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In 2016, the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) sought to make kratom a Schedule I drug, arguing that it offered no medical benefit and had a high potential for abuse.
However, due to numerous complaints from members of the public challenging the action, the DEA reversed its decision and kratom remains legal in most U.S. states today. Kratom users state that the plant is an effective treatment for opioid withdrawal, chronic pain, mood disorders, and fatigue. This paper seeks to explain the purported benefits and risks of kratom use, current legislation of the substance, and why it is important for the underwriter to know more about this potentially unsafe drug.
Mitragyna speciosa Korth, more commonly known as kratom, is an evergreen tree native to Southeast Asia which is grown primarily in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand. The trees can grow to 50 feet high and 15 feet wide. Kratom refers to the tree as well as the extracts and preparations made from the leaves of the plant. Historically, kratom leaves, which contain psychoactive substances, have been consumed for medical and recreational use as a mild stimulant, or as a sedative at stronger doses. The leaves are chewed or made into tea to combat fatigue, increase work productivity, and alleviate pain.1 Kratom is also known as ketum, kakuam, thang, thom, maeng da and biak.
There are a number of different strains of kratom, with different strains having different effects. Maeng Da is originally from Thailand, but there are also Indonesian and Malaysian strains, which can be green, red, or white in color. It is generally regarded as strong and long-lasting compared to Indo kratom from Indonesia, which is weaker in strength. The leaves of plants from Thailand contain up to 66% mitragynine, one of the active components in kratom, and as little as 12% in kratom leaves from Malaysia.2 Indo strains are known to help with relaxation, pain relief, and anxiety. Bali kratom, also from Indonesia, is red in color and regarded as the most opioid-like of kratom strains. Green Malay, from Malaysia, is dark green in color and provides a sedative effect on the user in high doses. Other forms include red, green, and white Thai kratom and Borneo kratom.3
The main active components in kratom are mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine. Products made from kratom leaves generally contain about 2% mitragynine and 0% to 0.02% 7-hydroxymitragynine.4 The average weight of a fresh leaf is 1.7g and a dried kratom leaf is 0.43g, with 20 leaves containing approximately 17mg of mitragynine. Once the leaves are dried and ground into a powder, they are generally compressed as 5kg bricks and shipped overseas. However, the manufacture and storage of kratom are currently unregulated, and the concentrations of 7-hydroxymitragynine can vary depending on the method of production.5
Risks Associated with Kratom Use
Kratom is consumed to help with symptoms of depression and anxiety as well as to increase energy and focus. It is also used in the suppression of inflammation and pain. The effects of kratom are generally felt within 5 to 10 minutes of consumption and can last for up to six hours.6 Users have also been found to take kratom to reduce symptoms of withdrawal from opioids. At low doses, kratom acts as a stimulant, but at higher doses it can have a sedative or narcotic effect. Negative effects of kratom use include nausea, tachycardia, hypertension, dizziness, constipation, confusion, tremor, and sleepiness. The use of kratom with other drugs can cause elevated creatinine and bilirubin levels, with some animal experiments reporting kidney and liver damage as a result of elevated liver enzymes and cellular damage.4,5 Liver injury, typically cholestatic injury, has been found to occur within two to eight weeks of commencing regular use of kratom, with the consumer experiencing symptoms of fatigue, nausea, and dark urine followed by jaundice, with serum bilirubin levels rising above 20mg/dL.2
In recent years, kratom has grown in popularity in the U.S. and the U.K. as it is easy to purchase online and advertised as a ‘legal high.’ Price per gram ranges from 2 to 10 euros depending on the country of purchase and the type of kratom. It can also be purchased directly from gas stations and specialist stores (for example, marijuana and CBD oil dispensaries) in the U.S.7 There is little or no regulation of these products, hence the user cannot be assured of the purity of the contents. Kratom is usually sold as a supplement and therefore does not have to go through formal testing or clinical trials. As a result, the risk of overdose is relatively high due to the lack of product testing as well as insufficient guidance for use on product packaging.8 However, there have been no reported deaths to date in Southeast Asia from the traditional use of pure kratom leaf, likely because users tend to buy fresh ketum juice that has not been contaminated with other compounds.1,2,9
So far, there have been 44 reported deaths in the U.S. as a result of kratom use; however, as nearly all the deaths involved poly-drug use, a direct causative link cannot definitively be made. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has reported that, in many cases, kratom was contaminated with other opioids such as hydrocodone.5 One such product, called Krypton, was found to contain O-desmethyltramadol, an active metabolite of the synthetic opiate tramadol, which has been implicated in nine deaths. Krypton can be bought over the internet and is consumed in many countries around the world. It is frequently sold in large quantities of up to 50 grams, even though the recommended dose is as little as <5g. Hence, there is a significant risk of unintentional overdose.
While kratom is not yet illegal in the U.S., the FDA is actively monitoring the sale of kratom products and has issued a number of warnings to companies for making false claims about its ability to treat opioid addiction, depression, anxiety, and even cancer. Furthermore, the FDA has issued several public warnings regarding the consumption of kratom, including warnings about product contamination from salmonella and even heavy metals. In April 2018, packages of Maeng Da Red were recalled across the U.S. after the presence of salmonella was detected in the kratom powder product.10 Between 2017 and 2018, a total of 199 people from 41 states were infected with salmonella from contaminated kratom products. Of the 81 products tested, 52% were contaminated with several types of salmonella.11 In April 2019, the FDA confirmed that test results on 30 kratom products showed the presence of heavy metals such as lead and nickel at levels considered not safe for human consumption.12
Prevalence of Use
The World Drug Report 2019 notes the growing importance of kratom in 2016 and 2017, with seizures of kratom reported by six countries, mainly in Southeast Asia. There has been a clear upward trend over the last decade in seizures of new plant-based psychoactive substances that replicate those under international control. 13
The American Kratom Association suggests that in excess of 5 million people in America are using kratom.7 According to the International Narcotics Control Board, U.S. authorities encountered 55 tons of kratom, equating to 50 million doses, between February 2014 and July 2016.8 There have been increasing numbers of calls to the American Association of Poison Control Centers (AAPCC) regarding kratom use. Between January 2010 and December 2015, poison control centers received 660 calls about exposure to kratom, with the number of calls increasing tenfold from 26 in 2010 to 263 in 2015. Two-thirds of these calls related solely to kratom. Three-quarters of users were male, with an average age of 28, and 7% of all kratom-related adverse events were classified as major and life-threatening.5 From 2016 to 2018, there was a sixfold increase in calls regarding kratom use, with more than 635 calls made to the AAPCC’s national hotline in 2018.7,14
Prevalence of lifetime kratom use (ages 12 to 65) in Thailand in 2007 was 2.3%, significantly higher than for marijuana use, with up to 9.4% of adolescents between the ages of 13 and 16 reporting kratom use in the last 30 days. The 2008 national survey found that up to 70% of the male Thai population used kratom on a daily basis in parts of southern Thailand.4 While information on the prevalence of kratom use in other countries outside of Southeast Asia is not available, evidence to date indicates that more and more people in the U.S. and in Europe are using kratom for the treatment of pain and symptoms of opioid withdrawal.9
Surveys by the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) in 2008 showed that kratom was one of the most widely promoted ‘legal highs’ in 44% of the 27 online shops investigated. By July 2011, kratom was the most widely offered product, with 128 out of 631 online retailers sending it to at least one EU member state, most commonly to the U.K.2
Kratom can be consumed in different forms, such as capsules, tablets, gum, tinctures, extracts, and drinks. The fresh or dried leaves are often boiled and made into tea. Kratom leaf tends to be very bitter, so honey or sugar is usually added to make it more palatable. It can also be smoked or vaped, but this is a less common method. In the U.S., kratom is usually consumed in liquid form or by mixing the powder with food, although kratom capsules are growing in popularity.
Problems arise when the product is mixed with caffeinated drinks and cough syrup containing codeine, dextromethorphan, and diphenhydramine. The mixture is boiled to create a syrup known as “4 x 100,” to which ice cubes, a benzodiazepine, an antidepressant, or an analgesic is added to make a kratom cocktail.4,5 These homemade cocktails are becoming increasingly popular among young Muslim people as they can mimic the effects of alcoholic drinks.2
A recently reported case of kratom overdose in the U.S. involved an unresponsive male who was admitted to the hospital with significant tachycardia and hypotension after consuming more than 500g of kratom the previous day.15 There is also a high likelihood that the product may be contaminated with other synthetic drugs or that the concentrations of O-desmethyltramadol in the preparation may be higher than recommended (O-desmethyltramadol is twice as potent as its parent drug tramadol and has been linked to a number of cases of drug poisoning in Sweden).16
Research to date would appear to support the fact that in pure herbal form of doses of less than 5g, kratom is far less hazardous than classic opioids. In Malaysia, kratom is commonly consumed as a juice, with 42% of consumers drinking two to three glasses a day and 44% consuming more than three glasses a day. One glass measures approximately 350mL of kratom juice, but it is often mixed with caffeinated soda, dextromethorphan, or nimetazepam (a benzodiazepine). The kratom cocktail (4 x 100) is becoming an increasingly popular method of kratom consumption, which is far riskier than ingesting pure leaf kratom.5
Kratom is illegal in Germany, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Russia, Sweden, and Turkey but can be bought in Denmark, Finland, and Norway with a valid medical prescription. The legal status of kratom in the U.K. is complicated as it is defined as a psychoactive substance, although the plant M. speciosa is not a Schedule I controlled substance. In the U.K., it is currently the second most commonly used drug, behind Salvia divinorum (a plant species with psychoactive properties) to obtain a legal high.1 It was listed as a controlled substance in Australia in 2003, and many Southeast Asian countries also state that kratom is an illegal substance. It is currently illegal in Malaysia under the Poisons Act 1952, but the use, possession, and production of kratom have been legal in Thailand since 2018 if used for medicinal purposes. It is illegal in South Korea and Japan, but the legal status of kratom in China is quite unclear. It remains legal in India and South Africa and most parts of South America, with the exception of Brazil. Health Canada has not authorized the sale of any product in Canada containing kratom. It is legal to sell capsules and powder containing kratom, as long as the intention is not for ingestion.17, 18
In the U.S., there has been much debate in recent years about whether the use of kratom is beneficial or harmful. It is currently not a listed substance under the Controlled Substances Act, but the DEA does not recognize any legitimate use of the substance and it remains a ‘drug of concern.’ The DEA sought to make kratom a Schedule I drug in August 2016, but due to public backlash, kratom is still legal in all U.S. states except for Arkansas, Alabama, Indiana, Rhode Island, Wisconsin, and Vermont as well as the District of Columbia, with some U.S. cities banning its use.4 The DEA based its decision to classify kratom as a Schedule I drug based on reports of adverse effects and claims that kratom causes psychotic symptoms and leads to addiction. As a Schedule I drug, it would be extremely difficult for any further research to be carried out on the safety or any clinical benefits of kratom. At present, kratom cannot be legally advertised in the U.S. as a treatment for any medical condition.9,19,20
To date, there are no FDA-approved uses for kratom; in fact, the FDA advises against using kratom in any form and clearly states that there is no reliable evidence to show that it is a safe and reliable treatment for opioid use disorder.19 Despite the conclusion by the DEA, with support from the FDA and the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) that kratom did not appear to be a public health threat, the FDA issued an import ban in June 2019 on kratom products or products containing Mitragyna speciosa. It applies to products marketed as dietary supplements and bulk dietary ingredients from numerous companies in Canada, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and the U.S. based on inadequate information providing reasonable assurance that the ingredients do not present a risk of illness or injury.21, 22
Mitragynine has numerous effects on multiple receptors, leading to opioid-like effects on the consumer. The compound 7-hydroxymitragynine is about 13 times stronger than morphine and 46 times more potent than mitragynine. It crosses the blood-brain barrier at a much faster rate than mitragynine. Other compounds found in kratom such as speciociliatine, paynantheine, and speciogynine may contribute to the psychoactive effects of the drug. Following scientific analysis by the FDA on 22 of the 25 compounds identified in kratom, the commission stated that kratom compounds could theoretically bind to the mu opioid receptors, affecting the body just like opioids. Mu opioid receptors facilitate positive reinforcement following direct activation (from morphine) or indirect activation (alcohol, cannabinoids, nicotine).23, 24
However, the study never tested to find out if the compounds actually produced opioid agonist activity in living cells or organisms. While no human trials have yet been conducted, well-controlled surveys have shown that kratom users have been successful in managing their pain and opioid use disorders. Although recent studies indicate that kratom acts in a similar way to opioids on receptors, its molecular structure is very different from well-known opioids such as morphine, and mitragynine is much less likely to cause respiratory depression than opioids.9
At doses of 1 to 5 g of raw crushed leaves, users experience mild effects such as increased energy and euphoria or adverse effects such as increased anxiety and irritability. At moderate to high doses of 5 to 15g, the sedative effects are greater than the stimulant effects, and users experience symptoms such as increased euphoria, relaxation, and analgesia. In chronic users, additional effects include depression, weight loss, and psychosis. When amounts greater than 15g of raw crushed leaves are consumed, symptoms of acute kratom overdose such as respiratory depression and hypotension can occur.1
Kratom dependence is widespread, with the number of people in Thailand admitted for treatment increasing from 1,000 in 2007 to 3,000 in 2011, accounting for 2% of all drug treatment admissions in Thailand.4 A study by Kittirattanapaiboon et al. looked at drug use, including the use of kratom, with concurrent mental health issues and found a statistically significant higher suicide risk.1 Kratom abuse in southern Thailand is often associated with patients who suffer from mental illness. Studies have shown that consuming more than 20 leaves per day for three to five years is associated with hallucinations (31%) and symptoms of paranoia (17.2%).25 In Singh et al.’s 2014 study of kratom used in the treatment of opioid dependence, the authors found that people who took kratom for more than six months reported withdrawal symptoms similar to opioid use, and that those who took kratom began craving it, requiring treatment similar to that required for opioid addiction.26 Evidence, therefore, suggests that rather than help to treat opioid addiction, the use of kratom may actually lead to addiction.
Additional Findings from Other Studies and Surveys on the Risks of Kratom Use
There are no published human studies or clinical trials on kratom or mitragynine consumption, making it extremely difficult to understand the benefits or harms of consumption. It is impossible to understand any link between the drug and the true consequences of consumption. At present, there is no standard method to test for kratom on drug screening.5 Mitragynine can be detected in human urine from 1.00-500.00 ng/mL using mitraphylline as an internal standard.18
There are very few studies looking into the use and potential abuse of kratom. One study in the U.S. found that most users are between 31 and 50 years of age, cohabiting, employed with an annual household income of at least US$35,000, and had used kratom for between one and five years. Users primarily consumed kratom to relieve symptoms of acute or chronic pain and to help with mental health problems. Doses of up to 5g of kratom showed lower odds for detrimental effects than amounts of 8g or more.4
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recently analyzed data from the State Unintentional Drug Overdose Reporting System (SUDORS) on overdose deaths that occurred between July 2016 and December 2017, of which 0.56% (152) decedents tested positive for kratom on post-mortem. Fentanyl and fentanyl analogs were the most commonly identified co-occurring substances (65.1%), followed by heroin (32.9%), benzodiazepines (22.4%), prescription opioids (19.7%), and cocaine (18.4%). Kratom was therefore identified primarily in deaths that occurred as a result of overdoses related to substance misuse and was detected in combination with other substances.27
The American Kratom Association conducted a survey of nearly 3,000 users to examine the primary reason for use and found that 48% used it for pain relief; 22% for anxiety, PTSD, or depression; 10% for energy or focus; and 10% for reducing the symptoms of opioid withdrawal. Adverse reactions were noted in 13% of respondents, with symptoms reported as mostly mild and self-managed.28
In 2016, a survey was conducted of 10,000 current kratom users in the U.S. Of the 8,049 completed responses, 56.59% had used kratom for between one and five years, with the most common methods of consumption being in powder form dissolved in a beverage, followed by pill form. It was primarily consumed to relieve the symptoms of pain (68%) and by those suffering from anxiety, depression, or PTSD (66.5%). One-fifth of users reported negative symptoms from kratom use; those who took 21 doses or less a week were less likely to experience symptoms of nausea, constipation, or vomiting than those who consumed higher doses. Doses of 5g taken three times per day were sufficient to meet the needs of the user in most cases.29
A study of 70 regular kratom users examined their cognitive function using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB). It found deficits in function with chronic kratom consumption (more than three glasses of kratom juice taken per day) in new learning and visual episodic memory. However, the study also noted that kratom use does not appear to impair social functioning and rarely causes health problems.4
A survey of 135 kratom users in Malaysia who were taking it to manage drug withdrawal symptoms showed that 90% of them consumed kratom to reduce addiction to other drugs. Of those surveyed, 77% had used cannabis and 53% had used heroin prior to turning to kratom.5
A separate study in Malaysia in 2014 found that users who consumed more than three glasses of kratom juice per day or used kratom more than three times per day were seven and five times, respectively, more likely to report severe dependence than those who consumed less than these amounts. Further analysis of this group found that while kratom was not as socially and financially destructive as other drugs such as heroin and opium, only 18% of the group went more than three months without using kratom before relapsing.5
The prevalence of psychotic symptoms in kratom users in Malaysia was studied in 150 regular users. Six of the 150 users (4%) presented with symptoms of psychosis, but the study did not find any significant association with regular kratom use.30
A study of 163 Malaysian male opioid and kratom users on self-reported prevalence and severity of opioid and kratom side effects found that kratom initiation was associated with decreased prevalence of respiratory depression, constipation, physical pain, insomnia, depression, loss of appetite, craving, decreased sexual performance, weight loss, and fatigue.31
Another study of regular kratom users in Malaysia looked at the degree of pain and sleep problems following the cessation of kratom use, and found that 84% experienced moderate pain and 45% experienced sleep problems. Those who drank four or more glasses of kratom tea/juice per day (76-115mg of mitragynine) were twice as likely (OR 2.0, CI: 1.04-3.93) to report pain and sleep problems during kratom cessation, compared to those who only consumed one to three glasses per day.32
A 2014 review of kratom use by more than 500 traditional users in southern Thailand reported that at one-year follow-up, five users had died. Two heavy users had stomach masses of accumulated kratom fiber. The study concluded that most users were still healthy and had no serious health concerns, except for those who had swallowed its fiber.33
Kratom products are usually consumed in an attempt to reduce pain, improve symptoms of anxiety and depression, increase energy, reduce fatigue, and reduce the symptoms of opioid withdrawal. It is frequently consumed in conjunction with other drugs and its availability for purchase in cannabis stores and smoke shops should alert the underwriter as to its potential use by marijuana, CBD, or supplement users, particularly those who live in the U.S. Although traditionally it has been used for centuries in parts of Southeast Asia, it is also becoming increasingly popular in Europe. Applicants who declare the use of ‘supplements’ in the management of the conditions listed above should be asked to confirm the type of supplement used and, where kratom has been disclosed, the amount and duration of use, and method of consumption. Additional disclosures including tremor, palpitations, hypertension, and/or abnormal liver function should be treated with caution. Regular use of kratom, particularly at high doses, can lead to increased tolerance and, in some cases, dependence.
Kratom is an emerging drug of abuse in the Western world. Currently, there is insufficient evidence to confirm or refute that kratom consumption is safe. Indications are that kratom products are highly likely to be contaminated with other substances that in themselves are not safe, and that product information on dosage amounts is, at best, sketchy. While it is apparent that low levels of this substance have a stimulus effect on the user and high levels have a sedative effect, long-term use in large doses can lead to withdrawal symptoms and side effects similar to that of opioids. Current research indicates that high doses consumed on a regular basis have harmful effects on the user, but clinical trials are required to better define its benefits, if any, as a therapeutic drug. Users who self-medicate with kratom should be aware of the risks associated with its consumption.
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https://www.rgare.com/knowledge-center/article/kratom-the-new-opioid
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| 0.959782 | 5,296 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Use air to drive hydraulic pump. Once the outlet hydraulic pressure reaches the setting pressure, it will stop driving and won't waste any energy.
If the outlet pressure is reducing, it will supplement pressure automatically to maintain the pressure continuously.
The outlet pressure of the pump and the pneumatic pressure of driving are as direct ratio. The outlet pressure will base on the adjustment of pneumatic pressure to change.
The hydraulic pressure (available hydraulic pressure from 60 – 500 Kgf/㎝²) ， flow rate of pump and circuit control system will base on the requirement to be different.
The circuit control system has the function of check. If there is no pneumatic pressure, the hydraulic pressure will be maintained.
The best application is for work clamping systems or hydraulic pressure supply system which needs to maintain pressure for a long time but less operate.
It has the function of inspection pressure and can be interlocked with the machine.
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://www.sandsun.com.tw/en/product_sub_pump-for-overload-protector.html
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| 0.886291 | 196 | 2.515625 | 3 |
If the repository tree contains the complete results of a build, and we try to build from the repository without any files in our local tree, something moderately surprising happens:
% mkdir $HOME/build2 % cd $HOME/build2 % scons -Q -Y /usr/all/repository hello scons: `hello' is up-to-date.
Why does SCons say that the hello program is up-to-date when there is no hello program in the local build directory? Because the repository (not the local directory) contains the up-to-date hello program, and SCons correctly determines that nothing needs to be done to rebuild that up-to-date copy of the file.
There are, however, many times when you want to ensure that a
local copy of a file always exists.
A packaging or testing script, for example,
may assume that certain generated files exist locally.
To tell SCons to make a copy of any up-to-date repository
file in the local build directory,
env = Environment() hello = env.Program('hello.c') Local(hello)
If we then run the same command, SCons will make a local copy of the program from the repository copy, and tell you that it is doing so:
% scons -Y /usr/all/repository hello Local copy of hello from /usr/all/repository/hello scons: `hello' is up-to-date.
(Notice that, because the act of making the local copy is not considered a "build" of the hello file, SCons still reports that it is up-to-date.)
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://www.scons.org/doc/2.0.0.final.0/HTML/scons-user/x4082.html
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|
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| 0.829723 | 351 | 2.640625 | 3 |
From 2014 to 2024
The NAP states that the overarching objectives of the action plan are the following:
1. Increase the number of women in military operations outside the national territory;
2. Increase the involvement of women in decision-making processes;
3. Increase inter-ministerial cooperation with non-governmental organisations and civil society.
The NAP also includes an implementation matrix with the following five objectives:
1. Increase the number of women involved in the entire area of activities carried out at the Ministry of National Defense level;
2. Promote the importance of implementing UNSCR Resolution 1325 within the Ministry of National Defense;
3. Promote the importance of implementing UNSCR Resolution 1325 in the Ministry of National Defense in the Romanian media;
4. Promote the importance of implementing UNSCR Resolution 1325 in the Ministry of National Defense, in theaters of operations* and in allied and/or host countries mass-media;
5. Evaluating and reporting on the implementation of UNSCR Resolution 1325 in the Ministry of National Defense.
Romania transitioned into a democratic regime in 1989 with the overthrow of the country’s long-lasting communist government. Romania does not have a recent history of large-scale conflict. However, the country has had a tense relationship with its ethnic Hungarian population, which resulted in violent clashes between Romanians and ethnic Hungarians in the Transylvanian city of Târgu Mureș in 1990.
UN Peacekeeping Statistics
Contingent: 6 out of 120
Experts: 0 out of 11
Police. 6 out of 22
*Military a military term to describe combat operations.
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<urn:uuid:14e99065-895d-4fae-a3f5-babf8b8e1130>
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://www.securitywomen.org/unscr-1325-and-national-action-plans-nap/romania
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en
| 0.909069 | 344 | 2.625 | 3 |
St. Patrick’s Day Writing Prompts
This packet contains 20 different St. Patrick’s Day and spring writing prompts great to be used in kindergarten, first or second grade. Each writing prompts has 4 different pages you can use – one that has a picture with something to write, one they can write a full page prompt, one that you can cut the page in half and write a half page prompt and then one that the student can just draw. The drawing prompt allows the student to think about what they would write and put their thoughts into pictures. A picture is worth a thousand words! Pre-writing, writing prompts! The entire packet is 60+ pages long.
Help your students think and write about love and friendship with these St. Patrick’s Day Writing Prompts. There are 15+ Writing Prompts and 60+ pages in this packet.
Students can think and write about love and friendship.
This product contains 60+ pages: (15+ different writing prompts)
There are 4 different types of pages:
–One that has a picture and a place to respond to the prompt
—One that has 2 of the same writing prompts on the page so that you can cut it in half/ optimize on paper.
—One that is for a longer writing prompt/a full sheet of paper
–One that just has a drawing -for students that are younger or at a different level and need to just draw.
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<urn:uuid:2803fd6e-bd0d-402d-b0b1-9550d1875ca3>
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://www.sightandsoundreading.com/product/st-patricks-day-writing-prompts/
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en
| 0.940026 | 295 | 2.75 | 3 |
By Libby Lyons
Growth in industries requiring skills in science, technology, engineering and mathematics has seen much attention on the need to encourage more women to pursue education in STEM fields.
The government is making a substantial investment in programs designed to attract and retain women in STEM careers, including scholarships and an investment in a new National Career Education Strategy.
It is right that this is viewed as a national priority: we have a shortage of skilled STEM workers and the lack of women in STEM threatens our capacity for innovation, which is enhanced by different perspectives and access to the best talent.
But while we recognise the need to attract more women into skilled technical roles, we are not doing anything to encourage men into female-dominated industries and jobs. In fact, between 1995 and 2015, ABS statistics show we have actually seen a decline in the proportion of men in Australia's two female-dominated industries of health care and social assistance, and education and training.
The fact we are not even talking about the lack of men in predominantly female industries is confounding especially when we consider the long-term social and economic forecast for Australia.
Our ageing population is going to fuel demand for health workers and aged care workers. The number of Australia's aged over 75 is expected to increase by 4 million by 2060, and at that point, there will be one person aged 100 or more for every four babies. Roll-out of the National Disability Insurance Scheme is expected to create over 87,000 new jobs for disability support workers nationally by 2019. Are they all to be women?
It has been projected that in the medium to long term, Australia's demand for nurses will significantly exceed supply, with a projected shortfall of approximately 85,000 nurses by 2025, and 123,000 nurses by 2030.
Currently, only one in 10 nurses is male, and this trend looks to set to continue based on student enrolments. While there are numerous initiatives in place to address workforce shortages in the health sector, gender is rarely any part of the conversation.
It is possible that our failure to encourage men into female-dominated roles is a symptom of gender bias: we are happy to encourage women to "step up" into male-dominated roles, but we rarely encourage men to undertake the caring-based work that has traditionally been the domain of women.
Stereotypes would have us believe that men are unsuited to roles with a component of caring such as nursing or teaching; and they want better-paid jobs. It's fair to say that higher rates of pay in female-dominated industries might go some way to attracting more men (and women!) but we also need to reject notions that men are not "caring" as this could unintentionally steer capable men away from jobs they would do well in and just like the STEM-based industries, our health, social assistance and education sectors will also thrive with different perspectives and access to the best talent; in other words a diverse workforce.
And while it is true that male-dominated industries are more highly paid than female-dominated industries overall, there are many great career paths in female-dominated industries. We also know that when more men enter a female-dominated industry rates of pay increase.
The Workplace Gender Equality Agency has launched Women's work│men's work: great careers are for everyone, a series of educational resources profiling women and men working in non-traditional fields. We want to inspire the next generation of employees to take up careers they may not have considered, so that their choices are not constrained by gender stereotypes.
There is overwhelming research showing the benefits of improving gender diversity; it encourages new ways of thinking and problem solving and drives innovation, productivity and performance.
Creating high-performing industries with the necessary ingredients for innovation is in the interests of all Australians – regardless of gender.
Providing our children with the best opportunity for bright and fulfilling working lives must be our priority. For some girls and boys, that may well mean the satisfaction of designing a new transport system or a piece of software.
For other girls and boys it may be the thrill of teaching a child to read or the satisfaction of comforting and caring for an elderly Australian at the end of their life.
Gender stereotypes cut both ways. Let us continue our efforts to tackle entrenched workforce gender segregation for a brighter economic future, but it is imperative to bring boys into the discussion too.
Libby Lyons is director of the Workplace Gender Equality Agency
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://www.smh.com.au/opinion/libby-lyons---femaledominated-industries-need-more-men-20160813-gqrtm4.html
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en
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You’re unlikely to need telling that speeding down a sunny, snowy piste makes you feel healthy and happy. But while the physical benefits of skiing are obvious, it has only been in recent studies that science have proved that the mental benefits of snowsports are just as valuable. So what exactly is getting active in the mountains doing for our bodies and our minds?
Faith in nature
Skiing inherently takes us into wild places and gives us a big dose of fresh air and sunshine, key players in boosting our mental health in the winter months. We humans get our vitamin D needs from sunlight, and vitamin D deficiency is a growing problem as more of us are spending most of our lives indoors or in the dark in the winter months. Vitamin D is proven to fight disease and reduce the risk of depression, and a day or a week of skiing means you’ll get a dose of all the sunlight you need, and yes, it still counts if the sky is overcast - just 13 minutes of sunshine has been proven to boost your health. Seasonal Affective Disorder, or SAD, has been linked to low vitamin D levels, and while light therapy is often prescribed to sufferers, just one hour of outdoor aerobic activity such as - you guessed it - skiing has been shown to have the same benefits as 2.5 hours of indoor light treatment.
A study led by Stanford University found that city dwellers have a 20% higher risk of depression than rural residents and a 40% increased risk of mood disorders. Since half the world’s population lives in urban areas, it’s not feasable for us all to up sticks and move into a remote log cabin in search of mental wellbeing - but the study also found that just spending a few days in remote areas on a ski trip can lead to better mental calmness and clarity.
The brain game
As well as boosting our happiness, skiing can also improve mental dexterity, as snowsports are classed as is a proprioceptive activity. Also referred to as kinaesthesia, proprioception is our ability to feel the position and movement of our different body parts, and how they work together. Skiing’s reliance on good balance and coordination is the perfect sport for improving prorioception, which can otherwise weaken with age. And aerobic sports are also proven to help people think more clearly and increase cognitive capacity, meaning that skiers are likely to be better learners in other areas of life.
The final mental benefit of skiing is our favourite excuse for a drink on the mountainside - participating in a highly sociable sport such as skiing is great for our mental health. A study from Yonsei University in Korea found that the social aspect of snowsports have proven positive psychological outcomes, and that just a single day skiing with others contributes to better wellbeing and reduces stress. Spot of science-backed après, anyone?
And charities are catching on - charity Snowbility have helped over 10,000 people with disabilities to gain from the pysciological benefits of skiing and snowboarding. It seems the mountains and the mind are perfectly linked.
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://www.snowmagazine.com/learn-to-ski/ski-your-way-to-happiness
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Accurate and detailed insight into sorption properties and surface energy is essential to sector of consumer product research; but nowhere is this more important than in the food sector. This free-to-attend online workshop explores two innovative techniques, Dynamic Vapor Sorption (DVS) and Inverse Gas Chromatography (IGC), and how they can provide unparalleled insight in the study of food.
DVS and its applications in Food
The moisture sorption properties of food materials are fundamental considerations for development and enhancement of food products, since they may influence the stability and performance during processing, storage and product use. Dynamic Vapour Sorption (DVS) has long been used for investigating the interaction of water vapour with foods and food ingredients. The combination of a video microscope and vibrational spectroscopic techniques with DVS would allow for increased understanding of vapor-induced structural changes of solid materials. This workshop summarises several examples of using DVS for food-related applications including water activity, moisture content, moisture-induced phase transitions, water-vapour transmission rates, and flavour loss.
iGC and its applications in Food
The increasing sophistication of food ingredients has created the need for new techniques to measure the physico-chemical properties of a wide range of food materials. IGC – SEA is specially designed to determine the surface energy heterogeneity but nevertheless suitable for measuring different surface and bulk properties of solid materials including powder surface energies, acid/base/polar functionality of surfaces, diffusion kinetics, surface heterogeneity and phase transition temperatures/humidities.
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://www.sorptionhub.com/slides/slide/online-workshop-application-of-sorption-science-in-food-research-290
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Aichi University of Technology has created three VR tsunami simulator videos, which could help people prepare for a natural disaster.
Sign in or buy a plan to view this innovation
The applications for virtual reality continue to grow — we have recently seen one VR game used to help recovering addicts and another that teaches peacekeeping skills. Now, the Aichi University of Technology has created a VR tsunami simulator, which can be experienced with Oculus Rift, Gear VR or Google Cardboard to help people prepare for natural disasters.
The three immersive videos — excerpts of which are on YouTube — were created by a team led by Dr. Tomoko Itamiya. They depict the effects of a tsunami similar to the one suffered by the country in 2011, in order that civilians can prepare themselves mentally for a natural disaster. Each video is in first person and guides the viewer through various stressful situations.
In one, the viewer is a driver, stuck in their car surrounded by water and floating vehicles. In another, the viewer is in a virtual flood, with water up to their knees and rising rapidly. All three videos use YouTube’s 360 degrees capability as well as sound effects to enhance the intensity of the situation. The hope is that by enabling viewers to experience the disaster in such an immersive way, they will be less prone to panic in the event of a real disaster.
What other difficult experiences could be simulated using virtual reality?
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://www.springwise.com/virtual-tsunami-simulator-help-civilians-prepare-worst/
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Now you have come to the page, Choose variable. This page give you the oportunity to select which variables and values you want to display in your result of the table. A variable is a property of a statistical unit. The page is divided into several boxes, one for each variable, where you can select values by click to highlight one or more values. It always starts with the statistics variable which is the main value counted in the table.
Navigating with keyboard and screenreader. Select multiple object in row: SHIFT+arrow down/up. To select a single value in the listbox: Windows:Hold Ctrl + arrow down. Then release Ctrl and press space. Repeat. Mac:CMD+arrow down/up. Then release CMD and press spacebar. Repeat. (Works only in Chrome, not in Safari). To exit listbox with values selected, press TAB-key.
Number of selected data cells are:
(maximum number allowed is 300 000)
Number of selected cells exceeds the maximum allowed 300 000
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://www.ssb.no/en/statbank/table/06464/
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| 0.814346 | 213 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Many of us are acquainted with the term "fibre" and understand the importance of including an adequate amount of it in our diet. However, with the demands of daily life and the desire to expedite our grocery shopping, ensuring we meet our daily soluble fibre foods requirement can sometimes seem like a cumbersome task.
Dietary fibre refers to the carbohydrates found in plants that your body cannot fully break down during digestion.
What is Soluble Fibre?
Soluble fibre foods are a vital component of our dietary intake, playing a crucial role in maintaining overall health. Soluble fibre is distinct in that it readily dissolves in water, forming a gel-like substance in the digestive system. This unique characteristic grants soluble fibre its remarkable health benefits. First and foremost, soluble fibre helps lower cholesterol levels, making it a pivotal element for cardiovascular health. Regular consumption of soluble fibre-rich foods, such as oats and barley, have been shown to effectively reduce LDL ("bad") cholesterol levels in the blood.
Moreover, soluble fibre is a valuable ally in blood sugar management. By slowing down the absorption of sugar, it helps stabilise blood glucose levels, making it particularly advantageous for individuals with diabetes or those at risk of developing the condition. This property of soluble fibre is underscored by its presence in foods like beans and lentils.
Another aspect of soluble fibre's significance is its contribution to gut health. It serves as a prebiotic, nourishing the beneficial bacteria in the digestive tract, which is fundamental for a well-balanced microbiome. Maintaining a healthy gut flora, thanks to soluble fibre from sources like fruits such as apples and citrus, can enhance digestion and bolster the immune system.
Furthermore, when it comes to weight management, soluble fibre foods can be a valuable tool. By inducing a sense of fullness and controlling appetite, soluble fibre-rich foods help individuals manage their weight more effectively. Incorporating these foods into your diet not only promotes a feeling of satiety but also provides essential nutrients.
Soluble fibre foods are integral for a healthy diet, and these 15 options offer a wealth of this vital nutrient.
List of 15 Soluble Fibre Foods:
As soluble fibre foods go, green beans are excellent. They aid in digestion and promote fullness.
Among the best soluble fibre foods, chickpeas support heart health and blood sugar control.
Surprisingly, potatoes are also soluble fibre foods, especially when enjoyed with the skin, promoting gut health.
A top choice for soluble fibre foods, black beans improve digestion and help in blood sugar regulation.
Renowned for their soluble fibre content, apples are staples for cholesterol management and heart health.
Loaded with soluble fibre, carrots enhance gut function, showcasing their importance among soluble fibre foods.
These seeds are tasty soluble fibre foods, perfect for a balanced diet.
A breakfast favourite among soluble fibre foods, oats lower cholesterol levels and help manage weight.
Bursting with soluble fibre, guavas support digestion and make for a nutritious soluble fibre choice.
Worth a double mention due to their soluble fibre content, they're essential in a diet rich in soluble fibre foods.
Rich in soluble fibre, sweet potatoes help regulate blood sugar and promote gut health.
A vegetable among soluble fibre foods, okra eases digestion and potentially aids blood sugar control.
Beyond their antioxidant properties, blueberries contain soluble fibre, benefiting heart health.
A convenient source of soluble fibre, bananas assist in digestion and provide essential nutrients.
These vibrant fruits are high-quality soluble fibre foods, promoting gut health and digestion.
Incorporating these soluble fibre foods into your diet can significantly enhance your overall health and well-being.
You can also include Tri Fibre, a low-calorie blend of soluble fibres to increase the fibre content of your diet. It is tasteless, odourless, and dissolves in water, making it more convenient to consume.
Soluble fibre is hence a multifaceted dietary component with immense health advantages, from reducing cholesterol levels and stabilising blood sugar to promoting gut health and aiding in weight management. Incorporating Soluble Fibre foods such as oats, beans, lentils, fruits, and barley into your daily meals is a smart and natural way to enhance your overall well-being.
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https://www.steadfastnutrition.in/blogs/news/top-15-soluble-fibre-foods?page=3
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| 0.901976 | 879 | 3.171875 | 3 |
When ebooks first arrived in the literary market, they were merely electronic copies of the original text. However, the present day ebooks are fully interactive and provide an immersive experience to its readers. The changing face of technology has also led to the rise of elearning culture.
‘Projections show the eLearning market worldwide is forecasted to surpass 243 billion U.S. dollars by 2022.’
Quite clearly, portable, printable and multi-platform friendly ebooks are the future of the education sector. Elearning module developers strive hard to invent new ways to present information to learners in an interactive manner and get them involved in the learning process so that they retain information for longer periods. This focus on engaging learners by providing an enjoyable learning experience has led to a surge in the development of Interactive digital books.
Here is how instructional designers can choose the right interactivities and ensure that the learners connect themselves with the course –
1. Integrate text-to-speech features
With the help of text-to-speech feature, you can incorporate sound effects, background audio and audio narrations into an ebook. This, in turn, would increase the engagement and comprehension level of the reader. Besides, the read-aloud feature would increase your readership as visually impaired people, non-native speakers, and other students with various learning disabilities like dyslexia can easily access the online course material.
2. Integrate links to your resources
Many a time, while reading particular sections of the ebook, online learners look up for additional information. Therefore, it is essential to add necessary resources that can make the process simplified for the readers. You may also incorporate tutorials, relevant news articles and even a list of master resources at the end.
3. Focus on typography
Learners can face difficulty while reading fancy fonts. Therefore, in order to maintain legibility, it is necessary to use standard fonts. However, this doesn’t mean you have to restrict the creativity quotient in your ebooks. You may add attractive images that would appeal the readers or make use of artistic borders. If you do intend to use non-traditional typography, make sure to use it in limited areas only i.e. headings of the chapters or the content table etc.
4. Incorporate Interactivity
An optimum level of interactivity would retain the interest of the readers. You may provide readers the ability to drag objects, click on the links and be redirected to the respective page and take necessary notes. Such media-rich activities would provide greater freedom to the readers and effectively hook their attention.
Needless to say, today’s audience is tech-savvy. They are more eager to use elearning games and online videos rather than read plain text. Interactive digital books serve as the perfect medium to provide long-form content to this generation who doesn’t prefer static ebooks.
Pro-Tip: Considering the changing scenario and emerging technologies, it is vital for the businesses to safely store their content. The best way to do it is to save the data into XML format. XML is a kind of universal storage format that provides a lot of flexibility in changing the front-end and stays unaffected from changing trends, technologies and tools. You can opt for XML conversion services to ensure quality solutions.
Let SunTec Help You With Interactive eBook Creation
An eBook equipped with interactivity, video and audio files proves to be a one-stop shop for elearning. SunTec Digital’s ebook creation experts can create interactive ebooks while integrating advanced technologies into it for improved retention and contextual learning. Write to us at [email protected] to know more.
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://www.suntecdigital.com/blog/is-your-elearning-content-devoid-of-interactivity-read-this
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en
| 0.915512 | 756 | 2.515625 | 3 |
NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory and Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory have captured an image that shows huge rings around a black hole. It’s a composite that shows the ring-encircled black hole in X-rays, infrared and visible light.
The rings around the black hole are believed to be generated by light echoes when a burst of X-rays from the black hole system bounced off of dust clouds between V404 Cygni and Earth. They reveal information about the dust located in our galaxy. These rings are not visible in light: Astronomers saw them in x-ray images.
The image is an excellent example of how there is a lot of structure and activity in the universe that human eyes can’t see. Not only fabulous to look at, but the image also offers information about the black hole, the companion star, and the dust clouds.
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https://www.techexplorist.com/nasa-shares-image-spectacular-set-rings-around-black-hole/47905/
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| 0.92965 | 181 | 4.03125 | 4 |
Majestic Theatre, Chillicothe, Ohio
The Majestic Theatre today
Inside the Majestic Theatre
The Majestic Theatre ca. 1939
Backstory and Context
The Majestic Theatre started out as the Masonic Hall, built in 1853. After the building was enlarged in 1876, it became known as the Masonic Opera House and was considered one of the finest theaters in Ohio. The theater featured a variety of live performances, from dramatic plays to comedic vaudeville acts. In 1895, the opera house was equipped with electric lights, making it one of the first buildings in Chillicothe with electricity. In fact, the building even sold electricity from its generator to parts of the city. One year later, the theater began showing motion pictures with the Edison Vitascope, making it the first movie theater in town.
In 1904, a man named A.R. Wolf bought the Masonic Opera House and remodeled it. He enlarged the stage and added permanent seats and stained-glass windows. In 1907, Wolf constructed an arch across Second Street to add to the grandeur. It still stands today. Wolf sold the theater to the Myers brothers in 1915. They were the owners who changed the theater’s name to the Majestic and who chose the exhibition of movies over live performances. Still, there was the occasional vaudeville performance over the years. Of the top one-hundred performers of the time, the Majestic hosted at least eighty-eight.
The brothers also added the words “vaudeville” and “Majestic” in neon lights to the arch in 1918 (vaudeville was later removed). That same year, Chillicothe was dealing with the Spanish influenza pandemic. Hundreds of soldiers died at the nearby Camp Sherman, and their bodies were brought to the Lowery Mortuary across the street from the Majestic. When the mortuary became overcrowded, bodies were stored in the dressing rooms of the theater and embalmed on stage. Because the bodily fluids from this process were tossed into the alley by the theater, it is still known today as “Blood Alley.”
The Majestic Theatre was restored in the 1970s after being purchased by Harley and Evelyn Bennet. New seats and doors were installed while the restrooms and lobby were updated. The roof and marquee were also refurbished. In 1990, three local businessmen, Robert Althoff, Robert Evans, and David Uhrig, bought the theatre as a non-profit organization. Today, the Majestic Theatre hosts live performances, community events, and classic movie nights. Visitors can also request a tour of the historic theater.
HISTORICAL TIMELINE OF THE MAJESTIC THEATRE. Majestic Theatre. Accessed July 06, 2018. http://www.majesticchillicothe.net/about/historic-timeline/.
Majestic Theatre Chillicothe. Heritage Ohio. Accessed July 06, 2018. https://www.heritageohio.org/chillicothe-majestic-theatre/. Photo source.
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://www.theclio.com/entry/63027
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| 0.971558 | 638 | 2.515625 | 3 |
4 December 1965, 19:30:03.702 UTC: At 2:30 p.m., Eastern Standard Time, Gemini VII/Titan II GLV-7 lifted of from Launch Complex 19 at the Cape Kennedy Air Force Station, Cape Kennedy, Florida. On board were Major Frank F. Borman II, United States Air Force, the mission command pilot, and Lieutenant Commander James A. Lovell, Jr., United States Navy, pilot. During the climb to Earth orbit, the maximum acceleration reached was 7.3 Gs.
Gemini VII was placed into Earth orbit at an initial maximum altitude (apogee) of 177.1 nautical miles (327.8 kilometers) and a minimum (perigee) of 87.2 nautical miles (161.5 kilometers), at a velocity of 16,654.1 miles per hour (26,802.2 kilometers per hour), relative to Earth.
This mission was a planned 14-day flight which would involve an orbital rendezvous with another manned spacecraft, Gemini VI-A. The actual total duration of the flight was 330 hours, 35 minutes, 1 second.
The two-man Gemini spacecraft was built by the McDonnell Aircraft Corporation of St. Louis, Missouri, the same company that built the earlier Mercury space capsule. The spacecraft consisted of a series of cone-shaped segments forming a reentry module and an adapter section. It had an overall length of 18 feet, 9.84 inches (5.736 meters) and a maximum diameter of 10 feet, 0.00 inches (3.048 meters) at the base of the equipment section. The reentry module was 11 feet (3.353 meters) long with a maximum diameter of 7 feet, 6.00 inches (2.347 meters). The Gemini re-entry heat shield was a spherical section with a radius of 12 feet, 0.00 inches (3.658 meters). The weight of the Gemini spacecraft varied from ship to ship. Gemini VII had a gross weight of 8,076.10 pounds (3,663.26 kilograms) at launch. It was shipped from St. Louis to Cape Kennedy in early October 1965.
The Titan II GLV was a “man-rated” variant of the Martin SM-68B intercontinental ballistic missile. It was assembled at Martin Marietta’s Middle River, Maryland, plant so as not to interfere with the production of the ICBM at Denver, Colorado. Twelve GLVs were ordered by the Air Force for the Gemini Program. The GLV-7 first and second stages were shipped from Middle River to Cape Kennedy on 9 October 1965.
The Titan II GLV was a two-stage, liquid-fueled rocket. The first stage was 70 feet, 2.31 inches (21.395 meters) long with a diameter of 10 feet (3.048 meters). It was powered by an Aerojet Engineering Corporation LR87-7 engine which combined two combustion chambers and exhaust nozzles with a single turbopump unit. The engine was fueled by Aerozine 50, a hypergolic 51/47/2 blend of hydrazine, unsymetrical-dimethyl hydrazine, and water. Ignition occurred spontaneously as the components were combined in the combustion chambers. The LR87-7 produced approximately 430,000 pounds of thrust (1,912.74 kilonewtons). It was not throttled and could not be shut down and restarted. Post flight analysis indicated that the first stage engine of GLV-7 had produced an average of 462,433 pounds of thrust (2,057.0 kilonewtons). The second stage was 25 feet, 6.375 inches (7.031 meters) long, with the same diameter, and used an Aerojet LR91 engine which produced approximately 100,000 pounds of thrust (444.82 kilonewtons), also burning Aerozine 50. GLV-7’s LR91 produced an average of 102,584 pounds of thrust (456.3 kilonewtons).
The Gemini/Titan II GLV-7 combination had a total height of 107 feet, 7.33 inches (32.795 meters) and weighed 346,228 pounds (157,046 kilograms) at ignition.
© 2018, Bryan R. Swopes
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Spring forward safely while on the road
The start of Daylight Savings Time (DST) is fast-approaching for many parts of Canada. While the prospect of warmer weather and more sunshine in the evening is exciting, the day after our clocks move forward has historically been correlated to an increase in the number of traffic collisions.
The road safety issue at a glance
The increase in road injuries and fatalities often seen during DST as a result of slower response time and fatigue adds to the already alarming rate of dangerous traffic incidents on our streets each and every day across the country. This is especially true in places like the GTA where the battle for space on the streets between drivers, cyclists and pedestrians can get heated.
Despite this sad trend, many Canadians are still unaware of their risks, and unsure how to best protect themselves.
A recent TruceTO survey, commissioned in partnership with Gallagher Insurance, found that 40 per cent of Canadians are unaware of the risks on the road the day after DST begins (37 per cent of respondents in the GTA).
Canadians also have mixed views on how they can best protect themselves:
- Only 34 per cent of Canadians give themselves extra time to get where they are going in the few days after clocks spring forward;
- Less than 15 per cent of Canadians shift their transportation habits in the few days after DST begins to mitigate risk (14 per cent).
As COVID-19 restrictions begin to ease across the country, a majority of road users plan to return to their regular transportation habits (63 per cent). The re-opening of economies brings with it added traffic volume and risk of road safety incidents.
Spring road hazards add to road risk
For GTA residents, the survey also found several springtime road hazards that cause them concern as the seasons begin to change after DST:
- Glare from the sun (31 per cent)
- Construction-related congestion (31 per cent)
- Car traffic-related congestion (31 per cent)
- More pedestrians and cyclists on the road causing congestion (30 per cent)
- Other road users who are fatigued after DST begins (29 per cent)
- Heavy rain (25 per cent)
How RSA Canada and Gallagher Insurance are working together to improve road safety
There is important road safety advocacy work underway in various municipalities – Vision Zero 2.0 in Toronto is a good example of this, however design and infrastructure take time and money. In the short term, we need a solution that aims to help reduce these alarming collision rates quickly – and that begins with behaviour change.
Our TruceTO partnership with Gallagher Insurance aims to help fill the education gap and reduce collisions by offering tips for better protection against road injuries and fatalities with the onset of DST. Together, we advocate for empathy among road users and a commitment to improving road use habits and behaviours.
Here are some helpful tips to better share the street:
- Test your street smarts and learn how you can be a better road sharer here.
- Educate yourself on road safety by joining the movement that started in Toronto. You will find a number of helpful resources here.
- Stay calm on the road. Whether you’re driving, cycling or walking, patience and space will go a long way in protecting yourself and others on the road.
- Take the time change in stride. We know when DST is happening, so in the days leading up to and after it, you can:
- Go to bed earlier
- Plan to give yourself more time to get out of the house
- Change your transportation method (e.g. use public transit)
- Sun glare can be particularly apparent during morning and afternoon commutes for drivers and cyclists alike. Map out an alternate route with roads that are quieter, offers some shade and better visibility for drivers.
