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How to Explain Death to Children
Learn how to confidently and effectively explain death to children.
The death of a loved one is a life-changing experience. As adults, we have a lifetime’s worth of experience handling grief, disappointment, and all of life’s curveballs. Children, however, are mostly inexperienced when it comes to handling difficult situations and emotions — especially the reality of a loved one’s death and the concept of death as a whole.
Without guidance from an understanding adult, death can be a confusing, overwhelming, and even terrifying concept for a child. It falls to us as parents, grandparents, guardians, and other significant adults to understand how to best explain death to children in order to provide them with a solid foundation wherein a healthy understanding of the death and dying process can be formed.
Why Is Explaining Death to Children So Difficult?
Many adults feel a great deal of anxiety when they think about having to one day explain the concept of death to a child. Why, though, do adults feel uneasy when we think about discussing death with our children?
We’re afraid that we might not have all of the answers.
As parents, we aim to provide our children with security and instill within them the knowledge that we will always be there to care for them. When confronted with the subject matter of death, however, we often find ourselves worrying whether or not we’ll be able to provide our children with answers that offer peace and assurance.
You may not have all of the answers to all of your child’s questions, and that’s okay! You can be assured, however, that you will provide them a comforting, loving presence and be a bastion of security and certainty for them during this difficult period.
It can be difficult to talk to children — especially younger children.
When talking about a matter as complex as death, it can be difficult to know that we’re being heard by the child, and equally difficult to understand a child’s questions and responses.
Adhering to honest, short answers throughout your explanation, as well as in your responses to questions can help simplify matters for the child and ensure they gain an understanding of the concept and permanence of death. When dealing with younger children, it can be especially prudent to favor explanations of death as the inability to perform life functions — like breathing, eating, and moving.
We’re afraid that we won’t be able to adequately comfort them or provide them the help that they need.
After receiving the news of a loved one’s death and when beginning to understand the realities of death, children can display a wide range of reactions — with some emotions seeming numb and disconnected, while other children can display large outbursts of emotion.
Understand that, during this time, your child needs to feel whatever he or she feels. Regardless of their initial reaction to the concepts of death, you will be able to be their comforter and stable foundation during this difficult period.
We may be dealing with our own grief at the time.
We may be coping with our own grief around the same time we’re attempting to explain death to our children. When coping with grief, many shy away from potentially showing sadness and emotional vulnerability in front of their children, for fear of showing weakness or making the children feel afraid or insecure.
Know that it’s okay to be processing your grief at this time, and it’s important for your child to see that you’re processing your emotions and sharing them honestly — not bottling them up and ignoring them. Letting your child see you work through your emotions will let them know that it’s okay to feel sad, angry, or feel any other emotion that may come as a result of a loved one’s death.
Death is often a taboo topic.
Death and the dying process are topics that we heavily avoid as a society. Death was once regarded as a normal part of family life, with deaths most often occurring at home and among family. Now, the dying are very much a separate body from mainstream society; as such, we’re now uneasy in even mentioning the word “death” in conversation, defaulting to more comfortable euphemisms such as “lost,” or “passed away.”
Regardless of social taboos, it’s best to promote honesty and reality when explaining death to your child. Using gentler euphemisms to describe death, while well-intentioned, often confuse children. Your dedication to communicating openly and honestly with your children about death with serve them well as they begin to formulate their understanding and relationship with the concepts of death and dying.
When Is the Best Time to Talk to a Child about Death?
Many of us may consider keeping painful truths, such as the death of a loved one, hidden from children in an effort to protect them. In practice, however, this only serves to prolong a period of uncertainty and anxiety in children, who have a keen ability to pick up on subtle emotional changes in adults and in the home.
Though the desire to shield your child from the painful news of a death is grounded in good intentions, to prevent unnecessary anxiety and emotional anguish in your child, the sooner you are able have the conversation about death with your child, the better.
How to Prepare for the Conversation
1. Understand what your child will be able to comprehend about death at their age.
By understanding what your child will be able to grasp before you have the conversation, you can structure your explanation to fit their ability to comprehend the information.
Infants can grasp that the adults in their life are sad or angry, but cannot understand the concept of death.
Preschoolers may see death as a reversible, non-permanent event and may invent magical theories as to what causes death and what is related to the dying process.
Elementary School-aged children understand the permanence of death and understand the correlation of events that lead to someone’s dying; however, death is often perceived as an event that solely happens to other people.
Middle School-aged children have a full understanding of the physical aspects of death and its finality; however, some abstract concepts surrounding death and dying may be beyond their reach.
High School-aged children have a full understanding of death and dying, its finality, and the impact of a death on the lives of themselves and others.
2. Know what to avoid when discussing death with your child.
Avoid euphemisms such as “passed away” or “was lost.” These terms can turn your explanation away from the realities of death and can be very confusing or frightening, especially for younger children.
Don’t chastise your child for crying or displaying sadness and vulnerability. Phrases such as “suck it up,” “toughen up,” “you’re the man/woman of the house now”, or “be a big kid” can be very damaging and have long-lasting effects on a child’s outlook on death and overall emotional health.
3. Set up the environment where you will have the explanation.
Select an area that is comfortable, familiar, and allows for direct, one-on-one communication. Providing a safe space where children are free to express themselves and any emotions that may come over them is key.
Ensure the room is free from the distraction of computers, televisions and other electronic distractions that may divide their attention during the conversation.
Having toys, such as dolls, playset pots and pans, coloring books, and other playthings present in the room are quite beneficial in helping your child absorb your explanation. Play is the work of children and has been shown to be a therapeutic force for children when receiving information that is emotionally difficult to process.
Having the conversation about death with your child
You can use the following tenets as a general template for framing your explanation about death, and adjust it in accordance with what you feel will best serve your child’s needs.
Provide a simple, honest explanation of death.
When explaining death, particularly to younger children, it’s best to use simple terms that don’t shy away from the reality of death and its permanence. Adding unnecessary details or using long, drawn-out explanations can cause a child to stop asking questions altogether, as they often simply don’t want to listen to that much talking.
“Everything that lives, one day dies. Death is the end of living. When someone dies, their body stops working; they don’t need to eat, drink, or breathe anymore. It’s is not like sleeping. Once someone dies, they are dead forever and cannot come back.”
Keeping your answers short, simple, and free of unnecessary details can helps children absorb your explanation and keeps the pathway open for future communication.
3 keys to remember when explaining death to your child
While your child’s age and personality will play a large role in dictating what information is appropriate and useful when discussing death, incorporating the following into your explanation will help you inform your child and promote an environment of open communication.
1. Be honest and encourage questions.
During your explanation, let your child know that it’s okay to ask any questions that might come to mind. You may not feel that you have all of the answers as an adult, but that’s okay — you can respond to a question with an honest “I’m not quite sure about that.”
2. Let them know that any feeling that they have is okay.
Let your child know that this conversation is a safe place where they are free to feel whatever may wash over them. The death of a loved one is among the most painful and difficult experiences that people face; expressing and working through emotion doesn’t equate to weakness — it shows strength and demonstrates the ability to understand and cope with difficult experiences.
3. Let the child know how you feel.
In the same spirit, you must allow yourself to feel emotion and to show that emotion to your child. Children are very aware of how the significant adults in their life respond to different situations. By allowing yourself to truly feel your emotions while in the presence of your child, you demonstrate that healthy, happy, strong adults aren’t afraid to express emotions and that it’s perfectly normal to feel sad during such sad times.
How Your Child May React to Your Explanation of Death
The news of a loved one’s death and learning about the concept can be very difficult experiences for children. As they begin to process this new information, children may react in a variety of ways, each unique to their personality and temperament. No matter their reaction, understand and let them know that sadness, anger, and anything that they might feel is okay to feel.
Repeating the same questions
All of the new information about death, dying, and losing a loved one is a lot to process for a child, and it may result in them repeating the same question over and over. Know that this may not be the result of lack of understanding the news, but that the information is simply very difficult to accept.
A lack of emotion
This reaction serves to distance the child from the emotional pain of a loved one’s death, and the new understanding that they, too, will one day die. Understand that this is not cruelty or callousness on behalf of the child, but an automatic response to receiving difficult news and information.
An emotional outburst
Children may react very strongly to the news of death or the thought of death directly affecting them. These reactions are normal and serve as an emotional outlet for children to express the frustration, helplessness, anger, and fear that they may be feeling.
Regressive actions and behaviors
Children often revert to more immature behaviors when confronted with the news and concepts of death. Needing to be held, needing to sleep in bed with parents, and having a difficulty being separate from parents and other significant adults are common.
Common Questions That Children Have about Death and How to Respond
During your explanation, your child will likely have questions about death, the dying process, and who and what will be affected by death in their life. Remember: it’s okay to admit that you may not have an answer to a child’s questions. The following questions are among the more commonly asked by children — particularly younger children — and some ideas as to how to best respond.
“Will I die?”
“All things that live will die — animals, plants, and even people — but children are normally very healthy and won’t die for a very, very long time.”
“Will you die?”
“Yes. I’m a living thing and I will die one day. Adults normally live for a long time and watch their children grow up to be adults. There will always be someone to take care of you.”
“Why do people die?”
“There are a lot of reasons why people die. People can die from growing very old, an accident, or getting very sick with a very serious disease. A wish or a thought can never kill a person.”
“What happens after a person dies?”
“After a person dies, we say goodbye to them. They cannot say goodbye back to us after they have died; instead, a person’s family and friends gather together to say goodbye at a funeral.”
“Where do people go when they die?”
“When a person dies, their body stops working and can never work again, but there are a lot of people who believe that a special part of us — a part of us that’s not a part of our body — exists after our body dies. This part lives on in our memories of that person and lets us always have them with us to love and remember them after they have died.”
Should You Incorporate Religious or Cultural Beliefs into Your Explanation of Death?
Many of us draw strength from our faith and rely upon it to bolster our resolve during trying times, especially following the death of a loved one. While religion can be an important cornerstone of life for many, if it has not been a strong, consistent factor in your child’s life, it may be confusing or frightening when discussing death.
Should your explanation of death include your family’s religious beliefs concerning death, focus on helping your child understand the peace and comfort that your religion provides during such difficult, sad times.
Whether or not your explanation includes religious or cultural focuses, remember that the death of a loved one is a time of mourning, sadness, grieving, and a time to accept the realities of a loved one’s death.
Open and Honest Communication about Death and Dying with Your Children
Learning about death and its realities is something that all children must experience. Though difficult, you, as a parent or significant adult, have a tremendous influence over how a child’s thoughts and feelings about death begin to form.
By keeping honesty as a focus of your explanation and by allowing your child and yourself to openly express feelings and emotions, you lay the foundation for your child to develop a healthy relationship with the concepts of death and dying.
Written and published by CRHCF ©2020 Crossroads Hospice Charitable Foundation, September 5th, 2016
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Wild sheep have lived without humans for thousands of years. However, domesticated sheep are unlikely to survive long in the wild without human care—especially if they require shearing.
Table of Contents
Are There Wild Sheep?
Sheep lived in the wild for centuries before humans domesticated them in 5000BCE. Wild sheep still exist today.
However, domesticated sheep will struggle to survive in the wild. Breeders selected domesticated sheep not for survival traits but for wool and meat production, which means they no longer have the same survival advantages their ancestors had.
For example, domesticated sheep typically need shearing. Without it, their wool will grow heavy and cumbersome, and can cause death by drowning or by making them easier for predators to kill.
Where Do Wild Sheep Live?
Wild sheep live in different environments, such as mountains, rocky terrains, and forests. Their numbers have decreased over time due to threats such as hunting, climate change, predation, and diseases.
You can still find several wild sheep breeds roaming freely in various parts of the world, including:
- Asia – in the Himalayas, Tibet, East Asia, and Atalai mountains
- Middle East – in Iran, Turkey, Armenia, and Azerbaijan
- Southwestern America – in Nevada, Utah, Arizona, Southern California, and New Mexico
- North America – in Alaska, Southern Canada, Northern Mexico, and the Death Valley
- Europe – in Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Hungary, and Spain
- New Zealand – in Arapaoa Island, Marlborough, and Pitt Island
What Are Some Common Breeds of Wild Sheep?
The common wild sheep breeds include:
- Bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis): The largest wild sheep species. Commonly found in the rocky, high, and steep mountain ranges of North America. Like their name suggests, the males (rams) have large, curved horns. Females (ewes) display shorter, less curved horns. Bighorn sheep have gray, brown, or dark brown fur that becomes lighter (in color) and thicker during winter.
- Dall sheep (Ovis Dalli dalli): Like the Bighorns, Dall sheep rams have massive, curved horns, while the ewes have shorter, slender, and slightly curved ones. But the sheep’s white coat blends well with their snowy environment. Dall sheep are prevalent in the mountain ranges of Alaska. You can also find them in Yukon and British Columbia.
- Stone sheep (Ovis Dalli stonei): Also known as the ‘Black Sheep,’ the Stone sheep is a feral sheep breed found in the rugged wilderness and mountains of British Columbia. They resemble the Dall sheep in physique but have a dark-colored coat.
- Argali sheep (Ovis ammon): These are wild sheep species in East Asia. They mostly roam the Himalayas, Atlas mountains, and Tibet. The sheep live in high-altitude areas to evade predators. They’re also found in the forested regions of Kazastahan.
- Mouflon sheep (Ovis aries): They’re the closest ancestors of domesticated sheep and live in Asia. You’ll find them in Iran, Armenia, Turkey, and Azerbaijan. These wild sheep have short, dark brown coats with black stripes above the knees. The females are hornless. Males have downward-curved horns.
- Snow sheep (Ovis nivicola): These wild sheep are closely related to the Bighorn sheep of North America. You’ll mostly find them in the mountains of eastern Siberia. The males have more prominent horns and more weight than the females.
How Do Wild Sheep Survive?
Wild sheep have various defense mechanisms that enable them to survive in the wild. These include:
- Adaptation to multiple conditions: Unlike other mammals, wild sheep adapt to harsh climatic conditions in the mountain ranges. Their firm hooves enable them to climb the rocky terrain, keeping them safe from predators. Moreover, their fur coats grow thick during winter and shed naturally when the weather becomes warmer.
- Herd Mechanism: Although sheep can live independently, they prefer staying in herds of 20-30 sheep. This helps them wade off predators.
- Physical Defenses: Most male wild sheep have large curved horns. In addition to displaying dominance in contests with other sheep, these horns aid in defending them from predators.
- Feeding Habits: Wild sheep are mainly grazers and ruminants. Their stomachs have several chambers allowing them to extract nutrients. They feed heavily when food is abundant and can survive for days without food when it’s scarce.
- Body Anatomy: Wild sheep are larger and leaner than domestic sheep. This helps them withstand attacks by predators. They have strong instincts to detect the presence of predators.
Do Wild Sheep Need To Be Sheared?
Wild sheep don’t require shearing. They shed their coats naturally.
Wild sheep breeds adapt to the changing weather conditions. Their coats thicken when the temperatures drop. Their thick coats enable them to survive freezing winter conditions.
Wild sheep then shed their thick coats to keep cool in the summer. They may also scratch their bodies against rocks or trees to remove excess hair.
What Is the Difference Between a Wild Sheep and a Domesticated Sheep?
Wild sheep have a much higher chance of surviving in the wild than domesticated sheep. They’ve evolved traits that help them adapt and protect themselves.
|Differences||Wild Sheep||Domesticated Sheep|
|Behavior||Fend for themselves. Are more aggressive and defensive.||Need humans to take care of them. Tend to be less aggressive or even docile.|
|Environment||Often harsh, rugged, mountainous conditions||Often raised on grassy plains. May live in shelters during harsh winter conditions.|
|Diet||Grass, leaves, shrubs, seeds||Grass, legumes, grains, supplements, silage, hay|
|Shearing Vs. shedding||They shed their coats||Require regular shearing. They don’t shed their coats naturally.|
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Soil health is an essential part of a successful farming operation, but how can we promote productive agriculture in ways that foster soil health, steward the environment and are economically feasible and rewarding? On May 4, 2023, more than 40 people from across Loudoun County met at Potomac Vegetable Farms to discuss methods, programs and tools that promote soil health, which are applicable to commercial growers as well as backyard enthusiasts. Here are a few program highlights:
To kick off the program, Michael Bradford from Potomac Vegetable Farms provided outdoor instruction on composting. Beyond being a medium for chemicals, soil is more complex and “kind of magical”. “We can’t control it, we can only help it,” by creating an environment that fosters “little hot houses” for bacteria and fungi to grow, creating things that promote soil complexity.
How does composting work? Heat is a crucial part of creating great compost. Combining nitrogen rich “green” and carbon-rich “brown” organic matter causes heat to be created, fostering an optimal environment for compost creation. Compost should be between 130-170 degrees for at least two weeks. For PVF, compost is not the main source of organic matter; rather, it’s a helpful soil amendment, it’s “the juice that makes it go”.
Ciara Prencipe of Potomac Vegetable Farms provided a walking tour as she shared her knowledge about cover crops. There is a wide spectrum of benefits to using cover crops, including water retention, increase in organic matter, and reduction in erosion. She discussed seeding techniques and ways to work in organic matter. Ciara also advised that cover crops are great to use after removing landscape fabrics; though landscape fabrics can be powerful tools to suppress weeds, they are not great for promoting soil health since “[soil] is a living thing.”
Additionally, she shared some of her favorite cover crop seed mixes. She recommends including a grain, a legume, and adding a flower for fun. For fall crops, you can use barley, winter peas, and crimson clover. For summer, consider sorghum sedan grass, cowpeas, buckwheat, sun hemp, millet, and sunflowers. Having diversity in your cover crops provides more robust biomass.
Soil and Water Conservation District
Loudoun SWCD’s Urban/Ag Conservationist Chris Van Vlack shared that a guiding goal of Soil and Water Conservation District in this region is to promote the health of the Chesapeake Bay. As such, SWCD can provide funding for projects that meet these goals. Examples of past projects that have received funding include riparian buffering along a stream, nutrient buffering, rainwater harvesting, cover crops, tree planting, and no-till farming. Programs also exist for livestock stream exclusion and water systems to protect water quality and animal health.
Soil and Water Conservation Districts (SWCD) were started as a USDA program created during the dust bowl to prevent farmland from being depleted. In Loudoun County, Loudoun SWCD and Northern VA SWCD support Loudoun County residents by offering resources on best land management practices.
Willie Wood, Executive Director of Northern VA SWCD, asked the question “Why soil test?”
Soil testing helps us maximize yield. Additionally, it also helps us minimize the amount of fertilizer we need to use to effectively produce yields. This has direct implications for the health of Chesapeake Bay when it comes to mitigating the effects of toxic runoff.
Willie encouraged participants to pick up a soil test at VCE Loudoun’s office, 750 Miller Dr. SE, Suite F-3, Leesburg. Additionally, he encouraged people to contact their local SWCD for assistance with crafting their nutrient management plans.
Soil Health in High Tunnels
As the rain started spitting in the afternoon, Extension Specialist Chris Mullins of Virginia State University guided participants through a high tunnel and asked, “What are soil health concerns specific to high tunnels?” Since production is happening beneath the equivalent of a ‘big umbrella’, there is increased protection, but the soil is not getting rain. Snow and wind are the biggest enemies of a high tunnel, and the structure requires support in the center to ensure the work.
We considered organic matter’s impact on the biological aspects of soil, compaction’s physical impact, and total soil fertility. Since the crops grow vigorously, they take up nutrients faster than they would in the field. Additionally, tillage work will impact soil health.
USDA-NRCS Conservation Initiative Programs.
District Conservationist Casey Iames shared about USDA-NRCS Conservation Initiative Programs.
Crop Suitability Tool
Commercial Horticulturalist Beth Sastre of VCE Loudoun shared Loudoun County’s recently released Crops Suitability Tool. This online tool combines soil types, aspect (slope orientation), and percentage of slope to determine the best and least suitable sites in which to grow crops in Loudoun County. It lists different types of agricultural soils and their suitability for growing crops like grapes, tree fruits, hops, vegetables, flowers, herbs, small fruits, field crops, pasture, and hay.
To learn how you can promote soil health and use environmentally conscious practices, reach out to VCE Loudoun or Loudoun Soil & Water.
This program was organized by Virginia Cooperative Extension (VCE) - Loudoun, Loudoun Soil and Water Conservation District (SWCD), and Northern Virginia Soil and Water Conservation Districts (SWCD) with the collaboration from Natural Resources and Conservation Services and Virginia State University (VSU), and hosted by Potomac Vegetable Farms in Purcellville, VA.
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The story behind the Battle of Hastings and the leaders who fought it out in 1066.
King Edward lll of England (called “The Confessor” because he built Westminster Abbey in London) died on January 5, 1066, after a reign of 23 years. Leaving no heirs, Edward’s death started a three-way rivalry for the crown that culminated in the Battle of Hastings and the end of the Anglo-Saxon rule of England.
Who should be the next King? Saxon England didn’t have any firm rules about who should be King. When a king died, the crown passed to whoever could show that they had some sort of blood claim and managed to grab the throne before anyone else got it.
The claim to the English throne
Harold Godwinson was born in England and he was popular with ordinary people. Harold was a leading Saxon Lord and the brother of Edward’s wife. He had won a number of battles for Edward. Harold was chosen to succeed Edward the Confessor. He also said that it was Edward’s dying wish that he should have the crown but there were no witnesses to Edward saying this. The day after Edward died, Harold became King Harold ll of England even if he was not of royal birth.
William, Duke of Normandy was a distant cousin of Edward the Confessor. He said that both Edward and Harold had promised him the throne. The story goes like this:
When Edward was a boy King Knut (Canute) invaded England and Edward ran away to Normandy for safety. He stayed in Normandy until he became the King of England in 1042. Edward invited William of Normandy to his court in 1051 and supposedly promised to make him the heir.
After a shipwreck in 1064, Harold was handed over to William of Normandy. William forced Harold to swear an oath to help him become the next king of England when Edward died. It was said that the oath was given over a box that contained the bones of a saint. Oaths were important during the Middle Ages and bound Harold to keep his promise to William. This made Harold’s own claim to the throne look illegal.
Hardråde was the Viking king of Norway and a direct descendant of the kings of England. He was related to King Knut, the King of England from 1016-1032. England was ruled by Norwegian kings right up until 1042 when Edward the Confessor (the last Saxon King) snatched back the throne from them. Hardråde was very unpopular, but very powerful. His name was enough to strike fear into his enemies.
The battle of Stamford BridgeThe Battle of Stamford Bridge[/caption]Harald Hardråde and his brother Tostig landed with a massive army in the North of England. They took York and declared Hardråde King of England. Godwinson quickly marched north to face him. The two armies met at Stamford Bridge, just outside York. It was a bloody battle. Harold’s army (the Saxons) broke through the Viking invaders front line and ended up winning the battle. It was one of the most impressive victories any Saxon King ever won. The Vikings didn’t know what hit them. Only twenty four of the three hundred ships Hårdtåde brought returned to Norway.
The celebrations of victory ended quickly. News came of the Norman invasion. and no-one was left along the south coast of England! The Saxon army raced south to face the Norman invaders.
The Battle of HastingsThe Battle of Hastings[/caption]At first the Normans were unable to pierce through the massed ranks of the English infantry. For six hours until late afternoon the English seemed like they were going to win. The Normans charged again and again, but they couldn’t break through the Saxon shield wall and had to go back down the hill again. The Saxon’s shield wall was a tough defence.
Then the Saxons made their fatal mistake. Some of Harold’s men broke their shield wall to chase the Normans, who they thought were retreating. This was to be their biggest mistake because no sooner had the Normans reached the bottom of the hill, they turned round and cut the English to bits. The Norman cavalry rode among the English, hacking them down. Finally, William brought in his archers and Harold’s luck ran out. The arrows didn’t break the Saxon line, but the story says an arrow hit Harold in the eye. The battle lasted six hours.
William – The New King of England
When William won the Battle of Hastings, he got the title ‘Conqueror’. He marched to London and was crowned King on Christmas Day 1066.
In 1067, William started to build the Tower of London, the great fortress which demonstrated his power. He also built Windsor Castle, the largest castle in England.
William used the “Feudal System” which meant that the King owns everything (land, animals and buildings).
He rented everything to his Barons and in return they provided him with an army. In return the Barons leased out the land to local farmers and millers etc.
In 1086 he ordered a detailed description of the resources and taxable values in England. Not even one ox, one cow or one pig escaped notice. All this information was written down in the Doomsday Book.
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Do you know what a crossbite is? If not, do not worry. You are not alone. A lot of patients are not familiar with this dental issue. Crossbite is a condition that affects the way your teeth fit together. It can cause several dental problems and should be treated as soon as possible.
What is a Crossbite?
Many people have never heard of this dental condition before, but it is more common than you might think. A crossbite is a dental condition in which the upper teeth bite down on the inside of the lower teeth. This can happen with the front teeth or with the back teeth (molars). Crossbites can cause problems with chewing and can lead to tooth wear and gum disease. Treatment for a crossbite often involves wearing braces or other appliances to move the teeth into their proper positions.
Issues Associated with a Crossbite
A crossbite is a dental issue that can cause many dental problems for the patient. In some cases, it can even lead to serious health issues. It is crucial to have a crossbite treated as soon as possible to avoid the following problems.
Dental patients often experience pain in different parts of their mouths when they have a crossbite. It can also lead to headaches, toothaches, and jaw pain. Many patients experience pain while eating or chewing and difficulty sleeping due to the pain.
Crossbite can cause speech impediments because of the misalignment of your teeth. This can make it challenging for patients to pronounce certain words correctly. It can also lead to pain and discomfort when speaking, making it difficult to talk at all.
Several things can cause this disorder, but crossbite is one of the most common. Crossbite occurs when your upper teeth bite down on the inside of your lower teeth, which can strain the muscles and ligaments around the joint.
Most people think that a lack of oral hygiene only causes tooth decay, but it can also be caused by other factors such as crossbite. Crossbite puts stress on certain teeth, leading to tooth decay. Left untreated, it can lead to cavities developing and tooth loss.
Types of Crossbites
Crossbites are a prevalent dental problem that many patients will face. There are many different types of crossbites, and each type can cause various issues. It is essential to know which type you have to seek treatment.
Of all the various dental problems that can occur, posterior crossbite is one of the most difficult to correct. This happens when the back teeth on one side of your mouth do not fit properly against the corresponding teeth on the other side. If left untreated, this condition can lead to many problems, including difficulty biting and chewing, misaligned teeth, and even gum disease.
Dentists can often treat a posterior crossbite with a combination of orthodontic treatment and oral surgery.
An anterior crossbite is a dental condition where the upper front teeth bite over the bottom teeth. This can happen when the upper jaw is not aligned correctly with the lower jaw or crowding the teeth. Anterior crossbites can cause problems with eating and speaking and lead to tooth wear and gum disease.
Anterior crossbite is usually treated by orthodontic treatment or jaw surgery to ensure proper alignment. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent further damage to the teeth and gums.
Common Causes of a Crossbite
A crossbite is a dental condition that occurs when one or more of your permanent teeth are not in their normal position. This can happen for various reasons but is most often caused by a problem with the way your jaw grows and develops.
These are the most common causes of crossbite:
- Prolonged thumb sucking
- Prolonged use of a pacifier or bottle
- Tongue thrusting
- Premature loss of baby teeth
How to Fix a Crossbite
There are many crossbite treatment options available, depending on the severity of the malocclusion. In some cases, simple traction devices can gradually move the teeth into their proper position. However, more severe cases may require surgery.
If you think you may have a crossbite, these are the most common treatment options available today:
Traditional Metal Braces
Traditional metal or ceramic braces are among the most common treatments for correcting a crossbite. With the assistance of your dentist, they will be able to slowly move your teeth into their correct position and allow your teeth to align perfectly. They are an effective and comfortable way for dental patients to align their smiles properly.
Invisalign Clear Aligners
Invisalign clear aligners can be used to correct a crossbite. Invisalign is an excellent option for correcting crossbite because the aligners are virtually invisible and comfortable to wear. They work the same way braces do, but they are more comfortable and discreet, making them a popular option for dental patients.
Dental expanders are great for correcting a developing posterior crossbite. They work by expanding the upper arch to make room for adult teeth. It is best used when the soft palate, teeth, and bones are still developing. For this reason, it is best used in children before malocclusion has already developed.
Oral surgery is usually the last resort when the crossbite is too severe to be treated with another less invasive option. Patients will still require orthodontic treatment to follow up surgery in most cases.
After completing any orthodontic treatment, a custom dental retainer will be created and prescribed to keep your teeth in alignment. They are typically worn at night and help ensure your teeth do not shift out of place and stay in their correct position.
Contact Us to Treat Your Crossbite
If you or your child is experiencing a crossbite, please do not hesitate to contact our dental office for treatment. We would be happy to help correct the misalignment and alleviate your pain and suffering.
Give our office a call today at 336-286-0200 to schedule a consultation with one of our skilled dentists.
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Robots that fight fires, cars that drive themselves, clothes that prevent illness—are they the stuff of science fiction? Or are they more likely than we think? “Life in 2030,” a one-hour special from the radio series Engineers of the New Millennium, explores the latest discoveries to give listeners an idea of how technology will shape our lives in the not-too-distant future.
Engineering Textiles to Keep Us Healthier and Happier
Susan Hassler: Here’s a question for you. How much would you pay for a T-shirt that keeps you from getting sick? Or how about a pair of pants that you never have to wash? Those are the kinds of questions we could be asking in the year 2030. The field of textile engineering is combining some of the oldest technologies—like weaving and sewing, with the newest advances in nanotechnology. Mia Lobel has more.
Mia Lobel: From the moment men and women first covered themselves with loincloths, fibers have been an integral part of our lives.
Juan Hinestroza: Well, fibers are the ultimate engineering material. In fact, the first engineering material that was developed were fibers for humans.
Mia Lobel: Juan Hinestroza is an associate professor of fiber science and director of the Textiles Nanotechnology Lab at Cornell University in New York.
Juan Hinestroza: …from the time you wake up on a pillow to a toothbrush, to comb your hair with the brush, your clothes, napkins. All those materials that you see every day, they are made of fibers. Toilet paper, socks, shoes. And then if we make new functions from those, we can definitely impact the quality of life.
Mia Lobel: Hinestroza envisions carpets that know where you’re walking and can react by turning on lights ahead of you, buildings that change facades overnight, and clothing that can keep you healthy.
Juan Hinestroza: So, what we want to do is to improve the life of people, make the life of people better through science. We like to make science that can have impact in other parts of the globe.
Marian McCord: Thinking about the global impact of malaria, thinking that a million people die every year, most of them children under the age of five, and the one thing standing between most of them and disease is a textile really brought me some clarity about what I wanted to work on.
Mia Lobel: Marian McCord is an associate professor of biomedical and textile engineering at North Carolina State University. She’s experimenting with a mosquito net that works without the chemical-based neurotoxins now used to kill mosquitoes.
Marian McCord: And we just started thinking about what were some other ways that we could disable, essentially, the mosquito—disarm, per se, the mosquito—and interrupt the mosquito’s ability to transmit the disease.
Mia Lobel: If they could engineer textiles to do this, they could potentially curb the spread of malaria without using conventional insecticides. Mosquitoes are quickly becoming resistant to these chemicals, which present potential risks for both people and the environment. She’s also working on mosquito bite-proof clothing.
Marian McCord: So imagine a long-sleeved pair of pants and a long-sleeved shirt that are very, very comfortable to wear in a hot, humid environment—such as the typical environment where you might contract malaria—but is also completely protective. So instead of spraying yourself with a chemical or instead of having to wear something very thick and uncomfortable, you can be completely comfortable and protected at the same time.
Mia Lobel: By using new technologies, conventional textiles can be made smarter.
Quan Shi: So we have our fabric here. It’s only a regular polypropylene fiber and it’s a raw material. It doesn’t have anything on there. So if we put it inside here in the plasma chamber and—let me turn on the gas on the other side…
Mia Lobel: Research professor Quan Shi is working at the textiles lab at North Carolina State University. He’s using a technique called atmospheric plasma treatment to make this piece of fabric more water absorbent. He puts a piece of the fabric onto a clear plastic plate inside a transparent chamber. He closes the door, lowers another plate on top, then hits the fabric with a high-voltage burst of helium gas.
Quan Shi: And after that treatment, we take them out. It’s ready to go. If we add antimicrobial agents on there, it will turn into antimicrobial fabric. And if we mix some drugs in there, it can treat some diseases. That’s how it works.
Mia Lobel: Marian McCord says this will change the way we look at clothing.
Marian McCord: That’s right. We’re really talking about completely enhancing the functionality of clothing beyond just the fashion side or, as you said, the most basic side, where we have to cover ourselves. I mean, the textiles and clothing are ubiquitous. We’re all wearing them all the time, so why not take advantage of that fact and use the textile to its fullest ability?
Juan Hinestroza: So now we’re going to my lab—it’s located in the human ecology building. It’s a brand new facility specifically designed to integrate science and design at Cornell.
Mia Lobel: Back at the Cornell textiles lab, professor Juan Hinestroza is sorting through drawers filled with fabric samples colored purple, green, and blue.
Juan Hinestroza: We have plenty of samples here. These are nanofibers coated with metal organic frameworks. You see, it looks like a tissue—it’s very, very thin—you put it in the air and it would float. These blue crystals are actually the molecules that can expand and contract and capture the gases.
Mia Lobel: Gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and ozone. These fabrics are engineered to keep you healthier by absorbing dangerous atmospheric molecules you might otherwise breathe in. They can detect the presence of pollen and other allergens and warn the wearer to keep away. They can also hold and release medications gradually throughout the day, so instead of shots, a diabetic could receive insulin through a patch on his or her clothing. All of these things are possible through nanotechnology.
Juan Hinestroza: Basically, we are control freaks. We love to control things at the nanoscale. So, we can place the particles. We can control the spacing between particles. We can control how big the particles are, how well they are packed. That’s the science that we do.
Mia Lobel: Hinestroza says working with nanoparticles is like having control over every single person in a football stadium.
Juan Hinestroza: I can program a molecule to go specifically to seat 117 in the north terrace and it will go exactly there, nowhere else.
Mia Lobel: This control is the key to making fibers smart, to make them do things they wouldn’t ordinarily do, like protect us from bacteria or fend off dirt, oil, and water, or even change color on demand.
Juan Hinestroza: My dream is to have only one set of clothing that will serve all purposes. Because you can have the same T-shirt that is red for the football game—in case of Cornell—and then I pass an electric field and it becomes black, so I can go to a party. And then somebody in the party throws wine at me, it will not get dirty. I can use the same shirt and change the color to white and go running and it will not smell because I can control the bacteria that can control the smell from the sweat. And if it’s too hot, the fabric will expand or contract so I don’t have to wear a jacket. It would work like a second skin.
Mia Lobel: A second skin that you never have to wash, that never fades, and that looks and feels good too.
Juan Hinestroza: It will bend like cotton. It will feel like cotton. It’ll provide the comfort of cotton because it’s 99.9999 percent cotton.
Mia Lobel: The only difference between regular cotton clothing and the clothing of the future, says Hinestroza, is a 5-nanometer layer on the surface of the fabric. The contents of that microscopic layer will depend on what you want the clothing to do.
Juan Hinestroza: For example, if we want something that will be flexible and comfortable, we work with cotton cellulose. If we want something that will be able to decompose a gas or act as a catalytic converter, to be able to transform one substance into another, we work with ruthenium or palladium. So it depends on the ultimate function. We can tailor the chemistries to achieve that functionality by changing the material.
Mia Lobel: The applications for this kind of technology are practically limitless. Hinestroza is now working to create interactive camouflage for the military—tents that will turn brown in the desert and green in the jungle, fatigues that will retain heat when it’s cold, breathe easily when it’s hot, that will deliver medicine to the wounded and stay eternally clean. Hinestroza says it’s this relationship between form and function that will drive the future of fabrics.
Juan Hinestroza: The synergies between design and fiber science are incredible. It opens new avenues, so your clothing not only will look good on you but also will make you feel better.
Mia Lobel: These advancements are not so far off. Hinestroza’s students have already designed a dress that can charge a cellphone and running gear that traps greenhouse gases for easier breathing while you exercise. By 2030, you may be shopping in the smart section of a department store. I’m Mia Lobel.
Susan Hassler: About that T-shirt that keeps you from getting sick? It can be done. It would be cotton-based with antimicrobial, silver-based nanoparticles. At current rates it would cost about [US] $1500 for a men’s large, but I’m thinking that’s going to come down by the year 2030.
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In the last few years, due to the enormous development in communication technology, the sharing, and transmission of information have increased immensely. The information can be transferred in various forms, such as text, audio, video, and images. Mostly, the information or data is transmitted through open channels, which increases the possibility of illegal interception, fabrication, and modification of the original information. Thus, to avoid unauthorised access or alteration of data, the development of secure transmission systems is very important.
The latest research from the Department of Physics evaluates the security strength of an improved optical cryptosystem based on interference. Assistant Prof Dr Ravi Kumar has published a paper, Security analysis on an interference-based optical image encryption scheme, in the Applied Optics journal, with an impact factor of 1.905.
Dr Ravi Kumar’s research is focused on the area of optical information processing and optical metrology. He studies and designs new optical cryptosystems with enhanced security features. For that, he uses various optical aspects and techniques, such as interference, diffractive imaging, polarization, computational imaging, etc. Alongside this, he also works in the area of digital holography and incoherent imaging. In this, he designs and develops new optical systems for imaging applications, such as super-resolution imaging, biomedical imaging, 3D imaging, telescopic applications, object detection, reconstruction, etc.
Explanation of the Research
Optical systems have been studied extensively for image encryption and found to be more reliable and efficient than their digital counterparts, such as parallel processing, capable of processing 2D data, multi-parameters capabilities (i.e., phase, wavelength, polarization, etc.), and can be employed as the security keys. The usage of biometric authentication in daily life, credit cards, fingerprint authentication, email/bank passwords, etc.; all need to be secured. This research can play an important role in designing a sophisticated cryptosystem for future technologies. Moreover, another direction of the research i.e., optical imaging, can be translated to design new low-cost biomedical devices (endoscopes, microscopes, biomedical sensors, etc.) which can have a significant social impact.
In the future, Dr Ravi Kumar will be focusing on the development of a new robust optical cryptosystem and designing new attack algorithms for existing optical encryption techniques. Additionally, he is also designing new optical imaging systems with better signal-to-noise ratios and improved resolution.
In this paper, the security strength of an improved optical cryptosystem based on interference has been evaluated. The plaintext was encoded into a phase-only mask (POM) and an amplitude mask (AM). Since the information of the plaintext cannot be recovered directly when one of the masks is released in the decryption process of an improved cryptosystem, it seems that it is free from the silhouette problem. However, researchers found that the random phase mask (RPM) that served as the encryption key is not related to the plaintext; thus, it is possible to recover the RPM firstly using the known-plaintext attack (KPA). Moreover, the POM and the AM generated in the encryption path only contains the phase and amplitude information, respectively; thus, these can be utilised as additional constraints in the proposed iterative process. Based on these findings, researchers have demonstrated two new kinds of hybrid attacks to crack the cryptosystem, i.e., a KPA and an iterative process with different constraints. To the best of our knowledge, it was the first time that the existence of a silhouette problem in the cryptosystem under study had been reported. Researchers have validated their attacks through numerical simulation.
Dr Xiong Yi, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
Prostate cancer is the second most frequent solid organ malignancy in males worldwide. The risk of causing prostate cancer is increased by age, race, and family history. The U.S. FDA has approved the six most successful drugs, viz., docetaxel, sipuleucel-T, abiraterone, enzalutamide, cabazitaxel, and radium-223. Despite these approved therapies, the disease state remains lethal. The recent publication of Dr Imran Uddin, Post Doctoral Fellow, Department of Physics, “Targeted non-AR mediated smart delivery of abiraterone to the prostate cancer” proposes a combinatorial system against prostate cancer using the FDA-approved drug abiraterone. The paper was published in the Q1journal PLoS ONE having an Impact Factor of 3.75. The research was done in collaboration with Dr Mohd Sajid Khan, Associate Professor, Aligarh Muslim University.
Although abiraterone is an excellent anticancer agent, it causes several side effects and becomes irresponsive after a few months of therapy. They developed a nanomedicine, along with two other components, that will deliver a substantially small dose of abiraterone for treating the same stage of cancer, and the drug will also not be resistant to the cancer cells. The delivery system delivered the drug at a specific site and modified its mode of action. The low dose of abiraterone will also not cause any substantial side effects. The combo was found to be highly biocompatible, nontoxic, and effective.
The proposed nanomedicine with established drug abiraterone, gold nanoparticles, and antibodies against cancer-promoting protein synergistically acted on prostate cancer cells. This synergism potentiated the effect of abiraterone at a very low concentration because other entities also acted via different routes and weakened the cancer cells. The low dose minimized the side effects and maintained patient compliance. This drug was delivered directly to the target, which enabled it to adopt different methods to act on cancer cells. Therefore, the results were promising but further needed to be validated in pre-clinical and clinical studies.
In future, Dr Uddin intends to focus on interdisciplinary sciences. His plans include studying the interface of biology with inorganic nanomaterials, understanding the underlying biological process, and developing new industrially relevant nanomaterials and biomedical aspects. It involves developing nano biosensors for biomolecule detection through the effective integration of the best approaches and expertise in sensor engineering with the vision to take a lead in shaping the future of biomedical monitoring systems. The timely integration of such interdisciplinary approaches will consolidate the application of Lab-on-a-Chip devices for automated biomolecular monitoring.
Abstract of the Research
Prostate cancer is the second-deadliest tumour in men all over the world. Different types of drugs with various delivery systems and pathways were developed, but no one showed prominent results against cancer. Meanwhile, nanotechnology has shown good results against cancer. Therefore, in the given study, citrate mediated synthesized gold nanoparticles (CtGNPs) with immobilized survivin antibodies (SvGNPs) were bioconjugated to the substantially potent drug abiraterone (AbSvGNPs) to develop as a combinatorial therapeutic against prostate cancer. The selected drug abiraterone possesses exceptionally good activity against prostate cancer, but cancer cells develop resistance against this drug and it also poses several severe side effects. Meanwhile, survivin antibodies were used to deliver AbSvGNPs specifically into cancer cells by considering survivin, an anti-apoptotic overexpressed protein in cancer cells, as a marker. The surviving antibodies have also been used to inhibit cancer cells as an immunotherapeutic agent. Similarly, CtGNPs were discovered to inhibit cancer cell proliferation via several transduction pathways. The given bioconjugated nanoparticles (AbSvGNPs) were found to be substantially effective against prostate cancer cells.Continue reading →
Dr Soumyajyoti Biswas, Assistant Professor from the Department of Physics, has been keenly involved in intense research around areas like the statistical physics of fracture and breakdown in disordered materials and machine learning methods in predicting the imminent breakdown in disordered systems. He has recently published two articles titled “Success of social inequality measures in predicting critical or failure points in some models of physical systems” and “Evolutionary Dynamics of Social Inequality and Coincidence of Gini and Kolkata indices under Unrestricted Competition” in the journals Frontiers in Physics and International Journal of Modern Physics C respectively. The research was done in collaboration with various academicians and undergraduate students (BTech CSE and BSc Physics) from the Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata and Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata.
It is known that physical systems behave erratically near critical points. Since the 1970s, the ‘erratic’ behaviour has been explained in terms of critical phenomena, and it was found that there are some robust patterns in classes of systems, e.g., all liquid-gas transitions have something in common. Those common patterns were quantified in terms of critical exponents – some numbers that belong to a particular class of systems.
