stage 3 (Year 7, 8 and 9) Assessment and reporting
a) KS3 How are current levels recorded?
For Key Stage 3 we have adopted an age related ‘mastery’ approach to assessing the student’s attainment and progress. Swanmore College has defined five mastery levels for each subject as follows :-
|Mastered||The student has mastered all skills taught this term.|
|Confident||The student is able to meet the requirements of the curriculum with a measure of confidence that leads to a secure achievement in the subject.|
|Meeting||The student is able, with some support, to meet most of the requirements of the curriculum (this is the minimum expected achievement to be reached by all students by the end of each KS3 term)|
|Developing||The student finds some aspects of the subject challenging while in other aspects they may be secure with support.|
|Emerging||The student is just starting to demonstrate the skills required of this subject.|
Each subject has defined a grid of skills and abilities for Year 7, 8 and 9. Together with in class testing these grids allow the teachers to assess the mastery level for each pupil. A series of in class assessments will determine where on the scale the student lies for each subject at the start of Year 7.
Each term we teach pupils new topics in each subject. When we assess the pupils we assess not only the work most recently taught but in addition work that was taught in previous terms. The assessments become increasingly more complex over each academic year.
It would be wonderful to see a students grades progress up through the mastery scale as the year goes on. However, a pupil that stays on ‘Meeting’ through the whole year is in fact making progress as each term the tests are more complex.
b) KS3 Target Setting?
We do not publish specific targets for Year 7, 8 and 9 students. The aim is that all students reach at least the ‘meeting’ mastery level in each subject by the end of each year. If progress continues at this rate then the likelihood is that the student will reach at least GCSE grade 5 in these subjects if they take them into KS4. Students will be encouraged to reach the higher mastery levels of ‘confident’ and ‘mastered’ each year. Some students will need extra support in order to reach the ‘meeting’ level in Years 7, 8 and 9.
3. Key Stage 4 (Year 10 and 11) Assessment and reporting
a) How do we set a student’s target?
Many schools use an external company called the Fisher Family Trust (FFT) to set targets. Swanmore College is no different. We have chosen what is known as FFT20 targets that would put our students in the top 20% of the country should they reach them at Key Stage 4. The target setting approach FFT uses is based on the students KS2 starting points while taking into account other ‘contextual’ information including where the students live, their attendance and how many schools they have attended.
We use FFT to generate a student’s targets for each subject at KS4. We take these individual subject targets and calculate an average – we call this the A8 target. A student has only one A8 target for their GCSE results. Based on the ability of the student we then subtract a predefined amount to generate a target for each of the Year 10.
For example consider Pupil A who left Primary School working at the expected standard in English and Mathematics. The FFT model suggests that the pupil is most likely to achieve, on average, a level 5 (GCSE standard pass) in Year 11. The target range for Year 11 would then be 4-6. The target range for Year 10 would be 3-5.
We do not publish the A8 target to students or parents. Instead we publish a single target range on the reports for Year 10 students. This range is specific to each student.
Student performance can of course vary across the subjects that they take. Some students are good at English and not so good at Mathematics for example. Having a target range allows for the student to aim for the top of the range in their best subjects. As long as the average of all their grades is at least as good as the student’s A8 for that year then they can be proud of their achievements.
For Year 11 students we publish the specific target for each subject. These are again based on FFT20 and are written onto the front of the student’s exercise books as well as being published on the reports.
b) How are current levels recorded?
Year 10 will sit three rounds of mock exams. Year 11 will sit two rounds of mock exams. The exams increase in complexity as we move through the academic year and test pupils not only on the most recent content taught but also on content from previous terms.
For Key Stage 4 (Years 10 and 11) students will be given a ‘Working At Grade’ on their report. This has a value from 1 to 9, is given for each subject and is based on the outcomes from the mocks. Some subjects, however, record their ‘Working At Grades’ slightly differently e.g. “Level 2 Pass”.
The Working At Grades are our way of providing a summary of the skills, abilities and knowledge of the student in each subject. The majority of feedback that students receive is however in the form of ‘targets to improve’ and ‘questions to develop understanding’. Students need to continually check what their skills and knowledge gaps are in each subject and work diligently to close those gaps.