- Don’t overlook regular maintenance. Keep your bike or vehicle in tip top shape by wiping down the chain after each ride and lubricating your bike for good performance or making sure your dashboard wipers are working.
- For drivers, start slowing down sooner as you reach a light or cross walk and maintain a safe distance between you and the car ahead of you (greater than the two second rule).
- Depth perception and visibility can be compromised especially when driving in the rain. Allow more time to travel during spring showers.
- Distracted walking is just as dangerous as distracted driving. Refrain from using cell phones and headphones when crossing the street.
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The ancient trade route between Asia and Europe also went through some Russian lands.
Caravans loaded with silk and spices had been going from China to the Roman Empire in the West since ancient times. Covering deserts, mountains and steppes, they carried precious metals, porcelain and silk, wool and leather, carpets, horses and exotic animals. And, of course, rice and tea. It's believed that the Silk Road facilitated the mutual exchange of not just goods, but also technologies (for example, Europe learned how to make paper and gunpowder), as well as cultural and religious traditions. However, the plague also came from the East.
In time, the Silk Road became a large branched network of trade roads with several "doubles". In the 6th-15th centuries, they also went through the territories of modern Russia. However, these lands were not always a part of the Russian state, which emerged only at the end of the 9th century.
Parts of the route went through:
1. Central Asia
Bukhara (modern-day Uzbekistan)
Back then, these lands belonged mostly to the Mongol Empire; in time, they became parts of the Russian Empire and the USSR. Among others, the ancient cities of Samarkand and Bukhara (current Uzbekistan) and Ashgabat (current Turkmenistan) stood in the way of the caravans.
2. South Siberia
The Southern Urals
The route and its branches also went through the south of the Ural Mountains; meanwhile, separate trade caravans reached Lake Baikal.
3. Volga River area
Kazan, the capital of Tatarstan
Circumventing the Caspian Sea, the caravans found themselves in the mouth of the Volga River; in time, they began actively using river routes for trade. That's how a whole separate Volga trade route formed. China traded with Volga Bulgaria and with the Khazar Khaganate. Currently, that's the territory of Tatarstan, which includes the trade cities of Kazan and Bolgar.
Elista, the capital of Kalmykia
Having surmounted the main Russian Volga River, the caravans went through Kalmykian steppes and visited Elista. Now, it is Kalmykia - currently, the only Buddhist region of Europe. This southern region (currently a republic) joined Russia at the beginning of the 17th century.
5. The Caucasus
Some caravans, circumventing the Caspian Sea from the north and crossing the Volga River, went further south to the Caucasus. They could also cross the Caspian Sea right away and arrive in the ancient city of Derbent (the modern Republic of Dagestan).
Through the Caucasus, both northern and southern, historians distinguish two branches of the Silk Road - the Misimian branch and the Darin branch. Some artifacts and the remains of different items from the East or, for example, from Egypt were found by archaeologists in different Russian republics of the Northern Caucasus. For example, ancient Chinese vases were found in modern Kabardino-Balkaria.
6. Northern shore of the Black Sea
Going through the entire Caucasus, merchants tried to reach the Black Sea. The Taman Peninsula and Crimea once hosted ancient Greek colonies, which, later, were under the control of the Genoese and the Venetians, who then took their wares further into Europe. The route from the Black Sea led to Constantinople (currently Istanbul, Turkey). Currently, this is modern Krasnodar Territory and Crimea.
7. The Sea of Azov
There were caravans that went not to the Black Sea but, crossing the steppes and deserts of Kalmykia, were reaching the Sea of Azov and the mouth of the Don River (currently, Rostov Region).
Every year since 2009, the 'Silk Road' car marathon has been held in modern Russia, which also goes through Lower Povolzhye (Volgograd, Astrakhan), as well as Kalmykia, through the Caucasus and, sometimes, even reaches Central Asia and China.
Watch our video adventure about how to rush through the Silk Road on camels, horses or a motorcycle!
Our website and social media accounts are under threat of being restricted or banned, due to the current circumstances. So, to keep up with our latest content, simply do the following:
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Tustin Dental Center
General Dentists, Cosmetic Dentists, and Orthodontists located in Tustin, CA
In the United States, dentists do more than 15 million root canals every year. Despite misconceptions, root canals are common procedures that are actually one of the safest and most effective, and painless ways to preserve your natural, permanent teeth. Ahmed Elgazar, DDS, Ziad Tedini, DDS, and the team at Tustin Dental Center regularly perform root canals to address infection and prevent further damage. If you’re suffering from a toothache, call the office in Tustin, California, or use the online booking tool to request an appointment today.
Root Canals Q&A
What is a root canal?
A root canal is a type of oral surgery designed to treat an infected tooth and prevent the need for an extraction. Inside each of your teeth is a material called dentin. Beneath the dentin is a hollow area called the root canal that contains the pulp, made up of nerves and blood vessels.
Other than providing sensations like hot and cold, your tooth’s nerves aren’t essential for activities like chewing.
Why would I need a root canal?
If you crack, chip, or damage a tooth, bad bacteria can get down beneath your gumline, enter your root canal, and infect your tooth pulp. As the bacteria continue to multiply, an abscess may form, causing further infection.
Other symptoms that can indicate you need a root canal include:
- Severe tooth pain
- Increased sensitivity
- Discoloration of your tooth
- Swollen gums
An infected root canal can also cause pimples or open sores to form on your gums.
How is root canal treatment done?
Though root canal treatment is a minor surgery, it usually requires two separate appointments.
At your initial consultation, your dentist takes X-rays to observe your jawbone and tooth roots. If signs of infection are observed, and you’re healthy enough to undergo surgery, your dentist moves forward with treatment.
First, your dentist injects a local anesthetic to numb your gums and tooth roots. Next, your dentist applies a rubber dam to keep your tooth dry and free of debris during the procedure.
After applying the dam, your dentist drills a hole in the infected tooth and gently removes all of the pulp, nerves, and remaining bacteria. Your dentist rinses your root canal with a disinfectant solution and applies a temporary sealant.
A week later, you return to Tustin Dental Center, and Dr. Elgazar fills your root canal with a rubber-like material called gutta-percha. After the gutta-percha dries, your dentist affixes a permanent crown.
Is root canal treatment painful?
Thanks to modern pain medications and surgical techniques, root canals are safe and generally well-tolerated. If you have sensitive teeth or a low threshold for pain, let Dr. Elgazar know. The caring team at Tustin Dental Center offers sedation dentistry, which can help you relax and prevent discomfort.
After your root canal, you’ll probably experience some swelling, soreness, and general discomfort. Make sure to follow your dentist’s recovery instructions and avoid biting down or chewing with your treated tooth. Within a week, you should have no problem eating your favorite foods again.
To learn more about root canal treatment and whether or not you’re a candidate, call Tustin Dental Center, or use the online booking tool to request an appointment.
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A battery is an electronic device that stores energy. The energy is stored in chemical energy and converted into electrical power. The most used batteries nowadays are best lithium batteries. While discharging of Li-ion the lithium ions travels from anode to the cathode and it repeats the vice versa process while charging the lithium ion battery. Therefore, it is a kind of chargeable battery. These batteries have a high energy density, and it has an extremely low self-discharge rate of only 3.5% per month.
Li ion batteries are an integral part of any power appliance nowadays. One cannot think of running an electronic device without the help of batteries. So how does the batteries hook up? Knowing how the battery hookup works will help you use the batteries more correctly to extend its life. This article will provide you with comprehensive information about battery hookup so that you can understand everything about battery hookup in depth.
1.What is the battery hookup? Are all battery hookup same?
The battery hookup is a way of hooking up two or more batteries together as a battery pack, by which the voltage or capacity of the batteries can be changed. The batteries can be hooked up in three ways. This article discusses these terms for a proper understanding of batteries and their usage. The battery hookups are conductors used to carry current between components in a battery circuit, they are located in the electrodes of a battery. From these hooks up, one battery can connect with the other.
The term series connection of batteries refers to the links of the battery's positive terminal to the negative terminal of another battery; in batteries, current and voltage flow from higher potential to lower potential. The higher potential is positive, and the lower potential is negative. For instance, engineer is connecting batteries in series connection. He has six batteries each having specifications of 12V and 30Ah, for the proper hook up of batteries in series batteries must have equal voltage (12V) and capacity rates (30Ah).
Batteries connected in series cannot increase the overall capacity but only increase the overall voltage. To organize the batteries correctly, make sure the positive terminal of one end of battery is connected to the negative terminal of the other end of battery. Repeat the whole process until all the batteries are done. Afterwards, join a wire on the first battery's anode and to the end battery's cathode. Secondly, the term parallel connection of batteries refers to the connection of a battery when a positive terminal of one battery is connected with the positive terminal of another battery.
This type of connection is known as a parallel connection of batteries. This method of hooking up batteries increases the capacity of the battery pack. Furthermore, the third type of connection is known as a series-parallel connection. This type of battery hookup combine both series and parallel connections. One must take care by connecting the batteries in a wrong way or in a poor way that may result in the explosion of the battery and injury.
2.How do you hook up lithium-ion batteries?
Lithium-ion batteries are ubiquitous in the lives of many billion people around the globe. They are used from UPS to trolling motor and as golf cart batteries and RV batteries. There are also three hookup methods for lithium ion batteries. When hooking up lithium batteries in series, attention should be paid to voltage control. In a series circuit, the given voltage must be equal to the sum of all battery voltages before the battery can work normally. You first need to connect one end of the wire to the cathode of a lithium battery, connect the other end of the wire to the anode of another lithium battery, and connect all lithium batteries in turn until all lithium batteries are connected in the same circuit, and then apply voltage to the circuit.
The method of connecting lithium batteries in parallel is to connect the cathode of one battery to the anode of another, and the anode to the another’s cathode. The parallel combination of batteries needs to be paired to ensure that the parameters such as voltage, built-in, and capacity are consistent, so as to ensure the best efficiency after battery combination. After being connected in parallel, the voltage of the lithium battery pack remains unchanged, and it is still the voltage of the single cell, and the battery capacity is the sum of the parallel batteries. Therefore, the function of the parallel connection of lithium batteries is to increase the capacity of the battery pack in order to achieve the required working time.
You should follow the following guidelines when connecting lithium batteries in parallel:
- You must avoid the connections of batteries with entirely different chemistries. For instance, you cannot use ternarylithium-ion cells with a lithium iron phosphate battery. This is because these batteries are made with other chemistries.
- While connecting the batteries in parallel connection, the voltage and ampere-hours must be same for all the batteries connected together.
- Isolation fuse must be used to separate them. It would help if you took this precaution to be safer.
- Connecting yourbatteries in parallel may require a number of things. Two or more batteries of the same voltages and specs to guarantee that the cells are adjusted, hence, maximizing the in overall utilization time.
3.What color do you hook up first on a battery? Is battery hookup red or black first?
Red battery cable is the cathode, and black is the anode. To hook up the red first and then black should be connected secondly. While removing the connection, one must remove black first and then red.
4.How to hookup a battery charger?
To connect appropriately, make sure the charger is off. The positive cable of the charger is connected to the positive terminal, which is red, and the negative cable of the charger is connected to the negative terminal in black.
5.How do you hook up a 24 volt battery?
To create the 24V, we need two batteries of 12V in series. Connect the cathode of the first battery to the anode of the second one. The ‘other’ positive and negative terminals will now give you 24 volts.
6.How should RV batteries be wired?
Due to the high requirements for battery capacity of RV batteries, only large-capacity batteries can meet the needs of RVs. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the battery capacity by connecting cells with higher voltage in parallel. At present, the batteries with higher single voltage are lithium iron phosphate batteries and ternary lithium batteries. Among them, the rated voltage of lithium iron phosphate monomer is 3.2V, and the rated voltage of ternary lithium battery is 3.7V.
7.How do you hook up a camper battery?
A camper needs high power batteries; the main issue is the size of the camper. In most cases, the camper comes with a plug so that you can hook that up with the camp power. The camper style is like other RVs and travel trailers made for recreational use.
8.Does battery performance is affected by battery hookup?
According to the study, poor hookups of batteries affect the overall performance of batteries. Due to the constraints of the voltage and capacity of the single battery, in order to meet the high voltage and large capacity requirements of electrical equipment and energy storage systems(such as home energy storage), batteries are usually used in series, parallel or a combination of series and parallel. However, inconsistencies will inevitably occur in the manufacturing process of batteries, and the degree of inconsistency will be gradually enlarged with the prolongation of use time and the increase of cycle life.
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Published on Apr 26 2023 by Billy Vickers
The history of labor unions is a long and complex one that dates back to the early days of the Industrial Revolution. The rise of industrialization in the 19th century brought about significant changes to the way people worked, with factory owners often exploiting their workers through low wages, long hours, and dangerous working conditions.
In response, workers began to organize into groups to fight for better pay and working conditions. These early worker groups were often met with resistance from factory owners, who saw them as a threat to their profits. However, as more and more workers began to join these groups, they began to gain more power and influence.
One of the earliest and most famous labor unions was the Knights of Labor, which was founded in 1869. The Knights of Labor were unique in that they welcomed all workers, regardless of race, gender, or skill level. They also advocated for a wide range of reforms, including an eight-hour workday and the abolition of child labor.
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, other labor unions began to emerge, including the American Federation of Labor (AFL) and the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). The AFL was the largest and most influential labor union of the time, with a membership of over 4 million workers at its peak. The AFL focused on collective bargaining, negotiating with employers for better wages and working conditions for its members.
The IWW, on the other hand, was more radical in its approach. They believed in the power of direct action, including strikes and sabotage, to achieve their goals. The IWW was also unique in that they welcomed all workers, regardless of race, gender, or nationality.
Over the years, labor unions have played a critical role in improving the lives of workers around the world. Through their collective bargaining efforts, they have secured higher wages, better working conditions, and improved benefits for millions of workers. Today, labor unions continue to fight for the rights of workers, advocating for fair pay, workplace safety, and better working conditions for all.
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Conflict-related sexual violence is increasingly recognized as not only a calculated strategy of warfare used by armed actors, but a threat to international peace and security. From violent extremists in Syria to conflicts in the Balkans, Colombia, Democratic Republic of Congo and Ethiopia, state and nonstate actors have used sexual violence against women, men and children to intimidate and terrorize populations. It has served to displace people from contested territory, destroy communities and silence victims. Even after these wars have ended, sexual violence often goes unaddressed. This, in turn, undermines reconstruction efforts and the transition to more stable, secure and peaceful societies.
In 2008, the U.N. Security Council adopted Resolution 1820 (SCR 1820) condemning the use of sexual violence as a strategy of war and asserting that “rape and other forms of sexual violence can constitute war crimes, crimes against humanity or a constitutive act with respect to genocide.” Despite passage of SCR 1820 and subsequent U.N. resolutions falling under the umbrella of the Women, Peace and Security agenda, sexual violence in conflict has not abated.
About Missing Peace Initiative
What is missing from policy, research and practice to deter conflict-related sexual violence, mitigate ongoing harms, and heal from the intergenerational impacts? What are the implications for peace and global security when action falls short? These are among the questions at the forefront of the Missing Peace Initiative, which is a partnership between the U.S. Institute of Peace, Peace Research Institute of Oslo, Women in International Security, and The Center for Human Rights, Gender and Migration at Washington University in St. Louis. Over the past decade, the Missing Peace Initiative has sought to take stock of current conflict-related sexual violence policies and programming; explore and communicate to research findings on the causes, scope and patterns of sexual violence; and identify ways to improve research and documentation capacity to advance policies and practice.
The inaugural 2013 Missing Peace Symposium brought together a community seeking to strengthen knowledge and practice on CRSV by going beyond disciplinary and state boundaries. This community has been further strengthened through inclusion of survivors of conflict-related sexual violence, whose contributions were center-stage during the 10th anniversary 2023 Missing Peace Global Symposium. This convening brought together 200 experts from over 40 countries to bridge research, policy and practice and leverage strengths across disciplines and sectors to better address conflict-related sexual violence.
The Missing Peace Scholars Network
The Missing Peace Initiative (MPI) amplifies new research on conflict-related sexual violence through its Missing Peace Scholars Network. The network was formed in 2013 to support the professional development of emerging scholars focused on conflict-related sexual violence and the dissemination of their work to broader research, government, and civil society audiences.
To facilitate these efforts, the Missing Peace Scholars Network hosts annual workshops sponsored by the U.S. Institute of Peace and co-hosted by the MPI partner organizations to provide an opportunity for feedback, collaboration and skill-building. In addition, an on-the-ground training for practitioners from the Global South was held in August 2015 in Kampala, Uganda, and an international conference was held in December 2017 in Oslo, Norway, to discuss international criminal prosecution of conflict-related sexual violence and its impact on peacebuilding. A regular outcome of the annual workshops is the publication of Special Reports aimed at communicating cutting-edge research findings to policy makers and implementers.
In a historic move, President Biden signed a memorandum last November that bolstered the U.S. response to conflict-related sexual violence, including rape, sexual slavery, forced pregnancy, forced sterilization and other forms of wartime sexual harm.
Conflict-related sexual violence is not only an indicator of rising atrocity risk — it can also constitute an atrocity crime itself. And while the U.S. government has implemented conflict-related sexual violence response efforts, concurrent international efforts on the issue offer a solid foundation for the United States to go beyond responding to these crimes and toward prevention.
The wars of the 1990s — particularly in the former Yugoslavia, Rwanda, Sierra Leone and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) — saw the devastating use of sexual violence not only by individual subordinate soldiers, but as deliberate tactics of war by state and non-state armed actors. In response, a wave of strong advocacy from women’s civil society organizations called for an end to these acts of violence, and their vision was eventually incorporated into U.N. Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 1325 and what is now known as the Women, Peace and Security (WPS) agenda in 2000.
2013 – 2021
If interested in joining the Missing Peace Scholars Network, please email [email protected] for more information.
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Published March 06, 2019
Translocation is an important management tool that has been used for more than 50 years to increase bighorn sheep population numbers in Arizona and to restore herds to suitable habitat throughout their historical range. Yet, translocation also can alter the underlying genetic diversity and spatial structure of managed wildlife species in both beneficial and detrimental ways.
A University of Wyoming researcher led a seven-year study to evaluate the long-term impact of translocation actions on bighorn sheep. From 2005-2012, the research group characterized statewide genetic structure and diversity by using microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA data in 16 indigenous and translocated bighorn sheep populations in Arizona.
“Our study showed that it is possible to re-establish bighorn sheep populations without a reduction of gene diversity over a short period and without erosion of ancestral lineage,” says Holly Ernest, a UW professor of wildlife genomics and disease ecology, and the Wyoming Excellence Chair in Disease Ecology in the Department of Veterinary Sciences and the Program in Ecology.
Ernest was the senior and corresponding author of a paper, titled “Genetic Outcomes of Translocation of Bighorn Sheep in Arizona,” that was published today (March 6) in the Journal of Wildlife Management. The journal publishes manuscripts containing information from original research that contributes to basic wildlife science. Suitable topics include investigations into the biology and ecology of wildlife and their habitats that have direct or indirect implications for wildlife management and conservation.
Daphne Gille, a postdoctoral researcher at the University of California-Davis, was the paper’s lead author. Ernest was Gille’s Ph.D. mentor on this project while Ernest was a professor at UC-Davis until 2014 and, together, they continued the work after Ernest moved to UW.
Additionally, researchers from the Oregon State University, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Arizona Game and Fish Department, Nevada Department of Wildlife, the National Park Service and the Center for Large Landscape Conservation contributed to the research and the paper.
Translocation is a tool used in wildlife management that involves the intentional, human-mediated movement of individual animals, populations or species from one area with release in another. Translocation of bighorn sheep in Arizona began in 1958, initially to augment numbers and maintain genetic integrity among populations of the two desert bighorn sheep lineages: Nelson and Mexican. Later, translocation management included augmentation of Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep that emigrated from New Mexico.
Translocations have been used to achieve a number of management and conservation goals, including to increase population abundance of threatened species; to restore species to their historical range; to preserve biodiversity; to mitigate the effects of climate change; and to enhance genetic diversity and prevent inbreeding depression.
Populations that were recipients of translocated animals showed substantial genetic diversity, according to the paper. This was contrary to previous studies that described “genetic bottlenecks,” or low genetic diversity, as a result of translocation in certain populations, Ernest says.
“In Arizona, we found there was quite a bit of diversity in these translocated populations, and that was a good thing,” Ernest says.
She adds that the Arizona Game and Fish Department and other wildlife management agencies use a method called “population supplementation” in which bighorn sheep are moved to an existing herd in another location.
“When useful to augment populations, wildlife agencies might translocate a few bighorn sheep in one year and, in another year, put a few more in,” she says. “Also, translocation efforts can include reintroducing whole populations into empty, historic habitats that have been used by bighorn sheep in the past, or by supplementing the smaller, weak populations that need fresh genetics.”
In northern Arizona, the presence of two indigenous main groups of Nelson bighorn sheep were confirmed in the Black Mountains and Grand Canyon, and indicated that gene flow among the Grand Canyon populations has likely played a role in maintaining genetic diversity.
In southern and west-central Arizona, researchers detected genetic structure consistent with two metapopulations of Mexican desert bighorn sheep.
Analyses of this study show significant genetic differences within each desert bighorn sheep lineage and, thus, suggest an important difference from current management practices that consider each lineage to be a single genetic unit. According to the study, several lines of genetic evidence presented suggest that the Bill Williams River area in Arizona is the contact zone for the two desert lineages of bighorn sheep. However, the degree to which translocation has enhanced introgression -- genetic mixture -- is unknown.
Despite relative isolation from other herds, the translocated Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep population in eastern Arizona had high levels of genetic diversity and no evidence of inbreeding. This is conceivable due to multiple translocation events from sources in Colorado and New Mexico.
“Evidence shows that, even with moving bighorn sheep around for conservation and management, it didn’t affect these three precious lineages,” Ernest says. “They maintained their differentiation in size and horn types. Hikers and biologists care about this. Hunters care about these differences.”
While translocation management has successfully contributed to the re-establishment of bighorn sheep populations in Arizona without diminishing genetic diversity, the paper stresses that future translocation should proceed with caution to preserve the genetic integrity and potential location adaptation within the Nelson and Mexican desert metapopulations in the study.
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In many machine vision and image processing systems, it may be necessary to capture images at different focal lengths. In machine vision systems, images of parts with varying heights may need to be captured as they move along a conveyor. Similarly, many microscopy applications attempt to create complete 3D images of parts by reconstructing multiple 2D image slices - an arduous and time-consuming process. A number of different approaches can be used to address such applications including the use of fixed focal length lenses configured with motorized z-stages.
Since such stages add to the cost of a vision system, many manufacturers are looking to cameras equipped with variable focus lenses. To date, both Cognex (Natick, MA, USA; www.cognex.com) and Microscan (Renton, WA, USA; www.microscan.com) have incorporated variable-focus lenses based on liquid lens technology into their barcode readers.
While these lenses are based on the electrowetting principle, an alternative method that uses standing sound waves has recently been developed by TAG Optics (Princeton, NJ, USA; www.tagoptics.com). Their new TAG Lens is a type of gradient index of refraction (GRIN) lens that uses standing sound waves to produce a constantly changing gradient index of refraction within a liquid contained in the lens. Since such GRIN lenses have flat outer surfaces and generate parabolic wavefronts, they do not exhibit the aberrations commonly found in traditional spherical lenses.
As the molecules of the liquid oscillate, the index of refraction changes from a positive curvature to a negative curvature, the period of which is directly related to the frequency of the sound waves. When the lens is operated under continuous illumination it will sample all the focal lengths between the minimum and maximum focus in a very short time.
When using synchronized pulsed light, the TAG lens will behave as a standard fixed-focus lens that depends on the pulse timing. Thus, it is possible to select a focal length by controlling the pulsed light that is applied to the object being imaged. If this light source is not synchronized, each light pulse will result in a different focal length that depends on the relative phase difference between the light source and lens.
"Since the frequency of sound waves can vary from 100kHz to over 1 MHz," says Christian Theriault, Co-Founder and CEO of TAG Optics, "this makes the TAG lens the world's fastest variable focusing optical lens."
Because variable focusing is based on standing waves within the lens, different frequencies will exhibit different apertures. At low frequencies (such as 70kHz), the effective aperture will be approximately 11mm while at 500kHz and above, the effective aperture will be approximately 1.5mm or even smaller.
"Each of the resonant frequencies will also exhibit a different optical power and thus focal length," says Theriault. "At 550kHz, for example, this is close to 40 diopters while at 140kHz, it will be approximately 1-2 diopters." Recently, TAG Optics demonstrated the capability of the lens when installed in the infinity corrected space of a BX 60 microscope from Olympus (Center Valley, PA, USA; www.olympusamerica.com). In the demonstration Theriault showed how by using the company's DrvKit2.1 USB-controller to control both the TAG Lens and the light source in-focus information from several focal planes can be viewed simultaneously. A video of a similar demonstration where the technology is simultaneously imaging the two focal planes of a specimen made of fiber-optic wells can be found at http://bit.ly/1vEMEs2.
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The problem of rising water contamination is currently primarily caused by two factors: climate change and deteriorating infrastructure. Millions of people are at risk when clean water supplies are contaminated by floods, industrial mishaps, and broken water mains. To ensure that the water provided to your home complies with high health and safety regulations, local water treatment plants are typically mandated to adhere to severe water purity testing and treatment rules. But there remains a chance that the water you're drinking could end up being contaminated in some way.
In the event that this occurs, neighborhood regulatory organizations will issue advice to boil water to warn families about any potential pollution. You are really fortunate if you have never gotten a boil water alert. However, it's crucial to be aware of what to do in order to safeguard you and your loved ones from any possible pathogens in the water you consume if a boil water advisory is issued in your area.
What is Boil Water Advisory?
Formal public health advice to boil and cool water before consuming it is known as a "boil water advisory." This suggestion is provided by a state or local health authority to citizens. The public is protected by boil water signs from exposure to dangerous water contaminants that can cause a variety of health problems, such as diarrhea, intestinal illness, sickness, vomiting, headaches, cramping, and water-borne illnesses like typhoid fever, cholera, and dysentery.
When is Boil Water Advisory Issued?
The following are the main justifications for delivering a boil water notice:
- The water supply has been found to contain sewage contamination indicators. The bacteria Escherichia coli or other microorganisms might be among these signs.
- Due to pressure loss, water main breaking, and breakdowns in the distribution system, microorganisms may be able to get into the water system.
- There has been a contamination incident close to a water supply.
- Pathogens that are spread through water are evident in water samples.
- After a lot of rain, catastrophic events or higher levels of run-off enter the source of drinking water.
- Lines of service and other relevant infrastructure will undergo planned maintenance.
- Infection problems
Types of Boiling Water Advisories
Boil water warnings often come in two kinds: required and preventative. The most typical sort of warning is a precautionary one, which local water authorities issue when water samples are being taken and examined to determine the extent to which the quality of the water has been impacted following an event. Precautionary measures would be distributed to the general public following an unforeseen event or significant main collapse that might pollute the water supply. On the other side, mandatory are less typical. These are distributed to the general public to let them know that pollutants have been found in the water availability. Then, in order to get rid of bacteria and other dangerous contaminants, the consumers were told to heat their water prior to drinking it.
What to Do During Boiling Water Advisory
During a boiling water advisory, you can either boil the water or disinfect it before use. Boiling the water You may either heat the water amid boiling water advice or clean it before using. Injurious germs and backgrounds are destroyed by boiling and cooling the water. You can disinfect the water with bleach if you don't plan on using it to make ice, wash your teeth, gargle, or prepare salads and other such things. When flushing toilets and performing other personal hygiene tasks like taking a shower or bath, decontaminated water can be used.
Which Filtration System Is Best For During Boil Water Advisory?
Even if your water has already been filtered, it still needs to be boiled or disinfected. Most filters won't completely eliminate all of the bacteria and viruses in water that has been polluted by microorganisms. Contamination from microorganisms can be decreased with a reverse osmosis system, but it must be in top condition. Just remember to clean the water reservoir after the restriction has been lifted and swap every filter and pre-filters.
An ultraviolet purifying system would be the best filtration system for removing bacteria, viruses, and waterborne diseases. Indeed, this is among the greatest ways to clean your water when there is a warning against boiling it. These devices interfere with the DNA of microbes by using UV light, which prevents the organisms from operating properly or reproducing. There is no requirement for boiling the water if a UV system is installed. If not, you can find out more about their premium UV purification products by visiting Aqua Hygiene.
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I’m not sure what it is about the months from January to April or May, but they can seem so insanely long. And the shiny new curriculum that seemed so exciting back in September? I feel like if I have to look at it for one more second…
One of my favorite ways to shake things up this time of year is to put the regular curriculum aside and do something different for a few weeks. That’s why our homeschool group used to plan a spring fair for March or April each year. Our kids could put aside their regular curriculum for awhile and study something new for their spring fair presentation.
I’m excited to partner with Techie Homeschool Mom to help you break out of your winter rut!
Techie Homeschool Mom offers a series of Online Unit Studies on a variety of topics. These self-paced courses are designed for kids in mid-elementary through middle school who can navigate the internet on their own, but younger kids can participate with a bit of parental assistance.
From the Techie Homeschool Mom website:
Online Unit Studies integrate multiple subjects for multiple ages of students. Students access websites and videos and complete digital projects. With Online Unit Studies’ easy-to-use E-course format, no additional books and print resources are needed. Just gather supplies for hands-on projects and register for online tools.
Ancient Egypt and Ancient Greece Online Unit Study
We’re partnering to give away free access to the Ancient Egypt and Ancient Greece Online Unit Study bundle! Each of the two courses included is made up of 9 learning modules. Each module takes about 2-3 hours to complete.
Your kids will learn about:
- Egyptian Civilization
- Rosetta Stone
- Egyptian Daily Life
- Inventions and Technology of Ancient Egypt
- Ancient Egyptian Clothing
- Famous Egyptians
- Ancient Greek City-States
- Daily Life in Ancient Greece
- City Life in Ancient Greece
- Greek Arts & Architecture
- Greek Innovations
- Greek Warfare
- Greek Mythology
They’ll also host a Greek symposium and learn how to create a digital presentation using a graphic design app.
Techie Homeschool Mom and Weird, Unsocialized Homeschoolers are giving away one Ancient Egypt and Ancient Greece Online Unit Study bundle! Just follow the directions on the RaffleCopter widget below to enter.
Rules: This giveaway is open to United States residents, ages 18 years and older only. Giveaway ends at 11:59 PM (ET) on Monday, March 12, 2018. The winner will be selected at random using Random.org via RaffleCopter.
The winner will be notified via email and given 72 hours to respond. You must enter a valid email address to win. In the event that the winner cannot be contacted by email or does not respond within 72 hours, the prize will be forfeited and an alternate winner selected.
Click to read the complete rules. By entering this giveaway, you indicate that you have read and agreed to abide by these rules. By entering, you also agree to be added to the Techie Homeschool Mom email list. You may unsubscribe at any time.
Kris Bales is a newly-retired homeschool mom and the quirky, Christ-following, painfully honest founder (and former owner) of Weird, Unsocialized Homeschoolers. She has a pretty serious addiction to sweet tea and Words with Friends. Kris and her husband of over 30 years are parents to three amazing homeschool grads. They share their home with three dogs, two cats, a ball python, a bearded dragon, and seven birds.
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No Limits, Only Possibilities
Year 2 Spellings
Dear Year 2 Parents and Carers,
Click here to download the spellings for Term 4. Please help your child to learn these as they will be tested weekly. As the spellings are getting more difficult, we have used an asterisk on the words that have spelling patterns in common or once the spelling pattern has been learnt, can be sounded out. Please feel free to concentrate on these five or six if you feel your child would benefit. We will continue to look at these spelling patterns during our English and phonics sessions.
Assistant Headteacher (Year 1 & Year 2 Phase Leader)
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Archimedes is made of mirror-polished stainless steel, and is named after the ‘Archimedes Screw’ developed by the pre-eminent Greek mathematician and inventor, Archimedes (287-212 BC). The sculpture takes the form of a giant corkscrew (4.5metres in length) which emerges from the water whilst slowly turning to lift water to the top before disgorging it on to a stainless-steel cone which also seems to rise from the water, although it is in fact static.
The sculpture apparently floats on the water through a complex system of sixteen buoyancy tanks filled with air and water which keep afloat a submerged pontoon measuring 10 x 3 metres. Concrete anchor weights of 22 tons keep the entire structure stable.
Originally installed at West India Quay, London, it was removed and put into storage when this area of the Docks was redesigned to make way for increasing river craft.
See the video here
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Haze near Mexico City photographed from the NSF/NCAR C-130 aircraft in spring, 2006.
Click on image for full size
Image Courtesy of Peter DeCarlo
Aerosols in the Atmosphere: They Are the Same All Around the World
News story originally written on December 10, 2009
It's no secret that the emissions leaving a car tailpipe or factory smokestack affect climate and air quality. But until now, scientists haven't understood where the emissions go or what happens to them in the atmosphere. A group of more than 60 scientists combined their research from around the world to learn more about what happens to aerosols floating through the skies.
Particles from pollution have an effect on cloud formation and rainfall, and they can affect climate. They also affect human health and can lead to illnesses like asthma, heart disease and lung cancer.
Instead of studying the different paths that can happen to these particles, this group of scientists tried to look at them as a whole. They determined that the particles become what they call "particle soup," and the researchers created a chemical map of how the aerosols change once they are part of the soup. What they have learned will allow scientists to be better able to predict climate and air quality.
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When you look up at the sky, you are looking at more than just air. There are also billions of tiny bits of solid and liquid floating in the atmosphere. Those tiny floating particles are called aerosols...more
A cloud is composed of tiny water droplets or ice crystals that are suspended in the air. A series of processes have to happen in order for these water droplets or ice crystals to form into clouds in the...more
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Scientists have learned that Mount Hood, Oregon's tallest mountain, has erupted in the past due to the mixing of two different types of magma. "The data will help give us a better road map to what a future...more
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| 0.954577 | 579 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Medical Terminology Pronunciation "Jukebox"
By Mary Rahr
The learner listens to the pronunciation of medical terms using a "jukebox" to select the terms.
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Learners read and listen to the pronunciation of hundreds of medical terms that are arranged in a "jukebox." The terms are listed alphabetically and according to the following categories: aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms, blood bank, coagulation, fungi microorganisms, hematology, protozoa, and urinalysis. This learning activity requires a computer that is equipped with speakers.
Learners click on the root word of a medical term in the left-hand column and drag it to its definition in the right-hand column. There is a time limit, so students will need to train themselves to recognize these root words quickly. Students may repeat the activity as often as they wish. A total of 74 terms are given in random order.
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Friday, June 4th, 2021 -- For the very first time, scientists from the Medical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, UK have developed special (bacteria) cells that are able to construct artificial polymers, from building blocks (monomers, coded by codons) that are not present in nature. In order for researchers to make this possible, they encoded specific instructions in the genes of the bacteria. Through this study, the scientists also discovered that this synthetic (artificial) genome also made the bacteria resistant to viral infection.
Prior to this study, in 2019, the MRC research team used biotechnology techniques to construct the complete genome of the bacterium E.coli (Escherichia coli) in a lab. In doing so, they also simplified the genome by replacing some of its codons so that it has a different sequence while still coding for the same amino acid. This modified bacteria no longer contained those replaced codons in their genome, but they could still make normal proteins and live and grow.
Building on this study, the scientists have further altered the bacteria to remove the tRNA molecules that recognized those removed/replaced codons. This means that even if those codons are present in the genome, the cell would no longer be able to read those codons.
Since virus genomes contain high quantities of these replaced/removed codons, any time a virus tries to enter the bacteria, it is immediately destroyed since the modified bacteria has no mechanisms to read the virus genome.
The creation of these virus-resistant bacteria could lead to the development of new polymers, such as proteins, plastics, and many drugs. Since even a trace of a virus in a batch of drug-manufacturing bacteria could destroy the whole batch, these modified bacteria could make manufacturing certain types of drugs (antibiotics, insulin, etc.) much more reliable and cheaper.
In the creation of these synthetic bacteria genomes that do not contain certain codons, the researchers have allowed these codons to be used for other purposes, like coding for monomers (synthetic building blocks). According to study lead, Professor Jason Chin from the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, "These bacteria may be turned into renewable and programmable factories that produce a wide range of new molecules with novel properties, which could have benefits for biotechnology and medicine.” Professor Chin also mentioned that he and his team plan to “investigate applications of this technology to develop novel polymers, such as biodegradable plastics, which could contribute to a circular bioeconomy.”
Source: (2021) First cells reprogrammed to make synthetic polymers. In: UKRI. https://www.ukri.org/news/first-cells-reprogrammed-to-make-synthetic-polymers/. Accessed 4 Jun 2021
Polymers: substances that are made up of large molecules, called macromolecules, of smaller, repeating chemical units
Genome: all the genetic material of an organism, consisting of various types of DNA
Codons: a group of three mRNA bases (Adenine, Cytosine, Uracil, Guanine) that is read by special molecules called “tRNA,” which brings the corresponding amino acid to the ribosome to continue the protein-making process. There are also codons (“Stop Codons”) that indicate the cell to stop making the polypeptide/amino acid chain.
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| 0.941508 | 721 | 4 | 4 |
What is a smear test?
A smear test is a sample of the thick liquid (mucus) from a woman’s cervix. This smear test serves to discover diseases, such as cervical cancer, or sexually transmitted infections (STIs), such as HPV.
The family doctor or gynaecologist performs the smear test. The doctor first opens the vagina a little with a metal instrument. This is called a speculum. The doctor moves the speculum in the vagina and opens it a little. The walls of the vagina are now slightly apart. The cervix can be seen more easily now. The doctor then inserts a small brush (swab) into the vagina as far as the cervix and takes some mucus.
A smear test takes around 10 minutes. It is not painful. You may lose a little blood.
The doctor sends the smear test to a lab for testing. You get the result in 2 weeks.
When should I have a smear test?
It is best to have a smear test from the age of 25 if you have already had sex (sexual intercourse). Have a smear test every 3 years.
What does a smear test cost?
A doctor performs a smear test. You have to pay a personal contribution for the visit to the doctor (family doctor or gynaecologist). Some people have a right to increased reimbursement or urgent medical care. Below are the addresses where you can see a doctor for free.
The doctor sends the smear test to a lab for testing. You do not pay for the lab if you:
- are a member of a health insurance fund and
- you had your last smear test at least 3 years ago.
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| 0.943377 | 346 | 2.828125 | 3 |
While the world is absorbed in the raging solar storm between America and China, with Europe deciding whether or not to join in the fray, a quiet revolution is happening. It has the potential for real positive impact on the planet and the struggling solar industry at large.
In the last few months, Japan has been proving it really is the ‘Land of the Rising Sun’. Against a backdrop of post-Fukushima energy shortages and debates, it introduced a FiT scheme in July that could see it become the world’s no.2 solar market after Germany. In a dynamic shift away from atomic dependence, the government aims to generate 35% of the country’s energy from renewable sources by 2030.
Even at this early stage, figures show the country has made impressive steps towards meeting its goal. Sales of solar cells rose 72.2% in the year up to April 2012 – and that was before the FiT scheme was introduced.
Bloomberg New Energy Finance estimates that only China will exceed Japan in terms of solar capacity growth. It predicts the country will see at least $9.6 billion in new solar installations, creating 3.2 gigawatts of capacity (equal to the output of three atomic reactors).
About 90% of Japan’s solar panel installation is residential – compared with the US and elsewhere, where capacity is predominantly commercial and utility-scale. To meet growing need since the FiT scheme, panel imports have doubled, while domestic production has also ramped up to meet demand. Large-scale solar parks have opened, or are due to open, all over the country, with new projects announced every day.
The Need for a Nuclear Alternative
One such project has particular poignancy. Minamisoma City has teamed up with Toshiba to build the country’s biggest solar park. As parts of the city are situated 10 kilometres from the site of 2011’s Fukushima nuclear disaster, areas have been contaminated by radiation. This project offers a stark reminder as to why Japan’s solar eclipse is so important.
After the disaster, all 50 of Japan’s reactors went offline. The first two re-opened in the summer, to prevent potential power shortages, but were met with widespread protest demonstrations. The Nuclear Regulation Authority, set up last month, is compiling new nuclear standards that will underpin the re-opening of more reactors next year. It won’t be clear until then how many plants will meet the new regulations and be allowed to re-start.
Political Hot Potato
The government has legislated for nuclear power to be phased out by 2030. This generous schedule allows companies to recoup their money; in fact, by that date most reactors would be over 40 years old and facing decommissioning anyway. It has made some anti-nuclear campaigners cynical about the move.
The government’s actions are certainly not without subtext; next year’s general election will be weighing heavily on policymakers’ minds. Public opinion polls demonstrate overwhelming consensus for nuclear phase-out, with many ministers supporting the ‘zero option’. But dissenting voices from business and commerce will also shape the direction of the renewables dream.
Utility companies, who have the most to lose from a nuclear reduction programme, are resisting the government’s renewable plans. The power companies would be financially devastated by immediate plant closures – if all 50 reactors were closed, losses would total 4.4 trillion yen and make at least four companies insolvent.
But there’s another way in which these companies will suffer. Since Fukushima, private insurance providers will no longer insure the utilities, meaning the government (or rather, the taxpayer) has to foot the bill. In short, utility companies stand to get all the benefits, with none of the risk.
The Keidanren (Japan’s most influential business lobby) warns that the thousands of job losses would not be worth what it sees as problematic, expensive and unreliable energy alternatives. It believes there will be a negative impact on Japan’s economic growth without a stable, affordable alternative to nuclear.
The balance of Japan’s energy portfolio hangs in the political and economic balance, with the government caught between a rock and a hot place – public opinion vs business and economic pressures. Renewable supporters will be celebrating the pictures of busy solar power installers putting up panels all over the country; images of the Fukushima disaster will surely haunt ministers as they closely monitor the progress of the FiT scheme. With elections around the corner and an uncertain world economy all around them – who will they side with?
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Scientific name :
Salmo salar (Linné, 1758), salmonidae family, originating from Europe, Canada and the North Atlantic.
Salmon – maximum size between 1.2 and 1.5 m depending on the sex, maximum weight : 23 kilos, life expectancy : 13 years (in natural environment).
History : from the pioneers to present…
Salmon farming started in Norway and in Scotland in the seventies. Initially intended to produce juveniles for repopulating purposes, it evolved into full farming, by keeping young salmons in cages close to the coasts, so as to ensure the supply of fresh salmons to the markets.
Soon after, France followed the Norwegian example, starting with rainbow trout and coho salmon farming. The latter never picked up and its production was ceased, due to the fragility of the species during the first summer at sea and the need to produce juveniles for its development. Atlantic salmon farming started once it was possible to lay out farming structures and to farm the most suitable populations obtained through selection programs. Sea farming of the salmonidae became possible once their characteristics were well understood and they could be controlled (migration from rivers to the sea and associated smoltification, translating into anatomical, physiological and endocrine modifications).
Rearing techniques and production cycle
The Atlantic salmon lends itself to the production of large fish for fresh consumption (up to more than 4 kilos). It is also used for repopulating and fishing. It takes roughly 20 months from hatching to a commercial size of about 2 kilos.
Being a migrant fish, the salmon has to adapt itself to changes of environment. It breeds in fresh water and the eggs are taken at fall on adults that came back to the rivers to spawn (1,000 to 2,000 ovules per kilo of female). Following artificial fertilization and incubation at varying temperatures, the eggs hatch between the end of winter and the beginning of spring. The vesicled then “parr” alevins are first fed an initial feed. Near the end of spring, they are sorted by sizes and transferred to rearing ponds with controlled conditions. They are sorted again at fall for sea farming (“smolts” from 30 to 50 g). Control of the photoperiod makes it possible to shorten the period in fresh water down to 6 months. The following spring, they are transferred in sea floating cages in which they will spend between 8 and 18 months (700 to 900 g, 8 to 9 months after the transfer).
Higher salmon performance is sought through the selection of populations from one generation to the next ; the selected genitors will pass on characteristics that are of interest for the farmer: growth rate and late maturation. It should be noted that maturation is also controlled by producing sterile triploid individuals or by continuous lighting techniques developed in Norway. Moreover, farming can withstand a high density ; it tends to drop (from 30 kg/m3 to about 15 kg/m3), in order to minimize pathological hazards and to preserve the quality of fish within the framework of growing organic aquaculture. As to the salmon diet, it calls for more lipids than those of other marine species (about 25%).
Salmonids yields evolution
The international market of salmonids developed quickly during the last decades, with a production of aout 2 250 000 tons of salmonids,
1 456700 tons of Atlantic salmon and less 580 000 tons of trouts in 2008 (sea water and fresh water production combined).
Norway, Chile, the United Kingdom and Canada contributed 93,7 % to the world production of farmed salmons. For the last ten years, the production has grown at a rate of 16 % per year. Chile and Japan also produces Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch).
In France, Atlantic salmon production was 1 100 tons at sea in 2008 in marine environment, in Normandy and Brittany. The society of the first locality provides its own fingerlings since their hatchery located at proximity.
Product value enhancement
Farmed Atlantic salmon is sold in various forms as pre-packaged, frozen, smoked, whole or in slices or filets. A small quantity is also canned, transformed or prepared as ready-to-eat dishes. The flesh, sharp orange or rosy orange, is moderately firm and oily.
97 % of the salmon consumed in France come from farming. Imports of salmon range about 170 915 tons per year (average from 2007 to 2009).
Strengths / Weaknesses
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Factors Controlling the Development of Straight Valleys and Streams in the Kurdistan Region, North and Northeast of Iraq
The Iraqi Kurdistan Region is a mountainous area with relief difference ranging from few hundred meters up to 3000 m, and locally more. Almost all of the mountains form anticlines that have NW–SE trend changing westwards of longitude to E–W. The carapace of the majority of the mountains is built up of Cretaceous rocks; however, some of them are of older rocks. Many of those anticlines are crossed by straight valleys and/or are crossed by streams and rivers which form again straight lines and almost coincide with regional lineaments, usually in N–S or NE–SW trend. The studied straight valleys are controlled, most probably by tectonic factors, therefore, exhibit special topographic forms, like straight lineaments crossing many successive anticlines, and also clear bending in some of the ridges in their crossing points to the valleys and/or streams. This paper aims to determine and discuss the factors that control the development of the straight valleys and/or lineaments. To achieve this aim, remote sensing and GIS techniques were followed, using Landsat, QuickBird images as well as geological maps of different scales, and different published articles.
Abdulnaby, W., Mahdi, H., Al-Shukri, H. and Numan, NS., 2014. Stress patterns in northern Iraq and surrounding regions from formal stress inversion of earthquake focal mechanism solutions. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 171, pp.2137-2153.
Al-Jaf, A.A. and Kadhim, T.H., 2010. The Geomorphological Map of Kirkuk Quadrangle, Sheet No. N1-38-2, Scale 1:250000. International Rep. No. 3297. Iraq Geological Survey, Baghdad-Iraq.
Al-Kadhimi, J.A.M., Sissakian, V.K., Fattah, A.S. and Deikran, D.B., 1997. Tectonic Map of Iraq, 2nd ed., Scale 1: 1000 000. GEOSURV, Baghdad, Iraq.
Al-Ma’amar, A.F., Al-Saady, Y.I. and Al-Saati, R.M., 2011. Series of Geomorphological Maps of Iraq, Scale 1: 250000, Erbil and Mahabad Quadrangles, Sheets No. NJ-38-14 and NJ-38-15. Iraq Geological Survey Library Internal Report No. 3358. GEOSURV, Baghdad.
Al-Mousawi, H.A., Sissakian, V.K. and Fouad, S.F., 2008. The Geology of Zakho Quadrangle, Scale 1:250000. Iraq Geological Survey, Baghdad, Iraq.
Aqrawi, A.A.M., Goff, J.C., Horbury, A.D. and Sadooni, F.N., 2010. The Petroleum Geology of Iraq. Scientific Press Ltd., United Kingdom, p.424.
Barwary, A.M. and Slewa, N.A., 2014. Geological Map of Khanaqin Quadrangle, Scale 1: 250000. Geosurv Systems Ltd., Baghdad, Iraq.
Buday, T. and Jassim, S.Z., 1987. The Geology of Iraq, Tectonism, Volcanism and Magmatism. Part II. Iraq Geological Survey, Baghdad, Iraq.
Buday, T., 1980. The Regional Geology of Iraq. Stratigraphy and Paleogeography. Vol.1. Iraq Geological Survey, Baghdad, Iraq, p.445.
Ditmar, V.J., Begisher, F.A., Afansiey, J.T., Belousova, B.A., Petchernikov, V.V., Cheremnyh, E.M., Shamakov, E.I., Koverzner, V.Y. and Nazarov, N.P., 1971. Geological Conditions and Hydrocarbon Prospect of the Republic of Iraq. Northern and Central Parts, Baghdad, Iraq.
Fouad, S.F., 2007. The Geology of Kani Rash Quadrangle, Scale 1:250000. Iraq Geological Survey, Baghdad, Iraq.
Fouad, S.F., 2010. Tectonic Map of Iraq. Scale 1:1,000,000, 3rd, ed. GEOSURV: Baghdad, Iraq.
Fouad, S.F., 2012. Tectonic Map of Iraq, Scale 1:1000 000, 3rd ed. Iraq Geological Survey, Baghdad, Iraq.
Huggett, R., 2007. Fundamentals of Geomorphology, Routledge Fundamentals of Physical Geography. Taylor & Francis Ltd., United Kingdom.
Jassim, S.Z. and Goff, J.C., 2006. Geology of Iraq. Geological Society, London, p.341.
Keller, E. and Pinter, N., 2002. Active Tectonics, Earthquakes, Uplift and Landscape. Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
Othman, A.A. and Gloaguen, R., 2013a. Automatic extraction and size distribution of landslides in kurdistan region, N.E. Iraq. Remote Sensing, 5, pp.2389-2410.
Othman, A.A. and Gloaguen, R., 2013b. River courses affected by landslides and implications for hazard assessment: A high resolution remote sensing case study in NE Iraq-W Iran. Remote Sensing, 5, pp.1024-1044.
Othman, A.A. and Gloaguen, R., 2014. Improving lithological mapping by SVM classification of spectral and morphological features: The discovery of a new chromite body in the mawat ophiolite complex (Kurdistan, NE Iraq). Remote Sensing, 6, pp.6867-6896.
Ramsey, L.A., Walker R.T. and Jackson, J., 2008. Fold evolution and drainage development in the Zagros mountains of fars province, SE Iran. Basin Research, 20, pp.23-48.