The research shows that if the ‘erratic’ responses of systems near critical points are quantified by some measures of inequality indices (higher the values of the indices, higher the inequality), then such indices behave in a near-universal way for different physical systems, even if they belong in different universality classes. The articles have shown such behaviour in models of physical systems. They have also shown that in socio-economic data, which are also the systems that were conjectured to be in the self-organized critical state. The behaviour from real data matches very well with those from the model simulations.
The researchers have tested their observations from the model simulations to various socio-economic systems that were long conjectured to be in the state of self-organized criticality. Specifically, they have looked into the income inequalities in the US, inequality in citations of authors, inequality in income from movies, and inequality in fluctuations of Bitcoin markets. In all these systems, the participating agents compete among themselves without much external intervention.
In fact, the only system among these where there are some interventions is income inequality. They have shown that through data from the IRS in the US, that inequality has consistently grown in the 1980s till date and has been following the path predicted in our model simulations.
In future, they plan on continuing along this line of looking at critical behaviour in physical systems through inequality analysis. Particularly for the systems where the critical point can represent a catastrophic event (say, fracture) and it is important to quantify the distance from such a catastrophic point.
Abstract of the Research
In many physical systems, experimentally measurable quantities vary drastically near the critical point of such systems. For example, in liquids turning into gas, the densities fluctuate, similar fluctuations happen for magnetisation near critical temperature. We have shown that in systems where the critical point is self-organized i.e., the system reaches the critical point on its own, the unequal nature of their responses show nearly universal trends, even if the models belong to different universality class. This observation could then be used in physical and also socio-economic systems, to quantify their distance from critical point.
The right hand side figure illustrates the variation of the inequality indices and the circle indicates the critical point where the system is evolving towards. On the left hand side, the picture presents the same indices for income inequality in the US. It has been observed that the inequality has grown over the years and tending towards the saturation value (about 0.86) in a very similar way that is seen in models.Continue reading →
Research at the Department of Physics has effectively produced and characterised BP nanosheets on a large scale by a simple solvothermal approach, and the formation mechanisms are discussed. The paper, 2D-Black Phosphorus/Polyaniline Hybrids for Efficient Supercapacitor and Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Applications Check for updates, has been published by Prof Ranjit Thapa, Associate Dean of Sciences, as a corresponding author, and his PhD student, Mr Samadhan Kapse in Sustainable Energy & Fuels having an Impact Factor of 6.367.
Black phosphorous (BP) is an emerging 2D material with exciting physicochemical properties with broad applicability in electronics. Stability in the ambient environment, large-scale synthesis, and volume expansion during the charge/discharge process hinder its application in energy storage. Here, we report a facile gram-scale synthesis of BP in a mild reaction condition by a simple and cost-effective wet chemical method. To overcome its degradation and sluggish electrochemical performance, an organic hybrid with polyaniline is also prepared. Further, we fabricated a flexible supercapacitor device which results in an exceptional specific capacitance of 969 mFcm-2 at a current density of 0.4 Acm-2, which displayed a high energy density of 21.5 mWhkg-1 at a power density of 231 mWkg-1 with good cycling stability of 91% after 4000 charge-discharge cycles. Similarly, the cyclic voltammetry studies of the flexible devices at various bending angles display a similar CV profile for all the bending angles, which confirms the device’s reliability for flexible applications.
Explanation of the research
BP-PANI hybrid materials were prepared by the in-situ chemical oxidation method. By this approach, the researchers got highly stable BP by an inorganic-organic linkage, and its energy storage performance was also investigated. The fabricated symmetric flexible supercapacitor device based on BP/PANI heterostructure exhibited an extraordinary specific capacitance of 969 mFcm-2 at a current density of 0.4 Acm-2. Moreover, the fabricated device showed a high energy density of 21.5 mWhkg-1 and a power density of 231 mWkg-1 with impressive cycle stability of 91% after 4000 charge-discharge cycles. This study paves the way for future research into gram-scale BP synthesis, stability via an inorganic-organic coupling, and its potential application in electrochemical energy storage devices.
Social implications of the research
With the rapid growth of portable/flexible electronics and the high demand for clean energy, supercapacitors have sparked interest due to their advantages of fast charge/discharge rates, long cycle life, and high-power density compared to conventional energy-storage devices such as dielectric capacitors and Li-ion batteries. Likewise, developing new functional materials with outstanding properties could shed light on many issues, including pollution, energy, synthesis, and cost. In recent years few graphene analogues materials have been explored, and because of their tuneable physicochemical properties, they were used in energy storage applications. Generally, black phosphorus was synthesised from polymorphs of phosphorus under vigorous reaction conditions. However, these high temperature/pressure conditions suffer from safety, toxicity, controllability, and gram-scale production.
Quantum capacitance is an efficient tool for rapidly screening materials for supercapacitor applications and therefore is the future of this research. The researchers have collaborated with Mr Namsheer K, Mr Mridula Manoj, Mr Aditya Sharma, and Dr Chandra Sekhar Rout from the Functional Materials & Devices Laboratory, Centre for Nano Material Sciences, Jain University, Bangalore, India, in this work.Continue reading →
The Department of Physics is glad to announce that Dr Ranjit Thapa and his PhD scholar Mr Samadhan Kapse have published their research paper “Descriptors and graphical construction for in silico design of efficient and selective single-atom catalysts for eNRR” in the journal Chemical Science, having an Impact Factor of 9.969. The paper was published in collaboration with Prof Shobhana Narasimhan, Theoretical Sciences Unit and School of Advanced Materials, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore. Chemical Science is a highly prestigious nature Index journal, which accepts only breakthrough research contributions for publication.
The Haber-Bosch process for ammonia synthesis has been described as possibly the most important scientific discovery of the twentieth century. However, it requires high temperatures and pressures and results in large energy consumption and emission of greenhouse gases. That is where electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (eNRR) comes into the picture. It synthesizes ammonia from nitrogen and water under mild conditions (N2 + 6H+ + 6e- → 2NH3). However, currently available eNRR catalysts need improvement in three respects: (i) the efficiency of nitrogen fixation needs to be increased, (ii) the competing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) needs to be suppressed, and (iii) hydrogen poisoning of active sites must be avoided. Transition metals are popular eNRR catalysts; however, they tend to favour hydrogen adsorption due to the formation of strong metal d – hydrogen σ bonds, and tend to have a low affinity for N2 adsorption. Their research mitigates these problems by appropriately tuning the electronic structure by altering the environment surrounding metal atoms at the active site of single-atom catalysts (SACs). Moreover, in previous works, typically, only one criterion (usually competing HER) was used to optimize catalyst function, whereas they simultaneously optimised the catalyst function with respect to multiple criteria.
They have screened 66 different transition metal-based SACs for possible use in eNRR. To determine the best possible catalyst, they considered three factors: N2 adsorption, hydrogen poisoning and the overpotential of eNRR. Here, the valence electron occupancy (Oval) is identified as a new electronic descriptor that can predict the overpotential value. They emphasised that having a low η_NRR alone does not suffice to indicate a suitable eNRR catalyst, since if the adsorption free energy is higher for H than N2, active sites will be poisoned, hindering eNRR. Thus, they present a simple graphical procedure for identifying the most promising catalysts. To carry out this procedure, one must compute only 〖ΔG〗_(H^* ) and 〖ΔG〗_(NNH^* ), the changes in the free energies of H and NNH adsorption, respectively (note that η_NRR can be deduced if 〖ΔG〗_(NNH^* ) is known). The most promising candidate is identified as Sc-Pc, which they predict will have no H poisoning and will be highly selective for eNRR over HER. Moreover, they predict that Mn-Pc, Cr-N4, Fe-N2C2 should also be highly efficient, with low overpotential (η_NRR < 1 V) toward eNRR, and no H poisoning. In future they aim to find the selective materials for catalytic reactions by studying the origin of activity, reaction mechanism, etc.
Abstract of the Research
The electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (eNRR) offers the possibility of ammonia synthesis under mild conditions; however, it suffers from low yields, a competing hydrogen evolution reaction pathway, and hydrogen poisoning. We present a systematic approach toward screening single atom catalysts (SACs) for eNRR, by focusing on key parameters computed from density functional theory, and relationships between them. We illustrate this by application to 66 model catalysts of the types, TM-Pc, TM-NXCY, and TM-N3, where TM is a 3d transition metal or molybdenum. We identified the best SACs as Sc-Pc, Cr-N4, Mn-Pc, and Fe-N2C2; these show eNRR selectivity over HER and no hydrogen poisoning. The catalysts are identified through multi-parameter optimization which includes the condition of hydrogen poisoning. We propose a new electronic descriptor Oval, the valence electron occupancy of the metal center, that exhibits a volcano-type relationship with eNRR overpotential. Our multi-parameter optimization approach can be mapped onto a simple graphical construction to find the best catalyst for eNRR over HER and hydrogen poisoning.
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This mini-case provides a concise description of Ford’s early history, highlighting milestones like the debut of the Model T, the use of labor specialization, the first moving assembly line, the famous “$5 a day” plan for employee motivation, etc. The mini-case focuses on the challenges that Henry Ford faced (timing production activities, industrial shortages, price increases, etc.) and how vertical integration helped him to overcome many of these challenges.
Mass Production and Vertical Integration at Ford in the 1920s
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After reading and discussing the material, students should:
- Describe how and why Ford Motor Company grew so quickly after it introduced the Model T.
- Explain how Henry Ford extended the firm's reach up and down the value chain.
- Evaluate the various reasons a company today is not organized with extensive vertical scope.
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A surgical procedure to remove a person’s gallbladder is called cholecystectomy. The gallbladder is a pear-shaped organ located slightly below a person’s liver on the top right of their abdomen. The purpose of a gallbladder is to collect and store digestive fluid produced by the liver. The digestive fluid is called bile. The common reason to perform a cholecystectomy is to treat gallstones and any complications they cause. For instance, a person may undergo this type of surgical procedure if they have gallstones in their gallbladder, pancreas inflammation, gallstones in their bile duct or gallbladder inflammation.
Risks of Undergoing a Cholecystectomy Procedure
Like with every surgical procedure, cholecystectomy does have some risks that may cause complications. For instance, bile leak, infection, blood clots and heart problems are risks of a cholecystectomy. Infection, injury to structure like the bile duct and pneumonia are also complications that can arise because of undergoing cholecystectomy.
Preparing for a Cholecystectomy Procedure
When preparing for a cholecystectomy, a person will have to do several things such as drink a cleansing solution. This solution flushes out the stool located in the intestines. They must stop taking supplements and medications to prepare for the surgery. Another requirement is fasting the night prior to the cholecystectomy procedure.
What to Expect with a Cholecystectomy Procedure
An individual undergoing a cholecystectomy will have general anesthesia via a vein in their arm. Once they are asleep, a tube is inserted into their throat to assist with their breathing. The surgeon will perform the cholecystectomy using one of two surgical procedures franklin tn: laparoscopic and open cholecystectomy. A laparoscopic cholecystectomy requires a surgeon to make approximately four tiny incisions into an individual’s abdomen. A tube is then inserted into the abdomen via one of the tiny incisions. This is so the surgeon can watch a video monitor as they remove their bladder.
An open cholecystectomy requires a surgeon to make approximately 6-inch cut in a person’s abdomen. The incision is made on the right side of the abdomen just below the ribs. Tissue and muscle are pulled back, so the surgeon can see the gallbladder and liver. The last step of the open cholecystectomy is to remove the gallbladder. The procedures take one to two hours to complete.
Results of a Cholecystectomy Procedure
Although not all cholecystectomy results are the same, people usually don’t experience digestive issues after the procedure. However, some people may occasionally experience loose stools after the procedure. It will stop over time. A person should let their doctor know of any changes such as new symptoms or bowel habits following their gallbladder procedure. The amount of time it takes to return to a person’s normal daily activities depends on their overall health and the specific procedure used. For instance, a person who undergoes a laparoscopic cholecystectomy may return to work in a matter of days. However, it may take at least a week to recover from an open cholecystectomy.
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Ikura is a Russian word meaning fish roe. Most of the salmon roe used in Japan comes from Chum salmon. Roe harvested in either September to October are separated gently and then marinated in a mixture of soy sauce, Japanese sake, dashi etc., to be transformed into a sushi ingredient.
Shinanoyuki-masu (信濃雪鱒) is a cold-water fish classified in the genus Coregonus, which is related to salmon, and was not originally from Japan.
In 1975, eggs were introduced to Nagano Prefecture from former Czechoslovakia, and after 10 years of testing and research at the Nagano Prefectural Fisheries Experiment Station, the prefecture succeeded in establishing the world’s first aquaculture technology.
In 1983, full-scale production began on a private-sector basis, and the fish was named Shinanoyuki-masu (shinano means ‘Nagano prefecture’, yuki means ‘snow’, and masu means ‘trout’), an appropriate nickname for its silvery-white appearance reminiscent of snow.
The neighboring Saku Aquaculture and Fisheries Cooperative Association also sell sturgeon roe under the name Golden caviar after separating the muscle-like roe into pieces and marinating them in salt. However, this is not a Golden caviar, but rather a Yellow caviar.
Generally, River trout, Char, Yamame, and Amago, which grow only in rivers and lakes, do not take red pigments, so their eggs themselves remain yellow. Yellow is also associated with roes but can also come from an albino fish. Rainbow trout is almost always orange, but can also be yellow using a feed that does not contain astaxanthin.
Immature salmon eggs still wrapped in ovarian membrane and salted are called sujiko. Ikura is salmon roe in which each mature egg is separated from the ovarian membrane before laying the eggs and then salted or marinated in soy sauce. The ikura of Chum salmon going upstream in the Kushiro River and Tokachi River in Hokkaido From October to December are considered to be premium ikura.
For cheap ikura, roe broken up inside the ovarian membrane in a fish that is approaching spawning time called “barako” is used. When the ovarian membrane of barako is torn, the eggs will fall out and scatter, so while they don’t take much work to prepare for serving, they also don’t taste particularly good. Even cats turn up their noses at barako, so they are also called “neko-matagi”, which literally means “the cat walks over it” and is used to refer to unpalatable fish. However, each egg is large and they look very appealing, so they are used at higher-end conveyor belt sushi. Unlike the 100-yen (US $1) restaurants, these higher-end restaurants don’t use disguised fish or substitute fish. This is because their basic business strategy is to differentiate themselves by attracting customers with authentic toppings. Generally they market the high quality of their toppings, but the ikura is actually this cheap “neko-matagi”.
Beneath this strategy of attracting customers with authentic toppings is this “Deceptive business strategy”. Salmon also swims upstream in the rivers of Tohoku and Hokuriku. However, the taste of ikura tastes inferior to that in Hokkaido. This ikura is also served at the higher end restaurants. That’s because although it doesn’t taste as good, it’s orthodox ikura. In case of orthodox ikura, the roe is used within one hour of the catch. But, if time passes and the freshness drops, the eggs will dry out and the surfaces will dimple, wrinkling. This is the type of ikura that is cheaper and often served at the cheap conveyor belt sushi restaurants.
The most commonly used roe in conveyor belt sushi restaurants is ikura from cheap Alaskan or Russian Chum salmon. An even cheaper type is masuko. Besides the masu roe, raw materials included soy sauce, salt, fermented seasoning, amino acids, reduced sugar syrup, enzymes, fish sauce, and fish and shellfish extract. For homemade versions, only soy sauce, mirin (sweet cooking sake) and sake are used.
In Japan, salmon roe that has been separated from the ovarian membrane and then salted is called ikura. At sushi restaurants, this is also marinated in broth that includes soy sauce, mirin and sake. This is called ikura marinated in soy sauce, or simply ikura. Worldwide, caviar is considered to be of more value than ikura. Therefore, in an attempt to improve the impression of soy sauce-marinated ikura, it is sometimes called ‘salmon caviar’. This is behavior especially seen among manufacturers selling soy sauce-marinated ikura.
Not to belabor the point, but the following is dependent on the following. In Japanese salmon is referred to as “鮭” (sake/salmon) or “鱒” (masu/trout). The characters look different, but they are part of the same family and there aren’t clear biological categories to separate them into. Incidentally, in English the type that makes their way into the sea are called “salmon,” and those that remain in freshwater their entire lives are known as, “trout.” They are all considered to be part of the salmon family. Now, foreigners who know about Japan may imagine Japanese sake (the alcoholic beverage) when they hear the word “sake” so we spell sake/salmon as “shake”, which is close to the sound pronounced by Japanese people.
First of all, shake is mainly Chum salmon, caught in the seas near Japan. Masu caught in the seas near Japan are mostly Pink salmon (Humpback salmon) and Sakura masu. Masu caught in rivers and lakes are generally Char or Rainbow trout.
Now we finally get to the topic of this article, shake roe that has been removed from the ovarian membrane then salted or marinated in soy sauce is called ikura while masu roe is called masuko and they are clearly distinguished. This is because masuko can be bought at just 20-40% of the cost of ikura. However, the difference is really that each egg is smaller than that of ikura and in general people can’t taste a difference.
Over the past 10 years or so, the masuko made from the roe of Rainbow trout farmed in France and the masu farmed in Japan have been called ‘red caviar’ by manufacturers. Of course black caviar made from the roe of sturgeon and tobiko made from the roe of flying fish are distinctive. Certainly there is no problem in calling fish roe caviar according to the Product Labeling laws, but it’s extremely clear that they are only trying to get a higher price out of it.
Caviar refers to salted sturgeon ovaries but in many European countries, caviar is also used as a generic term for fish roe. In its home of Russia, roe is generally called “ikura” and caviar specifically refers to black fish roe.
Caviar is one of the world’s three major delicacies and can command different prices depending on the type of sturgeon (egg size). It is ranked in the order: Beluga, Oscietra and Sevruga, all of which come from the Caspian Sea. Beluga from the Caspian Sea is designated as an endangered species and international trade is prohibited by the Washington Convention. Its population is very small and it does not lay eggs until 20 years into its lifespan, so the resource has yet to recover. This has brought the market price of Beluga up to around USD $400 for just 50 g.
What is the substitute for caviar?
Lumpfish roe is sold as a substitute for caviar. The size of each egg is about 2 mm in diameter and it is colored with squid ink. This gives it a taste and appearance similar to caviar. The market price is an astonishing USD $5 per 50 g.
The main ingredients of Lumpfish caviar are as follows:
What is artificial caviar?
Artificial caviar is significantly cheaper than genuine caviar. It’s low in fats, lower in calories and healthier than the real thing. It is already a big hit in the U.S. The size of the eggs is a little larger than authentic caviar and the skin is thicker but most people would tell you the texture and taste is much the same. There has also been a decrease in sturgeon, and there is no sign that its price will fall in the future. The challenge is meeting the global demand through a combination of farmed caviar which has become a more stable supply in recent years, with the ever-dwindling wild caviar. The market price is reasonable at around USD $10 for 50 g.
There is a way to tell the difference between real caviar and fake caviar.
First, place the caviar on a cracker. Fake caviar (made of Lumpfish roe) has added color, and this color will bleed onto the cracker within about 30 minutes. However, the color will not transfer to the cracker from real caviar.
The main raw ingredients of artificial caviar are as follows:
Sea urchin extract
Finally, seafood with a high price, unfortunately, results in substitutes, counterfeits, and artificial products. Masquerading a fake as the real thing can result in a large profit. I will tell you that it is difficult to trick a middleman who serves professional sushi chefs or restaurants. Therefore anyone in Japan who uses seafood like this, does it knowingly, which makes the crime even worse.
Between the time Edomae sushi was born (1810-1830) and around 1930, the toppings used in nigiri-sushi were strictly limited to slices of seafood. There were no so-called delicacy toppings (such as salmon roe and sea urchin, etc.).
However, in 1934, a restaurant in Ginza called Kyubey started a revolution. This restaurant is still synonymous with high-end sushi, but at that time many political and business people went there as well. Then, one night… Apparently, one of the regular customers was tired of eating ordinary sushi and said to the chef, Hisaji Imada, “I want to eat some sushi that is more unusual. Ikura (Salmon roe) sounds like it would make good sushi,” as a joke. Imada, who took these words seriously, thought to himself, “But the roe would fall off if put directly on the shari (vinegar rice),” and racked his brain that night for a solution. Finally, he had an idea and said, “I know, I could just surround shari with seaweed and put salmon roe in it.” This is how the Ikura Gunkanmaki was born.
Next, when that customer came in again and Imada nervously served him his new Ikura sushi concept, it was received much better than expected. Gaining confidence from this reaction, Chef Imada put it on his regular menu. The story goes that rumors of the delicious taste spread and other sushi restaurants started to copy it. Then, the term “ikura gunkan-maki”(salmon roe battleship roll) was coined.
Nowadays, everything is used as battleship roll toppings from sea urchin to shirauo to negi-toro to mayonnaise and canned tuna-fish. It goes without saying that it all started with salmon roe.
The natural salmon roe season is the autumn. Does this mean that most of the roe eaten during the off-season is artificial Salmon roe. Not necessarily. As stated in his biography, even at the famous sushi restaurant Sukiyabashi Jiro, frozen roe is thawed as necessary.
Long ago this was an extremely expensive topping that ordinary people couldn’t afford, so artificial roe was used. There was a time when this was the case. But nowadays salmon roe is regularly imported from overseas and can be obtained cheaper, eliminating the need to use artificial roe instead.
However, we cannot overlook the commercial law for passing off artificial roe as natural roe. In Japan, the non-perishable properties of artificial salmon roe made from chemical substances (mainly sodium alginate) is utilized and used mainly in hospitals, but not sold to the general public. I’ll also tell you that it is very rare to find a sushi restaurant that serves artificial roe. Cheap roe is generally made from eggs of trout, other related species, or imported from Canada and other countries.
Unfortunately I’m not familiar with the state of things outside of Japan, but I can tell you how to tell the difference. All it takes is hot water and a moment of observation. Artificial salmon roe will show no changes in hot water, but natural roe will start to turn white on the surface. This is due to the protein reacting and changing with the heat. That said, this is not an experience you can just set up at the sushi restaurant.
The following describes the artificial salmon roe composition. The nucleus of artificial salmon roe is made of red-colored vegetable oil, the thin outer film is made of sodium alginate or carrageenan, and the sol-like contents are made of polysaccharides derived from seaweed, Gum arabic, and Xanthan gum. While real salmon roe is high in polyunsaturated fatty acids, artificial salmon roe is high in saturated fatty acids derived from vegetable oils, oleic acid and linoleic acid.
As an aside…
What are the fish eggs on sushi called in Japan?
There are eight types of fish eggs served at Japanese sushi restaurants. However, not all of them are used for Nigiri sushi. Some are served as side dishes. Uni is sometimes translated as sea urchin’s roe, but it is actually the sea urchin’s genitals (testes and ovaries). Most people also don’t know that Tobiko and Tarako are not served at 99% of Edo-style restaurants. In other words, these toppings are only served at kaiten-sushi (conveyor belt) restaurants. The one type of roe topping that can probably be found at all sushi restaurants is Ikura. Even more types of fish eggs, such as Masago, Paddlefish roe and Hackleback roe are used in sushi overseas, but Japan remains more conservative. Of course, it’s only natural that fish substitutes are not well-received in the place where sushi was born.
Types of fish roe
Fish roe usually cannot be preserved as is, so it is salted or smoked to make it last longer. Today, thanks to advances in freezing technology, frozen fresh fish roe is also available, but as a raw material for processing, fish roe is often salted to reduce its water content and then frozen for preservation. Nutritional value is generally high in fat and protein and low in carbohydrates, with higher calories and cholesterol than the meat of the parent fish.
What is Tarako? －Tarako is the salted ovary of Alaska pollack. It is often colored red with food coloring. Karashi-mentaiko is Tarako marinated in a seasoning solution of salt and chili peppers, and is a well-known Hakata specialty. The name Karashi-mentaiko comes from the Korean word for Alaska pollack, Mentai.
What is Caviar? － It is Sturgeon roe.
What is Karasumi? －It is made by salting, aging, and drying the ovaries of Flathead gray mullet (Bolla). The product resembles Chinese ink karasumi, hence the name. Good ones are candy-colored, cut into thin slices, lightly roasted, and served as nibbles for drinks. Imports have been increasing recently, but the most famous domestic product is karasumi from Nomo, Nagasaki Prefecture.
What is komochi konbu? － It is Herring spawn on kelp.
Fermented beverages such as sake and wine pair well with sushi. Sake is made from rice. So it only makes sense that this would pair well with sushi – also made with rice. It is also the only alcohol that eliminates the smell of fish and shellfish.
On the other hand, when considering compatibility with wine, toppings that use strong seasonings like Nikiri, including tuna and conger eel with sweet filling, match superbly with matured red wines such as Pinot Noir.
For example, Bourgogne Chambolle Musigny, Cote de Beaune, Morey-Saint-Denis, etc.
White wines such as a lighter Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc and Riesling go well with white fish flavored with Citrus sudachi and yuzu or squid eaten with salt.
For example, Bourgogne Chablis.
However, neither red nor white wine goes well with herring or salmon roe. The iron specific to wine is said to contribute to the fishy smell of fish roe.
In the research of one wine manufacturer, the factor that generates the smell of fish and shellfish is the iron (ferrous ion) found in wine. Wines with relatively low levels of iron such as Sherry (Spain), Champagne (France) fermented twice in the bottle, Cava (Spain) and Franciacorta (Italy) mature without adding sulfite, which prevents oxidization. This reduces the ferrous ion in the wine and the fishy smell is virtually unnoticeable.
Either way, the research of wine and sushi pairings is still insufficient and there haven’t yet been any reports of unexpected compatibility. If anyone out there has found a wine that does pair well with herring or salmon roe, please be sure to share that information with us.
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Renewable electricity in the UK has had a great year, but with our homes and transport still almost totally reliant on carbon the hardest part of the zero-carbon future is still ahead
It’s been a bad year for fossil fuels in the UK. In May, Great Britain went two weeks without burning any coal for electricity – the longest stretch of coal-free electricity since the first coal-fired power station came online in 1882. In late June the National Grid confidently predicted that in 2019, fossil fuels would make up less than half of the total electricity mix for the first time ever.
Fossil fuel, it seems, is entering its twilight years. In 2009, 75 per cent of Great Britain’s electricity was produced by burning coal or gas. In the first five five months of 2019, that portion fell to just 44 per cent. In the same time period, wind has soared from providing one per cent of total electricity to just under a fifth.
But the decline of high-carbon energy might not be as imminent as the headline make things seem. In the UK, heating is still overwhelmingly reliant on fossil fuel. And on the electricity front, the UK is due to lose seven of its eight nuclear power plants in the next decade, leaving an energy production gap against the backdrop of increasing electricity demand from the rise of electric vehicles.
So are fossil fuels really on the way out in the UK? Not quite yet. While electricity production has been shifting fairly speedily towards renewables, heating – which makes up 40 per cent of the UK’s energy consumption – has been lagging way behind, says Martin Freer, director of the Birmingham Energy Institute. Some 85 per cent of UK households are still heated using fossil-fuel based natural gas. Cleaning up in-home heating would require switching to heat pumps, which run on electricity and draw warmth from the environment to heat homes, or burning biowaste.
But heat pumps are only useful if homes are so well insulated that they only require a small amount of heating. And the UK isn’t doing well on that front either. According to the Committee on Climate Change (CCC), the UK’s 29 million existing homes aren’t being insulated fast enough to save on needless carbon emissions.
Read more: Wired
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Puzzle of the day: 109
Seven people P, Q, R, S, T, U, V are sitting in a row. (may or may not be facing in same direction).
- U is three places away from S and is second to the right of T, who faces south.
- S sits at an end. T and S are not adjacent to each other and are facing different directions.
- P Is to the immediate left of U.
- Q is adjacent to neither T nor P.
- R is second to the right of P.
- P and U face different directions.
- V is to the left of Q and right of R. V faces north.
Who sits immediately left of R?
- Can’t be determined
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After reading and discussing Chaucer's use of direct and indirect characterization in "The Prologue" to The Canterbury Tales, discuss the professions today that might be included by someone who was part of a group of travelers stranded or together for a long period of time. (a trip to Mars, a downed airplane, a long bus trip). After the list is made (letter carrier, computer geek, psychologist, nurse, electrician, plumber, bio-chemist, etc), assign the students to write a description of a "new" character for the trip. For the more advanced students, a poetic version; for the less talented, a prose version. The point is to understand Chaucer's mastery of character description.
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Technology is the application of scientific knowledge in the real world. It covers both machines such as computers and methods and procedures like how we produce computer chips. Electronics may seem to be the only form of technology available today, but this is only true of contemporary technology.
We live in a technologically advanced age. Everything we accomplish, large or small, relies on it. Technology is all around us, whether in our personal lives, workplace, or the medical field. Technological advancements are all around us.
At this moment, we will discuss, How technology makes life easy?
Communication with friends and family
Calling Watson: “Come on over here, I need to talk to you.” There is no doubt that the telephone has had an excellent run since Alexander Graham Bell spoke these remarks about his revolutionary invention in 1876. At one point, Bell had the idea that there would be a location like this in every town. There’s one in every person’s pocket now, so of course, he was correct. However, the rise of social media and texting has seen conventional phone calls go by the wayside.
Communication through a video call
Video calling has also witnessed a surge in popularity over the past several years. Using high-speed Internet at accessible costs has made sending and receiving the data required to make a video conversation possible, even though the notion has been around since the invention of the telephone by Bell Labs.
While video calling has quietly crept into daily life over the last decade, the current epidemic (COVID-19) has pushed it over the edge and ensured its future as an everyday method of staying in contact.
Lockdowns and social isolation have increased the number of family and friends communicating via video call. If you hadn’t heard of Zoom last year, you’d have heard of it this year, and while there are lots of alternative video conferencing applications out there, Zoom has emerged as the public face of video chat. Back in January, when there were “only” 10 million users, the company claimed that there were now 300 million “daily participants.”
When it comes to video conferencing, it’s not simply social interactions that have been revolutionized. More and more people are working from home due to the epidemic, and in-person meetings are being supplanted by video conferencing as office workers choose to sleep in their offices instead of boardrooms (or wherever else they can find space to work at home).
The holiday is a great time to get up with friends, but Zoom benefits your business.
Social media technology
Like Facebook and Twitter, social media sites are a part of our daily lives and are not going anywhere anytime soon. Even if the recipient is thousands of miles away, messages sent via social media are sent at the same rate and speed, regardless of where you are in the world. These platforms also allow you to send audio messages, which are sent in a matter of nanoseconds.
Using a smartwatch to communicate with emergency services can also be useful. To offer seniors the security of a medical alert on their wrist, medical alert firms like MobileHelp and Medical Guardian have formed partnerships with wristwatch producers or developed unique solutions of their own. These devices include a standard smartwatch’s functionality, such as fitness monitoring and personal messaging.
Even beyond the medical alert business, producers of popular smartwatches provide customers with the capacity to communicate swiftly in an emergency. Apple Watch Series 4 and later models feature fall detection built-in, alerting emergency services immediately. Apple Watch technology allows users to manually start an emergency call in addition to its automated response capabilities from anywhere in the world. Using Apple’s Medical ID Health app, first responders will access information about your medical issues and any specified emergency contacts.
In today’s digital world, we can instantaneously connect with individuals all over the world. Technology can make our lives safer and healthier.
Advertise with Technology
Technology has affected every phase of our life. One of these aspects is the ad, for example. Thanks to advancements in digital technology and internet marketing, advertising has never been easier or more convenient than it is now.
Marketing on Facebook and Google Ads are two good examples.
Internet of things (IoT) technology
New websites, platforms, and applications will continue to transform our lives in the future. On the other hand, the Internet of Things is the latest technology. We can use Wi-Fi to connect ordinary things to the Internet via the Internet of Things. Because of the data available on the Internet, they can perform their normal tasks remotely and automatically thanks to this syncing. We’ve been utilizing this technology for a long time, but it’s now available in various new ways.
People with chronic diseases like diabetes, high blood pressure, and arthritis may benefit greatly from home automation and the Internet of Things. Internet of Things (IoT) devices are intended to monitor health at home, assist mobility, and provide continuous monitoring.
Driverless automobiles, fitness trackers like Fitbit, thermostats, and doorbells are all examples of IoT devices in use today. Smart objects are another term for IoT-enabled things (think of smart TVs).
We’ll use a smart thermostat as an example to explain how it works. Connecting to the Internet enables you to control a smart thermostat from a computer or mobile device. You may access and manage the apps on these systems from anywhere. Suppose you want to lower the temperature in your home while you’re away. To instruct the smart thermostat, all you would have to do is access the app on your smartphone.
The “smartness” of these gadgets means that you don’t have to do anything to utilize them. To maximize your home’s energy efficiency, the scientist carefully developed the sensors on these thermostats. The thermostat can automatically maintain the ideal temperature in your house once you’ve set it. If you leave the thermostat on longer than necessary, you’ll waste electricity.
Driverless car technology
Vehicles that operate entirely of their own volition have been under development for some time but remain far from widespread. Reduced road accidents will occur when this happens. It will also make public transit more accessible to all citizens. Even those with impairments or who live in remote locations without access to public transit will be allowed to drive. Autonomous vehicles will use sensors to determine when to slow down, accelerate, turn, and park.
Even if this technology hasn’t yet been developed. We’re already seeing examples of its early phases in the majority of new automobiles on the market. Driver-assist is the proper name for the technology in use because it isn’t yet entirely autonomous. It can assist you in parking by detecting blind spots. It warns you when you’re about to merge into another lane. While driver assist technology automates the entire parking procedure – including parallel parking! – using cameras and sensors.
A security camera’s technology
Smart home security system help to keep Intruders at bay. Cameras surrounding your house may begin recording when these alarms go off, and it alerts security specialists. You may also use an app on your phone to access these systems. You can see what’s going on in your house and turn off your alarms from anywhere in the world.
We can purchase a security camera or doorbell. Ring Doorbell or Nest Camera for a one-time fee if you don’t need a complete security system. These are simple to put on your front door and function by sending alerts to your house. Whenever it detects a person at the entrance. With an intercom built-in, you can converse with visitors without having to open the door, and you can see them through the camera.
These basic gadgets provide much-needed protection for seniors who live alone. It is useful for seniors who can’t always get up and open the door often.
A robot is a programmable device that can aid people or copy their behaviors. The original purpose of robots was to perform tedious activities (like making automobiles on an assembly line). Still, they have since evolved to accomplish duties such as fighting fires, cleaning houses, and aiding in extremely complex procedures. There is a wide range of autonomy levels in the robot world, a person can completely operate human-controlled and autonomous robots.
As technology advances, the definition of robotics broadens. Assembling automobiles accounted for 90 percent of all robot work done at automotive plants in 2005. The majority of these robots are mechanical arms used to weld or screw on certain sections of an automobile. Robotics has grown and extended in today’s world to include bots investigating Earth’s toughest circumstances, robots that aid law enforcement, and even robots that assist in nearly every aspect of healthcare. Today’s concept of robotics covers all of this.
Features of robot
While the field of robotics as a whole is growing, there are several traits that a robot always has:
- All robots are mechanical in some way, shape, or form. In the context f creation, the mechanical component of a robot aids its performance. For example, this includes the wheels of the Mars 2020 Rover, which are individually powered by motors and built of titanium tubing to let it securely grasp the red planet’s surface.
- Robots require electrical components to regulate and power the machinery. Electric current propels the vast majority of robots.
- At least, all robots are programmed in some way. A robot would be nothing more than a piece of equipment if it didn’t have a set of instructions that told it what to do. Programming a robot allows it to know when and how to carry out a task, allowing greater efficiency.
As artificial IntelligenceIntelligence and software continue to advance, we may expect to see the promise of the robots sector sooner rather than later. We expect that robots will continue to improve soon owing to developments in these technologies. Additionally, they’ll continue to be a primary focus in smart factories, where they’ll tackle increasingly challenging difficulties and aid to safeguard global supply chains.
Medical technology refers to a broad range of health care items used to address various human health problems. Patients will benefit from earlier diagnoses, less-invasive treatment alternatives, and shorter hospital stays and rehabilitation durations due to the use of these new technologies. In the last few years, medical technology advancements have also focused on lowering costs. Medical equipment, information technology, biotechnology, and healthcare services are examples of medical technology.
Medical technology has social and ethical ramifications. Rather than relying on subjective patient reports, clinicians can use technology to get objective data.
The consumerization of Medical technology is a crucial factor in the sector’s growth. Wearable technology’s expansion into the market is expected to solidify this trend further, aided by the ubiquitous availability of smartphones and tablets.
Smaller, more portable medical gadgets, such as smartphones, touchscreens, tablets, laptops, digital ink, voice, and facial recognition, Furthermore, it has developed over the past several decades. Electronic health records (EHRs), health information exchange (HIEs), the Nationwide Health Information Network (NwHIN), personal health records (PHRs), patient portals, nanomedicine, and genome-based personalized medicine. Moreover, the Geographical Positioning System (GPS), radio frequency identification (RFID), telemedicine, clinical decision support (CDS), mobile home health care (MHC), and cloud computing were all made possible thanks to this technology.
MRI Technology in Medical Field
MRI is employing in Medical Technologies for many years. When MRI comes to medical research, patient evaluation, and therapy analysis. There has been an increase in the capabilities of medical imaging technology. Patients should expect to spend less time and money and use fewer contrast agents as imaging gear and software improves.
Another significant advancement in healthcare is the use of 3D printing. Specialized splints, prostheses, medical device components, and inert implants may all be made using it. The ultimate objective of 3D printing is the production of custom-made body parts that can be swapped out as needed. Artificial Intelligence and robotics are two examples of new technology.
We will conclude that technology has made our daily life easy and comfortable here. We have almost everything at our fingertips.
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This malabsorption then causes thick, sticky droppings that create other health hazards by increasing the moisture content of litter. Wet litter poses risks to respiratory health, foot pad health, and fosters an environment ripe for pathogen growth. This thickened digesta has also been shown cause necrotic enteritis, (aka: rot gut. See photos above.) a bacterial condition that destroys the chicken’s intestinal wall.2 Even in relatively small amounts, the effects of beta glucan can range from a mild reduction in egg laying to death.3
WINTER MYTH BUSTING Q&A WITH DR. BIGGS
Q: Does adding cinnamon or cayenne pepper to oatmeal or chicken feed contribute to the respiratory health, circulation, blood flow or mucous membrane health of a hen?
Dr. Biggs: No. There has been some research done on the concentrated oils of certain herbs to commercial poultry that live in different environments than the average backyard chicken. Feed additive companies take cinnamon, oregano, cayenne pepper, and several other herbs and remove the oils from them. Since those oils degrade pretty quickly when exposed to oxygen, the concentrated oils are then applied to feed in a specific way that keeps them from volatilizing. The result of commercial chickens eating this feed is a change in the microbial population of their digestive tract, which allows good bacteria to grow while killing bad bacteria. Feeding your chickens the same herbs or spices that you season your food with has no positive effect on your hens’ health. I am not aware of any study evaluating the impact of any herb and its direct effect on respiratory health, circulation, blood flow, mucus membranes, etc. Studies in this area pertaining to human anatomy and health do not apply to chickens.
Q: Does cayenne pepper help prevent frostbite in chickens by improving digestion and circulatory health?
Dr. Biggs: No.Providing your birds with a dry shelter that is free from wind and drafts is the best way to keep your chickens from getting frostbite.
Q: Does cinnamon improve the respiratory health of chickens?
Dr. Biggs: No. Management practices that include good biosecurity, a clean coop, a nutritionally complete diet, clean water, and limiting the amount of respirable dust that the birds breathe keeps a chicken’s respiratory system healthy.
Q: Does a warm breakfast help warm a chicken in cold weather
Dr. Biggs: No. A chicken has a body temperature about 10 degrees warmer than humans and a coat of feathers for insulation that offers approximately 22 times more insulation than skin and muscle for the same thickness because they trap air.4 In cold weather, keep hens healthy and comfortable by providing them with a dry living space out of the wind with access to a complete feed and clean drinking water.
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"I have come to the conclusion that the art world has to join us, women artists, not we join it." - Nancy Spero
Spero believed that archetypes, exemplified in the goddesses of mythology, reverberate through our contemporary lives. In 1969 when women were fed up with the assumptopn of male superiority by men in artists' coalitions, they broke away to form W.A.R. (Woman Artists in Revolution) Nancy Spero was there. The feminist movement of the 1970s inspired Spero to explore female sexuality, suffering, and heroism. Her celebrations of life from the ancient world to the present re-figured the representation of women in art. Spero's task was nothing less than writing women back into history through art.
Artemis was the goddess of the hunt, wildlife, and nature, making her the most venerated goddess of rural people. As the protector of young girls, she represented chastity. Artemis was also a Maenad, a female follower of Dionysius, god of wine and drunkenness. Maenads could be recognized by their animal-skin clothing and by their frenzied, demented dancing.
Spero borrowed her Artemis from a 5th century BCE kylix, a decorated drinking cup. She holds an animal in her left hand and in her right she grasps a thyrsus, a tall walking stick or staff, traditionally made of fennel and garlanded with ivy. The earliest surviving image of Artemis is an archaic Greek Potnia Theron ("Queen of the Beasts") We can easily imagine such an image on a wall, perhaps an antique fresco, so it comes as no surprise that Spero would begin making works that scroll off the paper onto the wall.
"Dear Lucy, The enemies of women's liberation in the arts will be crushed. Love, Nancy" - a letter from Nancy Spero to Lucy Lippard
"Dear Nancy, the enemies of women's liberation in the arts will be upended by envy." - Martha Rosler to Nancy Spero
"I suppose I felt doomed to be an artist ear;y on, because of the way I drew all over the margins of my textbook." - Nancy Spero
Nancy Spero (1926-2009) was an American artist known for confronting injustices in her work, believing "the personal and the political are indistinguishable." She studied at the Art Institute of Chicago and after graduating in 1949, she trained for five years in Paris at Ecole des Beaux-Arts and at Atelier Andre Lhote, already focused on painting the human form. After returning stateside, Spero married fellow artist Leon Golub; the two would collaborate throughout their careers and shared a commitment to new expressions of human forms. In the 1960s, Spero changed her medium from canvas to paper. Spero was a founding member of A.I.R.,(Artists in Residence), the first cooperative women's gallery in SoHo.
Image: Nancy Spero - Artemis, 1989, hand-printing and hand-printed collage on paper, Munson Williams Proctor Art Institute, Utica, NY.
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In South Africa, all citizens have the right to food. Yet the current approach is to focus on food security, forgetting that security doesn’t necessarily mean nutrition. The right to food wholeheartedly includes the right to nutrition.
A recent dialogue event, hosted by the Centre for Complex Systems Transitions (CST) in Stellenbosch, raised some interesting views, current realities and possible solutions to hunger in South Africa.
The Centre was established to bring sustainability science and complexity thinking together to do research across disciplines, thereby coming up with smarter solutions to food and other challenges.
“Food is much more important than we think. Look at Fees Must Fall. It’s entirely a question of hunger,” said Dr Scott Drimie from CST. ?
The research and implementation around hunger and nutrition in South Africa is currently focused on food systems, food security and making enough food available to everyone in need of it. Yet Drimie and the other speakers argue “the right to food transcends food systems thinking.”
Our approach to hunger is skewed
The right to food is something much more complex than supplying poor people with access to food.
“A lot of focus on food is separate from nutrition, but food and nutrition is inherently combined,” said Anna Bulman (top photo), an Australian attorney and current research fellow at the Legal Resources Centre in South Africa.
The food security approach is an outcomes based approach, she said, but what we really need is an approach that starts on ground level and works to a solution from there. This is where people are not only hungry, but often malnourished.