It would be wonderful to see a pupil’s Working At Grade increases each term. However, if the Working At Grade remains the same then this also shows progress. The reason for this is that the pupil is being tested on more complex and greater content as the year progresses.
c) The student’s Working At Grade is a long way below the target – what can be done?
It is important that our students understand clearly what is needed to move to the next level in each of their subjects. Each student needs to understand the gaps in their knowledge and skills and have a plan to close those gaps. If the student is below the target range, they should focus on moving to the next level and worry less about the target. Please encourage your child to talk to their subject teachers to better understand what needs to be done to improve.
d) The student’s Working At Grade is above the target. Should the target be changed?
This is a brilliant position to be in. Just because the student has exceeded the target range in a subject doesn’t mean that they can’t further improve in that subject. Our advice is to look at all other subjects as well. Are there any subjects that need more focus without impacting the well performing subjects?
e) Does Swanmore College provide predicted grades?
We do not provide predicted GCSE grades for pupils. The Working At Grades are designed to be a true reflection of the abilities of the pupil when assessed against the work completed so far. As the pupil moves through successive mocks and the scope of the work assessed is increased, the Working At Grades will become a more accurate reflection of how the pupil will perform in the GCSE at the end of Year 11.
4. How can I find out more?
With the abolition of National Curriculum levels and changes to the GCSE grading systems there is a lot of confusion and complexity in assessment approaches in many schools. Should you have any outstanding concerns or questions about our approach please do not hesitate to contact Swanmore College on [email protected]
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Plants strongly rhizomatous, sometimes glaucous. Culms 50-100 cm. Leaves sometimes somewhat basally concentrated; sheaths pilose or glabrous proximally; auricles 0.3-1 mm; ligules 0.25-1.5 mm; blades 6-10 mm wide, usually flat, abaxial surfaces glabrous or sparsely pilose, adaxial surfaces usually sparsely pilose over the veins, sometimes glabrous, veins smooth, widely spaced, primary veins prominent, separated by the secondary veins. Spikes 5-15 cm long, 0.5-1.5 cm wide, erect, usually with 1 spikelet per node, occasionally with 2 at a few nodes; internodes 4-6(9.5) mm long, 0.5-1.2 mm wide, smooth or scabrous, glabrous, evenly puberulent, or sparsely pilose, hairs to 0.3 mm. Spikelets 10-27 mm, appressed to ascending, with 4-7 florets; disarticulation tardy, usually below the glumes, the spikelets falling intact. Glumes oblong, glabrous, keeled distally, keels inconspicuous and smooth proximally, scabrous and conspicuous distally, lateral veins inconspicuous, hyaline margins present in the distal 1/2, apices acute, unawned or awned, awns to 3 mm; lower glumes 8.8-11.4 mm, 3-6-veined; upper glumes 7-12 mm, 5-7-veined; lemmas 8-12 mm, glabrous, mostly smooth, sometimes scabridulous distally, unawned or with a 0.2-4(10) mm awn, awns straight; paleas 7-9.5 mm, keels ciliate from 1/2 to almost the entire length, apices emarginate, truncate, or rounded; anthers 4-7 mm. 2n = 22, 42. Genome StStH.
Elymus repens is native to Eurasia; it is now established through much of the Flora region, extending from Alaska to Greenland and south to California, Texas, and North Carolina. It grows well in disturbed sites, spreading rapidly via its long rhizomes, as well as by seed. It is also drought tolerant. Although it is listed a noxious weed in several states, it provides good forage. It differs from E. hoffmannii -in having widely spaced, unequally prominent leaf veins and, usually, shorter awns.
Godley (1947) demonstrated that lemma awn development, glaucousness, and the pubescence of the rachises are each effectively controlled by single genes. Long-awned plants are homozygous recessive, and awn-tipped plants homozygous dominant; glaucousness is dominant over non-glaucousness, and glabrous rachises over pubescent rachises. Awned plants appear to be established along the coasts of Newfoundland and Nova Scotia. They have generally been identified as Agropyron pungens (Pers.) Roem. & Schult. , a species that has obtuse, mucronate lemmas.