Shihab, A.T., 2015. Structural Analysis Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques in the High Folded Zone Between Harir and Bradost Anticlines. University of Baghdad, Northeast Iraq.
Sissakian, V.K. and Abdul-Jabbar, M.F., 2010. Morphometry and genesis of the main transversal gorges in North and Northeast Iraq. Iraqi Bulletin Geological Mining, 6, pp.95-120.
Sissakian, V.K. and Fouad, S.F., 2012. Geological Map of Iraq, Scale 1: 1000 000, 4th ed. Iraq Geological Survey, Baghdad-Iraq.
Sissakian, V.K. and Fouad, S.F., 2014a. The Geology of Erbil and Mahabad Quadrangles, Scale 1:250 000, Sheets No. NJ-38-14 and NJ-38-15, 2nd ed. Iraq Geological Survey, Baghdad, Iraq.
Sissakian, V.K. and Fouad, S.F., 2014b. The Geology of Kirkuk Quadrangle, Scale 1:250 000, Sheet No. NI-38-2, 2nd ed. Iraq Geological Survey, Baghdad, Iraq.
Sissakian, V.K. and Fouad, S.F., 2014c. The Geology of Sulaimaniyah Quadrangles, Scale 1:250 000, Sheet No. NI-38-03, 2nd ed. Iraq Geological Survey, Baghdad, Iraq.
Sissakian, V.K., 1993. Geological Report on Kirkuk Quadrangle, Sheet No. NI- 38-02, Scale 1:250 000. Iraq Geological Survey, Baghdad, Iraq.
Sissakian, V.K., 1995. Geological Report on Al-Mosul Quadrangle, Sheet No. NJ-38-03, Scale 1:250 000. Iraq Geological Survey, Baghdad, Iraq.
Sissakian, V.K., 2013. Geological evolution of the Iraqi mesopotamia foredeep, inner platform and near surroundings of the Arabian plate. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 72, pp.152-163.
Sissakian, V.K., Abdul Jab’bar, M.F., Al-Ansari, N. and Knutson, S., 2015. Development of galley ali beg gorge, rawnadouz area, North Iraq. Engineering, 7, pp.16-30.
Sissakian, V.K., Abdul-Jab’bar, M.F., Al-Ansari, N. and Knutson, S., 2014a. Meandering of tributaries of the tigris river due to mass movements, within Iraq. Engineering, 6, pp.712-730.
Sissakian, V.K., Al-Ansari, N. and Knutson, S., 2014b. Origin of some transversal linear features of NE - SW trend in Iraq and their geological characters. Natural Science, 6, pp.1-16.
Sissakian, V.K., Kadhum, T.H. and Abdul Jab’bar, M., 2014c. Geomorphology. In: Geology of the high folded zone. Iraqi Bulletin Geological Mining, 6, pp.7-56.
Sissakian, V.K., Othman, A.A. and Ahmed, T.S.H., 2017. Factors Controlling the Development of Wine Glass Forms in the Mountains of the Kurdistan Region. Submitted to GeoKyrdistan/3 Conference, Iraq.
Whitney, B.B. and Hengesh, J.V., 2015. Geomorphological evidence of neotectonic deformation in the carnarvon basin, Western Austrlia. Geomorphology, 228, pp.579-596.
Yacoub, S.Y., Othman, A.A. and Kadhum, T.H., 2012. Geomorphology. In: Geology of the low folded zone. Iraqi Bulletin Geological Mining, 5, pp.7-38.
Copyright (c) 2017 Varoujan K. Sissakian, Ahmed T. Shihab, Arsalan A. Othman
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This underground passage was built in the 1880s, officially called the Metropolitan Tunnel. However, it had a short-lived life and was closed in 1915 after years of soot and smoke built up inside the space, which made it dangerous for the crews and passengers of the trains to pass. The end of the tunnel was sealed to make it a reservoir. So eventually a colony of glowworms—one of the largest in all of New South Wales—moved in and made its home on the roof. The insects illuminate the stale, inky air like a constellation of blue-green stars.
Live WeatherNOW: 15.98°C
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The country went through a long civil war, when the Soviet Union collapsed. During this time, according to Robert Baer, government officials were complicit in the drug trade. It also had internal insurgencies, some of which used it as a sanctuary from Afghanistan; the largest group was led by Abdullah Nuri, head of the United Tajik Opposition. Russia and Tajikistan asked for help against them, saying he was subsidized by Saudi Arabia; the CIA independently confirmed Nuri received money and weapons from the World Islamic League of Saudi Arabia.
Refugees from Afghanistan also came to the country.
By 2002, it was the poorest of the Central Asian states. It joined the NATO Partnership for Peace.
Both the French and the Russians obtained the right to use Dushanbe as a base in 2002.
- Tajikistan, Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved on 2009-02-14.
- Glenn E. Curtis, ed. (March 1996), Tajikistan Internal Security, Tajikistan: a country study, Federal Research Division, Library of Congress
- Linda M. Buyers, ed. (2003), Central Asia in Focus: Political and Economic Issues, Nova Science Publishers, ISBN 1590331532, p. 32
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The concept of crypto currency is nothing new, but the underlying concept is a little bit confusing. The concept of cryptocurrency is an electronic currency that is created to work as a means of exchange. The key is to understand the difference between it and fiat currency, which are both different forms of money. Let’s look at how each one works. Once we understand the difference between them, we can better understand the importance of this type of currency.
The idea behind crypto is to give individuals greater control over their funds than the central bank does. However, this is not possible if governments are printing money. Because governments are not in charge of the system, they will not be able to collect data on the economy. In addition, many banks will not provide services to virtual-currency companies, putting the government in the position of regulating the currency’s value. That means more people may be using crypto to invest in goods and services.
Another benefit of crypto is that it allows people to participate in the global economy without having to deal with traditional banks. With the right technology, anyone in the world can participate in the global economy. They can receive and send cryptocurrencies quickly and easily. They can check each transaction on a blockchain to ensure that they are not buying counterfeit products. For example, if a charity is selling Bitcoin coins, they will have a better idea of how that money is being spent.
In addition, cryptocurrencies are not used for banking. It is difficult for a business to accept crypto as payment. Moreover, they cannot be used to secure other financial needs. For instance, if you need a car loan, you can use cash in a bank instead. In addition, cryptos are not accepted as collateral for mortgages, which makes it harder to get them. The main benefit of using cash is that you have access to your funds anytime you want.
Because cryptocurrencies are not backed by anything tangible, they cannot secure life-changing services. They are only an investment opportunity and cannot replace a local bank. Despite the fact that cryptocurrencies are inexpensive and fast, they are not backed by any government. This means that they are vulnerable to censorship and corruption. They can’t even secure loans or mortgages. Neither can they offer the security or stability of a local bank.
Aside from the fundamental function of a currency, cryptocurrencies are also used for a variety of other uses. For example, dogecoin is a popular form of meme, and Shiba is a censorship-resistant crypto. Its use cases are many, but the main goal of any cryptocurrency is to be free from censorship. A cryptocurrency is an alternative to traditional currencies. These currencies are not backed by a government and are decentralized.
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AI Image Generators: Revolutionizing Visual Content Creation
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has brought about transformative changes across industries, and one area where its impact is particularly evident is in the field of image generation. AI image generators are powerful tools that utilize deep learning and neural networks to create stunning visuals, revolutionizing graphic design, gaming, advertising, and more. In this article, we will explore the workings of AI image generators, their applications, benefits, challenges, and future prospects.
How AI Image Generators Work
At the heart of AI image generators are deep learning algorithms, specifically generative models such as Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) and Variational Autoencoders (VAEs). These models are trained on vast amounts of data, allowing them to learn the underlying patterns and features of images. By utilizing this knowledge, AI image generators can create new, realistic images from scratch or modify existing ones.
The training process involves feeding the AI model with a large dataset of images. The model then learns to recognize the statistical properties and structures present in the data. Once trained, the AI image generator can produce images by sampling from a latent space and decoding these latent vectors into visual representations. The generated images can vary in style, content, and complexity, depending on the design of the model and the training data.
Applications of AI Image Generators
The applications of AI image generators are vast and diverse, spanning multiple industries. In the field of graphic design, these generators have become invaluable tools for creating visual content. Designers can leverage AI image generators to quickly generate mock-ups, logos, icons, and other graphical elements, saving time and effort.
Virtual reality (VR) and gaming industries have also embraced AI image generators. These tools enable developers to generate realistic landscapes, characters, and objects, enhancing the immersive experience for players. AI-generated images can be tailored to fit the desired art style or cater to specific gameplay requirements.
Furthermore, AI image generators have found applications in advertising and marketing. Brands can leverage these tools to create compelling visuals for their campaigns, enabling them to stand out in a crowded marketplace. AI-generated images can be customized to align with brand aesthetics, target audience preferences, and campaign objectives.
Additionally, industries like fashion and interior design benefit from AI image generators. Designers can generate virtual prototypes of clothing, accessories, or interior spaces, allowing them to visualize and iterate on designs more efficiently. This technology enables customization options, empowering customers to see how different variations of a product might look before making a purchase.
Benefits and Advantages of AI Image Generators
AI image generators offer several benefits and advantages to users. One of the key advantages is the significant time and cost savings they provide. Designers no longer have to start from scratch or spend hours creating every element manually. Instead, AI image generators can
automatically generate high-quality visuals, allowing designers to focus on other creative aspects of their work.
Another advantage of AI image generators is the enhanced creativity and productivity they bring to the table. These tools provide designers with a vast range of possibilities and inspiration. By exploring different combinations and variations, designers can quickly iterate and experiment with ideas, leading to more innovative and captivating designs.
The customization and personalization options offered by AI image generators are also noteworthy. Designers can fine-tune various parameters and input specific requirements to generate images that align with their vision. This level of customization allows for tailored visuals that cater to specific needs, whether it’s creating a unique logo or designing a virtual character for a game.
However, it’s important to acknowledge the challenges and limitations associated with AI image generators. Ethical considerations come into play, especially when using AI to generate images that involve people or copyrighted materials. It’s crucial to ensure that AI-generated visuals comply with legal and ethical standards to avoid infringement and misuse.
Another limitation is the potential lack of control and originality in AI-generated images. While these tools can produce impressive visuals, there is a risk of the output lacking uniqueness or a human touch. Designers should strive to balance the use of AI image generators with their own creative input to maintain originality and ensure their work stands out.
Additionally, the quality and reliability of AI-generated images can vary. The output may not always meet the desired standards, and there can be a level of uncertainty associated with the results. Designers need to carefully evaluate and refine the generated visuals to ensure they meet their expectations and effectively convey their intended message.
Looking ahead, the future prospects of AI image generators are promising. Ongoing research and advancements in deep learning algorithms and generative models are continuously improving the capabilities of these tools. We can expect more sophisticated and refined AI image generators that offer even greater control, realism, and creative possibilities.
Moreover, the integration of AI image generators with other technologies such as augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) opens up new avenues for immersive and interactive experiences. The combination of AI-generated visuals with these technologies has the potential to transform various industries, including gaming, advertising, and architecture.
In conclusion, AI image generators have revolutionized visual content creation across multiple industries. These tools leverage deep learning algorithms and neural networks to generate stunning and realistic images. From graphic design to gaming, advertising to fashion, AI image generators offer numerous applications and benefits, including time and cost savings, enhanced creativity and productivity, and customization options. However, ethical considerations, the need for human input, and output quality remain challenges to be addressed. With ongoing advancements and integration with other technologies, the future of AI image generators holds great potential. Embracing these tools can unlock new levels of creativity and efficiency in visual content creation.
Can AI image generators completely replace human designers?
AI image generators are powerful tools, but they cannot fully replace human designers. They are best used as a complement to human creativity and expertise, allowing designers to explore new possibilities and streamline their workflow.
Are AI-generated images considered plagiarism?
AI-generated images themselves are not considered plagiarism. However, using copyrighted materials or infringing on someone’s intellectual property rights while generating images can be considered plagiarism. Designers should always ensure they have the necessary rights and permissions when using AI image generators.
Can AI image generators create original artwork?
AI image generators can produce visually appealing and creative artwork. However, true originality often requires human input and creative interpretation. Designers should strive to balance the use of AI image generators with their own artistic vision to maintain a unique and original style.
Are there any risks associated with using AI image generators?
Risks associated with using AI image generators include potential ethical concerns, such as generating misleading or inappropriate content. Designers should exercise caution and ensure that the generated images align with ethical standards and legal requirements. There is also a risk of over-reliance on AI image generators, which may result in a lack of originality and human creativity in the design process. It’s essential to strike a balance between utilizing AI tools and maintaining a human touch in the creative workflow.
Can AI image generators be used by non-designers or individuals with limited artistic skills?
Absolutely! AI image generators can be beneficial for individuals with limited artistic skills or non-designers. These tools provide a user-friendly interface and pre-set options that allow users to generate visually appealing images without extensive design knowledge. However, it’s important to note that a basic understanding of design principles can enhance the effectiveness of using AI image generators.
What industries can benefit the most from AI image generators?
AI image generators have applications across various industries. Graphic design, gaming, advertising, fashion, interior design, and architecture are just a few examples. Any industry that requires visual content creation can benefit from the speed, efficiency, and creative possibilities offered by AI image generators.
Can AI image generators learn from user feedback and improve over time?
Yes, AI image generators can be designed to incorporate user feedback and improve their performance over time. By analyzing user preferences and interactions, AI models can be trained to generate images that better match user expectations. This iterative learning process allows for continuous refinement and enhancement of the AI image generation capabilities.
Will AI image generators replace traditional photography and illustration?
AI image generators won’t replace traditional photography and illustration entirely. These traditional art forms offer a unique and personal touch that AI-generated images may not be able to replicate completely. However, AI image generators can serve as valuable tools for photographers and illustrators, aiding in the creation of compositions, visual effects, and generating new ideas.
AI image generators have emerged as transformative tools, revolutionizing the way visual content is created across various industries. Through the power of deep learning algorithms and generative models, these tools offer time and cost savings, enhanced creativity and productivity, and customization options. While ethical considerations, maintaining human creativity, and output quality remain challenges, the future of AI image generators holds tremendous potential. By leveraging the benefits of these tools while balancing them with human expertise, designers can unlock new levels of efficiency and innovation in visual content creation.
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|Messianic Education Trust|
B'Midbar/Numbers 32:1 There was great wealth of livestock to the sons of R'uveyn and to the sons of Gad, exceedingly numerous
While all the tribes of Israel kept cattle, R'uveyn and Gad were cattle ranchers par excellence; they were the cattle barons of their time and G-d had blessed them abundantly in cattle and sheep. As they looked at the size of their flocks and herds, plus of course those of the other tribes, they couldn't help feeling a certain unease: where were all these animals going to go? They remembered how Avraham and his nephew Lot had had to part company because their flocks and herds became too great and all the trouble that had caused; just their animals alone must be many more than Avraham had by himself, so where were the other tribes going? Was the Land going to be big enough for all that grazing? As they pondered this, their eyes couldn't help looking around at the plains of Mo'av, where Israel had only just conquered the kingdoms of Sichon and Og and taken possession of their lands and cities. An idea started to form - why shouldn't they have this land here on the east of the Yarden: miles and miles of open country, plenty of grazing land, water and cities to live in; that would leave plenty of space west of the Yarden for the other tribes. Perfect!
Later history tells us that this was not a popular idea among the other tribes and led to more than a certain amount of angst over the years. The river Yarden was a much more defensible boundary than an arbitrary line drawn somewhere in the wilderness. Hindsight enables us to see that R'uveyn and Gad went for the immediate solution that was in front of their eyes, rather than waiting for what G-d has originally said and planned. They chose by what they saw, according to what they had now, rather than holding on and waiting for G-d's plans to be worked out in detail. RabbiHirsch even suggests that the idea of settling by themselves within special boundaries outside those of the general nation appealed to them.
Yeshua tells a parable about a rich man who had very productive land, producing much more grain than he had the capacity to store. The man said to himself, "I will tear down my barns and build larger ones, and there I will store all my grain and my goods ... take your ease, eat, drink and be merry" (Luke 12:18-19, NASB). But G-d had other plans and the man's planning was wasted. Yeshua goes on to teach that "your Father knows that you need these things. But seek for His kingdom and these things shall be added to you" (Luke 12:30-31, NASB).
Rav Sha'ul picks up the same theme writing to the Corinthians. Talking about the difference between our earthly existence here and being with G-d in the time to come he says, "for we walk by faith, not by sight" (2 Corinthians 5:7, ESV). Sometimes we have to ignore what we see and trust what G-d has said He is going to do. "Faith assures us of things we expect and convinces us of the existence of things we cannot see" (Hebrews 11:1, GWT).
Further Study: Romans 8:22-25; 2 Corinthians 4:16-18; 1 Peter 1:8-9
Application: Are you trying to take important decisions at the moment and finding it difficult to balance the seeming certainties of what you see against the promises that G-d has given you but seem a long time coming? Don't let the enemy rush you into making a snap decision based on here and now and so deprive you of G-d's blessing. Hold on until you are sure it is G-d and then make your move.
© Jonathan Allen, 2006
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Your turn - what do you think of the ideas in this drash ?Like most print and online magazines, we reserve the right to edit or publish only those comments we feel are edifying in tone and content.
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This article is a malloc's program crash!
During article 12 we informed the compiler to prepare a memory pool allocation using the init_mempool function and writing the declaretion unsigned int b ; , asking for an allocation of 400 bytes. But if you write unsigned int b ; the program crash. The reason is that we try to do allocation in stack.
A safe allocation is outside stack. In this case we can write unsigned int sdata b;
Here we give an example writing unsigned int sdata; so the program can accept large integer ,say 19.
Take the C code.
See the story.
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To create a more complete and realistic solution, the first step was to create a brand to communicate and represent the final solution. The first step in creating the brand was designing a logo. The first step in designing a logo was designing an icon that would be used in conjunction with text to create a full logo.
The word 'Funda' is a Zulu word that means read. Therefore the brand Funda Friend suggests a reading companion. The tagline 'Learning Made Personal' suggests the idea of a personalised audio learning device as hinted at in my ideation and prototyping.
The colour scheme needed to represent a youthful, fun and exciting brand.
The main/heading typeface needed to represent something fun and friendly while the body copy needed to be a font that was easily legible and showcased that the brand was a company that understood the importance of literacy.
Below are the proposed brand partnerships, which will be discussed in detail further on down the page.
The final solution was a portable and interactive children's audio device that narrated books page by page to children, helping the teacher as well as the children by letting them relax and take in the story whilst helping them improve their literacy skills.
On the front of the device we have a number of different functions. Firstly we have a page display screen, which will show which page the audio is playing, allowing the child to follow the words.
Then we have the interactive buttons (previous, repeat, next) which allow a child to skip, rewind and repeat audio for pages which allows them to read a book at their own pace.
There is a headphone jack port where the headphones that come with the device can be plugged in, allowing the child to listen closely to the audio.
At the foot of the device is a charging port where the device's internal battery can be charged.
The first noticable feature on the back of the device is the power button that allows a child to turn the device on and off.
The second feature is battery level indicator lights which notify the teacher how much charge the device has.
The third feature is one of the most important features. This is a memory card slot that allows the teacher or child to slot in a memory card that will contain the audio files needed to read a certain book. The nice thing about this feature is that it allows a child to easily read and listen to multiple books just by changing a memory card.
Lastly, on the top of the device is a solar panel which can be used to trickle charge the device in the sun. This feature will help children in rural areas where there is no readily available electricity.
An example of the pair of headphones that will come with the device.
A handy charging station that allows teachers to mass charge a number of devices at once. Devices are clipped into the side of the charger via a c-clip after which a connecter on the side of the charger slips into the charging port at the base of the device.
MTN's role as a brand partner is to sponsor the Funda Friend brand by financing the manufacturing and distribution of devices.
Firstly, MTN is one of South Africa's largest telecommunications companies. Since their core business revolves around communications - and literacy and writing is a form of communication - I felt the brand linked well with what I wanted to achieve with my solution. Secondly, the company also has a social investment vehicle, the MTN SA Foundation, which strives to connect disadvantaged communities through MTN's telecommunication plaftorms so that they can become self-reliant. One of the main 'pillars' for investment for the foundation is education. Therefore I felt they would be the perfect sponsor for this brand.
There are a couple of benefits that MTN will recieve as a sponsor to the programme. Firstly MTN gets to contribute to a meaningful social cause that will undoubtedly uplift and empower lower income communities and therefore the brand will create positive brand associations in the public eye, which they can then leverage to grow the MTN brand equity.
Secondly, they get to create a positive perception around MTN in lower-income communities where they will be seen as a brand that helps nurture and educate the youth in these communities, creating a strong emotional connection to consumers in these areas which will persuade them to use MTN, creating more business for the brand.
JBL's role as a brand partner is to manufactor the headphones that are to be used with the audio device.
JBL is a global electronics company that manufactures speakers, headphones and other audio electronics of which many are sold in South Africa. Secondly, it is a well established brand that has been around for a long time.
Pearson's role as a brand partner is to provide educational content to be used in conjunction with the audio device through their Vuma reading instruction programme.
Pearson is a leading world learning and education company that creates and publishes a multitude of edcuational content for schools, corporates as well as directly to students. In South Africa they have rolled out a reading instruction programme for educating children in the foundation phase called Vuma. The programme publishes books in an African context for specific use in lower-income communities as a way of relating to children in these areas, through rich stories illustrated in an African townships. The books are also written in English, Afrikaans, isiXhosa and isiZulu. Therefore I felt the programme would be a great fit for producing educational books and content to go with the Funda Friend device.
Shine Literacy's role as a brand partner is to act as a distribution channel for the devices whilst being a facilitator for the Funda Friend programme at a school level.
Shine Literacy is a national non-profit organisation based in Cape Town that has volunteer programmes throughout the country, including a few in KZN, where volunteers read one-on-one with children in Shine Literacy Centres to progress their reading skills. These Shine Literary Centres are based within various under-privileged schools around South Africa therefore they have a perfect network for the Funda Friend brand to tap into and reach the schools and children that need help.
Due to the fact that, from a school perspective, Shine Literacy is an external organisation whose aim is to further and improve literacy skills in schools, they will be the perfect partner to help manage and oversee the use of the devices and the books at these schools without getting caught up in the daily runnings of the school, which would happen to a teacher or headmaster. Thus the organisation will act as a facilitator for the programme helping schools to implement it on the ground and acting as a channel to handout rewards, from MTN, to children, teachers, headmasters and schools that run with and utilise the programme.
The packaging that the audio device will arrive in.
The device when setup the headphones and a book.
The packaging that the audio device will arrive in.
These are booklets given to teachers to provide information on how the devices work.
This website provides information on how the devices work for teachers who have access to the internet.
Below are various Funda Friend Learner Awards which will be handed out to children in class for successfully progressing through the programme as an incentive to carry on and as a form of recognition to the children for the progress they have made.
Below is a consumer journey of the Funda Friend programme and how it will be rolled out at various schools around the country.
Audio Devices, Charging Stations, Books and Memory cards are delivered to Waterloo Primary school and stored in the Shine Literacy Reading Centre/Classroom.
Megan, a Shine Literacy representative at the Waterloo School holds a talk with teachers along with a live demonstration in the teacher’s staff room.
After the talk, the Grade One teacher Thuthuka, receives a Funda Friend booklet which has information about the audio devices, the charging station, the Vuma books and the audio cards that accompany them. The booklet also has a guide on how to set up and implement the charging stations in her classroom. Information can also be found online on the Funda Friend Website which has instructional videos.
When Thuthuka goes back to the staff room at break time, she sees that there are Funda Friend informational posters put up around the room including an Awards Progress Chart which help her to remember how the Funda Friend Program works, as well as detailing information about the different incentives and rewards that are on offer if Thuthuka gets her class on the Funda Friend Programme.
Thuthuka then introduces the device to her class of children. Here Siboniso is given his own Funda Friend audio device with his name on it. He is then allowed to personalise his audio device by picking a sticker which he can place on the backpack of his audio device.
Thuthuka shows Siboniso how to use the device with his Vuma book in a dedicated Funda Friend class period.
Siboniso then uses the audio device on his own and completes his first Funda Friend activity. He is awarded a sticker which he adds to the backpack on his audio device.
Siboniso proceeds to complete multiple activities and finally finishes all his activities for the first level of the Funda Friend Program. He is awarded a Funda Friend badge which he is able to pin on his shirt and take home with him.
A Shine literacy representative comes to check Thuthuka’s class and verifies (conducts peer review) that all the students in her class have completed level one of the Funda Friend Programme. Thuthuka is awarded an MTN Data Bundle for helping all her students progress past level one.
To test his knowledge after a reading and completing various Funda Friend books and activities, Siboniso is given a test book in which he has to complete the first assessment about past books he has read. He uses the Funda Friend device to read the questions to him and then proceeds to write down his answers.
After a few months, Megan, the head Shine Literacy representative at the Waterloo School, reviews the Funda Friend Programme at the school and concludes that the entire junior primary is using the Funda Friend audio device and they have progressed past a certain level. The school then receives a gift from MTN in the form of a paid and scheduled school excursion. The teachers also receive a lunch for their hard work.
The Headmaster of the Waterloo Primary school notices that the marks and mood of the junior primary have lifted. He is so impressed with the Funda Friend Programme that he recommends it to other neighbouring schools and is awarded a networking prize from MTN.
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|There were "old" features in your gua (hexagram). It means that you have two hexagrams. The first one — is something that the Book tells you at the moment, the second is something it warns you about.
8. Grouping (bǐ). Holding Together
If people want to agree and unite, gods take their side the.
Inital text of I Ching
Holding Together brings good fortune. Inquire of the oracle once again whether you possess sublimity, constancy, and perseverance; Then there is no blame. Those who are uncertain gradually join. Whoever comes too late meets with misfortune.
On the earth is water:
The image of Holding Together. Thus the kings of antiquity bestowed the different states as fiefs and cultivated friendly relations with the feudal lords.
- Hold to him in truth and loyalty; This is without blame. Truth, like a full earthen bowl: thus in the end good fortune comes from without.
- Hold to him inwardly. Perseverance brings good fortune.
- You hold together with the wrong people.
- Hold to him outwardly also. Perseverance brings good fortune.
- Manifestation of holding together. In the hunt the king uses beaters on three sides only and foregoes game that runs off in front. The citizens need no warning. Good fortune.
- He finds no head for holding together. Misfortune.
The sign is positive. Do not resist one who seeks to get closer to you. Be careful not to be late – hurry up! Delay is equal to denial. The path of convergence can be difficult and time consuming. Do not be afraid of bad luck. Follow the rules and arrangements, and avoid omissions and misunderstanding. Rely on help and support of trusted people. Do not seek to occupy a dominant position. But when it is necessary, you can show firmness. Use experience; do not let knowledge become useless.
The waters on the surface of the earth flow together wherever they can, as for
example in the ocean, where all the rivers come together. Symbolically this
connotes holding together and the laws that regulate it. The same idea is
suggested by the fact that all the lines of the hexagram except the fifth, the
place of the ruler, are yielding. The yielding lines hold together because they
are influenced by a man of strong will in the leading position, a man who is
their center of union. Moreover, this strong and guiding personality in turn
holds together with the others, finding in them the complement of his own
What is required is that we unite with others, in order that all may
complement and aid one another through holding together. But such
holding together calls for a central figure around whom other persons may
unite. To become a center of influence holding people together is a grave
matter and fraught with great responsibility. It requires greatness of spirit,
consistency, and strength. Therefore let him who wishes to gather others
about him ask himself whether he is equal to the undertaking, for anyone
attempting the task without a real calling for it only makes confusion worse
than if no union at all had taken place.
But when there is a real rallying point, those who at first are hesitant or
uncertain gradually come in of their own accord. Late-comers must suffer the
consequences, for in holding together the question of the right time is also
important. Relationships are formed and firmly established according to
definite inner laws. Common experiences strengthen these ties, and he who
comes too late to share in these basic experiences must suffer for it if, as a
straggler, he finds the door locked.
If a man has recognized the necessity for union and does not feel strong
enough to function as the center, it is his duty to become a member of some
other organic fellowship.
Water fills up all the empty places on the earth and clings fast to it. The social
organization of ancient China was based on this principle of the holding
together of dependents and rulers. Water flows to unite with water, because
all parts of it are subject to the same laws. So too should human society hold
together through a community of interests that allows each individual to feel
himself a member of a whole. The central power of a social organization
must see to it that every member finds that his true interest lies in holding
together with it, as was the case in the paternal relationship between king and
vassals in ancient China.
Fundamental sincerity is the only proper basis for forming relationships.
This attitude, symbolized by a full earthen bowl, in which the content is
everything and the empty form nothing, shows itself not in clever words but
through the strength of what lies within the speaker. This strength is so great
that it has power to attract good fortune to itself from without.
If a person responds perseveringly and in the right way to the behests from
above that summon him to action, his relations with others are intrinsic and
he does not lose himself. But if a man seeks association with others as if he
were an obsequious office hunter, he throws himself away. He does not
follow the path of the superior man, who never loses his dignity.
We are often among people who do not belong to our own sphere. In that
case we must beware of being drawn into false intimacy through force of
habit. Needless to say, this would have evil consequences. Maintaining
sociability without intimacy is the only right attitude toward people, because
otherwise we should not be free to enter into relationship with people of our
own kind later on.
Here the relations with a man who is the center of union are well established.
Then we may, and indeed we should, show our attachment openly. But we
must remain constant and not allow ourselves to be led astray.
In the royal hunts of ancient China it was customary to drive up the game
from three sides, but on the fourth the animals had a chance to run off. If
they failed to do this they had to pass through a gate behind which the king
stood ready to shoot. Only animals that entered here were shot; those that
ran off in front were permitted to escape. This custom accorded with a kingly
attitude; the royal hunter did not wish to turn the chase into a slaughter, but
held that the kill should consist only of those animals which had so to speak
voluntarily exposed themselves.
There is depicted here a ruler, or influential man, to whom people are
attracted. Those who come to him he accepts, those who do not come are
allowed to go their own way. He invited none, flatters none--all come of
their own free will. In this way there develops a voluntary dependence
among those who hold him. They do not have to be constantly on their
guard but may express their opinions openly. Police measures are not
necessary, and they cleave to their ruler of their own volition. The same
principle of freedom is valid for life in general. We should not woo favor
from people. If a man cultivates within himself the purity and the strength
that are necessary for one who is the center of a fellowship, those who are
meant for him come of their own accord.
The head is the beginning. If the beginning is not right, there is no hope of a
right ending. If we have missed the right moment for union and go on
hesitating to give complete and full devotion, we shall regret the error when
it is too late.
Barbara Hejslip interpretation
Now all worst already behind. But unresolved there were still some difficult problems. The success will accompany you, only if you will operate in cooperation with other people that is why do not avoid common causes, try to participate in them. It is not necessary to neglect and the duties. Be true to itself, in fact mutual understanding and respect as is necessary in relations between people loving each other, as well as between the teacher and the pupil. Listen to advice of the friends, and the heads; performance of your desires depends on this in many respects. Absolutely improper time for gamblings.
40. Taking-Apart (xiè). Deliverance
At transition times, happiness is in leaving and coming back. When moving, you can avoid the danger.
Inital text of I Ching
Deliverance. The southwest furthers. If there is no longer anything where one has to go, return brings good fortune. If there is still something where one has to go, hastening brings good fortune.
Thunder and rain set in:
The image of Deliverance. Thus the superior man pardons mistakes and forgives misdeeds.
- Without blame.
- One kills three foxes in the field and receives a yellow arrow. Perseverance brings good fortune.
- If a man carries a burden on his back and nonetheless rides in a carriage, he thereby encourages robbers to draw near. Perseverance leads to humiliation.
- Deliver yourself from your great toe. Then the companion comes, and him you can trust.
- If only the superior man can deliver himself, it brings good fortune. Thus he proves to inferior men that he is in earnest.
- The prince shoots at a hawk on a high wall. He kills it. Everything serves to further.
It is time crisis starts. It is transition time. It seems no success can be expected in any business. It is better to part with the old plans without regret and remorse – soon you will be able to start something new. Do not blame yourself in a failure, do not take too much responsibility, only accept the necessary losses. Look to the future without fear, chase painful thought - after the storm nature comes to life, everything goes on as usually.
Here the movement goes out of the sphere of danger. The obstacle has been
removed, the difficulties are being resolved. Deliverance is not yet achieved;
it is just in its beginning, and the hexagram represents its various stages.
This refers to a time in which tensions and complications begin to be eased.
At such times we ought to make our way back to ordinary conditions as soon
as possible; this is the meaning of "the southwest." These periods of sudden
change have great importance. Just as rain relieves atmospheric tension,
making all the buds burst open, so a time of deliverance from burdensome
pressure has a liberating and stimulating effect on life. One thing is
important, however: in such times we must not overdo our triumph. The
point is not to push on farther than is necessary. Returning to the regular
order of life as soon as deliverance is achieved brings good fortune. If there
are any residual matters that ought to be attended to, it should be done as
quickly as possible, so that a clean sweep is made and no retardations occur.
A thunderstorm has the effect of clearing the air; the superior man produces
a similar effect when dealing with mistakes and sins of men that induce a
condition of tension. Through clarity he brings deliverance. However, when
failings come to light, he does not dwell on them; he simply passes over
mistakes, the unintentional transgressions, just as thunder dies away. He
forgives misdeeds, the intentional transgressions, just as water washes
In keeping with the situation, few words are needed. The hindrance is past,
deliverance has come. One recuperates in peace and keeps still. This is the
right thing to do in times when difficulties have been overcome.
The image is taken from the hunt. The hunter catches three cunning foxes
and receives a yellow arrow as a reward. The obstacles in public life are the
designing foxes who try to influence the ruler through flattery. They must be
removed before there can be any deliverance. But the struggle must not be
carried on with the wrong weapons. The yellow color points to measure and
mean in proceeding against the enemy; the arrow signifies the straight course.
If one devotes himself wholeheartedly to the task of deliverance, he develops
so much inner strength from his rectitude that it acts as a weapon against all
that is false and low.
This refers to a man who has come out of needy circumstances in to comfort
and freedom from want. If now, in the manner of an upstart, he tries to take
his ease in comfortable surroundings that do not suit his nature, he thereby
attracts robbers. If he goes on thus he is sure to bring disgrace upon himself.
Confucius says about this line:
Carrying a burden on the back is the business of common man; a carriage is
the appurtenance of a man of rank. Now, when a common man uses the
appurtenance of man of rank, robbers plot to take it away from him. If a man
is insolent toward those above him and hard toward those below him,
robbers plot to attack him. Carelessness in guarding things tempts thieves to
steal. Sumptuous ornaments worn by a maiden are an enticement to rob her
of her virtue.
In times of standstill it will happen that inferior people attach themselves to a
superior man, and through force of daily habit they may grow very close to
him and become indispensable, just as the big toe is indispensable to the foot
because it makes walking easier. But when the time of deliverance draws
near, with its call to deeds, a man must free himself from such chance
acquaintances with whim he has no inner connection. For otherwise the
friends who share his views, on whom he could really rely and together with
whom he could accomplish something, mistrust him and stay away.
Times of deliverance demand inner resolve. Inferior people cannot be
driven off by prohibitions or any external means. If one desires to be rid of
them, he must first break completely with them in his own mind; they will
see for themselves that he is in earnest and will withdraw.
The hawk on a high wall is the symbol of a powerful inferior in a high
position who is hindering the deliverance. He withstands the force of inner
influences, because he is hardened in his wickedness. He must be forcibly
removed, and this requires appropriate means. Confucius says about this
The hawk is the object of the hunt; bow and arrow are the tools and means.
The marksman is man (who must make proper use of the means to his end).
The superior man contains the means in his own person. He bides his time
and then acts. Why then should not everything go well? He acts and is free.
Therefore all he has to do is to go forth, and he takes his quarry. This is how a
man fares who acts after he has made ready the means.
Barbara Hejslip interpretation
You had to overcome the long period of anxiety and troubles. And here this period behind. Now it is necessary to gather and immediately to start to operate, differently it is possible to miss an opportunity to achieve brilliant results. A certain old desire will be executed, new - too, but hardly later. You will have new friends. If at you the trip, travel, - happy journey is planned! They will give to you only pleasure. The begun period is very favorable well to earn.
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Japanese business communication
With one of the largest economies in the world, Japan has seen an explosion in the increase of foreign business investment since WWII. Doing business in Japan offers innumerable benefits for international organisations, however there are a number of key cultural challenges that create friction and misunderstanding as well as sizable direct and indirect costs to the organisation if overlooked.
Cross cultural awareness training programmes such as Doing Business in Japan increase organisations’ awareness of the cultural challenges and ensure that those involved are fully equipped with strategies for benefiting from these differences. The following are six of the key cultural concepts international organisations can sometimes find challenging when setting up or doing business in Japan.
Rules and Etiquette – Japan’s low tolerance of uncertainty has created a society which adheres closely to rules and regulations. Evidence of this is visible in low crime rates, trains that you could set your watch by and high levels of conformity in behaviour. Etiquette penetrates every aspect of society and is evident even in ordinary circumstances. Aspects of etiquette include an extensive vocabulary and grammar for polite conversation, codified practices for gift giving and receiving and principles for bowing and exchanging name cards.
Hierarchy – A strong hierarchical system still exists in Japan with respect, responsibility and authority being rewarded based on age, status and experience. When communicating with Japanese, it is wise to pay attention to the protection of “kao” or “face.” Face is closely linked with personal pride and forms the basis of an individual’s social status and reputation. Damaging face through overt confrontation or criticism shakes the foundation of Japanese hierarchy and can be disastrous for business relationships in Japan.
Gender roles – Although women are fast gaining more visibility in the work place, the role of “salaryman” (office worker) is still male dominated. Women’s social participation is reflected and influenced by the Japanese language which diverges into a more polite and formal style of speech when utilised by women.
Harmony – As a country that values sentiments of collectivism over those of individualism, Japanese tend to place a significant emphasis on loyalty towards the group. It is still common for companies to provide life-long employment to individuals who, in return, devote long hours and often sacrifice personal gain for communal good. When doing business in Japan it is important to recognise that praising or prioritising any one individual over others is likely to be embarrassing and will not further business goals.
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| 0.94037 | 496 | 2.8125 | 3 |
|The diversity of the earliest stages of development, here illustrated strictly within the vertebrates, provides one of the strongest challenges to the neo-Darwinian conception of homology and macroevolution. Given the hierarchical, step-wise logic or "architecture" of animal development, early stages such as cleavage and gastrulation lay the groundwork for all that follows. Body plan structures in the adult, for example, trace their cellular lineage to these early stages. Thus, if macroevolution is going to occur, it must begin in early development. Yet it is precisely here, in early development, that organisms are least tolerant of mutations. Furthermore, the adult homologies shared by these vertebrates commence at remarkably different points (e.g., cleavage patterns). How then did these different starting points evolve from a common ancestor?|
|Figure 4. Cleavage, gastrulation and neurulation stages in fish, frog, chick, mouse (collated from various embryology texts).|
Copyright © 1997 Jonathan Wells and Paul
Nelson. All rights reserved. International copyright secured.
File Date: 1.1.98
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| 0.898882 | 232 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Biodiesel From Algae: From 1978 to 1996, the U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory experimented with using algae as a biodiesel source in the “Aquatic Species Program”.
A recent paper from Michael Briggs, at the UNH Biodiesel Group, offers estimates for the realistic replacement of all vehicular fuel with biodiesel by utilizing algae that have a natural oil content greater than 50%, which Briggs suggests can be grown on algae ponds at waste water treatment plants. This oil-rich algae can then be extracted from the system and processed into biodiesel, with the dried remainder further reprocessed to create ethanol.
The production of algae to harvest oil for biodiesel has not yet been undertaken on a commercial scale, but feasibility studies have been conducted to arrive at the above yield estimate. Based on results from six years of tests run in parallel in California and Hawaii, 1,000 m2 pond systems were built and tested in Roswell, New Mexico. The Roswell, New Mexico tests proved that outdoor ponds could be run with extremely high efficiency of CO2 utilization. Careful control of pH and other physical conditions for introducing CO2 into the ponds allowed greater than 90% utilization of injected CO2.
Producing biodiesel from algae requires large amounts of CO2 for the algae to be able to photosynthesize. One such source of CO2 is coal fired power plants. Typical coal-fired power plants emit flue gas from their stacks containing up to 13% CO2. This high concentration of CO2 enhances transfer and uptake of CO2 in the ponds. The concept of coupling a coal-fired power plant with an algae farm provides an elegant approach to recycle of the CO2 from coal combustion into a usable liquid fuel.
The cost analyses for large-scale micro algae production evolved from rather superficial analyses in the 1970s to the much more detailed and sophisticated studies conducted during the 1980s. A major conclusion from these analyses is that there is little prospect for any alternatives to the open pond designs, given the low cost requirements associated with fuel production.
The factors that most influence cost are biological, and not engineering-related. On May 11, 2006 the Aqua flow Bionomic Corporation in Marlborough, New Zealand announced that it had produced its first sample of bio-diesel fuel made from algae found in sewage ponds. Unlike previous attempts, the algae was naturally grown in pond discharge from the Marlborough District Council’s sewage treatment works.
PetroSun, through their subsidiary Algae BioFuels is also looking into commercial biodiesel from algae. The good thing about biodiesel produced from algae is that it contains no sulphur, is non-toxic and highly biodegradable.
One of the biggest advantages of biodiesel compared to many other alternative transportation fuels is that it can be used in existing diesel engines, which relieves manufacturers of having to make costly engine modifications. Biodiesel can also be mixed, at any ratio, with conventional petroleum diesel. As a result, the alternative fuel can be used in the current distribution infrastructure, replacing petroleum diesel either wholly, or as a diesel fuel blend with minimal integration costs.
Wood Gas Generator
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| 0.937509 | 652 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Have you ever pondered how often you should vaccinate your pets? Titer testing is a great way to determine when your pet should be vaccinated and for what. Titer testing is a relatively new method that involves taking blood samples from the animals and checking it for the presence of antibodies. Since antibodies are correlated to immunity, the presence of certain antibodies helps the veterinarian to decide the kind of vaccination that is required.
Do Titers Prove Immunity?
A titer is a laboratory test that measures the presence and quantity of antibodies in the blood. A titer may be used to demonstrate immunity to a disease. A blood sample shall be taken and tested. If the test is positive (above a certain known value) the individual has immunity.
How Often Should You Titer Your Pet?
After a series of pet vaccinations, you can test the pet again in a year. If the pet is immune, it is not necessary to repeat the test more often than every 3 years or more.
How Much Does A Titers Test Cost?
As with any medical test, out-of-pocket costs for a titer test may vary depending on your insurance plan. Without insurance, titer test will only run you around $50-$100 in addition to your normal visit cost.
What Is A Normal Titer Level?
Low titers range from 1:40 to 1:60. A positive ANA test is much more important if you also have antibodies to the double-stranded form of DNA.
How Long Is A Titer Test Good For?
A three-year interval is appropriate for most adult dogs and cats when quantitative tests are used. Manufacturers of in-clinical screening tests recommend that they be used annually. The titer test is appropriate for the young in the first 6 months of life and again in one year.
Are Titer Tests Accurate?
Titers may not be completely accurate as the titer test is based on the level of antibodies in of the patients who were naturally exposed to diseases.
How Do Titers Work?
Antibody titer is a test that detects the presence and measures the amount of antibodies in the blood of a pet. The amount and diversity of antibodies correspond to the strength of the body’s immune response.
Should I Get My Titers Checked?
Testing titers can help you avoid unnecessary vaccines, save money, and eliminate the need for booster shots. It can also help identify any infections or similar problems you may have. Be sure to check with your pet’s healthcare provider whether or not the titer test is for them.
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Common names: mopane, turpentine tree (Eng.); mopanie (Afr.); mohlanare (Northern Sotho); mophane (Tswana)
SA Tree No: 198
These beautiful trees with their distinctive butterfly-shaped leaves and strange seeds are, for many, the essence of South Africa's lowveld areas, along with interesting bird and insect life and game animals. They are also an extremely important food source for animals and people. Vast tracts of uninterrupted mopane scrub and woodland characterise the hot, low-lying areas near the Limpopo River in the far north of South Africa.
The mopane can be a shrub or a tall tree up to 30 m in the northern part of its range, depending on soil conditions and water availability. It has a tall, narrow crown. The compound leaves are divided in two so that the leaflets resemble butterfly wings or a camel's foot. There is a tiny point at the join of the two leaflets which is the remnant of a third, terminal leaflet. Crushed leaves have a turpentine odour. It is a deciduous (sometimes semi-deciduous) tree with lovely autumn and spring colours. Sprays of small, green flowers appear in December and January. These are followed by pods which ripen between April and June and are flat and somewhat kidney-shaped. They change from green to light, finely speckled brown. The flat seeds inside are sticky from resin exuded by glands which cover them. The strange appearance of the seeds is from the convolutions in their surface. Some might say they resemble tiny, flat mottled-brown brains! The greyish brown bark is very deeply fissured in vertical fissures. It has a rough, ropey appearance and is very distinctive.
Derivation of name and historical aspects
The name Colophospermum is Greek for oily seed, in reference to the resinous seeds. The part of the name, colophos, apparently refers to the strong turpentine smell of the resin. Colophony is another name for rosin, a substance obtained from turpentine. The species name, mopane, is taken from the local name for the tree. The genus Colophospermum only occurs in Africa and there is only one species in the genus. The mopane is in the pea family (Fabaceae). This huge and important family is further divided into three subfamilies; the mopane lies within the Caesalpinioideae. The other two subfamilies are the Mimosoideae, which contains amongst other genera the acacias; and the subfamily Papilionoideae into which plants such as the indigos (Indigofera) and rooibos tea bush (Aspalathus) are placed. C. mopane can be confused with the small false mopane, Guibourtia conjugata in areas where they co-occur (in the far northeast corner of South Africa), although the seeds of the false mopane are not convoluted or resinous and the bark not as rough and fissured. The leaves also do not have the tiny spike-like remnant of the third leaflet.
If you were to travel through areas of mopane woodland in the heat of the day and wished to stop and rest in the shade, you would have trouble finding any! To save water, the leaflets fold together and present the smallest surface area toward the sun, thereby reducing exposure of the leaf surface. This also prevents much shade from being cast. The mopane is often deciduous in winter, possibly another adaptation to drought, since winters are not very cold in the lowveld, but they are dry. The lovely reddish new leaves only emerge in October in anticipation of the first rains. Game animals, particularly elephants, enjoy the protein-rich leaves and pods. Elephant pressure may be part of the reason for the stunted appearance of some areas of mopane scrub. Domestic animals find the pungent leaves unpalatable at first but will feed on them once used to the taste, and their meat and milk is apparently untainted with a turpentine flavour. The young leaves have a higher protein content and are more palatable, but even the dry, fallen leaves yield valuable protein for stock and game.
Hole-nesting birds such as hornbills favour mopane woodlands as they offer many nesting sites. 'Mopane manna' is picked off the leaves by people and baboons. This is a sweet-tasting, waxy cover on the juvenile stage of a sap-sucking insect (related to leaf-hoppers) known as the mopane psyllid, Arytaina mopani. The well-known mopane worm, which is the large caterpillar of the Imbrasia belina emperor moth, the Gonometa moth and the caterpillar of the foxy charaxes butterfly, Charaxes jasius saturnus, feed on the mopane. The tiny mopane bee, Plebina denoita, which many know from its (sometimes successful) attempts at crawling into one's eyes, ears and nose, produces a small amount of edible honey. They make their nests in hollow trunks with a small wax tube as the opening to the outside. Mopane seed pods do not split open of their own accord and the seeds can germinate while still in the pod.
In summer the leaves of C. mopane are fed on by swarms of fat, dark greyish mopane worms, which can reach almost 10 cm long. These are rich in protein and are eaten by people, either roasted or dried. The sale of dried mopane worms is an important income source for many people, creating a local economy. Other traditional uses of the mopane tree include the making of houses and kraal fences, the chewing of twigs as tooth brushes, the use of bark to make twine and for tanning, and the use of leaves for healing wounds. The hard, reddish heartwood timber was used to make railway sleepers and as props for mining activities. This is one South Africa's heaviest timbers and is apparently difficult to work because of its hardness, but this also makes it termite-resistant, therefore a popular choice for fence posts and flooring. The Gonometa moth caterpillar spins silken cocoons which are harvested as wild silk to make cloth.
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Countee Cullen Born in 1903 in New York City, Countee Cullen was raised in a Methodist parsonage. He attended De Witt Clinton High School in New York and began writing poetry at the age of fourteen. In 1922, Cullen entered New York University. His poems were published in The Crisis, under the leadership of W. E. B. Du Bois, and Opportunity, a magazine of the National Urban League. He was soon after published in Harper’s, the Century Magazine, and Poetry.
He won several awards for his poem, “Ballad of the Brown Girl,” and graduated from New York University in 1923. That same year, Harper published his first volume of verse, Color, and he was admitted to Harvard University where he completed a master’s degree. His second volume of poetry, Copper Sun (1927), met with controversy in the black community because Cullen did not give the subject of race the same attention he had given it in Color. He was raised and educated in a primarily white community, and he differed from other poets of the Harlem Renaissance like Langston Hughes in that he lacked the background to comment from personal experience on the lives of other blacks or use popular black themes in his writing. An imaginative lyric poet, he wrote in the tradition of Keats and Shelley and was resistant to the new poetic techniques of the Modernists. He died in 1946.
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This article compares Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) and Time of Flight (ToF) for LiDAR. In summary, FMCW is better in longer term but ToF is still better now.
What are FMCW and ToF?
Lidar can take on several different modalities, which can be classified by their dependence on incoherence or coherence of the laser source which is used. Each of these methods uses the optical path of the target reflector to effectively modulate the envelope intensity of the detected signal. Time-of-flight (pulsed) and amplitude-modulated continuous-wave (AMCW) sensors detect range by measuring temporal properties of the received light intensity. Frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) and optical coherence tomographic (OCT) sensors map properties of the received optical field (amplitude and phase) into intensity and attempt to leverage the knowledge of both the amplitude and phase in order to detect range.
- Pulsed Time-of-Flight (TOF), often also known as dToF
TOF lidar uses the known fact that light travels at a fixed speed through a medium with a constant refractive index (3×108 m/s in air). Examples of pulsed time-of-flight (TOF) systems can be found in [12,13]. The transmitted pulse must be reflected by the target object, and collected by an aperture at the receiver. Range is measured by determining the difference in time of arrival and the time of transmission of the pulse. Fig. 1–1 shows a simple schematic outlining the operating principles of pulsed TOF lidar.
dToF often uses APD, SiPM or SPAD as receiver array.