She believes it’s possible and that our excellent Constitution allows this type of thinking. “It’s so wonderful working with the South African Constitution. It’s packed full of human rights,” she gushed during her talk.
We need legislation on the right to food
Currently, although the right to food is written in our Constitution and the right to nutrition is assumed in a couple of clauses and articles, there is no official legislation on the right to food. This makes it difficult for anyone to demand sufficient food and nutrition like they can demand clean water and sanitation.
Unlike water and sanitation, there is no single department that holds food as its responsibility. Although members of the dialogue argued a good case for a Department of Food and Nutrition, Bulman reckons the most realistic solution would be to establish a formal community from different departments involved in food and nutrition, get them together in a room and allow them to make legislation. But as Drimie said, the different departments within the government have such varying approaches, that this is unlikely within the current leadership.
The case of Dwesa-Cwebe and how it can affect future change
Another way to govern the right to food would be to look at real life scenarios.
Wilmien Wicomb (pictured above) is an attorney at the Legal Resources Centre in Cape Town focusing on customary law governance. She took the case of the Dwesa-Cwebe Nature Reserve in the Eastern Cape to explain how important it is to consider customary law within our legal system. Bulman took it further by showing that a case like this could be helpful in affecting future governence of the right to food.
In the 1970’s and 80’s, seven communities along the Mbashe River were forcibly removed to create the Dwesa-Cwebe Nature Reserve. Even though this is their ancestral land and they were promised their restored ownership and a chance to co-manage the reserve, it never came about.
The communities rely on the ocean to catch fish and take out mussels. This is not only an inherent part of their culture, but also their livelihood and their food supply. In 2005, the coastline was declared a Marine Protected Area and fishing here was first completely prohibited. After another fight, they were allowed limited access – so limited that they could by no means continue to make a living the way their forefathers did.
The case is still ongoing and both Wicomb and Bulman are working on finding ways in which to give them their right to food and nutrition and to use this scenario to help others realise this right.
Customary law and the right to food
Customary law is the legal system that existed in Africa before the colonisers came. It’s completely different from the Western system our courts are familiar with, but Wicomb explained that “Customary Law is equal to both the Common Law and the Statued Law in South Africa”. This means that “one of these three systems isn’t more valid than the others.”
Unfortunately, as Wicomb explained “we’re doing incredibly bad at implementing it”. Western law systems are preferred by judges in South Africa because it is much easier to apply. Both the Common Law and the Statued Law provides written or found rules that can be used in a court and logically applied to make a decision.
In Customary Law, nothing is written and many believe it shouldn’t be because it evolves constantly. There are certain rules, but these rules are applied in different ways and only after negotiations in tribes or communities. Customary Law is also inherently patriarchal, but this is a different argument altogether.
In the case of the Dwesa-Cwebe Nature Reserve the community members are prohibited from fishing in the MPA, but under the Customary Law system they are within their rights to remain fishing the way they did. The problem is proving this, because of the complexity of the customary law systems and the near impossibility of using this legal system in a court.
We have a very long way to go to reach a point where everyone in South Africa, and especially those who govern their communities with Customary Law, have a right not only to food security, but to food and nutrition.
By Adél Strydom
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Henry Morgan was a famous pirate and privateer, plantation owner, and, later, Lieutenant Governor of Jamaica. From his base in Port Royal, Jamaica, he raided settlements and shipping on the Spanish Main, becoming wealthy as he did so.
Also Read: 20 Famous Pirates in History
With the prize money from the raids, he purchased three large sugar plantations on the island.
Morgan was born in Llanrhymney, Glamorgan, Wales. His family was of Welsh descent, and he was proud of his heritage.
In his early twenties, Morgan traveled to the Caribbean, where he became involved in the privateering trade. Privateers were pirates who were authorized by a government to attack the ships of other countries.
Morgan quickly became a successful privateer, and he soon amassed a large fortune. He was known for his ruthlessness and his willingness to take risks.
In 1665, Morgan was appointed lieutenant governor of Jamaica by the English government.
As lieutenant governor of Jamaica, Morgan used his position to launch attacks on Spanish colonies in the Caribbean. In 1671, he led a successful attack on the city of Panama.
The sack of Panama was a major victory for the English, and it made Morgan a hero in England.
Morgan's exploits made him a target of the Spanish. In 1672, he was arrested by the English government and brought back to England to stand trial for piracy. However, Morgan was acquitted of all charges and returned to Jamaica.
Morgan continued to serve as lieutenant governor of Jamaica until 1683. He died in Lawrencefield, Jamaica, in 1688.
He was buried with full military honors.
Henry Morgan's family is hard to nail down.
It seems he came from nobility, and his father was a knight, although some list him as a farmer. He was referred to as "Sir," which refers to nobility.
His mother would have come from a well-known family, but what is odd is the children listed.
His father only has a record of one wife, and his mother is listed as having five other children, not with her first husband. The records are a bit confusing and need to be fleshed out a bit more.
Henry Morgan and his wife had one child who went on to have multiple children.
His wife died young, probably of disease.
Family Tree Chart
Rowland Morgan (1508 - 1577) - He was a knight, but little is known otherwise. He and his wife had five children.
Blanch Jones (1512 - 1549) - She came from a well-known Welsh family and had five children with her husband.
Catherine Kemeys (1540 - 1567) - She was from Wales and had one son with Henry Morgan. She died early in life.
Thomas Morgan (1560 - 1624) - He was the only son of Henry Morgan and would carry on his line. Future generations would move toward the Caribbean.
The records are muddled and only record half-siblings with his mother but with an unknown father. Until the records are more consistent, I cannot list the half-siblings.
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Ochre is a family of earth pigments, which includes yellow ochre, red ochre, purple ochre, sienna, and umber. The major ingredient of all the ochres is iron(III) oxide-hydroxide, known as limonite, which gives them a yellow colour. Yellow ochre (Goldochre)- pigment Yellow ochre, FeO(OH)·nH 2O, is a hydrated iron hydroxide (limonite) also called gold ochre. Red ochre, Fe 2O 3, takes its reddish colour from the mineral hematite, which is an anhydrous iron oxide. Purple ochre is identical to red ochre chemically but of a different hue caused by different light diffraction properties associated with a greater average particle size. Brown ochre, also FeO(OH), (goethite), is a partly hydrated iron oxide. Sienna contains both limonite and a small amount of manganese oxide (less than five percent), which makes it darker than ochre.
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East Texas is the cradle of power production in Texas because behind the pines lie many of the natural resources the state has to offer. We have the water for hydroelectric power, and the coal for those plants — thankfully disappearing — has come largely from beneath our soil. East Texas natural gas wells have fueled the gas-fired plants.
This has changed slightly with the advent of wind power but even with all the whirring turbines you see in West Texas, the impact is still less than 5% of the total energy production on most days. Some days it is significantly less.
The power that drives most of this state still has its origins in East Texas.
Power plants of every kind have an expected life, after which they become too inefficient to use.
Most of the power plants in East Texas are old and already beyond that “best by” date. Engineers for the power companies have done all they can to keep them operational.
Power plants are expensive, and the parent companies are desperate to find ways to avoid building ones. This makes plants vulnerable to problems.
Lignite coal may be the worst fuel devised for a modern power plant. The East Texas deposits are of such poor quality that coal actually has to be brought in by rail from Wyoming so it will burn hot enough and clean enough to use. The coal cars trek through Longview on a regular basis.
There’s been no move to require power companies to improve their facilities, either by helping them or requiring them to do so. While accountability for power producers has been addressed through SB2 and 3, requiring physical improvements to plants remains unseen.
Meanwhile, power companies receive special advantages — such as a guaranteed profit — without requiring enough in return to secure our power grid. Both Gov. Greg Abbott and Lt. Gov. Dan Patrick have been receiving money from Vistra Corporation — the largest power supplier in Texas — for years. In the last year, Abbott received $50,000 from the corporation, which is the parent company of Luminant Energy and TXU Electric.
Power producers are closely aligned with the oil companies and every phase of industry that digs and drills our East Texas resources. This is partly tied to environmental policies. Republicans are more relaxed when it comes to restricting energy companies — but this relationship comes at a cost.
What does this mean for East Texas residents? If the grid fails, residents of the middle class and below are going to feel it more substantially and have fewer resources to deal with it. They will be less likely to replace a freezer-full of food, less likely to have the insurance to mitigate the damage and be less capable to find alternatives, such as checking the family into a hotel room to ride out the failure.
Certainly, all the protection from a grid failure cannot fall solely on producers, or power generators would simply leave the market. Still, the liabilities for consumers have been lopsided for years and remain so.
Will East Texas voters take notice?
After all, they live in the heart of the state’s richest sources of power.
Phil Latham has been an East Texas journalist for more than 45 years as a reporter, editor, publisher and editorial page editor. He writes a weekly column available at https://platham56.wixsite.com/website. He has also written two novels. Readers can contact Phil at [email protected]. He lives in Smith County with his wife and three pups.
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Our legs really take a bit of beating during the day. We tend to take all the work they do for granted. But whether it’s walking to the refrigerator to get a snack, driving to the store, or going for a proper run, our leg muscles are always being worked.
They’ve evolved to be used a lot, so they’re some of the strongest muscles in the body. But sometimes, especially if you do a lot of running or intense leg activity, they can become tired, sore, and make running a chore. Taken to an extreme, injuries can develop, and there is no more annoying running ailment than shin splints
Today we’re talking about how runners can treat and prevent shin splints. This painful condition can make your running miserable, but don’t worry! We’ll give you all the advice you need, including how to choose the best shoes for shin splints.
What are Shin Splints?
Shin splints might sound like something the doctor puts on when you break a shin bone. But really, it’s a common running injury that can happen to runners of all ages. It’s also known as medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS).
As you may imagine by its name, it affects the shin area – the front of the lower leg. Shin splints isn’t actually one particular injury (in the way that, say, plantar fasciitis is), but rather a loose term for repetitive stress pain between the shin bone, the nearby muscles, and connective tissue.
What are Shin Splint Symptoms?
The main sign of shin splints is pain. When you run, you’ll feel a shooting pain in your shins, either on one side or both.
There are two types of pain you may experience: bone pain, or muscle pain. Bone pain is more common than muscular pain, accounting for about 90% of cases!
You’ll know the difference immediately between a muscle cramp and bone pain.
In less severe cases, the pain improves after a warm-up, and stays away for most of your run. As you near the end of your run, it may return as the muscle fatigues.
In more severe cases, the pain doesn’t disappear after you warm up, and sticks around from start to finish.
What Causes Shin Splints?
There’s no single cause for shin splints. There’s also not usually a way to figure out which one caused yours!
But understanding the causes of shin splints can help you prevent them from getting worse, and once treated, prevent them from coming back.
Shin splints may be caused by:
Weak Lateral Hips
That’s right – hips. When we run, the motion comes all the way from the hips, down the leg. While it can be hard to understand how your shins are connected to your hips, the truth is that when the hips are weak, it can affect the shins (and the knees, too. Strengthen your hips!).
When your hips are weak your thighs try to compensate and end up rotating inwards in an unusual way. That, in turn, impacts the knee, which has an effect on the shin bones and muscles.
Strengthening your hips may help reduce shin splints because it keeps everything in proper alignment!
Tight Calf Muscles
When we run, the calves and shins work together. The calves help to propel us forward, while the shins stabilize and support us.
If your calves are tight, you don’t quite run in the same way as usual. You may take shorter steps, or flatter steps, not bouncing as much as you normally would.
This change in form can put extra stress on your shins, leading to pain.
Overpronation That’s Not Supported by Shoes
Many of us, when we first began running, were guilty of simply choosing a pair of shoes that looked great and made us smile when we saw them on our feet.
But just choosing an attractive pair of footwear is not enough to protect your feet from the rigors of running. This is especially true if your stride significantly deviates from neutral – that is, you either overpronate or supinate.
If you overpronate (your foot leans or falls inwards when you step), you need a stability shoe, not just a regular shoe. These shoes are designed to keep your foot in the right position and stop that falling over motion.
If you aren’t wearing the right shoes, your feet will be out of alignment. If your feet are out of alignment, your shins can suffer.
Not sure if you overpronate or not? Check out this article for some easy ways to figure it out!
Sudden Increase in Mileage or Intensity
New runners are more prone to shin splints than experienced runners. If your feet and legs are suddenly doing a lot more work than they’re used to, it can have negative effects!
Making the leap from not running at all to running three or four times a week is asking a lot of your muscles. But even if you have been running regularly for a year or more, jumping from 5 miles a day to 10 miles a day all of a sudden is putting twice as much pressure on your joints, bones, and muscles. That raises your risk of shin splints.
It’s best to ease yourself in and give your body some time to adjust! A standard guideline is to increase your mileage by no more than 10% per week. And that goes for long runs as well – ease that mileage up slowly to stay healthy.
Sudden Changes in Terrain
If you’re used to running on a track, and suddenly you decide to do a trail run on mountainous terrain, you can expect to feel sore in places you’ve never felt stiffness before.
The motions your feet and legs go through on the road or track are different than those on trail. The terrain is uneven, and your feet may not be used to making sudden adjustments that are necessary on bumpy terrain. Trails also tend to be hillier, and that puts extra strain on the front of your legs.
It can be easier to become injured. It’s also easier to develop shin splints, because your feet are moving in ways they never have before, and the shins need to work differently to stabilize them.
Shin splints are more common in beginners than advanced runners. This is usually due to new runners still finding their form.
The longer you’ve been running, the more you’re likely to have perfected your form. Your shins will be quite used to how you run, and won’t have any sudden adjustments to make.
New runners often unwittingly change the way they run due to fatigue, a niggly muscle, or even just actively trying out new ways to run. One common error is to lean too far forward, which puts undue pressure on the muscles in your shin.
This can cause pain in the shins as they’re trying to support the legs in every which way, putting pressure and strain on them that hasn’t been there before.
What If Shin Splints are Not Treated Correctly?
It’s important to treat your shin splints prompt and properly! If they’re not treated correctly, or at all, they can turn into a stress fracture.
This is an actual crack in the bone – the mildest form of a broken bone, but a broken bone nonetheless!
Stress fractures take much longer to heal than shin splints. If you don’t want to stop running for long enough to treat your shin splints, you may end up having to take an even longer time off to allow a broken bone to heal instead.
How Do You Recover From Shin Splints?
If you’re feeling shooting pain in your shins when you run, it’s best to take some time to treat it before going all out with your running.
Here’s what to do to recover:
Ice Your Shins
This may sound weird, especially if the pain is in the bone rather than the muscle. But icing your shins after a run can relieve the pain, reduce swelling that may come with it, and ease up any tightness in the shin.
When you get back home after your run, wrap some ice in a towel and place it on your shins for about 20 minutes.
Inflammation is ultimately what causes the pain of shin splints. Taking an anti-inflammatory can reduce inflammation and ease the pain.
Be careful what you take, though. If you’re a serious runner, it could be a good idea to go for something all-natural, like turmeric capsules or CBD oil (if it’s legal in your state).
Although you technically can continue running with shin splints, it’s a great idea to take a day or two off and let your shins recover properly before giving them a pounding again.
Continuing before they’re feeling better can make the pain worse, and even lead to a stress fracture (which will take weeks to heal, not just days).
If you do opt to rest for a few days, it doesn’t mean you can’t do any exercise. Take the opportunity to do some low-impact supplemental exercise that won’t aggravate your shin pain.
Cycling, rowing, swimming, or a session on the elliptical will all give you a great workout while going easy on your sore spots.
Activities like dancing are known to exacerbate shin splints, so now’s the time to ease off serious dancing or fitness classes that involve plenty of hopping, lunging, step-ups, and so forth.
Is It Okay to Keep Running When You Have Shin Splints?
Runners love weasling a “yes” out of medical advice that should be a clear “no.” So proceed with caution and a long view of your running plans. Technically, you can still run with shin splints. If you really can’t miss your daily run, then at the very least, make it easier than you normally would. But this is definitely a want-versus-need situation. You don’t need to run – you want to run. But you also don’t want your shin splints to get worse.
If you decide to get after it anyway, running on a treadmill would be ideal. The surface is smoother, more cushioned, and won’t change suddenly as the road or trail could.
Keep the incline small, if you use any at all.
It’s advisable to take a short break every 5 minutes or so to stretch your hips and calves, and monitor your pain level carefully! While light running might not make your shin splints worse, it’s also not going to make them get better.
Tips to Prevent Shin Splints
Shin splints are preventable! Even if you’ve struggled with them before, you can take measures to prevent them from happening again.
Strengthen Your Glutes, Hips, and Calves
Considering shin splints can be caused by weakness in the hips and calves, it’s a great idea to strengthen those areas so they don’t lead to the shins being compromised.
Create a 20 to 30-minute glute/leg workout. This can be bodyweight exercises or in the gym, but the important thing is that the exercises you choose target these muscles.
Do this 2 or 3 times a week, and you’ll reap the rewards in the long run. Don’t think you don’t have time for this! If you value your running and want to improve at it, this is a worthwhile investment to prevent further injury.
Add in some stretches too!
Tape Your Shins
KT Tape can be a valuable tool. When the shins are injured, the body sends lymphatic fluid to the site of the injury. In the case of your shins, it can cause them to swell or simply become painful.
Taping can help release the build-up of fluid and speed up healing. It works by helping the fluid to circulate under the skin much more quickly, which brings white blood cells to the injury site more quickly to get it healed.
Not sure how to tape your shins to relieve the pain and speed up healing? We’ve got a great primer for you right here!
Change Your Running Surface
If you usually run on concrete, try to change it up and run on a softer surface instead. This can lessen the jarring impact on the feet, which in turn lessens the strain on the shins.
If there’s just no soft running surface near where you run, it may be worthwhile investing in a treadmill, if you don’t own one already.
Consider New Shoes
Check if you’re overpronating! If you are, you’ll need to get a pair of stability shoes. If you can’t get a new pair of footwear right now, an orthotic or insole may be your best bet.
Wear Compression Calf Sleeves
Wearing compression sleeves can help improve circulation in your calves and shins, improving the speed of healing, as well as relieving pain.
Work on Your Running Form
Form is super important! If you get it wrong, your chance of injury can increase. If you get it right, you can be injury-free for most of your running career.
Getting your form right will take a load off your joints, from your ankles to your hips. You’ll also most likely end up running faster and fatiguing less quickly!
Foam Roll Your Shins
Foam rolling can serve the same purpose as compression sleeves, and improve circulation, which leads to quicker healing and pain relief.
Be Cautious When Increasing Mileage
Don’t do too much too quickly! Increase your mileage slowly to prevent pain as your muscles fatigue. Ease yourself into changes slowly but surely, giving your body time to adjust.
It’s a good idea to increase your mileage by no more than 10% every week! That way, you’re making steady progress but not overdoing it.
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As we advance learning the foundations of ARM assembler, our examples will become longer. Since it is easy to make mistakes, I think it is worth learning how to use GNU Debugger gdb to debug assembler. If you develop C/C++ in Linux and never used gdb, shame on you. If you know gdb this small chapter will explain you how to debug assembler directly.
We will use the example store01 from chapter 3. Start gdb specifying the program you are going to debug.
Ok, we are in the interactive mode of gdb. In this mode you communicate with gdb using commands. There is a builtin help command called help. Or you can check the GNU Debugger Documentation. A first command to learn is
Ok, now start gdb again. The program is not running yet. In fact gdb will not be able to tell you many things about it since it does not have debugging info. But this is fine, we are debugging assembler, so we do not need much debugging info. So as a first step let's start the program.
Ok, gdb ran our program up to main. This is great, we have skipped all the initialization steps of the C library and we are about to run the first instruction of our main function. Let's see whats there.
Uh-oh! The instructions referring the label addr_of_myvarX are different. Ok. Ignore that for now, we will learn in a future chapter what has happened. There is an arrow => pointing the instruction we are going to run (it has not been run yet). Before running it, let's inspect some registers.
We can modify registers using p which means print but also evaluates side effects. For instance,
gdb has printed $1, this is the identifier of the result and we can use it when needed, so we can skip some typing. Not very useful now but it will be when we print a complicated expression.
Now we could use $2, and so on. Ok, time to run the first instruction.
Well, not much happened, let's use disassemble, again.
Ok, let's see what happened in r1.
Great, it has changed. In fact this is the address of myvar1. Let's check this using its symbolic name and C syntax.
Great! Can we see what is in this variable?
Perfect. This was as expected since in this example we set zero as the initial value of myvar1 and myvar2. Ok, next step.
You can use disas (but not disa!) as a short for disassemble. Let's check what happened to r3
So far so good. Another more step.
Ok, lets see what happened, we stored r3, which contained a 3 into myvar1, right? Let's check this.
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Beyond Military Training
As Halloween approaches, it’s not just ghouls and goblins that haunt the training grounds; some of the UK’s spookiest, yet crucial, species call these areas home. The Defence Infrastructure Organisation (DIO), responsible for enabling military training, also works diligently to sustainably manage habitats for the nation’s most vital wildlife.
A Unique Responsibility
The Ministry of Defence (MOD) oversees 169 Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) across the UK, with nearly 20,000 hectares alone on Salisbury Plain.
The MOD’s unique ownership of more SSSIs than any other landowner, including renowned organizations like the National Trust, RSPB, and The Wildlife Trusts, results from the fact that most MOD sites have preserved themselves from agricultural intensification and the use of herbicides and pesticides since the end of World War 2.
Sustaining Biodiversity in Military Grounds
DIO’s ecology and environmental engagement teams strive to ensure that wildlife and military needs coexist harmoniously on the Defence Training Estate. Among the eerie yet fascinating species that inhabit the Salisbury Plain Training Area are:
The Bloody-Nosed Beetle
A peculiar insect, known for its defense mechanism of secreting a blood-red liquid when threatened, roams the grasslands and hedgerows across the training area.
The Wasp Spider
A creepy hybrid of a wasp and a spider, the wasp spider has been known to spook even the bravest soldiers during training exercises. It’s typically found in the south, but it is steadily moving northwards.
The Viper’s Bugloss
This plant is common across Salisbury Plain, providing ample nectar for pollinators. Its spotted stem resembles a snake’s markings, and it plays a surprising role in seed dispersion.
The Elusive Nightjar
A bird with excellent camouflage that’s hard to spot in woodlands, the Nightjar has been monitored through bird ringing on Salisbury Plain.
The Ferocious Devil’s Coach Horse Beetle
Known for its predatory nature and its ability to deliver a painful bite if provoked, the Devil’s Coach Horse Beetle curls its abdomen like a scorpion when threatened.
The Devil’s Bit Scabious
A pretty plant with lilac-blue flowers, the Devil’s Bit Scabious earns its name from the way its roots appear, as if the devil has bitten them off.
The Mother Shipton Moth
Named after a 16th-century witch, this moth features creamy-colored markings resembling the witch’s face, and it resides in the ancient grasslands of Salisbury Plain.
The Screech Owl
Commonly known as Barn Owls, Screech Owls nest in the training area thanks to the MOD Raptor and Owl Nest Box Project, initiated in 1983 to conserve these birds in areas lacking suitable nesting sites.
Witches’ Butter and Dog’s Vomit Slime Mould
Both peculiar fungi found across the Salisbury Plain Training Area, these organisms derive their names from their eerie appearances and folklore.
Conservation and Military Coexistence
As the MOD and DIO focus on military training, they also embrace the importance of preserving these unique species. With initiatives like the Raptor and Owl Nest Box Project, the military contributes to wildlife conservation.
Balancing Spooky and Vital
This Halloween, the Salisbury Plain Training Area is home to not only military exercises but also a remarkable array of wildlife. The spooky yet vital inhabitants of this region serve as a reminder of the importance of coexistence between human activities and nature.
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It’s always hard to find the proper words to describe all your thoughts properly. If you still don’t know how to write a perfect essay, here we have some tips for you!
Two Sides Of The Same Coin
Whatever people tell you, it is normal to face difficulties while studying. This process can be unbelievably transcendent and extremely complicated. That’s why you may like or dislike it. It depends on different situations.
If you really understand subjects, manage your time, know how to fulfill all professors’ requirements and instructions, have someone who is always ready to give a hand, have a quiet place to learn everything duly, relatives and friends don’t bother you when you are busy with your homework, you are lucky.
Some other students may cry out ‘I need help with my homework! Help me please!’ Well, they have the right to do so, because they have their own reasons. They can be occupied working or doing other important activities, helping relatives and family. They don’t know how to cope with procrastination and time mismanagement. They may not simply understand what their educators want them to do.
Nevertheless, both groups of students may face trouble writing excellent essays. Let’s have a look at our essay writing tips!
How To Write A Good Essay?
- Prepare yourself for an essay beforehand. Do your research on the topic you are going to write about. The more you know, the better you write.
- Before writing your paper, make sure you understand clearly what your theme is about. It is very important to know and understand before writing to make it perfect. If you don’t understand some words or requirements, just look for their meanings on the Internet.
- Make up a plan for your essay. Write down here everything you want to tell your audience. It helps to make your essay logical and consistent. Your essay should include the introduction, the body, and the conclusion.
- This part is very important as it is aimed at grabbing your readers’ attention. It needs to be brief and captivating.
- Start with a description of your topic background and don’t make it long.
We normally represent here arguments for and against the discussed issue. Thus, we provide the audience with two opposite opinions. It takes two sentences.
- Outline your next steps you are going to undertake here in your essay. It is called a thesis statement.
It is enough to have 5-7 sentences for your introduction. Make it precise and brief.
This part of your essay is devoted to making a thesis statement from your introduction come true. It means you have to throw the light on a problem by representing arguments for and against
Make sure you have more than two arguments. Having 4-6 convincing arguments is more than enough. Reveal the most interesting arguments at the end just to intrigue your readers.
Every argument must be enforced with proof. It makes your essay persuasive.
This part is aimed at reaffirming your arguments shortly and clearly. Please remember that giving new arguments here is a terrible idea. You just need to restate arguments from the body.
Provide every argument with a short comment. You may show your personal attitude towards the discussed theme.
Make your essay pleasant to the eye: use a formal language and don’t use the emotive or colloquial one. Introductory and conclusion phrases, linking words and generalizations help your essay sound nice.
Mind coherence! Your thoughts should be logically built.
If everything is really bad, don’t be afraid to ask for help. There are many professionals who know how to assist.
If you want to get to know better about this type of assistance, check out a real speedypaper review. Apart from real assistance, you can find there additional hints and tips on various points of interest. Life is bright and you will definitely find out something that is as fascinating as writing perfect essays!
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While many can navigate with a paper map and simple visual observations of landmarks, technology has made the challenge of knowing where you are--and, in some cases, where you have been--a matter of pressing a button or two. Handheld GPS units provide an electronic "you-are-here" map that updates as you walk, bike or otherwise move around, so that your days trying to re-fold maps may be over.
Handheld GPS units use a technology called satellite triangulation to determine and display the user's current location on a digital map. Hikers, bicyclists and others who go off-road can use the devices to avoid getting lost in unfamiliar terrain. Travelers can use them to find their way around a new city if they decide to explore on foot. The many capabilities of handheld GPS units have given rise to an outdoor activity, geocaching, in which participants locate hidden objects using longitude and latitude coordinates in a form of treasure hunt.
While specific features vary by model, some features are common to all units, such as a digital display with an electronic compass. Other features may include an altimeter, access to topographical maps, and roadway and city maps. Some handheld units provide spoken directions, but this can be of limited use when hiking or camping. Similarly, some units provide entertainment-related features such as the ability to store and play music and video files.
Handheld GPS units differ from automotive GPS units in that handheld units typically only include maps of major roadways. Automotive units, both built-in and aftermarket, have more detailed roadway maps, and may include information about traffic on the roadways such as slowdowns or detours. Handheld units are powered by batteries (typically two AA batteries), while automotive units can be plugged into a vehicle's lighter outlet.
Some handheld GPS units include a mapping capability to record the path you have already traveled. This feature typically adds to the cost of the unit, but may be useful enough for individual purposes that the cost difference is acceptable. Handheld GPS units that offer mapping generally cost between $100 and $500 (as of 2010).
Weight can vary greatly between units, and may be of particular concern if you plan to use the unit for hiking. Weights range from 7 oz. for very small units, to 2 lb. or more for large units.
Sam N. Austin began writing professionally in 1990, and has held executive and creative positions at Microsoft, Dell and numerous advertising agencies. Austin writes on health and well-being as well as linguistics and international travel, business, management and emerging technologies. He holds a Bachelor of Arts in French from the University of Texas where he is a Master of Arts candidate in Romance linguistics.
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Breakdown: Which College Majors Lead to the Biggest Paychecks?
As millions of Americans face financial inadequacy before retirement, recent data has revealed the college majors that lead to higher and lower salaries.
Many students consider their interests and future earning potential when choosing a college major.
Data collected from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York indicates that majors in areas such as early childhood education, elementary education, theology and religion, general education, and social services are associated with the lowest salaries.
Conversely, majors in STEM disciplines, including science, technology, engineering, and math, are typically the most financially rewarding.
Opting for a higher-paying college major could prevent older Americans from facing financial unpreparedness for retirement, affecting a significant proportion of the population.
The highest paying jobs for recent graduates were dominated by one industry: engineering. https://t.co/0Iool5mKdC
— USA TODAY (@USATODAY) March 2, 2023
Data collected from the US Census Bureau shows that approximately 50% of women and 47% of men aged 55 to 66 do not have any retirement savings.
While some may consider these statistics when selecting college majors, others forego higher education entirely.
According to the Pew Research Center, college enrollment has recently decreased, and the number of individuals pursuing bachelor’s degrees in the US has fallen by 19% between the 2000-2001 and 2019-2020 school years.
While earning a high salary should not be the sole motivator for selecting a major, it is an important consideration. Here are some college majors that typically lead to the biggest paychecks.
Engineering is a lucrative major with many fields of study, including civil, mechanical, electrical, and chemical engineering.
The National Association of Colleges and Employers (NACE) reports that the average starting salary for an engineering major is $70,000.
Computer science majors are in high demand as technology advances and new industries emerge. The standard starting salary for computer science majors is $67,000.
A degree in business can lead to many different career paths, including finance, marketing, and management. The average starting salary for business majors is $58,000.
Economics majors study the production, consumption, and distribution of goods and services, which can lead to careers in government, finance, and consulting. The NACE reports that the average starting salary for economics majors is $58,000.
The nursing field is increasing, and there is a high demand for qualified nurses. Nursing majors can work in various settings, including hospitals, clinics, and schools.
The NACE reports that the average starting salary for nursing majors is $57,000. There is also a projected growth rate of 7% for registered nurse occupations from 2019 to 2029.
Mathematics majors develop strong analytical and problem-solving skills, which employers highly value in many industries.
This major can lead to finance, data analysis, and research careers. The average starting salary for mathematics majors is $55,000.
Physics majors study the fundamental laws of nature and their applications. This major can lead to careers in research, engineering, and education. The average starting salary for physics majors is $53,000.
Students should also consider their interests, skills, and career goals when making this decision. A major that leads to a high-paying job but is not a good fit for the student may not lead to long-term career satisfaction.
Balancing financial considerations with personal passions is essential when choosing a college major.
For more interesting news and articles, check out Inquirer.net.
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Thomas Chew’s Stays
This set of stays belonged to Thomas John Chew, who was USS Constitution’s purser during the War of 1812. Surviving portraits of Chew suggest that he was fashion-conscious. He was certainly wealthy enough to indulge in the latest trends, so it is unsurprising to find this piece among his effects.
The male corset (stays) was designed to allow fashionable men to achieve the narrow-waisted look popular in the late 1820s and 1830s. According to the Workingwoman’s Guide of 1838, men’s stays were used in the army, for hunting, and for strenuous exercise. Valerie Steele, in her book The Corset: A Cultural History, argues that the advent of the male corset in the 1820s was directly related to a shift in the ideal male body type. The “aristocratic” body was no longer bluff and prosperous, but had become feminized. After 1815, dandies increasingly adopted fashions that emphasized feminine characteristics including padded chests, tight, narrow sleeves and shoulders, and narrow waists. Besides skillful and scientific cutting and tailoring, the only way to achieve this ideal look was through body altering foundation garments. This emphasis on the cinched waist continued throughout the 1830s. One Frenchman in 1831 insisted that “the secret…of the dress lies in the thinness and narrowness of the waist. Catechize your tailor about this…Insist, order, menace…Shoulders large, the skirts of the coat ample and flowing, the waist strangled – that’s my rule.”
Despite its popularity, the practice of men wearing a corset was not without controversy. Some considered the idea ridiculous, and others looked with uneasiness on a practice that they feared contributed to the effeminacy of men and a concomitant loss of national strength and military might. That Thomas Chew owned such a garment suggests that he was not simply aware of the latest in European fashion trends, but was willing to participate in a mildly controversial display of sartorial splendor.
Louis Maigron, Le romantisme et la mode : d’après des documents inédits (Paris: H. Champion, 1911), 90.
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By Richard Willis
The six-day Battle of Megiddo fought in September 1918 was a decisive climax to the struggle in Palestine between the Ottoman Empire, backed by the Germans, and Great Britain and her allies. In the rush to Damascus, troops from several Allied nations fought with vigor and exuberance in the shadow of the ancient battleground city of Megiddo, where the Egyptians and Canaanites had battled in the 15th century B.C.
Far from the Western Front in World War I Europe, Allied cavalrymen rode across Palestine and left behind them the ravages of a Turkish rout. Allied artillery, the Royal Air Force, and the Australian Air Corps pummelled the Turks. Then, swift-riding horsemen in full regimental uniforms and armed with swords and lances consolidated the gains.
To many of the participants in the campaign it was a dream; to others a nightmare, as though what had happened in the Holy Land in former times had sprung forth again, breathing fire, sword, and lance from the pages of the Bible. The Turks, shelled or bombed out of their trenches, hid in wadis (ravines), and the moment the Allied cavalry appeared the demoralised Ottoman conscripts often surrendered.
The Allied cavalry tended to ride hard and rough, covering great distances in times that the world had forgotten were possible—a foretaste of the German blitzkrieg two decades later. The sight of the ruined city of Megiddo must have made the troops question how many armies had been ground to death by chariots on this same terrain. Perseverance, bravery, and sound leadership were to result in the final withdrawal of the Ottoman Empire from the Middle East.
Since the beginning of World War I, British leaders had been keenly aware of the vital importance of keeping the Suez Canal open to maintain access to their eastern colonies. The decision to invade Palestine was taken in 1917, partly in response to the continuing stalemate on the Western Front.
Much of the credit for the defeat of the Turks can be given to General Sir Edmund Allenby, noted for his dexterity in planning and executing warfare. Allenby was thoroughly familiar with the power of military man and horse, owing partly to his experience of leading the Cavalry Division of the British Expeditionary Force in 1914. He had also been appointed commander of the Third Army in 1915 and performed satisfactorily in the Battle of Arras in 1917.
After arriving in the Middle East, Allenby gave orders to move his headquarters from Cairo to Rafah, nearer the front, in an effort to be in closer touch with his troops. In contrast, the Ottoman headquarters was too far from the front, which put the Ottoman commanders at a disadvantage. Allied success followed between October 31, 1917, and November 7, 1917, in the battles of Beersheba and the Third Battle of Gaza. The Palestinian Arabs saw Allenby as a prophet of God, and he was highly respected by both his troops and the enemy. He tolerated no nonsense and was feared by his subordinates. When displeased, Allenby often unleashed a fearsome rage.
Allenby’s victory in autumn 1917 did not guarantee that the same troops would be available to fight in the Battle of Megiddo nearly a year later, as many of them were transferred to France to counter the German Spring Offensive of 1918 on the Western Front. With the removal of many of his troops, Allenby had no choice but to halt his advance. A vital element of Allenby’s approach to his command in 1918 was the Desert Mounted Corps, led by Lt. Gen. Sir Harry Chauvel.
When hostilities resumed in September 1918, the DMC was without the camel units that had formerly been part of Chauvel’s command. It now relied on troops from Britain, Australia, New Zealand, and India. The Indian soldiers were used to a similar climate, and the corps was dominated by the Indian troops of the 4th and 5th Cavalry Divisions. Allenby’s infantry had learned to fight in highly mobile cavalry campaigns such as Beersheba the previous year, which had involved the four divisions of XX Corps and two divisions of the DMC, and in exercises organized by Allenby during summer 1918.
Physically fit and now experienced in this kind of warfare, the mounted divisions were highly trained and groomed for battle. Other nations, too, were part of the Allied army, including a South African field artillery brigade and the French Regiment Mixte. Even Palestinian volunteers made their presence felt, with a significant number joining the 38th and 39th battalions of the Royal Fusiliers.
Because of the wide geographical spread of the troops, the military struggle for Megiddo comprised two distinct engagements, at Sharon and Nablus, rather than a single battle. One key action was the cavalry advance past the ancient site of Megiddo on the night of September 19-20, giving its name to the whole action.
In October 1914, German warships attacked Black Sea ports, thereby bringing Russia into the war. The entry of Russia subsequently compelled Britain and France to declare war on Turkey. Turkey had been neutral but decided to throw in its lot with the Central Powers; the Ottomans believed that Germany would be victorious over the Allies.
The Turks launched an attack on the Suez Canal, which was under British protection, in 1915, but the Ottoman Empire failed to make much progress. In the course of the fighting, the Turks lost 2,000 troops. Broken railway lines and the significant geographical expanse of the Sinai remained major impediments to both the Turkish and British forces. Poor roads added to their problems, yet military operations in and around Palestine continued, involving the Senussi Muslim sect. A revolt by Arab tribes against the Turks, drawing on the initiatives of Colonel Thomas Edward Lawrence, captured the railhead across the Sinai. In summer 1917 the Allies planned to launch a major campaign in the region against the Turks.
Opinion in the British government was divided between those who considered that fighting the Central Powers on the Western Front was the only way to victory, and those, including British Prime Minister Lloyd George, who pinned hope on the defeat of relatively minor powers such as the Ottomans. General Sir William Robertson, head of the Imperial General Staff, apprehensive about starting a new offensive on the Western Front, appointed Allenby and sanctioned a plan to capture Gaza.
Important archival evidence reveals that the British and Allies sustained relatively few casualties in the campaigns that unfolded in late 1917 and early 1918, whereas the Ottomans lost 25,000 men. British and Allied losses were 5,000 combatants, proportionately not nearly as disastrous as the huge numbers perishing on the Western Front. In the months leading up to the Battle of Megiddo, the British War Office invited Allenby to launch a major attack on the Ottomans in the autumn, but offered no reinforcements and expected him to draw on the military resources already at his disposal.
Turkish losses in 1917 set the stage for the British victory at Megiddo. Allenby spent summer 1918 consolidating his forces’ positions and made sustained efforts to reinforce and organize his army, despite opposition from the War Office. Effective coordination spearheaded by Allenby ensured that his troops received training for the desert conditions and were ready to engage in an autumn offensive. He also improved the British defenses and communications facilities.
The Turks, under German General Otto Liman von Sanders, commander of the Yildirim (Thunderbolt) Army Group, assembled during the same period three armies totalling 34,000 men. The Seventh and Eighth armies were positioned west of the Jordan River, and the 4th Army was deployed east of it.
Where the Turkish armies could access a rail network, coal and wood to fuel the trains was in limited supply; the crews often were forced to rely on anything that would burn. The overall state of the Turkish army was poor, even though it had time to rebuild during the months when military action in Palestine had been suspended. This can be partly explained by Enver Pasha, the Turkish war minister, diverting Turkish forces to seize the Baku oil fields, and also partly by shortage of materiel at this stage in the war.
Turkish military readiness was also lower than it might have been owing to the casual approach to army life Ottoman officers displayed, a situation made worse by high rates of desertion among Arab conscripts. Communications in the Ottoman armies were poor, and they received little help from an unreliable telephone system and a railway network that covered only a small portion of the field of conflict and functioned poorly at best owing to the shortage of fuel. Trucks were still somewhat rudimentary, and the Turks had few of them; vital equipment shortages in general limited the ability of the Turkish army to function optimally.
Liman von Sanders was descended from Jewish ancestors and had been appointed head of the German Military Mission to the Ottoman Empire in December 1913. He was frequently at odds with his colleagues, as well as with the German ambassador and the Turkish ministers. Yet he was judged to have performed creditably during the Allied landings on the Gallipoli peninsula, where he had commanded the Ottoman defense. Some similarities between Allenby and Liman von Sanders were evident: Neither would tolerate any form of incompetence among their subordinates, and both had high credentials in the leading of cavalry.
With 69,000 men at his disposal, 12,000 of whom were cavalry, Allenby planned to launch an offensive along the coast in the west on the Plain of Sharon, where the landscape was particularly suited to mounted operations. He aimed to knock out the Turkish army at the first opportunity and prevent any possibility of retaliation, preparing his plans to the utmost detail. Allenby’s strategy was bolstered by the assistance of the newly renamed Royal Air Force. Its primary role would be to destroy Liman von Sanders’ telephone connections and damage communication between the command structures within the Turkish army.
To gain an additional advantage, Allenby did his best to deceive the Turks into thinking that the main attack would be initiated in the east. In the Jordan Valley, the British simulated the presence of men belonging to the main force, using wooden horses and dummy equipment made of canvas. The Allied infantry and cavalry units stealthily moved to the coast and hid in camouflaged tents and linen shelters to conceal their presence from German aircraft.
The ploy was to move supplies and military personnel at night, deploy phantom forces, and use donkeys to kick up dust to exaggerate and heighten the extent of activity. Allied forces in the sector consisted of the mounted division from the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps—which gave the appearance that most of Allenby’s force was in the Jordan Valley—and the Australian Flying Corps, which maintained a superiority in the air and so succeeded in preventing aerial observation of Allied troop movements. Action in the Jordan Valley on September 17-18 gave further credence to the deception. Secrecy was vital, and knowledge of the deception was confined to Allied commanding officers and those immediately involved in the operation.
Nearer the coast, Allenby was able to muster a clandestine force to confront the Ottoman XXII Corps. The plan was to launch an attack from this region on the coastal plain on September 19, 1918. Allenby’s army, by contemporary accounts, was highly motivated and physically and mentally strong.
It is surprising that Allenby’s strategy was not exposed to the Turks. A soldier of the 7th Indian Division was captured on September 17 and revealed details of the deception, but Liman von Sanders, to the relief of Allenby, was convinced that the solder was a plant and intended to deceive the Ottomans. This failure to believe what the captive had revealed meant that in the coastal sector, the Turkish infantry and cavalry were outnumbered by 10 to one.
On the night of September 18-19, the RAF unleashed a bombing raid on Afula, destroying many key Turkish positions with the result that, at the outbreak of hostilities, Liman von Sanders was unable to communicate with his armies. At 04:30 am on September 19, the full weight of the British and Allied artillery launched a major bombardment of the Ottoman army, dispatching 1,000 shells per minute and concentrating its fire on the area chosen for the military breakthrough. The greatest impact came from the howitzers, with one type using 100-pound shells having a range of 11,000 yards.
The barrage only lasted for 15 minutes, though the bombardment was the heaviest launched in any theatre of World War I. At 4:45 am, four divisions of British and Indian infantry began advancing towards the Ottomans along the coast on the Plain of Sharon, and only the 75th Division met with notable resistance. The Turkish artillery did attempt to fight back, but it had almost no effect since their guns fired only upon unoccupied trenches. The failure of the artillery to get better results was surprising, given the esteem in which this arm of the Turkish forces had previously been held.
Following the Turks’ inept response, the DMC moved into the gap that had so effectively been opened by the infantry, dividing and disorienting the Turks, whose position was further compromised by a breakdown in communications. Many of the Turkish troops offered no resistance at all, often surrendering in vast numbers. The Allied infantry quickly broke the Turkish lines, and the Plain of Sharon provided the cavalry with an excellent opportunity to advance rapidly. The Turks were forced to retreat, first to Tul Keram and then east to Messudieh Junction.