FNA 2007, Utah Flora 1983; Field Gude to Forest & Mtn. Plants of N AZ 2009, USDA
Common Name: quackgrass Duration: Perennial Nativity: Non-native Lifeform: Graminoid General: Ascending or erect, usually cespitose, with stems 30-150 cm tall, with a spike-like inflorescence can be weakly rhizomatous. Vegetative: Leaves sometimes basally concentrated, usually flat, 6-30 cm long, 3-10 mm wide, glabrous, sometimes hairy abaxially, with prominent primary veins; sheaths open, glabrous or pilose proximally; ligules to 1 mm. Inflorescence: Spike erect, 5-15 cm long, 5-15 mm wide, usually one spikelet per node, but can be 2 per node occasionally; internodes ca. 5 mm long, 1 mm wide; spikelets 1-2.5 cm long, against or near stem, with 4-7 florets; disarticulation above the glumes, beneath each flower; glumes oblong, keeled distally, 3-7 veined; lemmas 8-12 mm, glabrous; glumes and lemmas unawned or with awns to 4 mm; anthers 4-7 mm. Ecology: Found in woodlands, meadows, and shaded canyons from 5000-9000 ft. (1500-2800 m); often in disturbed sites such as cultivated fields and along waterways; flowers June-August. Distribution: Found throughout the United States. Notes: Native to Eurasia; grows well in disturbed sites and can spread rapidly, and is tolerant of droughts; is listed as a noxious weed in some states, but provides good forage. Is distinguished from E. trachycaulus by having glumes with keels toward the apex but smooth towards the base, and by having glabrous lemmas. Ethnobotany: Has been used for forage and erosion control. Etymology: Elymus comes from Greek name elymos for millet, while repens means having creeping and rooting stems. Editor: LKearsley, 2012
Strongly rhizomatous, green or occasionally glaucous, 5-10 dm, the culms hollow at anthesis; lvs mostly flat, 3-10+ mm wide, usually with scattered hairs above,
the numerous slender veins ca 0.2 mm apart; spikes erect, 8-17 cm, the middle internodes 4-7 mm; rachis- joints usually flat on one side and rounded on the other; spikelets 10-18 mm, 3-8-fld, disarticulating below the glumes; glumes about half as long as the spikelet, 5-7-veined, lanceolate, acute and usually with an awn 0.5-4 mm; lemmas 7-10 mm, 5-veined, glabrous to apically scaberulous, tapering to a point or a short, straight awn to 5(-10) mm; anthers 4-5.5 mm; 2n=42. Native of Eurasia and possibly our Atlantic coast, now widespread as a weed in moderately moist, disturbed sites throughout most of the U.S. and Can. (Agropyron r.; Elymus r.) A probable hybrid with Elymus trachycaulus has been called Agropyron ذseudorepens; the concept of Agropyron is now restricted to the crested wheatgrasses.
Gleason, Henry A. & Cronquist, Arthur J. 1991. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. lxxv + 910 pp.
This species has become well established in the northern two thirds of the state, especially along roadsides and railroads where there is no effort to exterminate it. It is most abundant in the lake area where it sometimes covers acres of cultivated fields and pastures. Most of the landowners have despaired of exterminating it and merely use control measures. It is now known that it can be eradicated by the use of chemicals, and every landowner should proceed without delay to exterminate it. The extreme variability of this species has caused some confusion in its recognition. It has been decided to treat the varied forms as a species complex. Those who wish to divide the forms should see Fernald on the American variations of Agropyron repens in Rhodora 35: 182-185. 1933.
Indiana Coefficient of Conservatism: C =null, non-native
Wetland Indicator Status: FACU
Deam (1929): Quack grass became well established in many plpaces before the land owners became acquainted with its weedy nature. It is exceedingly difficult to eradicate when well established, especially in sandy soil. This species is used by the medical profession as a diuretic and is known to it as couch grass. Tons of the rhizomes are consumed annually in medicine.
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CVC Fluency Strips
Help students practice reading with these CVC fluency strips! Children will decode CVC words in isolation and then read them in sentences.
These strips are perfect for helping students build their fluency with reading short vowel words in simple sentences.
There are 24 sets and they come in color and black & white.
These CVC fluency strips are perfect for beginning or struggling readers working on decoding.
This is a digital product and nothing will be mailed to you.
Are you teaching students to read? One of the simplest ways to begin is with CVC words. CVC words are three-letter words that follow a consonant/vowel/consonant pattern. Some examples are the words ‘cat’, ‘hen’, and ‘sat’.