2. Amplitude Modulated Continuous Wave (AMCW) Lidar
Amplitude-modulated continuous-wave (AMCW) lidar uses similar principles to TOF lidar, in that a target delay is measured at the receiver. However, in the case of AMCW, an intensity pattern is encoded on the transmitted optical power, such as a linear radio frequency chirp. For AMCW, the free-space path encodes a phase shift on the RF chirp, which can be detected accurately by measuring the intermediate frequency after mixing the received intensity signal with a non-delayed electronic version of the chirp. Examples of AMCW lidar systems have been studied in [15,16]. Fig. 1–2 shows a simple schematic outlining the operating principles of AMCW lidar.
3 Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) Lidar
Frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) lidar can analytically be shown as a comparable method to RF-chirped AMCW lidar, except where the chirped field is the optical field of a tunable laser. Where chirped AM lidar uses the laser as a carrier for an RF signal, and the RF signal is applied to the intensity of the light source, chirped FM lidar modulates the phase of the light source (usually a single-mode laser) such that the optical frequency of the light source is modulated directly. A free-space path encodes a phase shift on the optical chirp, and the phase shift is detected by mixing the reflected chirp with a non-delayed version of the chirp. This mixing occurs at the photodiode upon detection, so no special design beyond good detector design is needed to achieve this mixing effect. A schematic for FMCW lidar is shown in Fig. 1–3.
First, many LiDAR companies claims that FMCW is better than ToF. recent papers1–5 have presented a number of marketing claims about the benefits of Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) LiDAR systems.
This diagram illustrates the principal operation of a FMCW lidar. The low power transmit chirp (green) is reflected off an object. The frequency shift between the returning chirp (blue) is proportional to the distance and velocity of the object. An up and a down chirp are used to resolve for both values, distance and velocity.
The key reasons why FMCW is better in long run are:
- Better Ambient Light Immunity
Principle of ToF lidar operation during nighttime
Operation of ToF lidar in bright sunlight and in the presence of other lidars
2. Better Eye Safey
Commonly used lidar laser wavelengths plotted on top of terrestrial solar irradiance and visible spectrum
3. Better Signal to Noise
This diagram illustrates the concept of coherent amplification. The local oscillator, branched off from the blue transmit signal, interferes constructively with the weak purple receive signal and generates a new green strong beat frequency signal. The strong beat frequency signal is then fed back into and detected by the photodetector.
4. Get Both Distance and Velocity
SiLC’s silicon photonics integrated FMCW lidar chip provides depth and velocity data of every measured pixel. On the left is a camera image of a scene, followed by a depth and a velocity point cloud. Images courtesy of SiLC Technologies.
However, other LiDAR companies such as AEye believes that high shot-rate, agile-scanning TOF systems serve the needs of autonomous vehicle LiDAR more effectively than FMCW when cost, range, performance, and point cloud quality are important. However, it is not hard to see the logical reasoning where FMCW could play a niche role in applications where lower shot rates are suitable and FMCW systems are more economical. While there will be nice videos of FMCW and other low TRL systems in well controlled environments with expensive prototypes, it’s a whole different world when taking harsh environments and mass production into account. We hope this white paper will stimulate development and awareness in both TOF and FMCW systems, increasing the component options for perception engineers everywhere. The detailed info https://www.aeye.ai/technology/time-of-flight-vs-fmcw-lidar-a-side-by-side-comparison/
Some Interesting Arguments are below
- FMCW cannot measure lateral velocity simultaneously, in one shot, and has no benefit whatsoever in finding lateral velocity over ToF systems.
FMCW brings significant improvement in 4D sensing such as speed and better signal to noise. In the mean while FMCW is still on the leading edge or “bleeding” edge. Lots of R&D are required to be automotive grade, reliable, and readily scalable. The FMCW LiDAR such as Intel or Mobileye claims that FMCW will go into mass production around 2025, thanks to the innovation in Silicon Photonics.
- Aurora Team, “FMCW Lidar: The Self-Driving Game-Changer”, www.medium.com, April 9, 2020
- Philip Ross, “Aeva Unveils Lidar on a Chip”, IEEE Spectrum, December 11, 2019.
- Timothy Lee, “Two Apple veterans built a new lidar sensor — here’s how it works”, arsTECHNICA, October 2, 2018.
- Jeff Hect, “Lasers for Lidar: FMCW lidar: An alternative for self-driving cars”, LaserFocusWorld, May 31st, 2019.
- “Aeva launches ‘4D’ LiDAR on chip for autonomous driving”, www.optics.org, December 16, 2019.
- Phillip Sandborn, “FMCW Lidar: Scaling to the Chip-Level and Improving Phase-Noise-Limited Performance”, Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Technical Report No. UCB/EECS-2019–148, December 1, 2019.
- “Technology readiness level”, Wikipedia
- A Gschwendtner, W Keicher, “Development of Coherent Laser Radar at Lincoln Laboratory”, MIT Tech journal, Vol 12, #2, 2000.
- C. Patel, “Stability of Single Frequency Lasers”, IEEE J Quantum Electronics, v4, 1968.
- Voxtel Laser Rangefinders, www.voxtel-inc.com, June 2020
- P Suni et al, “Photonic Integrated Circuit FMCW Lidar On A Chip”, 19th Coherent Laser Radar Conference
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Jesus and Martin Luther King, Jr.
Jesus and Martin Luther King, Jr.
Categories: RECENT RESEARCH
Joshua Straub, Ph.D.
“Our lives begin to end the day we become silent about things that matter.” –Martin Luther King, Jr.
As a parent, I believe racial reconciliation begins in the home. I’m primarily responsible for how my children view, and subsequently treat, others. The process of learning how to treat others begins early, first teaching our kids how to honor and obey Mom and Dad. Next, we teach them how to love and share with friends and siblings. As our children age, they begin to notice that others are different from them.
I’m not talking just race.
- Boys are different from girls. We (parents), therefore, teach chivalry and respect.
- Some kids, like my cousin, need a wheelchair. We, therefore, teach empathy–and definitely how to have wheelchair races. Some of my greatest childhood memories.
- Other children are developmentally behind. We, therefore, teach courage–to stand for the bullied.
- Many other kids have less money or toys. We, therefore, teach generosity.
These things, and so many more, matter. Fellow parents, in honor of Martin Luther King, Jr., let’s not remain silent. Silence breeds ignorance. And ignorance is the enemy of compassion. I’m most generous when I understand another’s plight. I have more courage when I choose to see, not shield myself from, injustice. I’m more empathetic when I take time to listen to another’s story.
Jesus’ own words convict me. “If you love those who love you, what reward will you get? Are not even the tax collectors doing that? And if you greet only your own people, what are you doing more than others? Do not even pagans do that” (Matt. 5:46-47, NIV)? As parents, let’s today decide to raise kids who learn that real love begins when we start loving those who are different from us. Here are three ways we can begin doing that.
- Educate yourself on the issues
Before pointing fingers, jumping to conclusions, stereotyping, or making generalizations about what we see on TV, we need to study the history of a situation. The racial tensions in America today are not exclusive events. They are instead intertwined in a very complex history and underlying current of injustice and discrimination.
We influence our children by our verbal and nonverbal reactions to the events that unfold. They pick up our attitudes, feelings, and especially our words. However, and I’m as guilty of this as anyone, those words are often spoken from bias and before we know the full truth. The definition of ignorance is “a lack of knowledge.” Let’s practice listening before we speak. Learning before we teach.
In the past year, I was invited into a multiracial group of men who respectfully discuss these issues from their vantage point. We read books and watch videos that stretch us. And though conversations are sometimes spirited, it’s Christ who unites us.
There are three sides to every coin. Let’s be parents who study all sides to educate our children on injustice and teach them what it means to love those who are different.
- Tell age-appropriate truth to our kids
We should never lie, minimize, or justify the reality of the injustice when our children ask about it. We do our kids no favors by minimizing a situation. Be discerning, but truthful, about injustice.
Pre K- Grade 4: Younger kids are not likely to understand the complexities of what’s going on as it relates to Black Lives Matter, police shootings, or other racial tensions in America today. However, there’s no better time than now to help them label emotions like fear, anger, disappointment, and anxiety. Though we may shield them from the violence on TV, they still pick up on our feelings and attitudes about the events. Be aware of how you’re communicating to them. This age is critical for developing empathy for others, and our kids model after us.
Grade 5-8: Middle school children are likely more aware of the details related to specific events. One of the best ways to engage conversation about current events is to discuss them in light of the racial history in America—where we’ve progressed and the challenges that remain. This is also a good time to respectfully familiarize our kids with the leadership challenges we face in government and public service.
High School: Chances are teenagers have strong opinions regarding these events. Instead of getting into debates about right and wrong in the situation or taking sides, guide the conversation on how they can take a more active role in being a leader in their community and a voice against injustice and oppression locally, beginning with their friends.
- Make Philippians 2:3 a family motto.
If you’re a person of faith, have your children memorize this verse. Put it on a plaque in your house. Recite it every night with your kids before bed. Most importantly, live it.
Every conversation we have with our kids should be in the spirit of this verse:
“Do nothing from selfish ambition or conceit, but in humility count others more significant than yourselves.”
If I want my children to value human life, they need to see me, their Dad, practice what I preach. When I lie at night and sing with my kids—
“Red and yellow, black and white, they are precious in his sight. Jesus loves the little children of the world.”
—I pray they genuinely learn from the way I listen, discover, and stand as a voice against injustice, that all are created in the image of God.
In this way, I pray, as Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. dreamed more than 50 years ago, we can raise our kids “in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character.”
For this to happen, we must realize that justice begins not with “what will we do,” but with “what will I do?”
Joshua Straub, Ph.D., is the President and Co-founder of the Connextion Group, a company designed to build relational connections between generations. As an advocate for parenting in the 21st century, his passion is raising the next generation to love and relate well. Josh speaks and writes on the two key ingredients necessary for building healthy families: intentional parenting and a loving marriage. He is the coauthor of God Attachment and The Quick-Reference Guide to Counseling Teenagers. Josh wakes up each day striving to love others better, starting with his wife, Christi, and their children, Landon and Kennedy Rae.
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In recent years, psychology research has focused increasingly on the subject of
Microaggressions. Microaggressions are the everyday verbal, nonverbal, and environmental
slights, snubs, or insults, whether intentional or unintentional, which communicate hostile,
derogatory, or negative messages to target people based solely upon their marginalized group
membership. While some people may believe that Microaggressions are brief and harmless,
many studies have found that Microaggressions have a significant negative impact on people?۪s
mental and physical health. The purpose of this workshop is to provide a hands-on guide to
strategies, approaches, and interventions to address Microaggressions.
Presented by: Mark Crear, Ph.D.
- Explore the psychological effects and outcomes associated with the experience of Microaggressions
- Discover coping strategies and techniques to minimize the occurrence of Microaggressions and ways to respond when someone has been Microaggressive
- Detect and create awareness surrounding the common occurrences of Microaggressions
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In this blog we will learn about what is Data Structure, what are its uses and types of Data Structures. So lets see each one by one.
Data Structure is a way to store and organize data so that it can be used efficiently. It can be defined as the group of data elements which provides an efficient way of storing and organizing data in the computer so that it can be used efficiently.
Examples of Data Structure are Array, Linked List, Stack, Queue, Tree.
Uses of Data Structure
We Use Data Structure in almost every aspect of Computer Science.
- Operating System (OS)
- Compiler Design
- Graphics and Artificial Intelligence (AI) and
- Neural Network
Types of Data Structure
- Primitive data structures
- Non-primitive data structures
Primitive Data Structures
The Data Structure that operate directly upon the machine instructions are Primitive Data Structure. They can be used to create non-primitive data structures.
Integer, Floating point numbers, character constant, String constant and Pointers come in this category.
Non-Primitive Data Structures
The Data Structure that are derived from Primitive Data Structures are Non-Primitive Data Structures.
Arrays, Linked List, Stack, Queue and Tree come in this category.
Non-Primitive Data Structures are further divided in two categories
- Linear Data Structure
- Non-Linear Data Structure
Linear Data Structure
In Linear Data Structure, the elements are stored in non-hierarchical way, where each element has successor and predecessor, except the first and last element.
Linear Data Structure are divided into two parts STATIC and DYNAMIC
Static Data Structure
Static Data Structure can’t be changed, if you have declared the size during program variable initialization/declaration.
The Data Structure fall in this category is ARRAY.
Dynamic Data Structure
Dynamic Data Structure means we can change the size or extend the storage elements.
The Data Structure fall in this category are Linked List, Stack and Queue.
Non-Linear Data Structure
In Non-Linear Data Structure, the elements are stored in hierarchical way or are not stored linearly in the memory.
The Data Structure fall in this category are Tree and Graph.
Read This Full Blog HERE.
This blog is Written by AMIT KUSHWAHA
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How to draw doodles?4 min read
A doodle is nothing but a simple scribbled out piece of drawing that either depicts any abstract shape or a figurative structure. It doesn’t require any sort of deep analysis or extensive planning. You just need to know how to begin and then you are good to go! Just give your brain time to flow with thought freely. Who doesn’t like to draw? If you love drawing as well, try out doodling wherever you go.
Materials that you need for doodling
Want to unlock your creativity? But wait a minute! Before beginning, you must note down everything that you need in order to create an amazing doodle art. Don’t worry, it does not require a lot of supplies. Just keep reading.
- Colored markers- Don’t miss out to add colors to your doodle art! Using colored markers will give an edge to your doodling. Furthermore, you can choose a variety of colors for different figures.
- Black marker for detailing- Once you are done with the sketching part, you’ll need a black pen marker for detailing the shapes and figures. This would eventually make your doodling art even better!
- Eraser- Don’t panic if you make a lot of mistakes to your doodling in the beginning. And in that case, you’ll definitely require a good eraser to help you out.
- Pencil- Pencil is a must for creating the first sketch of your doodle work. We recommend you use a soft pencil with a low HB grade so that you can easily erase any changes if needed.
- Sketch Pad- If you wish to go through your previous work from time to time, we recommend you to go for a sketch pad. It would help you to assemble all your memories in a single place.
Basic Doodles that you must know
Looking for some basic doodle shapes to start with? We present to you a list of 12 basic shapes that you can try to transform your masterpiece. These visual shapes form the bedrock of almost every doodle you will ever create!
Doodling your name
If you are a beginner, then you must start by designing your name in the form of doodling. There are various shapes and forms that you can refer to while beginning. For your reference, go through the image attached below. Here you’ll find a list of all 26 alphabets. Once you choose your initials as well as mid characters, you’re good to go and doodle!
Step by step tutorial
- Write your name with the help of a pencil. Make sure to hold the pencil very lightly and also to leave some space between the adjacent letters.
- Suppose your name is FLAVIA. Just begin by writing all the letters that are there in your name.
- Once you write your name, draw unique shapes and figures all around the letters. If you are confused with what shapes to refer to, you may take help from the previous heading where we talked about drawing several easy shapes.
- After making a rough figure. In this step, all you need to do is take your sharpie black marker and do the detailing! Without detailing, doodling is nothing. Using a marker will give your masterpiece a better look.
- Now use colored markers of your choice. And start filling the spaces. You may use several markers for filling the shapes. Try to make the art piece as attractive as possible.
Just make sure to maintain a contrast effect between the letters and the background. This way you’ll be able to read your name easily.
Step by step tutorial
- Firstly, make a rough sketch using a graphite pencil in order to get an idea about your picture.
For your reference, we have attached a sample picture of a house to get a rough idea.
- Once you are done with the detailing part of the house, start with the marking part.
With the help of a black marker, trace out the endings of what you just drew. This will make your picture even more perfect.
- Now we are just left with the coloring part. Try to make your house as colorful as possible. There is no restriction on the choice of colors. To give your picture a better look, go for the colored markers or pens.
- You may scribble out some random shapes to add beauty to your house. Once again, refer to the previous paragraph to get a better idea about the shapes.
Finally, Your doodle is ready to outshine!
Doodling acts as a stress buster during a boring class or any stressful situation. Not only does it help you to find your passion, but it also triggers your passion to rise. Till the time you stay calm and relaxed, let your hand do the thinking! Following this guide, you’ll end up having a piece of original, funny and gorgeous doodle drawing.
If you wish to try something unique and are short on inspiration, just draw what’s around you! It might seem to be a little difficult. But believe us, it’s not! All you need to do is just stare at one point and try to copy it on your paper.
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Short and Long-Term Effects of Cocaine Use and Addiction
Cocaine is a highly addictive stimulant and a Schedule II drug that’s widely used in the U.S. and elsewhere.1 In fact, according to the 2021 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, more than 4.8 million people aged 12 and older used cocaine in the past year, with 996,000 of those people using crack, a form of cocaine.2
Cocaine is typically used in two forms—powdered (aka cocaine hydrochloride), which is often snorted, and solid or “rock” form (aka crack and freebase), which is typically smoked.3 Regardless of its form, cocaine has both short-term effects and consequences of long-term use, as it can impact a person’s health and lead to overdose, tolerance, dependence, and addiction.1
This page provides a deep dive into the various short-term effects and potential long-term health risks of cocaine use. Plus, it offers treatment options if you or a loved one is struggling with cocaine use.
Short-Term Effects of Cocaine
So how does cocaine produce its high and why is it so addictive? Dopamine is related to the control of movement and reward, and cocaine increases the activity of dopamine in the brain. It also enhances the activity of norepinephrine, which serves multiple brain functions, including arousal, attention, mood, learning, memory, and stress response.4
As a result, even relatively small doses lead to feelings of euphoria, mental alertness, and increased energy, along with hypersensitivity to touch, sound, and sight.1 Cocaine’s impact on dopamine can also reinforce drug-taking behavior.1,4
After a single dose, cocaine effects occur almost immediately and disappear quickly, anywhere from a few minutes to an hour depending on the dose and the way it was taken.1 Cocaine constricts the blood vessels, dilates the pupils, and increases heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature. In addition to the high (i.e., euphoria) commonly associated with cocaine, it also makes a person more energetic and alert.1,4
Additional short-term effects of cocaine can include:1,4
- Tremors/muscle twitches.
Other potential short-term effects include panic attacks, psychosis, heart-rhythm disturbances, and violent, erratic, and bizarre behavior. Some of the aforementioned effects are more likely to occur as a result of sensitization or at higher doses, as a person tries to intensify their high. However, certain cardiovascular effects can also occur with somewhat isolated use. That is, any amount of cocaine taken at any time has the potential to cause sudden death via a stroke, heart attack, seizure, etc.1
Cocaine Effects Related to the Cardiovascular System
Cocaine use can also impact the cardiovascular system, leading to both chronic and acute conditions.5 Through a variety of mechanisms, cocaine use can increase the risk of conditions such as:5,6
- Acute hypertension and coronary spasm.
- Aortic dissection.
- Heart attack.
- Coronary artery disease.
Effects and Risks of Long-Term Cocaine Use
When a person continues to use cocaine over time, the brain eventually adapts to the presence of the drug. Ultimately, tolerance can develop, which means the person needs higher and more frequent doses to achieve the same effects.1 Furthermore, cocaine has a high potential for abuse and may lead to severe physical or psychological dependence as well as significant withdrawal symptoms (e.g., depression, fatigue, slowed thinking, increased appetite, unpleasant dreams, and insomnia).4,5
Additionally, long-term cocaine use can increase the risk of the following conditions, among others:1,7,8
- Appetite and nutrition changes, malnutrition.
- Gastrointestinal issues (e.g., ulcers and tears caused by reduced blood flow).
- Liver and kidney damage.
Cocaine Use During Pregnancy
Cocaine use can also lead to the following conditions in pregnant women:1
- Premature membrane rupture.
- Separation of the placental lining of the uterus prior to delivery.
- High blood pressure.
- Preterm labor.
- Difficult delivery.
- Hypertensive crises.
- Spontaneous miscarriage.
Route of Exposure and Associated Health Risks
The way in which a person uses cocaine is also associated with short- and long-term health risks.
- Snorting. Among people who snort cocaine, more than half have some type of complication such as intranasal crusting, chronic sinusitis, and/or recurrent nosebleeds.9 Other snorting-related conditions include loss of smell and problems swallowing.4 Snorting cocaine can also result in lung injury and barotrauma, which is physical damage to body tissues caused by a pressure-related change in body compartment gas volume (such as the pressure inside the lung vs. the surrounding fluid). There are several cases where snorting cocaine has led to pneumothorax (i.e., a collapsed lung), emphysema, and pneumomediastinum (which is air in the chest between the lungs and around the heart).10
- Oral Ingestion. Using cocaine orally can lead to mouth sores. And while not necessarily tied to oral ingestion, dental treatment may be complicated by the use of cocaine. After recent cocaine use, cocaine can interact with dental anesthesia and can result in increased blood pressure.9
- Smoking. Smoking crack cocaine may worsen asthma and lead to chronic cough, respiratory distress, and an increased risk of pneumonia and other infections.4 Additionally, it can lead to an acute pulmonary complication known as crack lung, which includes symptoms such as fever, cough, difficult or labored breathing, or hemoptysis (i.e., coughing up blood from the lower respiratory tract), which may progress to respiratory failure.11 Smoking crack can also lead to thermal airway injuries, as well as lung injury, pulmonary edema, and barotrauma (i.e., injury caused by changes in air or water pressure) caused by spasmodic or violent coughing after smoke inhalation.12,13
- Injecting. Intravenous cocaine use is related to a host of complications that include skin or soft-tissue infections, scarring or collapsed veins, and a higher risk of blood-borne infections such as HIV and hepatitis.4
Treatment for Cocaine Misuse and Addiction
Cocaine’s effects can be serious—not to mention scary. However, if you or someone you love is struggling with cocaine addiction, you’re not alone. Plus, treatment, which comprises a variety of formats and therapies to fit your unique needs, is available.
Depending on several individual variables and the severity of the stimulant use disorder, treatment can include one or more levels of care. But often, people begin treatment for cocaine addiction with detox and withdrawal management.14
However, completing detox is just the first step in the road to recovery. After detox, it’s important to seek ongoing inpatient and/or outpatient treatment, both of which offer behavioral interventions to help conquer addiction.15 American Addiction Centers provides a host of treatment programs, including everything from intensive outpatient programs and inpatient medical detox to one-on-one counseling and aftercare programs.
If you or your loved one is struggling with cocaine misuse or addiction, contact our who can not only help you identify a facility that best fits your needs but also answer any questions you have about treatment.
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Antibiotics are a group of drugs that can inhibit the growth and development of living cells. Most often, they are used to treat infectious processes caused by various strains of bacteria. Drugs from this group of medications largely do not work in the treatment of viruses, with the exception of some tetracyclines.
The main pharmacological classification of an antibacterial drug is determined by its action on microorganisms, as follows:
- Bactericidal. These drugs cause the destruction of microorganisms. This property is displayed by penicillins, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, carbapenems, monobactams, glycopeptides, and fosfomycin.
- Bacteriostatic. These antibiotics are able to inhibit the synthesis of proteins by microbial cells, thus making their reproduction impossible. This effect is typical for tetracyclines, macrolides, aminoglycosides, lincosamides, and aminoglycosides.
Historically, this is the first group of antibacterial drugs, which have a bactericidal effect on a wide range of microorganisms.
Penicillins can be divided into the following groups:
- Natural penicillins, which include benzylpenicillin and phenoxymethylpenicillin
- Semisynthetic penicillins, which have greater resistance against penicillinases that thus greatly extend their spectrum of action; these include oxacillin and methicillin
- Penicillins with expanded action, which include amoxicillin (Amoxil) and ampicillin
- Penicillins with a wide effect on microorganisms, which include mezlocillin and azlocillin
These medications are used for respiratory infections (e.g., bronchitis, sinusitis, pneumonia, pharyngitis, laryngitis); urogenital (e.g., cystitis, urethritis, prostatitis, gonorrhea), digestive system disorders; syphilis; and skin lesions. During treatment with these drugs, allergic reactions are the most common side effect.
Penicillins are also the safest medications available for pregnant women and infants.
This group of antibiotics has a bactericidal effect on a large number of microorganisms.
Cephalosporins can be classified into the following generations:
- Generation I, which includes cefazolin, cephalexin, and cefradine
- Generation II, which includes cefuroxime, cefaclor, cefotiam, and cefoxitin
- Generation III, which includes cefotaxime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefoperazone, and cefodizime
- Generation IV, which includes cefepime and cefpirome
- Generation V, which includes ceftaroline, ceftobiprole, and ceftolozane
The vast majority of these medicines exist only in injectable form. These drugs are used to treat a large number of diseases such as pneumonia, meningitis, cystitis, inflammation of the bones, soft tissues, and other pathologies. When using cephalosporins, hypersensitivity is common. Sometimes, a transient decrease in creatinine clearance, muscle pain, cough, and/or increased bleeding (due to a lack of vitamin K) may present.
These are a fairly new group of antibiotics. As such, a huge number of different strains of bacteria are still sensitive to them. Moreover, carbapenems show resistance against enzymes that synthesize microorganisms.
These drugs are typically used when other antibacterial agents remain ineffective. However, their use is strictly limited due to concerns about the development of bacterial resistance. This group of drugs includes meropenem, doripenem, ertapenem, and imipenem.
Carbapenems are used to treat sepsis, pneumonia, peritonitis, acute surgical pathologies of the abdominal cavity, meningitis, and endometritis.
Side effects include dyspeptic disorders, headache, thrombophlebitis, pseudomembranous colitis, convulsions, and hypokalemia.
Monobactams act mainly only on gram-negative flora. Clinics use only one active substance from this group: aztreonam. The primary advantage of aztreonam is its resistance to most bacterial enzymes, which makes it the drug of choice when treatment with penicillins, cephalosporins, and aminoglycosides is ineffective. It is administered only intravenously or intramuscularly.
Indications for the use of monobactams include sepsis; community-acquired pneumonia; peritonitis; and infections of the pelvic organs, skin, and musculoskeletal system. The use of aztreonam sometimes leads to the development of dyspeptic symptoms, jaundice, toxic hepatitis, headache, dizziness, and/or allergic rash.
Macrolides are a group of antibacterial drugs that are based on a macrocyclic lactone ring. These drugs have a bacteriostatic effect against gram-positive bacteria as well as intracellular and membrane parasites.
These medications are also characterized by low toxicity, which allows them to be used during pregnancy and in very young children.
Macrolides are divided into the following groups:
- Natural: erythromycin, spiramycin, josamycin, and midecamycin
- Prodrugs (converted into an active form after metabolisis): troleandomycin
- Semisynthetic: azithromycin (Zithromax), clarithromycin, dirithromycin, and telithromycin
Macrolides are used in many bacterial pathologies such as peptic ulcer; bronchitis; pneumonia; ear, nose and throat (ENT) organ infections; dermatosis; Lyme disease; urethritis; cervicitis; and erysipelas. It is impossible to use this group of medicines in arrhythmias and failure of the renal function.
This group has a bacteriostatic effect against many strains of microbial flora. In high concentrations, they exhibit bactericidal action. One of the main features of tetracyclines is their ability to accumulate in the bone tissue and enamel of the teeth.
Notably, on the one hand, this feature allows for doctors to actively use them for chronic osteomyelitis, while, on the other hand, such disrupts the development of the skeleton in children. Therefore, they cannot be used in pregnancy, lactation. Tetracyclines include tetracycline, doxycycline, oxytetracycline, minocycline, and tigecycline.
Tetracyclines are used for various intestinal pathologies, brucellosis, leptospirosis, tularemia, actinomycosis, trachoma, Lyme disease, gonococcal infection, and rickettsiosis. Patients should not take these drugs in the case of porphyria, chronic liver disease, or individual intolerance.
Fluoroquinolones are a large group of antibacterial agents with a broad bactericidal effect on pathogenic bacteria. Today, they are classified by generation, as follows:
- Generation I, which includes nalidixic and oxolinic acid
- Generation II, which includes ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin (Cipro), norfloxacin, and pefloxacin
- Generation III, which includes levofloxacin
- Generation IV, which includes gatifloxacin, moxifloxacin, and gemifloxacin
These medications are typically used to treat sinusitis, bronchitis, intestinal infections, prostatitis, gonorrhea, sepsis, tuberculosis, and meningitis.
Fluoroquinolones are able to influence the formation of the musculoskeletal system; therefore, during childhood as well as pregnancy and lactation, they should be prescribed only for vital indications.
Aminoglycosides have found active use in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by gram-negative flora. Notably, they have a bactericidal effect. Additionally, their high efficacy, which does not depend on the functional activity of the patient’s immunity, has made these drugs indispensable for immunity violations and neutropenia.
There are four generations of aminoglycosides, as follows:
- Generation I, which includes neomycin, kanamycin, and streptomycin
- Generation II, which includes tobramycin and gentamycin
- Generation III, which includes amikacin
- Generation IV, which includes isepamicin
Usually, aminoglycosides are prescribed for infections of the respiratory system, sepsis, infective endocarditis, peritonitis, meningitis, cystitis, pyelonephritis, osteomyelitis, and other pathologies. Notably, aminoglycosides can produce toxic effects on the kidneys and, during lactation, pregnancy, or in case of chronic kidney disease or hemodialysis, aminoglycosides are prescribed only for vital indications.
Glycopeptide antibiotics have a bactericidal effect with a wide spectrum of action. The most famous of them are bleomycin and vancomycin. In clinical practice, glycopeptides are considered to be reserve drugs, which means that they are typically prescribed only when other antibacterial agents are ineffective.
Glycopeptides are generally prescribed for endocarditis, sepsis, osteomyelitis, phlegmon, pneumonia, abscess, and pseudomembranous colitis. Patients shouldn’t use these medications in the case of kidney failure, hypersensitivity to drugs, lactation, neuritis of the auditory nerve, and/or pregnancy and lactation.
Lincosamides include lincomycin and clindamycin. These drugs have a bacteriostatic effect on gram-positive bacteria and are used mainly in combination with aminoglycosides.
Lincosamides are commonly prescribed for pneumonia, osteomyelitis, necrotizing fasciitis, and other pathologies.
Quite often during their administration, candidiasis, headache, allergic reactions, and/or oppression of hematopoiesis may develop.
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Open all pages about Genital warts
Genital warts can be single, small rough lumps or sometimes they can be in groups. They can feel soft or firm, and may be painful, itchy or bleed.
A doctor or nurse will usually be able to diagnose genital warts by looking at them. They may also ask you about your symptoms and sexual partners.
Treatments for genital warts include creams, liquids and ointments, freezing and surgery. You can get treatment from a sexual health clinic.
If you have genital warts, avoid having sex until they've gone and follow the instructions about how to apply creams, liquids and ointments.
You can get genital warts from skin-to-skin contact, including vaginal, anal and oral sex and by sharing sex toys.
Using a condom can prevent genital warts. The HPV vaccine also gives protection and is offered to 12 to 13 year-old girls and boys in England.
Genital warts are small, rough lumps that can appear around the vagina, penis or anus. They're a common sexually transmitted infection (STI).
Page last reviewed: 10/07/2023
Next review due: 10/07/2026
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| 0.928156 | 256 | 2.8125 | 3 |
by Marvin Dumont
The media and investors portray crypto regulations as a necessary legislative or bureaucratic process that will move the $220 billion industry towards maturation: a new financial sector that’s regulated like Wall Street.
But cryptocurrencies are NOT like Wall Street products.
Technologists and libertarians resist government rules for cryptos. They argue that more regs would:
- Stifle innovation
- Are inappropriate for censorship-resistant technologies
- Make transactions inefficient, instead of being frictionless
- Reduce economic activity because of added friction
- Place burdens on the ecosystem (such as KYC, AML, etc.)
- Eliminate privacy
- Increase risk of hacks and data breaches
- Introduce third parties to peer-to-peer networks.
Regulations seem to defy the original vision of Bitcoin: a direct electronic cash system that doesn’t need outside intermediaries. And it was designed in such a way because Wall Street and central banks nearly destroyed the global financial system in 2008.
With what else (the government) bailing them out.
While the threat of imprisonment would scare off a few scammers and hackers, the cost of regulations may be too high.
Bigger government makes citizens that much smaller. However, a limited government gives people more freedom.
Apollo (APL) all-in-one privacy currency combines features of mainstream cryptocurrencies in an unregulatable platform. With two-second block speed, APL is one of the fastest cryptos on Earth. “Apollonauts” use features such as Encrypted Messaging, Smart Contracts, Decentralized Exchange, Dapps, and Decentralized File Storage.
Learn more at www.apollocurrency.com
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Virtual reality is a fully immersive experience that has a wide variety of purposes, including great educational benefit. This allows for a novel learning experience that is both satisfying and engaging. The ATLAS program has created a catalog of virtual reality hardware and software, along with other equipment such as headsets and controllers. These technologies are available to be loaned out through the ATLAS scheduler, which you can find on this website!
Human Anatomy VR
Allows the user to explore various human anatomy systems (skeletal, muscular, ear, etc.). Also provides quizzes about each system so students can test their knowledge.
Google Arts and Culture VR
View artworks curated by museums from around the world with the Google Arts & Culture VR app.
Gives a 3D representation of various graphs. Users are able to explore multiple example graphs, or input their own. The graphs tend to be very complex.
In this application, find the most important concepts on astronomy, a voice synthesizer and explained in a simple and enjoyable way.
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JOHN WARNER and Paul Anastas are the founders of green chemistry and co-authors of Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice, in which, they establish 12 guiding principles for chemists. In 1996 Warner left a lucrative job at Polaroid to found the nation's first doctoral program in green chemistry, and in 2007 he founded Warner Babcock Institute for Green Chemistry, an innovation incubator, in Wilmington, Mass.
Green Chemistry is a revolutionary approach to the way that products are made; it is a science that aims to reduce or eliminate the use and/or generation of hazardous substances in the design phase of materials development. It requires an inventive and interdisciplinary view of material and product design. Green Chemistry follows the principle that it is better to consider waste prevention options during the design and development phase than to dispose or treat waste after a process or material has been developed.
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As a passionate gardener, I believe that the key to a successful garden lies in its foundation. And one foundational aspect of any garden that can’t be ignored is the arrangement of garden rows. Let’s dive in to understand how to make rows in a garden and explore the benefits it brings.
Making Rows in a Garden
From my perspective, garden rows are essential for a number of reasons. Firstly, rows provide your plants with better air circulation and soil drainage. These factors can boost the overall health and yield of your garden. I believe that rows can also help with pest control and spring soil warming. And of course, it simplifies weeding and irrigation, making your gardening tasks a breeze.
Essential Tools You’ll Require
To create garden rows, you won’t need a lot of fancy tools. A simple garden hoe, an iconic cultivating tool, can be your best friend here. Garden hoes are designed to help in cultivating, tilling, and loosening soil. Plus, they’re great for marking your rows!
How to Make Rows in a Garden with a Hoe ?
Here are these following steps:
- Step 1– As per my perspective, the first stage involves adequately preparing the soil. It is crucial to clear the ground of any weeds, stones, or other obstacles to plow a garden. Moreover, ensuring that the soil is moist and enriched with nutrients is essential for promoting healthy root development.
- Step 2– Marking Garden Rows: Depending on the type of plants you’re going to plant, spacing is crucial. Mark out your garden rows considering the space needed for plant growth, sunlight, and water access. Remember, different plants require different spacing.
- Step 3– Hoeing Garden Rows: Now, take your hoe and start making rows. The process involves making furrows or planting trenches in the soil. As far as I’m concerned, the depth and width of these furrows will depend on what you’re planning to plant.
- Step 4– Planting: With your rows ready, it’s time for planting. Whether you’re doing single row planting or wide row planting, always ensure proper spacing for optimal growth.
How to Make Rows in a Garden by Hand ?
Step by step ways to make garden rows by hand :
- Prepare the Area: Proper soil preparation is the first step. and make sure the soil doesn’t have any weeds, rocks, or other trash in it.
- Marking Garden Rows: Mark out your garden rows considering the space needed for plant growth, sunlight, and water access.
- Hoeing Garden Rows: Use your hoe to make furrows in the soil. The depth and width of these furrows will depend on what you’re planting.
- Planting: With your rows ready, it’s time for planting. Always ensure proper spacing for optimal growth.
How to Make Rows in a Garden with a Tiller ?
Using a tiller can streamline the process, especially for larger gardens. Follow these steps:
- A -Mark the Rows: Begin by staking and marking out the rows with the help of string lines.
- B -Use the Tiller: Guide the tiller along the marked lines, allowing it to break up the soil and create the garden rows efficiently.
How to Make Rows in a Garden with a Tractor ?
For larger-scale gardening, a tractor can be beneficial. Follow these steps:
- 1 -Attach a Row Maker: Fix a row maker to your tractor to assist with creating the rows.
- 2 -Mark the Rows: Use the tractor and row maker to mark out your garden rows.
- 3 -Let the Tractor Work: Allow the tractor to do the heavy work of establishing the rows efficiently.
Raised Garden Rows Vs. Flat Garden Rows ( Difference)
Raised garden rows or raised beds are essentially a step above your typical flat garden rows. They offer a number of advantages such as improved soil structure and drainage, and better control over pests. Personally, I think raised rows are fantastic if you’re dealing with issues like poor soil quality or if you want to make your garden more accessible.
On the other hand, I prefer flat garden rows because they follow the traditional approach, even though they might require more effort. However, I find them more budget-friendly and simpler to set up, and they can work just as well as raised rows if I do everything right.
Watch Video to Know More About Making Rows in a Garden
FAQS – How to Make Rows in a Garden
How to make garden rows with a shovel ?
Steps to make garden rows with a shovel
A-Begin by measuring and marking the intended row positions in your garden.
B-Utilize a shovel to carefully create shallow trenches following the marked lines.
C-Aim for straight rows with consistent spacing, allowing for efficient planting without copying from others.
How to make furrows in a garden ?
To create furrows in a garden, utilize a hoe or furrower tool. Employ the tool to create shallow trenches on the soil’s surface, providing ideal spaces for planting seeds or young plants. Ensure appropriate spacing between furrows to accommodate the selected crops uniquely.
What are the best garden rows?
The best garden rows are straight, evenly spaced, and oriented to maximize sunlight exposure for plants. They facilitate efficient gardening practices and ensure optimal growth and maintenance.
How do you make straight rows?
A-Use a ruler or straight edge as a guide.
B-Ensure even spacing between items or elements.
C-Maintain consistent alignment and position while creating the rows.
Advantages of Garden Rows
Finally, let’s talk benefits of make rows in a garden. There’s no denying that making garden rows, whether raised or flat, comes with a whole host of advantages. They’re good for the soil, great for plant growth, and can even save on watering. Plus, it gives your garden a neat, organized look. It’s a win-win from every perspective.
To conclude ,I believe that making garden rows is an essential step in setting up any garden. It might take some time and effort, but the benefits it offers are immense. So, grab your hoe and start marking those rows. Your garden will thank you for it!
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Baked bread, ceramic moulds, leaflet
On September 12, 1980, the Turkish Armed Forces carried out the third successful military coup in the history of the
Republic of Turkey. The Parliament and the Government were dissolved. The immunities of the members of the
parliament were revoked. Political party activities were banned. Party and union buildings and facilities were
confiscated by the martial law and garrison commandership. Immediately after the Coup d’État, thousands of people
were abruptly taken into custody from their homes and brought to police stations, public buildings, private estates
and facilities that would from then on be used as places of torture.
Following the 1980 Coup d’État, grave violations of human rights continued in a widespread and systematic manner
in Turkey. Tortures, enforced disappearances, extrajudicial/arbitrary executions, sexual violence, and death
sentences that became the practices of the period were committed.
As a high school student in Istanbul, my father was a member of a leftist youth organization. The military police
imprisoned and tortured him because of his involvement in political actions. When my grandfather heard about his
son’s incarceration, he travelled from a village near Kars, a city in the Kurdish region, to Istanbul to bring his son
home. My father took with him his library of forbidden Marxist-Leninist books. These were unknown to my
grandfather. He was illiterate and saw no harm in taking the books with them, which he thought were school books.
On their arrival someone from the village warned my grandfather about the books: They were prohibited literature and
if found, everyone in the house would get arrested!
To solve the situation, my grandparents decided to burn them in their fireplace. But the quantity of the books was so
large that the constant fire made some people in the village suspect that something unusual was going on. To obscure
their actions my grandmother started to bake bread continuously for a week and gave it out for free to the
I baked bread in the form of Lenin, Marx and Rosa Luxemburg in memory of my father’s burned books. The bread shared
among the visitors in the exhibition space.
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Multimorbidity, the co-occurrence of two or more disease conditions (2+), manifests itself in manifold challenges in the present-day health management of patients. Multimorbidity has been one of the most complex phenomena in health care systems around the world in recent times. It affects all age groups, but a geriatric focus in health research is prominent owing to higher prevalence among older adults. Moreover, the co-occurrence of multiple diseases leads to greater chances of complications and greater severity compared to single diseases, and the combined burden of multimorbidity and the health care resources required to manage it may be much greater than the sum of single diseases.[2,3]
Due to Canada’s aging population, multimorbidity is increasingly becoming a key public health and primary care issue in the prevention and management of chronic diseases. Canadian adults 20 years and older who were surveyed with a list of nine self-reported chronic conditions had a multimorbidity prevalence of 12.9% in 2011/12. BCCDC’s recent analysis of 16 chronic diseases, as defined in BC’s chronic disease registries, showed nearly one third (28.6%) of BC residents 20 years or older had multimorbidity (2+) in 2014/15. Another Canadian study using data for five conditions (cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, mental illness, hypertension, and diabetes) with nationally validated case definitions revealed multimorbidity prevalence rates of 26.5% and 24.8% in Canada and BC, respectively, in 2011/12. While these Canadian and BC prevalence rates are substantial, a fixed set of well-defined chronic conditions is needed, along with use of a standardized surveillance methodology to improve measurement of multimorbidity that would consistently inform practice, program, and policy planning.
Recently we introduced an indicator measuring multimorbidity prevalence in individuals living with two or more chronic conditions from a list of 16 chronic diseases listed in chronic disease registries. The indicator is intended for use in health surveillance on a periodic basis to support management and prevention of chronic diseases in BC. The chronic diseases with identified case definitions[5,6] selected for the multimorbidity indicator are:
- Chronic kidney disease
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- Heart failure
- Hospitalized stroke
- Ischemic heart disease
- Mood and anxiety disorders
- Multiple sclerosis
- Rheumatoid arthritis
The age-standardized prevalence rate of multimorbidity among individuals having two or more chronic diseases is calculated for the indicator. The measurement is expected to enhance our understanding of the epidemiology of multimorbidity to inform prevention efforts, reduce disease burden, and align health care services with holistic patient needs. This also underscores the importance of monitoring multimorbidity to provide insights to broaden our mindset of single disease–centric approaches to management of chronic disease in the primary care setting and prevention as part of public health. Furthermore, the risk and protective factors and socioeconomic determinants of health associated with most chronic conditions individually are common but can be tackled considering multimorbidity as a composite disease entity for planning upstream prevention.
—Drona Rasali, PhD, FACE
BCCDC, Provincial Health Services Authority (PHSA)
—Crystal Li, MSc
—Caren Rose, PhD
BCCDC, PHSA, UBC School of Population and Public Health
This article is the opinion of the BC Centre for Disease Control and has not been peer reviewed by the BCMJ Editorial Board.
2. Li C, Rasali D, Rose C, et al. Introducing a new health indicator for British Columbia – chronic disease multimorbidity. Poster presentation at the PHABC Annual Conference. 2019. Accessed 25 March 2020. https://phabc.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/PHABC_Multimorbidities_Indicator_poster-Final.pdf.
3. US Department of Health and Human Services. Multiple chronic conditions: A strategic framework. Optimum health and quality of life for individuals with multiple chronic conditions. December 2010. Accessed 25 March 2020. www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/ash/initiatives/mcc/mcc_framework.pdf.
Above is the information needed to cite this article in your paper or presentation. The International Committee
of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) recommends the following citation style, which is the now nearly universally
accepted citation style for scientific papers:
Halpern SD, Ubel PA, Caplan AL, Marion DW, Palmer AM, Schiding JK, et al. Solid-organ transplantation in HIV-infected patients. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:284-7.
About the ICMJE and citation styles
The ICMJE is small group of editors of general medical journals who first met informally in Vancouver, British Columbia, in 1978 to establish guidelines for the format of manuscripts submitted to their journals. The group became known as the Vancouver Group. Its requirements for manuscripts, including formats for bibliographic references developed by the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM), were first published in 1979. The Vancouver Group expanded and evolved into the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE), which meets annually. The ICMJE created the Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals to help authors and editors create and distribute accurate, clear, easily accessible reports of biomedical studies.
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It is vital to underline the significance of firearms in self-defense. Safety certainly tops everyone’s list of priorities, which justifies the increased trend of firearm possession observed globally. Historically, guns have played a main role in self-defense operations, earning their place as potent symbols of security and power in societies. Self-defense firearms possession is seen to instigate a feeling of empowerment, notably amongst individuals who might perceive themselves as susceptible to threats or disadvantaged.
Firearms can deliver a heightened sense of security. Their possession alone can ensure the safety of an individual, broadcasting the unequivocal message that the person holding them is not defenseless against potential harm or danger. Being armed with a gun can deter potential threats and instill an overall feeling of personal security.
Like any instrument intended for safety, the ability to use a firearm responsibly and effectively rides on the comprehension of its fundamentals. Handling a gun requires a meticulous understanding of its basic operations, functionalities, and safety measures. Continual training in gun safety, operation, and handling is essential to ensure that accidental discharges and misfires are mitigated. Therefore, the key to efficient and safe firearm use predominantly lies in knowledge and preparation.
With suitable gun training, one can become competent in multiple aspects of firearm usage, such as identifying the right ammunition, maintaining the firearm, handling gun maintenance malfunctions, as well as learning about the legal implications of firearm ownership. Training provides this necessary knowledge, significant for a responsible gun owner. Operating a firearm without a solid understanding of its functionality can result in potentially grave consequences.
The importance of self-defense firearms is twofold. Not only do they serve as a deterrent for potential threats, but they also provide the reassurance of personal safety and security. Nevertheless, the ownership of such is not to be taken lightly. It carries a considerable weight of responsibility, accountability, and obligation towards safe usage. With the statistics showing an increasing trend in firearm ownership, it becomes even more crucial to stress the importance of proper training. Therefore, suitable gun education and training are not just an added luxury for gun owners, they are, in fact, a need of utmost necessity.
Selecting A Suitable Firearm for Self-Defense
A massive selection of firearms exists in this day and age, which can be partly credited to technological advancements. Each gun possesses distinct characteristics that render it appropriate for a variety of uses. One of these uses is self-defense, and the process of picking the fitting firearm for such a purpose necessitates a meticulous assessment of numerous parameters. Notably, user comfort and simplicity of operation are amongst the most fundamental factors to consider.
Globally, pistols are a favorite among many individuals seeking a firearm for personal protection. Their popularity can be attributed to attributes such as user-friendly handling and compact form. These characteristics make it possible for one to carry and use a pistol effortlessly. Among the prevalent options in the pistol category are semi-automatic pistols. Their unique features, which include speed in reloading and high-capacity magazines, have earned them a considerable following.
Revolvers, another option in personal defense firearms, provide uncomplicated operation coupled with reliability – an aspect that makes them a suitable choice for many. Their operation involves minimal mechanical operation when compared with semi-automatic pistols, which can be a selling point for some individuals, especially those inexperienced with firearms.
For a more informed decision regarding the choice of firearm, it’s advisable for potential gun owners to consult with a certified dealer. These professionals possess a vast knowledge of the products and can thus make recommendations that suit an individual’s unique requirements and predilections. During this process, some of the components that a potential buyer should pay close attention to include the weight of the gun, grip size, the force of the recoil, and the overall price of ownership.
Acquiring the ideal firearm for self-defense is not as simple as it might seem. Nevertheless, by understanding unique individual requirements and preferences, and with careful consultation and ample research, it can be a less daunting task. It is, therefore, crucial to remember that the best firearm for self-defense is not merely the most powerful or the most expensive, but rather the weapon that one can handle comfortably and confidently in emergency situations. This way, one can truly harness the power of a firearm as a defensive tool.
Reinforcing Protection Through Proper Firearm Training
Proper firearm training is the key to solidifying personal safety measures. When a person acquires a firearm, it represents merely the first step in enhancing their personal security. The real strength rests in the competent handling and proficient utility of the chosen weapon. To put it simply, comprehensive firearm training can swing the balance in one’s favor during an emergency self-defense situation, making a significant difference in the outcome.
The reach of firearm training transcends the simple act of discharging a gun. It encompasses a comprehensive comprehension of firearm safety regulations and an in-depth understanding of firearm mechanics. Training also incorporates honing the skills of quickness and precision. Not to be overlooked is the vital aspect of comprehending the legal ramifications associated with the usage of a firearm in a self-defense scenario, which forms part of the training.
Across the world, the presence of gun training schools is robust and they are renowned for offering a broad spectrum of courses. These range from basic gun handling lessons to adept advanced defensive shooting programs. These educational institutions pave the way for a strategic investment leading to personal safety emphasis and awareness.
The ownership of a gun for the purpose of self-defense is layered in complexity. It is not as simplistic as having access to a weapon. It involves a high degree of responsibility, caution, and, above all else, superior training. Hence, the selection of a suitable gun and receiving due training holds high significance.
The purchase of a firearm might induce a feeling of security. However, it’s noteworthy that real protection and assured safety originate from the knowledge and confidence of knowing how to effectively use it. Transcending the mere ownership of a firearm, the assurance of well-being is deeply ingrained in the mastery developed through extensive firearm training.
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Peptides are short chains of amino acids that usually contain between 2 and 50 amino acids. Proteins include more amino acids than amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. Because peptides are smaller and more easily broken down than proteins, they may be easier for the body to absorb. They can permeate the skin and intestines more easily, allowing them to enter the bloodstream faster. Bioactive peptides, or those that have a good effect on the body and may have a positive impact on human health, are of particular interest to scientists. Bioactive peptides have a variety of properties. The effects they exert on the body are determined by the amino acid sequence they contain.
The following are some of the most popular peptide supplements:
- Collagen peptides, which may improve skin health and slow down the aging process.
- Creatine peptides are a type of peptide that can help you gain strength and muscular mass.
Other peptides and peptide hormones may be used to boost athletic performance in some people. Many of these, including follistatin, a peptide that promotes muscle growth, have been prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency.