At this point, the Arab rebels entered the fray. Forming what was referred to as an irregular army, the rebels were led by the Emir Feisal and Colonel Lawrence. These Arabs harbored an intense hatred of the Turks, and the feeling was mutual. The Arab force received support from a British mechanized force, including a Light Car Patrol and two Talbot trucks, and from a small French detachment. Alongside Feisal and Lawrence was the small Arab regular army, led by Ja’far Pasha el Askeri, which consisted of infantry, a camel battalion, and military armaments. These Arab forces contributed to the rout and combined with the Allies to scatter and overwhelm the Ottoman soldiers.
The Allied operation was further aided by the actions of the Australian 5th Light Horse Brigade and the New Zealand Mounted Brigade, and the Turkish losses were made worse by RAF aerial attacks. The advance became more rapid, and by the end of the first day the cavalry had covered 21 miles. By the time they reached Megiddo, the Allies encountered no opposition, as the Turks had abandoned this area. Resistance was minimal, and where the mounted force did come across resistance, their enemy was lanced to death.
The Ottoman Fourth Army in the Jordan Valley was oblivious to the destruction being inflicted on the western coast, but news of the defeat eventually became spread by escaping refugees and scattered forces retreating from the west. The British and Allies found themselves in a commanding position only 24 hours after the Battle of Megiddo had commenced. Liman von Sanders, based in Nazareth, was aghast to be roused from sleep by the sound of the British 18th Lancers arriving and forced to flee in his pajamas to avoid capture. Accompanied by only three staff officers, Liman von Sanders made his way to Samakh, where he set up a temporary headquarters.
The 18th Lancers subsequently overran a large Turkish barracks, while the Gloucester Hussars, part of the British Fifth Mounted Brigade, sought to take the northern part of Nazareth. At 04:25 am on September 20, they besieged the town. Most of the stunned Germans and Turks surrendered, though a minority decided to make a stand and a few German headquarters clerks desperately attempted to burn incriminating documents—only to be wiped out by the invading force. When arriving at the south of Nazareth, a squadron of the Lancers encountered a convoy of Turkish trucks, which they seized. One vehicle was found to be transporting £20,000 worth of gold (nearly £800,000 in today’s money).
Allenby deeply regretted the news that Liman von Sanders had escaped. Brig. Gen. Philip J.V. Kelly, in charge of the 13th Cavalry Brigade, had been personally charged with arresting Liman von Sanders, and failure to do so practically cost him his job. Liman von Sanders returned to Nazareth and attempted to lead his forces, which were at this stage in considerable disarray.
Turkish fatalities were substantial by late morning, and the British had succeeded in capturing 1,000 Turks. In contrast, British forces reported relatively few losses. By early afternoon Liman von Sanders had given up hope of retaining Nazareth and set off towards the Sea of Galilee.
Colonel Henry W. Hodgson, the acting major-general in charge of the Australian Mounted Division, gave orders at 3:50 pm for the 3rd Light Horse Brigade to cut off fugitives who were retreating northwards from Jenin to Afula. The 10th Light Horse Regiment rapidly advanced and, when three miles from Jenin, came across 1,800 Germans and Turks, who offered no resistance and surrendered as a group.
Allenby’s strategy had gone according to plan. He had been able to hide the movement of his infantry divisions and artillery to the coastal plain, and as soon as a gap appeared, he had sent in his mounted force. His offensive was a hammer blow to the enemy so severe that the Turks were unable to launch any kind of effective retaliation. The British forces had excelled, and the Turks fallen well short of displaying the kind of military abilities that had been evident in the Gallipoli campaign they had won.
One substantial weakness was that in the trenches, Ottoman troops failed to maintain hygiene, and this meant that rates of dysentery and related illnesses were exceedingly high. Liman von Sanders’ cavalry was considerably outnumbered by the DMC and, though not short of motivation, had received inadequate training and lacked experience; hence, it was not sufficiently aggressive. Little meaningful liaison among the Turkish cavalry apparently took place, and this, too, led to inefficiency and poor performance.
Wherever Allenby looked, there was evidence of victory for the British and their allies. The Turkish XXII Corps, which had been positioned near the coast, was completely defeated. The corps’ commander wandered aimlessly behind British lines and only made it to Tyre just before the town was captured. Pockets of Turkish resistance, such as the stand at Nahr Falik, were few and far between and were quickly overrun.
Nor had the Germans lived up to the strengths normally attributed to them. The German Asia Korps was significantly better equipped and organized than the Turkish infantry and so were able to some degree to bolster the Turkish forces. However, during the retreat from Nablus, some observers considered the Germans’ fighting strength to have been little better than that of the Turks. Neither force could match the physical capabilities of the British and the Allies. Allenby had seen the importance of mobility, while Liman von Sanders, conditioned by his experience at Gallipoli, was convinced that standing ground was the secret to military success.
The stamina of the Allied cavalry was evinced by the 40-mile northwards advance, which was achieved in 25 hours. High standards of horsemanship were apparent and guaranteed the success of the mounted corps. This was especially true of the Indian cavalry, which tended to be more agile and leaner than its British counterparts. No less were the achievements of the French, and indeed the Regiment Mixte showed particular skill in its dynamic capture of an Austrian battery position 2,000 yards north of Tul Karm.
The great distances the horses could travel gave the DMC a distinct advantage over infantry, and at close quarters the lancers could inflict severe injuries or fatal wounds. Fugitives from Tul Karm fleeing along the road to Nablus were chased and cut down and at the same time bombed and fired upon from the skies. The British captured vast supplies of food and water, rifles and machine guns, and military vehicles from the Turks and Germans. One soldier of the Gloucester Hussars single-handedly captured 37 wagons, four officers, and 100 men.
The Australian Light Horse Regiment, which covered 11 miles in 70 minutes despite their horses being in a state of near exhaustion, met a significant number of Turks about three miles from Jenin, but as the Ottomans and the few Germans with them were taken by surprise, they surrendered without any resistance. Much booty was found, mainly stocks of food and supplies, including 120 cases of champagne. Before the arrival of the first brigade, much produce had been set alight to avoid it falling into the Allied hands.
Over the course of the day, some 8,000 Turkish prisoners streamed into Jenin. By this stage, the role of the British infantry had virtually come to an end. As the day progressed, the British cavalry denied the Ottomans and Germans any cut-off routes to the north.
The almost total exhaustion of the horses mandated respite for them. They were given water and rest, but not for long, as Allenby estimated that the Turks might be planning to make a last stand in the Samarian Hills. However, the extent of the destruction of Turkish forces meant that any counterattack would prove fruitless, and any turnaround became impossible once the coastal sector had been penetrated and the British cavalry were advancing northwards.
On September 20, the Allied XX and XXI Corps successfully confronted the Turkish Seventh and Eighth armies, which did not manage to present much resistance. The rapid defeat led to the surrender of tens of thousands, who were in a state of panic and debility. More effective was the German Asia Korps, which by contrast was more able to withstand the pressures meted out by their enemy. Meanwhile, Kelly’s 13th Cavalry brigade pressed on into the Samarian Hills on land so rough that the riders were at times forced to dismount and lead their horses on foot.
September 21 was a comparatively calmer day. Nablus was overrun by the Australian 5th Light Horse Brigade from XXI Corps. Brig. Gen. Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, commander of the Turkish Seventh Army, decided to evacuate the remaining Ottoman troops. The Allied airplanes unleashed an attack that resulted in almost complete annihilation of the Ottomans. Miles of burned-out equipment and vehicles littered the retreat. The British attempted at times to press the abandoned booty into service, but reusable assets were hard to find. Surprisingly, the Turkish death toll was not as high as Allenby had predicted, yet wherever the Turks attempted to escape to the hills they were soon found and added to the masses of prisoners. On the morning of September 22, Allenby—feeling very satisfied at the success of his army—entered El Lajjun with the order that the losing enemy be chased to Damascus and that the port of Haifa be captured.
Further Turkish casualties resulted from British and Australian aircraft bombing Tul Keram on September 23. The inhabitants fled in confusion. The British cavalry, advancing rapidly northwards after their inroads into the coastal west, captured large amounts of land, eventually encircling the Seventh and Eighth Armies, who had little choice but to plead for surrender or commit themselves to what was seen as suicidal resistance. By noon of September 23, the Ottoman Seventh and Eighth armies had “virtually ceased to exist,” according to British archival records.
These Allied successes contrasted with the failures on the Western Front in Europe, where the military forces had remained virtually static for four years. Trench warfare was less common in Palestine, where the swift movement of mounted men and infantry characterized the campaign.
Chauvel then ordered the 5th Cavalry Division to capture Haifa and the port of Acre. With the capture of these towns, victory was complete. The taking of Haifa was essential so that supplies could be unloaded. Little opposition was met at Acre, but Haifa, attacked by troops under Brig. Gen. Cyril R. Harbord, proved more troublesome. One possible explanation for this was that a sizable Indian cavalry unit, the Hyderabad Lancers, was diverted from a fighting role to escort prisoners. Even so, the overall surge of cavalry to the north is best described as a tour de force, and the speed with which the mounted forces pressed forward was unrelenting.
The Mysore Squadron of the DMC made a considerable contribution by storming Mount Carmel. The heroic ascent of Mount Carmel took place under enemy fire from above, complicated by the lameness of the exhausted horses. After the fighting had ceased, only 15 of the cavalrymen had survived the ascent. Surprisingly, these men overran their opponents in the midst of machine-gun fire and over rocky terrain. They captured military equipment in the process, including a 150mm gun, and rounded up 78 prisoners.
Further military action led to an operation to seize the remaining fords across the Jordan; the Turks incurred significant fatalities and the capture of 9,000 more prisoners. Although the Turkish Seventh and Eighth Armies had been obliterated on September 25, even at this late stage of the battle the Allies carried out their most aggressive assaults of the week. The Australian squadrons made a considerable contribution by punching through enemy defences on the eastern bank. Eventually, the exchange of gunfire fizzled out. Before this occurred though, a small number of entrenched Turkish troops on the opposite bank of the Jordan, which were serving as an Ottoman rearguard, defended their position against the Canterbury Mounted Rifles, who had to dismount and clear the area at bayonet point. Again, serious carnage was avoided by large-scale Turkish surrenders, with 2,500 prisoners taken by the British and Allies. A large part of Palestine, with the exception of Samakh, was now under British control. Liman von Sanders pinned hope, perhaps irrationally, on some kind of reversal of fortune at Samakh, where he could count on some support from German machine gunners.
Lieutenant R.R.W. Patterson brokered a particularly impressive surrender by convincing the Turks that his forces were far greater than they actually were. The outcome was almost beyond belief, for 2,800 men surrendered to just 23 Australians. During the course of the battle, the number of Turkish prisoners increased to 25,000. Allenby switched his attention to Transjordan, deploying the New Zealand Mounted Brigade, whose determined efforts quickly secured Salt and Amman. The battle was drawing to a close. With the rest of the Turkish Fourth Army unable to function in any meaningful way, Allenby, with renewed vigour, planned the complete expulsion of Turks from Palestine.
These cavalry operations are some of the most celebrated in the history of warfare. The effectiveness of the British artillery and infantry was outstanding, and Allenby’s advances were practically unknown in terms of the amount of territory captured and their lightning speed. Although the role of the infantry following the bombardment had been exceptional, the part played by the cavalry cannot be overemphasized. The use of cavalry by the British in military campaigns was declining, yet the advent of war in Palestine provided one final opportunity to exhibit its strengths. By contrast, the Turkish cavalry were ineffective and demoralized.
The Turks had outnumbered the British, but the latter had far better means of communication—particularly the railway network they could employ, which extended from the Sinai desert to Rafah and Jaffa. In the wake of the end of hostilities in the Battle of Megiddo, Allenby was given no definite operational orders; however, he was mindful that an advance on Damascus was a move that was both desirable and obvious.
Allenby ordered the DMC to proceed to the Sea of Galilee. Concerns that the corps would run out of resources were allayed when it managed to requisition supplies en route. The men of the DMC were highly confident, and their subsequent victory was arguably one of the most effective operations by cavalry in recent history. The victory was decisive, and the number of men lost in action was exceptionally low in contrast to the millions of soldiers who died on the Western Front.
The clash at Megiddo had virtually destroyed the Seventh and Eighth Ottoman armies west of the River Jordan, and any counterattacks proved to be futile. In the wake of Great Britain’s decisive victory, Damascus was eventually captured in a relatively straightforward operation. The main assault leading to the capture of Damascus was launched on the morning of September 27. Making their way up the Golan Heights, Australian troops arrived at Kuneitra in the afternoon of September 28.
On the morning of October 1, the Allies reached Damascus; by October 6, action had generally died down. The vanquished Turks signed an armistice on October 30, which would not have been conceivable before the crushing Allied victory at Megiddo. In the five weeks since its beginning, Allenby’s troops had wiped out three Turkish armies, taken 76,000 prisoners, and advanced 350 miles. In addition, the victors took possession of vast stores of weapons and supplies.
Despite the Allied prowess and undeniable distinction that led to such a victory, the Ottoman army was undeniably hamstrung by logistical shortfalls. The Turks did a commendable job of persevering in the face of such operational poverty and shoe-string resources, although their demise in the face of Allenby’s relentless attacks was inevitable.
The diversionary tactics and the RAF operations were outstanding, and these made major contributions in destroying the Ottoman lines of communication to divisional headquarters and, in some cases, between the headquarters themselves.
Allenby was not free of constraints. Indeed, he had more than his share of administrative glitches. Moreover, the weather did not always favor his plans for attack. In addition, London was not always accommodating: The War Office demanded that he knock Turkey out of the war but denied him the forces he requested to accomplish it. It was to Allenby’s credit that he managed to do so. As a result of his single-mindedness and perseverance, his legacy after the Battle of Megiddo was garlanded in victory and triumph.
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Climate of Cayman Islands
Cayman Islands has a tropical savanna climate. It is warm every month with both a wet and dry season. The average annual temperature for Cayman Islands is 28° degrees and there is about 769 mm of rain in a year. It is dry for 80 days a year with an average humidity of 76% and an UV-index of 7.
Climate averages for the whole year
- Day: the average daily temperature during the day is between 26°C and 30°C
- Night:the average nighttime temperature is between 25°C and 29°C
- Rain: it rains 231 days and there is a total of approximately 770 mm rainfall
- Sun hours: throughout the year there are 3246 sun hours
|Maximum temperature:||between 26°C and 30°C|
|Warmest month:||30°C in August|
|Coldest month:||26°C in January|
|Night temperature:||between 25°C and 29°C|
|Dry days:||134 days|
|Days with rain:||231 days|
|Days with snow:||0 days|
|Total rain sum:||770 mm|
|Hours of sunshine:||3246 hours|
This graph shows the average maximum temperature (red) and minimum temperature (blue) for Cayman Islands.
This graph shows the average amount of rainfall per month for Cayman Islands.
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Climate table of Cayman Islands
In this climate table you can see at a glance what the average weather per month is for Cayman Islands. The data has been collected over a 30-year period, from which an average per month has been derived. From year to year the differences may be larger or smaller, but with this climate table you have a good idea of what the weather for Cayman Islands might be like in a given month.
|Day temp. (°C)||26||26||26||27||28||29||29||30||30||29||28||27|
|Night temp. (°C)||25||25||25||27||27||28||29||29||29||28||27||26|
|Days with rain||19||15||15||16||20||20||19||18||20||26||23||20|
|Sun hours per day||8||9||9||9||11||11||11||10||9||8||6||6|
|Wind force (Bft)||4||4||4||4||4||4||4||3||3||4||4||4|
Best time to visit Cayman Islands
To go to Cayman Islands, the best time to visit is January through September and November and December. In this period you have a warm temperature and little precipitation. In Cayman Islands, August is the warmest month with 30°C and the most cold month is 26°C in January.
Climate of Cayman Islands by month
What is the average climate in a given month for Cayman Islands? Click on a month to see all monthly averages for sunshine, maximum and minimum temperatures, percent chance of rain per day, snowfall and number of rainy days.
Cayman Islands weather experiences
Bicycle riding is perfect for Europeans special for 65+ all year around
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Populaire bestemmingen in Cayman Islands
Cities and towns in Cayman Islands
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You should verify if your SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) certificate works properly. It is crucial for several reasons:
- Data Security: SSL certificates encrypt the data transferred between a user’s browser and the server. This prevents hackers from intercepting, reading, or modifying the data while it is in transit. If your SSL certificate isn’t working correctly, your users’ data could be at risk.
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- SEO Rankings: Search engines like Google prioritize websites with SSL certificates in their search results. Therefore, ensuring your SSL certificate works properly can help improve your website’s SEO ranking.
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SSL Labs offers a free tool. It is the SSL Server Test. This free online service performs a deep analysis of the configuration of any SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) web server on the public Internet. SSL is the standard technology for keeping an internet connection secure and safeguarding any sensitive data sent between two systems, preventing criminals from reading and modifying any information transferred, including personal details.
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Staunton, August 16 – Sholban Kara-ool, head of Tuva, said on the eve of his republic’s national day which was marked yesterday, that the independent Tuvan Peoples Republic that existed between 1920 and 1944 remains despite its brevity in “the 1000-year history of Tuva important to Tuvans now.
The earlier republic, which like Mongolia was a pre-war satellite of the USSR, is very much present “in our lives,” the republic chief added, where it figures “in state symbols, in the administrative-territorial divisions of the republics, in the names” of places and institutions” and in “monuments of history and culture” (tuva.asia/news/tuva/6458-den-resp.html).
Consequently, “today it is important to preserve a grateful memory for all those who contributed part of their hearts and their labor to the flowering of their native kray [at that time] and not to forget the lessons of history,” including “inter-ethnic accord” and respect for representatives of other nations living on the territory of Tuva.
Tuva, one of the 83 federal subjects of the Russian Federation, seldom attracts much attention beyond its pre-1940 stamps and Ralph Leyton’s 1991 book “Tuva or Bust” about American physicist Richard Feynman’s interest in and ultimately unsuccessful attempt to travel to a Buddhist republic which identifies itself as “the center of Asia.”
But it is in fact a fascinating place, and this latest statement by its head Sholban Kara-ool only adds to that fascination because few republics within the Russian Federation have a relatively recent pre-Russian existence and even fewer have leaders who seem interested in cultivating memories of such independence.
Tuva or Tannu-Tuva came into existence as a separate and distinct state in 1920 when Bolshevik forces occupied the region and allowed local followers to form a republic. Its quasi-independent status was confirmed by a 1926 treaty between Kyyl and Moscow, but from the beginning, Tuva was run by the Soviets and by graduates of Moscow’s Communist University of Toilers of the East (KUTV).
Most Tuvans at that time were nomads and followed a mix of Buddhism and shamanism. The Soviets tried to destroy both, albeit with mixed success. On June 25, 1941, Kyzyl declared war on Germany after Hitler invaded the USSR, and on November 1944, at the end of World War II and after repeated requests by the Tuvin authorities, was annexed to the USSR.
One of the reasons that this past does not seem so distant to Tuvans, perhaps, is that the communist leader of Tuva (himself a graduate of KUTV), Salchak Toka, served as general secretary of the Tuvan People’s Revolutionary Party until it became an obkom of the CPSU, from 1932 to 1973, well within living memory.
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Louisa May Alcott (1832-1888) grew up in Massachusetts, and her upbringing in a poor but happy environment gave her stories a strong autobiographical element. Wholesome without being condescending, her deceptively simple writing style made her works instantly popular, and so they have remained. ‘Little Women’ was her finest work, and was loved for its touching portrayal of American family life.
L. Frank Baum (1856 – 1919) was an American writer and dramatist, who wrote on a part-time basis until he published ‘The Wonderful Wizard of Oz’ at the age of 44, at which time he retired to write on a full-time basis. In all he wrote a further thirteen ‘Oz’ books, and these works have been hugely popular ever since.
Susan Coolidge was the pen name of Sarah Chauncy Woolsey (1835-1905), the creator of ‘What Katy Did’ and its four sequels. This ever-popular series was very influential on later books in the same genre.
Eleanor H(odgman) Porter (1868 – 1920) was an American novelist and short-story writer whose children’s story ‘Pollyanna’ became the Harry Potter of its day. Pollyanna’s irrepressible optimism is illustrated by the ‘glad game’, in which she would find the positive in any situation. ‘Glad Clubs’ were formed, and the book was adapted for the theatre, cinema and television.
Samuel Langhorne Clemens (1835 -1910) alias Mark Twain, is considered one of America’s greatest ever writers. Not only did he write enormously popular novels, such as ‘The Adventures of Tom Sawyer’, but also a series of classic travel books, including ‘Life on the Mississippi’ and ‘The Innocents Abroad’. Probably his finest work is ‘The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn’, which is rated as one of the finest American novels ever written.
James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851) was an American novelist who, at the height of his fame, was one of the world’s most widely read writers, and could claim to be America’s first popular novelist. Although no longer enjoying the same reputation of past times, his novels, ‘The Last of the Mohicans’ and ‘The Deerslayer’ are fine pieces of work.
There are few, if any, classic novelists whose current popularity exceeds that of F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940). With his novels and short stories of ‘The Jazz Age’, Fitzgerald is considered one of the greatest American novelists of the twentieth century, and ‘The Great Gatsby’ is his masterpiece.
Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864) was an American novelist and short-story writer, born in Salem, Massachusetts. His works are based largely on historical events in New England, and ‘The Scarlet Letter’ remains his most popular work.
O. Henry was the pen name of William Sydney Porter (1862 – 1910) an America writer who has achieved lasting fame through his short stories. He began writing while in prison after being found guilty of embezzlement, and was a prolific writer until his early death resulting from his heavy drinking. While he has received little praise from the critics, his stories continue to be hugely popular with the readers around the world.
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<urn:uuid:9d932311-b0e2-44d6-84cc-20156805691a>
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://wordsworth-editions.com/nationality/american/page/2/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100309.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202010506-20231202040506-00700.warc.gz
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en
| 0.980771 | 741 | 2.734375 | 3 |
There are some current issues currently recognized today as having significance to the planet's climate. (I am avoiding getting into any political discussions here about climate change, so i will keep my language as neutral and non-political as possible.)
You could make up a global warming theory, based partially on current discussions and partially using literary license, to create a plausible scenario.
For instance- there is discussion about the relationship of polar ice and the global temperature. Ice reflects solar heat into outer space; conversely, water is darker and absorbs more heat. More heat would cause more ice to melt, which increases the heat absorbtion etc. In theory this could be a runaway cycle.
What if all the polar ice would melt at one time? Say a massive volcano would erupt right at the north pole, spewing tons of molten lava all over the ice cap. This would melt lots of ice and raise the temperature right away (from the heat of the lava), as well as causing more solar energy to be absorbed in the future. You could substitute a meteor crashing into the North Pole as well, or any other sudden traumatic incident which would destroy the polar ice cap.
Now this by itself isn't enough. All this would do is raise the temperature of the planet, cause more water to enter the atmosphere and at best create a humid greenhouse. It might devastate planet earth, but it wouldn't turn it into a desert because the moisture would stay trapped in the atmosphere. So eventually it would rain back down again. And, as the planet's climate works in cycles, it probably would eventually completely recover its ice covering as well within a few thousand years.
You need a mechanism to turn the atmosphere dry.
Here again, we have a contemporary issues which could be borrowed and adapted for your purposes: the Ozone Hole.
The ozone layer is made up of a type of oxygen molecule, found naturally in the atmosphere. It absorbs lots of radiation from outer space. As the ozone layer gets depleted, it allows more radiation to reach earth.
This helps your story in a couple of ways. First off, the extra radiation will help speed up the warming and prevent the ice from reforming.
Second, the hole could be used to explain how Earth could lose the moisture. You could have a form of radiation which could react with water and break it into hydrogen and oxygen, with the hydrogen then leaving into outer space.
Or, with some more literary license, you could just make the atmosphere leave via the hole. The heat and added moisture creates such pressure that it presses the moisture-laden air out into outerspace.
Either way, this gives you a situation where the Earth is heating up and the ocean water is evaporated, but ends up escaping into outerspace instead of raining back down to Earth. You could thus conceivably make a time frame of a couple hundred years for Earth to look similar to Mars. (It wouldn't be anywhere near identical to Mars yet, but it would start to be comparable and would already have devastated life on Earth.)
To keep the ozone hole from healing itself, you would want to include a natural volume of certain chemicals like chlorine, bromine, nitric oxide etc. As radicals, they interact with the ozone layer and keep breaking apart the oxygen moecules, thus furthering destabling it. So for example, maybe mankind discovers that as the polar ice melts, a natural deposit of bromine is uncovered. This bromine reacts with the ultraviolet light (which hits earth stronger because of the ozone hole) and release bromine radicals, which then continue to enlarge the ozone hole.
Again, this is not strictly scientifically accurate, but it could work as a pseudo-scientific explanation and could be plausible to the reader.
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<urn:uuid:ee2ab6eb-d26a-468e-8e4c-c9dc6da26982>
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/201150/how-can-i-change-earth-to-become-like-mars
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100309.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202010506-20231202040506-00700.warc.gz
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en
| 0.953946 | 766 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Visual ChatGPT is an innovative technology that combines natural language processing (NLP) with advanced computer vision capabilities. This cutting-edge artificial intelligence (AI) system is designed to not only understand and respond to textual queries but also to process and analyze visual content. The result is a more comprehensive and interactive conversational AI experience, taking human-machine interactions to the next level.
Understanding the Technology Behind Visual ChatGPT
The technology powering Visual ChatGPT is a fusion of two primary components: a language model and a computer vision model. The language model is responsible for generating text-based responses, while the computer vision model identifies and interprets visual data. The integration of these components enables Visual ChatGPT to analyze images and provide contextually relevant responses to user queries, even when they pertain to the visual content. This seamless integration of text and image understanding allows the AI to offer a richer and more dynamic communication experience.
Applications and Use Cases of Visual ChatGPT
The potential applications of Visual ChatGPT are numerous and diverse. In the field of customer support, it can be employed to address queries related to products, providing real-time assistance by analyzing images of the items in question. Visual ChatGPT can also be utilized in healthcare for medical image analysis, offering diagnostic support and helping to streamline the decision-making process for healthcare professionals. Additionally, the AI system can be integrated into social media platforms and virtual assistants, enhancing their capabilities and offering users a more interactive and personalized experience.
Ethical Considerations and Future Developments
As with any AI technology, it is crucial to consider the ethical implications of Visual ChatGPT. Developers must ensure that the AI system adheres to privacy standards and operates without biases, providing fair and accurate responses. Efforts must be made to eliminate any potential misuse of the technology for malicious purposes. As the field of AI continues to advance, Visual ChatGPT serves as a prime example of how the integration of natural language processing and computer vision can unlock new possibilities and revolutionize human-machine interactions.
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<urn:uuid:48a64a4b-240c-45c9-8559-7562ee61a689>
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://wsecurely.com/visual-chatgpt-unveiled-a-comprehensive-overview/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100309.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202010506-20231202040506-00700.warc.gz
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en
| 0.896837 | 416 | 3.234375 | 3 |
|Delivery Type||Delivery length / details|
|Lecture||10 x 3 Hour Lectures|
|Assessment Type||Assessment length / details||Proportion|
|Semester Assessment||2500 word essay||50%|
|Semester Exam||2 Hours Unseen written examination||50%|
On successful completion of this module students should be able to:
Critically evaluate a range of theoretical and empirical writings on the geographies of landscape, modernity and Britishness.
Discuss the geographies of a range of key sites, experiences and subject-positions associated with British modernity in the twentieth century.
Critically evaluate the geographies which are effaced or excluded within prevailing discourses of British modernity.
Demonstrate their competence in undertaking independent research, and constructing a written argument through the completion of an essay and examination.
Critically evaluate a range of written, visual and aural source materials; discussing the significance of these sources with their peers and communicating their views to the class.
In this course students will examine the cultural and historical geographies of landscapes of modernity in twentieth century Britain. The module will start with an introduction to contemporary geographical writings on 'landscape', 'modernity', and British national identities, before tracing the geographies of specific sites and subject-positions which have been associated with modern life in twentieth century Britain. Specific lectures will focus on: sites of British modernity before 1900; the expansion of suburbia; the links between countryside preservation and modern planning between the wars; the expansion of leisure and the 'writing' of the landscape through guidebooks; cultures of landscape during World War Two; and the reconstruction of post-war Britain. The module aims to show how particular understandings of Britishness and British modernity (and their common equation with Englishness) have continually been challenged and resisted in different periods through the cultural activities of Welsh, Scottish and Irish subjects. The module will examine various counter-modern practices and sites, from the emergence of 'anti-modern' sentiments associated with particular conservation, organic, environmental and architectural movements, to the geographies of groups who are frequently excluded from hegemonic accounts of Britishness - such as ethnic minority groups, the young, homosexuals, new age travellers, other nationals, and subjects of empire. The final lecture will examine the geographies of 'sites' and 'sensibilities' which have frequently been associated with 'postmodern' geographies, whether they be heritage museums, motorways, airports or shopping centres.
This new module is designed to widen the range of option modules available to human geography students at Level 3. The module reflects the current research interests of Peter Merriman, who is a new member of academic staff. It also reflects the broader research and teaching themes of other members of the Historical and Cultural Geography Research Group.
- Introduction: Landscape, modernity and national identity.
- 'Metroland': the Underground and the growth of suburban London.
- Modernism, planning and 'preservation', 1918-1939.
- 'Guide book Britain': leisure, landscape and citizenship, 1918-1970.
- War and reconstruction: from bomb sites to new towns, 1939-1970
- Countering British modernity 1: Britishness, dissidence and exclusion.
- Countering British modernity 2: 'Anti-modern' sentiments.
- Postmodern landscapes: Britain, 1970-Now
|Skills Type||Skills details|
|Application of Number||Students may draw upon and analyse numerical information in their assessed essays.|
|Communication||The module will help students to develop their written and oral communication skills. Class discussions will enable students to develop their oral communication skills, and the assessed essay and examination will enable students to practice and enhance their written communication skills.|
|Improving own Learning and Performance||Student attendance and participation in the lectures, and their undertaking of an assessed essay, will help them to enhance a range of learning skills. The module requires students to undertake sixty hours of self-directed study.|
|Information Technology||The assessed essay requires students to undertake independent research using bibliographic search-engines and library catalogues. The module will enable students to enhance their research skills and practise their IT skills when writing the essay.|
|Personal Development and Career planning||The module will help students to develop key transferable skills, in addition to raising important questions about the histories and geographies of Britain which will help them to think about their role as citizens within society. The course discusses themes which will be invaluable for students wishing to undertake postgraduate study in geography.|
|Problem solving||The module will develop students' problem-solving skills in a number of ways. Students will be required to discuss and analyse a range of visual texts, and to complete small problem-solving exercises during the lectures. Students will also have to address problems associated with research design when undertaking their assessed essay.|
|Research skills||Students are required to undertake independent research for their essay which will draw upon and enhance skills they have developed in previous modules. Further research skills will be developed through class-based discussions and problem-solving exercises and further reading they undertake.|
|Subject Specific Skills||The module will enable students to practice subject-specific skills which they have developed in years one and two, including techniques for analyzing historical and cultural texts. Students will develop their analytical skills through class-based discussions and in their assessed essay and examination.|
|Team work||The lectures will include class-based problem-solving exercises and discussions which will provide opportunities for students to develop team-working skills and discuss their thoughts with the class.|
This module is at CQFW Level 6
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<urn:uuid:b280ce23-9038-4121-8ca4-ea9d9527744f>
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://www.aber.ac.uk/cy/modules/2019/GG36220/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100309.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202010506-20231202040506-00700.warc.gz
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en
| 0.90247 | 1,175 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Due to Covid-19 students should refer to the module Blackboard pages for assessment details
|Assessment Type||Assessment length / details||Proportion|
|Semester Assessment||Module Assessment Written Assignment of 5,000 words||100%|
The topics covered in this module include an examination of the legal and economic instruments used for promoting nature conservation, as well as the legal protection that exists for endangered/vulnerable species of flora and fauna. Habitat protection is also considered ? Sites of Special Scientific Interest under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 and also mechanisms under planning law. These provisions will be critically assessed and the possible reform of the measures will be discussed. As well as the in-depth analysis of UK law, there will also be consideration of the European Wild Birds Directive 1979 and the Habitats and Species Directive 1992. The implementation of these Directives in the UK will be examined and assessed.
This module is at CQFW Level 7
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<urn:uuid:0fba68f7-2b2f-496f-8402-3f293a1340ce>
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://www.aber.ac.uk/cy/modules/2021/LAM5410/
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en
| 0.882197 | 196 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Whether you’re a skilful metalworker or a DIY lover, understanding the best techniques for cutting aluminium sheets is essential. Aluminum, known for its versatility and lightweight properties, is a popular material used in a wide range of applications, from home appliances and improvements to industrial manufacturing and aerospace engineering. In this blog, we will delve into the various methods and tools used in order to produce precise and clean cuts in aluminium sheets.
What is an aluminium sheet?
An aluminium sheet is a flat, thin piece of aluminium fabric that is typically rectangular in shape. It is one of the most common forms of aluminium products and is used in a wide range of applications across various industries. These sheets come in various thicknesses, ranging from thin foils to thicker sheets that can be several millimetres. Aluminium sheets are available in different alloys too, each with its own specific properties and characteristics which is important to consider depending on their usage and function.
How to cut aluminium sheets
Cutting aluminium sheets can be done using several methods and tools, depending on the thickness of the sheet, the precision required, and accessibility. Here are some common ways to cut aluminium sheets:
- Hacksaw: A hacksaw fitted with a fine-toothed metal-cutting blade can be used for cutting thin aluminium sheets. It’s suitable for straight cuts and small projects.
- Tin Snips: Tin snips, or aviation snips, are designed for cutting sheet metal, including aluminium and come in different types for straight cuts, left curves, and right curves.
- Utility Knife: A sharp utility knife can be used for scoring and cutting thin aluminium sheets and is best for straight cuts for thinner materials.
- Circular Saw: This can be used for straight cuts on thicker aluminium sheets. Ensure the sheet is securely clamped before cutting.
- Jigsaw: A jigsaw with a metal-cutting blade can be used for curved or intricate cuts on aluminium sheets. It’s versatile but may leave rough edges.
- Band Saw: Band saws equipped with metal-cutting blades are ideal for making straight or curved cuts in aluminium sheets. They provide precision and can tolerate thicker materials.
Plasma-cutting machines are highly effective for cutting thick aluminium sheets with precision. They use a high-temperature plasma arc to melt through the metal, leaving a clean edge.
Waterjet cutting machines use a high-pressure stream of water mixed with abrasive particles to cut through aluminium sheets. This method is precise and suitable for various thicknesses and intricate designs.
Using a focused laser beam to cut through aluminium sheets, laser cutting methods provide high precision and are often used for detailed and complex cuts in thin to medium-thickness aluminium.
When cutting aluminium sheets, safety precautions are crucial. Always wear appropriate safety gear, including safety glasses and gloves, and ensure proper ventilation when working with power tools that generate dust or fumes. Additionally, secure the sheet firmly in place to prevent movement during cutting, which can result in inaccuracies or accidents. Choose the cutting method and tool that best suits your specific project requirements and the thickness of the aluminium sheet you are working with.
Aluminium bending specialists
The large capacity of our Midlands-based factory means that we’re able to offer our industrial section bending expertise to a range of industries and large-scale projects.
With this comes the quality of an ISO 9001 Certificate so that you can be sure we’re able to offer precision manufacturing all of the time. Whether you need something for an exterior project or bespoke aluminium window frames, call us today on 01623 272464 for a free quote ABS Ltd.
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<urn:uuid:98705f9b-0898-43c2-9fef-c7369fc2ff8d>
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://www.absltd.co.uk/blog/the-best-way-to-cut-aluminium-sheets/
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en
| 0.896361 | 750 | 2.75 | 3 |
Organic diisocyanates are a significant occupational health problem.
They are respiratory and skin sensitizers and a major cause of occupational asthma in the UK. The most common are hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), toluene diisocyanate (TDI), isopherone diisocyanate (IPDI) and methylene-diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) in decreasing order of volatility. HDI and IPDI are used for varnishes, coatings and two-pack spray paints used in motor vehicle repair. TDI and MDI are used for flexible and rigid polyurethane foams, floor coverings and adhesives. This wide range of uses means that there are thousands of workers potentially exposed to isocyanates.
In the UK, a management control system is required for workers exposed to isocyanates and for this to be successful workers should not become sensitized. Apart from occupational asthma, airway irritation and asthma-like symptoms such as cough, wheezing and dyspnoea are commonly reported. Other respiratory effects are hypersensitivity pneumonitis, rhinitis and accelerated rate of decline in lung function. Diisocyanates can also cause both irritant and allergic contact dermatitis as well as skin and conjunctival irritation.
Health surveillance that detects occupational asthma is recording failure – there needs to be intervention earlier in the exposure-to-disease paradigm. Although there is evidence that detecting respiratory symptoms early and removing workers from exposure improves prognosis, the goal should be to control exposure to prevent any symptoms.
Please read more on the Society of Occupational Medicine website from September 2007.
This is a long article but a very informative read and is especially relevant for those on post 1995 contracts who were dismissed from the Irish Army Air Corps due to occupational asthma.
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<urn:uuid:3883cebf-367b-429a-8f8e-3b0c276385a0>
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://www.accas.info/archives/tag/chronic-inflammatory-skin-condition
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en
| 0.941977 | 389 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Scientists have made concerted efforts in recent years to understand the relationship between permafrost and climate change, and now they'll have a another tool at their disposal.
A team of researchers that includes University of Alaska Fairbanks professors has developed a model to predict the amount of carbon that will be released to the atmosphere from the thawing permafrost soils.
The new model confirms earlier studies, which predicted persistent and significant carbon emissions, but the scientists reached their conclusions in a new and more direct way, according to a paper describing the research published this week in the journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A.
Scientists combined existing data -- including global maps of soil carbon levels, laboratory measurements of carbon emission rates from thawing permafrost, and field calculations of how soils in cold regions are responding to warming air temperatures -- to conduct a "meta-analysis" of permafrost observations. Previous analysis of global permafrost carbon emissions relied on Earth system models, which assess a much larger array of ecological information.
"We have tried to construct the simplest possible model of the permafrost carbon feedback," said the study's lead author, Charles Koven, a staff scientist at the Department of Energy's Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. "We are using permafrost data instead of global data."
The analysis considered two climate change scenarios. In the first, fossil fuel burning drops dramatically by the year 2050 and the global temperature goes up by 1.8 degrees Celsius (3.24 Fahrenheit) on average. In the second, the use of fossils fuels remains steady and a warming of 3.4 degrees (6.12 Fahrenheit) Celsius occurs. The study accounted for the fact that the Arctic warms faster than the planet as a whole.
Averaging the two scenarios, Koven's team found that for every degree Celsius of global warming, thawing permafrost releases 15 billion tons of carbon into the atmosphere. That number is equivalent to the carbon output of all human activity for a year and a half at today's rates, Koven said.
For decades, scientists have known that the frozen soils found across the Arctic contain enormous deposits of carbon. And for as long as climate change has been in the spotlight, those scientists have theorized that warming air could trigger the emission of greenhouse gases from thawing ground -- which would in turn lead to more warming.
But analyzing the magnitude and rate of carbon emission has been a challenge.
That's why the new study, and the new model it uses, holds promise as a major advance in the attempt to predict -- on a global scale -- how much carbon dioxide and methane will enter the atmosphere as the Arctic warms.
Alaska Dispatch Publishing
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<urn:uuid:83f14155-ebbf-484b-872f-50e9201502a7>
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://www.adn.com/arctic/article/scientists-design-simplified-model-study-permafrost-and-climate-change/2015/10/09/
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| 0.918458 | 551 | 3.703125 | 4 |
This poem was written in 1943 by Dr. John Ashton, Class of 1906, at the request of E.E. McQuillen, Class of 1920, secretary of The Association of Former Students. The original title was "The Heroes' Roll Call."
Varied versions of this poem have emerged over the years, but the version below is as Dr. Ashton originally wrote it in honor of the Aggie defenders of Corregidor during World War II.
In many lands and climes, this April day
Proud sons of Texas A & M unite.
Our loyalty to country, school, we pay,
And seal our pact with bond of common might.
We live again those happy days of yore,
On campus, field, in classroom, hall, at drill.
Fond memory brings a sigh--but nothing more:
Now we are men, and life is one great thrill!
On fortress isle one year ago today,*
A group of gallant Aggies, led by Moore,
Held simple rites which to us all doth say:
The spirit shall prevail o'er cannon roar!
They thought of home and all we hold most dear:
Where are they now--those boys we knew so well?
Ask of the winds, let smile repress a tear,
Think only of their glory when they fell!
Corregidor! forever more a hallowed name
To countless sons of Texans yet unborn;
Symbolic like, it stands for deathless fame:
A shrine sublime till Resurrection morn!
Softly call the muster,
Let comrade answer, “Here!”
Their spirits hover ‘round us:
As if to bring us cheer!
Mark them "present" in our hearts,
We’ll meet some other day.
There is no Death, but Life Eterne
For heroes such as they!
by Dr. John Ashton, Class of 1906
* In the third stanza, it was intended that each year, the number of years since the 1942 Corregidor Muster would be inserted.
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<urn:uuid:c48e984c-df8d-4a2a-9848-8d7631edc290>
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://www.aggienetwork.com/muster/song_rollcall.aspx
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100309.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202010506-20231202040506-00700.warc.gz
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en
| 0.92681 | 442 | 2.671875 | 3 |
It has only been a few years since the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in a landmark decision that every state in the country must recognize same-sex marriages. Since then, many long-term couples have had the right to marry after years, while younger LGBTQIA people can grow up knowing that their relationships can be legally recognized.
With the rise in same-sex marriage, however, has come demand for same-sex divorce. Regardless of the gender of the people in a marriage, monogamy can be hard. Couples can grow together as they age and change, or they can also grow apart. There’s also always the potential for abuse and infidelity. Whatever the reason a same-sex couple may have to seek divorce, it can be a difficult and complicated process. When there are minor children in the family, a same-sex divorce can become much more complicated.
Genetic ties or adoption are important in a divorce
One of the primary differences between a same-sex couple and a heterosexual couple is the means by which the couples typically produce children. Although adoption is common across all types of couples, most heterosexual couples produce children together, sharing their genes and parenting responsibility. Unless the same-sex couple includes a trans adult, chances are strong that having a child will require a different approach.
For some couples, the simplest solution is adoption. There are thousands of children around the world in need of loving homes, which same-sex families can provide. Depending on where the child comes from and when the adoption took place, only one of the spouses may legally be a parent. Similarly, if one parent has a biological tie (either as the mother who carried the child or the father who contributed genes to a child’s creation), that can also complicate the situation. If the other spouse in a same-sex marriage doesn’t complete an adoption, that can pose difficulty when it comes to divorce.
Courts are still learning how to handle same-sex divorces
For many courts, same-sex divorces are still a relatively new issue. The standards and rules in place for custody in heterosexual divorces don’t always work as well in a same-sex divorce. This can leave divorcing same-sex couples in a difficult position, where one parent may not have a legal claim to custody and the custodial parent could have trouble obtaining a child support order.
As with other divorces, same-sex divorces require careful consideration by the courts, particularly when it comes to the custody of any minor children from the family. If both spouses have a lifelong, positive relationship with the children, that can help build a case for shared custody.