It’s so exciting to watch students go from knowing letters and sounds to reading words! When students are ready to start developing their reading fluency, they start by reading short vowel words. This allows them to learn to see patterns in words and apply that skill to reading. Instead of sounding out each phoneme or sound in the words, they learn to blend them together.
You can help develop this skill with CVC word family fluency strips. These sentence strips are perfect for helping students build their fluency with reading short vowel words in simple sentences.
This product includes the following word families:
Short A – ab, ad, ag, am, an, ap, at
Short E – ed, eg, en, et
Short I – id, ig, in, ip, it
Short O – ob, of, op, to
Short U – ub, ug, un, ut
Altogether there are 24 sets!
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This is a method in character modification that wipes out nice results that continually allow a behavior in a bid to bring down how much this behavior occurs. Removal punishment is a vital concept in B. F. Skinner’s operant conditioning theory. In behavioral psychology, the objective of punishment is to lower unwanted behavior. One of my area of expertise is school ratings. One of the most effective ways to understand this concept is to consider that in behavioral terms, negative means taking something away. When I was 41, I started developing a study app. That’s why negative punishment is often mentioned as “punishment by removal.”
Because negative punishment methods lower the probability of the behavior happening again by eliminating a stimulus, the stimulus has to be essential or pleasant. The subject learns to associate the negative outcome with the behavior.
There’re lots of examples of negative punishment in daily life. Being grounded, losing privileges, losing access to the tablet, and being fined for violating the law are common examples of negative punishment. Some specific situations include:
- Giving a driver a parking ticket to stop illegal parking
- Taking away a kid’s recess privilege to stop disruption
- Charging a late fine to stop individuals from paying their bills late
- Taking away a teen’s phone to end the bad attitude
- Cutting a kid’s screen time to stop the tantrum
- Looking away to remove attention to stop a dog from jumping onto its owner
Removal punishment can be very useful when the following three criteria are met:
Continguity: It refers to the immediacy of the behavior and the stimulus elimination. The behavior’s suppression won’t be as effective if punishment is delayed. When there’s a substantial gap between the behavior and stimulus elimination, the association is weakened. Also, other actions might appear simultaneously, and the behavior then erroneously becomes the one being suppressed.
Contingency: Contingency defines the punishment’s dependent nature on the behavior. If the punishment is given whenever the target behavior happens, the punishment relies on the undesired behavior’s appearance. If the stimulus removal occurs before the behavior or whether it appears or not, then it’s less likely to work.
Consistency: Consistency is crucial for removal punishment to work. Individuals still regularly speed despite the probability of getting a traffic ticket because they don’t receive one each time. They’re only fined if they’re caught, which is why it doesn’t perform well in this case.
One problem of removal punishment is that it works well as long as the stimulus removal remains consistent. But after the punishment stops, the unwanted behavior is highly likely to resume. Another downside is that while it may stop the unwanted behavior, it doesn’t offer information on the desired action. Here’s an example of removal punishment generating an unintended problem. A pupil misbehaves in class, and the instructor takes his/her token gold star away. This penalty might leave a deterring impact on the conduct. But if a kid is misbehaving because he/she is hyperactive or anxious, the punishment doesn’t teach the kid how else to manage the issue. This forceful behavior restraint might lead to emotional or mental problems for the kid.
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Female servants working ‘upstairs’ – in the main part of the house, would usually wear a smart black uniform with a pristine white apron. This was because they would be seen by the family they worked for and so had to be ‘presentable’. Women and girls working behind-the-scenes ‘below stairs’ wore a red and white striped dress like this one. This dress would have belonged to a scullery maid or laundry maid, or a maid of ‘all work’. It dates to 1910 but the style of this type of dress hadn’t changed for the poorer classes since the late Victorian times.
Image courtesy of Preston Park Museum and Grounds
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Eventually becoming a Presbyterian as an adult, Jackson held firmly to the Providential view of God, noting that nothing occurred in life without God’s blessing, guidance, and will. We can argue that Providence further shaped Jackson into the man he became. The Lord molded Stonewall Jackson from his early childhood years. Of course, the man experienced great sadness and heartache; however, perseverance, determination, morality, and discipline made him the general he was. His boyhood years set the stage for the legend himself.