Peptides are often classified into three groups:
- According to the number of amino acids in the chain: Oligopeptides are short chains of amino acids, whereas polypeptides are longer chains of 20 to 50 amino acids. Two, three, and four amino acids make up dipeptides, tripeptides, and tetrapeptides, respectively.
- Whether it’s a plant or an animal, according to their source
- They are classified based on their roles in the human body.
Functions in the Body:
Peptides have a variety of functions in the human body. The following are some peptides and their functions:
Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) is a peptide hormone produced in the hypothalamus, a tiny brain region located near the base of the brain. Vasopressin serves a number of purposes.
It is in charge of controlling the amount of water in the extracellular fluid (the fluid space around cells). It accomplishes so by causing the kidneys to absorb water.
Vasopressin is a vasoconstrictor, which means it causes blood vessels to narrow, causing blood pressure to rise.
Alcohol consumption inhibits vasopressin, causing people to urinate more frequently than usual.
Benefits of peptides:
Because the collagen molecule is too large to be absorbed through the skin, many people opt to consume collagen-rich bone broth or take collagen supplements. Peptides, on the other hand, can absorb into the skin and be utilized by the body. There are numerous advantages to incorporating peptides into your skin care routine.
Improved skin barrier
The skin’s defense system. The body’s first line of defense against bacteria, UV radiation, pollution, and other pollutants is Trusted Source. Excessive exfoliation, exposure to cigarette smoke and other pollution, and even lack of sleep can all harm the skin barrier. Peptides aid in the formation of a stronger barrier.
Collagen can plump skin and lips, and wrinkles and fine lines will be less evident when skin is firmer and plumper.
More elastic skin
Peptides are also found in elastin fibers, which are another form of protein. These fibers give the appearance of tighter, tauter skin.
Peptides can aid in the reduction of inflammation, the restoration of injured skin, and the evening of skin tone.
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The Accuracy or Our Written Torah
Rabbi Dovid Lichtman
[Page 2] Originally, it was easy to attend to the Mesorah of the Torah text. A Torah scroll written in Moshe's own hand was kept in or near the Holy Ark in the Holy of Holies (Bava Batra 14a). This text, which apparently was accessible to the Kohanim (Rashi Bava Batra 14b s.v. Sefer; see also Tosefot, Bava Batra 14a s.v. Shelo), undoubtedly served as the proof text for all other texts. The scroll which each Jewish king was required to write and bear at all times was likewise copied from this scroll (Rambam, Hil. Sefer Torah 7:2, based on Yerushalmi Sanhedrin 2:6). The kingly scrolls, in turn, served as proof texts after their owner's death. The destruction of the first Beit ha'Mikdash most likely brought with it the destruction of these proof texts. Ezra the Scribe, who led the people back to Eretz Yisrael and began to rebuild the Beit ha'Mikdash, set to reestablishing a proof text. At this point, a defining event occurred.
According to the Talmud Yerushalmi (Ta'anit 4:2), three ancient scrolls were found in the Temple confines which had slightly variant texts. (Although the Yerushalmi does not specify when this occurred, other sources relate that it happened in the days of Ezra and according to some versions, it was Ezra himself who found the scrolls -- see Torah Sheleimah, Shemot 24:25.) The Yerushalmi then relates that the correct version of the Torah was determined by virtue of a majority of 2 against 1. Throughout the period of the Second Beit ha'Mikdash, a scroll referred to as 'Sefer Ezra' or 'Sefer Ha'azarah' (Moed Katan 18b) served as the standard for all others. Sefer Ha'azarah was either the very scroll that was written by Ezra the Scribe or one that was copied from it (Rashi, ibid.). Professional Soferim were employed at the Beit ha'Mikdash to correct private scrolls based on this scroll (Ketuvot 106a; Shekalim 10b). These highly accurate scrolls and their copies remained the standard until well after the destruction of the second Beit ha'Mikdash. The Talmud in Kiddushim (30a) establishes that the accurate counting of the letters of the Torah was preserved at least until Tanaitic times (2nd century CE).
A century or so later, in the times of the Amora'im, Rav Yosef commented that this accuracy was already somewhat diluted. Such a lack of accuracy can only have been made apparent by the existence of divergent texts. The Gemara makes it clear that even this dilution of accuracy was only with regard to Malei and Chaser. (Malei and Chaser refer to unpronounced letters, such as 'Vav' and 'Yud,' which lend added accent to vowels. Their presence or absence does not affect the meaning of a word). Nor does the Gemara state in how many instances doubts arose regarding orthography. It is possible that these uncertainties were limited to a very few instances. In fact, nowhere in the Talmud or Midrashic sources is there recorded a dispute over the orthography of a specific Malei or Chaser, either before or after the time of Rav Yosef. (It should be pointed out that according to some, Rav Yosef was merely stating that *he* could not determine the exact number of letters in the Torah, since he himself was blind and could not count them by heart and he was not willing to rely on another person's count -- see Rav Reuvain Margulies in "HaMikra V'HaMesorah," #4). Due to the dispersal of the Jewish people and the lack of a central supervising authority, variations in scrolls continued
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Mice are nimble, able to quickly maneuver around all sorts of obstacles. Bark has the perfect texture to help mice climb trees with ease. Using their agility and small size, mice can fit in holes smaller than a dime. They often gain access to a home by climbing nearby trees.
What kind of mouse climbs trees?
Deer mice are good climbers. They are able to gain access to a home by climbing a tree and using a branch as a bridge, or by climbing up a downspout and gaining access to a roofline. This makes it easier for deer mice to get into the upper levels of a home.
How do you get rid of mice in a tree?
Paint the tree base with a mixture of black carborundum sand and white interior latex paint to deter them. Other options include using plastic pipe or hardware cloth to protect sensitive trunks from gnawing rodents.
Can mice climb wood?
Yes, mice are excellent climbers and jumpers. They can easily climb up stairs, furniture, landscape features, countertops, and even most vertical surfaces. If the interior or exterior walls have a slightly rough surface such as wood, stucco, or panels, these creatures can use their grip to make their way up.
Can rodents climb trees?
They may be slow, but Norway rats can use their front and back claws to climb a tree trunk to the same heights as a Roof rat, as well as use their long tail to balance while on branches. Roof rats, on the other hand, love to climb trees. Roof rats are known for being able to climb any surface that has a texture to it.
Do mice make nest in trees?
Some species of mice do indeed live in trees, including the deer mouse and dormouse. Depending on the species, they might build a round nest high up in the tree, like the dormouse, or fashion a nest out of a hollow cavity in the tree, like the deer mouse.
How can you tell a mouse from a rat?
Mice have thin, slightly hairy tails; rats have a thicker, hairless, scaly tail. The nose of a mouse is triangular in shape; the nose of a rat is more blunt and rounded. Both mice and rats can be brown or gray in color, but rats can also be black. Mice droppings are approximately 1/4 inch long with pointed ends.
How do I keep mice from climbing my tree?
You can add metal sheets or sturdy plastic to the trunks of your fruit trees, to help prevent rodents from climbing. Prune and Trim Branches: if your tree has droopy branches, rats may see this as a way to eat any fallen fruit while going unseen since the branches will inadvertently hide them.
What can I put outside to keep mice away?
A whiff of peppermint certainly does keep them away. Now, you can use two ways to incorporate the smell of peppermint into your home. The first is growing peppermint plants and leaving them around the house. The smell deters them from entering or roaming around in the first place.
Whats the fastest way to get rid of mice?
Fastest way to get rid of mice Traps: Trapping is an effective method for places where there are smaller numbers of mice. Glue boards: Glue boards are sticking pads that work in much the same way as flypaper catches flies. Baits: Anticoagulant rodenticides: Sanitation: Exclusion:.
What smells do mice hate?
Mice have a very keen sense of smell that is much stronger than what humans experience. You can use this trait to repel mice and use scents that mice hate like cinnamon, vinegar, dryer sheets, clove oil, peppermint, tea bags, mint toothpaste, ammonia, cloves, clove oil, and cayenne pepper.
Where do mice hide during the day?
During the day, mice sleep hidden away in their nests typically made of soft materials. Nesting materials could include shredded paper, cardboard boxes, insulation, or cotton.
What is a natural way to get rid of mice?
Try these natural mice repellant options: Essential oils. Mice hate the aroma of peppermint oil, cayenne, pepper, and cloves. Apple cider and water. Make a mixture of apple cider vinegar and water. Fabric softener sheets. Stuff these sheets into entry points to stop mouse traffic immediately.
Why do rats go in trees?
Roof rats gravitate to high places, so trees are a habitat. A lot of their nesting occurs in trees. In order to access trees for nesting, they usually can easily maneuver their way up walls and over power lines, for a couple of examples. Roof rats are also adept leapers; they can do so both horizontally and vertically.
What can mouse climb?
Mice can climb a large variety of walls, depending on the surface material. They can climb concrete, brick, siding, stucco, wood finishing, shingles, etc. They can also climb walls with props (cords, cables, shelves, wires, etc.). They have a hard time climbing very smooth surfaces like glass.
What does a mouse nest look like outside?
Mouse nests look like a ball with a hole in the middle where they can enter and exit. Nests can also be found outdoors and underground where they are able to take shelter from prey and keep warm.
What does a field mouse look like?
What do field mice look like? Field mice are usually gray or tawny-brown in color and their underbelly is covered in white hairs which extend back behind their tail. They also have lighter-colored or white feet. The field mouse’s tail is short, about the same length as its body, and is covered in fine hairs.
Do mice live alone or in groups?
MICE LIVE ALONE But they also don’t live alone. While mice out in open fields may keep to themselves, Both outdoor mice and house mice tend to live in groups. What’s more is the fact that mice breed frequently and give birth to litters of six to eight — on average — up to 10 times a year.
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- You are within a multi-part section. We make it easier to find what you need by showing you how the content is structured.
- To view an outline of this section as a whole, see Exopolotics / Extraterrestrials – Intro & Overview. Use the links to navigate quickly and efficiently.
- See also: Related Content at the bottom of the page.
Introduction & Overview
Through the mid-1950s, reports of extraterrestrial visitation were widely covered in mainstream news sources. For example, on July 28, 1952, front page headlines throughout the U.S. reported on the UFOs that hovered above the White House and the Air Force jets that unsuccessfully chased them. Shortly after this incident, the media coverage suddenly halted. Despite numerous high-profile UFO incidents, the government of the U.S. and other major nations began debunking and suppressing all reports. What exactly happened?
Since as early as 1947, citizens and government agents who have had experiences with UFOs and extraterrestrial beings have reported being intimidated into keeping quiet. Since the earliest reports of harassment by “men in black,” an avalanche of evidence indicates that policy makers in the U.S. and other major nations have used a series of secret intelligence programs to deny, debunk and suppress reports of UFOs and extraterrestrial beings.
In other words, government policy has not been to help the public or the media to clarify fact from fiction, but instead to promote inaccurate and fraudulent claims and to plant disinformation while suppressing evidence and factual claims.
Evidence shows these programs of denial to be ruthless and sophisticated intelligence operations that include character assassination, setting up designated “experts” as the only credible sources, compartmentalization of intelligence, harassment and intimidation, a media blackout and wide-ranging social engineering. (See verifiable information below.) These operations, carried out mercilessly, have been exceedingly effective at keeping witnesses quiet and at keeping the general public ignorant of why the topic is important enough to go to such lengths to keep the truth from being known.
There is overwhelming evidence of continued involvement by the U.S. and U.K. governments, including the testimony of more than 80 professional witnesses — but the official policy of denial and suppression has continued for more than 70 years. We might ask why the government would be so dedicated to continuing the extreme efforts required to debunk all evidence. Researchers and experts have uncovered the following stated and inferred reasons for the cover-up: to stay focused on the Cold War until more was understood about the extraterrestrials, to avoid a “public panic,” to pre-empt psychological warfare by an enemy, to protect power structures, and to protect advanced technologies. (Details and verifiable reports below.)
The History of “Galactic COINTELPRO”
- Counterintelligence = “Organized activity of an intelligence service designed to block an enemy’s sources of information, to deceive the enemy, to prevent sabotage, and to gather political and military information.” (source)
- COINTELPRO = An acronym for “counterintelligence program” and most often refers to the specific, secret FBI program implemented between 1956 and 1971 to “neutralize political dissidents” in the U.S.
- Galactic COINTELPRO = The acronym has been borrowed by Dr. Michael Salla (here) to describe the intelligence programs designed to debunk and cover up reports of extraterrestrial contact.
In both of these COINTELPRO operations, the deceit and sabotage is against citizens. In the excellent article below, Dr. Michael Salla provides extensive background and verifiable reports.
CIA, Air Force & NSA Operations to Discredit & Silence Citizens
While COINTELPRO against political dissidents was exposed and apparently ended in 1971, the COINTELPRO used against contactees was never exposed… A highly secret and ruthless counter-intelligence program… that directly targeted contactees and their supporters… evolved in three stages that resulted in the final counterintelligence program that was adopted to eliminate any threat posed by contactees. Stage one was the initial surveillance of contactees by intelligence agencies that attempted to discern the scope and implications of human and extraterrestrial interaction. Stage two was the more active phase of debunking and discrediting contactees and their supporters. Finally, stage three was integrated into the FBI’s COINTELPRO which provided the necessary cover for comprehensively neutralizing any possible threat by contactees who might join other dissident groups for comprehensive policy changes. All three stages of the covert programs employed against contactees were secretly run by the CIA, the Air Force Office of Special Investigations (AFOSI) and the NSA, whose field agents were directly aware of the reality of extraterrestrial life, and the contact and communications occurring with private citizens.– Michael Salla, Ph.D., Galactic COINTELPRO
Throughout the 1950s and ’60s, retired Marine Corps major Donald E. Keyhoe charged the U.S. Air Force with deliberately censoring information concerning UFOs… In the January 1965 issue of True magazine, Keyhoe… said: “The tactic is total suppression of news. By a strict Air Force order, entitled AR 200-2, Air Force personnel are forbidden to talk in public about UFO sightings, and information about UFO’s is to be withheld from the press unless the thing seen ‘has been positively identified as a familiar or known object.’” Keyhoe went on to accuse the Air Force of censoring information about events that the public deserved to know. Among them: Four “spacecraft of unknown origin” cruised up to the two-man Gemini space capsule on April 8, 1964, when it was on its first orbit, inspected it, then blasted off; on January 10, 1961, a UFO flew so close to a Polaris missile that it botched up the radar for fourteen minutes; there was a possible “recharging” operation of UFOs near Canberra, Australia, on May 15, 1964. On March 28, 1966, after a saucer “flap” in Michigan, Keyhoe was once again repeating his charges that the Pentagon had a top-level policy of discounting all UFO reports and “over the past several years has used ridicule to discredit sightings.”– Project Blue Book: The Top Secret UFO Files that Revealed a Government Cover-Up
When it Was Mainstream
Based at the Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton, Ohio, Project Blue Book investigated thousands of incidents. Of the more than 12,000 UFO sightings between 1947 and 1969 that the Air Force investigated, [there were] 701 unexplained sightings– History.com
The U.S. Air Force began investigating unidentified flying objects in 1948 through an effort called Project Sign. (History.com) And then between 1952 and 1969, Project Blue Book was the name for the Air Force group tasked with investigating UFOs.
Through the mid-1950s, reports of extraterrestrial visitation were widely covered in mainstream news sources. On July 28, 1952, front page headlines throughout the United States reported on the UFOs that hovered above the White House and the Air Force jets that unsuccessfully chased them. For example, see this Washington Post front page headline.
The news stories about the morning radar-visual reports of July 19-20 had not hit the newspapers until the following Tuesday, July 22nd. There had been no follow-up announcements from the Air Force other than it was investigating the matter. The story, in short, was all set to die down. And then it happened all over again… This event, occurring just four days after the public learned of the first one, hit the newsrooms like a thunderclap. The next day the story made front-page headlines across the country. But it wasn’t only the fact that it had been the second such report that gripped the public’s imagination. This time, America’s best jet fighters had pursued — and seemingly been easily outdistanced by — the aerial intruders.– General Samford Meets the Press
According to The Washington Post, the UFOs hovered only 1,700 feet above the White House lawn.– Gaia
How the Cover-up Started
Sometime shortly after the 1952 incident, the media coverage suddenly halted. Despite numerous high-profile UFO incidents, the government of the U.S. and other major nations began debunking and suppressing all reports. What exactly happened?
A CIA Program
It appears to have begun with the Psychological Strategy Board, initially a CIA program, created in 1951 by presidential directive. A leaked document indicates that the board was created to shape public opinion about extraterrestrials:
The Psychological Strategy Board [devised]… covert psychological operations concerning extraterrestrial life… to only disclose the truth to those with a “need to know.” This required the creation of a suitable national security cover for psychological operations against the American public. Victory would be achieved by the formation of a panel of experts that could shape government policy and intelligence activities against those involved in extraterrestrial affairs. Consequently, the CIA secretly convened a public panel of “impartial” experts to discuss the available physical evidence.– Michael Salla, Ph.D., Galactic COINTELPRO
The Robertson Panel
The Robertson Panel, named after its chairman, Dr. Howard Robertson, was convened to review “flying saucer” cases. After meeting for a total of 12 hours, they concluded their “research” and released a document called the Durant Report.
The scientific committee didn’t lend credence to the public reporting but deemed the thousands of reports to be overwhelming for the Air Force employees charged with taking and investigating citizen reports:
The Robertson Panel’s report concluded that UFOs were not a direct threat to national security, but could pose an indirect threat by overwhelming standard military communications due to public interest in the subject… The Robertson Panel recommended that a public education campaign should be undertaken in order to reduce public interest in the subject, minimising the risk of swamping Air Defence systems with reports at critical times, and that civilian UFO groups should be monitored.– The Black Vault Declassified Document Archive
The CIA commissioned the Robertson Panel in January 1953, in response to the number of UFO sightings from the year prior. The CIA encouraged Project Blue Book to be more active in debunking sightings than investigating them. There was also a huge public relations push to decrease the public’s interest in UFOs.– The 1952 Washington D.C. UFO Incident Explained
Why a Cover-up?
There is overwhelming evidence of continued involvement by the U.S. and U.K. governments, including the testimony of more than 80 professional witnesses — but the official policy of denial and suppression has continued for more than 70 years. We might ask why the government would be so dedicated to continuing the extreme efforts required to debunk all evidence.
Continued secrecy on the UFO subject must be related, then, to ongoing anxiety related to the essential power dynamics of the world and how such a disclosure would impact these. That is, the knowledge related to UFOs/ET phenomena must have such great potential for changing the status quo that its continued suppression is deemed essential, at all costs.– Steven Greer, M.D.
Some might think it doesn’t matter all that much, that this topic is a distraction from what truly matters. They might conclude that this isn’t the most important government issue — not a battle worth fighting. On the contrary, whistleblowers and researchers have repeatedly expressed that advanced technology that was obtained from extraterrestrial civilizations can solve the Earth’s greatest problems including environmental devastation and meeting the basic needs of every human on the planet. See more: Extraterrestrials & Exopolotics: Why It Matters
Researchers and experts have uncovered the following stated and inferred reasons for the cover-up:
- Stay Focused on the Cold War until More was Understood
- Avoid a “Public Panic”
- Pre-empt Psychological Warfare by an Enemy
- Protect Power Structures
- Protection of Advanced Technologies
Stay Focused on the Cold War Until More was Understood
Thanks to students of the UFO problem like Barry Greenwood, Jan Aldrich and Robert Todd, thousands of pages of declassified military files were obtained for UFO research. With such material now available, it is possible to see the year 1952 in a clearer light. Before reading these documents I found it a bit difficult to appreciate how unprepared the U.S. was for a Russian air assault and how this security issue smothered concern over the ET visitation hypothesis.– Loren E. Gross
[Interviewer] The leading advocate for ending the sixty-two-year, government-imposed Truth Embargo regarding the extraterrestrial presence on Earth, Stephen Bassett is the executive director of the Paradigm Research Group, seeking and demanding answers to the unanswered questions—the truth of contact… We’re going to bring people up to date on all the hard work you are doing to blow the lid off this … what shall we call it? “Great Cover-up.”
[Stephen Bassett] We call it a “Truth Embargo.” Truth Embargo refers to the formal effort / policy of the government, instituted in the late 1940s. I think it was fully in place by 1953. The reality of the phenomenon that it turned up, which we call now the “UFO phenomenon” (a very crude term to describe it), has been in play for a very long time. That reality had to be embargoed, because it could not become consensus reality. They did this for national security reasons. It’s difficult to argue that it was illegal (it certainly wasn’t illegal), so that is why I don’t call it a “cover-up.” The time period was extraordinary. The Cold War was starting to shape up. There was huge concern within the government, both in the U.S. and with our allies, that the Soviet Union had gotten bomb secrets through their own spies. We had withheld that program from them… obviously, it didn’t instill any trust in us from the Soviet Union. The ideological break was there. They had German scientists, like we did, who were passing on missile development secrets, and we were going to build missiles, we were going to build bombs. It did not look good at all. In the midst of all that, there were extraterrestrials literally climbing out of the sky! … In the middle of a world war, what are you going to do about UFOs if your planes are already engaged?
[Interviewer] Right. We certainly would want to interrupt a war for something as important as extraterrestrial contact!
[Stephen Bassett] It would probably have been a good idea if they had, but they didn’t. They made the decision: “Until we understand what is going on here, we keep quiet.”– Beyond the Matrix: Daring Conversations with the Brilliant Minds of Our Times
Avoid a “Public Panic”
Interestingly, what is considered a threat to national security in most of these documents is not the UFOs and their occupants themselves, but the possible reaction of the public to them.– Exopolotics Journal
In the Exopolotics Journal article quoted above, we learn that an Eisenhower Briefing Document spoke of the specific need to avoid “a public panic” which was perceived as “a threat to the orderly functioning of the protective organs of the body politic.” The article goes on to reference government documents citing possible “disintegration of society.”
Pre-empt Potential Psychological Warfare by an Enemy
The Exopolotics Journal article further explains the government concern that foreign nations might use the existence of extraterrestrials in a psychological warfare operation, such as generating fear of an impending threat or attack. The solution proposed by the Robertson Panel was to “take immediate steps to strip the Unidentified Flying Objects of the special status they have been given and the aura of mystery they have unfortunately acquired.” (Exopolotics Journal)
Protect Power Structures
Individuals who publicly reported extraterrestrial contact in the early 1950s, such as the respected George Van Tassel, shared knowledge about advanced technologies and philosophical and spiritual messages designed to prepare the people of Earth for entering a galactic society. In addition, the contactees shared what they had learned from the visitors about nuclear weapons, which had recently become a major focus for Earth governments. Not only do nuclear weapons threaten humanity’s future, the visitors explained, but nuclear explosions disrupt space, affecting worlds beyond Earth.
International diplomacy expert, Dr. Michael Salla explains that such messages threatened the major government power structures and their priority of building nuclear weapons:
Information revealed by contactees presented an unrivaled national security crisis for policy makers in the U.S. and other major nations. Two main elements comprised this crisis. First, the advanced space vehicles and technologies possessed by extraterrestrial civilizations were far more sophisticated than the most developed aircraft, weapons and communications systems possessed by national governments… Second, extraterrestrial civilizations were contacting private individuals, and even having some of their representatives integrate into human society… Also included was the issue of nuclear disarmament. Tens of thousands of individuals supported the contactees who distributed newsletters, spoke at conferences and traveled widely spreading their information for peacefully transforming the planet, and calling for an immediate end to the development of nuclear weapons… Directly confronted were the policies of major nations that were actively building nuclear weapons. Enormous revolutionary potential for the entire planet was put forward. Thus, contactees presented an urgent national security need for an extensive counter-intelligence program.– Michael Salla, Ph.D., Galactic COINTELPRO
Other threatened power structures include financial control:
The masters of the Earth throughout every culture have chosen to work towards Universal Peace, Brotherly/Sisterly Love, Individual Freedom and Prosperity for All in service to the Creator in all creation. These off world beings represent civilizations that live according to these same principles. These principles and those who live by them are a threat to those who desire to control, dominate, dumb down and disempower the individual… Those who control the money know they will have to give up the need for domination and control, the manufactured lack, misinformation and all the games which hold the masses in ignorance as indentured servants. Why? Because advanced civilizations do not use money. They live abundantly without separation. They know they are one family and work always in the highest good of the whole and the environment, knowing it is all one. They know the Creator is omnipresent in all creation. They would not think of dominating, controlling, forcing lack or subservience upon another. They also have free, clean, earth friendly energy.– James Gilliland
Protection of Advanced Technologies
The head of the 2001 Disclosure Project, Steven Greer has said, “Above top-secret projects possess fully operational anti-gravity propulsion devices and new energy generation systems that, if declassified… would empower a new human civilization without want, poverty or environmental damage.” Why, then, would officials cover up advanced technologies rather than embrace them? Overwhelming evidence indicates that the advanced technologies have indeed been exploited, but that they have been kept from the public. Why is this the case? It appears to boil down to 1) a war mentality and desire for international dominance, and 2) power and greed.
We need to keep in mind that all of this was set in motion at the beginning of the cold war. The extraterrestrial technology was seen as a chance for the US to secure its dominance. Indeed, the First Annual MJ-12 Report deems that the advantages of reconstructing the extraterrestrial technology would be “incalculable.” … It was important that other countries, specifically the Soviet Union, should have no access to these extraterrestrial technologies. For the US to ensure its dominance, information about the extraterrestrial technology had to be kept secret.– Exopolotics Journal
Think multinational, corporate power and monopoly. Consider the ethics of known media moguls. Contemplate the historically documented secrecy employed to conceal the development of the H-Bomb and, for instance, to conceal the 1950’s CIA biological weapons experimentation on US prisoners of war... The story behind UFO secrecy is extraordinary, but not incredible. Arthur C. Clarke said any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic. Perhaps the same could be said for advanced secrecy. The Disclosure Project’s affronting and extensive evidence of the existence of visiting extraterrestrials.. and the related cover-up reveals a most political and degenerate human conspiracy. The reasons for the continued secrecy are perversely logical. The secrecy machine has been primarily fueled by obscene greed, not unlike that now being exposed by the wave of corporate scandal publicity in the United States. The acquisition of advanced technology brings advantage over the enemy and guarantees power and money for the elite few.– Vivienne Legg
Steven Greer concurs in this 14-minute video on free energy. And Bob Lazar’s 1989 interview below provides further information.
Ruthless & Sophisticated Intel Operations
Preventing the contactee movement from becoming a catalyst for global changes through the teachings and experiences gained from extraterrestrials became top priority. Consequently, a highly secret and ruthless counter-intelligence program was finally implemented that directly targeted contactees and their supporters.– Michael Salla, Ph.D., Galactic COINTELPRO
The Durant Report created the “legal justification” to debunk evidence regardless of its merits. (See more in the excellent article, Galactic COINTELPRO.) U.S. intelligence agencies employed ruthless and sophisticated operations to debunk and suppress all reports of extraterrestrial contact and advanced technologies, including:
- Character Assassination — Systematic destroying of a person’s reputation, and discrediting individual character and integrity
- Setting Up Designated “Experts” as the Only Credible Sources — Debunking all reports as a whole by assigning credibility to only “scientific experts”
- Compartmentalization of Intelligence — Keeping agents in the dark by compartmentalizing intelligence and implementing “need to know” policy
- Harassment & Intimidation — Intimidating, harassing and physically assaulting citizens
- Media Blackout — Exploiting the use of national security as a defense, and infiltration of mainstream media to control the news
- Wide-Ranging Social Engineering — Infiltrating the collective with desired messages
Discrediting of individual character and integrity is accomplished in a variety of nefarious ways. One of the most obvious is to hire an “expert” to denigrate the person as a publicity seeker and nut. One of the less obvious tactics used early in the cover-up (which then made the public smearing tactic easier to pull off in the future) was to publish sensationalized stories that became associated with those reporting their experiences:
Another way in which contactee claims were debunked was to have tabloid newspapers such as the National Enquirer publish sensational reports that embellished on actual contactee testimonies or were entirely fabricated by staff reporters. Any subsequent investigations by researchers would demonstrate that such claims were exaggerated or unfounded, thereby tainting the contactees and UFO research more generally. What was not generally known was that the National Enquirer was created and controlled by known CIA assets whose covert assignment was to ridicule the entire flying saucer phenomena.– Michael Salla, Ph.D., Galactic COINTELPRO
As we might expect, the names of individuals who’ve been hired to destroy the reputations of those who would speak about “the UFO phenomenon” are rarely outed due to the power they hold to systematically destroy anyone who would dare stand up to their abuse. One professional debunker, Richard Doty, admits and describes his role in the 2013 documentary, Mirage Men. Also in the documentary is information on Philip Klass, known to have attacked James McDonald and Stanton Friedman among others.
The rise of the Internet has provided many more tools for destroying reputations:
I worked with NBC News to publish a series of articles about “dirty trick” tactics used by [the U.K. government’s] previously secret unit, JTRIG (Joint Threat Research Intelligence Group)… Our reporting highlighted some of the key, discrete revelations: the monitoring of YouTube and Blogger… the use of “honey traps” (luring people into compromising situations using sex) and destructive viruses.– Glenn Greenwald, The Intercept
Designated “Experts” as the Only Credible Sources
Haven’t we all been schooled and conditioned to respect and trust our authorities? In the case of UFOs, such trust and respect has been misplaced.– Jim Marrs, Foreword to A.D. After Disclosure
As Dr. Salla explains, the sensationalized stories in the National Enquirer succeeded so well that they effectively established contactee claims as wholy unreliable, even — or especially — among the researchers. The researchers thereby became unwitting allies to the covert psychological program through their emphasis on the need to distinguish “genuine UFO reports” from “the mass of wild tales and usually ridiculous contactee claims.”
It then followed that 1) people who would have been united in their desire to share information about UFOs, advanced technologies and extraterrestrial life were divided among themselves, and 2) the public became indoctrinated into a belief system that discounted personal testimony.
Another primary function of Project Blue Book was to neutralize the contactee movement by depicting personal testimonies of contact with extraterrestrials as unscientific… UFO researchers would be encouraged to attack contactee reports as unscientific, prone to delusion or fraud, and an insult to “serious’” UFO research… In a book purporting to provide the scientific foundations of UFO research, Dr J. Allen Hynek dismissed testimonies of contactees who he regarded as “pseudoreligious fanatics” with “low credibility value.” … By encouraging UFO researchers that a purely scientific method would result in the truth about UFOs and extraterrestrial life eventually coming out, Galactic COINTELPRO succeeded in creating a major schism among those accepting the reality of UFOs and extraterrestrial life. By the end of the 1960’s, the contactee movement had been so thoroughly debunked and discredited by UFO researchers, that COINTELPRO no longer needed to have Project Blue Book continue. UFO researchers had become an unwitting accomplice of intelligence agencies.– Michael Salla, Ph.D., Galactic COINTELPRO
Compartmentalization of Intelligence
While a primary technique used with citizens was to debunk and silence them, there is another, simpler strategy for maintaining secrecy among government agents: compartmentalization of intelligence and “need to know” policy. Learn more: Compartmentalization and Hierarchy as Control Structures.
[Interviewer] So, it’s entirely possible that because of compartmentalization, one faction of the government could have been actually involved in electrogravitic experimentation with Tesla technology and flying some of these things, and the factions of the government ordering the profile missions would not have known about it and assumed they were alien in origin?
[USAF Lt. Colonel Wendelle Stevens] Yes.
[Interviewer] Do you view this as being the case?
[USAF Lt. Colonel Wendelle Stevens] Well, not the whole case. I am absolutely convinced there are extraterrestrials visiting this planet, and a large number of them, but at the same time we may have been doing experiments of our own. If we were, it would have been compartmentalized to the degree that nobody outside the experiments would have had any idea what was going on. At the same time, those who are dealing with the phenomena of alien visitation would have their work compartmentalized, and there would be no feedback from them to those carrying on our own experiments. They would have perceived themselves as operating entirely independently– Leading Edge Research Interviews
Harassment & Intimidation
Two of the earliest reports of “men in black” come from Harold Dahl of Tacoma, Washington in 1947 and George Adamski in the early 1950s. Since then, contactees, abductees, intelligence personnel, researchers and journalists have continued to describe their experiences of intimidation, financial sabotage, and other forms of harassment and threat.
Earliest Reports of Men in Black
On June 21st 1947, Harold Dahl was in his boat used to salvage logs from the waters of Puget Sound. While patrolling near Maury Island, “Dahl reported seeing doughnut-shaped UFOs that began spewing a strange mix of what appeared to be lava and a lightweight metal onto the boat. Dahl’s dog was killed, Dahl’s son was injured and the boat damaged from this strange event.” He took photographs of the craft. The next day “Dahl was approached by a ‘man in black’ and told to remain silent about what had happened. Dahl was informed he was not meant to have seen the ‘flying saucers’ and warned that he placed both himself and his family in peril if he should talk.” On July 29th, Kenneth Arnold met with Dahl to verify the details but “found he was very reluctant to speak after his earlier encounter with the strange ‘man in black.'”
George Adamski’s documented, witnessed encounters with human extraterrestrials in the 1950s brought him worldwide recognition. Adamski’s experiences and reports are noteworthy for being supported by both physical and testimonial evidence. He explains the frightening threats he received:
Shortly after the publication of “Flying Saucers Have Landed, “I was visited by three men, two of which I had met previously, but the third was a stranger. It was he who took the role of authority and direly threatened me, demanding certain papers I had, for one thing. Some of these I gave him, and was promised their return, but this promise was never kept… There is no need denying that I was frightened. Before they left I was told to stop talking or they would come after me, lock me up and throw the key away… I wonder if Wall Street might be the central faction behind all the battling to keep the phenomenon of interplanetary visitation in the field of the occult, and combating those of us who know and announce that the space people are physical beings, traveling in mechanical spacecraft. They would like nothing better than to have this whole thing thrown into the field of the psychic, called a cult, and discredited in the minds of sincere people throughout the world.– George Adamski
In 1956, Gray Barker wrote a book entitled They Knew Too Much About Flying Saucers: The True Story of What Happens To Those Who Find Out Where the Saucers Come From. In it, he tells 16 different stories and concludes:
In using the term “the three men,” people in saucer research have often spoken collectively of various visitors who have frightened flying saucer investigators into silence… I have the feeling that from now on many people are going to creep out of the shells in which they have been hiding, thinking that they alone are burdened with a certain kind of fear. Not knowing that others, like themselves, have entertained unwanted and terrifying guests. As long as you hide in your shell, the three men, or one man, or whatever the case may be, will continue to deprive free men and women of their inalienable rights… There exist forces or agencies which would prevent us from finding out whether or not there are… saucers with things in them. I have a feeling that some day there will come a slow knocking at my own door. They will be at your door, too, unless we all get wise and find out who the three men really are.– Gray Barker
Researcher Timothy Green Beckley begins the 1990 book, Mystery of the Men in Black – The UFO Silencers with a chapter called The Men in Black: Agents of Terror. He writes:
Visits by unknown agents are seeded throughout UFO literature and newspaper accounts of flying saucer sightings. For many years they were overlooked or not recognized for what they were. Today, just about every UFO investigator has encountered these “Men in Black” during their research.
Recent Evidence of Online Harassment
In the British intelligence documents published by The Intercept, they describe Online Covert Action as using two types of online techniques: 1) information ops (influence or disruption) and 2) technical disruption to:
These documents are the first to prove that a major western government is using some of the most controversial techniques to disseminate deception online and harm the reputations of targets. Under the tactics they use, the state is deliberately spreading lies on the internet about whichever individuals it targets, including the use of what [U.K. intelligence] itself calls “false flag operations” and emails to people’s families and friends. Who would possibly trust a government to exercise these powers at all, let alone do so in secret, with virtually no oversight, and outside of any cognizable legal framework?– Glenn Greenwald, The Intercept
While the slides above provide further evidence to support testimony, please note that this particular evidence relates to known governmental agencies only. Even though the material is marked “top secret,” it’s a program within a U.K. intelligence organization which, in theory, has public oversight. However, the majority of testimony about “Men in Black” indicates that while the agents may at times impersonate government officials, they come from a shadowy organization of unknown origins. See more: What is the Shadow Government?
- The coverage in mainstream news sources abruptly ended after the Robertson Panel report of 1953. After that time, serious reporting of extraterrestrial contact has been conducted only by independent sources.
- One might wonder if journalists came to their own independent conclusions about the nature of the reports and found them unworthy of publishing. But that presumption is countered by extensive evidence. One of the more obvious considerations is that intelligence agencies tend to have the moral and legal high ground in keeping information they deem national security out of the mainstream media; they only need say that publication of particular information “threatens national security” and they will have the final say.
- The mainstream media has been known to have been infiltrated by the CIA since at least the 1960s. (See Operation Mockingbird.) Ex-CIA whistleblower Kevin Shipp testifies here that the “CIA has a direct, established contract with the mainstream media.” He notes, also, that the mainstream media is one of the components of the Shadow Government which functions in secrecy, without accountability to elected officials.
- And the consolidation of media ownership from 50 companies in 1983 to 6 in 2000 further weakens the position of mainstream media as a source of investigative journalism. (See more: Evaluating the Mainstream Media and Independent News Sources)
- Dr. Steven Greer attempted to bring the truth to light with the 2001 Disclosure Project, a press conference that featured testimony by U.S. Air Force, FAA and intelligence officers. These professionals gathered together to testify to their individual experiences of the official suppression of UFOs and extraterrestrials, and called for the U.S. Congress to conduct hearings on the cover-up. Greer brought together over 20 speakers and written testimony of 100 of these professionals, culled down from an archive of over 400 witnesses. (Disclosure Project)
- Retired military and government personnel, astronauts, pilots, journalists and citizens have continued to report not only their experiences, but the powerful suppression that surrounds the subject. (See a list of more than 80 professionals here.)
Wide-Ranging Social Engineering
In the early 1950s, newspapers across the United States featured front-page reports of UFO sightings. The official U.S. Air Force program, Project Blue Book, had 701 unexplained sightings. And yet, as Richard Dolan notes here, academia makes no mention of the history of UFOs. That is, by definition, censorship which affects social consciousness.
Critics (including a few panel members) would later lament the Robertson Panel’s role in making UFOs a somewhat disreputable field of study.– UFOCasebook.com
Two messages that have been effectively seeded into the collective are:
- Actions done in the name of national security are above reproach.
- Government agents are trustworthy.
- To be patriotic is to help the government keep its secrets.
- Only mentally unstable people see UFOs and any discussion of the topic should prompt the “giggle factor.”
The message was, you didn’t see anything and if you persist in saying you did, then you probably need mental health care. And it worked admirably. Until most recently, the prospect of derision and ridicule coupled with a patriotic impulse to assist the government in hiding secrets resulted in thousands of citizens keeping mum about their personal experiences with UFOs. This resulted in a distorted view of our world and events and created a dysfunctional, hypocritical society.– Jim Marrs, Foreword to A.D. After Disclosure
While some are convinced that hiding the truth is difficult, and that conspiracies at high levels are not feasible, in fact, evidence shows a wide range of strategies and techniques that are effective at suppressing and negating truth and numerous examples of successful, long-term, high-level conspiracies including the Mob, New York utilities and “Big Pharma” as described here.
New findings, new inventions and new technology as:
- Wishful thinking or magical fantasy
- Too difficult to understand
- Irrelevant, or
Magical technology. When a magic technology (one that we don’t believe we can understand) arrives and it feels like life or death, our instinct is to freak out, to make up stories, and to seek reassurance… Decades ago, I worked with Isaac Asimov and Arthur C. Clarke on two different projects. Asimov was truly embarrassed that he was afraid to fly. And Clarke was famous for saying, “Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic.”– Seth Godin
There’s a tendency to dismiss information that requires a paradigm shift — a change in worldview. For some people, they are simply not ready to consider the idea that there are advanced technologies that have been withheld from them, or that there are beings who have advanced consciousness who have used those technologies to travel through space-time.
Sources & Resources
- AboveTopSecret.com — The Maury Island Mystery – UFO? Hoax? Or Something Else?
- Andrews, Jonathan, Exopolotics Journal — Galactic Diplomacy and Negative Governmental Responses
- Barker, Gray — They Knew Too Much About Flying Saucers: The True Story of What Happens To Those Who Find Out Where the Saucers Come From — book originally published in 1956
- Beckley, Timothy Green — Mystery of the Men in Black – The UFO Silencers — 1990 book
- The Black Vault — The Black Vault Declassified Document Archive
- Central Intelligence Agency — How To Investigate a Flying Saucer
- Cori, Patricia — Beyond the Matrix: Daring Conversations with the Brilliant Minds of Our Times — 2010 book
- Disclosure Project — Executive Summary of the Disclosure Project Briefing Document — pdf
- Dolan, Richard, UFO Hub — Why UFOs Matter — 29 min video
- Dolan, Richard and Bryce Zabel — Jim Marrs, Foreword to A.D. After Disclosure — 2012 book
- Federal Bureau of Investigation — Project Blue Book (UFO) — pdf
- Gaia — The 1952 Washington D.C. UFO Incident, Explained
- Gilliland, James, bibliotecapleyades.net — Contact and Censorship
- Godin, Seth — Magical Technologies
- Greenwald, Glenn, The Intercept — How Covert Agents Infiltrate the Internet to Manipulate, Deceive, and Destroy Reputations
- Greer, Steven M.D., Sirius Disclosure — Free Energy Part 1 (2014) — 14 min video
- Greer, Steven M.D., Sirius Disclosure — Understanding UFO Secrecy
- Gross, Loren E. — The Fifth Horseman of the Apocalypse – UFOS: A History (2001) — pdf
- Leading Edge Research Group — Leading Edge Research Interviews Wendelle C. Stevens
- Legg, Vivienne, The Fly — The UFO Conspiracy – It’s Really Down to Earth People
- Little, Becky, History.com — Seen a UFO? In the ‘50s, You Could Report It In This Easy Questionnaire
- Lundberg, John et al. — Mirage Men — 2 hr 45 min video
- Salla, Michael Ph.D., Exopolotics Journal — GALACTIC COINTELPRO – Exposing the Covert Counter-Intelligence Program against Extraterrestrial Contactees
- Saturday Night Uforia — General Samford Meets the Press
- Steiger, Brad — Project Blue Book: The Top Secret UFO Files that Revealed a Government Cover-up — book originally published in 1976
- UFO Case Book — The Robertson Panel
- Waugh, Rob, Metro — The World’s Top UFO Experts “Are Being Murdered, One by One,” Conspiracy Theorists Claim
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Understanding the Importance of Clean Air Ducts
When it comes to indoor air quality, clean air ducts play a crucial role. Over time, dust, dirt, debris, and even mold can accumulate in your air ducts, leading to poor air quality and potential health issues. Regularly cleaning your air ducts is essential to maintain a healthy and comfortable living environment. But how often should you clean your air ducts? Let’s explore the factors that influence the frequency of air duct cleaning.
Frequency Based on Environmental Factors
One of the key factors that determine how often you should clean your air ducts is the environmental conditions in which you live. If you reside in an area with high pollution levels, such as a bustling city or near industrial zones, it is advisable to clean your air ducts more frequently. The increased levels of pollutants in the air can significantly impact the cleanliness of your ductwork. To enhance your learning experience, we suggest checking out Explore this detailed study. You’ll discover more pertinent details about the discussed topic.
In addition to pollution, other environmental factors like construction or renovation work in your vicinity can also warrant more frequent air duct cleaning. The dust and debris generated during construction can easily find its way into your air ducts, compromising the air quality in your home.
Symptoms of Dirty Air Ducts
While there is no set timeframe for air duct cleaning, certain symptoms can indicate that your ductwork needs attention. If you start noticing excessive dust accumulation on your furniture and surfaces, even after regular cleaning, it may be a sign that your air ducts are harboring dirt and debris.
Another symptom to look out for is inconsistent airflow or weak ventilation. If your HVAC system is struggling to maintain consistent temperature levels throughout your home, it could be due to clogged air ducts. Cleaning them can help restore optimal airflow and improve the efficiency of your heating and cooling system.
Professional Inspection and Recommendations
While environmental factors and symptoms can give you a rough idea of when to clean your air ducts, it is always best to seek professional advice. HVAC technicians can conduct a thorough inspection of your ductwork to assess its cleanliness and identify any potential issues. Based on their findings, they can recommend an appropriate cleaning schedule tailored to your specific needs.
Generally, it is recommended to have your air ducts cleaned every 3 to 5 years. However, this can vary depending on various factors, including the size of your home, the number of occupants, and the presence of pets or smokers. Consulting with a professional ensures that your cleaning frequency aligns with the unique circumstances of your living environment.
DIY Maintenance and Prevention
While professional air duct cleaning is crucial for deep cleaning and removing stubborn contaminants, there are certain DIY maintenance tasks you can perform to prolong the cleanliness of your ductwork.
By implementing these preventive measures, you can minimize the frequency of professional air duct cleaning while maintaining optimal air quality in your home.
Keeping your air ducts clean is essential for ensuring good indoor air quality and a healthy living environment. While there is no one-size-fits-all answer to how often you should clean your air ducts, factors such as environmental conditions, symptoms of dirty ducts, and professional recommendations can help guide your cleaning frequency.
Remember, the health and comfort of your loved ones depend on the quality of the air they breathe, so prioritizing regular air duct cleaning is always a smart choice. Access this recommended external website and discover new details and perspectives on the subject discussed in this article. We’re always seeking to enrich your learning experience with us. https://Pureaireflorida.com/.
Enhance your understanding of this topic by visiting the related posts. Happy reading:
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- Final Report of the Review of the Australian Curriculum: (PDF 3.27 MB or DOCX 11.82 MB)
- Initial Australian Government Response Review of the Australian Curriculum
- Supplementary Material for the Review of the Australian Curriculum
- Fact Sheet on the Review of the Australian Curriculum
- Frequently Asked Questions on the Review of the Australian Curriculum
In the first reference the authors comment that just having information via the Internet is not sufficient for understanding. However this fails to mention decades of research and practical experience showing it is possible to provide quality education on-line:
"The argument that the disciplines are changing so rapidly that it is impossible to identify them with any certainty or precision and, as a result, that all students need to do is to access the internet when wanting information, is misleading. Information is not knowledge and understanding is not wisdom. Education, while dealing with information and understanding, is primarily concerned with knowledge and wisdom that while evolving and open to debate has stood the test of time."The second mention of the Internet claims that "many" complained about a lack of hard copy of the curriculum materials. It is not clear how these many complaints were received, given that the review used an an online submission process (those who sent a submission must have had Internet access). Also, as the authors state, not all households have Internet access, but the ABS says 83% do. There are more than one million householders without Internet access, if many of had complained (in this context "many" would be tens of thousands of people).
"The bulk of parents seem to have been unhappy about the token involvement of parents in development of the curriculum, and report frustration in being able to gain independent access to curriculum documents. Many complain about the lack of hard copy, pointing out that not all households have internet access (265); nor are all parents computer literate. As in so many other aspects of government service delivery in Australia, purely web-based delivery is not adequate."The technologies curriculum, that is teaching ICT is better covered in the report, than the use of ICT for teaching:
"There is also strong support for its inclusion inRecommendation 15 of the report is likely to be most contriversial and with which I have most difficulty with:
the Australian Curriculum – particularly from professional bodies associated with computers and technologies – and a belief that it appropriately captured the critical elements of the learning area and provided a sound curriculum foundation which could accommodate future instances of digital technology. The Australian Computer Society (ACS) says:
The ACS strongly endorses the creation of the digital technologies subject and notes the
important distinction of this subject from the role of ICT as a general capability. Both aspects
are critically important in the education of students, but the distinction between them is vital
for individual students and for Australia as a nation.414" Page 208
"ACARA revise the Australian Curriculum to place more emphasis on morals, values and spirituality as outlined in the Melbourne Declaration, and to better recognise the contribution of Western civilisation, our Judeo-Christian heritage, the role of economic development and industry and theIt is not clear to me why the many Australian citizens who do not have a British Judeo-Christian heritage should have their taxes spent indoctoranating their children in someone else's values. Discussion of "Western civilisation" belongs in history courses, but alongside the other civilisations which have contributed to today's Australia.
democratic underpinning of the British system of government to Australia’s development." Page 246
An emphasis on morals and values would be appropriate for schools, along the lines of the Primary Ethics, program developed by St James Ethics Centre for NSW primary schools. However, this should discuss Judeo-Christian concepts alongside other religions and moral systems of Australians.
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You have most surely seen an image of the iconic lab mouse, a pristinely white rodent with dark red eyes standing on its hindlegs while looking quizzically up at the camera. Less certain is what the mouse is used for, but at some level we imagine the mouse as a miniature human. Scientists use mice and other animal models to unravel the complexities of aging, perception, and memory. The insights gained from this work are then used to develop better treatments for breast cancer, back pain, and neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and the many other afflictions that plague our loved ones – and perhaps even ourselves. The focus of this article is to shine some light on the question – How valid are our models? – and the imperative to continuously improve upon them if we are to conduct the best science possible.
I am a scientist and work with mice, albeit not the white-furred, red-eyed version so often seen in movies. The mice I work with are the more traditional staple of a mouse laboratory known as C57BL/6 or colloquially as ‘black 6’. All around the world, scientific researchers use black 6 to investigate a multitude of scientific questions (Fig. 1 – 3). One of the greatest achievements of modern science was to sequence all 3.2 billion nucleotides of the human genome and shortly thereafter geneticists moved on to decode our furry friend black 6’s genetic code.
Molecular biology techniques allow scientists to add and remove most any of the ∼23,000 genes from the mouse genome to answer questions such as, ‘Does this gene and subsequent protein influence neuronal death?’ or ‘If we target this enzyme can we reduce the chance of heart attack for at-risk patients?’ Utilizing genetically modified mice, we can gain a glimpse into the complex workings of a living, breathing, moving organism. It is the ultimate goal of many scientists to translate the knowledge gained at their sterile lab bench to the ailing patient’s bedside. This begs the question, ‘Does the knowledge gained from our rodent companions result in better treatments for grandma’s breast cancer, Uncle George’s chronic back pain, and mom’s worsening memory?’ It seems like it should, right?
When developing a new drug, pharmaceutical companies run several animal tests to ensure both efficacy and safety before proceeding to human trials. Simply put, it is not common to test a drug in humans without it first entering the mouse. From this point of view, the mouse is clearly integral to drug development. However, it is important to realize that animal models do not always reliably predict the outcome in humans as tragically demonstrated in a recent Phase I human clinical trial conducted in France. Six people were hospitalized and one participant died from neuronal complications resulting from a new pain and anxiety medication even after rats, mice, dogs, and monkeys were previously treated with the medication without problems (though there were allegations that dogs suffered unreported side effects) .