If you’re worried about the outcome of your divorce and want to protect your right to be in the lives of your children, you should take steps immediately to protect yourself when considering a divorce. Working with your spouse in a collaborative divorce could be an option that protects your rights as a parent.
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<urn:uuid:7c0395a7-09c3-470c-bc15-c795f38ececa>
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://www.aguerolawfirm.com/blog/2017/11/custody-issues-can-be-more-complex-in-same-sex-divorces/
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en
| 0.962187 | 606 | 2.515625 | 3 |
More than 300 businesses, including H&M, Sainsbury’s and Nestlé, have urged world leaders to make it mandatory for companies to assess and reveal their impact on nature by 2030.
Businesses and financial institutions in 56 countries – including the UK, Canada and China – are pushing for governments to agree to the disclosures at Cop15, the UN biodiversity conference being held in Montreal this December.
In an open letter to heads of state, business leaders said the business and financial status quo was “economically shortsighted and will destroy value over the long term”.
If agreed, the pledge would apply to all large companies across the 196 countries signed up to the Convention on Biological Diversity, the global agreement on protecting nature. It follows increases in the number of companies making pledges to reduce emissions, with climate disclosures now mandatory in the UK, France and New Zealand, and pressure mounting for other countries to take action.
The firms, which have combined revenues of more than $1.5tn (£1.3tn) and also include BNP Paribas, Aviva Investors, Salesforce, Tata Steel and Unilever, have agreed to assess their impacts on nature, disclose that information and publicly commit to reducing their negative effects. If parties don’t agree to make these disclosures mandatory, they will be voluntary.
Various tools are being developed to measure companies’ impacts on nature but the methodologies must be standardized and supported by science, the group says.
The open letter was released alongside a report published by Business for Nature, the Capitals Coalition, and CDP, a non-profit specializing in environmental disclosure systems. “They know there can be no business on a dead planet,” the report says. “They stand ready to transform their businesses and are calling on governments to set the rules of the game through legislation that will create fair competition for business.”
Scientists say the biodiversity crisis is as serious as the climate crisis, with an estimated 1 million species at risk of extinction, yet there is less information about how businesses affect biodiversity because this data is not being disclosed. More than 18,600 companies worldwide disclosed data about their impact on climate via CDP in 2022, yet just over 1,000 firms disclosed data on forests – and 4,000 on water security – according to the report.
A landmark review published last year by the Cambridge University economist Prof Partha Dasgupta found that the world was being put at “extreme risk” by the failure of economics to take into account the true value of the natural world.
The new report argues that making disclosure mandatory would create fairer competition for businesses, increase accountability and encourage more responsible sourcing of materials.
Eva Zabey, the executive director of Business for Nature, said: “This is an essential first step. Without this information, we are flying blind into extinction. Frameworks being developed now will support this transition, and companies stand ready to transform their businesses.”
Leyla Ertur, the head of sustainability at H&M, said: “We are looking into opportunities to change the materials we use towards 100% recycled or sustainably sourced materials, which are less resource-intensive – basically, less land use, water, pesticides and chemicals.”
Ertur said this would include focusing on using more organic cotton and increasing existing services such as repair, rental and use of secondhand products. When asked whether the company would encourage consumers to buy fewer clothes, she said the focus was about the quality of products, not the quantity.
Katie Kedward, a sustainable finance economist at University College London, who was not involved in the report, said it was good to see the push for mandatory disclosures. “However, mandatory disclosures will only be effective in addressing biodiversity declines if they rapidly translate into transforming nature-depleting business models, and there are good reasons why it may not deliver the pace of change needed in time,” she added.
Disclosing impacts on nature is much more complicated than reporting climate impacts, which have one set of metrics – greenhouse gas emissions. Biodiversity is based on a number of different metrics and data sources, which not even ecologists can agree on.
Kedward said: “It is far cheaper for these companies to spend the next eight years developing nature disclosures than it is for them to forgo their current business activities linked to nature destruction. Mandatory disclosures are an important solution, but an eight-year implementation time horizon is akin to a giant box-ticking exercise that kicks the can of real action down the road.”
Dr Sophus zu Ermgassen, an ecological economist at the University of Oxford, said disclosure cannot be a substitute for strong state action to stop investing in environmentally damaging activities.
He said: “Making nature disclosure mandatory would be a positive step, but we should recognize that providing investors information about firms’ exposure to nature-related risks and hoping that this will change the way they invest and on some very risky and questionable theories of change.”
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10 Environmental Benefits of Planting a Tree
1. Reducing Climate Change
5. Saving Water
11.Trees help prevent flooding
12. Trees are good for our health!
13.Trees improve soil quality
14.Trees can lower your energy bills
Trees Make Us Happier- Hug A Tree ~ Plant Trees With Children
amma quotes on trees
Some Interesting Facts About Forests ~ In Europe
- In Europe, forests cover around 35% of the land area (190 million ha), making Europe one of the most forest-rich regions in the world. The recent increase in European forest cover is a result of national legislation, afforestation and natural expansion over the last 200 years.
- Forests are an economic resource. Forests generate income for more than 16 million private forest owners, and forest activities have a turnover of almost € 500 billion, employing approximately 3.5 million people.
- Forests provide unseen services: Alongside wood and other products, forests are also valuable for their ‘ecosystem services’. For example, more than 20 % of European forests are managed to protect water and soils, mainly in mountainous areas. Other services include preventing floods and filtering air.
- Forests help mitigate climate change impacts. European forests absorb approximately 10% of Europe’s annual greenhouse gas emissions, according to the latest State of Europe’s forests report.
- Forest structures in the EU are becoming more uniform, as the variety of tree species is reduced. This means forest biodiversity is lost, making these ecosystems less resilient to pests, disease and a changing climate. Natural forest once covered most of Europe, but only a very small proportion remains untouched, mostly in isolated pockets.
- But many forest ecosystems are in poor health. The effects of poor forest management can be seen in the population of woodland birds, which declined more than 30% in some regions of Europe between 1980 and 2005. The IUCN estimated in 2009 that 27 % of mammal species, 10 % of reptiles and 8 % of amphibians related to forests are threatened with extinction in the EU.
- Invasive alien species are increasingly a problem for European forests. There are around 1 800 species in Europe’s forests which are invasive and alien to the natural environment. For example, European forests have been devastated by Dutch elm disease caused by fungi introduced from Asia, and grey squirrels are outcompeting red squirrels. Globally, invasive alien species are one of the largest causes of biodiversity loss.
- Climate change is very likely to harm forest ecosystems. One area which may change is the pattern of forest fires. On average, around 400 000 ha of forest currently burns down every year, mostly in the Mediterranean region. Some habitats, such as forest wetlands, are particularly sensitive to climate change.
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Apostille vs Notary
Like Godzilla vs King Kong the epic battle between what is an apostille vs what is a notary.
An apostille or apostille certificate can only be issued by state secretaries of state offices in the U.S or the U.S Department of State.
A state or federal apostille certificate is an 8 1/2 x 11 sheet of paper that is stapled (Texas level) or a grommet is attached (federal level). It is not like a notary stamp which many people wrongly think it will be.
A U.S or Texas notary public cannot issue an apostille on any legal document in the United States.
A U.S notary public in contrast simply verifies a person’s identity when they’re presented with a valid government photo identification.
Then they watch a person sign legal documents in front of them.
Then the notary signs their name, dates, and places their state-issued notary stamp on the document to complete the notarization of the document process.
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Before the Europeans came to New Zealand, the Māori were the only people on the islands. The pre-European Māori were warriors, and it was common to find conflicts between tribes. Projectile weapons, such as spears or arrows, were almost never used. Instead, the Māori were involved in hand-to-hand combat.
Māori warriors began training for combat at a young age. They would train for years to build up the strength and skills that were necessary to serve as a warrior for their tribe. The young males knew the importance of training specific parts of the body, too, such as the wrists. To do so, they would use tools, such as Poi, which are traditional balls on long strings, to not only strengthen the wrists, but to also give flexibility to the joints. In addition to training these areas, the young boys would play games in order to improve their physical strength and stamina. One such game, ti rakau, was a traditional stick game where a line of people would sit face to face and throw sticks to each other in time with a traditional Māori song. “E Papa Waiari” is one such song that was good for these games as it had a good beat that the players could follow.
From youth, the training of war was one of the most important things to the Māori , and the use of weapons was only one of the important skills that the young warriors were taught. For instance, one important lesson was to learn to keep the eyes from moving from strategic points when in battle, such as the shoulder or the big toe’s point. They do this as they would be able to predict where the enemy would move by seeing the clinching of the toe. Though the warriors only had a split second to react, this time was enough to move out of the way. In addition, the twitch of the shoulder muscles signalled to the warrior that the enemy was moving to attack.
After many years of training their bodies and minds, as well as learning how to use weapons, the warriors were ready to enter the fray. To the Māori , the greatest honour was to die in battle, and their worst nightmares were filled with dying in their beds, as they considered that to be weak.
Most of the time, a Māori warrior would take two weapons into battle, a short, striking one and a long weapon, which allowed him to stand further away from his enemy.
Here are some of the weapons they used:
One of the main weapons that pre-European Māori used were patu onewa, which were made from basalt, which was a local resource. This was a hand weapon that was used to attack the upper body of an enemy by using a thrusting motion. These weapons were also used to hit the head as a mortal blow to a fallen enemy. You can view the patu onewa in person at the National Army Museum in the New Zealand Wars Gallery.
The patu parāoa was a pre-European weapon made of whale bone, which again, was a local resource for the Māori . This weapon was used as a club, and the warriors would attempt to hit their opponents shoulder in hopes that it will break or dislocate, causing them to drop their weapon. At this point, a blow to the head would be unopposed. You can view the whalebone patu in the New Zealand Wars Gallery at the National Army Museum.
The taiaha is another weapon used by the pre-European Māori , and it is the equivalent of the quarter staff. This weapon was a “weapon of authority,“ which was used by chiefs in both attacks and defence. The taiaha was used to distract an opponent thanks to the tufts of feathers that were placed around the neck of the weapon.
Māori warfare was almost always hand-to-hand combat, and it was a major activity for the Māori . It was an emotional and strenuous activity, but it was also full of ceremony and ritual throughout the process. There were major incentives for war for the Māori , and some of them included slavery, food and land. There was also revenge, which was an incentive for many Maori. You can see traditional Māori taiaha in the upper gallery of the New Zealand Wars Gallery at the National Army Museum.
Another pre-European Māori weapon was the mere pounamu. A mere is a basic thrust weapon that was used to target the vital points of the body, especially the head and ribs. Skilled Māori warriors would give horizontal thrusts to the temple, or target the ribs with an upward thrust. The mere pounamu was the most revered of all the Māori weapons, and some were even buried with the owner. Most, however, were passed along from one generation to another, along with the prestige of owning a weapon that a great warrior once held. Many meres were named, and the Māori believed that these weapons, over time, developed certain virtues. For instance, the famous Māori chief and war leader, Te Rauparaha, had a mere named “Tuhiwai,” and it was believed to be able to tell the future by changing its colour. You can see the collection of mere at the New Zealand Wars/Colonial Gallery, which is located in the upper area of the National Army Museum.
The wahaika was a pre-European weapon that was traditionally used in hand to hand contact. Wahaika, which means “Mouth of the Fish,” was mostly made from wood or whalebone. The wooden wahaika is often carved with intricate designs. These weapons have a concave back and have a carved notch on the edge of the back of the weapon. Many also have carvings on the reke, and many have carvings of small human-looking figures near the handle. The weapons were used in battle, of course, but also used in speeches and ceremony to accentuate the delivery of a particular point where Rangitira wanted people to pay attention. As with the other Māori weapons, the wahaika were used in hand-to-hand combat. The warrior would thrust the wahaika into the body of their enemy, and since the wahaika has a sharp edge, much harm could be done. You can see examples of these weapons at the National Army Museum in the Roimata Pounamu Memorial Area.
Here are some resources for more information about pre-European Māori weapons:
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Step into a revolution of colour and dispel our monochrome idea of Victorian Britain
Rediscover Victorian society as a vibrant colour-filled era – from dazzling dyes used in chic corsets, bold experiments by avant-garde painters, and the flamboyant use of nature’s beauty in jewellery.
As Britain’s industrial revolution gained pace, new scientific breakthroughs allowed the Victorians to become increasingly revolutionary in their use of colour, with new hues greeted with both excitement and suspicion. This explosion of colour was embraced by artists, designers and many others in all walks of 19th-century life.
The exhibition includes fashion pieces – from Queen Victoria’s monotone mourning dress to the most daringly vivid clothing and accessories – and works by artists including Millais, Ruskin, Rossetti, Turner and Whistler, as well as objects from around the world and some of the earliest colour ‘photograms’.
It reveals the vital role that colour has played in shaping our art and culture and offers a rare opportunity to see some of these objects on public display.
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This First Aid Requirements and RIDDOR training course is designed to help you understand what first aid personnel your business requires. It also tells you what kind of accidents and injuries need to be reported, as well as how to go about this. CPD accredited training to help you work towards compliance with legislation.
This First Aid Requirements and RIDDOR course is designed to be used by both managers and employers to help decide what first aid personnel they require. It also explains what has to be reported to RIDDOR, who should do this and how.
First aid can save lives and prevent minor injuries from becoming major ones, so having people with the right training in the right places is essential for the safety of your staff. RIDDOR stands for Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995 – these govern the reporting of accidents at work.
According to the HSE, in 2015/16, 621,000 workers sustained an injury at work, yet only 72,702 injuries and workplace accidents were reported to RIDDOR. Not reporting an accident is a criminal offence and can cause major complications for businesses. Make sure you understand your responsibilities and know how to report to RIDDOR with our First Aid Requirements and RIDDOR Training.
This training programme is designed to be used in conjunction with our First Aid Appointed Person Training. This title is specifically for work environments with a relatively small number of employees, and where the risks are low.
This eLearning course only provides awareness education. Face to face training would be needed in addition in order to complete all-round skills and knowledge to be able to carry this forward practically in your organisation.
This training course is broken down into 2 sections
Section 1: Health and Safety Requirements
First aid is all about dealing with an illness or injury quickly. But the number of first aiders and their level of training depends on how much risk there is, who the employees are and how many people work in a particular area. In this section we look at how you decide what is needed in your workplace. And we look at what training they need.
Section 2: What is RIDDOR?
RIDDOR stands for the Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations. Certain injuries and illnesses MUST be reported to RIDDOR and in this section we look at what needs to be reported and how this is done. This section includes Reportable Injuries, Occupational Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences.
This First Aid Requirements and RIDDOR Training course concludes with a 20 question multiple-choice test with a printable certificate. In addition, brief in-course questions guide the user through the sections of the training and are designed to reinforce learning and ensure maximum user engagement throughout.
As well as printable user certificates, training progress and results are all stored centrally in your LMS (Learning Management System) and can be accessed any time to reprint certificates, check and set pass marks and act as proof of a commitment to ongoing legal compliance.
What does my certificate include?
Your First Aid Requirements and RIDDOR Training Certificate includes your name, company name (if applicable), name of course taken, pass percentage, date of completion, expiry date and stamps of approval or accreditations by recognised authorities.Enquire about this course
- Available in 36 languages
- Nothing to install
- Access to entire course library
- Printable certificate
- Takes only 15 minutes
Ready to apply?
To apply or find out more information about the First Aid Requirements and RIDDOR Training course, please complete the form below, or call us on 01202 551553
What makes Aspire different?
Apprenticeships provide a fantastic opportunity to combine the achievement in gaining a qualification with on-the-job training, enabling you to learn while you earn. By placing you with an employer, we offer the training and mentorship you need.
Aspire Training Team offer a range of training courses across the business and care sector. You can be assured you will be provided with the right skills to progress your career or assistance with training your workforce.
From childcare & early years to business administration and team leading and management, there is something for everyone. We also provide study programmes for 16-18 years olds, courses in first aid, assessor training and much more.
Enquire about First Aid Requirements and RIDDOR Training
Interested in this course? Below are some upcoming courses you may be interested in:
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By Danae Moore, Wildlife Ecologist and Joey Clarke, Senior Science Communicator
The stars are out, but the tumbled slabs of quartzite are still warm when one of Australia’s rarest mammals emerges from a little crevice to begin its night-time activity, whiskers twitching in the cold night air. It’s looking for food and conditions are good; two years of decent rainfall in Central Australia has triggered a burst of plant life, including flowering shrubs and grasses which produce nutritious seed in abundance. The Central Rock-rat (Zyzomys pedunculatus) is a species teetering on the edge of oblivion. Over the past two decades, the population has fluctuated in response to alternating periods of high and low rainfall, and in recent years the NT Government has been implementing a targeted baiting program to reduce feral cat numbers near known colonies. After years oscillating back and forth on the edge of existence, this is boom time for the Central Rock-rat. For the ecologists trying to prevent Australia’s next mammal extinction, the time to act is now or never.
Australia’s native rodents include some of the country’s most remarkable mammal species – from accomplished engineers who build elaborate homes of sticks or stones, to the giant White-tailed Rat which can chew through tin cans. There’s the aquatic Rakali which swims along hunting for yabbies and mussels, and fleet-footed hopping mice, leaving their tracks across the dunes as they bound through the sandy country of the inland. These rats and mice may struggle to capture public attention in the same way as Koalas or Bilbies, but they include some of our most imperilled species.
The rock-rats in the genus Zyzomys are a group of five species, three of which are classed as threatened, found across the more rugged pockets of central and northern Australia. Four are relatively large, weighing about the same as a cricket ball, with a long, thick tail used to store fat – a helpful adaptation during lean times in the arid zone.
Once found across a broad swathe of Central Australia, the Central Rock-rat has disappeared from more than 95% of its pre-European distribution. For decades it seemed to have disappeared completely and was presumed extinct until a tiny population was rediscovered in 1996, clinging to the steep slopes of the West MacDonnell Ranges in Tjoritja National Park near Alice Springs. In 2018, it was assessed as the mammal most likely to become extinct in the next two decades – the clearest signal yet that it was time to intervene to save the species. AWC had previously identified the rock-rat as a prime candidate for translocation to the 9,450-hectare feral predator-free fenced area at Newhaven Wildlife Sanctuary, which lies within their historical range. At Newhaven, Australian Wildlife Conservancy (AWC) has been restoring healthy fire patterns and managing feral animals for more than a decade to improve ecological health.
This year, over five nights in the last week of July, a joint team of ecologists and zoologists from AWC and the NT Flora and Fauna Division and Parks and Wildlife Division, endorsed by Traditional Owners, trapped rock-rats from sites across Tjoritja National Park and airlifted them to Newhaven.
The translocation required some high-level logistics involving a Jet Ranger helicopter, six vehicles and more than a dozen people working across five sites in some of the most precipitous terrain in Central Australia. Teams and field equipment were flown into the more remote locations to establish trapping sites across Chewings and Heavitree Ranges, 60–85 kilometres west of Alice Springs. At dusk, the teams set small aluminium box traps, baited with peanut butter and oats, and returned at daybreak to check the traps and collect the rock- rats. Animals were bundled carefully into pet packs then transported to Ormiston Gorge Ranger Station, where DNA samples were taken for an assessment of the population’s genetic diversity.
From Ormiston Gorge, 58 of the rock-rats were transferred 185 kilometres, 90 minutes by helicopter, directly to the top of Wardikinpirri Range, a 10-kilometre-long quartzite outcrop that sits within the fenced area at Newhaven. As the sun set, they were released into suitable habitat identified by the AWC team: small rocky gorges with abundant crevices close to country that’s been burnt within the past few years. Fire history was an important consideration, as fires promote the growth of some important food plants for the rock-rats.
In addition to the Central Rock-rats released at Newhaven, 16 individuals were taken to Alice Springs Desert Park, where they will become founders of a new captive breeding program that hopes to boost numbers for subsequent releases. The translocation to Newhaven, coupled with the captive breeding colony, aims to help secure the future for this species – potentially making the difference between survival and extinction – and this highly significant conservation project is supported by funding from the Australian Government. If the new population becomes established throughout the rocky ranges, it is predicted that Newhaven could support a population of around 800 Central Rock-rats in ideal conditions. This is the sixth species translocated to Newhaven, one of the world’s most important rewilding projects.
Watch the video to hear from the team on the ground during this high-stakes translocation.
Read and download the full issue of Wildlife Matters here.
Support Australian Wildlife Conservancy's science-led conservation work and safeguard the future of Australia's native speciesDonate Now
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Initiative to build Tesla curriculum for U.S. schools
U.S. scientists have launched an initiative to introduce lectures on work and inventions Nikola Tesla into the curriculum of schools across their country.Source: Tanjug, Večernje novosti
This should happen as of next year, writes the Belgrade-based daily Večernje Novosti.
The initiative was set up by three, and backed by over 100 American scientists, the daily writes, noting that on January 11, the Philadelphia-based Tesla Science Foundation will hold a Tesla Memorial Conference in New York so as to mark 71 years since the death of Tesla.
The main topic of the conference will be "Building the Tesla Curriculum" for schools in the U.S. and other countries across the world, and American scientists, professors, and enthusiasts will try to give an answer to the question, "who was that influential to take Tesla out of schools?"
A study that was prepared for the conference by an expert team shows that Tesla was a creator of our future, said Ashley Redfearn-Neswick, principal of the Tacony Academy Charter School located in Philadelphia.
She noted that the Serbian-American engineer and inventor was "a genius, a scientist to whom the world owes a debt of gratitude," and that American students "have to learn from Tesla."
"It is a happy coincidence that under the new law in the U.S., curriculums are approved by the federal government, and we will file our request to the U.S. Department of Education in Washington. We hope for a positive decision, which will give us an opportunity to share the truth about one of the most brilliant people in the world with Americans," Redfearn-Neswick was quoted as saying.
She backed the idea that her academy should change its name to the Nikola Tesla Academy and that a monument to Nikola Tesla should be erected within the university campus in Philadelphia in 2014.
President of the Tesla Science Foundation Nikola Lončar told Novosti that in recent years Nikola Tesla has been one of the most popular figures in the U.S., and noted that there are around 100 scientists that study his works very seriously and support the idea of making lectures on Tesla's work and inventions a part of the curriculum.
The study will not be made public until it is submitted to the U.S. Department of Education in Washington, and after the U.S., the proposal for developing a Tesla curriculum will be put forward to the relevant ministries in Australia, Brazil, Germany and other world countries, he said.
The Tesla Memorial Conference will be held at the New Yorker Hotel, in which Tesla died on Orthodox Christmas, January 7, 1943.
B92's Tesla Special that marked the inventor's 150th birthday
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Prevalence of Vitamin A Deficiency in South Asia: Causes, Outcomes, and Possible Remedies
Keywords:Blindness, Infections, Malnutrition, Vitamin A, South Asia
Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) has been recognized as a public-health issue in developing countries. Economic constraints, sociocultural limitations, insufficient dietary intake, and poor absorption leading to depleted vitamin A stores in the body have been regarded as potential determinants of the prevalence of VAD in South Asian developing countries. VAD is exacerbated by lack of education, poor sanitation, absence of new legislation and enforcement of existing food laws, and week monitoring and surveillance system. Several recent estimates confirmed higher morbidly and mortality rate among children and pregnant and non-pregnant women of childbearing age. Xerophthalmia is the leading cause of preventable childhood blindness with its earliest manifestations as night blindness and Bitots spots, followed by blinding keratomalacia, all of which are the ocular manifestations of VAD. Children need additional vitamin A because they do not consume enough in their normal diet. There are three general ways for improving vitamin A status: supplementation, fortification, and dietary diversification. These approaches have not solved the problem in South Asian countries to the desired extent because of poor governmental support and supervision of vitamin A supplementation twice a year. An extensive review of the extant literature was carried out, and the data under various sections were identified by using a computerized bibliographic search via PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. All abstracts and full-text articles were examined, and the most relevant articles were selected for screening and inclusion in this review. Conclusively, high prevalence of VAD in South Asian developing countries leads to increased morbidity and mortality among infants, children, and pregnant women. Therefore, stern efforts are needed to address this issue of publichealth significance at local and international level in lower- and middle-income countries of South Asia.
J HEALTH POPUL NUTR 2013 Dec; 31(4): 413-423
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28 August 2018
The Escondida copper mine is located in the Atacama Desert in northern Chile, one of the driest deserts on Earth. Escondida is the largest copper mine (by production) in the world. It produces over a million tonnes of copper per year, employs more than 3,500 employees and is one of the biggest private single taxpayers in the Chilean economy.
It is not simple to change water sources and to rely solely on one; careful planning and preparation is critical. Escondida has been planning a transition away from groundwater resources to desalinated seawater since the mid-2000s, achieving permanent cessation of withdrawal from underground aquifers for operational use in January, 2020.
The first large-scale desalination plant for industrial use in Chile was commissioned at Escondida in 2006. The plant, in the Port of Coloso, is designed to produce 525 litres per second and includes a pipeline of more than 180 kilometres to reach the mining operations 3,200 metres above sea level in the Altiplano (High Andes).
Escondida commissioned its second desalination plant, Escondida Water Supply (EWS) in 2017. This resulted in the desalination facility being one of the largest desalination plants in the world. EWS had a design capacity of 2,500 litres per second and includes a twin 42-inch diameter, 180-kilometre pipeline, four high-pressure pumping stations and a reservoir to move water from the Port of Coloso across the Atacama Desert to the mine site. In July 2017, the construction of the Escondida Water Supply Expansion project (EWSE) commenced. The EWSE project added a further three reverse osmosis racks, providing an extra 800 litres per second of desalinated water supply. The project also increased the pumping capacity by incorporating six additional pumps in each of the four pumping stations, allowing a maximum design capacity of 3,800 litres per second for the desalination facility in the future. In early January 2020, EWSE started production. This expansion to the desalination facility was an essential part of BHP's water strategy, to ensure increased water supply for Escondida and to allow the cessation of extraction from the Andean aquifers for operational purposes, which in turn provides more sustainable, resilient and reliable water.
In 2017, Escondida announced it would cease extraction from one of the main aquifers, Salar de Punta Negra. In 2019, Escondida announced it would also reduce water extraction from the aquifer underlying the Monturaqui well field by 70 per cent from FY2020, and that it aspires to cease all groundwater extractions for operational supply by 2030. The implementation of this strategy has since accelerated and, in January 2020, Escondida ceased extraction from its Monturaqui well field - 10 years ahead of target for its aspiration to cease all groundwater extraction. All water use is now supplied by desalinated seawater, other than small quantities of groundwater extracted for pit dewatering to allow safe mining
Additionally, in recognition of the need to reduce the carbon footprint from desalination, the Kelar power generation plant that provides energy to the desalination facility, originally to be coal fired, was redesigned and built as a liquefied natural gas combined cycle plant. The total investment for the new desalination plant was US$3.4 billion.
This water supply strategy is a milestone in the history of mining in Chile, given the ambition and scale of the desalination projects and the level of investment. The strategy conveys a recognition that groundwater resources are limited and important to communities and the environment, and industry cannot rely on such unique resources in the long term. While the strategy had a significant impact on Escondida’s production costs for the short term, we were convinced that today’s challenge is tomorrow’s opportunity. This is key to creating a sustainable future for Escondida.
Escondida is also working on ways to decrease its overall freshwater consumption. It has promoted efficiency initiatives that increase the use of water recovered from its production processes, primarily from the tailings dam, and is investigating technology to reduce overall demand.
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Planting a fruit tree
'One generation plants the tree, another gets the shade' – so goes the Chinese proverb. The fruit trees you plant today will grow for many decades into the future, though luckily you don't have to wait till your kids take over to enjoy the fruit.
Once you've selected your tree – traditional apples and pears, or perhaps cherries, apricots or a fig, all available from our Caerphilly garden centre – give it the best possible start to its long life by getting the planting right. Here's how:
- Choose the site carefully: some fruit trees, such as cherries, will fruit in partial shade but most need a sunny spot that's reasonably sheltered.
- Dig your hole: the size is important so your tree grows at the right height in the soil. Make your hole a third wider than the rootball, and the same depth as the container the tree is growing in (if your tree is bare-root, look for the 'soil mark' just where the roots meet the stem).
- Use a garden fork to lightly loosen the soil at the bottom of the hole to let the roots get through easily.
- Bang a sturdy tree stake, available in our garden centre, into the bottom of the hole at 45° to vertical, pointing into the prevailing wind. It should cross the trunk about halfway up.
- Now place the tree in the hole next to the stake, spreading out the roots evenly if it's bare-root.
- Back-fill the hole with soil, treading it in gently as you go so the tree is well anchored in the soil.
- Water thoroughly, so the moisture sinks right down into the root zone, and top with a nice deep mulch of well-rotted farmyard manure, pulled back from the trunk so it doesn't encourage rotting.
- Finish by tying the tree to the stake with a specialist rubber tree tie. You'll find these in our garden centre: they work in a figure-eight between tree and stake to prevent rubbing and allow the tree trunk to expand.
Please ask the staff in our garden centre in Caerphilly for more information and advice about planting fruit trees.
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Sung Cho addresses the seeming contradiction of Herod the Great's massacre in Matthew 2:16-18, questioning why such a tragedy had to occur, why it was included in the good news of Jesus, and what connection it has to ancient prophecies. In creating a reception history of the Massacre of the Innocents, Cho progresses through two millennia worth of interpretation and depiction to highlight key works for discussion.
Beginning with a close reading of Matthew 2:16-18, Cho moves to analyse depictions of the tragedy in the Early Patristic Tradition, from the sixth century to the early modern period, and thus to the present day; complete with an examination of visual interpretations of the massacre. Cho's examination provides a positive step to understanding the depths of human suffering with the help of many diverse perspectives.
Read an extract of Matthew’s Account of the Massacre of the Innocents in Light of its Reception History
Table of Contents
Preface Acknowledgments Abbreviations 1. Matthew and Reception History 2. A Close Reading of Matthew 2:16-18 3. Massacre of the Innocents in Early Patristic Tradition (Second to Fifth Centuries) 4. Massacre of the Innocents from Sixth Century to 1516 5. Massacre of the Innocents from 1517 6. Visual Interpretations of the Massacre of the Innocents 7. Concluding Reflections Bibliography Index
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December is a busy month filled with family get-togethers, social events, and friends sharing holiday goodies. But these gatherings may also share viruses like the flu that can cause serious illness and for older adults can be life-threatening; that’s why hand washing awareness is so important.
December marks National Hand Washing Awareness Month, and with so many new findings about the spread and prevention of illness, it is more important than ever. Hand sanitizers are commonly used, but newer research has found that the use of these gels could create alcohol and drug-resistant virus strains. Instead, experts recommend using plain soap and water, rubbing hands together under water to dislodge harmful microbes. Antibacterial soaps have been found to be no more effective than mechanical scrubbing to clean hands and may also contribute to the appearance of resistant organisms. US researchers also determined that paper towels are the best hand-drying method to maintain a clean environment. Hand dryers and jet air dryers may spread bacteria, contributing to contamination throughout bathrooms.
Here is the right way to wash your hands. Wet your hands with water and apply soap. Lather your hands by rubbing them together, getting between fingers and on the back of your hands. Scrub for 20 seconds; wondering how long 20 seconds are, try humming Happy Birthday twice. Rinse your hands in running water with fingers pointed down to allow soap and germs to run off. Day hands with a paper towel or clean hand towel. Following this handwashing process will lower your and other’s chance of getting sick this winter.
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Lab created diamonds UK are diamonds that are grown in a laboratory instead of being mined from the earth. They are chemically, physically, and optically identical to natural diamonds, but they are more affordable and sustainable.
The lab created diamond market in the UK is growing rapidly. This post shows more about the sparkling world of lab grown diamonds.
Table of Contents
Affordability and Sustainability
One of the most noteworthy aspect of lab grown diamonds is their affordability. The lab created diamonds uk are typically less expensive than natural diamonds of comparable size and quality. This makes them more accessible to a wider range of consumers.
Moreover, lab grown diamonds are more sustainable than natural diamonds because they do not require any mining operations. Mining for diamonds can have a negative impact on the environment, which includes deforestation, water pollution, and soil erosion.
The lab created diamond uk industry is more transparent than the natural diamond industry. This is because lab created diamonds are grown in controlled laboratories, that makes it easier to track their origin and ensure that they are ethically sourced.
Lab created diamonds are becoming increasingly popular in the UK, with many couples choosing them for their engagement rings and wedding bands. They are also being used in a wide range of other jewellery, including earrings, necklaces, and bracelets.
Origin of Lab Grown Diamonds
There are two main methods used to create diamonds in a laboratory that are Chemical vapour deposition (CVD). In this process, a thin layer of carbon is deposited onto a seed crystal in a vacuum chamber. The carbon is heated to a high temperature, which causes it to crystallise into diamond.
The other one is high pressure high temperature (HPHT). In the HPHT method, a mixture of graphite and metal catalyst is placed in a chamber and subjected to high pressure and high temperature. This causes the graphite to transform into diamond.
Both methods produce diamonds that are chemically, physically, and optically identical to natural diamonds.
Benefits of Lab Grown Diamonds
Lab created diamonds UK offer a number of benefits over natural diamonds, which includes:
Accessible: Lab created diamonds cost less than natural diamonds, providing the same elegance and quality. It makes lab diamonds accessible to a higher range of consumers.
Ethical: Lab created diamonds are more sustainable and ethical because they do not require mining operations and are not involved with any dilemmas.
Transparency: The lab diamond industry is more transparent than the natural diamond industry as the consumers can find out how their gems were created.
Customisation: Lab created diamonds are available in a wide range of colours, shapes, weights. This gives consumers more choice when selecting a diamond.
Lab created diamonds UK are a new and exciting option for consumers. The UK market is set to witness a shift towards these elegant, responsible gems. If you are looking for a beautiful and ethical diamond, lab created diamonds are a great option to consider.
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French Class Paris : PENDANT DEPUIS IL Y A
The French prepositions depuis, pendant, and—far less commonly—pour each express the duration of an event a little differently, with the result that many English speakers mix up depuis and pendant and overuse pour. This lesson explains the different meanings and uses for each preposition. Depuis means "since" or "for." It is used with a French verb in the present tense to talk about an action that began in the past and continues in the present. In English, this is indicated by the present perfect or present perfect progressive. Depuis quand étudiez-vous le français ? How long have you studied French? J'étudie le français depuis 3 ans. I've studied French for 3 years (and still do). J'étudie le français depuis 2009. I've been studying French since 2009. Depuis can also indicate something that was occurring in the past when it was interrupted by some other action. In French, this is stated with the imparfait plus passé composé; in English, the past perfect progressive plus simple past.
Depuis combien de temps dormais-tu quand je suis arrivé ? How long had you been sleeping when I arrived? Il vivait en France depuis 2 ans quand je l'ai vu. He'd been living in France for two years when I saw him. Pendant means "for" and refers to the entire duration of an action in the past or future, with no relation to the present. Pendant combien de temps avez-vous étudié le français ? How long did you study French? J'ai étudié le français pendant 3 ans. I studied French for 3 years (and then stopped). Je vais habiter en France pendant 2 mois. I'm going to live in France for 2 months. Pendant followed by a noun means "during." In this sense, it is synonymous with durant. J'ai vu un film pendant mon séjour. I saw a film during my stay. Pendant ce temps, il m'attendait. During this time, he waited for me. Pour can express the duration of an event only in the future. Note that pendant could also be used in all of these. Je vais y habiter pour 2 mois. I'm going to live there for 2 months.
Il étudiera en Europe pour 3 ans. He'll study in Europe for 3 years. Le projet est suspendu pour un an. The project is suspended for a year. Although the verb in the final example is not in the future, the use of pour indicates that the one-year suspension is either about to start or is currently underway. If the suspension had already occurred, you would have to use pendant: Le projet a été suspendu pendant un an. The project was suspended for a year.
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french tutor paris french lessons paris french lessons paris french lessons paris french tutor
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Why Cat Urine Smells So Bad
Cats evolved to live in the dry environment of the African Savannah. Because streams and lakes are relatively rare there, cats needed to get most of their water from their food and their bodies become highly efficient at drawing out every last drop of moisture from that food.
For this reason, cat urine is particularly low in water. That means its a more concentrated solution of odor-causing compounds and therefore smellier and darker than most animal urine.
If youve spent much time around ferrets, youve probably noticed their pee is pretty rank, too. Thats because ferrets, like cats, are obligate carnivores who evolved to extract the water they require from their food.
How To Get Rid Of Cat Pee Smell
Ultimately, its a lot less important WHY something smells bad. The main problem is getting rid of the odor. Thats the final challenge cat urine poses its notoriously hard to eliminate. Its common for products to use strong smells, such as orange or lemon, to mask any lingering odors after the treatment has been applied. While this can help in the short term, soon enough the masking smell fades and the scent of cat pee is still there.
What you need is a product that fully eliminates the smell, with no need for masking.
Where The Stinky Smell Comes From
Naturally, the fresh urine of a cat doesnt stink much. What gives it that lousy odor is the urine being left unnoticeable for a long time until it becomes a problem and begins to stink. Cats have the habit of marking their territory out of the litter box, which can be in hidden corners or even on the carpet. The urine begins to stink after a while because bacteria will act on it. When bacteria starts to act on the urine, itll decompose the urea in it, and that is where the ammonia odor comes from. In other words, the urine will begin to stink following the decomposition activities of bacteria. Thats not all. Theres a second stage of the decomposition process leading to the emission of a compound called Mercaptan. Mercaptans are also compounds with a nasty smell. Besides the decomposition process leading to the stinky smell, another factor contributing to the foul odor of cat urine is the cat’s age. Older cats tend to have weaker kidneys that have lost some of their efficiency. As a consequence of that, the urine of older animals smell worse than their younger counterparts. Notably, the urine of female cats smells less compared to their male counterparts. This is due to the presence of certain steroids in male cat urine.
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Things To Watch Out For
What not to use. Dont use ammonia-based cleaning products, as it smells like cat pee and will attract your cat to keep urinating there.
Health problems. When a cat pees outside the litter box, this could be a sign of health issues or behavioral problems. Urinary tract problems such as kidney stones and bladder inflammation can be painful and make your cat urinate more. Kidney and liver diseases can also be a possibility as cats feel the need to drink more and pee more. Other possibilities include problems with your cats joints, nerves, or muscles, which can make it hard for them to climb in and out of the litter box. See your veterinarian to rule out any health problems.
Age issues. Older cats, especially those 10 years or older, may have age-related cat dementia or cognitive dysfunction. One of the behavioral problems associated with cognitive dysfunction is peeing and pooping outside of the litter box. See your veterinarian to rule out any age-related problems.
Check the litter. The litter box could be dirty or your cat may dislike the litter in it. Change the litter more often. You can also experiment with different types of litter. If you have several cats, the more dominant one may have marked it as their litter box, leaving the others to find someplace else to use as a toilet.
Cat Urine Smells Like Burnt Rubber What Does It Mean
The smell of your cats urine is generally unwelcome but do you know that it can tell you a lot about your kittys health?
Cat urine smells are offensive and challenging to get rid of at the best of times, but urine malodors can indicate problems such as urinary tract infections, hormonal disorders, diabetes, and many others.
So, what should normal cat urine smell like? And what does it mean if your cats urine smells like burnt rubber? Read on to understand what your cats urine reveals about their health and what you can do to help them.
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Cat Smells Stinking Up Your Home Here Are Five Diy Ways To Get Rid Of The Stink For Good
Lingering cat smells can be a headache for homeowners. Even if residents of the home become so used to the smells they no longer notice, you can bet guests and potential buyers will.
Plus, cat smells can be offensive to cats themselves. Cats mark territory with their urine. And a cat smelling the scent of another cat, particularly one from a different household, may develop behavioral issues such as aggression, agitation or urinating in inappropriate places.
Thats why understanding what causes a cat smell to linger, and learning how to get rid of it, can make your home a more pleasant place to live and visit.
On This Page
Cat Urine Problems Explained
The cat urinary system is made up of many organs, including thekidneys, bladder, urethra, ureters and the sphincter muscles. Medicalproblems will occur when one of the organs in the urinary systembecomes obstructed. A blockage can lead to kidney failure. If thisoccurs, the color of your cats urine and its smell will change, whichcan be a very helpful diagnostic indicator of which organ is causingthe urine problem.
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Cat Urine Strong Smell
Being a pet cat proprietor is a very fulfilling title. They arent overly caring like pets and also provide you space till they desire interest. Cat Urine Strong Smell
Everybody that has a feline recognizes of the challenging task that is the feared can.
I indicate, that really appreciates having an open cat commode in their residence?
The smell of having felines is probably the only reason there are pet proprietors in the first place!
That is why you have to recognize every little thing you can around cat litter and just how the right or the wrong kind can be great or ravaging to your home.
How To Get Rid Of Cat Pee Smell: A Guide
Or, if weâre being polite, eliminating that âinappropriate eliminationâ odor.
Itâs all fun and games until the cat pees in your house. Kitty tinkle is one of the most unique and pungent smells on the planet, perhaps rivaled only by the notorious durian fruit.
Cleaning cat pee isnât very intuitive either â itâs actually sort of like a science experiment. Whereas youâd instinctively use warm or hot water to clean basically anything else, using hot water on cat pee is only going to set and amplify the stench. So if youâre having a cat pee-mergency, follow our guidelines below to neutralize that stinky urine.
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The Science Behind The Stench
If it happens under your nose, you may wonder why cat urine stinks so much. According to veterinarians, its not the urine itself that stinks , but the fact that some cats may not urinate in the litter box, but on rugs or anywhere else they might like.
When urine is absorbed by an object and begins to rot, the bacterium contained in the pee will produce that typical stench. Also, in the second stage of urine decomposition mercaptans come into play, so the more you advance the decomposition process the more mercaptans will be produced.
Get Friendly With Enzyme Cleaners
The most effective way to get rid of cat pee smell is with enzyme cleaners , which actually break down the acid in cat urine, helping to get rid of the smell at the same time. These cleaners contain natural enzymes and helpful bacteria to get rid of the bad bacteria causing the unpleasant odors. Make sure to liberally douse the affected area with enzyme cleaner and let it sit for 10-15 minutes before blotting.
Some people have found that a mixture of household ingredients like vinegar, hydrogen peroxide, and baking soda are effective at removing a urine stain, but often times this trick will only temporarily neutralize cat pee smell. When it doubt, try both types of cleaners!
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Keep The Litter Box Clean
Cleaning out your cats litter box frequently will not only reduce odors, but also helps to prevent elimination outside the litter box. A soiled litter box filled with urine and feces may deter your cat from using it. Choosing the correct litter is important as well preferably one that is unscented with minimal dust. Cats can have allergic reactions to certain types of litter.
Explanation : Its Extra
Cats kidneys are very good at filtering out as much water as possible before their urine passes through them. Without much water diluting it, the chemicals and compounds that make up cat urine smell a lot more strongly. Some of those compounds, especially urea and uric acid, are famously foul smelling wherever they occur.
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Why Does My Male Cats Urine Smell So Strong
cat urine odormale catsthe urine odorsmellthecat
. In this manner, why does cats urine smell so bad?
Cats have a propensity to mark their territory outside the litter box, be it on the carpet or in hidden corners. After a while, bacteria decompose the urea and give off an ammoniacal odour characteristic of stale old urine.
One may also ask, is smelling cat urine bad for you? The sharp smell of pet accidents, particularly pet urine, is indeed an irritant to the lungs. Inhalation of even low concentrations can cause rapid eye and skin irritation. Inhalation of large or concentrated quantities can cause Irritation of the eyes or skin.
In respect to this, do male cats have strong urine?
Urine marking is most common in intact male cats. When an intact male sprays urine, it will have the characteristic tom cat odor that is strong and pungent.