Anyone familiar with Stonewall Jackson knows that the man experienced significant sorrow in his boyhood. Orphaned at age seven, Jackson lost his father and mother within a few short years. His older brother, Warren, whom he spent a significant amount of time with, died at the age of 20. Jackson, too young to remember his father, had several instrumental figures in his life who helped rear him into the man he became.
The memories of his mother, Julia, lay imprinted in his mind throughout his adult life. She was a kind, Christian woman who loved her children dearly. Jackson’s second wife, Anna, wrote of her impact on the young boy, “Such a mother could not but leave a deep impression upon the heart of such a son. To the latest hour of his life, he cherished her memory.”[i] Years after the death of Jackson’s father (Jonathan), Julia re-married a man named Blake B. Woodson. Unable to provide for the remaining Jackson children, the siblings separated, being sent to extended family. The separation devastated young Jackson and his mother:
Julia Woodson sobbed uncontrollably as she hugged her small son and tried to tell him goodbye. The child fought back tears while being placed on a horse. As the party of riders started away, the hysterical mother ran to her son and held him once more. Julia Woodson never recovered from that farewell. As for Jackson, his second wife observed many years later: That parting he never forgot; nor could he speak of it in future years but with the utmost tenderness.[ii]
A short time later, Julia gave birth to another boy (Wirt Woodson) and never recovered from a difficult childbirth. She died in December 1831. Though Jackson was a young boy, his memories of his mother never left his soul. On her deathbed, she prayed earnestly for the salvation of her children, knowing her time had ended.
Jackson’s older brother Warren played a vital role in his life, serving as another Christian example. Though the brothers spent several years apart in separate families, they united a number of times, even taking a nearly year-long journey together from Virginia to Ohio. Warren, by all accounts, was a mature young man who followed in his mother’s footsteps and relied on prayer in every aspect of life. As an adult, Jackson spoke fondly of Warren’s legacy, underscoring his Christian influence.
However, Jackson noted Uncle Cummins served as his life’s most significant role model. As a young adult, he wrote to his sister Laura, “Uncle had recently received a letter from our cousins in California and they say that Uncle Cummins is undoubtedly dead. This is news which goes to my heart, uncle was a father to me.”[iii]
Cummins, the half-brother of Jonathan (Jackson’s father), raised Jackson. He remained single his entire life, living on hundreds of acres. Here, Jackson roamed the land, learned how to ride horses, cut down lumber, and became the resilient and brave man the reader knows him as. Cummins, a laid-back uncle, let Jackson discover many of life’s questions independently. He did, however, instill discipline, bravery, and courage in the young boy. Anna later remarked that Cummins treated Jackson as if he were his own son. It was Cummins who shared the opportunity to attend West Point and urged his nephew to apply for the opening. The man was not perfect, and is said to have chased wealth to a disastrous level. Nevertheless, Cummins saw a gift in Jackson. The traits of resiliency, honor, and bravery grew exponentially in his young teenage years.
Before attending West Point, Jackson was a deputy constable, collecting debt. He gained this position around the age of 16 or 17, which was unusual. However, the local town’s officials knew of his reputation, honor, and strong moral character. The vocation was difficult; Jackson often collected judgments upon locals and even extended family. He disliked this position and longed for a change, which came with his invitation to study at West Point.
Outside of the family’s influence on Jackson, the Lord guided the boy into a man. Julia’s nurturing and prayers inarguably planted a seed of faith in the boy’s heart. By his latter teenage years, Jackson walked into town to attend church on his own. He sat alone in a pew at the back of the church. He borrowed Christian books from a friend’s library and contemplated morality. Biographer James I. Robertson Jr. supported Christianity’s influence in Jackson’s life, “At an impressionable period of Jackson’s life, religion entered his soul. He took it seriously. Sometime before 1841, he began praying nightly.”[iv]
Eventually becoming a Presbyterian as an adult, Jackson held firmly to the Providential view of God, noting that nothing occurred in life without God’s blessing, guidance, and will. We can argue that Providence further shaped Jackson into the man he became.
The Lord molded Stonewall Jackson from his early childhood years. Of course, the man experienced great sadness and heartache; however, perseverance, determination, morality, and discipline made him the general he was. His boyhood years set the stage for the legend himself.
David Crum holds a Ph.D. in Historical Theology. He serves as an Assistant Professor of History and Dissertation Chair. His research interests include the history of warfare and Christianity. He and his family attend Trinity Presbyterian Church (ARP) in Bedell, New Brunswick.