Needless to say, working with biologically active compounds is dangerous business, but this work needs to be done if we as a society are to improve upon the current standard of treatment. On the other hand, mouse models of breast cancer have produced results of varying relevance for humans, but despite missteps along the way, this work has resulted in improvements in human treatment. Mouse models of BRCA mutations (a breast cancer associated gene) have shed new light on mechanistic insights and potential treatments for patients. For example, there are currently inhibitors of DNA repair mechanisms (PARP inhibitors) in Phase III clinical trials for the treatment of breast cancer (see Talazoparib and Veliparib). Researchers believe that by inhibiting the DNA repair pathway, cancers cells die faster because these cells tend to divide faster than their healthy counterparts. Research into another breast cancer associated protein known as HER-2 has resulted in the production and approval of the monoclonal antibody Trastuzumab (an antibody is a molecule that binds to a protein). Scientists discovered that HER-2 is elevated in a subset of breast cancer patients’ tumors and then subsequently used laboratory mice to develop the first antibodies against the HER-2 protein . This medication transformed a devastating diagnosis into one that is not without hope and is listed on the World Health Organization’s (WHO) model list of essential medicines.
These types of medicines demonstrate that mouse models of human disease are not without value. Pain research is another area that has gained new insight with the help of mice. Clearly different individuals have diverse pain tolerances. We all know that coworker who shrieks in agony from a paper cut and the contrasting stoic who hardly flinches after dropping an 80 kg machine on their foot. Relatedly in mice, there is interesting research led by Prof. Jeff Mogil of McGill University on the variability in pain tolerance across mouse strains . Simply stated, on one end of the spectrum there are mouse strains with a high pain tolerance whose tolerance is further strengthened by analgesics, while on the other end exist mouse strains with a low pain tolerance regardless of the medications given. This work caught the field by surprise and brought a long-held belief into question, namely whether one type of mouse is representative of all the others (Fig. 4). Jeff Mogil’s comment about his own study speaks volumes, “Frankly, we just published a paper that scared the hell out of me.” In the field of pain research, researchers need to be cautious when generalizing the results from one mouse strain to another, let alone to humans. This same group of researchers later demonstrated that when male scientists worked with mice or rats a reduced pain response was observed. However, this effect was not observed when females handled the rodents. Most interestingly, the reduced pain response occurred again when females wore male T-shirts revealing that the sex of an experimenter can influence pain responses in rodents . It appears scientific truth is not only obscured by different types of mice, but also by the scientists who interact with them.
The days of debating nature versus nurture are behind us. It is both the interaction of genes and the external environment that produce a given outcome. But what about our internal environment? A recent paper highlighted another aspect of animal research, namely the sterility of it all. Laboratory mice are housed in pristinely clean environments, especially when compared to their wild counterparts. Recently, there has been growing interest in the microbiome and the role that gut bacteria play in health and disease. In a study investigating exactly this, researchers colonized laboratory mice with gut bacteria from that of wild mice and subsequently demonstrated that laboratory mice harboring the ‘wild bacteria’ were more resistant to viral infection and tumorigenesis models . To demonstrate the impact of this experiment, let’s talk numbers. Of the normal laboratory mice, 17% were alive 18 days after intranasal infection with the influenza virus, while 92% of the bacterial carrying lab mice were still squeaking around! Clearly, our animal models are kept under artificial conditions that appear to have a strong influence on disease susceptibility, at least in our rodent friends.
Neurology is another field where treatments have not much improved despite the multimillions of dollars, euros, pounds, and other currencies invested in this research area. Alzheimer’s disease has frustrated many researchers as it still lacks any treatment despite many transgenic mouse models developed to study this disease (although one could argue that a true mouse model of Alzheimer’s does not exist). The most accepted explanation of Alzheimer’s disease is the buildup of a protein in brain cells known as amyloid beta (Fig. 5) (See Jay Rasumssen’s Alzheimer’s research article). Unfortunately, the majority of attempted Alzheimer’s treatments have failed and none have made it to market. Currently, there is not an approved treatment that works on amyloid beta, but there are Phase III clinical trials (the final phase) in process to test an antibody treatment that reduces the amount of amyloid beta. This study should be completed by 2022.
Mice do allow for better science and have helped advance our knowledge of biological processes. In the end though, mice are not humans and their utility as guideposts along the road to developing new medications for humans can be misleading. Our research is only as good as our tools. Moreover, it is not only mouse models that require rigorous scrutiny. The validity of cell culture models and antibodies have been questioned as well. Recently, researchers demonstrated the poignancy of antibody validation by bringing 20 years of research into question . Their paper validated 13 antibodies for a breast cancer associated protein (oestrogen receptor β) and concluded only one antibody to be truly specific. Furthermore, there was no expression detected in cancerous human breast tissue (nor in healthy tissue) meaning that the association of this protein with breast cancer is tenuous as best. Researchers have also found that cell culture lines are contaminated with other cell lines, meaning sometimes researchers believe they are working with lung cells when they are in fact working with liver cells, or human cells that are actually rat cells . Proper characterization of our tools is clearly an issue not to be taken lightly.
The situation is not black and white, and I do not imagine an easy fix for such difficult and multidimensional problems. What I hope to have accomplished in this short article is to highlight the need to question the validity of our models and the imperative to continuously improve upon them if we are to conduct the best science possible. This means rigorous characterization of our tools and a readiness to return to the drawing board when the data from our models do not provide predictive value in our own species. Only then can we conduct the best science and further unravel the true underpinnings of grandma’s breast cancer, Uncle George’s chronic back pain, and mom’s worsening memory.
Michael Paolillo is currently a doctoral student at the Interfakultäres Institut für Biochemie (IFIB) in the lab of Prof. Dr. Robert Feil.
- theguardian.com/science/2016/mar/07/french-drug-trial-man-dead-expert-report-unprecidented-reaction. Accessed 06 Nov 2017
- Dine J, Deng CX. 2. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2013;32:25-37
- Harries M, Smith I. The development and clinical use of trastuzumab (Herceptin). Endocr Relat Cancer. 2002;9:75-85
- William R et. al. Transgenic Studies of Pain and Analgesia: Mutation or Background Genotype? Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 2001;297:467-473
- Sorge RE, et. al. Olfactory exposure to males, including men, causes stress and related analgesia in rodents. Nat Methods. 2014;11:629-32.
- Rosshart SP, et al. Wild Mouse Gut Microbiota Promotes Host Fitness and Improves Disease Resistance. Cell. 2017;pii: S0092-8674(17)31065-6
- Andersson S. Insufficient antibody validation challenges oestrogen receptor beta research. Nat Commun. 2017;8:15840
- Horbach SPJM, Halffman W. The ghosts of HeLa: How cell line misidentification contaminates the scientific literature. PLoS One. 2017 Oct 12;12(10):e0186281
Title image – Jax.org
Figure 1 – Charles River Laboratories International
Figure 2 – Elizabeth Atkison, Washington University in St. L
Figure 3 – Cryan JF, Holmeands A. The ascent of mouse: advances in modelling human depression anxiety. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2005. Sep;4:775-90
Figure 4 – Mogil JS et. al. Heritability of nociception I: responses of 11 inbred mouse strains on 12 measures of nociception. Pain. 1999;80:67-82
Figure 5 – BrightFocus Foundation
Photo of four mice – Stanton Short / Jennifer L. Torrance Jax.org
Photo of cell culture, antibodies, and mouse – labdepotinc.com; shutterstock.com; Jax.org
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« IndietroContinua »
If thou hadst been Dromio to-day in my place,
Thou wouldst have changed thy face for a name, or thy name for a face.
Luce. [Within.] What a coil is there, Dromio? who are those at the gate?
Dro. E. Let my master in, Luce.
And so tell your master.
'Faith no; he comes too late ;
O Lord! I must laugh!
Have at you with a proverb;-Shall I set in my staff? Luce. [Within.] Have at you with another: that's—When?
47. a face] I think we are compelled, from reasons both of sense and rhyme, to adopt Collier's reading. As Grant White remarks: "what Dromio could mean by changing a name for an ass, would pose the Sphinx and Oedipus.' I have little doubt that the corruption is simply an example of that metathesis of letters forming a word which is so common in the Folio. Compare "face" with "affe." Dromio E., it will be remembered, was beaten by Antipholus S. (see 1. ii. 92), and Dromio E. undoubtedly means that if Dromio S. had been in his place then, the latter instead of stealing his
would have been glad to change, either his own face or his name, i.e. to have had a different personality with the same name, Dromio, or else to have kept his personality, but with a different name; of course with the object of avoiding the beating.
48. Luce. [Within.]] Dyce says: "Here the Folio has Enter Luce,'
48. coil] uproar, ado: frequent in Shakespeare.
51. set in my staff] proverbial, perhaps, for "make myself at home" (Craig); something perhaps equivalent to the modern expression "hang up my hat."
52. When? can you tell?] Another proverbial expression, used apparently by way of counter question for evading an importunate question. Compare 1 Henry IV. II. i. 43: Ay, when? canst tell?" Craig quotes Heywood, Fortune by Land and Sea, 1. i. (Pearson, 1874, vol. vi. p. 365): "When? can you tel?"; and Day, Law Trickes (1608), 111. i. 35 (Bullen, p. 36).
Dro. S. [Within.] If thy name be called Luce,--Luce, thou hast answered him well.
Ant. E. Do you hear, you minion? you'll let us in, I trow? Luce. [Within.] I thought to have asked you.
Dro. S. [Within.]
And you said, no. 55
Dro. E. So; come, help: well struck! there was blow for
Ant. E. Thou baggage, let me in.
Can you tell for whose sake?
Let him knock till it ache.
Dro. E. Master, knock the door hard.
Ant. E. You'll cry for this, minion, if I beat the door down.
Adr. [Within.] Who is that at the door, that keeps all this
Dro. S. [Within.] By my troth, your town is troubled with unruly boys.
Ant. E. Are you there, wife? you might have come before. Adr. [Within.] Your wife, sir knave? go get you from the
54. trow] Theobald; hope Ff; know Crosby conj.; Malone supposes a line omitted ending with rope. 55. asked you. Dro. S. And] ask'd you, had you brought a rope. Dro. S.; I ask'd you to let us in, and Keightley conj. 61. Adr. [within] Rowe; Enter Adriana Ff. 64. go get] go, get Theobald. 54. trow] Compare Merry Wives of Windsor, 1. iv. 140: "Who's within there? ho!-Who's there, I trow!" I think we must adopt Theobald's reading, as the least of the evils. In the mouth of Antiph. E. "hope" damns itself. It is far too weak. "Trow" here would have the meaning "I feel sure," "I'm pretty certain." I see no objection to making the line form a triplet with lines 55 and 56; the more so that within the
next few lines there occur three trip-
Dro. E. If you went in, i' faith, master, this "knave" would go
Ang. Here is neither cheer, sir, nor welcome: we would fain have either.
Bal. In debating which was best, we shall part with neither. Dro. E. They stand at the door, master: bid them welcome hither.
Ant. E. There is something in the wind, that we cannot get
Dro. E. You would say so, master, if your garments were thin. 70
Your cake there is warm within; you stand here in the cold:
It would make a man mad as a buck to be so bought and sold.
Ant. E. Go fetch me something: I'll break ope the gate. Dro. S. [Within.] Break any breaking here, and I'll break your knave's pate.
65. in, i' faith] Editor; in pain, Ff. 67. part] have part Warburton. 71. cake there] Anon. conj.; cake here Ff; cake Capell. 72. mad] F 1; as mad Ff 2, 3, 4. as a buck] omitted by Capell. 73. Go fetch] Go, fetch
65. went in, i' faith] This reading appears to be the best and simplest solution of the somewhat meaningless reading of the Folio. Craig would read "my faith," and with "this knave" he compares Romeo and Juliet, III. i. 130:"Take the villain back again."
67. part with] i.e. depart with. 72. mad as a buck] This probably refers to sexual "madness." See Bartholomew (Berthelet), bk. xviii. §30: "[And in rutting time] the males wax cruel and dig up clods and stones with their feet, and then their snouts
Dro. E. A man may break a word with you, sir, and words are but wind;
Ay, and break it in your face, so he break it not behind.
Dro. S. [Within.] It seems, thou wantest breaking. Out upon thee, hind!
Dro. E. Here's too much "out upon thee"! I pray thee,
let me in.
Dro. S. [Within.] Ay, when fowls have no feathers, and fish have no fin.
Ant. E. Well, I'll break in. Go borrow me a crow.
If a crow help us in, sirrah, we'll pluck a crow
Ant. E. Go get thee gone; fetch me an iron crow.
so; Ff 1, 2, 3; feather,
75. you, sir] your sir F 1. 78. much] much, Ff 1, 2, 3; much; F 4. 81. feather? so?] Collier; feather, so? F 4. get Ff.
feather] a feather Steevens (1793). 84. Go get] Dyce; Go,
thus rendered by Sugden, Comedies
So when I got there, a crow was
given me as plaything pretty! the quibble being on crow and crowbar, just as in the Latin upupa means both hoopoe and a kind of hoe or mattock. A variation of the phrase is "to pull a crow"; for which Craig compares Heywood's Proverbs, 1546 (Sharman, p. 122): “If ye leave it not we have a crow to pull,'
Bal. Have patience, sir; O, let it not be so :
And draw within the compass of suspect
The unviolated honour of your wife.
Once this, your long experience of her wisdom,
Plead on her part some cause to you unknown ;
And let us to the Tiger all to dinner;
To know the reason of this strange restraint.
89. Once this,-your] Once this your Ff; Once this; your Rowe; Own this; your Malone conj. her] Rowe; your Ff. 91. her] Rowe; your Ff.
93. made] barr'd Rowe (ed. 2).
89. Once this,-] perhaps meaning once for all." Compare MidsummerNight's Dream, III. ii. 68: "O once tell true, tell true, even for my sake!"; Much Ado About Nothing, 1. i. 320: "'Tis once, thou lovest"; Merry Wives of Windsor, ш. iv. 103:—
"I pray thee once to-night,
Give my sweet Nan this ring"; where Chichester Hart in his note on the passage compares Nash's Have with you to Saffron Waldon, iii. 189 (ed. Grosart); and Coriolanus, II. iii. I: "Once, if he do require our voices, we ought not to deny him." Steevens quotes Sidney's Arcadia, bk. i.: "Some perchance loving my estate, others my person. But once, I know
all of them." See also Peele's Old Wives Tale, 490: "Jack shall have his funerals, or some of them shall lie on God's dear earth for it: that's once" [i.e. that's settled once for all].
It is quite possible, however, that the passage, as printed in the Folio, is corrupt. A change to Since would perhaps restore the sense together with the punctuation of the Folio. "You cause your wife's honour to be suspected by your proposed action; since (or inasmuch as) your experience of her wisdom as well as her virtue, years and modesty show some cause unknown to you." In this view there is probably a simple inversion of the protasis and apodasis.
93. the doors are made] i.e. fastened, shut. Compare Merchant of Venice, II. vi. 49: "I will make fast the doors"; As You Like It, ïv. i. 162: "Make the doors upon a woman's wit." The phrase is still used in the north of England, at least in Yorkshire.
95. all] See note to line 1 of this
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When it comes to a project, the entire project is divided into many interdependent tasks. In this set of tasks, the sequence or the order of the tasks is quite important.
If the sequence is wrong, the end result of the project might not be what the management expected.
Some tasks in the projects can safely be performed parallel to other tasks. In a project activity diagram, the sequence of the tasks is simply illustrated.
There are many tools that can be used for drawing project activity diagrams. Microsoft Project is one of the most popular software for this type of work.
In addition to that, Microsoft Vision (for Windows) and Omni Graffle (for Mac) can be used to draw activity diagrams.
Have you seen process flow diagrams? If yes, then activity diagrams takes the same shape. Usually there are two main shapes in activity diagrams, boxes and arrows.
Boxes of the activity diagram indicate the tasks and the arrows show the relationships. Usually, the relationships are the sequences that take place in the activities.
Following is an example of activity diagram with tasks in boxes and relationship represented by arrows.
This type of activity diagram is also known as activity-on-node diagram. This is due to the fact that all activities (tasks) are shown on the nodes (boxes).
Alternatively, there is another way of presenting an activity diagram. This is called activity-on-arrow diagram. In this diagram, activities (tasks) are presented by the arrows.
Compared to activity-on-node diagrams, activity-on-arrow diagrams introduce a little confusion. Therefore, in most instances, people often use activity-on-nodes diagrams. Following is an activity-on-arrow diagram:
How to Draw Activity Diagram?
Creating an activity diagram is easy. You can use a paper-based material such as a post it note or software for this purpose. Regardless of the medium used, the process of creating the activity diagram remains the same.
Following are main steps involved in creating an activity diagram:
First of all, identify the tasks in the project. You can use WBS (Work Breakdown Structure) for this purpose and there is no need to repeat the same.
Just use the same tasks breakdown for the activity diagram as well. If you use software for creating the activity diagram (which is recommended), create a box for each activity.
Illustrate all boxes in the same size in order to avoid any confusion. Make sure all your tasks have the same granularity.
You can add more information to the task boxes, such as who is doing the task and the timeframes. You can add this information inside the box or can add it somewhere near the box.
Now, arrange the boxes in the sequence that they are performed during the project execution. The early tasks will be at the left hand side and the tasks performed at the later part of the project execution will be at the right hand side. The tasks that can be performed in parallel should be kept parallel to each other (vertically).
You may have to adjust the sequence a number of times until you get it right. This is why software is an easy tool for creating activity diagrams.
Now, use arrows to join task boxes. These arrows will show the sequence of the tasks. Sometimes, a ‘start’ and an ‘end’ box can be added to clearly present the start and the end of the project.
To understand what we have done in the above four steps, please refer to the following activity diagram:
Activity diagrams can be used for illustrating the sequence of project tasks. These diagrams can be created with a minimum effort and gives you a clear understanding of interdependent tasks.
In addition, the activity diagram is an input for the critical path method.
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Patients undergoing thoracic procedures leave the hospital with pain, this acute post-operative pain hasn’t been well defined. This period of pain is defined as Transitional Pain.
Transitional Pain is an important part of the post-surgical recovery process.
Because patients take several weeks to months to recover after cardiothoracic surgery, transitional pain is an important part of the recovery process from a pain management perspective.
Cardiothoracic surgery patients can be in significant pain for a long period of time following surgery. Patients can take several weeks or months before they have greater than 80% recovery from their pain symptoms. Cardiothoracic surgery is painful with long recovery periods due to the invasive nature of the procedure.3
Transitional pain begins when the patient leaves the hospital. Lasting until the patient recovers from surgery, or until the onset of chronic pain at 3 months.2
Post-surgical pain that is not managed or controlled effectively can lead to chronic pain.
Prevention of chronic pain begins with the surgical procedure, and continues throughout the transitional pain period. Effective pain management during the first 3 months following surgery can be an effective strategy in limiting the onset of chronic pain.4-5
When patients are recovering from surgery in the hospital setting, there are more options available from anesthesia or nursing providers for pain management.
Upon leaving the hospital, options for pain management are decreased and leave the patient with minimal options to treat their transitional pain.
– Dr. David Caparrelli
*discharge from hospital
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Relational problems associated with family upbringing or one’s primary support group are common stressors that come up in therapy, especially for those seeking strategies and support around conflict-resolution.
As humans, we are wired for connection. As infants, we relied on our caregiver(s) to provide safety, stability, and love. Through attachment, children and adults develop trust and learn to regulate emotions. As children, we learned to socialize through interactions with siblings and other children.
Can you think of a recent conversation in which you felt judged, bullied, blamed, or criticized by your partner? Do you find yourself becoming defensive within communication or reacting in anger during difficult conversations, only to feel more disconnected and dissatisfied in your relationship(s)?
Parenting can be hard. There are good days and not-so-good days, however when the good days feel few and far between it can have a big impact on our mental health.
Did you know that there are awesome psychological-benefits for adult friendships? As an adult, you may find your friendships taking a back seat to other aspects of your life; however, making and maintaining meaningful friendships is not only good for mental health, but offers quite a few added benefits.
Allies are so important to adolescent psychosocial identity development and mental health well-being. Adolescence is a key developmental period where youth are exploring and forming identity.
This Father’s Day, let’s not forget about dad! While mothers play a significant role in a child’s overall wellness, fathers-influence-development-and-well-being too!
Postpartum is the magical time when you have your baby and you can finally sleep again and all your dreams are coming true – right? If you are a (new) parent – you probably laughed and / or scoffed at that statement.
Accepting Differences: One way to work with kids and teens on fostering healthy relationships is by building skills around empathy. An aspect of practicing empathy is learning to accept and appreciate differences.
Expecting moms and new moms.
Moms to school-aged children, teens, and young adults.
Moms that are raising their adult children and grandchildren.
Foster moms, step-moms, and co-parents.
Neighborhood moms and church moms—It takes a village.
Dog moms and cat moms. Even plant moms.
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A new feline study hypothesizes that the domestication of cats actually reduced the size of their brains.
Compared to their ancestors, the nurturing of felines by humans appears to be the culprit. But, almost as if to comment upon this study, a few felines have gone viral for being smarties.
While we should hold the information provided from scientifically researched studies in high regard, the viral cats do make many entertaining points.
What The Feline Study Says
Published in the Royal Society Open Science Journal, the study simply compares feline skull sizes, reports PEOPLE. Compared to European and African wildcats, the domesticated felines of today have much smaller skulls.
“We found that domestic cats experience a reduction in brain size compared to their ancestor species, the North African wildcat,” research from the study states.
“Hybrids of domestic cats and European wildcats have brain volumes that cluster between those of their parent species.”
This study was done to confirm if previous studies on the subject still held true. According to the research team of this study, they do.
“Much of the literature that compares wild and domestic animals is difficult to access, or may have methodological issues,” Dr. Raffaela Lesch, University of Vienna, told The Independent.
She goes on to explain that “replicating old findings” helps sure up the foundational longevity of theories present research uses.
What The Viral Felines Say
A few smart, viral cats are showing that they still have plenty of brains to spare, study or no. Basically, they’re saying, “We want what we want, and we’ll be strategic in obtaining it.”
Jessica and Nikii Gerson-Neeves wrote an open letter to Vitamix recently, requesting empty Vitamix boxes for their cats. The couple told The Washington Post they’d purchased a Vitamix, and their three felines refused to let them open it.
They’d become fond of sitting upon it and took turns blocking their new spot from disruption — for days.
Max, Destroyer of Worlds, and Lando Calrissian — the names of the cats — went viral for their shenanigans after Jessica and Nikii shared them to Facebook.
But why not just remove the cats from the boxes? Jessica hilariously explains the situation in her Facebook posting.
“With three cats and only two humans in the household, the humans are outnumbered and (being giant suckers), both frightened of and unwilling to forcibly relocate the offending cats,” she wrote.
“Yes, we realize we’re absolute madwomen, and yes, we are both ashamed and sorry.”
Perhaps these particular felines understand their humans quite well. Maybe emotional intelligence sometimes outperforms that of the skull-size kind?
Our cats outsmart us in these subtle ways all the time, so maybe brain size isn’t everything when it comes to intelligence. Or maybe we humans just aren’t as smart as we think we are. Food for thought.
What do you think of the study that says cat brains have gotten smaller? Do your cats still outsmart you like these viral kitties? Let us know in the comments below.
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Costs of financial distress comprise of costs of bankruptcy and probability of financial distress. Costs can be direct, like increased expenses for bankruptcy expenses or indirect, like missing investment opportunities. Probability of financial distress is mostly from the sustainability of leverage, though poor management and governance can also play a role. Due to these high costs of distress, companies tend to minimize debt usage, all else equal.
Other factors of capital structure include agency costs of equity, costs of asymmetric information and the pecking order theory. Agency costs of equity refer to the costs associated with the conflicts of interest between managers and owners. Managers who do not have a stake in the company do not bear the costs associated with excessive compensation or taking on too much (or too little) risk. This leads to additional costs meant to minimize this cost, creating the net agency cost of equity, which includes monitoring costs, bonding costs and residual losses.
Costs of asymmetric information refer to costs resulting from the fact that managers typically have more information about a company’s prospects and future performance than owners or creditors. Firms with complex products or little transparency in financial statements tend to have higher costs of asymmetric information, which results in higher required returns on debt and equity capital. This will also lead shareholders and creditors to look for “signals” that may be indicators of management thinking. For example, issuing equity could be a signal of stock overvaluation while taking on debt could be a sign of strong cash flows to service the debt.
Pecking order theory, based on asymmetric information, is related to the signals management sends to investors through its financing choices. According to pecking order theory, managers prefer to make financing choices that are least likely to send signals to investors.
The pecking order (from most favored to least favored) is:
- Internally generated equity (i.e., retained earnings).
- External equity (i.e., newly issued shares).
The Static Trade Off Theory
This theory builds on MM I and MM II by incorporate the cost of financial distress:
VL = VU + (t × d) − PV(costs of financial distress)
The after-tax cost of debt has an upward slope due to the increasing costs of financial distress that come with additional leverage. As the cost of debt increases, the cost of equity also increases because some of the costs of financial distress are effectively borne by equityholders. The optimal proportion of debt is reached at the point when the marginal benefit provided by the tax shield of taking on additional debt is equal to the marginal costs of financial distress incurred from the additional debt. This point also represents the firm’s optimal capital structure because it is the point that minimizes the firm’s WACC and therefore maximizes the value of the firm.
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China’s grassland ecological compensation policy improves grassland quality and increases herders’ income
The grasslands of China are a vital ecological and social-economic resource, covering 40% of the national area and serving as an ecological barrier in the north and northwest border of China.
The grasslands have multiple functions, including adjusting climate, preserving water resources, fixing carbon and releasing oxygen, and mitigating wind and sand dusts – for the big northern cities of Beijing, Tianjin and Shijiazhuang, these grasslands are a last line of defence against devastating sandstorms that batter these cities every year. They are also the essential resources for agricultural productions and home to millions of herders of diverse ethnic groups. However, the deterioration of grassland in China is widespread, associated with overgrazing and overexploitation, as well as climate change.
The problem is not a particularly Chinese one, with nearly half of all grasslands worldwide experiencing degradation. Grasslands account for 40% of the world’s land area (excluding Antarctica and Greenland) and support around 1 billion people’s livelihood. Yet despite the importance of grasslands, few countries have created ecological programs that protect their grasslands and the pastoralists whose livelihoods rely on them.
With the dual goals to restore grassland ecosystems and raise herder income, China’s Grassland Ecological Compensation Policy (GECP) is a rare example of a pastoralist-focused payment-for-ecosystem-services (PES) scheme, and is the world’s largest PES grassland conservation program in terms of area, the number of participants, and total monetary transfers.
Starting from 2011 China began implementing grassland ecological protection subsidies and incentive policies. As of 2021 these had been rolled out in 13 provinces and regions, including Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Tibet, and Qinghai, to 657 counties with a cumulative investment of more than $21 billion USD (150 billion yuan).
China’s Grassland Ecological Compensation Policy (GECP) is a significant effort to restore and sustain the grassland ecosystem and lift the income of herders. It recognizes the value of grasslands in ecological and social-economic terms. The program pays herders for reducing their grazing intensity or cessation of grazing. It operates with two policy zones: the grass-livestock balance zone and the grazing ban zone. Each policy zone has its own payment standard, with payments currently at $16/hectare and $5.5/hectare for grazing ban zones and grass-livestock balance zones.
In China nearly 18 million herdsmen in pastoral or semi-pastoral areas live on grasslands, with grazing livestock as their most important source of income. To date, more than 12 million farmers and herdsmen have benefited – in the provinces and regions that implemented the subsidy, each receives an annual subsidy of $105 (700 yuan) per capita, and the average household income has increased by nearly $200 (1,500 yuan). In some impoverished counties in provinces such as Qinghai, the compensation policy income accounted for 65% of household income.
Evaluations of the GECP show that it has been able to improve grassland quality by reducing livestock production. It was also clear that GECP significantly increased herder income. One consequencer of this was that “labor was (at least partially) released from the pastoral sector, allowing herders to take on non-pastoral jobs. … it is through the non-pastoral jobs that the pressure on the grassland was reduced, as fewer households were relying on the grassland to make a living.”
According to monitoring results, the national grassland comprehensive vegetation coverage increased from 51% in 2011 to 56.1% in 2020, and the output of fresh grass reached 1.1 billion tons. The number of grass species in the grassland prohibition area of Inner Mongolia increased from 8 to 12 per square meter, and the grass-livestock balance area increased from 12 to 46.
Environmental vs. development ?
As one of the largest of China’s grasslands, Inner Mongolia and the “dual-purpose” it presents for policy makers represents a significant conundrum for both regional and national governments as they look at how best to manage these vast areas of green, with major pressures for both better environmental protection and greater economic development.
On the one hand, Inner Mongolia’s importance as an ecological barrier to desertification and to reduce the impact of sand storms to China’s surrounding big cities is undisputed. Greater farming or building on these lands would further compound the severity of these yearly sandstorms, according to scientists, who are keen to see the grasslands preserved in the entirety.
Yet on the other hand, Inner Mongolia is an area in desperate need of investment and development. The region’s GDP ranked 22 out of 31 mainland provinces in 2020, as well as having the second slowest growth rate of any Chinese province last year, according to government statistics.
In recent years the balance appears to have firmly tipped in favour of environmental protection. These environmental policies are seen to be having an increasingly positive effect in limiting the yearly sand transported across China. And, rather than blocking economic opportunities for locals in the area, better protection of these grasslands is actually increasing the incomes of local people.
According to Beijing Review, “having only recently rid the area of absolute poverty, the country is now moving towards a new phase of development – known as rural revitalization – and to do that requires significant investment in all parts of the region, including the grasslands.”
- Nature Communications 12, 4683 2021. Hou, L., Xia, F., Chen, Q. “Grassland ecological compensation policy in China improves grassland quality and increases herders’ income”. . https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24942-8
- Sustainability 2023, 15(13), 10001; Jiayu Dong, Zimeng Ren, Xinling Zhang and Xiaoling Liu. ‘”Pastoral Differentiations’ Effects on Willingness to Accept Valuation for Grassland Eco-Subsidy”. https://doi.org/10.3390
- Beijing Review, 2021-08-13 ‘Protection or profit? The battle for China’s grasslands’, https://www.kitaichina.com/Opinion/Voice/202108/t20210813_800255540.html
- Charles Darwin University, Faculty of Science and Technology, ‘Ecosystem Services concept EV205’ http://learnline.cdu.edu.au/units/env205/module1/eco.html
- China News Service, 12/3/2021, ‘China’s grassland ecological compensation policy has been implemented for 10 years, 3.82 billion acres of grassland have been recuperated’, https://www.tellerreport.com/business/2021-12-03-china-s-grassland-ecological-compensation-policy-has-been-implemented-for-10-years–3-82-billion-acres-of-grassland-have-been-recuperated.rkMOqstPYF.html
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Once you have a specific goal in mind, learning to program becomes much easier and we assure you that the list of C# project ideas from beginner to expert will help you a lot.
Learning something from a book can help you understand the syntax for writing basic C# code, but that learning won’t stay unless you apply it to something particular.
You may not fully comprehend all aspects of the project at first, and you may make silly mistakes. Making mistakes is an important part of the learning process since it helps you recall the programming ideas you’re learning.
Having a project to practice your C# coding abilities will provide you with the concentration you need to ensure that your new skills stay. You’re going to get stuck.
You are bound to make lots of errors. To find out what you want your app to perform, you’ll have to conduct a lot of Google/Stackoverflow searches. Expect to take a month or so to become an expert.
Top C# project ideas To Enrich Your Coding Skills
1. E-commerce Checkout
In today’s world, the habit of heading to specific stores to buy desired things is gradually being replaced by online shopping, thanks to a plethora of e-commerce websites with a myriad of product possibilities, simple payment capabilities, and doorstep deliveries.
A digital shopping cart is useful when a person purchases many things. C# may be used to create a shopping cart that will combine all of your chosen products and provide you with your billing information.
C# can parse the data from the shopping cart and save it in a .xml file, which it then sends to the server to build the bill. This billing information is supplied to the customer directly.
2. Digital Signatures
The many operations are mostly handled by computers in today’s highly digitized environment. Physical transactions for work exchange have decreased significantly, thanks to virtual workspaces and work-sharing technologies like Dropbox and Google Suite.
Signatures may be one area where we fall short. Handwritten signatures are given more credence than digital signatures for some reason.
C# can be used to create a C project that can be used to create valid digital signatures. Once the OS criteria are met, programmers can utilize an appropriate version of Visual Basic for the frontend and MS Access for the backend, as well as C# to write software that allows users to accurately digitize and validate their handwritten signatures.
This digital signature can then be placed on a variety of e-documents. This will reduce the amount of paper used and the necessity for physical transactions.
3. Film Library
Individuals are slowly preferring to watch their favorite movies at home rather than going to the cinema. Certainly, we are all inundated with internet streaming platforms that enable us to just click on the movie of our choice and watch it from the convenience of our own sofas. In most cases, we are reliant on the streaming platforms’ directories.
Imagine developing your own film library and having the ability to search through the information on your saved files at any time. This is an example of that will allow users to not only build a list of the films they have downloaded or purchased but also to couple the essential information about the film with the list.
C# can be used to build novel project ideas in the packaging and logistics industries too. Developers can create an elegant and convenient cargo and warehouse management system using the C#.Net platform, allowing managers to keep track of the freight and employees’ activities.
From sourcing to tracking, carriage to delivery, every small aspect of the logistics chain can be virtualized and organized using time-saving and precise management tools. C# makes it simple to create and maintain such apps.
5. Online Voting System
Governments can be persuaded to move their voting systems to the internet so that citizens can vote safely no matter where they are. C# might be an excellent choice for scripting such C projects.
It will have a secure registration portal where voters will be requested to provide the necessary proof documents. Authorities on the backend can look up the details and authorize the registration via a link.
The user will receive a unique code on their cellphones or emails on election day to sign back into the application. They will be able to choose from a variety of candidates in their local constituencies using the app, and will only be allowed to vote after receiving proper authorization.
6. Search Engine
Google has evolved into a powerful search engine, but it began as a basic search engine. You may start basic with this project and add as many functionality as you like. This project will teach you a great deal about the internet, HTML parsing, and data indexing.
Here are some criteria you might want to include in your search engine:
You may limit it to a certain website to keep it from going too far. It necessitates the use of a database to store the information gathered from the sites you crawl. It must interpret a website’s robots.txt file to identify what it can and cannot crawl. It requires a crawler that begins with a URL, downloads the page, and queues any links it discovers.
7. Exam Scheduling System
The Exam Scheduler System will be fully automated, allowing the university to schedule exams in the most efficient and effective manner possible.
The system will create a schedule that focuses on the student’s concern of back-to-back exams and test overloading, allowing students to avoid these issues and increase their efficiency.
The examiners will be assigned by the Exam Scheduler System depending on their knowledge. The software will enable numerous exams at once, and the reports will be exported in a variety of common formats.
8. Pharmacy Management
The pharmaceutical management system is computer-based, which simplifies the management of information and makes it more transparent and effective. The Pharmacy Management System will notify the doctor when the drugs in the medical are ready to expire, allowing the physician to place an order for replacements before they expire.
The pharmacists and nurses will receive more exact findings at the time of sale on the specifics of pharmaceutical use and dosages, making the system more dependable to use than the current approach. Each work’s data will be safe since accessing the information will require the user to enter their ID and password into the system.
9. Online Ticket Booking
Because the system will be online-based, users will be able to book tickets at any time and from any location. It will provide thorough information so that a customer may learn more about the movie and book a ticket based on that knowledge.
The user can browse for movies that will be released in the near future and reserve tickets in advance. This system will significantly improve the user experience over the current system and will make purchasing movie tickets much more convenient. If seats are available, customers can modify their seats while also having the option to cancel their tickets.
10. Employee Management System
This Employee Management System will assist the firm in managing its employees’ data. The platform will centralize the management system and provide several alternatives for data access. The system will be connected via the internet, allowing users to access it from anywhere.
At the completion of each month, this system will generate a report for each person of the organization, giving the organization information about each employee’s work. This Employee Management System will not only save time but will also improve the efficiency of the system.
11. Car Driving Game
Since the beginning of video games, there have been racing and driving games. If you’re new to C# and want to get into game development, a driving game is a wonderful place to begin as long as you stick to the basics and use 2D graphics.
You can improve this project to incorporate 3D graphics if you are an intermediate or advanced developer. For whatever level of C# developer, there is a fantastic driving game project.
To simulate driving a car, you’ll need a road image that scrolls from top to bottom. To represent your car, you’ll need a car graphic and a class. On the screen, the car must move right and left. When the car collides with an impediment, it must lose “lives.”
You’ll need visuals that move at different speeds. Other cars “driving” on the road, for example, would move slowly from top to bottom in comparison to the speed of the road image. In the street, stationary barriers would move with the traffic.
To raise the skill level required to avoid obstacles, the pace at which the road scrolls should progressively rise or at checkpoints during the game. A point system is required.
12. Cooking Recipe System
It will be highly beneficial to a wife, a restaurant owner, or a cooking enthusiast. On the website, the user can publish or download recipes and provide input on each one.
The recipe will be rated based on the feedback offered by the user so that others can learn about it. In the system, there will be a tremendous number of recipes. After registration on the website, any user can begin submitting recipes in the system, and a new user can market their dish on the site.
The system will be incredibly user-friendly, so even someone with no prior internet experience will be able to use it with ease.
13. Advertisment Management
This project will be a web-based system that can be accessed from any location and used by an unlimited number of people at the same time. It will offer information about every ad that is viewed by a user and will keep track of the profit margins for each ad.
This system can be used by a user who has no prior programming experience because it will present a variety of alternatives to assist the user. The software will include features such as an ad maker, which allows any user to create an ad, as well as ad details.
14. Hotel Management System
The ‘Hotel Management System’ will be created to keep track of customer booking data, as well as information regarding hotel room availability. This system allows users to check the availability of rooms and dates for booking ahead of time.
In the same manner, another user is involved in this project; he is the most important person who is able to control all of the information and make the necessary modifications when they arise; he is known as the “Administrator.”
He has the ability to make modifications, establish pricing for rooms, and alter user names and passwords. All of these things are done at the Administrator level.
15. Online Blood Bank
Entering information such as blood groups, participants, and addresses. And keeping track of the database is difficult when the details are kept manually. This leads to erroneous scheduling maintenance. The existing system is being hampered by a number of restrictions.
The entire process is time-intensive and inaccurate, resulting in outcomes that are prone to errors. It necessitates a large amount of effort to achieve successful outcomes and also lacks data security. Data retrieval takes a long time at any given point in time.
The proportion of accuracy is lower, and producing reports takes time. The Online Blood Bank is a windows application that enables you to access all information about Blood Bank Management Software.
It is expandable and able to adapt to fulfill the complex needs of Blood Banks, who are key facilitators in the health care sector, and it also continues to support all of the blood bank’s features and functionality.
16. Student Management System
This substitutes the manual version of the student management system and reduces manual effort by centralizing all student information in one location. There are four modules in the system.
They are college and department information, login and subject information, student information, and exam information. The college & department module is used to look up information on the college and its many departments.
The login and subject module initiates the login procedure and provides subject information. There is a separate login area for the administrator here. The student details module is used to enter student information such as personal and academic information. The exam details module is focused on exam-related information.
17. Email Verification
Bulk emails are sent using personalized mail distribution through SMTP. The SMTP protocol is used to send emails in this project. We can send emails to several people at once using this feature.
We may send emails to a certain individual using the search engine administrator can search the email address in the customized mailing system. We’re looking for a person’s email address using the internal search engine.
Even when sending emails, we may utilize HTML format. We may copy the HTML codes and put them here, along with the photos, if we have advertising or information in HTML file format. We can acquire a soft copy and a hard copy backup at any moment. We may save the soft copy backup as an Xls or text file format.
18. Poll Survey System
Poll survey system is a web-based programme that allows us to create new polls or vote on current polls. These kind of polls may be found on a variety of websites, including yahoo, bing, google, and others. Some may need users to register, while others may just ask them to vote, depending on the developer’s preference.
The present programme may be integrated into any site because it does not require registration, thus it can be used regardless of the kind of site or the number of users. The programme is highly user-friendly since it displays the total number of votes as well as the percentage of votes received for each option.
Until now, each company has built its own poll survey system, but this is a poll survey system that is independent of the sites and can be used by any website. The computation and presentation of percentages are the most difficult aspects of the current program.
The benefit of this project is that there are several versions of this sort of software. They’re also rather well-liked. What are your goals for your notepad app?
You’ll need a graphical user interface (GUI) with an editor and some menus. The notes must be saved to a folder or a database such as SQLite. After you are done with the basics, you can add features as per your liking and requirements.
20. Personal Information Manager
A personal information manager is a project concept that goes well with the note-taking application project. While free-form material is useful in notes, a lot of the content you want to remember is organised. Structured data is also easier to locate since you can look up particular fields for specific values.
Only the sorts of personal details you choose to save restrict this project concept. You will, nevertheless, need a few fundamental prerequisites in order to execute it.
A desktop application (created with WPF or UWP), a web application (created with ASP.NET), or a mobile app (using Xamarin). A database will be used to store the data. There should be at least one table for each sort of personal data you’re keeping.
After that, you may start building a system for storing and searching contact details, and then repeat for every other sort of data you wish to save. If you wish to save passwords, you may encrypt the data before storing it in the app and make it password-protected.
21. Customer Management System
Customer Management System is a stand-alone application that allows any marketing business to add, update, and delete customer information, manage customer debit/credit information, and create sales reports.
The project would be able to manage the sales information, add, edit and delete customer information. It will also allow you to clear the fields entirely. You can add daily sales value and payments to the database and maintain the database for the future and so on.
22. Civil Registry System
The public can utilise the planned Civil Registry System’s online website to learn more about the procedures for obtaining documents including as voter ID cards, PAN cards, passports, Adhar cards, and driving licences.
The user may also obtain information on the registration of property, birth, marriage, death, and other events, as well as apply for documentation and complete registration through the system.
The system also allows users to check the status of their submitted papers. The user’s information will be saved in the Civil Registry System for future use. This approach will minimise the amount of time spent on the procedure and make it easier for the public.
23. Payroll Management System
Payroll Management System is a Windows programme that allows you to simply keep track of all of your employees’ information.
We can compute the salary of different employees in the database on an hourly basis using our programme. All the taxes, and deductions will be deducted from the real salary, while insurance and bonuses will be added.
We may add new employees with comprehensive data such as personal information, pay per hour, and insurance information using the Payroll Management System programme.
24. Ebook Library & Reader
Although ebooks allow you to store as many books as a physical library on your hard drive, they can be difficult to arrange if you have a large number of them. You could make an app that not only shows ebooks for you to read, but also searches your computer for files and adds them to a library.
Begin with a single format, such as EPUB, which has a set of standards that should make parsing easier. Add files with the extension to a queue by searching your whole hard drive for them.
Parse the files for author, title, publisher, and any other variables you’d like to search for or sort by. This information is saved in a database. Create a library view that allows you to browse and search the books it has discovered.
25. Distributed Caching System
We will divide the data across multiple servers in this fashion, so that when additional cache is required, it will add a server to the mix, ensuring that memory is not restricted.
We will utilize several servers to increase the performance over the local server system since if one of the servers is busy, the distributed caching system will use another server. The system’s performance will be excellent since it will reduce errors.
To decrease the chance of a mistake, the distributed cache will be set up to store data on many machines inside the system. It will synchronise the update process with both the database and the cache in the distributed system.
In A Nutshell…
By simply Googling, you may discover many more c# project ideas used by both open-source and Microsoft developers. You’ll undoubtedly find a project that piques your interest.
If you’re studying C# and stocking your brain with programming material from books, developing a comprehensive C# project will help you put what you’ve learned to good use. Learning syntax or how to accomplish something basic won’t remain with you for long until you know how to combine those principles into working software.
The key to improving your C# coding abilities is to complete software projects. Perhaps, one or more of the projects listed above piqued your interest, and you decided to start one today. Keep reading Codersera and getting amazing project ideas.
Answer- Payroll Management System is a Windows program that allows you to simply keep track of all of your employees’ information. We can compute the salary of different employees in the database on an hourly basis using our program.
Project Ideas that have been already performed by experts can be easily accessed by any beginner to practice and build their confidence through these projects.
The specific goal out of development in projects is to build expertise and knowledge to solve real-life problems and advance in a programming language.
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If you’ve ever come across a calico cat, you probably couldn’t help but notice their striking fur patterns. These magical felines boast a unique mix of black, orange and white fur, making them stand out from the usual solid colour cats. But have you ever wondered what a calico cat symbolizes? Well, it turns out that these cats are associated with several unique meanings in different cultures.
In some cultures, calico cats are seen as a symbol of good luck and fortune. The Japanese people, for instance, believe that these cats bring good luck and prosperity to their homes. In Celtic lore, calico cats were believed to bring financial blessings and good fortune to their owners. Interestingly, some believe that the calico cat’s fur pattern represents money and wealth. As such, they are often considered auspicious animals in many societies.
On the flip side, calico cats are also associated with a sense of mystery and intrigue. People are often attracted to these cats because they have an air of mystery around them. Some even believe that calico cats have an almost spiritual essence, perhaps because of their unique colour combination. In some cultures, these cats are seen as being able to access the spiritual realm and bring messages from the other side. Regardless of which culture you’re from, it’s clear that calico cats hold a special place in many people’s hearts and are often seen as a symbol of something significant.
History and Origin of Calico Cats
Calico cats are fascinating creatures with a unique coat pattern consisting of three colors: white, black, and orange. They are often called tricolor or tortoiseshell cats. The word ‘calico’ is derived from the name of the cotton fabric Calicut, which has a similar pattern to that of the calico cat. However, when we talk about the history and origin of calico cats, it is not just about their coat pattern but also their genetics.
It is believed that calico cats originated in Egypt around 4000 years ago, where they were considered to be sacred and were adorned with jewelry. Later, they were brought to various other parts of the world, including Europe and Asia by traders and explorers. Some believe that the British brought calicos to America in the 1700s, where they became popular and are now considered to be the official cat of Maryland.
Interesting Facts About Calico Cats
- Calico cats are almost always female, with only about 1 in 3000 being male. This is because the genes that make up the three colors are linked to the X chromosome, which females have two of, while males have only one.
- Besides their unique coat pattern, calico cats are said to be loyal, intelligent, and playful, making them great pets.
- Calico cats have inspired many works of art and are a popular subject in Japanese culture. They are believed to bring good luck and prosperity.
The Genetics of Calico Cats
Calico cats have a unique genetic makeup that is responsible for their coat pattern. They have two X chromosomes, one from their mother and one from their father, which have different variations of the gene responsible for coat color. These different variations lead to the expression of three colors – black, white, and orange – in a specific pattern.
Each individual calico cat can have a slightly different coat pattern due to the genetic variations inherited from their parents. This makes them truly unique and special creatures.
Health and Care of Calico Cats
Like any other cat, calicos require careful attention to their health and wellbeing. They are susceptible to some health issues such as obesity, cancer, and liver disease. It is important to ensure they receive proper nutrition, exercise, and regular veterinary care to maintain good health.
|Obesity||Weight gain, lethargy, difficulty breathing|
|Cancer||Abnormal lumps, changes in behavior, vomiting, diarrhea|
|Liver disease||Lethargy, vomiting, diarrhea, yellowing of the skin and eyes|
Calico cats can live long and healthy lives with proper care and attention. It is important to provide them with a safe and comfortable environment, plenty of love and affection, and regular veterinary checkups.
Genetics of Calico Cats
Calico cats are known for their unique coloring which consists of patches of white, black, and orange fur. This distinct coat is a result of the genetics of calico cats, which involves specific factors that determine their fur color and pattern.
- Calico cats are primarily female. This is because the calico pattern is determined by two X chromosomes, which are found exclusively in female cats.
- Male calico cats do exist, but they are rare and usually sterile. This is because male calicos must have an extra X chromosome (XXY) in order to display the calico pattern. The presence of the extra X chromosome often leads to health problems and makes it difficult for them to reproduce.
- The calico pattern is a result of the interaction between three different fur color genes: black, orange, and white. These genes are responsible for producing the pigments that give the fur its color.
In order to understand the genetics behind calico cats, it is important to know that there are two types of pigment cells in cats: eumelanin (black pigment) and pheomelanin (red/yellow pigment). The interaction between these two pigments, along with the presence of white pigment, determines the final color of a cat’s fur.
The calico pattern occurs because of a phenomenon known as X-inactivation. This is when one of the two X chromosomes in female cats is randomly inactivated during embryonic development. The cells that contain the active X chromosome will express one color gene while the cells with the inactive X chromosome will express the other color gene. This leads to patches of different colored fur in calico cats.
|Fur Color Gene||Dominant||Recessive|
In summary, the genetics of calico cats are complex and fascinating. The calico pattern is a result of multiple genes interacting with X-inactivation in female cats. This results in a unique coat that is predominantly seen in female cats. Male calicos are rare and usually sterile due to genetic abnormalities.
Cultural Significance of Calico Cats in Japan
Calico cats have played an important role in the cultural history of Japan, where they are highly revered and considered to be a symbol of good fortune. This is especially true for female calicos, who are believed to bring good luck and prosperity to their owners. Here are some of the ways that calico cats are valued in Japanese culture:
- Maneki Neko: One of the most recognizable images of the calico cat in Japan is the Maneki Neko, or “Beckoning Cat.” This figure is often seen in shops and restaurants, and is believed to bring good luck and fortune to its owners. The calico color pattern is often used for these figurines, as it is said to symbolize wealth and prosperity.
- Good Luck Charm: In many parts of Japan, calico cats are believed to bring good luck and fortune to their owners. This is especially true for female calicos, who are thought to have a special connection to the spiritual realm. It is not uncommon for people to keep a calico cat in their home or workplace as a good luck charm.
- Traditionally Female: In Japanese culture, calico cats have long been associated with femininity and beauty. This is partly due to the fact that the calico color pattern is most commonly seen in female cats. As a result, calico cats are often portrayed in art and literature as symbols of female grace and elegance.
But the cultural significance of the calico cat in Japan goes beyond its status as a good luck charm. Calico cats have also been the subject of many legends and folktales, which reflect the high regard in which they are held.