Why do male cats stink?
There is an unmistaken odour that comes with having an intact or un-neutered male cat. To him and other cats, it is a way of marking his territory. Neutering him will remove the strong smell from his discharge, also reduce the motivation for him wanting to spray.
Vital Oxide Is A Must
Cleaning up cat accidents quickly and effectively is a must for a fresh-smelling home. For some reason, cats always seem to have accidents on upholstery or carpet rather than easy-to-clean tile. Even litter box-trained cats will have an accident from time to time. Whether its urine, feces, or vomit, Vital Oxide has the cleaning power to neutralize foul-smelling odors and stubborn stains for good. Vital Oxide harnesses the cleaning power of oxygen in the form of stabilized chlorine dioxide for maximum odor-banishing cleaning power.
Heres how to use Vital Oxide to clean and neutralize tough feline messes:
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Why Does My Cats Urine Smell Like Burnt Rubber
Cat urine can smell like burnt rubber or plastic when cats are marking their territory. Cats naturally expel their waste to warn other animals that a certain domain is already occupied. Thus, spraying is a common occurrence in households with multiple cats, or if you have recently brought home a new pet and your resident cat does not feel comfortable with the newcomer.
The strong scent in cats urine is also influenced by gender, hormones, and reproductive activity. During mating seasons, unspayed females announce their availability through the pungent smell in their urine. Unneutered male cats acknowledge it by returning the message via their own pee.
Cats usually spray on curtains, carpets, beside their beds, near the door, or on the sofa. Aside from the burnt-rubber smell, you might notice that the urine has a dark hue and a thick consistency. Unfortunately, this can cause unpleasant smells in your home, especially when left uncleaned for a long time.
Why Does Cat Urine Smell So Bad
Cats are well adapted to survive in a variety of situations. One of their feline talents is the ability to use water extraordinarily efficiently. Their bodies squeeze every last ounce of moisture out of their food, which means they dont have to drink as much water as other animals, such as dogs. It also means their urine is super concentrated, darker than that of most animals. The concentration of waste gives the urine of all cats a super pungent smell.
There are other contributing factors. For instance, older cats with diminished or compromised kidney function will have much worse smelling urine. Urine from male cats also tends to smell worse than female urine due to the presence of hormones and pheromones. These arent found in neutered males or female cats, but they serve to make non-neutered male cat urine reek for days.
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The Best Cat Food For Odor Control
An inferior bargain diet is a common culprit behind intense cat box odors. Grocery store brands use corn, soy and other fillers, causing stomach upset and bigger messes in the litter box. Thats especially so if kitty is sensitive to these filler ingredients. Switch to a high-quality brand found at your independent pet supply shop, and youll quickly see a difference. Here are three things youll want to see on the label to make a true difference in cat odors.
Youll want to follow kittys lead when switching. But the good news is a high-quality diet should be pretty gentle on their system. Heres how to switch your cat to a new brand of cat food.
He Has Difficulty Grooming His Butt
For one reason or another, a cat may have trouble grooming his bottom properly. This will be the case, for example, if he is obese. Indeed, a cat subject to overweight may have difficulty in perfecting the toilet of its buttocks.
The same will be the case for a cat who suffers from hip dysplasia or suffers from arthritis preventing it from easily reaching the posterior area. Consequently, the feces and his pee will stick to the hairs and cause the bad smell.
Note that if your cat can no longer do his personal hygiene properly, it will be up to you his master to help him daily by cleaning his behind properly.
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Why Does My Cat Have Bad Breath
Yes, a cats breath can smell funky after chowing down their favorite canned entree, especially if it has fish. But if the bad breath is sticking around for several days, its time to act.
Most often, halitosis points to dental issues, especially gum disease or tooth decay, which are pretty common in cats. Various studies have found that anywhere between 50% and 90% of cats end up with some form of dental disease by the time they reach 4 years of age. So if the odor is accompanied by signs of mouth pain, see a vet.
Less frequently, foul breath can signal a serious illness, such as kidney failure or liver disease. If this accompanies other symptoms, like vomiting and lethargy, have your cat evaluated as soon as possible.
Otherwise, keep your cats gums and teeth clean and healthy with daily toothbrushing. If toothbrushing isnt realistic, your vet or your independent pet supplier may have some recommendations. Dental toys and treats containing special enzymes can help remove excess plaque that leads to decay and disease.
Does Cat Urine Odor Get Worse Over Time
Although cat urine normally gives off an unpleasant smell, it can get worse if left uncleaned for an extended period of time. As the bacteria continue to break down urea and other chemical compounds in the waste, the amount of mercaptans also increases. Hence, the longer cat urine stays, the stronger the smell becomes.
Unfortunately, if the cat sprays urine somewhere other than in the litter box, it can be challenging to notice the urine spots before the smell becomes stronger and more obvious. The awful smell not only compromises the air quality in the house, but can also cause health problems in family members with allergies or asthma.
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How To Use Vital Oxide To Clean Your Cats Litter Box
All cat owners know the struggle of keeping litter boxes smelling fresh. Unfortunately, cat urination nostril permeation is inevitable unless you have the right tools, of course! While good quality litter is a must, its simply not enough to prevent odors. Instead of scooping only when you see big clumps, try scooping litter twice daily and replace the litter entirely once a week. After emptying the litter box, scrub it with unscented dish soap and warm water. Rinse, and spray with Vital Oxide to kill germs and neutralize odor-causing bacteria. Let the litter box dry before refilling with fresh litter. This routine will keep your kittys litter box smelling purr-fectly fresh.
for more great cleaning and disinfecting tips. If you have any questions, please or . We’re here to help!
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BEYOND THE NUMBERS
The House will vote Thursday on a bill to block the Administration from allowing states to test new ways to help recipients of Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) move from welfare to work. While this issue has received lots of attention, there’s been little discussion of how TANF’s current work requirements actually operate. Here are five facts that lawmakers should consider as they decide whether to give states this greater flexibility:
- Under current rules, a state can meet its work requirement even if no recipient finds a job. The federal government judges states’ performance by whether recipients participate in a specified set of activities for the requisite number of hours and whether states’ caseloads have shrunk since 2005—not by whether recipients find jobs. In addition, the cheapest and surest way for a state to meet its work requirement is to serve as few families in need as possible, while screening out the families who need the most help.
- States spend very little of their TANF funds on work activities. They spend substantial resources monitoring participation in activities. In fiscal year 2011, states spent only about 8 percent of their state and federal TANF funds on work activities and expenses. Meanwhile, a Minnesota study found that employment services staff there spend 52 percent of their time tracking participation in TANF work activities.
- The current rules discourage people from getting a high school diploma or GED, even though they’d be likelier to find work with one. People without a high school credential have a very hard time finding jobs — their unemployment rate in August was 12.0 percent, 3.2 percentage points above the rate for people with a high school diploma or GED. Yet under current rules, participation in a GED or high school completion program can’t count as a person’s main work activity for anyone over age 20.
- The current rules discourage participation in certain vocational education programs. The surest path out of poverty for the long-term unemployed is to get the skills needed to qualify for higher-paying jobs. People with an associate’s degree or some college gained 1.6 million jobs between January 2010 and February 2012, while people with a high school diploma or less lost 230,000 jobs, according to a Georgetown University study. But, under current TANF rules, participation in vocational education can count as a person’s main work activity for just 12 months, even though many vocational programs—especially those that lead to higher-paying jobs—last longer. As a result, many TANF agencies don’t permit TANF recipients to participate in longer programs, closing doors to programs that could significantly increase their earning potential.
- Under the current rules, people working in a subsidized job don’t count toward the state’s work rate unless they also receive a welfare check. Using the TANF Emergency Fund, states placed 260,000 TANF recipients in subsidized jobs in the private, public, and non-profit sectors in 2009-2011. For example, Oregon, which has operated a subsidized employment program for TANF recipients since 1996, placed 1,115 individuals in subsidized jobs in the private sector in 2009, 65 percent of whom went on to get unsubsidized jobs. However, not one of those individuals counted toward Oregon’s work rate because they didn’t receive a welfare check along with a paycheck.
The labor market and the TANF caseload have changed dramatically in the 16 years since TANF’s creation. It’s time to give states flexibility to develop new ideas about how to improve TANF as a work program while maintaining it as a safety net for parents who cannot find work.
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A new study shows that 63 trillion gallons of water have been used in California during the drought, which is nearing the 1,000-day mark. CBS News science contributor Michio Kaku says drought conditions may be the new standard for the state.
"If you look at tree rings and lake sediments, you realize you'd have to go back centuries to find a drought of this kind of magnitude," Kaku said. "And we begin to realize droughts have lasted decades, even centuries, in the history of California. So yeah, some people are saying this could be a mega-drought, this could be the new normal."
Kaku says that the drought is even affecting the state's topography.
"Believe it or not California is rising, literally rising," Kaku told CBS News. "The mountains of California have risen about half an inch just in the last two years. Because of all the loss of water, we actually have all these GPS sensors, we can actually measure the fact that the loss of water is causing the Earth to spring back about half an inch under the mountains of California. That's how punishing this drought is."
The drought is joining an influx of unexpected weather occurrences this summer. El Nino caused an uncharacteristically cold August, and the Northeast saw severe flooding.
"You realize that about 34 percent of the country is experiencing some form of drought, which is ironic because in the northeast we've had flooding," Kaku said. "We've had this wacky weather, we've had this wacky summer, where we've had unusually cold weather in the northeast, just go outside and you can see that, and drought and blistering temperatures in the West. Now the good news is El Nino is setting in, which means that California could get some rainfall, could get some relief."
Kaku thinks that California's drought may not only be the new normal, we may even be lucky it's been so temperate for this long.
"When you start to look back decades now, decades into the past, you start to see that droughts in California were once normal," Kaku said. "In fact, what some people say is abnormal is the recent plentiful amount of water in the last few centuries - that we are benefiting from an abnormal situation."
for more features.
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COVID-19 Science Update released: December 17, 2021 Edition 117
The COVID-19 Science Update summarizes new and emerging scientific data for public health professionals to meet the challenges of this fast-moving pandemic. Weekly, staff from the CDC COVID-19 Response and the CDC Library systematically review literature in the WHO COVID-19 database, and select publications and preprints for public health priority topics in the CDC Science Agenda for COVID-19 and CDC COVID-19 Response Health Equity Strategy.
Here you can find all previous COVID-19 Science Updates.
BNT162b2 vaccine booster and mortality due to COVID-19. Arbel et al. NEJM (December 8, 2021).
- Among adults aged ≥50 years, COVID-19 mortality was 90% lower among those who received a 3rd(booster) dose of BNT162b2 (Comirnaty, Pfizer/BioNTech) compared with those who received only 2 doses (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]0.10, 95% CI 0.07-0.14) (Figure).
- Mortality was 0.16 per 100,000 persons/day in those who received a 3rd(booster) dose and 2.98 per 100,000 persons/day in those who did not.
- The aHR for SARS-CoV-2 infection in the booster group, as compared with the no booster group, was 0.17 (95% CI 0.16-0.18).
Methods: Analysis of electronic health record data for 843,208 adults aged ≥50 years in Israel who were eligible for 3rd dose of BNT162b2 (had received 2 doses ≥5 months previously) during August–September 2021 and had no prior history of SARS-CoV-2 infection. HRs were assessed using a Cox proportional-hazards regression model and were adjusted for coexisting conditions and demographics. Limitations: Brief follow-up period (54 days); participants aged >60 years were eligible for boosters in the first 2 weeks of the study period, and younger participants were eligible thereafter, leading to possible overestimation of mortality in the booster group; findings are limited to the BNT162b2 vaccine.
Implications: A BNT162b2 booster was associated with reduced risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and death due to COVID-19 among adults ≥50 years of age. These findings support COVID-19 booster recommendations for persons in this age group.
Note: Adapted from Arbel et al. Cumulative HR for death due to COVID-19. The shaded area indicates the 95% CI. Individuals were assigned to the no booster group from the start of the study (August 6, 2021) until 7 days after receiving a booster dose, at which point they were re-assigned to the booster group for the remainder of the follow up period. From the New England Journal of Medicine, Arbel et al., BNT162b2 vaccine booster and mortality due to COVID-19. December 8, 2021, online ahead of print. Copyright © 2021 Massachusetts Medical Society. Reprinted with permission from Massachusetts Medical Society.
Nursing home staff vaccination and COVID-19 outcomes. McGarry et al. NEJM (December 8, 2021).
- In counties with a high prevalence of COVID-19, nursing homes with low staff vaccination coverage had higher rates of cases (1.56 additional resident cases/100 beds, 95% CI 1.05-2.07) and deaths (0.19 additional deaths/100 beds, 95% CI 0.08-0.30) compared with nursing homes with high staff vaccination coverage (Figure).
- Resident case and death rates did not significantly differ by staff vaccination coverage in counties with the lowest prevalence of COVID-19.
- Modeling suggests 4,775 (29%) resident cases and 703 (48%) resident deaths may have been prevented If staff vaccination coverage had matched the highest quartile (82.7% average) in all nursing homes.
Methods: Using U.S. national COVID-19 nursing home data, nursing homes (n = 12,364, 81% of all US nursing homes) were classified into quartiles by staff vaccination coverage and county prevalence of COVID-19 from June-August 2021. Outcomes among the lowest and highest quartiles were compared using multivariate regression models with adjustment for resident vaccination rates, previous COVID-19 infection rates among staff and residents, facility characteristics, and county as a fixed effect. Limitations: Data limited to nursing homes that reported vaccination rates for the week ending June 13 and reported outcomes in each week of the study period.
Implications: High vaccination coverage among nursing home staff can prevent COVID-19 cases and deaths among nursing home residents in communities with high prevalence of disease. These findings emphasize the importance of vaccination among staff in nursing homes and other long-term care facilities.
Note: Adapted from McGarry et al. Cumulative adjusted COVID-19 outcomes, according to nursing home staff vaccination coverage (facilities in lowest quartile for staff vaccination coverage and facilities in highest quartile for staff vaccination coverage) and county-level prevalence (A. High prevalence; B. Low prevalence). Shaded areas indicate 95% confidence intervals. From the New England Journal of Medicine, McGarry et al., Nursing home staff vaccination and COVID-19 outcomes. December 8, 2021, online ahead of print. Copyright © 2021 Massachusetts Medical Society. Reprinted with permission from Massachusetts Medical Society.
PREPRINTS (NOT PEER-REVIEWED)
Protection and waning of natural and hybrid COVID-19 immunity. Goldberg et al. medRxiv (December 5, 2021). Published in NEJM (June 9, 2022).
- Among persons aged ≥16 years, persons with a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection (regardless of vaccination status) had longer duration of immunity than persons with no history of infection who had received 2 doses of BNT162b2 (Comirnaty, Pfizer/BioNTech) (Figure).
- A booster (3rd) dose of vaccine given to a vaccinated person restored protection to levels in the early months following recovery or vaccination.
Methods: Rates of infection in Israel per 100,000 person-days were calculated using Poisson regression analysis using data from the Israel Ministry of Health from August–September 2021 (n > 5.7 million). Limitations: Study measures observed rate of infection which could be affected by detection bias; effect could be confounded by different variants circulating over time; duration of immunity from booster is not known.
Implications: Immunity from SARS CoV-2 infection appears to wane more slowly than immunity conferred from a 2-dose vaccination series, findings similar to Kim et al. A booster dose of vaccine appears to restore at least short-term protection in previously vaccinated people.
Note: Adapted from Goldberg et al. Estimated covariate-adjusted rates of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections per 100,000 person-days stratified by immunity-inducing event and time since most recent event (vaccine or infection) for (A) recovered (unvaccinated, previously infected individuals), (B) vaccinated (individuals who received 2 vaccine doses and had no history of infection) and booster (individuals who received 3 doses of vaccine and had no history of infection), and (C) hybrid immunity individuals (previously infected individuals who subsequently received a single vaccine dose [Rec then Vacc] and individuals who received 1 or 2 vaccine doses and were subsequently infected [Vacc then Rec]). Permission request in process.
PREPRINTS (NOT PEER-REVIEWED)
Two studies evaluated neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in sera from vaccinated persons.
A. Reduced neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant by vaccine sera and monoclonal antibodies. Wilhelm et al. medRxiv (December 11, 2021).
- Sera from persons vaccinated with BNT162b2 (Comirnaty, Pfizer/BioNTech) or mRNA-1273 (Moderna) had 11.4–37.0-fold lower neutralization against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant compared with Delta (B.1.617.2) (Figure).
- Among participants who received a mRNA vaccine primary series, sera collected 0.5 or 3 months after a BNT162b2 booster and sera collected from participants with a previous history of infection had higher neutralization than sera collected 6 months after the primary series (prior to booster) from participants with no history of infection.
Methods: Neutralization efficacy against live Omicron and Delta isolates was assessed using sera collected from 117 participants of previous studies who were vaccinated and had sera collected at 0.5, 3, or 6 months after most recent vaccine dose. Limitations: Small sample size; single isolate of Omicron variant used.
Note: Adapted from Wilhelm et al. Antibody-mediated neutralization efficacy against authentic SARS-CoV-2 variants Delta and Omicron among persons vaccinated with BNT162b2 (A) or mRNA-1273 (B). Values represent reciprocal dilutions of SARS-CoV-2 variant microneutralization titers resulting in 50% virus neutralization (NT50). Percentages are the percentage of samples that achieved a measurable titer. Numbers over brackets are fold-differences in NT50 values for Delta vs. Omicron. Black dotted line represents limit of detection. 2x BNT (6m): 2 doses of BNT162b2, 6 months after vaccination (n = 15). 2xBNT/BNT (0.5m): 3 doses of BNT162b2, 0.5 months after 3rd dose (n = 12). 2xBNT/BNT (3m): 3 doses of BNT162b2, 3 months after 3rd dose (n = 20). 2xBNT/infection: 2 doses of BNT162b2 and a previous SARS CoV-2 infection (n = 20). 2xMOD (6m): 2 doses of mRNA-1273, 6 months after vaccination (n = 14). 2xMOD/BNT (0.5m): 2 doses of mRNA-1273 with a booster dose of BNT162b2, 0.5 months after booster (n = 9). Licensed under CC-BY-ND 4.0.
B. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron has extensive but incomplete escape of Pfizer BNT162b2 elicited neutralization and requires ACE2 for infection. Cele et al. medRxiv (December 7, 2021). Published in Nature as Omicron extensively but incompletely escapes Pfizer BNT162b2 neutralization (December 23, 2021).
- Plasma from individuals vaccinated with BNT162b2 (Comirnaty, Pfizer/BioNTech) had a 41-fold decrease in virus neutralization against Omicron (B.1.1.529) compared with ancestral D614G virus (Figure).
- Among vaccinated persons with a history of infection, neutralization against Omicron was lower compared with D614G, but was still higher than Omicron neutralization among vaccinated persons with no history of infection.
Methods: Plasma collected a median of 24 days post-vaccination from individuals in South Africa with (n = 6) or without (n = 6) previous infection were tested for neutralization activity against Omicron and D614G using live virus neutralization assay. Limitations: Small sample size; single Omicron isolate tested; findings are limited to the BNT162b2 vaccine.
Note: Adapted from Cele et al. Neutralization of the Omicron variant compared to D614G ancestral virus among BNT162b2-vaccinated participants with or without history of prior infection with D614G SARS-CoV-2. Red dashed horizontal line denotes most concentrated plasma tested. Numbers in black above each virus strain are geometric mean titers (GMT) of the focus reduction neutralization test (FRNT50), which is the inverse of the plasma dilution required for 50% reduction in infection focus number. Number in red denotes fold-change in GMT between D614G and Omicron. **p=0.0018 as determined by the Wilcoxon rank sum test. Licensed under CC-BY-ND 4.0.
Implications for Wilhelm et al. and Cele et al.: The Omicron variant appears to be less susceptible to current COVID-19 vaccine- and infection-induced neutralizing antibodies. This effect appears to be attenuated in vaccinated persons with a previous history of infection and in persons who recently received a 3rd (booster) dose of vaccine.
An upper bound on one-to-one exposure to infectious human respiratory particles. Bagheri et al. PNAS (December 7, 2021).
- A model of face-to-face interactions between an infectious person and susceptible person found lower estimated risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in scenarios where at least 1 individual wore a face mask compared with physical distancing alone.
- Estimated risk was lowest when both individuals wore FFP2 masks (approximately comparable to N95 masks) with nose-piece adjustments (Figure).
- FFP2 masks without nose-piece adjustments were associated with decreased risk compared to surgical masks with nose-piece adjustments.
Methods: Mathematical modeling to determine upper bound of transmission risk from an infectious to susceptible individual under various masking and distancing conditions. Modeling calculations included respiratory particle size and dynamics, mask penetration and leakage, pathogen concentration produced by an infectious individual, and susceptibility of the uninfected individual. Limitations: Upper bound risk assessment is conservative and may overestimate actual infection risk; does not assess risk in real-world conditions.
Implications: These findings indicate that face mask use among infectious and susceptible individuals significantly reduces SARS-CoV-2 infection risk compared with physical distancing alone; level of protection varies by type of mask worn and the fit by both the infectious and susceptible individual.
Note: Adapted from Bagheri et al. Mean risk of infection when face-to-face for 20 minutes for different mask use combinations. Infectious individual (i) shown on left and susceptible individual (s) shown on right for each mask pair. f = FFP2 mask without nose-piece adjustment, F = FFP2 mask with nose-piece adjustment, S = surgical mask with nose-piece adjustment. Licensed under CC-BY 4.0.
PREPRINTS (NOT PEER-REVIEWED)
Racial and ethnic disparities in COVID-19 disease incidence independent of comorbidities, among people with HIV in the US. Ignacio et al. medRxiv (December 8, 2021).
- Among persons with HIV (PWH) receiving routine care, Hispanic or Latino (aRR 2.03, 95% CI 1.62-2.55), Black or African American (aRR 1.33, 95% CI 1.10-1.61), PWH had higher incidence of COVID-19 compared with non-Hispanic White PWH (Figure).
- Female PWH had higher incidence of COVID-19 compared to male PWH (aRR 1.32, 95% CI 1.12-1.56).
- Lowest historical CD4 count <350 and lower current CD4:CD8 ratio were associated with increased incidence of COVID-19, but current CD4 count, antiretroviral treatment status, and presence or absence of detectable HIV viral load were not.
Methods: Cumulative incidence of COVID-19 during March–December 2020 among 16,056 PWH in routine care was calculated using Centers for AIDS Research Network of Integrated Clinical Systems (CNICS) data. Risk factors were assessed using relative risk regression models adjusted for disease risk scores. Limitations: Lack of systematic testing, resulting in potential misclassification and potential ascertainment bias.
Implications: These findings indicate that structural racial and gender inequities, in addition to medical comorbidities, might increase the risk of COVID-19 among PWH.
Note: Adapted from Ignacio et al. Relative risk of COVID-19 among people with HIV (PWH) by key characteristics. Abbreviations: ASCVD, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; BMI, body mass index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FIB-4, fibrosis-4 scoring system for liver fibrosis; HCV, hepatitis C virus. aRelative risk regression models adjusted for demographic and clinical characteristics using disease risk scores, except for the ASCVD risk score analysis which is unadjusted. Licensed under CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0.
- Robust immune responses are observed after one dose of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine dose in SARS-CoV-2 experienced individuals. Samanovic et al. Science Translational Medicine (December 7, 2021). Among 15 adults with a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection, BNT162b2 vaccination was associated with strong humoral and antigen-specific antibody-secreting cell (ASC) responses following the 1st dose but not the 2nd dose. In contrast, 21 infection-naïve adults demonstrated progressive increases in humoral and ASC responses following both the 1st and 2nd doses. Both groups exhibited robust cytotoxic CD8+ T cell responses following the 2nd dose.
- Differences in post-mRNA vaccination SARS-CoV-2 IgG concentrations and surrogate virus neutralization test response by HIV status and type of vaccine: A matched case-control observational study. Spinelli et al. Clinical Infectious Diseases (December 5, 2021). Following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination, people with HIV (PWH, n = 100) had higher odds of surrogate virus neutralization test non-response (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.43, 95% CI 1.09-5.39, p = 0.03) and a trend towards higher odds of IgG non-response (aOR 2.74, 95% 0.87-8.61, p = 0.08) compared with matched HIV-negative controls. Among PWH, lower CD4+ T-cell count and receipt of BNT162b2 (vs. mRNA-1273) were associated with non-response.
Note: Adapted from Spinelli et al. Serologic responses to mRNA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccination (BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273) by HIV status. For A and B, the dotted lines show lower limits of detection, and the solid blue lines indicate the mean +/- 1 standard error. A) SARS-CoV-2 IgG anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) concentrations in relative fluorescent units by HIV status. B) SARS-CoV-2 surrogate virus neutralization antibody titer reciprocals by HIV status. C) Proportion of participants demonstrating lack of SARS-CoV-2 anti-RBD IgG response (<10 relative fluorescent units). D) Proportion of participants demonstrating SARS-CoV-2 surrogate virus neutralization non-response (<10 reciprocal titer). Used by permission of Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America.
- Odds of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 following receipt of 3 vs 2 doses of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. Patalon et al. JAMA Internal Medicine (November 30, 2021). Among 306,710 Israelis aged >40 years who received either 2 or 3 doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine and had no history of infection, those who received a booster (3rd dose) had 86% (95% CI 85%-87%) reduction in odds of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 and 97% (95% CI 95%-98%) reduction in odds of COVID-19 hospitalization at 28–65 days post-booster compared with those who received only 2 doses. Marginal effectiveness of a booster dose against infection was highest from 14–20 days post-booster onward in all age groups.
Note: Adapted from Patalon et al. Percent reduction in the odds of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 in 3rd-dose vaccinees compared with those who received 2 doses (marginal effectiveness of booster) by days since booster, stratified by age group. Reproduced with permission from JAMA Internal Medicine, 2021. Published online November 30, 2021: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.7382. Copyright© 2021 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.
- SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and variants under investigation in England. UK Health Security Agency (December 10, 2021). Analysis of surveillance data in the United Kingdom found that, compared with Delta, the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant was associated with a higher risk of household transmission (aOR 3.2, 95% CI 2.0-5.0), transmission to a close contact (aOR 2.09, 95% CI 1.54-2.79), and re-infection (aRR 5.2, 95% CI 3.4-7.6). Early estimates of BNT162b2 vaccine effectiveness (VE) were significantly lower against symptomatic Omicron infection compared with Delta infection; estimated VE against symptomatic Omicron infection was 76% in the early period (≥2 weeks) following a booster dose (further details available in Andrews et al.).
Note: Adapted from UK Health Security Agency. Estimated vaccine effectiveness of BNT162b2 against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection with Delta (black squares) and Omicron (gray circles) variants by period after dose 2 and at ≥2 weeks after dose 3. Contains public sector information licensed under the UK Open Government Licence v3.0.
- Minimal cross-over between mutations associated with Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 and CD8+ T cell epitopes identified in COVID-19 convalescent individuals. Redd et al. bioRxiv (Preprint; December 9, 2021). Published in mBio (March 1, 2022). Analysis of samples collected in April and May 2020 from 30 individuals who had recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection identified 52 viral epitopes that were targeted by the CD8+ T-cell response. When mutations associated with the Omicron variant were mapped to these epitopes, only 1 low-prevalence epitope from the spike protein had an amino acid change associated with Omicron. These data suggest that, in individuals with existing anti-SARS-CoV-2 CD8+ T-cell responses, these responses will likely recognize Omicron.
Natural History, Reinfection, and Health Impact
- COVID-19 infections post-vaccination by HIV status in the United States. Coburn et al. medRxiv (Preprint; December 6, 2021). Published in JAMA Network Open as Analysis of postvaccination breakthrough COVID-19 infections among adults with HIV in the United States (June 7, 2022). Among 31,840 people living with HIV (PWH) who were vaccinated December 2020–June 2021, cumulative incidence of breakthrough infection was 2.8% in the 210 days following full vaccination. Risk of breakthrough infection was higher among PWH compared with matched vaccinated controls without HIV (n = 77,759) (aHR 1.41, 95% CI 1.28-1.56). Among vaccinated PWH, younger age, history of COVID-19 prior to full vaccination, and vaccination with Ad26.COV2.S (vs. BNT162b2) were associated with higher risk of breakthrough infection, but HIV viral load suppression and CD4 count were not.
Note: Adapted from Coburn et al. Cumulative incidence of SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection (and 95% CI indicated by shading), stratified by HIV status and primary vaccine series type. Maximum follow-up for Ad26.COV2.S was 180 days because it was not authorized until February 2021. PWH: people living with HIV, PWoH: people without HIV. Licensed under CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0.
- Delta breakthrough infections elicit potent, broad and durable neutralizing antibody responses. Walls et al. bioRxiv (Preprint; December 9, 2021). Published in Cell as SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections elicit potent, broad, and durable neutralizing antibody responses (March 3, 2022). Among individuals with various combinations of COVID-19 vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 infection histories, serum IgG, IgA, and IgM binding titers were higher in vaccinated individuals who had a Delta breakthrough infection, individuals vaccinated after infection, and individuals vaccinated with 3 doses compared with infection-naïve individuals vaccinated with a primary series only and unvaccinated individuals with a history of infection.
Note: Adapted from Walls et al. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) pseudotype neutralization. Neutralizing antibody levels correspond to the reciprocal of the ID50 (serum dilution that inhibits 50% of the infectivity). Serum samples obtained from individuals who had a Delta breakthrough infection (n = 14, magenta triangles), who were previously infected then vaccinated (n = 15, teal diamonds), who have been vaccinated only (n = 15, orange circles), or who were infected only in 2020 in Washington State (n = 15, gray squares). # of doses: number of vaccine doses received. Statistical significance was determined by Kruskal Wallis and Dunn’s multiple comparisons test and shown only within group or at matched timepoint for ease of viewing when significant. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; and ****P < 0.0001. Licensed under CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0.
- Disparities in COVID-19–related stressful life events in the United States: Understanding who is most impacted. Thomas et al. Health and Social Care (December 1, 2021). Among 372 participants from 10 study sites in the U.S. who were surveyed about COVID-19-related stressful life events June–August 2020, women reported 31% more work/finance, 64% more home disruption, 13% more social isolation, and 94% more healthcare barrier events compared with men. In addition, individuals with lower socioeconomic status reported more stressful life events related to work/finance, COVID-19 infection, and healthcare barriers.
Note: Adapted from Thomas et al. Counts of events in five COVID-19 related stressful life event domains among women and men, with adjustment for the other sociodemographic factors and covariates. Asterisks signify statistical significance. © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
From the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (December 17, 2021).
- Report of Health Care Provider Recommendation for COVID-19 Vaccination Among Adults, by Recipient COVID-19 Vaccination Status and Attitudes — United States, April–September 2021
- SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 (Omicron) Variant — United States, December 1–8, 2021
- Booster and Additional Primary Dose COVID-19 Vaccinations Among Adults Aged ≥65 Years — United States, August 13, 2021–November 19, 2021
- Notes from the Field: Mucormycosis Cases During the COVID-19 Pandemic — Honduras, May–September 2021
- Notes from the Field: COVID-19–Associated Mucormycosis — Arkansas, July–September 2021
Disclaimer: The purpose of the CDC COVID-19 Science Update is to share public health articles with public health agencies and departments for informational and educational purposes. Materials listed in this Science Update are selected to provide awareness of relevant public health literature. A material’s inclusion and the material itself provided here in full or in part, does not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services or the CDC, nor does it necessarily imply endorsement of methods or findings. While much of the COVID-19 literature is open access or otherwise freely available, it is the responsibility of the third-party user to determine whether any intellectual property rights govern the use of materials in this Science Update prior to use or distribution. Findings are based on research available at the time of this publication and may be subject to change.
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An animal can be considered immunized within 28 days after initial vaccination, when a peak rabies virus antibody titer is reached. An animal is considered currently vaccinated and immunized if the initial vaccination was administered at least 28 days previously or booster vaccinations have been administered in accordance with recommendations. Because a rapid anamnestic response is expected, an animal is considered currently vaccinated immediately after a booster vaccination.
Vaccination of dogs, ferrets, and livestock can be started at no sooner than three months of age. Some cat vaccines can be given as early as two months of age. Regardless of the age of the animal at initial vaccination, a booster vaccination should be administered one year later.
Dogs, Cats, and Ferrets
All dogs, cats, and ferrets should be vaccinated and revaccinated against rabies according to product label directions. If a previously vaccinated animal is overdue for a booster, it should be revaccinated. Immediately following the booster, the animal is considered currently vaccinated and should be placed on a vaccination schedule according to the labeled duration of the vaccine used.
Consideration should be given to vaccinating livestock that are particularly valuable. Animals that have frequent contact with humans (e.g., in petting zoos, fairs, and other public exhibitions) and horses traveling interstate should be currently vaccinated against rabies.
No parenteral rabies vaccines are licensed for use in wild animals or hybrids (i.e., the offspring of wild animals crossbred to domestic animals). The AVMA has recommended that wild animals or hybrids should not be kept as pets (14–17).
Maintained in Exhibits and in Zoological Parks
Captive mammals that are not completely excluded from all contact with rabies vectors can become infected. Moreover, wild animals might be incubating rabies when initially captured; therefore, wild-caught animals susceptible to rabies should be quarantined for a minimum of 6 months. Employees who work with animals at exhibits and in zoological parks should receive preexposure rabies vaccination. The use of pre- or postexposure rabies vaccinations for handlers who work with animals at such facilities might reduce the need for euthanasia of captive animals that expose handlers. Carnivores and bats should be housed in a manner that precludes direct contact with the public (12).
Titers do not directly correlate with protection because other immunologic factors also play a role in preventing rabies, and the ability to measure and interpret those other factors are not well developed. Therefore, evidence of circulating rabies virus antibodies should not be used as a substitute for current vaccination in managing rabies exposures or determining the need for booster vaccinations in animals.
Before interstate movement (including commonwealths and territories), dogs, cats, ferrets, and horses should be currently vaccinated against rabies. Animals in transit should be accompanied by a valid NASPHV form 51 pdf icon[PDF 13 KB] , Rabies Vaccination Certificate. When an interstate health certificate or certificate of veterinary inspection is required, it should contain the same rabies vaccination information as Form 51.
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Every year, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, hundreds of people in the U.S. die from carbon-monoxide (CO) poisoning—and the invisible, odorless gas sickens thousands more.
The numbers seem even more tragic when you consider that most of these deaths and illnesses are preventable. Here are tips from the Consumer Product Safety Commission and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration to help protect yourself and your loved ones at home and at work.
- Make sure you have CO alarms—and that they work. You should have a CO alarm on every level of your home and outside sleeping areas. Test them and replace batteries regularly, too. The alarms themselves should be replaced every five years or as recommended by the manufacturer.
- Get your chimney and furnace checked. A chimney or furnace that isn’t functioning properly can lead to CO buildup inside your home. Have a professional examination and/or service before you begin using them.
- Be careful with generators and grills. Neither should ever be used inside your home or in an enclosed space, such as a garage – even semi-enclosed spaces like porches can be risky, too. Keep generators at least 20 feet away from the house when in operation.
In general, the same precautions for homes apply here, but there are a few additional considerations for the workplace, particularly one where gas-powered machinery is used:
- Be mindful of ventilation. Every year, workers are poisoned by CO while using fuel-burning equipment in areas that don’t have adequate ventilation.
- Try using different tools indoors. Consider electric tools or ones powered by compressed air, and if possible, avoid using forklifts, pressure washers and other gas-powered equipment. Ensure machinery and tools are maintained properly, too.
- Report unsafe conditions or issues. If you see something that might cause CO buildup, or you suspect CO poisoning in yourself or a co-worker, get people out of the area and report the problem to your employer immediately.
Whether you’re at home or at work, always be on the lookout for symptoms of CO exposure, which include dizziness, drowsiness, headaches and nausea. If you suspect an issue, leave the area as soon as possible and call 911—because when it comes to CO, it’s better to be safe than sorry.
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The current outlook for rural employers and employees seems bleak. With technology eliminating many jobs, much of the rural talent is moving to cities as a means of finding better job prospects, leaving companies scrambling to employ and retain talented employees.
“Low-income and rural communities are especially vulnerable to job loss from automation, which is likely to rapidly increase in the coming years. While cities will be able to survive some turbulence in the job market, rural communities that rely on just a few large businesses to support the local economy are at a higher risk of being upended, and, if all the opportunities are to vanish, become new-wave ghost towns as talent leaves in search of more stable employment,” said John Challenger, Chief Executive Officer of global outplacement and executive coaching firm Challenger, Gray & Christmas, Inc.
Even though automation has yet to completely take over the nation, job seekers in rural environments generally seem to be less hopeful about their prospects when compared to those in suburban and urban regions. According to a The Washington Post-Kaiser Family Foundation Poll, only 30 percent of Americans living in rural areas believe their job prospects to be excellent or good. Suburban and urban job seekers, on the other hand, believe their job prospects to be much better, with nearly half of the population believing they are excellent or good.
People living in rural areas feel increasingly disenfranchised, as their population continues to rapidly shrink. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, over half of the country lived in rural regions in 1910, but by 2010 these regions contained less than one fifth of the United States population, despite regions defined as “rural” consisting of 97 percent of the land in the United States.
How can rural-based companies attract and retain high-level talent during this exodus?
“One possible answer is compensation. Workers who are financially incentivized will move to where the jobs are,” said Challenger.
According to an article published by Modern Healthcare, the most effective means they have found for attracting high-talent physicians to rural areas is through higher compensation. Starting salaries for rural areas often need to be higher because many potential employees do not want to live in rural areas despite high demand.
Another possible draw for workers is technology. When college grads or urban workers are trained on the most up-to-date technology, they expect to use these tools in their jobs.
“Particularly in healthcare and hospitals, which tend to be the largest employers in rural areas, advanced technology could attract and retain doctors, nurses, and administrative staff to these areas,” said Challenger.
Technological advances are causing some unrest in rural areas, but that does not mean that it has to be the end of rural living. Rather, companies need to shift their priorities, given the new environment, and figure out what works best for themselves and their employees.
For those companies that are unable to raise the funds to significantly increase compensation and draw in new talent, an article on Smallbizsurvival talks about some less costly tips to attract young talent to aging rural areas. Specifically, they mention that it is helpful to connect with local universities and colleges. By offering special opportunities to people who are already familiar with the area, it is easier to retain employees. They also suggest looking into what makes the area unique compared to more urban areas, such as festivals or natural attractions. The key is to make sure your employees believe that they will be as happy living in a rural area as they would be in an urban environment.
“As millennials age and start buying property and having families, they will likely want to go to places that have a low cost of living, but with access to a lot of the amenities found in cities, like restaurants and entertainment. Companies can draw workers with competitive compensation and positions that make use of their technological skills,” said Challenger.Download Resource
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Great choice! We're adding your items to the basket and working out what else you might need to plant it.
Example photos only. Size, stem height and habit may vary.
Please contact us for photos of current stock.
Select plant type
|40-60cm / Bare root||£2.52||£1.44||£1.08||£0.90|
|60-80cm / Bare root pre-order||£2.69||£1.54||£1.15||£0.96|
British Grown – The British Grown logo denotes plants and trees that have been both propagated and grown in the UK. Read more
SORBUS AUCUPARIA – Rowan or Mountain Ash
The feather-like leaves and vibrant red berries in the autumn are two of the reasons this native tree is so popular and well-loved. The berries are favoured by thrushes and blackbirds whilst the clusters of delicate, creamy-white flowers in spring provide food for insects. The shape can be quite variable but is generally conical to rounded, of small or medium height from 10m (33ft). Good autumn leaf shades of orange and russet colours.
Where to grow
Rowans require a freely-draining soil in a sunny position and can tolerate exposed sites. Planting in thin, chalky soils is to be avoided as this tree prefers higher acidity levels.
Did you know?
In ancient times this tree was thought to ward off evil spirits and was planted in churchyards and outside houses as protection. Rowan jelly, made from the berries, goes well with game or meat dishes. Various drinks can also be made using rowan berries such as the Welsh ‘diod griafol’. The species name aucuparia is derived from the Latin aucuparium meaning ‘bait for bird catching’.
- Small - 5-10 metres
- 5-10 metres
Shape / Habit
- Broad headed
- All soil types
- Full sun
- Partial shade
Difficulty / Hard to Grow
Evergreen / Deciduous
- Fine/Light leaf
- Early to Leaf
Berries / Fruit Colour
- Parkland Tree
- Garden Tree
- City/Urban Sites
- Bird Food
- Bee Friendly
- Scented Flowers
Native / Naturalised
- Good at altitude
For the continued healthy growth of your trees, shrubs or hedging it is vital that you follow the advice below.
The main reason that plants die within 12 months of having been planted is lack of water. It is essential throughout the spring and summer, to give a heavy enough watering to enable the water to penetrate right down to the deepest root level of the tree. In hot dry spells give the equivalent of 2 bucketfuls every three days.
One of the most common causes of lack of water is competition from grass. When trees are first establishing, the grass roots would be at the same level as the tree roots and are far more efficient at taking up water and thus choke the tree. It is vital that for at least 3 years after planting your tree or hedge has a circle or strip one metre wide completely free of grass.
- Mulch mats are an effective way to stop grass and weeds, although they will require a careful eye to make sure they continue to work. After clearing the ground around the tree, firmly fit the mat by tucking the edges into the soil and put a thick layer of bark mulch on top of this. Be careful not to allow the woodchip to touch the stem as it can cause rot.
- Weed killer is very effective, however it is harmful to the environment. Organic weed killers usually do not kill roots. Weed killer needs to be applied each year for the first 3 years, preferably when the tree is dormant, or just once before applying a mulch mat.
- Mowing or strimming is NOT an answer to the problem. Each time you mow, the grass will grow back more vigorously and strimming invariably leads to lacerated trunks.
If trees are not correctly secured they will rock in the planting pit. Roots not firmly in contact with the soil are unable to take up moisture and nutrients, resulting in die back or death of the tree. Check, particularly after windy weather, that stakes are still solidly in the ground keeping the base of the trunk firm. The purpose of the stakes is to anchor the roots. Flexing in the wind, higher up the trunk, is not necessarily a problem if the roots are firm.
Bellow is list of the correct system to use to secure your trees.
- 40/60, 60/80, 80/100 whips - Unless rabbit/deer problem no need to stake.
- 100/125, 125/150 1.2m Cane and Easi tie.
- 150/175 1.2m square stake and a buckle tie and spacer.
- 175/250, 6/8, 8/10 15L 1.65 Tree stake and a buckle tie and spacer.
- All larger trees. 2 x 1.65 Tree stake and cross rail with 38mm cushion spacer and 1m of 38mm strapping.
Always use our recommended tree ties or strapping. These are designed and manufactured with the correct amount of give to hold the tree firm without strangling it. They should be checked at the end of each growing season for adjustment as the trunk thickens. Non proprietary materials such as baler twine will cut into the bark and should not be used.
Protection from Animal Damage
Rabbits, deer, sheep, cattle and horses can all potentially damage trees. Ask us for advice on the most appropriate guards for your trees or hedge. Squirrels are also a terrible pest when trees get to about 20ft tall but there is no protection available.
Are the delivery costs the same no matter how many plants I order?
Yes the delivery costs are the same no matter how many plants you have on your order. They are worked out based on your distance from our nursery and can be found here.
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How to Stop Negative Self-Talk: 11 Tips
Choosing Therapy strives to provide our readers with mental health content that is accurate and actionable. We have high standards for what can be cited within our articles. Acceptable sources include government agencies, universities and colleges, scholarly journals, industry and professional associations, and other high-integrity sources of mental health journalism. Learn more by reviewing our full editorial policy.