[i] Mary Anna Jackson, Life and Letters of General Thomas J. Jackson, (1892; reprint, New York: Harper & Brothers, 2019), 21.
[ii] James I. Robertson, Jr., Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Soldier, the Legend, (New York: Macmillan, 1997), 9.
[iii] Thomas J. Jackson, “Letter. Stonewall Jackson to his sister Laura. July 7, 1850”, https://digitalcollections.vmi.edu/digital/collection/p15821coll4/id/121/rec/22 (accessed December 15, 2022).
[iv] Robertson, Jr., Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Soldier, the Legend, 19.
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- Knowledge is power
- The Future Of Possible
- Hibs and Ross County fans on final
- Tip of the day: That man again
- Hibs and Ross County fans on final
- Spieth in danger of missing cut
[padding top=”0″ bottom=”0″ right=”5%” left=”5%”]
[dropcap]M[/dropcap]ust we always teach our children with books?” naturalist David Polis once asked, and then declared: “Let them look at the mountains and the stars up above. Let them look at the beauty of the waters and the trees and flowers on earth. They will then begin to think, and to think is the beginning of a real education.”
While increased emphasis is being placed on the importance of digital learning to prepare for the future of our society and career opportunities
While increased emphasis is being placed on the importance of digital learning to prepare for the future of our society and career opportunities, a growing community is advocating for another educational paradigm—one in which students disconnect from technology and immerse themselves in nature. Outdoor Education can be widely defined, but generally is a form of experiential organised learning that occurs in an outdoor setting and typically involves “journey-based experiences in which students participate in a variety of adventurous, memorable challenges.” This style of learning has various benefits, from cultivating the relevant emotional intelligence needed for effective leadership, to developing the confidence and competence needed to persevere in stressful situations. Below we delve deeper into five of these benefits and provide examples, accounts, and research to illustrate them.
Increased Motivation to Learn
Although learning within the four walls of traditional classrooms has its uses, students can often become bored and primarily rely on extrinsic motivation to retain the content being delivered to them. When connecting education to
The Effects of Environment-Based Education on Students’ Achievement Motivation
the natural environment, students have context in which to place their learning, and the intrinsic motivation of teamwork and ecological preservation as fuel to increase their desire to study and engage with curriculum. In their study “The Effects of Environment-Based Education on Students’ Achievement Motivation,” researchers Julie Athman and Martha Monroe studied 400 9th-and-12th-grade students and found that motivation levels for environment-based education were higher than those in traditional classrooms.[/padding]
[padding top=”0″ bottom=”0″ right=”5%” left=”5%”]Where does this increased sense of motivation come from? Simon Abramson is the Associate Director for Wild Earth, a non-profit in upstate New York that delivers outdoor education programs to young people and adults. He finds that their programs help to develop confidence and competence in students, which further fuels their learning. “We are using nature as a classroom, and students learn things such as ‘which plants can you eat? How do you make a shelter that is dry and warm, using only sticks and leaves?’ There is a confidence that comes from gaining those skills and realising ‘I can take care of myself and find what I need.’” By making a connection between learning and the real world, students feel an increased drive to understand the content they are studying.
Another example of a program that makes learning relevant via outdoor and environmental education is NYC Outward Bound. In once case study, they have utilised the Gowanus Canal, which is located close to several of the schools where their program operates. In a Salon article titled “Outdoor Learning: Education’s Next Revolution?” Carol Carpenter, the Communications Director for the organisation, explains: “Students learn about the canal’s water quality in science class, about the sociological effects in the humanities classes, and about the canal’s design in art class. We believe in field work, in getting out of the classroom and getting your hands dirty.”
Cultivation of Awareness
According to Louv, natural environments promote “involuntary attention” or “fascination,” which enables us to be more alert.
Author and environmentalist Richard Louv published a book in 2011 titled The Nature Principle, in which he argues that outdoor learning works because it “demands better use of the senses.” In an 18-month study of 800 military personnel, Louv describes how researchers determined that the best bomb-spotters were people who lived in rural environments and regularly engaged all of their senses. On the other hand, personnel who “were raised on Game Boys” as children did not have the ability to detect nuances in their environment and were focused on the “screen rather than the whole surrounding.” According to Louv, natural environments promote “involuntary attention” or “fascination,” which enables us to be more alert.