For example, there is a famous legend about a calico cat named Tama, who lived in a temple in a small town near Tokyo. According to the legend, Tama brought good luck and prosperity to the town, and was eventually given the title of “Honorary Station Master” at the local train station. Tama became a beloved mascot of the town, and after her death in 2015, a shrine was erected in her honor.
The story of Tama is just one example of the enduring cultural significance of the calico cat in Japan. Whether they are seen as good luck charms, symbols of femininity and beauty, or just beloved companions, calico cats have a special place in the hearts and minds of the Japanese people.
Superstitions and Folklore surrounding Calico Cats
Calico cats are a unique sight in the feline world. Their intricate coat pattern almost makes them look like pieces of art. But beyond their attractive appearance, calico cats have been the center of many superstitions and legends throughout history. In fact, in many cultures, calico cats are considered to be more than just pets but rather symbols of fortune, luck, and even spirituality.
- In Japan, calico cats are believed to bring good luck and wealth to their owners. The Japanese refer to calico cats as “maneki-neko,” which means “beckoning cat” in English. They are often found in the entrances of stores and homes, beckoning good fortune to those who enter.
- In the United States, calico cats are thought to have healing powers. Some Native American tribes believed that calico cats could be used in medicinal remedies to treat diseases.
- On the other hand, some cultures see calico cats as a sign of bad luck. In Scotland and Ireland, it’s believed that seeing a calico cat is a warning that something bad will happen soon.
One of the most common superstitions surrounding calico cats is the belief that they bring financial prosperity. Some people even go as far as to say that seeing a calico cat during a financial crisis is a sign that things will soon turn around. While many people see calico cats as lucky, others believe that they serve as spiritual guides.
There is also a long-standing belief that calico cats are exclusively female. However, it is possible for male calicos to exist, but it is incredibly rare. This rarity has led to the notion that calico cats are a symbol of femininity and divine femininity. Many people believe that calico cats possess a unique spiritual energy that is closely tied to the feminine energy of the universe.
|Japan||Calico cats bring wealth|
|Native American tribes||Calico cats have healing powers|
|Scotland and Ireland||Seeing a calico cat is a sign of bad luck|
In conclusion, calico cats have been the subject of many superstitions and folklore throughout history. With their unique coat pattern and rare male gene, calico cats have come to represent a wide range of beliefs and symbolism. Whether you see calico cats as lucky or divine, there is no denying the impact they have had on cultures around the world.
Calico Cats in Art and Literature
Calico cats have captured the hearts of many artists and writers throughout history. They have become a prominent symbol in the cat world, representing more than just a pretty coat. Here, we will discuss the significance of calico cats in art and literature.
- The Japanese Lucky Cat: In Japan, the calico cat is considered a symbol of good fortune and luck. This became a popular image during the Edo period, when wealthy Japanese people would keep calico cats in their homes for their supposed ability to bring fortune and happiness.
- Calico Cats in Children’s Books: Calico cats have been featured in many children’s books, including “The Runaway Bunny” by Margaret Wise Brown. In this book, the calico cat is portrayed as a loyal companion who is always there to protect and comfort the baby bunny.
- Calico Cats in Painting: Many famous artists have depicted the beauty of calico cats in their paintings. Henriette Ronner-Knip, a Dutch painter, was known for her exquisite paintings of cats, including calico cats. Her paintings portrayed the cats in a regal and elegant manner, emphasizing their beauty and grace.
- Ancient Egyptians: The ancient Egyptians held cats in high esteem, and calico cats were no exception. They were believed to represent the goddess Bastet, who was the goddess of fertility, childbirth, and domesticity. Calico cats were often mummified and buried with their owners to accompany them into the afterlife.
- Calico Cats in Modern Literature: In modern literature, calico cats have been portrayed as strong and independent. The famous cat character, Crookshanks, from the Harry Potter series, was a calico cat who was owned by Hermione Granger. Crookshanks was portrayed as a smart and fearless cat who helped his owner solve mysteries throughout the series.
Overall, calico cats have been a prominent image in art and literature, often representing luck, beauty, and strength. Whether it’s through children’s books, paintings, or modern literature, calico cats will continue to capture the hearts and imaginations of many for years to come.
Calico Cats and their Personality Traits
Calico cats are known for having a unique coat that consists of three distinct colors – black, white, and orange. However, their striking appearance isn’t their only notable feature. These feline beauties also possess significant personality traits worth mentioning. Here are some of them:
1. Independent and Strong-willed: Calico cats have a reputation for being independent and fearless. They are known to have a strong will that sometimes borders on stubbornness. They do not like being told what to do and may ignore their owner’s commands if they do not feel like following them.
2. Affectionate and Loyal: Despite their independent nature, Calico cats are also loving and affectionate towards their owners, often curling up in their laps for some quality cuddle time. They also show great loyalty towards their family and may try to protect them from perceived threats.
3. Playful and Energetic: Calico cats are full of energy and love to play, especially with toys that they can chase around. They are also curious and enjoy exploring their surroundings, often getting themselves into mischief in the process.
4. Intelligent and Adaptable: Calico cats are highly intelligent and can easily adapt to new situations, making them excellent companions for people who travel frequently. They are also quick learners and can be trained to perform tricks or respond to commands.
5. Sensitive and Emotional: Calico cats are known to be emotionally sensitive and may become upset or anxious if they sense that their owner is upset or stressed. They are also highly aware of their surroundings and may become easily overwhelmed in noisy or chaotic environments.
6. Symbolism: In many cultures, Calico cats symbolize good luck and fortune. In Japan, they are believed to bring prosperity to their owner’s home, while in the UK, they were once thought to ward off evil spirits. In the United States, Calico cats have been declared the official state cat of Maryland.
If you’re looking for a unique and fascinating feline companion, a Calico cat may be just what you need. With their striking appearance and dynamic personality traits, these cats are sure to keep you on your toes and provide you with endless love and affection.
Health Concerns for Calico Cats
Calico cats are known for their distinct tri-colored fur pattern. While they make lovely companions, calico cats are prone to certain health concerns that potential owners should be aware of. Below are the top 7 health concerns for calico cats:
- Bladder stones: Calico cats are more likely to develop bladder stones than other cat breeds. This is due to an inherited metabolic disorder that causes high urinary pH levels.
- Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease (FLUTD): Calico cats are also more susceptible to FLUTD. This condition includes inflammation of the bladder, urethra, or both. Symptoms include pain during urination, urinating outside of the litter box, and excessive licking of the genital area.
- Heart disease: Calico cats are more prone to developing heart disease, specifically hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Symptoms include lethargy, difficulty breathing, and loss of appetite.
- Obesity: Calico cats have a genetic disposition towards obesity, so it’s important to monitor their diet and provide them with regular exercise.
- Oral health: Calico cats have a higher chance of developing oral health issues, such as gum disease and tooth decay. Regular dental cleanings and brushing can prevent these issues.
- Cancer: Calico cats have a higher risk of developing cancer, specifically lymphoma. Early detection and treatment is key.
- Genetic disorders: Calico cats are prone to genetic disorders such as spinal cord issues and neurological problems. It’s important to purchase a calico kitten from a reputable breeder that has screened for these issues.
It’s important to note that while calico cats may be more prone to certain health issues, proper veterinary care and attention can prevent or treat them. Regular check-ups, a balanced diet, and exercise can help your calico cat live a long and healthy life.
Remember, every cat is different and may require specific care based on their individual needs. Be sure to consult with your veterinarian for personalized advice on caring for your calico cat.
Famous Calico Cats in History and Pop Culture
Calico cats have captured the attention and affection of people for centuries, which is why they have been featured in many different areas of popular culture. Here are some famous calico cats in history and pop culture:
- Marie: The first famous calico cat was owned by President Calvin Coolidge and was named Marie. She lived in the White House and was known for her hunting skills and friendly demeanor.
- Callie: Another famous calico is Callie, who was the inspiration for the children’s book, “They Call Me Callie: The Life and Adventures of a Calico Cat” written by Michael N. Marcus.
- Simone: Simone is the calico cat featured in the popular Disney movie, “The Aristocats.” She is a sassy and independent cat who stands out from her white feline siblings.
Aside from being featured in books and movies, calico cats also hold a special place in Japanese culture. They are believed to bring good luck and fortune, which is why they are often featured in Japanese art and are even the official state cat of Maryland.
Interestingly, the number 8 plays a significant role in the symbolism of calico cats in Japanese culture. The number 8 is considered a lucky number in Japan because the word for 8, “ya,” sounds like the word for wealth or fortune. Calico cats are believed to bring even greater luck and fortune when there are eight different colors in their fur. There are even special tea houses and shops in Japan dedicated to calico cats with eight colors in their coats!
|White||Purity and innocence|
|Black||Good luck and prosperity|
|Orange||Energy and spirit|
|Gray||Balance and neutrality|
|Red||Passion and emotion|
|Yellow||Optimism and happiness|
|Blue||Calm and peace|
|Brown||Earth and stability|
Overall, calico cats have played a fascinating role in history and pop culture. Whether they’re starring in movies or bringing good luck in Japanese culture, these unique and beloved felines continue to capture our hearts and attention.
Differences between Calico, Tortoiseshell, and Tabby Cats
Calico cats, tortoiseshell cats, and tabby cats are three of the most popular types of cats. Although they share similar coat patterns and colors, there are significant differences between them. Let’s explore them in more detail:
- Calico cats have three colors in their coat pattern: white, black, and orange. They are almost exclusively female because the gene for this coloration is carried on the X chromosome. Calico cats are often associated with good luck and are viewed as a symbol of fortune in many cultures. In Japan, for example, they are thought to bring good luck and are often given as gifts to people who are starting new businesses.
- Tortoiseshell cats have two colors in their coat pattern: black and orange. Unlike calico cats, tortoiseshell cats can be male or female. They are also known as ‘torties’ and are commonly believed to be feisty and unpredictable. They are often associated with strong-willed personalities and independence.
- Tabby cats are one of the most common types of cats. They have distinctive markings in their coat pattern that resemble the letter ‘M’ on their forehead. Tabby cats come in a variety of colors including brown, grey, and orange. They are generally considered to be friendly and outgoing.
Despite these differences, all three types of cats are beloved pets around the world. They each have their own unique personality and charm, making them great companions for cat lovers everywhere.
Calico Cats as a Symbol for Resilience and Adaptability
Calico cats are known for their unique and lively personalities, but they are also known for their resilience and adaptability. These cats are able to thrive in various environments and situations, making them a symbol for resilience and adaptability in many cultures and industries.
Here are some reasons why calico cats are considered a symbol for resilience and adaptability:
- Genetic Diversity: Calico cats are typically female and are the result of genetic diversity. They have three colors in their fur – black, white, and orange – and this unique combination is due to genetic mutations. This genetic diversity allows calicos to adapt well to different environments and to face challenges with resilience.
- Ability to Survive: Calico cats are known for their ability to survive in harsh environments. They are able to find food and shelter even in the most challenging of circumstances. This ability to adapt and survive is a testament to their resilience.
- Independent Nature: Calico cats are notoriously independent, and this quality has helped them survive in various settings. They can fend for themselves and are not reliant on human intervention to thrive. This self-sufficiency is another indicator of resilience and adaptability.
Calico cats have become a popular symbol for resilience and adaptability in many different industries. For example, in the business world, calicos are seen as a symbol of adaptability in marketing. They are used to represent companies that are able to pivot and change their strategies in response to market changes.
In Japanese culture, calico cats are believed to bring good luck and prosperity. They are seen as a symbol for resilience and adaptability because of their genetic diversity and ability to thrive in difficult environments. In China, calico cats are believed to ward off evil spirits and protect their owners from harm.
|Calico Cat Symbolism in Various Cultures:|
|Japan||Good luck, prosperity, and resilience|
|China||Protection from evil spirits and harm|
|Scotland||Said to bring wealth and good fortune to a household|
Overall, calico cats are recognized as a symbol for resilience and adaptability in many different cultures and industries. Their genetic diversity, ability to survive in different environments, and independent nature make them an ideal representation of these qualities.
FAQs About What Does a Calico Cat Symbolize
1. What is the meaning behind calico cats?
Calico cats are believed to bring good luck, fortune, and prosperity to their owners. They are known as symbols of wealth, happiness, and longevity.
2. Are calico cats unique?
Yes, calico cats are considered to be one of the most unique cat breeds. Their coat is a combination of black, white, and orange, which makes them easily distinguishable.
3. Is there a specific culture that associates calico cats with good luck?
In Japanese culture, calico cats are known as “maneki-neko,” which means “beckoning cat.” They are believed to bring good fortune and are often displayed in storefronts and homes.
4. Do calico cats have a personality trait associated with them?
Calico cats are known to be independent and strong-willed. They are playful and affectionate with their owners but can be shy around strangers.
5. Can the color of a calico cat’s coat affect its symbolism?
Yes, the color of a calico cat’s coat can affect its symbolism. For example, a calico cat with more white in its coat symbolizes purity and peace.
6. What is the significance of the three colors in a calico cat’s coat?
The three colors in a calico cat’s coat are believed to represent the three basic energies of the universe: black for yin, white for yang, and orange for energy.
7. Are there any superstitions associated with calico cats?
In some cultures, it is believed that calico cats can ward off evil spirits and protect their owners from harm. However, there are also superstitions that say crossing paths with a calico cat can bring bad luck.
In conclusion, calico cats are more than just a unique and beautiful breed. They hold a special meaning and symbolism in various cultures around the world. Whether you believe in their good luck or simply appreciate their playful personalities, owning a calico cat is truly a special experience. Thank you for reading, and we invite you to visit us again for more interesting and informative articles.
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Notify me when new publications are added.
There is growing interest in the use of short-season summer annual legumes or grasses as cover crops and green manures in vegetable production systems. Cover crops can provide a significant source of nitrogen (N) for subsequent crops; reduce erosion, runoff, and potential pollution of surface waters; capture soil N that might otherwise be lost to leaching; add organic matter to the soil; improve soil physical properties; impact insect and disease life cycles; and suppress nematode populations and weed growth. There can be potential drawbacks, such as cooler soils in the spring, and the additional cost of seeding the cover crop. These factors must be considered depending on the particular cash crops and cover crops being grown.
Organic farmers cite weed management as their number one research priority. This publication in the Organic Production publication series describes weed control strategies for organic farms based on weed characteristics and an integrated cropping system approach. A special section on cultivation practices that limit emerged and future weeds is based on research by the Center for Environmental Farming Systems.
This online publication describes how cover crops affect the soil, how to establish cover crops, and how to manage their residue. It includes a review of the winter and summer cover crops recommended for North Carolina. The authors also discuss the economics of planting cover crops and some concerns to consider when planting cover crops.
This guide provides an overview of the community supported agriculture (CSA) program at Research Triangle Institute International (RTI). Filled with ideas, examples, and lessons learned from this workplace CSA pilot project, the guide provides information for farmers, businesses, Extension agents, and others who are considering starting a workplace CSA program.
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Caesarean sections have been lifesaving procedures for hundreds of thousands of women across the world who experience complications during labour.
Globally, it’s estimated that just under 20% of births take place via caesarean section – a percentage that’s gone up over the last three decades. This has raised concerns, particularly in high-income countries where generally too many caesarean sections are performed.
But in many African countries women who are medically required to have caesarean sections are not able to access them. This is due to several reasons, the most prominent being weak health systems and a lack of resources.
This needs to be fixed as women in sub-Saharan African suffer from the highest maternal mortality ratio in the world. Close to 550 women die for every 100 000 children that are born. This amounts to 200 000 maternal deaths a year – or two thirds of all maternal deaths per year worldwide.
Some of these deaths could be prevented if skilled health personnel were able to perform caesarean sections safely. But this would require proper equipment and supplies including drugs and blood transfusions.
Research shows that low-income countries with the lowest caesarean section rates also have the highest maternal mortality rates.
Improving the access and availability of caesarean sections on the continent is therefore pivotal to reducing the number of maternal deaths and to achieve the sustainable development goal on maternal health of reducing maternal deaths to less than 70 per 100 000 live births by 2030.
Between 1990 and 2015 maternal mortality dropped by about 44% across the world. And several countries in Africa have halved their levels of maternal mortality between 1990 and 2015. In Mali, for example, 1010 women died for every 100 000 children born in 1990. By 2015, this figure dropped to 587.
Despite this massive reduction, more than 800 women continue to die from preventable causes around childbirth every day, most in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. And millions more will suffer serious injuries, infections, complications or disabilities due to insufficient treatment.
The World Health Organisation has found that in countries where at least 10% of women have caesarean sections the number of maternal and newborn deaths decrease.
The organisation has not identified an ideal caesarean section rate, however there’s evidence that rates above 20% at country level might be to too high. But it encourages governments to make every effort to provide the procedure to women in need of it.
Africa has the lowest caesarean section rate in the world. In Europe about a quarter of births are conducted via caesarean section while Latin America and the Caribbean have caesarean section rates of about 40.5%.
In Africa only 7.3% of babies are born via this method. But it’s a very mixed picture across the continent. Some countries have very high rates such as Egypt (51.8%) and Mauritius (47%), the highest in Africa. And despite a 2.9% overall increase across the continent from 1990, there’s been a decline in some countries like Nigeria and Guinea which now stands at about 2%. Zimbabwe has maintained its caesarean section rates at 6%.
When caesars matter
Caesarean sections often happen at the end of a series of complex events. There can be both pre-existing and pregnancy related complications. The need for caesarean sections can be aggravated by a range of issues such as delays in accessing the appropriate level of care, transportation delays as well as a shortage of necessary technologies.
Complications require prompt access to quality obstetric services equipped with life-saving drugs, including antibiotics, and the ability to provide blood transfusions or other surgical interventions.
But there are several barriers to improving the caesarean section rates in a country. These include:
a shortage of midwives, obstetricians, anaesthetists, laboratory and other allied personnel,
limited access to health care, information and
a lack of equipment.
Cost is another significant barrier. It was estimated, almost a decade ago, that it would cost US$430 million to perform the almost 3 million additional caesarean sections needed.
Different playing fields
While reducing unnecessary caesarean sections may be a priority in high-income countries, access to it will save more lives, particularly in countries where deliveries in a health care facility are considered a luxury.
Many African countries are trying to increase the number of women delivering in a health care facility by a skilled birth attendant. In Africa, more than 40% of births are not attended by a skilled health provider.
Inequities in access to caesarean sections across different parts of sub-Saharan Africa and other low-income countries need to be addressed. And soon if the continent wants to reduce its unacceptably high maternal mortality rates.
Salome Maswime, Lecturer in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of the Witwatersrand and Gwinyai Masukume, Medical Doctor, Epidemiologist and Biostatistician: University College Cork, University of the Witwatersrand
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Context: Childhood obesity increases the risk of diseases as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of comorbidities in school-age children with obesity and to compare its prevalence and the effect of a lifestyle intervention between children in primary and secondary school and between boys and girls.
Design: Cross-sectional analysis and lifestyle intervention.
Setting: Centre for Overweight Adolescent and Children's Healthcare.
Patients: Comorbidities were evaluated in 149 primary and 150 secondary school children with (morbid) obesity (162 girls). The effect of lifestyle intervention was studied in 82 primary and 75 secondary school children.
Intervention: One-year interdisciplinary lifestyle intervention.
Results: Insulin resistance (37%), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) (3%), dyslipidemia (48%), hypertension (7%), and elevated liver transaminase levels (54%) were already common in primary school children. Glomerular hyperfiltration and insulin resistance were more prevalent in secondary school children. IGT was more prevalent in girls. The change in body mass index z score after intervention was greater in primary school children (primary vs secondary: -0.25 +/- 0.32 vs -0.11 +/- 0.47), even as the change in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations [primary vs secondary: -0.30 (interquartile range, -0.70 to 0.10) vs -0.10 (interquartile range, -0.40 to 0.30)] and systolic blood pressure z score (primary vs secondary: -0.32 +/- 1.27 vs 0.24 +/- 1.3). The change in body mass index z score, but not in comorbidities, was greater in boys (boys vs girls: -0.33 +/- 0.45 vs -0.05 +/- 0.31).
Conclusions: The presence of comorbidities is already evident in primary school children with obesity. The effect of a lifestyle intervention on these comorbidities is greater in primary compared with secondary school children, stressing the need for early interventions.
- BODY-MASS INDEX
- CARDIOVASCULAR RISK
- OVERWEIGHT CHILDREN
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Bullying has become a significant issue with young people nationwide. It affects students at every level, from elementary to high school. To proactively address the issue of bullying the District of Columbia Public Schools (DCPS) has created a Bullying Prevention Policy. The policy clearly outlines, the definition of bullying and the steps required by schools to address it.
The definition for bullying in DCPS is:
“Bullying,” means any severe, pervasive, or persistent act or conduct, whether physical, electronic, or verbal that:
- May be based on a person's actual or perceived race, color, ethnicity, religion, national origin, sex, age, marital status, personal appearance, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, intellectual ability, familial status, family responsibilities, matriculation, political affiliation, genetic information, disability, source of income, status as a victim of an intrafamily offense, place of residence or business, or any other distinguishing characteristic, or on a youth’s association with a person, or group with any person, with one or more of the actual or perceived foregoing characteristics; and
- Shall be reasonably predicted to:
- Place a student in reasonable fear of physical harm to his or her person or property;
- Cause a substantial detrimental effect on the student’s physical or mental health;
- Substantially interfere with the student’s academic performance or attendance; or
- Substantially interfere with the student’s ability to participate in or benefit from school activities or services; or
- Materially and disrupts the education process or the orderly operation of a school.
Bullying also occurs when a student or group of students organize a campaign against another student or when a student or group of students maliciously spread rumors about another student.
DCPS is committed to making every school a safe and welcome space for your child. Families are critical players in these efforts.
One of the most proactive measures families can take to shield their children from bullying is to talk to them early and openly about what it means to bully or to be bullied. Doing so not only ensures open lines of communication, but also reinforces the importance of speaking up about problems at school.
If a parent suspects their child may be experiencing bullying at school, they should ask about it explicitly. Make sure to tell your child that you are there to help and you believe what he or she has to say.
If you think your child is bullying others, it is important to discuss the behavior and make it clear that bullying is taken very seriously. At the same time, you may want to work with your child to understand some of the reasons behind the bullying.
If you witness cyber-bullying (use of the Internet and related technologies to bully) that includes threats of violence, child pornography or sexually explicit materials, and stalking or hate crimes, you should consider reporting the incident to law enforcement. Cyber-bullying also can create classroom disruptions and lead to in-person bullying.
For any questions or concerns please contact:
Dr. Justin McClain, Manager, Student Behavior at [email protected].
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Steam Saw Mills were often encounter in the "horse and Buggy" Days on Delmarva. They were handy because the saw mill generated it's own scrap wood to burn in the boiler to make steam. They did however often blow up. One reason for the explosion was Sawyers used to use water out of a branch or creek that wasn't clean and it would stop up a valve and when it broke loose and cold water came into a hot boiler, she blow.
In 1868 W L Sirman (Sirmon) erected a steam driven sawmill on the west side of Delmar. In 1883 he moved the mill to the East side of Delmar, more specifically between First and Second Street on Grove Street. In addition to the saw mill he also had W. L. Sirmon Basket And Crate Company next to the saw mill. The saw mill was steam driven and the steam was produced by burning the waste produced from the saw mill it self. The saw mill could produce 5,000 feet per day and operated 11 months out of the year. It employed ten men plus the men in the Basket plant
From Marylander and Herald - February 15, 1916
BOILER BLAST KILLS FOUR
The boiler of the saw mill of Graham and Hurley, near Mardella Springs, exploded at 11:45 last Thursday morning, killing four persons and seriously injuring three more, who are in the Peninsula General hospital at Salisbury. The dead are William Phillips, Webb Robinson and Charles Seabreeze and a negro named Emory Coulbourn. The injured are: Bradley Seabreeze, cut and bruised on the face and body; Staton Evans, both legs and arms broken, and John Seabreeze, arm broken. A man named Lloyd, who was working within a few feet of the boiler, was unhurt. Phillips, Robinson and Coulbourn were killed instantly and Charles Seabreeze who was a young son of John Seabreeze and who had taken his father’s lunch to him, died en route to the hospital in an automobile which contained his injured father.
Webb Robinson leaves a widow and six children, while Emory Coulbourn leaves a widow and five children. William Phillips was single and resided with his father, Thomas Phillips.
The boiler, which weighted several tons, was blown a distance of 150 feet from the mill. Pieces of the men’s clothing and their coats, which hung in the mill, were found in the tops of trees 100 yards from the explosion. Experienced millmen who examined the boiler after the explosion stated the boiler showed evidence that it was dry from lack of water, the supposition being that the water gauge was stopped up and that the fireman unaware, had let in cold water.
Mr. Hurley, one of the owners of the mill, just a few minutes before had gone in the woods to see about some timber and thereby escaped injury. The explosion was heard for several miles
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Dentists have recommended fluoride toothpaste for stronger cavity-resistant teeth for decades.1 It is still considered the “gold standard” in dental schools, despite its safety concerns.
But there’s a new ingredient in town proven to be just as effective as fluoride and completely non-toxic.
It’s called hydroxyapatite. Hydroxyapatite toothpaste has replaced fluoride toothpaste as what I recommend to all of my patients. But what is hydroxyapatite toothpaste?
In this blog post, we will learn about hydroxyapatite and take a look at how fluoride compares with it.
How Does Fluoride Toothpaste Work?
Your teeth have an outer covering called enamel that is made up of calcium and phosphate. Your saliva also contains calcium and phosphate that constantly bathe your teeth. These minerals keep your teeth strong.
Bacteria found in cavities can break down food particles and create an acidic environment in your mouth. This acidic environment is harsh and can strip away these beneficial minerals from the surfaces of your teeth. This process is called demineralization.
The fluoride in fluoridated toothpaste works by:
Teaming up with the calcium and phosphate in your saliva and teeth to form a compound called fluorapatite. This compound looks like a crystal lattice (apatite crystal lattice).Covering demineralized enamel with the more acid-resistant fluorapatite. This remineralizes the teeth, restores their strength, and protects it from further damage by acid.
How Does Hydroxyapatite Toothpaste Work?
Hydroxyapatite is a form of calcium that makes up 97% of your tooth enamel and nearly 70% of the dentin of your teeth.
The rest of your enamel is actually composed of water, collagen, and other proteins.
Hydroxyapatite is absorbed by the teeth and fills the enamel fissures caused by demineralization.
The most widely studied type of hydroxyapatite is nano-hydroxyapatite. Toothpaste that contains nano-hydroxyapatite has particle sizes between 20-80 nanometers (nm). Because of its small size, it can insert into really small spaces, which leads to better benefits.
Unlike fluoride, hydroxyapatite works by:
Remineralizing enamel from within, reaching the innermost part of a dental cavityBinding to plaque and harmful bacteria in our mouth
How does Hydroxyapatite Compare to Fluoride in Efficacy?
When it comes to which toothpaste is more efficient, there is really no difference between hydroxyapatite and fluoride toothpastes.
One study compared 10% hydroxyapatite with 500 ppm F− (amine fluoride), which dentists typically prescribe.2 The researchers discovered that the 10% hydroxyapatite worked just as well as 500ppm F− for remineralization and lesion depth (LD) reduction.
The conclusion of the study was that hydroxyapatite toothpaste is equal to fluoride toothpaste when it comes to efficacy.
Benefits of Hydroxyapatite over Fluoride Toothpastes
Both fluoride and hydroxyapatite can remineralize tooth structure, but here’s why I prefer to recommend hydroxyapatite over fluoride:
Oral microbiome friendly: Although both have antibacterial properties, fluoride kills decay-causing bacteria and some good bacteria. On the other hand, hydroxyapatite does not kill the bacteria. It prevents harmful bacteria from attaching to the enamel.3Fortifies enamel: Hydroxyapatite can increase the microhardness of enamel.4 The coating of hydroxyapatite reinforces the teeth better than the fluorapatite coating.Non-toxic: Hydroxyapatite is biomimetic.5 There are no side effects with hydroxyapatite—in fact, it’s safe enough to swallow the entire tube of toothpaste! With fluoride, on the other hand, there’s a poison control label on the tube, and overexposure causes dental and skeletal fluorosis.Kid-friendly: At an early age, children don’t have full control over swallowing and can ingest large amounts of toothpaste.6 When this happens, the fluoride in toothpaste can get absorbed into the bloodstream and cause dental fluorosis (a change in the appearance of tooth enamel). Toothpaste that contains hydroxyapatite reduces the risk of fluorosis.Whitens: Hydroxyapatite toothpaste has been shown to lighten the shade of the teeth without the help of any additional abrasives or whitening agents.7
Is Fluorapatite Stronger than Hydroxyapatite?
Fluorapatite is less soluble than hydroxyapatite. This means that in acidic conditions, fluorapatite is stronger and more resistant to demineralization.
However, this does not mean that fluorapatite toothpaste is better than hydroxyapatite toothpaste. In fact, studies show that hydroxyapatite toothpaste is just as good as fluorapatite toothpaste, with an added benefit — it helps with dental hypersensitivity.8
Should I Switch to Hydroxyapatite Toothpaste?
To me, this is a no-brainer. If you have a better alternative to fluoride toothpaste and it’s non-toxic, why wouldn’t you?
To most dentists, this is a no-brainer as well—however, fluoride is still taught as the “gold standard” in dental schools, and there are still some dentists out there who might be leery of hydroxyapatite. If this is your dentist, send them the research!
I recommend everyone talk to their dentist about switching to a hydroxyapatite toothpaste, especially the following categories of people:
Pregnant womenPeople who live in areas with fluoridated water supplyBabies and children, especially if they are below the age of six.People with sensitive teeth, as hydroxyapatite treats the root cause of sensitivity.9
Which Toothpaste Brands Contain Hydroxyapatite?
There are two brands of hydroxyapatite toothpaste brands I recommend to readers because I use them myself and they also have an appropriate concentration of hydroxyapatite to be efficacious. There are many hydroxyapatite toothpastes out there, unfortunately, that don’t contain enough of the ingredient to have an effect—if you’re not sure, email the company and ask for the concentration. It should be 15% or more.
Boka Ela Mint Toothpaste
RiseWell Mineral Toothpaste
RiseWell Kids’ Mineral Toothpaste (birthday cake flavor)
The biggest advantage of using toothpaste with hydroxyapatite is that it remineralizes your teeth without any side effects, unlike fluoride that is toxic in large quantities.
Hydroxyapatite is naturally present within our body and constitutes most of our enamel.
Both fluoride and hydroxyapatite are scientifically proven to reverse dental decay—why not choose the less toxic one?
1. Marinho VC, Higgins JP, Sheiham A, Logan S. Fluoride toothpastes for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(1):CD002278. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002278
2. Amaechi BT, AbdulAzees PA, Alshareif DO, et al. Comparative efficacy of a hydroxyapatite and a fluoride toothpaste for prevention and remineralization of dental caries in children. BDJ Open. 2019;5(1):18. doi:10.1038/s41405-019-0026-8
3. Meyer F, Enax J. Hydroxyapatite in Oral Biofilm Management. Eur J Dent. 2019;13(2):287-290. doi:10.1055/s-0039-1695657
4. Pepla E, Besharat LK, Palaia G, Tenore G, Migliau G. Nano-hydroxyapatite and its applications in preventive, restorative and regenerative dentistry: a review of literature. Ann Stomatol (Roma). 2014;5(3):108-114.
5. Enax J, Epple M. Synthetic Hydroxyapatite as a Biomimetic Oral Care Agent. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2018;16(1):7-19. doi:10.3290/j.ohpd.a39690
6. Bossù M, Saccucci M, Salucci A, et al. Enamel remineralization and repair results of Biomimetic Hydroxyapatite toothpaste on deciduous teeth: an effective option to fluoride toothpaste. J Nanobiotechnology. 2019;17(1):17. doi:10.1186/s12951-019-0454-6
7. Niwa M, Sato T, Li W, Aoki H, Aoki H, Daisaku T. Polishing and whitening properties of toothpaste containing hydroxyapatite. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2001;12(3):277-281. doi:10.1023/a:1008927502523
8. Pajor K, Pajchel L, Kolmas J. Hydroxyapatite and Fluorapatite in Conservative Dentistry and Oral Implantology-A Review. Materials (Basel). 2019;12(17). doi:10.3390/ma12172683
9. Vano M, Derchi G, Barone A, Covani U. Effectiveness of nano-hydroxyapatite toothpaste in reducing dentin hypersensitivity: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Quintessence Int. 2014;45(8):703-711. doi:10.3290/j.qi.a32240
The post Hydroxyapatite Vs. Fluoride: How Do They Compare? appeared first on Ask the Dentist.
Did you miss our previous article…
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TOEFL preparation is the reason many students study English before going to university. The TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language) is accepted by 7,500 institutions in 130 countries around the world. It is the most recognized – and often required – proof of English ability for entering university in an English-speaking country.
How can you get a good TOEFL score? Future articles will detail the best ways to prepare for each of the four sections of the test: reading, writing, speaking, and listening. To get started, here are a few of the first steps you should take if the TOEFL is in your future:
- Practice typing in English. Most test centers now give the TOEFL iBT, or Internet-based test. All of your written responses will be typed; there is no option to write your responses by hand.
- Make a schedule. If you have specific universities in mind that you want to apply to, find out when TOEFL scores are due. It’s a good idea to give yourself enough time to take the test more than once to get your best possible score.
- Read and listen to as much English as possible. Take in English on a variety of topics – the TOEFL will include listening and reading on a variety of academic and everyday topics. Talk to someone or keep a journal about what you have read or heard.
- Apply to an intensive English program that offers courses emphasizing communication and academic skills. Be sure your English school is accredited to ensure a high-quality program.
#Preparing #TOEFL #Introduction
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Despite the well known negative effects of unprotected sun exposure (i.e. premature wrinkling, sun spots (liver spots), increased freckles, and even skin cancer), thousands of Americans flock to the tanning bed to gain the “healthy glow” they feel is key in looking trim and vivacious. According to statistics released by the Skin Cancer Foundation, nearly 120,000 cases of melanoma are diagnosed each year. In addition to those startling statistics, previous studies have shown that those individuals under the age of 30 who regularly tan (at least ten times per year) are eight times more likely to develop malignant melanoma than those who don’t; yet, the tanning industry is booming. A study completed by University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center may have just figured out a key component to this seemingly vicious cycle of sun damage: addiction.
UT Southwestern’s pilot study monitored the brain circulation of participants while tanning. The participants completed two tanning sessions–one that exposed them to regular ultra violet light and another that used special filters to block the damaging UV rays. The study’s subjects were also administered a compound to measure blood flow to the brain and interviewed after their tanning sessions about how much they wanted to continue tanning.More
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I love that this time of year lends itself to so many different themes. Themes in kindergarten really help engage and hook your students when activities can otherwise become mundane, dull and downright boring. Spice up those themes with some colorful Astrobrights papers and you have a recipe for a Thanksgiving sight word activity your students are gonna gobble up.
It’s a great way for students to practice their sight words, it has the added bonus of working those fine motor muscles and, with the help of Astrobrights, its super simple to differentiate.
WHAT YOU’RE GOING TO NEED
- large solo cups (I found some brown ones that worked great!)
- glue dots, packing tape or hot glue
- 2 google eyes
- a handful of glass stones for weight
- clothes pins
- your favorite Astrobrights fall colored cardstock (I selected Galaxy Gold, Cosmic Orange, Rocket Red and Re-entry Red.)
Everything else, you can leave to me. I’ve taken care of it. You’ll find the printables to help you create this project at the bottom of this post.
PRINTING OUT YOUR PIECES
First you are going to need to print off as many copies of the alphabet feathers that you’ll think you need onto your beautiful Astrobrights cardstock. I have provided both a set of capital and lowercase ones. You will use these to build sight words so you may want to laminate them for durability. Then cut them out and attach a clothes pin to the back. I used glue dots, but I think either packing tape or perhaps hot glue would work as well.
Now, of course, all of your students will not be working on the same words, so the next thing you are going to need is a way to differentiate your sight word lists. Choose 2-3 different colored pieces of Astrobrights cardstock. These will be used to print off sight word cards at different levels. I have made the sight word cards editable so you can go in and type the words you would like and simply print them off on different colors of paper for organizing differentiated levels more easily. Laminate them for durability if you would like and then cut them out. At the same time, print off the beak and feet of your turkey. I made my ‘waddle’ from some left over Re-entry Red that I used for my sight word cards. Waste not –want not!
Gather all your pieces together and get ready to assemble.
PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER
First take one of your brown cups and cut down one side and around the base of the cup at about an inch and half above its bottom. You will be turning this over and, with hot glue or glue dots, attach it to the bottom of a whole brown cup like the picture below.
This will give your bird a little bit more height. Then attach the eyes, beak, waddle and feet in place. Add a few jewel rocks in the bottom of your top cup. This will keep your bird from tipping as it’s being used.
Your bird is now ready to spell. Students can select a word and simply ‘clip’ the feathers in order to make the word on the back side of their turkey.
I have my students work in pairs to make words and then read the words they make to each other. However, I have also included a recording sheet for if you’d need a record of which words your students have made.
Either way, I think you’ll find this to be a fun and engaging activity for practicing sight words during the Thanksgiving season.
If you’d like to get your own copy of the printables needed to create this activity for your own classroom, just click on the picture below to get it FREE. You’ll enter your email address and a verification note will be sent to your email inbox (check your SPAM folder if it doesn’t show up). Then once your verify your subscription to my mailing list, the file will be downloaded to your computer. Just check your computer’s ‘download’ file and enjoy.
Disclosure of Material Connection: This is a “sponsored post.” I was compensated via a cash payment, gift, or something else of value to write it. Regardless, I only recommend products or services I use personally, believe will be good for my readers and truly love.
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Table of Contents:-
- objectives of compensation management
- compensation in hrm
- compensation management in hrm
- Elements of Compensation Management
- Importance of compensation management
- Nature of Compensation Management
- Compensation Management Definition
Objectives of Compensation Management
The primary objectives of compensation management are to attract, retain, and motivate talented employees while ensuring transparency and equity in the distribution of rewards. Compensation management is an important function in an organization which plays a major role in driving employee engagement, job satisfaction, and overall success.
Objectives of compensation management are as follows:
- To Attract and Retain Employees
- To Motivate Employees
- To Optimise Cost
- To Achieve Consistency
Compensation management strives to achieve the following objectives:
1) To Attract and Retain Employees: One of the key objectives of compensation management is to attract and retain talented employees. Premium wages can be a powerful tool for recruiting employees from competitor organizations. Finally, a payment system should be as per the demand and supply of labour in the market.
2) To Motivate Employees: Compensation management motivates employees to work hard to improve their productivity as well as that of the organisation.
3) To Optimise Cost: Compensation management should establish a proper relationship between performance and compensation. High wages alone don’t guarantee improved performance in an organization’s employees.
4) To Achieve Consistency: It aims to maintain both internal and external equity when compensating employees. Achieving internal equity is possible by aligning payments with job specifications and employee job performance. The achievement of external equity is based on the consistency of payments for similar jobs across all organizations. Compensation management also aims to minimize differences in compensation for a particular job compared to other organizations.
Meaning of Compensation in hrm
Compensation management refers to payment systems which determine employees. In a nutshell, wages or salary, direct and indirect rewards.
Compensation refers to the remuneration that an employee obtains in return for his services to the organization. Compensation is a broad term that includes everything an employee acquires in return for his work such as salaries, benefits, allowances, wages and services. Benefits and compensation in HRM refer to the salary, financial, and as well as non-financial benefits provided to the employees at the workplace by the organization.
Meaning of Compensation Management in hrm
Previously, compensation management focused on designing, maintaining, and sustaining a pay structure. In the modern era, compensation management encompasses a range of activities, including job evaluation, market rate analysis, job analysis, pay structure, job design and maintenance. Compensation management now refers to an organization’s efforts to maintain a competitive compensation structure, taking into account local labour market conditions and the present and future financial resources of the organization.
Compensation Management Definition
According to Tapomoy Deb, “Compensation management is a system of compensating individuals for the work they perform in such a way that the organisation can attract, retain, and motivate them to perform well keeping in view organisational and market factors”.
Compensation Definition in hrm
According to Dale Yoder, – “Compensation and benefits simply mean paying people for completing the task allocated to them.”
According to Cascio, – “The term compensation signifies paying the direct cash amounts or an indirect amount via providing benefits to employees to strive for higher productivity in the organization.”
Nature of Compensation Management
The Nature of Compensation Management revolves around the systematic and planned approach to creating and maintaining a just and competitive compensation framework. This framework is designed to not only attract but also to motivate and retain skilled and dedicated employees. It’s the embodiment of an organization’s commitment to ensure that its workforce is satisfactorily rewarded, in a manner that harmonizes with the overarching goals and objectives of the company.
The nature of compensation management includes:
- An integral part of HRM
- Challenging Function
- Dynamic Discipline
- Wide Application
- Strategic Tool
1) Integral part of HRM: It is essential for the entire human resource of the organisation. Thus, it has become an integral part of human resource management as it plays a significant role in the proper functioning of HRM.
2) Challenging Function: Compensation management has a great impact on the objectives established by the organisation. Therefore, it is considered to be one of the most challenging functions of human resource management.
3) Dynamic Discipline: Compensation management is known as a dynamic discipline because it is not only affected by individual factors but business and environmental factors also influence it to a large extent.
4) Wide Application: Compensation management is not only related to paying the employees but also focuses on motivating them. It also supervises the functions of recruitment, budgeting, monetary forecasting, improving human relationships, computer operations, tax-related laws, etc.
5) Strategic Tool: It serves as a strategic tool, which increases the competitive level of an organisation and prepares it for the stiff competition taking place in today’s global industries.
Elements of Compensation Management
Major elements of compensation management are given below:
1) Job Analysis
Job analysis is the first step taken by the management in the compensation management process. It includes identifying the nature of the job, duties and responsibilities performed by employees, their accountability towards the organisation, their performance, etc. In simple terms, the characteristics of the job form the basis for the compensation management process.
2) Job Evaluation
The next step in the process of compensation management is the evaluation of different jobs in the organisation. It is the job evaluation that determines the worth of the job. The nature of the work and skills and duties required for a particular job forms the basis for job evaluation. In the job evaluation method, the worth of each job is assessed using various methods such as ranking, grading, paired comparison, factor comparison, etc. These evaluation methods are carried out without any biasness to identify the salary structure of various jobs.
3) Developing the Pay Structure
The pay structure depicts what an organisation pays to each employee. Organisations can opt for narrow-graded and broad-graded pay structures based on the significance and difficulty level of the job.
4) Wages and Salary Survey
Before setting up a pay scale, the organisation must consider external equity. For this, organisations use the wage and salary survey method. With the help of the wage and salary survey methods, organisations try to gather information from the labour market about the salary given to employees of the same level or performing the same job in a similar industry.
Besides this, information is related to the current wage rate, cost of living, and rates during inflation and deflation. periods, etc., can also be gathered through the labour market. There are two types of survey methods, either the organisation can go to the labour market and conduct the survey or it can purchase the surveys conducted by professional organisations.
5) Job Pricing
Determining pay rates for different jobs in the organisation is known as job pricing. The job evaluation process and wage and salary survey process form the basis for determining the job prices. Before deciding the salary of the employee, the internal worth and external worth of the job should be compared.
While finalising the job prices, the organisation should ensure two things, viz.,
i) Appropriate salary is given to the employees according to the value of the job, and
ii) The efficient performers of the organisation should be rewarded for their excellent performance.
6) Compensation Revision and Control
Since compensation of employees is an expense for organisations and has a great impact on the organisational goals and objectives, thus, a proper and effective method should be employed such as budgeting, performance appraisal, compa-ratio method, etc., to determine the cost incurred on the human resource of the organisation and the effectiveness of compensation management.
Among all these methods, budgeting is the most effective method which helps in setting standards to evaluate the expenses incurred in the form of compensation. This method facilitates regulating the financial outflow and aids in HR cost controlling and monitoring.
Importance of compensation management
The importance of compensation management is as follows:
1) It is important to align employee efforts with the aims and objectives of the organisation.
2) It helps in creating and developing a competent and motivated workforce to achieve the set goals and targets of the organisation.
3) It helps to build a positive image of the organisation in society.
4) It eradicates social problems like bribery and theft. This is because if the employees get a sufficient salary to sustain their lives, they are less likely to engage in such criminal activities.
5) It increases job satisfaction in employees and also enhances their commitment level and loyalty.
6) It helps in improving organisational productivity.
7) It aids the organisation to comply with the existing rules and regulations set by the government regarding compensation.
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Here’s The Latest Data On Climate And Food And It’s Not Good
Challenges abound as industrial agriculture is threatened by access to key resources from water to healthy soils.
As a devastating and historic drought from Illinois to Texas to California grinds on, sophisticated mapping and data projection bring more bad news: Agricultural areas are among the places in the U.S. experiencing the highest temperature increases.
“It’s happening already,” says R.V. Guha, a Google Fellow who created a public database which pulls information from the U.S. Geological Survey and NASA to map water withdrawal for irrigation against projected temperature rises across U.S. counties and discovered a correlation. A changing climate “affects everything from water to crops to insects,” he says.
Most affected are almonds, olive oil and other specialty produce from California’s Central Valley, as well as citrus, grape and salad farms elsewhere in the state. California is also home to some of the largest dairies and pork slaughterhouses in the country, and grass-fed cattle ranchers in the northern part of the state. Row crop farmers harvesting corn and soybeans in Arkansas and other midwestern states are also impacted. At least 2,000 cattle in Kansas died this month during a heatwave.
The skyrocketing price of water in New Mexico and Arizona have ranchers and other meat-producing operations considering getting out of the business. In Texas, the state responsible for the most greenhouse gas emissions where some western counties have been facing the least rainfall since the 19th century, beef and chicken will require millions of tons of water annually. Drought in Texas is currently responsible for the very poor condition of about 11% of the state's corn crop.
The regions America relies on most to feed its people are drying up. As populations have grown, more water has been pumped to residential areas as well as large-scale farms. Aquifers like Oglala in the Midwest and waterways like the Colorado River that flow to California and Arizona are struggling.
“This is the defining challenge for the next few decades,” Guha says.
These regions don’t just have water access and drought to worry about. Soil degradation is expected to be one of the central threats to human health in the coming decades. In America’s Midwest over the past 160 years, nearly 60 billion metric tons of topsoil have eroded. Too much is lost every year due to man-made influences like pollution from fertilizers, agricultural chemicals and antibiotics runoff. Some experts predict the earth will run out of topsoil within six decades.
The problem can’t be solved on a human timeline. Nature takes 500 years or more to create an inch of fresh topsoil. These conditions will make feeding populations a serious challenge.
Modern agriculture has been built on three key assumptions, says David Barber, a partner at agriculture and food investors Astanor Ventures: Cheap energy, free water and consistent weather. “The whole system does not function without that,” Barber says. “It reveals some of this for the house of cards that it is.”
“The whole system does not function without that. It reveals some of this for the house of cards that it is.”
A hotter planet is expected to produce less nutritious food. The internal chemistry of some staple crops like wheat and rice are disrupted when air is polluted with carbon dioxide. The amount of proteins and vitamins produced tends to decrease, according to several studies.
“Our legacy food system is now a food system in transition,” Barber says. “Like clean energy, it is going from what it was to what it’s going to be. It’s going to be better for people and more respectful of soil and ocean and planet, and the consumer wants that. Ignoring it and saying it will never change is not correct.”
Chloe Sorvino Forbes Staff | https://www.forbes.com/
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As the latest IPCC report warned, it is ‘now or never’ to limit global warming below 1.5C. Countries around the world are already bearing the brunt of climate change but the reality is that, unless we reverse this trend, the effects that we are going to experience in the near future are going to be significantly more devastating. The US is certainly not spared by global warming. From north to south, from east to west, all of its states are affected by pollution and extreme weather events in some shape or form. Here are the top environmental issues in North America and what the government is doing to tackle them.
Top Environmental Issues in the US in 2023
1. Air Pollution
As the world’s second-largest emitter of carbon dioxide, preceded only by China, it comes as no surprise that air pollution is one of the biggest environmental issues in the US. In 2021 alone, about 67 million tons of pollution were emitted into the atmosphere in the country, mainly coming from the transportation and electric power sectors. According to the US Energy Information Administration (EIA), in the same year, the country’s electric power sector emissions from coal increased for the first time since 2014.
The latest assessment on air pollution conducted by the American Lung Association found that 4 in 10 individuals – accounting for about 135 million people – are currently living in areas with unhealthy and polluted air. While the main cause is the burning of fossil fuels, climate change-related events such as wildfires and prolonged pollen seasons further exacerbate the quality of air in the country.
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Adopted in 1970, the Clean Air Act (CAA) is a comprehensive US federal law that led to the specific standards of emissions of hazardous pollutants that cause smog, acid rain, and other health hazards by setting specific limits on the atmospheric concentration of these pollutants. However, this alone will not solve air pollution in the country and the government’s best solution is drastically cut emissions.
A promising step forward was made in August 2022, as the Biden Administration passed the long-awaited Inflation Reduction Act, the largest climate investment in the country’s history. Through investments in renewable energy and electric vehicles, the landmark bill is expected to help cut greenhouse gas emissions in the US by around 40% below 2005 levels by the end of the decade and bring the country one step closer to reaching carbon neutrality by 2050. In the long run, this will significantly reduce air pollution.
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2. Water Pollution
According to a survey conducted by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), approximately half of the country’s rivers and streams – amounting to more than 700,000 miles of waterways – and more than one-third of its lakes are polluted and unfit for swimming, fishing, and drinking.
In the US, agricultural pollution is the top source of contamination in rivers and streams, the second-biggest source in wetlands, and the third main source in lakes as well as a major contributor of contamination to estuaries and groundwater. This type of pollution includes how we grow, raise, transport, process, and even store food and nonfood crops as well as other agricultural products.
A report released in August 2022 by California’s State Water Resources Control Board found that in the Western state alone, nearly one million people face possible long-term health conditions from drinking water containing unsafe levels of contaminants such as arsenic and nitrate. The audit found that 371 of California’s water systems contained high levels of toxic chemicals that can result in long-term, negative health risks including liver and kidney problems as well as cancer.
The report comes as California, along with several other western states, battles one of the worst and longest droughts in nearly 1,200 years, which has forced the state to increase its reliance on groundwater. The auditor noted that the risks of toxic pollutants contaminating drinking water are higher in drought conditions: as groundwater levels sink, hazardous farm chemicals seep deeper into the soil, tainting underground drinking water supplies.