Kyeong, S., Kim, J., Kim, J., Kim, E.J., Kim, H.E., & Kim, J.J. (2020). Differences in the modulation of functional connectivity by self-talk tasks between people with low and high life satisfaction. NeuroImage, Volume 217, 2020, 116929, ISSN 1053-8119, Retrieved from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053811920304158
American Psychological Association. (2020). APA Dictionary. Retrieved from: https://dictionary.apa.org/self-talk
Senay, I., Albarracin D., & Noguchi, K. (2010, April) Motivating Goal-Directed Behavior Through Introspective SelfTalk: The Role of the Interrogative Form of Simple Future Tense. Psychol Sci.; 21(4): 499–504. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0956797610364751
Burnett, P. C., & McCrindle, A. R. (1999). The relationship between significant others’ positive and negative statements, self-talk and self-esteem. Child Study Journal, 29(1), 39. Retrieved from: http://db29.linccweb.org/
We regularly update the articles on ChoosingTherapy.com to ensure we continue to reflect scientific consensus on the topics we cover, to incorporate new research into our articles, and to better answer our audience’s questions. When our content undergoes a significant revision, we summarize the changes that were made and the date on which they occurred. We also record the authors and medical reviewers who contributed to previous versions of the article. Read more about our editorial policies here.
Author: No Change
Reviewer: No Change
Primary Changes: Updated for readability and clarity. Reviewed and added relevant resources. Added “How Can Negative Self-Talk Impact Mental Health?”, added seven new tips to “11 Tips for How to Stop Negative Self-Talk”. New material written by Silvi Saxena, MBA, MSW, LSW, CCTP, OSW-C and reviewed by Heidi Moawad, MD.
Author: Heather Rashal, LMHC
Reviewer: Lynn Byars, MD
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Cooperative federalism in India
According to the Indian constitution India is states of union that means all the state are integral part of country as well as union and provincial governments has to work together. That means India is federal country but this federalism is unitary federalism that's why states are considered as subordinate administrative unit . Despite their subordinate status states have to perform most of basic administrative duties. Actually role of central and state government in the administrative structure has been clearly defined by 1935s India act and Indian constitution as well as proper mechanism of administration has been setup by 1935s India act and Indian constitution. Though central government has authority to control state but central government has to use that authority with restrain. That means in specific condition and in specific manner central government has to use this authority Even Article 356 provide authority to central government to dismiss incumbent state government and carryout administrative task of state government. But that administrative decision requires parliamentary approval.
Advantages and disadvantages of Indian federal structure
Actually the structure of Indian administration has been established by 1935s India act. And with some minor changes this structure has been adopted by Indian constitution. As I mention above in this structure role of union and provincial government has been clearly defined that why administrative matters are categorize by India act and constitution also according to constitution certain administrative matters are going to address by central an certain category of matters are going to address by state. Even there are few subjects which can be address by both central and state governments. All these matters are category wise listed in 7 schedules. Though subjects of jurisdiction state and center has been defined by seventh schedule but article 249 provide authority to the parliament make on those subjects which are under state jurisdiction if resolution pass in state council with two-third majority. Even mechanism of financial cooperation has been setup by Indian constitution. According to article 265 of constitution it is mandatory for central government to share revenue that's why finance commission has been constituted by Indian constitution thru article 280 for the distribution of revenue between the central and state government In my opinion the proper mechanism has setup for the cooperative federalism by Indian constitution.
Though constitution mandate central government to share revenue but central government have luxury to distribute due money as per there convenience. For the distributions of this money as well as for making policy for the overall development central government constitute planning commission Our first pry-minister was fascinated by ideology of communism or socialism as well as pry-minister was impressed by rapid progress made by Russia that's why he try to implement most of Russian policies in India also. Five year plan is one of the major policies which Nehru adopt from Russia. Though proper mechanism has been setup by constitution but provision of constitution are not implemented in true spirit just take the example of interstate council actually article 263 suggested to constitute the interstate council for the meaningful central state cooperation as well as to address the disputes. Though this council has established in 1980 but this council has been not working properly.
Absence of dispute solving mechanism
Unfortunately in Indian administrative system there is no mechanism to solve the dispute between center and state or between two states. Though article 262 provides the authority to the center to take initiative to solve the dispute but central government never took such initiative. That why so many disputes are still pending in Supreme Court specially the dispute regarding share of water of various rivers. In my opinion separate institute must be constituted for solving the disputes between center and state or between two states. As well as special mechanism must be setup for integral development of whole nation.
Actually industrialization has begun in western region of India in last decades of 19th century and still most of the industries are get concentrated in western region or to the some extend south region. Because of this concentration of industries center of financial activity remain in western region. Industrialization cannot take place on large scale in northern and eastern region. Because of absence industrialization and financial activity northern and eastern region remain under developed and people of these regions feel alienated . Even strong feeling of alienation exists within some state also. That's why strong demand of separate state exists in some state. In my opinion alternative model of development is require for balance development of the country. Similar kind of industries or financial activities are not feasible in our country because India is geographically diverse country different kind of resources are available in different part of country for exploiting these resources diversification of industries is necessary for balance development of nation.
Though proper structure of cooperative federalism has been established by constitution as well as proper mechanism of administration also setup by the constitution . But this mechanism needed proper implementation and suitable changes also require addressing new challenges. Actually Modi government is making changes in administrative structure Dissolution of planning commission and establishment of Nity Ayog is very big change in our administrative system let see how this new commission works.
- Santosh Kamble
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Chickens have only 350 to 500 taste buds, while we have 3,000 to 10,000 of them. They dislike strong flavors rather than having strong preferences. Their food choice may be more based on the visual and tactile cues from the food rather than the taste. The sense of smell, like taste is not as critical to birds as it is to mammals. However one important odor that chickens can detect before we do is ammonia, and it is critical to their health. Ammonia is a gas released by bacteria that decompose manure. It is caustic, causing skin lesions, eye inflammation, respiratory problems and other issues.
top of page
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Immunofluorescence (IF) Experiment Service
First Edition (Revised on April, 2016)
Immunofluorescence is a detecting technique based on the specific binding of antigen and antibody, together with the fluorescence microscopy technique. The fluorescence-labeled antibody or antigen specifically binds to corresponding antigen (target protein) or antibody in the sample, and then, fluorescein emits different colors of emissive light after excitation by light of special wavelength. By analyzing the collected emissive light, various data could be obtained, such as the specific location of target protein, concentration of the protein, and interaction of different proteins, etc.
Cloud-Clone Crop. can provide one-stop service for part or the whole of immunofluorescence experiments, such as the preparation of antigen and antibody, fluorescence labeling, treatment of tissue and cell line, fluorescence microscopic observation and photographing, etc.
content of service
1. Preparation of antigen or antibody.
2. Preparation of the positive samples (including cell culture, cell stimulation, animal models, etc.).
3. Fluorescence labeling of antigen or antibody.
4. Preparation of adherent cells, tissue sections, paraffin sections, etc.
1. Frozen sections, paraffin sections, or cells cultured in 6-well plates or cell culture dish (Detailed technical solutions need to be provided for preparation of special samples, infectious samples have to be marked).
2. Embedding and sectioning services for fresh tissue could be provided by Cloud-Clone Corp. The tissue or specimen from surgery should be fixed in a short time, to avoid autolysis, antigen degeneration, etc.
3. Samples can be customized from Cloud-Clone Corp. (Including cell culture, cell stimulation, animal models, tissue preparation etc.).
Experimental procedures and period
|Service items||Experimental procedure||Time period|
|Acquisition of sample||1. Customers provide the sample which are compliance with the experiment requirements;|
2. Samples are customized from Cloud-Clone Corp.
|1. Sample provided by customers, according to the receive time；|
2. Customized samples, according to customized service period.
|Treatment of sample (optional)||Different treatment options could be used for various samples.||3-10 work days|
|Sample fixing||Sample fixed by using fixative solution.|
|Incubation with primary antibody or fluorescence labeled antibody||Samples are incubated with appropriate concentration of primary antibody or labeled antibody.|
|Second antibody incubation (optional)||Select the appropriate type and concentration of fluorescence labeled secondary antibody for further incubation.|
|Multiple staining (optional)||Nucleus, cytoskeleton, and other dyeing services are provided according to the customers’ requirement.|
|Detecting and imaging||Observed by fluorescence microscopy and take pictures.|
Remarks: For "optional" option, customers can choose different experimental procedure according to the requirements.
Results Provided to the customer
1.The complete experimental protocol.
2.All the experimental data (including pictures).
3. The remaining reagents and samples bought or customized from Cloud-Clone Corp.
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| 0.853256 | 683 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Our lives are being changed by the increasing presence of smartphones. In fact, a recent survey found that more than half of US mobile subscribers now own one . As a result of this growth, numerous mobile health (mHealth) applications are becoming ingrained in our everyday lives. Furthermore, the usage of mHealth applications is growing at a much more rapid rate than that of other applications . Consequently, companies such as Apple and Google are increasing their presence in the mHealth space because of the interest that users have in these types of applications . mHealth applications focus on a variety of issues, ranging from medication reminders to wellness . Along with the growth of these pervasive and ubiquitous health tools, there is also an increasing focus on patient-centered care . A key feature of this approach, especially as people deal with more chronic conditions, is that individuals will have to be responsible for managing more of their own health issues and interact with a variety of clinicians and specialized care providers. Consequently, mHealth applications will play an increasing role in supporting individual needs, ranging from monitoring health status to connecting with healthcare providers.
The concept of ubiquitous computing (Ubicomp) -where technologies are no longer visible, but can disappear and blend in with the environment-is currently being realized. This is particularly true in the healthcare domain, where there has been a great deal of interest in mHealth applications from researchers in the pervasive computing community . Yet, for all the success that has been achieved in designing these applications, a number of challenges still remain. Some of these challenges include: (1) identifying appropriate users and maintainers of the applications; (2) supporting the social network around the patient/individual; and (3) incorporating appropriate motivational challenges.
Consequently, to design pervasive and ubiquitous mHealth applications that appropriately support the user, we need to include a sociotechnical perspective in the design process.
The Sociotechnical Perspective
While traditional design analysis often focuses on what the technology should do (that is, in terms of its functionality), sociotechnical analysis looks at how the technology will be incorporated into the user's activities. This type of analysis is based on the observation that designing and implementing a successful technology requires a thorough understanding of the organizational context, including its structure, workflow, and employees.
Therefore, from a sociotechnical perspective, it is impossible to separate the organizational or social issues from the technical issues. Instead, the organization/social context and the technology are interwoven to form a sociotechnical system . In the context of mHealth application design, utilizing this perspective allows designers to better understand: (1) what people actually do instead of what the process says they should do , and (2) the role of context in what people do. In particular, the sociotechnical approach allows us to better understand user needs and activities and answer questions about how and why an activity takes place. The primary approach to incorporating a sociotechnical perspective into the design process is through the use of qualitative research methods. Qualitative methods are leading methods for investigating technology design and implementation in the human-computer interaction (HCI) community and are particularly useful for examining complex environments where technical, organizational, and social factors intersect, such as in healthcare.
Understanding User Interactions with mHealth Applications
A typical example of an mHealth application is Glucose Buddy (www.glucosebuddy.com), which focuses on a common chronic condition — diabetes. It is a free mobile iPhone application that allows users to store information, such as medication and food logs, necessary to manage their diabetes. Users upload the information to an associated online logbook. This information can then be used to graph trends, to identify problem areas, and for other related activities.
As more individuals use mHealth applications, there is a growing need to understand how they can be better designed for wider acceptance and increased utilization. The sociotechnical perspective highlights the importance of understanding the social features that affect how users interact with and utilize mHealth tools. Designers must address a number of challenges.
Challenge 1: Identifying the appropriate users and maintainers of the technology
An important question for a designer to ask is, “Who will be using this system?” While the answer may seemingly be simple, that is often not the case. Consider the electronic health record (EHR). In the early days of EHR design, it was thought that these systems would be primarily used by physicians. However, it turned out that the most common users of the system were nurses. Yet, because the system focused on physician use, it did not support the nurses in an effective manner. Similarly, it is important to consider who the actual users of an mHealth application will be. For instance, will it be the individual who has the issue or will it be someone else connected to that individual (for instance, a sibling, spouse, or parent)? This could be very different from the designer's idea of who will use it. Furthermore, unlike clinical systems where an IT professional can be called in to deal with a maintenance issue or a problem, mHealth systems will generally be maintained by a non-IT professional. Finally, the maintainer of the technology may not be the same person as the user. Therefore, the design of these applications must take these issues into account. Consequently, when designing these systems, the following questions would be helpful to ask:
- (a) Who will be using the system?
- (b) Who will be maintaining the system?
- (c) What kind of knowledge will the maintainer need to maintain the system?
Challenge 2: Supporting the user's social network
Most current mHealth applications are designed for the individual user. However, when dealing with health issues, it is rarely just the individual user who is involved in the process. More often, there is a wide social network of family and friends who support the individual's health goals. These individuals can range from very close family members to friends the user interacts with outside the home. Studies have shown that including an individual's social network in the care process can improve the chances that the individual will improve from the condition he or she faces . For instance, rarely will a technology be as effective as a spouse in ensuring that an individual stays on his or her medication. Yet, most mHealth applications do not have features to provide support for the social network that has built up around the patient. Rather, the focus is on the application itself providing the motivation to the individual. While the tool certainly can and does play an important role in motivation (as discussed in the next challenge), it cannot replace the role of the individual's social network. So, for instance, if the individual allows it, an mHealth application could inform the user's social network (as defined by the user) about changes in the individual's health status or provide updates based on the data entered in the application by the individual. Therefore, it is important to consider the following questions:
- (a) Who could provide social support for the users in this particular context?
- (b) What types of social support would be useful in this particular context?
- (c) How can the social support features be designed into the application/system without taking away from the main focus of the application?
Challenge 3: Incorporating motivational challenges into the design
Unlike clinical healthcare applications where the patient is often a passive participant (for instance, when the applications will be used by the staff to take care of the patient), in mHealth applications, the patient has to be an active participant. In other words, the patient has to want to follow the guidance of the mHealth application. This requires that the application "motivate" the user to follow its guidance . Although it is not often thought of as a design issue, it is becoming one of the most important challenges in designing mHealth applications. Consequently, designers need to consider the following questions:
- (a) What will motivate the users of this application?
- (b) What might demotivate users from using this application?
- (c) What features can we include in the application that would help motivate the user?
These challenges highlight a primary issue for designers: understanding the users' context. Context is difficult to design into systems. The traditional view of context argues that it is easily representable in systems because it is stable and can be separated from the activity that it surrounds. This representational view has been one that system developers have traditionally used when designing for context in computational systems. However, Dourish argues that an alternative view more accurately captures the challenges of context. In this view, context is dynamic and cannot be separated from a particular activity. Since individuals may have their own particular techniques and methods for managing their health issues, there is often a great deal of uncertainty that these applications have to deal with. This uncertainty could "cause malfunctions in applications rendering them useless to users because of their lack of confidence in their robustness" . Consequently, mHealth applications have to be robust enough to handle the dynamic and uncertain aspects of a user's context.
Designing and Evaluating mHealth Applications
Traditional design techniques focus predominantly on the technical features and constraints of an application. However, as described in the earlier sections, there are several issues that are not purely technical in nature. Consequently, utilizing a sociotechnical perspective will focus designers not only on the technical challenges that need to be addressed, but also on the social challenges related to the goals of the application and how it will be used. Evaluating mHealth applications in light of these design considerations will require ongoing interaction between the designers and users throughout the entire design process. One form of interaction that has been widely used in the human-computer interaction community is participatory design (PD) . PD techniques such as low-tech prototyping, storyboard prototyping, and mockups allow users to provide feedback on the system design without the high costs associated with fully implemented applications.
The design and evaluation of these types of applications will also require software engineers, user interface (UI) designers, and other technical personnel to work with healthcare specialists. Interdisciplinary teams are important for the development of a truly successfully mHealth application .
The sociotechnical design perspective allows us to take into account the diverse environments and needs of the mHealth application users. Traditional design practices, which focus on the technology, often miss crucial aspects of the complex environments in which the application is implemented. It is only through closely examining and understanding the users' activities that designers can develop mHealth applications that fully support their needs. Consequently, we need to move toward involving users more deeply in the design process , as well as understanding the social context in which these applications will be used.
Created: Feb 5 2013
Last updated: Aug 29 2014
Designing for healthy lifestyles: design considerations for mobile technologies to encourage consumer health and wellness
Consolvo, S., Klasnja, P., McDonald, D., Landay, J. Foundations and Trends in Human-Computer Interaction
The future of health information technology in the patient-centered medical home
Bates, D.W., Bitton A. Health Affairs
How smartphones are changing the face of mobile and participatory healthcare: an overview with example from eCAALYX
Boulos M.N.K., Wheeler S., Tavares C., Jones R. BioMedical Engineering Online
A home-based care model for outpatient cardiac rehabilitation based on mobile technologies
Sarela A., Korhonen I., Salminen J., Koskinen E., Kirkeby O., Walters D. PervasiveHealth 09
Application of mobile phone technology for managing chemotherapy-associated side-effects
Weaver A., Young A. M., Rowntree J., Townsend N., Pearson S., Smith J., Gibson O., Cobern W., Larsen M., Tarassenko L. Annals of Oncology
Conferences and Workshops
PervasiveHealth: annual conference focused on technology and human factors as related to Ubicomp and healthcare, geared toward researchers, practitioners & app developers
American Medical Informatics Annual Symposium: annual scientific meeting for biomedical & health informatics practitioners
ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing System (CHI): annual conference on HCI that “focuses on the centrality of experience-from the models, theories and practical insights we need to understand and design for user experience to experiencing innovation through hands-on interactivity”
Data management within mHealth environments: patient sensors, mobile devices, and databases
O'Donoghue J., Herbert J. Journal of Data and Information Quality 4 (1), 2012, pp. 1-20
Designing interactive systems in healthcare: a report on WISH 2011
Reddy M., Mamykina L., Parker A. Interactions 19 (1), 2012, pp. 24-27
Health informatics: an overview
Hovenga E., Kidd M., Garde S., Cossio C., 2010.
A privacy framework for mobile health and home-care systems
Kotz D., Avancha S., Baxi A. SPIMACS 2009.
Neilsenwire. “Young adults and teens lead growth among smartphone users.” Neilsen.com, September 10, 2012. http://blog.nielsen.com/nielsenwire/online_mobile/young-adults-and-teens-lead-growth-among-smartphone-owners/.
Khalaf, S. Health and fitness apps finally take off, fueled by fitness fanatics. Flurry.com (June 19, 2014). Accessed 8/5/14.
Popper, B. How Apple and Google plan to reinvent healthcare. TheVerge.com (July 22, 2014). Accessed 8/5/14.
Bardram, J. Mihailidis, A., Wan, D. (Eds.). Pervasive computing in healthcare. CRC Press, 2006.
Rittenhouse, D. R., Shortell, S. M. The patient-centered medical home will it stand the test of health reform? JAMA 301, 19 (2009), 2038-2040.
Weiser, M. The computer for the 21st century. Scientific American 265 (1991), 94-104.
Chaudry, B., Connelly, K., Siek, K.A., Welch, J.L. The design of a mobile portion size estimation interface for a low literacy population. In Proc. of the 5th International Conference on Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare (2011), 160-167.
Bikson, T., Eveland J. Groupware implementation: reinvention in the sociotechnical frame. In Proc. of the 1996 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (1996), 428-437.
Sommerville, I. Software engineering. Addison-Wesley, 2001. See CR Rev. CR125252.
Luttik, M.L., Jaarsma, T., Moser, D., Sanderman, R., van Veldhuisen, D. The importance and impact of social support on outcomes in patients with health failure: an overview of the literature. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 20, 3 (2005), 162-169.
Morris, M. Motivating change with mobile: seven guidelines. Interactions 19, 3 (2012), 26-31.
Dourish, P. What we talk about when we talk about context. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing 8, 1 (2004), 19-30.
Tentori, M., Hayes, G. R., and Reddy, M. Pervasive computing for hospital, chronic, and preventive care. Foundations and Trends in Human-Computer Interaction 5, 1 (2012), 1-95.
Muller, M. J., Wildman, D. M., White, E. A. Taxonomy of PD practices: a brief practitioner's guide. CACM 36, 6 (2003), 26.
Reddy, M., Mamykina, L., Parker, A. Designing interactive systems in healthcare: a report on WISH 2011. Interactions 19, 1 (2012), 24-27. See CR Rev. CR140787
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Culturally appropriate tools needed to tackle FASD
FASD is currently not systematically diagnosed or reported. As there is no cure for FASD, the focus for those working in this field largely revolves around prevention strategies, the development of diagnostic tools, and support for individuals and families living with FASD.
While FASD is a community-wide issue, the prevalence of harmful drinking amongst Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women aged between 25-34 years is higher than for non-Indigeous women, and this is despite the fact that fewer Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women drink alcohol than do non-Indigenous women (ABS, 2006). Research evidence indicates that health professionals working in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health care settings want and need access to information on alcohol and pregnancy and FASD which is culturally secure and acceptable for themselves and their clients (Payne et al., 2005; see also NIDAC, 2012).
In this context, the National Drug Research Institute (NDRI) at Curtin University was contracted by the Department of Health (DoH) to consult with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health professionals and community members across Australia, to gather their views on the range of information and kinds of resources focused on alcohol, pregnancy and FASD they believed would be most useful within their local communities. The recently completed national FASD Resources project conducted 17 consultations with health professionals working in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities, and with community members across Australia. These consultations provided some critical insights around approaches to FASD education and prevention within these communities.
In sum, there is a need and desire for uniformity in the education of health professionals at all levels around issues of alcohol, pregnancy and FASD, to ensure uniformity in the message conveyed to community. There is a need for community-wide education and the development and availability of educational tools with which to address issues of alcohol and pregnancy with both sexes and all age groups. People want access to locally relevant resources, which are evidence based but flexible to local need. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people want to be involved and engaged in the development of these strategies and resources, with the ability to utilise local knowledge and content. And there is a recognition that new social media and technology has the potential to develop and disseminate resources to reach a wider audience than more traditional resources, particularly among young people.
Responding to all of the above we have developed an iPad/Web PosterMaker application aimed primarily at health professionals. The PosterMaker includes content and images that are relevant to health professionals and to different groups within communities. Using the PosterMaker, services can choose to create a variety of locally relevant resources. Importantly, those communities outside of the consultation process can take some ownership of the resources they may choose to create from the app. It is hoped that the app will also be used as an educational tool in schools, and through local health/service providers who may work with local community members in producing their own posters. This will provide an opportunity for meaningful dialogue around pregnancy, alcohol and FASD and contribute to a broader understanding of issues of prevention and support for families living with FASD.
Download the web version of the 'FASD PosterMaker'.
For more information about the FASD PosterMaker app, view news article 'New NDRI app delivers culturally appropriate FASD resources'.
ABS. (2006). Alcohol consumption in Australia: a snapshot, 2004-2005. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics (cat. no. 4832.0.55.001).
Payne, J., Elliott, E., D'Antoine, H., O'Leary, C., et al. (2005). Health professionals' knowledge, practice and opinions about fetal alcohol syndrome and alcohol consumption in pregnancy. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 29(6), 558-564.
NIDAC. (2012). Addressing fetal alcohol spectrum disorder in Australia. Canberra: National Indigenous Drug and Alcohol Committee.
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Broom snakeweed Gutierrezia sarothrae is a small (growing to about 50 cm), dense bushy shrub, native and widespread over much of western USA. It can be invasive, especially in over-grazed prairies and grassland ranges, and is toxic to livestock in large quantities. This study evaluated vegetation response to various herbicidecontrol trials of broom snakeweed on blue gramma Bouteloua gracilis range near Laramie, Wyoming, northwest USA.
The study area had been heavily sheep grazed and in 1966 supported dense stands of snakeweed with occasional plains pricklypear Opuntia polyacantha. Blue grama comprised most of the perennial grass cover. Herbicides in water were applied (25 gal/acre) on 26 June 1966, on unreplicated, 43 x 200 ft (13.11 x 60.96 m) plots by truck-mounted sprayer:
1). Untreated (control);
2). Silvex 2 lb/acre;
3). Silvex 4 lb/acre;
4). Picloram 0.5 lb/acre;
5). Picloram 1 lb/acre;
6). Picloram at 0.25 lb/acre + 2,4-D at l lb/acre;
7). Picloram at 0.5 lb/acre + 2,4-D at 2 lb/acre.
Vegetation response was recorded by visual evaluations each year (1967-71). In 1971, vegetation was surveyed along 10 randomly located 30 ft (9.14 m) transects in each plot (line intercept method). To assess yield, herbage was clipped by species in 15 randomly located circular (76 cm diameter) plots in each main plot; samples were dried and weighed.
All four picloram treatments effectively controlled snakeweed (95-100% control for 3 years after application; 80-95% in year 5). Picloram also killed pricklypear.
Silvex failed totally in killing broomwood and was partly effective against Opuntia (at 2 lb/acre 25% control year 1 and 20% year 3; at 4 lb/acre 80% control year 1 and 65% year 3).
Blue grama (and some other grasses) was initially ‘injured’ by 0.5 and 1 lb/acre picloram rates but recovered after two years. Needle-and-thread Hesperostipa comata was damaged at the 1 lb/acre rate.
Subsequent recovery in combination with broomweed control resulted in range improvement 5 years after treatment. Blue gama cover increased relative to the control (control 3.8%; silvex treatments 1.5.- 2.2%; picloram treatments 7-14%) and dry yield (1b/acre) was significantly higher in picloram treated plots (control 105 lb/acre; silvex treatments 140-150 lb/acre; picloram treatments 350-680 lb/acre; note: approximate values read of figures in original paper).
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© Denzil Green
Red Currants are small, round, red translucent “berries.”
The fruit is a favourite for jellies and sauces because of its tart flavour and high pectin.
Fresh Red Currants tend to be sold in punnets or small boxes with their stems and stalks still attached. Frozen ones will normally have stems and stalks removed.
Red Currant bushes are hardy and will grow anywhere — hedgerows, ditches, or in gardens.
Wild Red Currants are always red; recent cultivated varieties include whitish ones.
Red currants have an average pH of 2.8 (range 2.5 to 3.2).
Wash by swishing in a bowl of water. Drain in a colander, remove stems.
Some suggest using a fork to comb the berries off their stalks, but often it is just as easy to “comb” them through your fingers.
If making jelly, you can leave the washed stalks on — they will strain out in the jelly bag.
Some folk medicine practitioners say that Red Currant jelly is antiseptic, and if applied immediately can ease the pain of a burn and prevent the formation of blisters.
1 pound = 450g = 2 to 2 ½ cups
500 g = 3 cups
4 oz = 115g = ¾ cup
Store unwashed in a plastic bag in the fridge for up to 4 days. Freeze for up to 1 year.
Often spelled in a vaguely Germanic way as all one word, “Redcurrants”.
IQF Red Currants. The PROgram Company. Accessed July 2015 at http://www.profruit.com/currants.html#rcur.
Rentschler, Kay. The Bold Red Berry With a Zest for Summer. New York Times. 3 July 2002
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August 11, 2015
Pic Courtesy : My Travelogue
Defying the logic that pillars that have a deep foundation provide support to a structure, here are pillars that have been providing support for more than 2000 years without even touching the ground.
The 12 pillars of the Kalyana Kamatchi Amman Temple near Dharmapuri are suspended in mid-air and hang from the top. Each ‘gravity pillar’ weighs 2.5 tonnes and the whole temple is supported by these 12 pillars.
There is no scientific explanation behind the concept of these pillars, but devotees believe that the pillars are suspended due to “divine intervention”.
Each pillar is hexagonal, filled with several images on all sides. On one side in this hanging pillar is a depiction of the story of sacrifices. Earlier, when warriors sacrificed themselves by falling on a Trishul from a height, Goddess Kamakshi willed it that the humans be replaced with lemons. So there is the scene of a man falling upside down towards the pointed Trishul and Goddess Kamakshi closing the edge of the Trishul with her hand to save the man. Hence the name ‘Thaduthatkonda Nayaki’.
The temple, also called Dharmapuri Kottai Koil is considered a tribute to womanhood. This is a unique temple in Tamil Nadu, where the main idol Lord Shiva, goes around his wife Parvati, signifying the importance of womanhood.
The temple priest Selvam Muthu Kumaraswamy said that Lord Shiva had to climb 18 steps to see Parvathi. He also added that the entire Ramayana was engraved from the bottom to the top.
Another exclusive feature here was that both men and women are allowed to go up the 18 steps to the sanctum sanctorum, unlike Sabarimala temple where only men were allowed.
The “Pancha Pandavas” were supposed to have visited the temple.
A similar pillar can be found in the Channakeshava temple in Belur, Karnataka
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What is credit?
Credit is defined in several ways. One is the amount of money you are approved to borrow from a lending institution. With this approval comes an agreement to repay it with interest, additional fees that can be applied, and a certain time to pay back the complete amount with interest. Credit is classified as your borrowing reputation. It paints a picture to the lenders of your payment history and provides the lender with information regarding the likelihood of you repaying the borrowed amount with interest. They put on a risk ladder, the lower you are on it the more money they are likely to lend to you as you are considered a good borrower in their eyes, the higher you are on the ladder the harder it will be for you to get a loan and even if you do, the interest rate will be high because of the extra risk they are taking by lending you money.
Using Credit To Your Advantage
Credit is essentially a financial tool, if you learn about credit and how to increase your score you will be ahead of the curve. Credit is woven into the fabric of the American way of life from a simple credit card to an auto loan to a home mortgage loan. Cashless transactions are soon becoming the way of the future, and credit cards are among the most prevalent. Understanding credit is important to use credit to your advantage and prevent the common financial pitfall known as debt.
Four Major Forms of Credit
You can borrow money up to a particular amount with this type of credit. A credit limit, or the maximum amount you can borrow, is set by the lending organization. The borrower in a revolving credit account rotates the balance from month to month until it is paid in full. Any revolving balance is subject to interest charges. As the money is repaid, the difference between the maximum credit limit and the current credit limit shrinks as you make payments. Revolving credit is most commonly seen in credit cards.
This type of credit is frequently confused with a revolving credit card but charge cards are known to be more advantageous in not building credit card debt, unlike credit cards that allow for revolving credit. Charge cards don’t typically operate as regular credit cards as they require you to pay the complete balance every month. Charge cards usually don’t have a spending limit as well as no interest rate. Failure to pay the full amount by the end of the month may result in penalty fees. An example of a well-known charge card is American Express. Charge cards are known to be more advantageous in not building credit card debt. Charge cards are known to charge high annual fees while you can find credit cards with no annual fees and decent interest rates.
Installment credit entails a fixed loan amount, a fixed monthly payment, and a fixed payback period. Interest rates are set in advance and factored into the monthly payments. Home mortgages and auto loans are two common types of installment credit arrangements.
Installment credit is also typically secure. Secure credit requires security for the lender. The borrower must provide collateral to guarantee loan repayment. If the borrower fails to repay or defaults on the loan, the lender may confiscate the collateral. A home is an example of collateral on a mortgage, and a vehicle on an auto loan. If the borrower were to default, the home or vehicle would be repossessed.
Non-Installment or Service Credit
This form of credit allows the borrower to pay for a service, membership, etc. at a later date. Generally, payment is due the month following the service, and unpaid balances will incur a fee, interest, and/or penalty charges. Continued non-payment will result in service cancellation and can be reported to the credit bureau, affecting your credit score. Service or non-installment agreements are very common in our everyday life. phone, gas and electricity, water, and garbage are all examples of service credit.
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Although I might seem like an organized and methodical person from the outside, the truth is that, in some areas, I am or can become highly and hopefully disorganised.
Context: this week I am teaching Present Perfect Simple /Continuous and its use in combination with the simple Past. I know that, over the years, I have written several posts with games and activities featuring these tenses. Problem? I have so much content on the blog, that, sometimes, it is hard to find what I am looking for. See my problem?
The idea when I started this blog was to have a repository of activities I could resort to, when needed, quickly. For the most part, I have managed to do it. However, in this case, I had to trawl the blog looking for these activities. And this is precisely what has prompted this post. Having them together. Easy to find. Up for grabs! I am not sure which activity I’ll use this year but what I know is, it will be easy to find now.
Speaking game for B1 or B2 levels: Click on the Instructions to read how to play this game. Suitable to practise for and since and the present perfect simple/continuous and the simple past.
2. You are lying
A speaking game to consolidate the use of present perfect simple and past simple. Ready for a lot of fun! Handouts provided.
This lesson has been designed as a next-day revision activity for B2 (Intermediate +) students.
Aim: to consolidate the use of Past Simple, Used to and Would for past habits and routines.
Level: B2 (Intermediate+)
In this lesson you will find.
Grammar and exercises
Speaking: Picture discussion in pairs
Speaking: an advert from a popular drink comparing past and present
Writing: a fun writing game
Speaking: bits of your childhood
STEP 1. Grammar.
The use of these three verb forms to express past habits and routines can be a bit confusing for students, so in this class I am aiming at some revision to clarify concepts. Assuming students have already studied formation rules, the focus is now on use.
Display the picture of a family in the past and ask students, in pairs, to discuss the differences they can see and the differences they can guess exist between the family shown in the picture and their own family. Encourage students to use the targeted grammar.
STEP3. The video. Speaking.
Tell students they are going to watch a video. Explain there will be no comprehension questions as there is no dialogue.
Ask students to give you a brief description of what they have seen.
Explain that the advert is called “Grandpa” and it tries to show that the lifestyle enjoyed by our grandparents — moving more, eating well, taking it easy — can be beneficial.
Students will see the video twice more and their task is to write down any differences they can see between the man today and his grandfather.
Once students have completed this task, ask them to work in pairs commenting on the differences they have seen in the video encouraging them,once again,to use the targeted grammar point: the use of simple past, would and used to to talk about past habits and routines.
Encourage discussion of the following points
means of transport
STEP 4. Writing game: I have retired
Target language: Used To, Would and Simple Past Tense to describe past habits, states and routines
Set the context: tell students they have to imagine they are 70 and retired. They are happier in retirement than when they were working but there are some things that they still miss.
Students, in pairs or in threes, choose the job they used to have.
Students will need to produce four sentences using the targeted language, giving clues for the other groups to guess their job.
sentences can be positive or negative
the first sentence will contain the clue most difficult to guess
the last sentence will contain the easiest clue
The first sentence will be awarded 4 points and the last one 1 point
Each group will name a spokesperson who will read out the clues. It’s important, at this stage, to ask students to speak up and clearly. Some rules:
The spokesperson will read the first sentence and the other groups will raise a hand if they think they know the answer.
Only one guess is allowed for each clue
If the answer is correct, they will be awarded the four points, if it is not, the second clue will be read for three points.
4 points. I would work with a lot of people
3 points. I worked after “work”, mainly at home.
2 points. I used my voice a lot
1 point. I used to work with children
How many clues did you need to hear?? Yes, the answer is TEACHER
STEP 5. Bits of your childhood. Speaking in small groups.
Ask students to think about their life at the age of 10.
Give students a list of things they might want to talk about.
Ask students to think about what they will say and the language they will need. Allow some minutes for preparation.
Where did you use to live?
Did your life use to be very different to how it is now?
Where did you use to go to school? Do you remember any of your teachers? Did you have any favourite teachers?
Did you use to get good marks? Did you have a favourite subject?
What did you use to do after school?
Where did you use to play? Do you remember who your friends were? Did you have a best friend?
Can you remember your favourite game?
At lunchtime, did you use to like the food? Did you use to eat with your parents?
What was your greatest wish? Can you remember?
Did you enjoy the lesson? Don’t miss any posts and follow me on facebook
Happy Valentine’s Day Week! Love is in the air….and all that!
I’m not a big fan of Valentine’s day, maybe because I’m Spanish and well into my forties, and in Spain, in a small village in the north and in the 80’s, we never ever heard of a special day to celebrate love. But I don’t want to be a party pooper here so I always get into my best mood to do an activity related to this special day in the Anglo culture.
On Monday , Gotye’s song “Somebody that I Used to Know” was awarded a Grammy for the record of the year. Needed a better excuse to play the song? Yes, but I’ve got it!! It contains irregular past verbs, something I am currently working with and also a great opportunity to introduce “used to”. … the only catch is that the song is about breaking up and not about perfect love… but you can’t have it all guys! So, off we go!
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XXXVII Roman Numerals
XXXVII Roman Numerals can be written as numbers by combining the transformed roman numerals i.e. XXXVII = X + X + X + V + I + I = 10 + 10 + 10 + 5 + 1 + 1 = 37. The higher roman numerals precede the lower numerals resulting in the correct translation of XXXVII Roman Numerals. In this article, we will explain how to convert XXXVII Roman numerals in the correct number translation.
- XXXVII = XXX + VII
- XXXVII = 30 + 7
- XXXVII = 37
How to Write XXXVII Roman Numerals?
The numerical value of XXXVII Roman Numerals can be obtained by using any of the two methods given below:
Method 1: In this method, we break the roman numerals into single letters, write the numerical value of each letter and add/subtract them.
- XXXVII = X + X + X + V + I + I = 10 + 10 + 10 + 5 + 1 + 1 = 37
- XXXVII = XXX + VII = 30 + 7 = 37
Therefore, the numerical value of XXXVII roman numerals is 37.
☛ Also Check: Roman Numerals Calculator
What are the Basic Rules to Write Roman Numerals?
- When a bigger letter precedes a smaller letter, the letters are added. For example: LI, L > I, so LI = L + I = 50 + 1 = 51
- When a smaller letter precedes a bigger letter, the letters are subtracted. For example: CM, C < M, so CM = M - C = 1000 - 100 = 900
- When a letter is repeated 2 or 3 times, they get added. For example: MMM = M + M + M = 1000 + 1000 + 1000 = 3000
- The same letter cannot be used more than three times in succession.
Numbers Related to XXXVII Roman Numerals
Roman numerals were used in ancient Rome and utilized combinations of letters using the Latin alphabets I, V, X, L, C, D, and M. It may seem different than numbers, but they are similar. For example, XXXVII Roman numerals are equivalent to the number 37. The roman numerals related to XXXVII are given below:
- XXX = 30
- XXXI = 30 + 1 = 31
- XXXII = 30 + 2 = 32
- XXXIII = 30 + 3 = 33
- XXXIV = 30 + 4 = 34
- XXXV = 30 + 5 = 35
- XXXVI = 30 + 6 = 36
- XXXVII = 30 + 7 = 37
- XXXVIII = 30 + 8 = 38
- XXXIX = 30 + 9 = 39
XXXVII Roman Numerals Examples
Example 1: Find the Product of Roman Numerals XXXVII and LXI.
XXXVII = 30 + 7 = 37 and LXI = 60 + 1 = 61
Now, XXXVII × LXI = 37 × 61 = 2257
Since, MMCCLVII = 2000 + 200 + 50 + 7 = 2257
Therefore, XXXVII × LXI = MMCCLVII
Example 3: Find the Difference Between XXXVII and XXIV.
Roman Numeral XXXVII is equal to 37 and XXIV is 24.
Now, XXXVII - XXIV = 37 - 24 = 13
Since, 13 = XIII
Therefore, XXXVII - XXIV = XIII
Example 4: Find the Sum of MMMDXIII and XXXVII Roman Numerals.
MMMDXIII = 3000 + 500 + 10 + 3 = 3513 and XXXVII = 30 + 7 = 37
Now, MMMDXIII + XXXVII = 3513 + 37 = 3550
Since, MMMDL = 3000 + 500 + 50 = 3550
Therefore, the sum of MMMDXIII and XXXVII roman numerals is MMMDL
FAQs on XXXVII Roman Numerals
What does XXXVII Roman Numerals Mean?
We will write XXXVII Roman numerals in the expanded form to determine its value. XXXVII = X + X + X + V + I + I = 10 + 10 + 10 + 5 + 1 + 1 = 37. Hence, the value of Roman Numerals XXXVII is 37.
Why is 37 Written in Roman Numerals as XXXVII?
We know that in roman numerals, we write 7 as VII, and 10 as X. Therefore, 37 in roman numerals is written as XXXVII = XXX + VII = 30 + 7 = XXXVII.
How to Convert XXXVII Roman Numerals to Arabic Number?
To convert XXXVII Roman Numerals to numbers, the conversion involves breaking the Roman numerals on the basis of place values (ones, tens, hundreds, thousands), like this:
- Tens = 30 = XXX
- Ones = 7 = VII
- Number = 37 = XXXVII
What Should be Subtracted from XXXVII to Get XXVIII?
First, we will write XXXVII and XXVIII in numbers, i.e. XXXVII = 30 + 7 = 37 and XXVIII = 20 + 8 = 28. Now, 37 - 28 = 9. And 9 = IX. Therefore, IX should be subtracted from XXXVII roman numerals to get XXVIII.
What is the Remainder when XXXVII is Divided by XVIII?
XXXVII = 37 and XVIII = 18 in numbers. On dividing 37 by 18, it leaves a remainder of 18. Now, 1 = I Therefore, when XXXVII is divided by XVIII, the remainder is I.
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WORLD HEALTH DAY OP-ED
Let’s wrest control from the commercial marketers and start to really listen to children
The global track record of listening to children and adolescents by governments, scientists, public health practitioners is largely abysmal. There is one industry that really listens to children and adolescents — the marketers.
World Health Day is celebrated every year on 7 April, with the aim of increasing global awareness of health issues the world is confronting. It is sponsored by the World Health Organization (WHO), and the date marks the anniversary of the founding of WHO in 1948.
Themes of previous years have included a focus on food safety (2015), diabetes (2016) and in 2021 the creation of a fairer and healthier world. The theme of World Health Day in 2022 is Our planet, our health, emphasising the urgent need to keep our planet healthy (and by extension ourselves) and to “foster a movement to create societies focused on wellbeing”. The WHO has estimated that more than 13 million deaths around the world each year are due to environmental causes — and even more importantly — avoidable environmental causes.
Last week, in commemoration of World Health Day 2022, the world’s premier medical journal The Lancet published an editorial titled “Planetary health for the ages”. In the piece, the word “child” does not appear once. This is startling given that the future we are so concerned about is the one that children and adolescents today are going to have to live in.
Unfortunately, failing to consider the opinions and needs of children and adolescents is a common occurrence. How we have treated children and adolescents during the Covid-19 pandemic is a particularly good example. We are now over two years into the pandemic which, according to The Economist and other sources has resulted in the deaths of over 20 million people. The answer to the question about the extent to which we even considered, let alone prioritised, the needs and the future of children and adolescents is a painfully sad one.
Public health and the difficult decisions that need to be made are always about balancing risks and benefits. And as Covid-19 has shown, there are rarely easy answers — only the extremely difficult task of weighing risks and benefits. However, on the Covid-19 pandemic “balancing scale”, children are nowhere to be found. Understandably, given the massively increased risk of death from Covid for people over 60 that is where early preventive efforts had to go. We did that and, in some places, we did it quite well.
But what was the cost? The economic costs are clear. But it is abundantly clear that the costs that children and adolescents have had to bear were never (or rarely) part of the equation. The long-term damage to their developmental potential was never considered as one of the risks when considering an approach of zero Covid.
Instead, we took control, circumscribed their lives in quite authoritarian ways, halted their education, limited their play and engagement with peers, and demanded they make these sacrifices for the control of a virus that posed a small risk to them. All this was done in the name of protecting others.