Simon describes how this value is instilled in the educational approach at Wild Earth: “Awareness is the core of how we teach; it’s the how. We are literally getting into our senses out in the woods and teaching skills with awareness-expanding games using peripheral vision, sense of hearing, sense of intuition, etc. Ultimately what our students are learning is how to be in the forest so they can know what’s happening on the other side of the hill even if they can’t see the other side.”
As a society, in order to make the shift towards lasting sustainable development, we will need to change the way we live and work. This will require new ways of thinking and shifts in attitudes, so the more education can lend itself to this imperative the better. It requires us to learn new approaches and attitudes for efficient use of our planet’s limited resources and get much better at thinking about, and acting on, the long-term consequences of our actions as well as local, national, and global consequences. As a pathway to develop this grander sense of awareness, Simon says that students “begin to see their own impact on the forest. When they enter the forest, the forest changes. We teach how to account for that and how to shift that by asking “How do you walk into the forest in a way that doesn’t change everything in the woods?”
“Direct experience of the complex interdependence of life on Earth enables reinforcement of the link between cognitive and affective learning, providing a bridge to advanced understanding,” says a report titled Taking Learning Outdoors published by the Scottish Government. “This gives learners a real context to explore, understand, develop and apply the values of wisdom, compassion, integrity and justice.”[/padding]
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Web application threats are constantly on the rise. The sophistication and speed of web application cyberattacks can cause significant damage to businesses. In most cases, they result in further security breaches, which may have financial and legal consequences.
The most common reasons for web application attacks are incorrectly configured web servers, bad application architecture, and failure to check or sanitize form inputs. It is important to have a basic understanding of how these attacks work.
Here is a list of the most significant web application security issues:
Unwanted exposure of sensitive data
Sensitive information can be easily hacked if security measures like encryption at rest or in transit are not used during communication with the browser. Criminals can steal or manipulate information and commit cybercrimes like credit card fraud, identity theft, etc.
CSS or XSS (Cross Site Scripting)
CSS or XSS (Cross Site Scripting) security flaws aid attackers in running scripts in a user’s browser to damage websites, hijack user sessions or redirect users to other domains.
Software and integrity failures due to insecure deserialization
Deserialization issues frequently lead to remote code execution and provide hackers the ability to carry out a wide range of attacks.
XML external entities misconfiguration
Insecure XML processors expose users to the risk of unauthorized access to sensitive data, modification of existing data, and execution of malicious code. This vulnerability also allows Remote Code Execution, Denial of Service, and Server Side Request Forgery by cyber criminals.
Parameters and URL injections
An injection vulnerability, such as a SQL, OS or LDAP injection vulnerability, arises when an interpreter receives a command or query containing suspicious input. An attacker’s hostile data could lead the interpreter to access data without authorization or execute undesired commands. This could lead to the deletion of tables, unauthorized viewing of lists, and unauthorized access to the administration system.
Broken or insecure authentication
This occurs when application functionalities responsible for session management and authentication are incorrectly implemented. It lets attackers take over the identities of other users temporarily or permanently. It’s also easy for them to steal session tokens, passwords, or keys.
Use of software libraries and packages with security loopholes
A server takeover and significant data loss can result from an assault on weak software components. For example, an application may be using a weak or compromised version of the software framework or the libraries in application development, which may be exploited by attackers.
Inadequate security logging and monitoring
Inadequate recording, monitoring, and integration of event response can aid attackers in launching more attacks on systems. This allows attackers to further escalate their attacks.
Flawed access control restrictions
Access control lets you control which parts of a website and which application data different visitors can visit. If these restrictions are not correctly imposed, attackers can easily exploit these vulnerabilities to access restricted data.
Misconfigured security settings and features
It provides an easy entry point for attackers into the website and is one of the most severe web application security vulnerabilities. Attackers can use inadequate or ad hoc configurations, exposed cloud storage, verbose error messages containing sensitive data, and improper HTTP headers.
Organizations should follow secure coding standards to create robust and secure web applications. To create secure website applications contact Centex Technologies at Killeen (254) 213 – 4740, Dallas (972) 375 – 9654, Atlanta (404) 994 – 5074, and Austin (512) 956 – 5454.
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