Tainted water has extremely detrimental effects on human health as well as the environment, with repercussions on biodiversity. According to a study published in The Lancet, water pollution alone killed more than 500,000 people in 2019 and makes about 1 billion people sick every year, especially among low-income communities. Even swimming can pose a risk. Every year, approximately 3.5 million Americans contract health issues such as skin rashes, pinkeye, respiratory infections, and hepatitis from sewage-laden coastal waters, according to EPA estimates.
In the US, the Clean Water Act of 1972 established the basic structure for regulating discharges of pollutants into the waters and regulating quality standards for surface waters. As for water destined for humans, the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) is the main federal law that ensures the quality of drinking water across the nation by protecting aquifers, the main source of drinking water. Groundwater can become contaminated by human activity through the illegal or accidental dumping of chemicals.
You might also like: Tainted California’s Water Poses Health Risks for 1 Million in State: Report
3. Water Shortages
The consequences of climate change are felt across the entire country, with some states experiencing worst effects than others. Historically, droughts in the US have had catastrophic impacts on agriculture and water reserves: the country has been experiencing continuous droughts over the last 20 years and each of them has caused billions of dollars in economic loss.
Droughts bring with them a whole host of problems for the environment and the larger human population. With diminishing precipitation and rainfall, soils and crops dry out easily and die. In July 2022, nearly 230 million acres of crops were found to be undergoing drought conditions. Moreover, when these events occur over prolonged periods, they severely impact water levels in lakes and reservoirs, resulting in water shortages in nearby communities and cities.
Water scarcity has been and will continue to be a salient environmental issue for the US as drought seasons become more prolonged and severe. At Lake Mead, a reservoir formed by the Hoover Dam on the Colorado River in the southwestern US that some 40 million Americans depend on, water levels have crawled down progressively and at a dangerous speed. Here, the first-ever Tier 1 Water Shortage declaration for the reservoir has been in effect since early 2022.
Image 1: Severe drought threatens Hoover Dam Reservoir on the Colorado River and Lake Mead in southwestern US (photo by Wikimedia Commons)
As the climate crisis worsens, the task of solving or at least tackling the consequences of droughts in the US becomes increasingly challenging. One thing is for sure: to reduce water shortage in cities and urban environments, water conservation and efficiency are key. Ageing infrastructure and deteriorating water delivery systems including pipes and mains cost the US an estimated 2.1 trillion gallons of lost drinkable water each year. Adopting widespread energy-efficient technologies and appliances could significantly reduce water wastage. Other methods worth expanding and considering include water recycling infrastructures and stormwater capture technologies.
As for the agriculture sector, adding more resources in crop rotation, no-till farming – a method for growing crops with minimal soil disturbance – and the use of cover crops could help build up soil health, enabling it to absorb and retain more water.
In the US, a typical fire season that used to last for four months on average is now lasting nearly double that time because of climate change. In 2020, the country experienced one of the largest wildfires in history, which lasted for the entire year, tearing through parts of California, Oregon, and Washington state.
A 2017 report found that careless human activities were behind about 84% of all wildfires in the US and accounted for 44% of the total area burned. This includes abandoned cigarettes, campfires, and barbecues that were not put out properly, as well as so-called “gender reveal parties” – particularly popular in the country where expectant parents use pyrotechnic devices to reveal a baby’s gender. One notable example is the El Dorado fire, where a smoke bomb led to a fire that lasted more than two months and covered over 22,000 acres of southern California. Another study showed that human-sparked fires typically spread about 1.83 kilometres per day, more than twice as fast as lightning-induced fires.
Smoke from large-scale wildfires causes significant air pollution in the affected area and is a threat to public health. In 2022, for example, 7 out of 15 most polluted cities in the US were located in California, a state that was most affected by severe fires that season. Smoke is made up of a complex mixture of gases and fine particles, which can penetrate deep into the lungs and aggravate chronic heart and lung diseases. Smoke and poor air quality inhalation can lead to minor issues such as burning eyes and allergies or in a worst-case scenario, premature death. The 2021 wildfires that plagued much of the southwest US were visible from the east coast, and near-surface smoke from it contributed to hazy and even smog conditions.
To establish healthy and resilient forests and communities that can adapt themselves to these fires, the state set up the California Wildfire and Forest Management Task Force, in charge of developing a comprehensive plan to expedite efforts to reduce wildfire risk for vulnerable communities, improve the health of forests and wildlands, and accelerate action to combat climate change. This would include prescribing controlled burning to thin forest overgrowth – which acts as tinder for wildlife – and increase sustainable timber harvest programmes.
While these mitigation measures could lower the intensity of California wildfires, researchers suggest it might soon be not enough. “The trends that are driving this increase in fire risk, fire size, fire severity over time are continuing – that’s climate change,” Professor LeRoy Westerling of the University of California Merced, who studies how the climate crisis affects wildfires, warned.
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5. Food Waste
Food waste in America has skyrocketed in recent years, tripling in just five decades and it is now estimated to be 30-40% of its entire food supply, valued between US$161 and $218 billion. Today, the US counts as the second highest country in the world for food waste per capita, behind only Australia. Sadly, Americans throw away more food than the citizens of the UK, Germany, France, Italy, and Sweden combined, equivalent to nearly 206 billion pounds (103 million tons). On a daily basis, that’s about 0.5 kilograms (one pound) of food discarded by one American.
As the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) reports, about 6-8% of all human-caused greenhouse gas emissions could be reduced if we stopped wasting food. In the US alone, the production of lost or wasted food generates the equivalent of 37 million cars’ worth of greenhouse gas emissions.
Food production is one of the most water-intensive practices as growing crops requires extensive amounts of water. In the US, agriculture alone is responsible for 80% of all water consumed, and it is estimated that between 21% and 33% of it is wasted every year.
Ironically, while almost 40% of food in the US is wasted, 37 million Americans and 11 million children are considered to be food insecure, a number that is expected to further rise in the coming years.
But there is some good news. Fortunately, the US is home to some of the world’s most successful food waste startups that are changing the game and helping tackle one of the most pressing environmental issues of our times. Moreover, in 2015, the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) launched the 2030 Food Loss and Waste Reduction Goal alongside a series of programmes and initiatives aimed at reducing climate and environmental impacts associated with food loss and waste while improving food security and saving money for families and businesses. Led by EPA, USDA, and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the federal government is “seeking to work with communities, organisations and businesses along with our partners in state, tribal and local government to achieve this goal.”
These initiatives alone, however, will not completely eliminate food insecurity or solve the issue of food waste. In order to achieve this, it is necessary that individuals do their part as well, learning first and foremost how to reduce food waste in their households and communities.
You might also like: 10 Food Waste Statistics in America
6. Plastic Pollution
Last but not least on our list of the most pressing environmental issues in the US in 2022 is plastic pollution.
A congressionally mandated report released in late 2021 described the US as the leading country for plastic waste generation. The analysis found that the country produces more plastic waste than any other nation, equivalent to about 42 million metric tons every year, which amounts to 287 pounds (130 kilogram) per person. In total, the country produces almost twice as much as China, and more than all the countries in the EU combined.
According to the Environmental Protection Agency, 82.2 million tons of containers and packaging were discarded in the US in 2018. The situation has further deteriorated since China imposed a plastic ban in the same year.
Researchers note that recycling infrastructure in the US has been unable to keep up with the growth of plastic production, and they estimate that 1.13-2.24 million metric tons of waste are leaked into the environment and oceans each year. This includes everything from plastic bottles and straws to packaging, most of which are made from fossil fuels and can take hundreds of years to decompose.
Plastic production in the US is also currently responsible for 232 million metric tons of greenhouse gases every year, the equivalent of 116.5 gigawatts of coal plants. But, according to the report, the production is set to outpace coal plants in the country by 2030.
Implementing Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) policies has been increasingly more popular in several US states as a solution for plastic pollution. An EPR legislates that the responsibility and costs of disposing of packaging materials and waste lie with the producers and manufacturers that made them, as opposed to consumers. While a number of European countries and Canadian provinces already have EPR in practice, the state of Maine became the first in the US to implement it in July 2021. Several others are now hopping on the bandwagon, including New York and California, aiming to implement it in the next year or two.
The latter has also recently introduced strict rules on single-use plastic packaging, requiring a 25% cut in production as well as 65% of all single-use plastic packaging to be recycled within the next decade. Companies that fail to comply with the new regulations could face fines of up to $50,000 a day.
In August 2014, California also became the first state to enact legislation imposing a statewide ban on single-use plastic bags at large retail stores. Other states such as Hawaii and New York followed suit, mandating plastic bag bans on grocery stores and other retailers in 2015 and 2019 respectively.
You might also like: US Extreme Weather Caused 18 Climate Disasters and Damages For $165bn In 2022
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Despite growing pledges of climate action, global emissions are at an all-time high,” said UN Secretary-General António Guterreswarned during recent comments made during the recent launch of a new expert initiative to boost net-zero climate commitments and develop stronger global standards to tackle the issue. “The climate is getting rapidly worse.”
Not only are the effects of mankind’s carbon footprint widely reported and understood, it has become clear that our decades-long devotion to plastic products, most infamously single-use products, has had severe and adverse effects on our environment, both at the manufacturing phase and once used products become obsolete. This has led to growing calls for a return to natural materials for producing a wide range of commodities, from drinking straws to polythene bags to banknotes.
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Indeed, many industries, engineers, scientists and designers have been put to task to find natural alternatives for creating ‘low-waste ecosystems’ using materials such as cotton, algae, stone wool, liquid wood and polymer substitutes made from potato or corn starch. There is no doubt that sustainable alternatives are there to be found, as long as there is a political and commercial will to do so.
The Demise of Plastic Straws
The product which perhaps most epitomises humanity’s obsession with single-use non-recyclable plastics is the straw. It is estimated that in the United States, 500 million straws are used every day. A study published in 2019 suggests that as many as 8.3 billion plastic straws pollute the world’s beaches, threatening wildlife and in danger of being ground down into micro-plastics that can then by distributed around the world via ocean currents.
Key actors in the industry have begun taking action to stem the flow of plastic straws into the world oceans. Starbucks, for example, promised to faze out plastic straws by 2020, McDonald’s decided to ban their use in its UK and Ireland restaurants. Many other firms have followed suit in response to growing public pressure, not least because most people have realised that the risk is not worth the reward… We can all live without plastic straws.
The solution seems obvious in hindsight. Companies have turned more and more to biodegradable, straws fabricated from natural products with little if any environmental impact. Yes, such products could cost companies hundred of millions of dollars a year more, but is it not worth it to save and maintain a functioning ecosystem in our world’s oceans?
Banknotes: Paper or Polymer?
This determination to move away from plastics is gaining pace across many different sectors, but the fiduciary industry has been one of the main advocates for a move to plastic-based products for ostensibly ecological reasons. Back in 2016, the Bank of England introduced 100% ‘polymer’ banknotes to replace the classic paper currency. Durability, recyclability and security were touted as crucial advantages to the new plastic-based tender. However, concerns quickly arose about the environmental impact of mass-produced polymer banknotes, especially with increased unease about the ecological effects of plastic on our environment.
First introduced in Australia in 1988, polymer banknotes are now used in over 20 countries worldwide. One of the main advantages of plastic-based banknotes is, according to proponents in the banking industry, an extended lifespan that results in a lower environmental impact.. A study by the Bank of England suggests that this plastic cash lasts 2.5 times longer than paper cash.
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New research by Moneyboat has revealed, however, that the plastic £10 notes release 8.77kg of CO2 compared to their cotton-paper predecessors’ 2.92kg – or three times as much. Treble the greenhouse gas emissions compared to the paper notes contradicts somewhat the greener attributes of plastic notes extolled by the Bank of England upon their release.
Moreover, unlike plastic-based banknotes, cotton banknotes have truly recyclable properties (they are bronken down into briquettes). Plastic can only be recycled a certain number of times before becoming unusable and an environmental hazard. The paper briquettes are a useful material and can be used in several different ways, such as fuel for the cement/ceramic industry, coolant for the steel industry and composting. Perhaps central banks around the world shouldn’t be so quick to turn their back on the traditional cotton-based banknotes especially in the name of ecological action!
Plastic is the Problem
The problem with ‘polymer’ affects not just the fiduciary industry, but all industries across the globe. Despite raised global awareness about the disastrous environmental effects of plastic on the natural world, the global plastic output is on the rise, not least due to concerted efforts by the oil industry to create new facilities in Asia that produce plastic and petrochemical products. We’ve all seen the horrifying images of plastic waste floating around our oceans…
Many industry actors have been focusing on ways to minimise plastic waste through a general rethinking of our waste management strategies and relationship with plastic in our daily lives. Rosemarie Downey, global head of packaging research at Euromonitor International, said that “Ulti
However, maybe a general move away from plastic-based materials altogether and a return to natural or ‘bioplastics’ is the way forward. These innovations are obtained from renewable sources from the natural world, from algae and fish waste to mushrooms and plant sugars.
The world is reaching a turning point from which there will be no clear way back. The millions of tons of plastic waste ending up in landfills and contaminating the environment every year is not sustainable for our planet. Returning to natural materials may just be the answer if humanity gets its act together quickly.
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This course will focus on appropriate programming for and assessment of typical and atypical young children, the role of parents in designing programs for young children, the role of assessment in the development of curricula, and the role of culture and language in the assessment process. This course will familiarize students with a variety of assessment methods and instruments. Students will develop skills for evaluating the assessment process, and involving families in the process. Students will practice observing and recording the behavior of young children and using this information to develop curriculum. Finally, students will become familiar with the New Mexico Standards for Excellence Compliance Manual.
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As a parent, dealing with toddler tantrums can be challenging and stressful. You may find yourself wondering if you should simply ignore them and hope they will go away on their own. However, ignoring tantrums may not be the most effective approach. In this article, we will explore the question of whether or not you should ignore toddler tantrums and provide helpful tips for managing and handling them.
- Ignoring tantrums may not be the most effective approach to managing them.
- Understanding the underlying reasons for tantrums is an important step in managing them.
- Establishing clear boundaries and maintaining consistency can help prevent and manage tantrums.
- Providing diversion and distraction techniques can defuse tantrums.
- Seeking professional help may be necessary if tantrums persist or significantly impact daily life.
Understanding Toddler Tantrums
If you are struggling with managing your toddler’s tantrums, the first step is to try and understand why they are happening. Tantrums are a common part of toddlerhood and can be triggered by a variety of factors.
One common trigger is frustration. Toddlers are still developing their communication skills and have limited ways to express themselves, which can lead to feelings of frustration and anger. When they are unable to communicate their needs or wants effectively, they may resort to a tantrum.
In some cases, tantrums can be a result of your child feeling overwhelmed or overstimulated. This can happen when they are in a new or unfamiliar environment, or when they are exposed to loud noises or bright lights.
It’s also important to note that tantrums can sometimes be a sign of an underlying issue, such as a sensory processing disorder or anxiety. If you are concerned about your child’s tantrum behavior, it’s important to speak with a healthcare professional.
Understanding Toddler Tantrums Triggers
By understanding your child’s triggers, you can take steps to reduce the likelihood of a tantrum occurring. Some common triggers include:
- Hunger or thirst
- Fatigue or overstimulation
- Changes in routine or environment
- Feeling overwhelmed or frustrated
- Desire for independence or control
It’s important to observe your child and try to identify their personal triggers so you can anticipate and prevent tantrums from occurring. With a little patience and understanding, you can effectively manage your toddler’s tantrum behavior.
Strategies for Handling Toddler Tantrums
Dealing with toddler tantrums can be challenging, but employing effective strategies can help make these situations more manageable. Here are some tips for managing tantrums:
- Stay calm: It’s important to remain calm during a tantrum, as getting upset or angry can escalate the situation. Take deep breaths and try to remain composed.
- Validate emotions: Let your toddler know that you understand they are upset, and that it is okay to feel that way. Use phrases like “I see you’re feeling frustrated” to acknowledge their emotions.
- Offer choices: Toddlers often feel a lack of control, so offering choices can help them feel empowered. For example, you can ask if they want to wear the red or blue shirt, or if they want to play with blocks or dolls.
- Set boundaries: While offering choices is important, it’s also crucial to set clear boundaries and establish what is and isn’t acceptable behavior. Make sure your toddler understands what behaviors are not allowed, and follow through with consequences if necessary.
- Redirect attention: Distracting your toddler’s attention with a different activity can help diffuse a tantrum. You can suggest playing with a different toy or going outside to play.
- Use positive reinforcement: Praising good behavior can encourage positive behavior in the future. Let your toddler know when they have done something well, and offer praise and encouragement.
- Stay consistent: Consistency is key when it comes to managing tantrums. Make sure all caregivers are on the same page and using the same strategies, and be consistent with consequences and rewards.
By employing these strategies, you can effectively manage tantrum situations and foster positive behavior in your toddler.
Consequences of Ignoring Toddler Tantrums
Ignoring toddler tantrums may seem like a easy way to avoid a challenging situation, but the consequences can be significant. In the short-term, ignoring tantrums can cause them to escalate, leading to aggressive behavior and prolonged outbursts. Additionally, dismissing tantrums may cause your toddler to feel unheard, leading to a breakdown in communication and trust.
Over the long-term, ignoring toddler tantrums can lead to negative behavior patterns and emotional difficulties. If tantrums are a recurring issue, it may be an indication of deeper emotional concerns that require attention. Ignoring these concerns can lead to increased stress and frustration for both you and your child.
It is important to address tantrums in a constructive and positive manner, focusing on the underlying causes and providing your toddler with the necessary tools to express their emotions in a healthy way. By doing so, you are helping to foster positive development and emotional well-being for your child.
“Ignoring tantrums may cause your toddler to feel unheard, leading to a breakdown in communication and trust.”
Establishing Boundaries and Consistency
When it comes to managing toddler tantrums, setting clear boundaries and maintaining consistency is key. Establishing rules and enforcing them in a firm but fair manner can help your toddler understand what is expected of them and prevent tantrums from escalating.
Start by setting simple and realistic boundaries that are appropriate for your toddler’s age and developmental stage. Be clear and consistent in your expectations and use positive feedback and praise to reinforce good behavior. At the same time, avoid using physical punishment or shaming, which can be harmful to your toddler’s emotional wellbeing.
It’s important to involve your toddler in the process of setting boundaries and rules. Offering choices and allowing them to feel empowered can help prevent power struggles and reduce the likelihood of tantrums. For example, ask your toddler which shirt they would like to wear or offer them a choice between two healthy snacks.
In addition to setting boundaries, it’s crucial to maintain consistency in your approach to managing tantrums. This means responding to tantrums in the same way each time they occur and ensuring that all caregivers involved in your toddler’s care are on the same page. Consistency helps your toddler understand what to expect and can reduce confusion and frustration.
Overall, establishing boundaries and maintaining consistency is an effective strategy for managing toddler tantrums. By setting clear expectations and responding in a consistent manner, you can help your toddler feel secure and prevent tantrums from escalating.
Providing Diversion and Distraction
When dealing with a toddler in the midst of a tantrum, offering a diversion or alternative activity can help redirect their attention and diffuse the situation. Here are some effective ways to handle toddler tantrums:
- Change the scenery: Move your toddler to a different room or area of the house to break the cycle of the tantrum and provide a fresh environment.
- Offer a toy or activity: Providing a toy or activity that your toddler enjoys can help shift their focus away from the tantrum and onto something positive.
- Use humor: Sometimes making a silly face or telling a joke can distract your toddler and lighten the mood.
- Sing a song or play music: Music can be calming and provide a soothing distraction during a tantrum.
- Read a book: Reading a favorite book can help your toddler relax and refocus their attention.
- Engage in physical activity: Encouraging your toddler to jump, dance, or run around can help release pent-up energy and reduce frustration.
Keep in mind that not all distraction techniques will work for every child, so it may take some trial and error to find what works best for your toddler.
Empathy and Active Listening
One of the most important aspects of managing toddler tantrums is understanding your child’s emotions and needs. Being empathetic towards your child during a tantrum can help them feel heard and validated, reducing the intensity and frequency of future outbursts.
Active listening is a valuable tool for practicing empathy. When your child is upset, try to actively listen to what they are saying and respond in a calm and compassionate manner. Repeating what your child is saying can help them feel heard and understood, and may diffuse the tantrum.
For example, if your child is upset because they can’t have a certain toy, respond by saying “I understand you really want that toy and it’s hard when we can’t have everything we want.” This shows your child that you are acknowledging their feelings and helps them feel heard.
By practicing empathy and active listening, you can help your child feel understood and teach them how to communicate their needs effectively, ultimately reducing the frequency and severity of tantrums.
Positive Reinforcement and Rewards
Positive reinforcement and rewards can be effective techniques for managing toddler tantrums. By emphasizing positive behavior, you can encourage your child to continue good habits and discourage negative ones.
When using positive reinforcement, be sure to provide immediate praise for good behavior. This can be as simple as saying “Great job!” or “Thank you for listening.” Rewards can also be effective, but it’s important to choose them wisely and avoid using them as bribes. Instead, make rewards a natural consequence of positive behavior. For example, if your child has a good day at preschool, you might offer to take them to the park after school.
Remember, rewards don’t always have to be material items. Spending quality time with your child, reading a book together or playing a game can be just as rewarding as getting a new toy.
It’s also important to avoid using punishment as a means of correcting behavior. Studies have shown that punishment is often ineffective in the long-term and can lead to negative outcomes, such as increased aggression and decreased self-esteem.
By incorporating positive reinforcement and rewards into your parenting approach, you can create a positive and supportive environment for your toddler and help them learn valuable life skills.
Reducing Triggers and Anticipating Needs
One effective way to handle toddler tantrums is to identify triggers and anticipate your toddler’s needs before they escalate. Start by observing your child’s behavior and noting what triggers their tantrums. Common triggers include hunger, fatigue, overstimulation, and changes in routine. Once you’ve identified the triggers, take steps to minimize their impact.
For example, if hunger is a trigger, make sure your toddler has regular meals and snacks throughout the day. If changes in routine cause tantrums, prepare your child in advance by talking about the upcoming changes and reassuring them that everything will be okay.
Anticipating your toddler’s needs can also prevent tantrums. For example, if you know your child gets fussy when they’re tired, make sure they get enough rest throughout the day. If your child is prone to meltdowns when shopping, bring along snacks or toys to keep them occupied.
By reducing triggers and anticipating your toddler’s needs, you can minimize the likelihood of tantrums and create a more peaceful environment for your child.
Time-outs and Calm-down Techniques
When your toddler is in the midst of a tantrum, it can be challenging to know what to do to resolve the situation. Time-outs and calm-down techniques can be effective tools for managing these outbursts.
Time-outs involve removing your toddler from the situation and placing them in a designated area, such as a chair or corner, where they can calm down. The duration of the time-out should be brief, typically one minute for each year of your child’s age. It is important to explain to your child why they are in time-out and what behavior led to the consequences.
It is crucial to remain consistent with the implementation of time-outs. If you use time-outs occasionally, your toddler may not understand the connection between their behavior and the consequences. You may also want to consider using a timer to help your child understand when the time-out will be over.
Calm-down techniques are activities that can help your toddler regulate their emotions and calm down. These techniques may include deep breathing exercises, offering a stuffed animal or blanket to hug, or suggesting a quiet activity like reading a book. It is important to offer options that work for your child and encourage them to use these techniques when they feel overwhelmed.
Remember to remain calm and patient when using time-outs and calm-down techniques. These techniques are meant to help your child learn to regulate their emotions and behavior, not to punish them for their outburst.
If your toddler’s tantrums persist or significantly impact their daily life, seeking professional help may be necessary. There are many resources available to provide guidance and support in managing toddler tantrums.
Seeking Professional Help
While most toddler tantrums can be managed with effective parenting strategies, there may be instances where seeking professional help is necessary. If your toddler’s tantrums persist or significantly impact their daily life, it may be time to consult with a pediatrician, child psychologist, or other healthcare professional.
These professionals can help identify any underlying issues that may be contributing to your toddler’s behavior and provide guidance on how to address them. They may also recommend specialized therapies or interventions that can support your toddler’s emotional and behavioral development.
When considering professional help, it is important to do your research and choose a qualified and experienced provider. Ask for recommendations from trusted sources, such as your pediatrician or other parents, and carefully review credentials and experience.
Remember, seeking professional help is not a sign of weakness or failure as a parent. It is a proactive step towards ensuring the best possible outcomes for your toddler’s emotional and behavioral well-being.
When to Consider Professional Help:
- If your toddler’s tantrums are frequent and intense
- If your toddler’s tantrums last longer than normal or are difficult to console
- If your toddler displays aggressive behavior during tantrums, such as hitting or biting
- If your toddler’s tantrums are accompanied by other concerning symptoms, such as sleep disturbances or appetite changes
Remember, you know your toddler best. If you are concerned about their behavior or emotional well-being, seeking professional help may be the best course of action to ensure they receive the support and care they need.
Consistency among Caregivers
When it comes to managing toddler tantrums, consistency in your approach is key. This means that all caregivers involved in your toddler’s care need to be on the same page. This includes parents, grandparents, babysitters, and any other individuals responsible for your toddler’s well-being.
Make sure everyone is aware of the strategies you are using to manage tantrums and understands how to implement them. This will help ensure that your toddler receives a consistent approach regardless of who they are with.
It’s also important to establish clear communication between caregivers. Share information about your child’s behavior, sleep schedule, and any other important details that can affect their mood and behavior. This will enable everyone to anticipate your toddler’s needs and avoid triggering tantrums.
Keep in mind that even small differences in caregiving styles can confuse and upset your toddler, leading to more tantrums. Consistency among caregivers can help minimize these disruptions and create a predictable and stable environment for your child.
Overall, maintaining consistency among caregivers is a critical component of managing toddler tantrums successfully. By working together and communicating effectively, you can create a supportive and nurturing environment that promotes positive behavior in your toddler.
Balancing Discipline and Understanding
As a parent, it can be challenging to balance discipline and understanding when managing your toddler’s tantrums. It’s crucial to set boundaries and enforce rules while also showing empathy towards your child’s emotions.
When your child is having a tantrum, it’s important to remain calm and avoid reacting with anger or frustration. Take a deep breath and try to understand the underlying causes of their outburst. Perhaps they are feeling tired, hungry, or overwhelmed.
Once you understand the reasons behind the tantrum, you can address the behavior without dismissing your child’s feelings. For example, you can say something like “I understand that you’re feeling upset, but it’s not okay to throw things. Let’s take a break and calm down, and then we can talk about what happened.”
It’s also important to be consistent with your approach to discipline and ensure that everyone involved in your child’s care is on the same page. This can include caregivers, family members, or teachers.
Remember to communicate with your child and offer positive reinforcement for good behavior. Praise them when they handle difficult situations well and offer rewards for meeting expectations.
By finding a balance between discipline and understanding, you can effectively manage your toddler’s tantrums and promote positive behavior.
Dealing with toddler tantrums can be challenging, but it is important to remember that ignoring them may not be the most effective approach. By understanding the underlying reasons for tantrums and employing appropriate strategies, you can navigate these situations with greater ease and foster positive behavior in your toddler.
Establishing clear boundaries and maintaining consistency in your approach is crucial when dealing with tantrums. Providing diversions and distractions, practicing empathy and active listening, incorporating positive reinforcement and rewards, and reducing triggers can all be helpful techniques to employ.
If your toddler’s tantrums persist or significantly impact their daily life, seeking professional help may be necessary. It is also important to maintain consistency among all caregivers and strike a balance between discipline and understanding.
In conclusion, should you ignore toddler tantrums? The answer is no. Instead, take a proactive approach and use the strategies outlined in this article to effectively manage tantrum behavior and help your toddler develop positive coping skills for the future.
Ignoring toddler tantrums may not be the most effective approach. It’s important to understand the underlying causes and employ appropriate strategies to manage them effectively.
Strategies for handling toddler tantrums include setting boundaries, offering choices, providing diversion and distraction, and practicing empathy and active listening.
Ignoring toddler tantrums can have both short-term and long-term consequences, such as escalating behavior and difficulty in addressing underlying issues.
Setting clear boundaries and maintaining consistency in your approach is crucial. Practical tips on establishing boundaries and reinforcing them effectively will be provided.
Diverting your toddler’s attention and offering alternative activities can help diffuse tantrums. Various diversion and distraction techniques will be explored.
Understanding your toddler’s emotions and actively listening to their needs can contribute to managing tantrums effectively. The importance of empathy and how to practice active listening will be discussed.
Incorporating positive reinforcement and rewards into your parenting approach can encourage positive behavior during tantrums. Guidance on using these techniques will be provided.
Anticipating your toddler’s needs and minimizing triggers can help prevent tantrums from escalating. Techniques for identifying triggers and strategies to reduce their impact will be explored.
Time-outs and calm-down techniques can be effective tools for managing tantrums. This section will discuss how to implement these techniques appropriately and their potential benefits.
If your toddler’s tantrums persist or significantly impact their daily life, seeking professional help may be necessary. Guidance on when to consider professional intervention and available resources will be provided.
Maintaining consistency among caregivers is vital in effectively managing tantrums. Strategies for ensuring everyone involved in your toddler’s care is on the same page will be explored.
Striking a balance between discipline and understanding is crucial when addressing tantrums. This section will provide insights on how to enforce boundaries while still showing empathy towards your toddler.
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The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Library, home to one of the largest Earth and natural science collections in the world, faces a 52% funding decrease in the fiscal year (FY) 2018 federal budget proposed by President Donald Trump.
The potential funding loss of $3 million would close at least three of the library’s four branches, eliminate three quarters of the supporting staff, and end public and researcher access to USGS Library collections, according to the FY 2018 USGS budget justification.
This rollback of librarian services and other impacts would damage geoscience research and education, said Earth scientists, educators, and scientific society leaders interviewed by Eos. The harm would also ripple through libraries and other institutions that rely on the USGS Library for materials and guidance not available elsewhere, said librarians and others from outside USGS.
“Defunding the USGS Library has the potential to be devastating,” said Aaron Johnson, executive director of the American Institute of Professional Geologists (AIPG) in Thornton, Colo., referring to the possible effect on research projects of AIPG members.
“If these resources are rendered inaccessible, the nation will lose an invaluable scientific asset and the opportunity for continued commercial return from the information housed in the Library,” wrote 23 science organizations in a 16 June letter to several members of Congress urging continued library funding in 2018 at the level of $5.8 million that USGS currently receives. If that doesn’t occur, the nation “would also lose the federal investment that has already been made in the Library’s collections,” they warned. (The publisher of Eos, the American Geophysical Union, is a signatory of the letter).
Access to Collections and Librarians May Cease
Currently, “USGS librarians provide assistance with finding publications, data, and relevant information to support research activities,” Catharine Canevari, director of the USGS Libraries Program, told Eos. “Librarians assist with hand searching older literature to locate material that has not been digitized, is not catalogued, and is not listed in online indexes.”
With so few staff left after the anticipated cuts, those who would remain are expected to focus on “inward-facing, technical, and operational tasks, with minimal capacity for research support and digitization,” according to a statement that the USGS Office of Communications and Publishing (OCP) provided to Eos. Branch closures would restrict public, researcher, and educator access to nondigitized collections and USGS librarians, the statement also noted. The library operates branches in Reston, Va.; Lakewood, Colo.; Flagstaff, Ariz.; and Menlo Park, Calif.
The most important information to which geologists could lose access is “foundational” materials, such as topographical maps, land use patterns, and historical records, that serve as the starting points for geophysical research projects, Johnson said. He believes that losing access to the nondigitized collections could derail ongoing and future research projects.
Under the proposed funding restrictions, USGS would not be able to maintain its Publications Warehouse, the online official index to USGS-authored publications, according to the OCP statement. The warehouse site received more than 1.2 million unique visitors in 2016 and was the 11th most visited website in the U.S. Department of Interior in the last 30 days, according to analytics.usa.gov.
Much of the USGS Library’s content is unique or available from fewer than 10 libraries around the world, the agency reported in a 2014 blog post about digitization of its library holdings.
During 2015 and 2016, the USGS Library filled “over 3,600 requests for resources from 820 individual institutions,” according to the OCP statement. “Many other libraries use it as a resource, to get documents and information that they can’t get anywhere else,” said Maeve Boland, director of geoscience policy at the American Geosciences Institute (AGI) in Alexandria, Va.
For example, according to Lisa Long, the librarian at the Ohio Geological Survey (OGS), collections held by the USGS Library and the OGS have little overlap. “In some cases,” she told Eos, “we depend on the USGS collections to have items or be able to explain the provenance of items that we may or may not have in our collections. The organization of the information and help in accessing it that the librarians bring to their public service is not replaceable.”
Potential Education Impacts
Beyond geological research, the USGS Library has provided resources for geology educators and the public for years. USGS estimated that 40% of visitors to the Denver, Colo., branch and 80% of visitors to the Reston, Va., branch were from outside USGS.
Students studying geology in college would also be hit hard by the loss of access to the USGS Library, according to Johnson. An associate professor of geology at Northwest Missouri State University for 9 years, Johnson recalled that he relied on data from the USGS Library to create course content for undergraduate classes ranging from introductory to advanced senior-level courses. In particular, he regularly used the USGS Library materials to provide his students with real-world applications of difficult geological concepts. “In one exercise,” Johnson described, “my intro students used peak flooding data available from the USGS stream gauging program to…make predictions of peak flooding events.”
“My students have found working with USGS data to be one of the most valuable parts of their preparation to be professional geoscientists,” he added. “In my opinion, you can’t underestimate the impact on undergraduate education in the geosciences.”
The requested cut to the USGS Library budget is part of a 15% reduction of overall USGS funding in President Trump’s FY 2018 budget request. In an 18 July draft 2018 spending bill the House Appropriations Subcommittee for the Interior has recommended $116.8 million more for USGS than the president’s request. However, the agency total still falls $46.2 million short of its current funding level, and congressional actions overall on the FY 2018 federal budget remain at an early stage.
In the meantime, “options are being identified and evaluated to inform implementation strategies and decisions that will define the full impact of changes to library services, resources, and collections,” the OCP statement said.
As Boland noted, the agency and its library “are not in control of their own destiny.”
—Kimberly M. S. Cartier (@AstroKimCartier), News Writing and Production Intern
Correction, 2 August 2017: This article has been updated to correct the past affiliation of a geological society leader.
Cartier, K. M. S. (2017), USGS library cuts would harm research, education, say scientists, Eos, 98, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017EO078127. Published on 18 July 2017.
Text © 2017. The authors. CC BY-NC-ND 3.0
Except where otherwise noted, images are subject to copyright. Any reuse without express permission from the copyright owner is prohibited.
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As you enter middle age, many people may be concerned about visceral fat, which is particularly concentrated in the abdomen. It gradually increases every year and is also called ‘middle age spread’.
The reason why you continue to gain weight despite not increasing your food intake is because the overall basal metabolic rate decreases due to hormonal changes and a decrease in muscle mass as you age. This increased visceral fat causes metabolic syndrome and, in serious cases, various cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.
Therefore, today we would like to learn about ‘barley sprouts’, a gift from nature that can help in many ways with age-related symptoms and diseases.
1. Cholesterol Improvement
The metabolic syndrome mentioned above refers to a condition in which a person has three or more of the five factors: high blood pressure, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL cholesterol, and abdominal obesity. Among these, HDL cholesterol, unlike LDL cholesterol, plays a role in preventing arteriosclerosis, so the higher the level, the healthier it is.
In 2003, a paper was published in Plant Foods for Human Nutrition thatreported that consumption of barley sprouts increases HDL cholesterol and decreases total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol.
“This study showed that when supplementing with 15g of BL (barley sprout extract) per day for 4 weeks, plasma TC (total cholesterol) and LDL-C (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol) significantly decreased, and HDL-C (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) concentration increased. “It proves that there has been an increase.”
Reference : Yu, YM., Chang, WC., Liu, CS. et al (2003). Effect of young barley leaf extract and adlay on plasma lipids and LDL oxidation in hyperlipidemic smokers. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 58, 1–8.
Did you know that visceral fat also secretes inflammatory substances?In this regard, the reason why barley sprouts have received widespread attention as a health material for the middle-aged is because of saponarin, a natural anti-inflammatory agent abundantly contained in barley sprouts.
In 2014, a study was reported in Food & Function that conducted by domestic researchers that revealed the mechanism of saponarin's anti-inflammatory effect.
“These results suggest that SA (saponarin) extracted from barley sprouts exerts an anti-inflammatory effect on lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages through inhibition of NF-κB, ERK and p38 signaling. Therefore, saponarin (SA) may be a promising natural anti-inflammatory agent.”
Reference : SEO Kyung Hye, RA Ji-Eun , PARK Mi Jin , HAN Sang-Ik , NAM Min-Hee , SHIM Eun-Young , PARK JiYoung , SEO Woo Duck. (2014). Saponarin from barley sprouts inhibits NF-κB and MAPK on LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Food & Function, 535-535.
3. Protects Liver Damage
The reason the liver is called a ‘silent organ’ is because no signs of abnormality are felt until more than 70% of the liver is damaged due to viruses, alcohol, fat, drugs, etc. Therefore, liver health must be managed through lifestyle habits and periodic checkups.
As academic research on the effects of barley sprouts on lipid metabolism, inflammation control, etc. accumulates, this year, a paper was published on Antioxidants, on the effects of barley sprouts on liver damage in habitual alcohol drinkers with fatty liver disease.
“These findings suggest that administration of BSE (barley sprout extract powder) can protect against liver damage by reducing oxidative stress and changing metabolism in habitual alcohol drinkers with fatty liver disease.””
Reference : Park H, Lee E, Kim Y, Jung HY, Kim K-M, Kwon O (2021). Metabolic Profiling Analysis Reveals the Potential Contribution of Barley Sprouts against Oxidative Stress and Related Liver Cell Damage in Habitual Alcohol Drinkers. Antioxidants. 10(3), 459..
Today, we learned about the various benefits of barley sprouts through papers. Don't forget that for more fundamental visceral fat management, diet management and consistent aerobic exercise must be combined.
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The skills you need to succeed in your career are constantly changing. This is especially true if you’re working in a rapidly evolving field such as technology or healthcare. While hard and soft skills have a lot in common, there are some key differences between them that you should consider before determining which are most important for your career success.
Hard skills vs soft skills
Hard skills are the technical skills you need to do your job. They’re typically measured by test scores, certifications and degrees. Examples of hard skills include programming languages, typing speed and using Excel. Soft skills are more about how well you work with others and include communication, problem solving, management and leadership.
Soft skills can help you land a job or promotion – so it’s important to know what they are and how to use them effectively in your career.
Hard skills refer to the information and abilities you can learn through formal education or on-the-job training. These are often related to technical know-how, such as nursing practices, accounting procedures or specific software tools. Hard skills are easy to identify and measure because they have well-defined objectives that can be tested in an objective manner. For example, the ability to write reports using Microsoft Word, or the ability to take care of patients in an inpatient or outpatient facility.
Hard skills can often be learned in school or by attending online classes, but may also come from on-the-job training programs at your place of employment. Because hard skills are so measurable and easily identified, employers will typically want candidates who have them as part of their job requirements – and sometimes even as prerequisites – for obtaining positions.
Soft skills are non-technical skills that help you do well in your job. They include interpersonal skills – the ability to work well with others, to communicate and listen effectively, and to manage people and projects successfully. They also include self-management skills, self-awareness, motivation and goal setting.
A crucial part of soft skills development is learning to develop these abilities yourself. This can be done through self-analysis, identifying what you already do well or need to improve on, working with a coach or mentor who can guide you through the process, or reading articles about soft skill development.
Many free resources are available for those interested in improving their soft skills. You can also take an online class to enhance your soft skills.
Top soft skills
Soft skills are crucial to your professional development, but they can be hard to define and measure.
To help you develop your soft skills, we’ve put together a list of the four most important ones. These skills will make or break your success as an employee and help you thrive in any industry.
- Communication skills
Communication is the backbone of every successful business relationship. The ability to communicate effectively with others makes it possible for you to build trust, collaborate effectively, and resolve conflicts in ways that enhance relationships rather than tear them down.
- Time management skills
Time management is another skill that will help you succeed at work and beyond. A lack of time management can lead to missed deadlines, problems completing projects on time, and more stress than is necessary.
- Teamwork skills
Even if you’re a solo worker who never has to rely on anyone else for help, teamwork still matters because it affects how well you work with others, whether they’re coworkers or clients, customers or suppliers. You can build strong teams by knowing how to interact with people from different backgrounds and personalities, being open-minded about other people’s ideas and views, and being flexible when needed.
- Leadership skills
Leaders need to make decisions every day – some big and some small – so they must be able to weigh options carefully and choose what’s best for the organization as a whole, rather than acting on impulse or personal preference alone. A good leader also knows how and when to involve others in decision-making so that they can get input from more than one perspective before making choices that affect everyone within an organization or team structure.
Know the difference to succeed
The first thing you need to know about soft and hard skills is that they’re not the same. A hard skill is more tangible, such as computer programming or accounting – something that you can point to and say: ‘I know how to do that.’ Soft skills are more intangible. They don’t have a strict definition per se, but they’re things such as communication and leadership – skills that help you work well with others or manage projects efficiently.
Some employers may prefer candidates with experience in hard skills over those with only soft ones (especially if the position requires special training). Still, in general, it’s a good idea for job seekers to make sure that their resumes include both types of expertise. Job candidates should try to put themselves into positions where they can pick up any additional soft skill training they might need while working toward their goals.
Once you do land an interview, make sure that all your answers during those Q&A sessions demonstrate not just what type of technical proficiency you’ve acquired through the years, but also how much thoughtfulness goes into every decision you make.
An online course can help you earn hard skills and soft skills
While it may seem like you have to go back to school to earn hard and soft skills, there are a few ways to get the training you need without having to leave your home. One of the most convenient options is through online courses offered by Baylor University Online.
Baylor University Online offers a wide range of nursing degrees and certificates to help you train for jobs in the highly demanding healthcare field. These can be very beneficial for expanding your current skillset, and allow you to study while continuing with work.
When it comes to skills, you need both hard and soft, but which is more important? This depends on your career goals and what you want to do with your life. If you’re interested in pursuing a career in nursing, technology or business, then hard skills will be essential for success. On the other hand, if you want to become an accountant or teacher or something else where soft skills are crucial, then working towards improving your soft skills would be the best route to success.
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The number of people with vision problems is growing rapidly. According to forecasts, in the near future, about 2,5 billion inhabitants of the Earth will need vision correction with glasses or contact lenses. According to statistics, only 20% of such patients prefer lenses to glasses. To a large extent, numerous misconceptions about contact lenses are “guilty” of this.
1. The use of lenses reduces visual acuity
There is an opinion: wearing contact lenses causes excessive tension in the eye muscles, which eventually adversely affects visual acuity. This is not true. Properly selected lenses are comfortable and do not strain the muscles of the eyes. The owner quickly gets used to them and practically does not notice them. No signs of a decrease in visual acuity in people who use lenses for a long time have been identified.
2. The lens may fall out of the eye
The ability of a lens to stay on the surface of the eyeball depends on the diameter and degree of rigidity. Today's soft lenses are extremely flexible, conform to the shape of the cornea and stay moist for a long time, ensuring perfect contact with the surface. The risk that they pop out of the eye with a sharp movement is extremely small.
It happens that the lens shifts slightly when worn. However, firstly, such cases are rare, and secondly, the problem is easily solved: it is enough to blink several times for the lens to snap into place.
Some people are sure that she can "crawl" inside the eyeball. This is an extremely common misconception that has nothing to do with reality. The anatomical structure of the eye is such that the displacement of the lens to the back of the eyeball is completely excluded.
3. Lenses limit oxygen access to the eyes
Lenses of the latest generations are made from materials that do not interfere with the air exchange of the cornea. The parameters of each lens describe the so-called oxygen permeability coefficient, which characterizes the amount of oxygen that it passes during the day. In addition, when choosing lenses, the doctor takes into account the characteristics of the patient's body and the mode of use (only daytime or round-the-clock). With the correct use of lenses, the eyes do not suffer from a lack of oxygen.
Much depends on the care of contact lenses. Any contamination reduces both the access of oxygen to the cornea and the corrective ability. Therefore, the owner must strictly follow the recommendations for storage, cleaning and timely replacement of lenses.
4. Lens care is complicated
Cleaning your lenses is easy and only takes a few minutes a day. However, it is important to follow the rules:
- you need to clean the lenses only with special solutions, tap or bottled drinking water is not suitable for this;
- store lenses (for example, at night) in a container filled with liquid, which is designed specifically for this purpose. After removing the lenses, the solution must be poured out, and for the next storage period, replaced with fresh;
- swimming in natural reservoirs or in the pool in reusable lenses is not worth it. Molecules of salts and particles of organic matter contained in the water settle on their surface, which are very difficult to wash off. For swimming, it is better to use disposable lenses;
- Each pair of contact lenses has a certain expiration date, after which they cannot be worn.
5. When wearing lenses, it is forbidden to use cosmetics
Contact vision correction is not an obstacle to the use of decorative cosmetics, but it is necessary to apply mascara to the eyelashes and eyeliner after the lenses are in place. If paint gets on the surface of the lens, the latter must be removed and rinsed.
Remove makeup in the evening only after the lenses are removed from the eyes and placed in a container.
6. Lenses can only be used for poor vision
In addition to corrective contact lenses (including colored ones), there are decorative options designed for people with 100% vision. However, the wrong choice of decorative lenses is fraught with health problems, so it is advisable to consult a doctor before buying them.
7. Lenses Correct Your Vision Worse Than Glasses
In fact, everything is exactly the opposite. Unlike glasses, contact lenses correct vision by being placed directly on the surface of the eye, which ensures optimal results. In addition, the lenses do not limit the field of view, as they rotate with the eyeball.
8. Lenses should not be worn with astigmatism
This statement was true several decades ago. Modern contact lenses are made using a special technology that ensures their accelerated stabilization when blinking. Therefore, they can also be used for astigmatism.
Modern lenses are also suitable for patients with presbyopia (if different corrections are needed for near and far vision). For them, multifocal lenses have been developed to effectively cope with the problem.
9. The safest lenses are those that contain the most water
Today's contact lenses are made from silicone hydrogel, which contains less water than the materials used to make lenses of previous generations. Despite this, the latest models pass much more oxygen, are safer and have significantly higher consumer qualities.
10. Wearing lenses is contraindicated for children
Contact vision correction has practically no age restrictions. Children can wear lenses from the age when they are able to learn the necessary hygiene skills for this. Examination of children over 10 years old, who constantly use such devices, did not reveal any negative consequences. Many experts believe that shatterproof contact lenses are preferable to glasses for teenagers who lead an active lifestyle (for example, playing sports).
11. Lenses protect eyes from ultraviolet light
Some models of contact lenses are labeled UV and are positioned by manufacturers as sunscreen. Unfortunately, this is just advertising. Such devices cannot completely protect the eyes from ultraviolet radiation.
12. Contact lenses are very expensive
The range of contact lenses offered today is very wide. The cost depends on the type, material and a number of other parameters. It is always possible to choose the most affordable lenses from those recommended by a specialist.
There are a number of pathologies in which contact vision correction is contraindicated. Among them are some types of strabismus, mental disorders, certain anatomical features of the structure of the eyes, uncompensated glaucoma, bronchial asthma, etc.
There are situations in which the use of contact lenses is recommended to be temporarily stopped (for viral infections, parasitic (tick-borne) lesions of the eyelash follicles, etc).
Caution should be taken with contact correction in case of allergy to lens material or components of cleaning solutions. If discomfort occurs, you should immediately contact an ophthalmologist.
We also recommend:
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https://factum-info.net/en/zabluzhdeniya/raznoe/1023-12-zabluzhdenij-o-kontaktnykh-linzakh
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| 0.94552 | 1,389 | 3.15625 | 3 |
The British army and the counter-insurgency campaign in Van Diemen's Land with particular reference to the black line
thesisposted on 2023-05-26, 02:17 authored by McMahon, JF
The British Army of the 1820's was not trained far counter-insurgency duties to operate in small detached parties. Their role in the campaign against the Aborigines was to aid the civil power, and tensions and inefficiencies resulted when troops were drected and commanded by civilians. The colonial garrison was commanded by an experienced soldier and administrator, lieutenant-Governor George Arthur. He exercised a dual civil/military function ensuring all resources were integrated through an administrative system centred on his police districts. By 1830, Arthur sought a solution to the Aboriginal problem based on a dual strategy of conciliation in the tribal lands, and use of military force, to expel the natives from the settled areas. The Aborigines developed formidable skills as guerilla fighters, and their tactics took advantage of their enemies' weapons limitations. With loss of tradtional hunting grounds, the Aborigines were forced to rely on raiding settlers' huts for supplies. This generated stronger countermeasures, such as martial law in 1828 and the Black Line in 1830, which was the climax of the counter-insurgency campaign. This was a sweep and cordon operation, combining troops, and civilians who were called out under a levy en masse, under Army command. The troops, now under command of their own officers, were disciplined and efficient. Opinions differ in contemporary and historical writings, concerning the Black Line, as to whether it was a 'fiasco' or, in terms of Arthur's dual strategy, a success. As he dd not achieve his military aim to confine the Aborigines in Tasman's Peninsula, the line was a failure, but due to Walpole's contact, it was not a total failure, and as it was meticulously planned and executed, the term 'fiasco' is inappropriate. As the Line directly assisted the conciliatory arm of the dual strategy, it contributed to Arthur's long term goal. Almost a mythology has developed over aspects of the line. Arthur distorted fact in insisting that Walpole's contact, and the presence of convicts with the Aborigines, led to the failure of his military obiective. Without recognising the temper of the times, and that the Line was Arthtur's only remaining military option, the 'fiasco' school of 'Writers has unfairly branded the Black Line as a foolish enterprise. Historians' statements of numbers deployed on the line vary considerably, a minor, but pertinent example of how an error can develop by uncritical acceptance of one primary source.The counter-insurgency campaign in the police districts and on the Black Line, while being a minor footnote in the annals of the British Army, is a sigificant but often misunderstood or forgotten phase of Tasmanian history. It deserves more recognition by Tasmanian and Australian military historians.
Rights statementCopyright the Author- The University is continuing to endeavour to trace the copyright owner(s) and in the meantime this item has been reproduced here in good faith. We would be pleased to hear from the copyright owner(s)
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https://figshare.utas.edu.au/articles/thesis/The_British_army_and_the_counter-insurgency_campaign_in_Van_Diemen_s_Land_with_particular_reference_to_the_black_line/23206712
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| 0.972371 | 667 | 3.25 | 3 |
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