Of course, bearing a cost for others is a noble thing, an altruistic response for the benefit of us all. But when we want somebody to pay a steep price, surely we need to weigh up the damage we might be doing to them, and most importantly to ask them about how they feel about, and in so doing get their buy-in? Where were youth representatives on governmental advice bodies? Where were the voices of youth activists that could advocate for keeping schools open?
Given that the global track record of listening to children and adolescents by governments, scientists, public health practitioners is largely abysmal, is there an industry, a body that really listens to children and adolescents?
The answer is yes — and it is the marketers. The marketers of sugar, junk food, clothes, trends and consumer goods that none of us needs. Juliet Schor in her book Born to Buy describes how at the height of its influence the children’s television channel Nickelodeon would speak to and interview 5,000 to 10,000 children per year.
Other marketing companies routinely conduct school-based surveys engaging with over 4,000 children. In the 1990s Levi Strauss hired Josh Koplewicz as an official consultant when he was only 10 years old. He advised the company on design, production and named trends for them. Company executives would also routinely rummage through his cupboards to get ideas.
Leah Mosner was 12 years old when she consulted for Microsoft, and was flown across the United States to a party to launch their Magic School Bus software. The use of consultants such as these, coupled with the extensive surveys described above, followed years of scepticism in the marketing industry about whether children themselves could provide useful “marketing” data. Today, they are a key information source.
They listened, they took note and they acted on what they heard. Commercial marketers targeting children really listened, but instead of using this engagement for good, they weaponised the information they gathered so as to better exploit children. The result has been an unprecedented and highly effective juggernaut of advertising and marketing targeting children across the entire life course.
Children in some countries (such as the US) will see as many as 30,000 advertisements on TV alone in a single year. The spending power of children and adolescents and what has become known as their “pester power” has also been weaponised. This is bad for children and it is bad for the environment.
Unlike the marketing companies, and the advertising juggernaut for largely toxic products that are the antithesis of wellbeing, public health practitioners, scientists, academics, parents, schools are, I would argue, routinely failing to truly speak to and listen to what children and adolescents have to say. We think for them. We plan for them. We assume we know best. Even when we speak of taking their opinions into account it is often little more than a tick-box approach. Engage with children — tick — move on. Most often we have already decided what we are going to do, and we are simply calling on them to agree.
We are in the midst of a climate catastrophe as a direct result of our rampant exploitation of the natural world. Our children are experiencing the highest levels of targeted advertising and commercial marketing in history. This is resulting in record levels of obesity and online gambling. We must stop paying lip service to listening to what children and adolescents have to say. We have to do better and we need to wrest control from the commercial marketers.
As Greta Thunberg has so forcefully shown, the voice of a single committed child activist that routinely speaks truth to power, can have global ramifications for good. DM
Professor Mark Tomlinson is co-director of the Institute for Life Course Health Research in the Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University.
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It’s safe to say that hybrid and electric vehicles have become part of mainstream culture since they first burst onto the scene in the late 1990s.
Today, nearly every major automaker produces some type of hybrid or electric vehicle. In addition to small and midsize cars, there are now hybrid minivans and SUVs hitting the pavement. And, in response to the growing interest in alternative fuel cars, many gas stations and restaurants now feature charging stations for their patrons.
While gas-powered vehicles haven’t completely become a thing of the past, many car buyers are contemplating whether a hybrid or an electric vehicle is a good fit for their lifestyle and their wallet.
Here, we’ve answered some fundamental questions to help you in your car-buying search.
What’s the Difference Between Electric and Hybrid Cars?
An electric vehicle is powered solely by an electric motor, which needs to be charged through a power source rather than using an internal combustion engine.
Conversely, a hybrid vehicle has both a gas engine and an electric motor which work together to power the vehicle and deliver optimal fuel efficiency.
Did you know that there are two types of hybrid vehicles?
Conventional hybrids: With a conventional hybrid, you still fill up at the pump. The gas engine, in turn, powers the battery for the electric motor.
Plug-in hybrids: A plug-in hybrid, on the other hand, gives you the option to charge the vehicle by plugging it into a power source. This delivers more energy to the electric motor and allows for a longer electric-only driving time without using the gas in the tank (which you still need to fill up, although not as often as you would with a conventional hybrid).
What Are the Overall Pros and Cons of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles?
The U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy offers the following considerations when shopping for a hybrid or electric vehicle:
Fuel economy: With less trips to the gas station (or no trips at all), you’ll use less fuel and spend less on gas than conventional vehicles.
Emissions: Electric vehicles have zero emissions. And while the exact level of emissions for hybrids depends on the make and model of the vehicle, they all emit less pollution than comparable gas-powered vehicles. In regions where low-polluting energy sources are used to generate energy, electric vehicles also tout a better life cycle of emissions than their conventional companions. This means that an electric vehicle will have a lower impact on greenhouse gases across each stage of its production and use.
Energy security: Relying more on electric power sources in place of imported petroleum can help improve our country’s energy security.
Purchase cost: Electric and hybrid vehicles can cost significantly more than gas-powered vehicles, oftentimes by thousands of dollars. However, in many cases, federal tax credits and state incentives are available to buyers of new hybrid and electric vehicles. Your local auto dealer can offer more information on these incentives.
What Should I Keep in Mind When Searching for a Hybrid Car?
Looking to buy a hybrid vehicle? Here are several factors you should consider:
Model options: Get to know the types of hybrid vehicles that are available. Some follow conventional vehicle models (a car cousin, if you will) while others have a design that’s completely unique.
Safety: Features like antilock brakes, front-seat side air bags and full-length side curtain air bags should all come standard. Many models also offer additional safety options like back-up cameras and blind-spot indicators. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and the IIHS are great resources for checking factors like crash-test scores and other safety ratings.
Features: From navigation systems to smartphone interfaces, the bonus features available in hybrids are extensive and vary from model to model. Do your research and think about which ones appeal to you. If you’re considering a plug-in hybrid, also find out which models offer home charging units.
Cargo space: To accommodate the battery pack, hybrid vehicles tend to have less trunk space than traditional vehicles. This isn’t an issue with electric vehicles. Payload capacity (the amount of extra weight your vehicle can carry) will also be decreased.
Cost of ownership: Depending on fuel prices, it could take several years (or even decades) to break even on the purchase cost and operating costs of your new vehicle. However, hybrid vehicles tend to include extensive warranties and the prices for replacement battery packs are becoming increasingly more economical.
Are There Additional Considerations When Looking for an Electric Vehicle?
While model options, safety concerns and extra features of electric vehicles are similar to that of hybrids, consider the following additional points if you’re curious about going the electric route:
Range: How far can you drive before you will need your next charge? Understanding the range of an electric vehicle can help you determine if it’s a good fit for your lifestyle. Nobody wants to get stranded during their daily commute.
Charging time: The length of time it takes to charge an electric vehicle can vary by make, model and battery type. “Topping off” a charge can take as little as 30 minutes, but a full charge on an empty battery can take 4 to 12 hours.
Cost of electricity: The cost to charge can fluctuate greatly depending on when, where and how you charge up. For example, if you plug in at home, costs can vary depending on the time of day and your energy provider’s rates. Public charging stations are becoming more popular, so you should also find out what providers are in your area.
Cost of ownership: An electric vehicle doesn’t have the same routine maintenance needs (and costs) as a gas-powered vehicle – for example, you won’t have to worry about oil changes. This could potentially make it a more economical choice in the long run.
Should I Buy a Used Hybrid or Electric Vehicle?
You can always buy used, but do your homework first. According to Consumer Reports, there are a few factors to consider:
Rapidly evolving technology: Are you someone who likes to have the newest smartphone as soon as it hits the market? If so, buying a used vehicle may not be for you. From software and fuel economy to driving range and safety features, new hybrid and electric vehicles offer more advancements than their predecessors, even if it’s only been a year or two.
Peace of mind: When you buy new, you know exactly who has been in the driver’s seat and where the vehicle has been. There should be no surprises, and if there are, you’ll most likely be covered by the warranty.
Depreciation: If you purchase new, in five years the vehicle can depreciate to nearly half its original value, although the rate of depreciation tends to be lower than that of gas-powered vehicles. If you choose to buy new, consider adding the Auto Security coverage endorsement* to your Erie Insurance auto policy for a few extra dollars per month. If you have a lease or loan on your vehicle, the endorsement can help if you have a covered loss and owe more on the vehicle than what it’s worth.
Reliability: Used car shoppers should look for vehicles that have a proven track record of reliability. If you spot a car you’re interested in, do your homework to see how it has performed since the year of its release. This includes the battery pack, too.
Is a Hybrid or Electric Vehicle More Expensive to Insure?
Wondering how your new electric or hybrid car might affect your insurance bill? You can always ask your local ERIE agent to run a quote for you before you buy your new ride so you know exactly what to expect.
Remember: Insurance costs vary by make and model. However, being a safe driver tends to be the most important factor of all.
Is It Worth It to Make the Switch and Purchase a Hybrid or Electric Vehicle?
There’s only one person who can answer that question: you.
Do your research. Find out what you value, what you’re willing to be flexible about (do you really need the extra cargo space?) and what’s non-negotiable.
Find Your Perfect Fit
Whether you decide on a gas, hybrid or electric vehicle, we believe your car insurance should fit your life. And you deserve a perfect fit.
That’s why your policy comes with your very own local ERIE agent who will give you that personal touch. Talk to your local ERIE agent to get a no-obligation auto quote.
*Vehicle is considered new when less than two years old. Eligible vehicles must carry both comprehensive and collision coverage, and replacement must be made with a comparable model. The endorsement is sold on a per-vehicle basis, not per-policy and contains the specific details of the coverages, terms, conditions and exclusions. New vehicle replacement and better vehicle replacement do not apply to leased vehicles. Only auto lease/loan security applies to a leased vehicle. When payment is made under new vehicle replacement or better vehicle replacement, auto lease/loan coverage will not apply. Coverage is not available in all states. Insurance products are subject to terms, conditions and exclusions not described here. Coverage does not include items such as overdue payments and carry-over balances from previous leases/loans, etc. Ask your agent for details.
A better insurance experience starts with ERIE.
Haven’t heard of us? Erie Insurance started with humble beginnings in 1925 with a mission to emphasize customer service above all else. Though we’ve grown to reach the Fortune 500 list, we still haven’t lost the human touch.
Contact DeBerry Insurance Agency today to experience the ERIE difference for yourself.
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There is no doubt that Organic farming has a positive impact on the environment. Organic farming aids in preserving biodiversity, soil fertility prevents soil erosion, and protects water from contamination. Therefore, it is fairly evident that organic food is untreated by pesticides and tastes better than inorganic food items. However, researchers demand more studies to be conducted to find out whether organic food is more nutritious than normal food.
Many recent studies suggest that organic foods may have higher nutritional value and antioxidants. Three different studies were conducted to examine the nutritional values of organic strawberries, kiwis, and blueberries in comparison to the non-organic ones. The outcomes revealed that both organic strawberries and kiwis had higher levels of Vitamin C and both were rich in antioxidant properties.
Similarly, the studies conducted to find out the nutrient value of blueberries showed that they have higher antioxidants. Moreover, it was found that organic blueberries contain higher levels of fructose, glucose, malic acid, total phenolics, and total anthocyanins.
A research study at Truman State University in Missouri on organic oranges reported that they contain 30% more Vitamin C as compared to the ones grown conventionally.
A similar study on Organic tomatoes at the University of California, Davis found that organically grown tomatoes contained higher levels of beneficial flavonoids than non-organic tomatoes.
Extensive studies have shown that the nutritional value of organic fruits, vegetables, and grains had significantly more nutrients than conventionally farmed fruits, vegetables, and grains. The nutrients included were Vitamin C, phosphorus, iron, and magnesium.
In 2008, a joint report was published by The Organic Center and professors from the University of Florida and Washington State University. The report provided evidence that organic food contained 25% higher concentration of 11 nutrients than non-organic foods.
Research conducted on organic milk revealed that it contained higher levels of antioxidants and healthy fatty acids like omega-3 fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). One of the studies proved that organic milk had 68% more omega-3 fatty acids than normal milk.
While there is numerous ongoing scientific research about the nutritional benefits of organic foods, the above data somewhat proves this.
The growing popularity of organic foods cannot be ignored largely due to the safe ingredients they contain. New studies are continuously focused on finding the benefits of growing and eating organic fruits and vegetables.
At GULA, we are committed to providing the best organic food products that are rich in taste and nutritional as well. We aim to reach more and more customers by offering healthier food choices.
Visit http://www.doctorgula.com/about/ to shop the top quality organic food products and much more.
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Genital warts can appear after infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV). You can pick up this virus during sexual contact with someone who is infected. For this reason, genital warts are classified as an STD, or sexually transmitted disease. Genital warts are not dangerous, but they are unpleasant. Fortunately, they are very treatable. The warts can come back over time, however.
How does it work?
- You choose your treatment
- We guide you every step of the way
- We guarantee quick and free home delivery
What are genital warts?
Warts on the genitals and/or anus are known as genital warts. The cause: the human papillomavirus (HPV). There are around 100 variants of this virus. The species that are responsible for genital warts are type 6 and type 11.
HPV is highly contagious. Worldwide, more than 50% of people who are sexually active are infected with one of the many human papillomaviruses. In most cases, this happens unnoticed.
Genital warts, together with chlamydia, are among the most common STDs. Young people between the ages of 15 and 29 are the most affected.
Not everyone with an HPV type 6 or 11 infection actually gets genital warts. Or the warts may only develop at a much later time; the incubation time of genital warts is 1 to 8 months. But HPV is still contagious in the meantime. As a result, you can also get genital warts from someone who is infected but has no symptoms (yet). In this way, you can pass on the virus yourself without noticing.
Genital warts symptoms
Genital warts look a bit like ‘normal’ warts. The most common general symptoms of genital warts are:
- Lumps with a cauliflower-like structure on, in or around the genitals and/or anus;
- They often appear in groups;
- Genital warts have a greyish white or pinkish red colour;
- The warts may cause itchiness, pain and/or a burning sensation. They can also be painless;
- The warts often go away by themselves. However, this can take quite a long time (about 1 to 2 years). If you want to get rid of the warts earlier, you can have them treated;
- HPV often remains dormant in the body. The warts can also come back, even after a course of treatment.
Genital warts in men (male genital warts)
Specific symptoms of genital warts in men are:
- Warts on the penis;
- Discharge from the penis;
- Warts on the glans (head of the penis);
- Warts on the scrotum;
- Warts around or in the anus.
Genital warts in women (vaginal genital warts)
Specific symptoms of genital warts in women are:
- Vaginal warts (in the vagina and/or around the entrance of the vagina);
- Vaginal discharge;
- Warts around the clitoris;
- Warts around or in the anus;
- Uncommon: warts on the cervix. These are not visible from the outside.
Genital warts are not dangerous. But they can create a sense of shame.
Causes of genital warts
The human papillomavirus spreads during intimate physical contact between the genitals and during contact with the anus. If these areas are touched with the fingers or a sex toy, it can also spread that way. You could also get HPV if, for example, you share a towel with an infected person.
Preventing genital warts
Safe sex is the most important measure you can take to prevent genital warts. However, a condom does not provide 100% protection against HPV. Therefore also pay attention to hygiene (do not share sex toys, and always use your own towel and washcloths).
There is a vaccine that protects against the virus that causes genital warts. However, this vaccine only works if the virus is not yet present in the body. A doctor or health service can tell you more about this.
Testing for genital warts
There is no specific blood or urine test for genital warts. You (or a doctor) can recognise them with the naked eye. If you have genital warts, it is more likely that you have also contracted another STD. It is therefore wise to do a general STD test. You can do this at a GP's office or using a self-test kit.
Genital warts treatment
Although genital warts often disappear by themselves, many people choose to treat them. With a genital warts treatment, the unsightly and sometimes painful nodules disappear a lot faster.
There are several methods for treating genital warts.
Genital wart creams and medicines
Doctors fight genital warts with a viral inhibitor or antiviral. The active substance in this medicine inhibits the growth of the human papillomavirus, which means that it can no longer spread. This will make the warts disappear.
This genital warts treatment involves medicines that are applied locally. Examples of these medicines are:
- Podophyllotoxin. This is a cream or a liquid. The product is applied to the warts twice a day for 3 days a week. The course lasts a number of weeks, up to a maximum of 4 to 5 weeks;
- Imiquimod. This antiviral cream is applied once a day. You treat the warts with this medicine every other day. This genital warts treatment may last up to 16 weeks;
- Sinecatechins. This ointment is applied to the warts three times a day. The duration of treatment may not exceed 16 weeks.
Please keep in mind that medicines for genital warts can cause side effects in some cases. You may experience skin irritation. Make sure you always protect the surrounding, healthy skin, for example by applying a greasy ointment. Always read the package leaflet carefully before use. And always wash your hands thoroughly after applying the product.
Please note that these medicines are not suitable for pregnant women.
Alternative genital warts treatment
If you do not want or are not allowed to take any medications, you can contact a doctor for an alternative genital warts treatment. There are various options:
- Treat the warts with trichloroacetic acid. This usually only needs to be done once a week for at least two weeks;
- Freeze the warts with liquid nitrogen. This method is also suitable for pregnant women;
- Remove the warts with an electric needle. This can sometimes be done at the GP, or otherwise in a hospital.
Prescription medication for genital warts
Many medicines for genital warts require a prescription. You can request a suitable course of treatment at Dokteronline. Your request will be assessed by a doctor based on the medical questionnaire you have completed. A written prescription will then be forwarded to a pharmacy, after which the prescribed medication will be discreetly delivered to your home. Would you like more information about treatments for genital warts? Feel free to consult a doctor or pharmacist.
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Traumatic dental injuries occur most often in children and teenagers, although people of all ages can experience them as well. Sports accidents, car accidents, and falls or trips are all examples of how someone can experience a traumatic dental injury. If you have experienced this type of injury, it’s important to visit your dentist as soon as possible. The longer you wait, the more severe the injury could become. Only through a dental exam can the extent of the damage and surrounding damage be assessed properly.
Types of Dental Injuries
Chipped or Fractured Teeth
Most chipped or fractured teeth can be repaired either by reattaching the broken piece or by placing a tooth-colored filling. If a significant portion of the visible portion of the tooth is broken off, an artificial crown or “cap” may be needed to restore the tooth. Injuries in the back teeth often include fractured cusps, cracked teeth, or a more serious split tooth. If cracks extend into the root, root canal treatment and a full coverage crown may be needed to restore function to the tooth. Split teeth may require extraction.
During an injury, a tooth may be pushed sideways out of or into its socket. Your dentist will reposition and stabilize your tooth. If the tooth root has been damaged, a root canal may also be necessary.
If a tooth is completely knocked out of your mouth, time is of the essence. The tooth should be handled very gently, avoiding touching the root surface itself. If it is dirty, quickly and gently rinse it in water. Do not use soap or any other cleaning agent, and never scrape or brush the tooth. If possible, the tooth should be placed back into its socket as soon as possible. The less time the tooth is out of its socket, the better the chance for saving it. Once the tooth has been put back in its socket, your dentist will evaluate it and will check for any other dental or facial injuries. If the tooth has not been placed back into its socket, your dentist will clean it carefully and replace it. A stabilizing splint will be placed for a few weeks. Depending on the stage of root development, your dentist may start root canal treatment a week or two later.
A traumatic injury to the tooth may also result in a horizontal root fracture. The location of the fracture determines the long-term health of the tooth. If the fracture is close to the root tip, the chances for success are much better. The closer the fracture is to the gum line, the poorer the long-term success rate. Stabilization with a splint is sometimes required for a period of time.
Resorption occurs when your body, through its own defense mechanisms, begins to reject your own tooth in response to the traumatic injury. Following the injury, you should return to your dentist to have the tooth examined or treated at regular intervals to ensure that root resorption is not occurring and that surrounding tissues continue to heal.
Traumatic Dental Injuries in Children
Chipped baby teeth can be aesthetically restored. Dislodged baby teeth can, in rare cases, be repositioned. However, baby teeth that have been knocked out typically should not be replanted. This is because the replantation of a baby tooth may cause further and permanent damage to the underlying permanent tooth that is growing inside the bone. Children's permanent teeth that are not fully developed at the time of the injury need special attention and careful follow-up, but not all of them will need root canal treatment. In an immature permanent tooth, the blood supply to the tooth and the presence of stem cells in the region may enable your dentist to stimulate continued root growth.
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Groupware is software that facilitates a group of people working within the same system or application, no matter where they happen to be. Such groupware applications are commonly email, newsgroups, and chat. Common groupware applications that are easily recognized by today's computer users include Lotus Notes, email server systems such as FirstClass and Microsoft Exchange, 24Seven Office, Livelink, and Workspot.
Some experts divide groupware into three categories: communication tools, conferencing tools, and collaborative management tools. Communication tools include email, FAX, and voice mail. Conferencing tools include data, voice, and video conferencing; and message boards and chat rooms. Collaborative management tools include electronic calendars, project management systems, and workflow systems.
Other experts divide groupware into two categories related to time and two other categories related to place. When employees are using an application at the same time, it is synchronous groupware; workers using the same application at different times, however, are using asynchronous groupware. The place-related categories are collocated, groupware that is used by people in the same place; and distance, groupware that is used by people in different places.
Businesses use groupware for a variety of reasons. One primary reason is to bypass the traditional problem of having employees in different places who need to work on the same application. By logging in to a network or intranet server, employees in different places can access the same application and benefit from the various perspectives and opinions of others. This functionality is a primary facet of telecommuting. If you can log in to the company server from anywhere, then you don't need to be in the office in order to access certain groupware.
Telecommuting can save on travel costs for both companies and employees. It can also enable real-time communication when it would otherwise be impossible. This communication can foster a greater understanding of the targets and goals of a business's projects, through group discussion of each step along the way to achieving those targets and goals.
Another use for groupware is group problem-solving. Many times, some employees see things differently from other employees. If they are all working within the same application framework, they can solve problems collectively, saving the company time and money. Without groupware, such real-time cooperation would not be possible.
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Workplace politics encompasses the power and authority processes and behaviors that are at work in a particular workplace. It is how the links between people in the workplace work. There are workplace politics at play in every organization.
After you complete this course, you will be able to:
- Understand what Workplace Politics is and why it is not always bad.
- Distinguish between formal and informal workplace hierarchies.
- Use practical steps to negate the influence of rumors.
- Define Social and Emotional Intelligence and understand their importance in navigating workplace politics.
- Understand the importance of Self-Awareness in dealing with workplace politics and think about your own strengths and abilities.
- Understand the role of Self-Management in the workplace and learn to improve self-management through reflection
- Understand the roles of Empathy, Organizational and Service Awareness in the workplace and social awareness skill development.
- Identify good relationship skills.
- See the importance of responsible decision making and identify decision traps that should be avoided.
- Create your own Workplace Philosophy Statement.
Session One: Course Overview
- Learning Objectives
Session 2: What is Workplace Politics?
- Workplace Politics
- Formal Versus Informal Hierarchy
- What to Do About Rumors
Session 3: Lessons from Social and Emotional Intelligence
- History of Social and Emotional Intelligence
- Defining Social and Emotional Intelligence
Session 4: Self-Awareness
- Understanding Self-Awareness
Session 5: Self-Management
- Understanding Self-Management
- Improving Self-Management through Reflection
- Reflective Diary
Session 6: Social Awareness
- Empathy, Organizational and Service Awareness
- Organizational Awareness
- Service Awareness
Session 7: Good Relationship Skills
- Identifying Relationship Skills
- N’Derial III, Part One
- N’Derial III, Part Two
- Individual Action Steps
Session 8: Responsible Decision Making
- Decision Making
- Decision-Making Traps
- Decision Wheel
- Decision Wheel Method
Session 9: Creating Your Workplace Philosophy
- Philosophy Statement
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General information on the area
The restoration of mangrove ecosystems is vital as they provide potentially scalable and cost-effective natural climate solutions by sequestering carbon in their biomass followed by transferring it to soils and sediments. Along with climate change mitigation, those ecosystems facilitate a variety of ecosystem services including habitats for different species, shoreline stabilization, water purification, provision of seafood, honey, timber, fuelwood, raw materials for fishing equipment, tannins/waxes, and avenues for sustainable ecotourism.
The main goals are to support biodiversity, by mangrove restoration, protect existing mangroves, and create tools to calculate biodiversity-related revenues such as ecotourism, fisheries, voluntary carbon credits, and the potential to meet sustainability goals through restoration initiatives.
- To support biodiversity, by mangrove restoration in new areas that are resilient to climate change.
- Provide recommendations for the conservation of existing mangroves in biodiversity hotspots under different climate change scenarios.
- Create tools to calculate biodiversity-related revenues such as ecotourism, fisheries, voluntary carbon credits, and the potential to meet sustainability goals through restoration initiatives
Mangroves provide natural infrastructure to help protect nearby populated areas by reducing erosion and absorbing storm surges. Over the last 50 years, this has led to impoverished livelihoods, lower economic growth, declining human security, and a poorer quality of life for local communities and coastal populations.
Join us to help these species stay alive, make a contribution to mangrove conservation, and pursue your donation today!
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Following the announcement of the government’s carbon reduction strategy for the generation of our heat and hot water five years ago, the long awaited Renewable Heat Incentive finally began on the 9th April 2014.
Unique in the UK, the Renewable Heat Incentive – or RHI as it is better known in the industry, is an attractive incentive to entice homeowners away from fossil fuel forms of heating their homes and water, including gas, oil and LPG.
The RHI will see homeowner’s gain from a 7 year payment programme, payable quarterly from their energy provider and in the form of hundreds of pounds per year, it will represent a significant proportion of the investment in the applicable technologies.
The added benefit of the RHI is that the products which come under its banner have the added benefit of reducing energy bills. “It is an incentive indeed when you consider you can use the money gained in one hand, to pay another utility bill with the other. And when you look at the savings renewable energy heating will offer,” said Lynda Sparks of renewable energy provider Save Energy Group. “Heating our homes and water is responsible for millions of tonnes of Carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere every year, so the RHI will make a real difference in the government’s drive to reduce the UKs impact on climate change.”
The product categories include a single solar thermal panel which will give your existing boiler up to nine months off a year and on demand piping hot water. Air or Ground Source Heat Pumps will provide one hundred percent of your heating and hot water and a biomass heating system which uses a sustainable wood source to run. “These products may be relatively new to the UK for some homeowners, but they are far from new globally,” added Lynda Sparks. “Eighty percent of Scandinavian countries run on air source heat – and it is a popular heat source in rural France, for example, and solar hot water is widely used across Europe. These products are all proven to work extremely well in our climate and will offer enormous savings.”
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Surgery in the 1700s
Surgery in the 1700s
Surgery has a long history in the healing arts. Its history dates back thousands of years to the great seats of early civilization in Athens, Rome, and Alexandria. However, amputations and invasive wound-healing procedures can even be traced to Upper Paleolithic peoples living tens of thousands of years ago, who, with apparently considerable knowledge about human anatomy, practiced bone-setting as well as minor surgical procedures.
The years between 1700 and 1799 stand out as important to medical history and surgical advancement because surgeons were willing—as must have been the patients—to attempt amputations as well as complicated and often heroic surgeries on major organs of the body, all without benefit of anesthesia, which did not come along until the nineteenth century. Eighteenth-century surgeons prided themselves on fast amputations, as well as procedures such as removing bladder stones, cancers, and even cataracts from the eye.
Not only were more hospitals established in England and Europe during the 1700s, their conditions vastly improved toward the end of the eighteenth century as reformers made strides in sanitary practices.
By the eighteenth century, anatomists had long been practicing with cadavers to learn more about the body and its organs. In the developing hospitals and medical schools, anatomists instructed medical students in how the human body functioned, what could go wrong with the major systems, and how surgery might be used to correct bodily malfunctions or treat a variety of wounds, including those inflicted in war.
Amputations were by far the most frequent surgeries, practiced by surgeons who prided themselves on speedy procedures as patients, without benefit of anesthesia, were held down by the surgeons' strong-armed assistants. The great amputators controlled bleeding and infection as best as they could, and developed unique antiseptics.
The historical list of surgical advancements in the eighteenth century progresses organ by organ and system by system as surgeons in England and in Europe, particularly in France, developed new techniques to control bleeding, drain and close surgical wounds, or repair wounds that resulted from military combat—especially those from explosives and gunshot wounds. Surgeons also increased their abilities to repair malfunctions in the urinary system and the intestinal tract, perform Cesarean sections, amputate limbs, remove cataracts from the eyes, remove gall stones, do radical surgeries to cancerous tissue, remove glands and organs (such as the thyroid or spleen), and develop antiseptics.
During the eighteenth century, anatomists and surgeons not only perfected surgical techniques but published books that made a significant impact not only on the practice of surgery in their century, but in the next as well.
Advancements in the art and science of amputation top the list of surgical achievements in the eighteenth century. In 1718, French surgeon Jean Louis Petit (1674-1750) developed a tourniquet to stop bleeding during an amputation. Petit's tourniquet worked by twisting a screw compressor device that clamped down on the patient's leg and on the lower abdomen. It could stop the blood flow in the main artery and provide for higher leg amputations. Petit's tourniquet is considered by many sources to be one of the "most important surgical advancements before the advent of anesthesia."
Even with the Petit tourniquet to stop bleeding, quick amputations were desirable to spare unanesthetized patients prolonged agony. Speed became a source of pride for early surgeons. French surgeon Jacques Lisfranc became known for his ability to amputate at the thigh in 10 seconds. Scottish surgeon Benjamin Bell was able to cut through all but the bone in six seconds. It was said that James R. Wood, of New York, could amputate at the thigh in nine seconds. Other amputations, such as at the shoulder joint, may have taken longer. Many surgeons constantly practiced on cadavers to get the speediest amputations possible.
Quick and clean amputation was but one step in the art of surgery, however. What to do with the open wound once the amputation was finished and the tourniquet removed was yet another question facing eighteenth-century surgeons. If the patient were to live, wounds, whether caused by the surgeon's knife or the enemy's sword or gunshot, required cleaning and closing. How to clean and whether to close the wound were the subjects of great debate.
Although closing wounds by sewing them developed centuries earlier, closing wounds with sutures was not a standard practice in the eighteenth century. As far back as the sixteenth century, surgeons used percutaneous stitches to close amputations, but often with disastrous results from subsequent infection. Many surgeons preferred to let a wound, even an amputation, heal without drawing the edges of flesh together. Leaving the wound open to provide drainage, but keeping it somewhat covered, was often made possible by using an adhesive tape placed around the wound edges. Packing the wound with a porous lint-like material also allowed drainage.
Whether amputations actually saved lives was the subject of popular debate among surgeons. Many military surgeons preferred not to interfere by further amputation if a limb was amputated cleanly by gun or cannon shot. A large number of military surgeons advocated immediate amputation for gunshot-caused fracture, but even that procedure was debated. Some surgeons simply delayed amputation to see how well the fractures healed.
While between 45 and 65% mortality was average for hospital amputations, the Royal Infirmary at Edinburgh, Scotland, however, under the skills of the father-and-son duo Alexander Monro primus and secundus, boasted an 8% mortality rate during much of the eighteenth century.
It was widely known at this time that keeping wounds and amputations clean and draining freely helped lower surgical mortality rates. Military records show that in the next century, Napoleon's field surgeons introduced maggots, or fly larvae, into the soldiers' wounds. The maggots were allowed to eat the dead flesh and leave the healthier tissue. The maggots were then removed.
Surgeons, especially those who attended gunshot wounds, perfected several techniques for "debridement," the process of removing dead skin from a wound. This procedure was advocated by French surgeon Pierre Joseph Desault (1744-1795), who also coined the term. Debridement, taken from the French verb "brider," meaning to check or curb, removed dead skin in order to curb unhealthy wound closing and prevent infection. Desault debrided with a trimming blade.
Surgeons also practiced "preventive debridement" by dilating, or opening, gunshot and sword wounds wider to promote drainage. This technique was controversial in its time. The great British surgeon John Hunter (1728- 1793) preferred to let a wound heal "under a scab." His French counterparts and some of his fellow Englishmen disagreed, preferring to open wounds wider.
A variety of antiseptic preparations were available during the 1700s. The word "antiseptic" is first thought to appear in a British pamphlet from 1721 in a discussion on how to prevent the purtrification of flesh. In 1752, British physician John Pringle (1707-1782) used the term when discussing the use of mineral acids in his experiments at stopping decomposition in freshly killed animals. So interested were French surgeons in antiseptics that the Academy of Sciences and Arts and Fine Letters of Dijon offered a prize for the best essay on the use of antiseptics. The winner discussed applications of turpentine, alcohol, benzoin, and aloe. With the success of antiseptics, many surgeons preferred to postpone amputations in favor of treatments with antiseptics.
The art of amputation was not restricted to limbs and war wounds. Surgeons in the 1700s grew increasingly adept at amputations in an attempt to prevent the spread of gangrene or cancer. The treatment of cancers by the removal of tumors and diseased organs occupied many eighteenth-century surgeons.
As early as 1756, British and French surgeons were performing "glossectomies," the removal of the tongue, to cure cancer of the tongue. Earlier surgical approaches to cancer of the tongue was tumor removal and the excitation of lesions. Surgeons also tried to "strangulate" tumors by ligations, tying off the tumor's blood supply. Glossectomy became the treatment of choice and through ligation the surgery became bloodless and wound cauterization was accomplished by the use of hot iron.
Breast cancer was also treated surgically in the 1700s. Jean Louis Petit, the one who developed the Petit tourniquet, set the standards for mastectomy for breast cancer. He correctly believed that removing the breast and the nearby enlarged lymph glands prevented further spread of breast cancer.
The first hospitals devoted to treating cancer were opened in France in 1740, and in England in 1792. British surgeons treated breast cancer by removing the entire breast, pectoral muscles, and glands, as Benjamin Bell perpetuated Petit's views on mastectomy in his System of Surgery, published in 1784.
Ear surgeries led to early and usually unsuccessful attempts at brain surgery. The earliest ear surgeries were for an infected "mastoid," a boney area just behind the ear. In 1736, Petit drained an infected mastoid on a patient, who made a full recovery. This surgery was risky because of the mastoid's close proximity to the brain.
Treating the internal organ surgically was difficult, but early eighteenth-century surgeons made serious and successful attempts. In 1710, Parisian surgeon Alexis Littre experimented on a cadaver, making an artificial anus by resectioning the bowel out the abdominal wall. While intestinal resections were carried out as early as 1732 in London, in 1757 a Paris surgeon reconstructed part of the intestine. By the 1790s, surgeons were treating cancer of the colon by removing sections of the bowel and redirecting the anus to the abdomen (colostomy). The first recognized successful colostomy was performed in 1793 when French surgeon C. Duret attended a three-day-old infant with a perforated anus. Duret performed a colostomy and the patient lived to be 45 years old.
Renal surgery (surgery of the kidneys) progressed in the 1700s, thanks to British surgeon Charles Bernard—who was removing kidney stones as early as 1700—and the French surgeon Lafitte, who performed nephrecotomies in 1753. Other internal organs drew the surgeon's knife as well. The first successful removal of the spleen (splenectomy) was reported by English surgeon John Ferguson, who attended a man who was stabbed in the spleen. Ferguson reported that the spleen looked "quite cold, black and mortified." To save the man's life, Ferguson ligated the organ with a waxed thread and cut away the spleen.
Removing stones from the bladder (lithotomy) was a specialty practiced with good results in the first two decades of the eighteenth century when the surgeons cut open the bladder by making an incision in the abdomen above the pubic bone. Later eighteenth-century surgeons were able to cut open the patient's side to reach the bladder. Famous British surgeon William Chelseden (1688-1752) developed the lateral technique and was known for his low 17% mortality rate with the lateral incision. It was said that he could perform the whole operation in 45 seconds. Using Cheselden's technique, Paris surgeon S.F. Morand was said to be able to perform a lithotomy in 24 seconds. Attempts at removing growth from the bladder were made by the Englishman Warren in 1761 and by French surgeon Desault. Desault twisted off cancerous tumors with forceps while performing lithotomies.
The first book on the surgery of the thyroid was published by Charles G. Lange in 1707. He suggested that a goiter, an enlargement of the thyroid, might be treated by ligation, by tying off its arteries. A German surgeon, Lorenz Heister (1683-1758), performed the first known successful thyroidectomy in 1752. Appendicitis also came under the surgeon's knife, first in London in 1736 and then in Paris 20 years later.
Attending to abscesses and abnormalities of organs without removing them also concerned eighteenth-century surgeons. The first operation to remove abscesses from the ovaries may have been performed in Scotland in 1701 when surgeon Robert Houston successfully drained an ovarian abscess.
Surgical specialization also began to come into its own in the 1700s. Plastic surgery was attempted in the eighteenth century as surgeons tried to heal and re-fashion tissue damaged either by burns or radical surgery by taking skin grafts and getting them to grow over wounds. In 1794, two English surgeons working in India took a flap of skin from a man's forehead to repair his nose amputation.
Surgeons had known for some time that cataracts on the eyes were due to a developing opaqueness of the eye's lens. Removing the opaque cover was a specialty of French surgeon Jacques Daviel (1696-1762), who extracted the covering over the lens rather than moving it aside (couching) as had prior eye surgeons. Daviel, who devised special instruments for his work, in 1747 extracted the lens from a patient's eye through a slit at the bottom of the cornea and cut through the cataract capsule with a sharp needle and squeezed it out. The "spoon" he made for this procedure was still in use in the twentieth century. Daviel, who traveled all over Europe removing cataracts, knew that cataracts could only be removed when they were mature and hard. In 1752 he described his technique to the surgical section of the Royal Academy in Paris.
Eighteenth-century surgery would not have progressed as quickly as it did without great anatomists, surgeons, teachers, hospitals, and academies of surgery. British leadership in surgical studies during the eighteenth century is recognized widely. Among the most famous British surgeon-teachers were Percival Pott (1714-1789), William Cheselden, and John Hunter (1728-1793), who was perhaps the greatest surgeon and teacher of surgical techniques in his era.
At the age of 22, Londoner Percival Pott was admitted to the Barber-Surgeons Company, a guild that included both surgeons and barbers, who also performed minor surgeries. In 1745, Pott became Assistant Surgeon at London's St. Bartholomew Hospital. Pott researched, observed, and wrote many books, the most famous of which was Injuries of the Head from External Violence. Pott also wrote on fractures, ruptures, and palsy.
Cheselden published two important books—The Anatomy of the Human Body (1713) and The Anatomy of Bones (1733). Both books were used as texts for anatomy students for more than a century. Cheselden took an active role in the Barber-Surgeons Company and urged the separation of surgeons from barbers by petitioning the House of Commons. As a result, a new Corporation of Surgeons was formed in 1745, with Cheselden at its presidency. A skilled lithotomist (a specialist in removing stones from the bladder), it was said that he could perform a lithotomy in 54 seconds. Cheselden was a surgeon lecturer in anatomy at St. Thomas Hospital, where he trained a generation of surgeons, including John Hunter.
Hunter, of Glasgow, Scotland, has been credited with being the father of modern surgery. He went to London in 1748 to assist in the preparation of dissections for an anatomy course taught by his brother William, a famous obstetrician. He studied under William for 11 years and then studied under Cheselden, learning surgery at London's Chelsea Hospital. He became an army surgeon in 1760, returned to London in 1763 where he started his own surgical practice, and, in 1776, was appointed "physician extrordinare" to King George III. Hunter wrote three books—The Natural History of Human Teeth (1771), A Treatise on Venereal Disease (1786), and A Treatise on the Blood, Inflammation and Gunshot Wounds (1794). His last book, although published posthumously, made surgical history by differentiating between primary and secondary healing. Hunter also advocated enlarging gunshot wounds only if it was necessary to remove bone fragments. He attributed much of a person's infection to surgeons' unnecessary probing of wounds.
In France, Pierre Joseph Desault was Hunter's contemporary and nearly his equal, although they disagreed on key practices, such as debridement. Some sources suggest that it was really Desault, not Hunter, who was the founder of the modern treatment of war wounds. Desault, unlike Hunter, advocated wound debridement and taught it to his students. Desault believed in cleaning (preventive debridement) and "pruning" the edges of a wound with a blade, not simply opening a wound larger and causing a wound to bleed, and then closing wounds and leaving them undisturbed. He also preferred conservative treatments and is reputed to have said: "The sacrifice of a part for the preservation of the whole is the last recourse of the surgeon's art; before deciding on it the possibilities of restoring life and function to the sum total of the organs should be exhausted."
It seems that Hunter and Desault were in competition for the title of "the greatest surgeon in Europe." In 1785, within a few months of each other, both Hunter and Desault pioneered the ligation of the femoral artery to repair an aneurysm.
Desault was chief of surgery at the Hotel-Dieu in Paris from 1785 until his death in 1795. The Paris hospital was internationally famous for surgery, but the surgical preeminence of Paris began to wane with the French Revolution when extremists, aiming at destroying the privileged classes, threw many professions, including the medical professions, open to anyone, qualified or not.
Almost as important as the great teachers of surgery were the places in which they demonstrated their art and science, not only to medical students but often to any citizen who had an interest. Surgical amphitheaters made their debut in the seventeenth century but came into their own in the eighteenth century as most teaching hospitals adopted the amphitheater as a teaching tool.
Eighteenth-century surgery was also improved by hospital reformers who sought to improve the conditions in which patients were kept, thereby improving their chances for survival by providing clean beds and fresh air. Notable among British reformers was John Howard (1727-1790), who had spent most of his career reforming prison conditions before turning his attention to hospitals. Howard criticized conditions in Paris hospitals, including the famous Hotel-Dieu, where he reported seeing five or six patients to a bed.
Jacques Tenon (1724-1816) may have taken Howard's criticism to heart and embarked on an effort to reform and rebuild the hospital. Tenon reported seeing surgeries performed in the same rooms that held other patients waiting their surgeries. In a 1788 publication, Tenon urged that surgeons use separate rooms for surgeries.
The eighteenth century produced surgical giants who extended their expertise and imagination well into the next century, when their students started practices of their own. Their students, with the benefit of anesthesia, better antiseptics, and cleaner, more humane hospital practices—carried surgery to the edge of its modern applications.
Cartwright, Frederick F. The Development of Modern Surgery. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell and Company, 1967.
Meade, Richard Hardaway. An Introduction to the History of General Surgery. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company, 1968.
Wangenstein, O.H. and Sarah D. Wangenstein. The Rise of Surgery. Minneapolis: The University of Minnesota Press, 1978.
Zimmerman, Leo M. and Ilza Veith. Great Ideas in the History of Surgery. New York: Dover Publications, 1967.
THE SEPARATION OF ENGLISH SURGEONS AND BARBERS
In England in the mid-eighteenth century, surgeons and barbers—who performed minor surgeries—were members of the same union, or guild. In 1744 surgeons held a meeting at Court in London and expressed a desire to be separated from the barbers. The minutes of the Court showed that surgeons wanted that "each may be made a distinct and independent body free from each other..." In January 1745 the barbers, who had organized against the proposal, formally dissented. But the surgeons' proposal was submitted to Parliament, regardless. The committee hearing the proposal was headed by physician Charles Coates. British surgeon William Cheselden, Cotes' father-in-law, was one of the most active physicians campaigning for separation. Deciding that a separate company for physicians would advance the art and science of surgery, the committee under Coates sent a bill to Parliament that was approved in May 1745. With the bill's passage, barbers and surgeons separated. The "Company of Surgeons" held its first meeting in July 1745.
After separation, the surgeons wanted to rent a room in the Barber's Hall for dissecting. They offered a small sum, whereupon the barbers suggested a much larger amount, which the surgeons refused to pay. As a result, the surgeons did not get their own dissecting hall until 1753.
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The important structures of the ankle can be divided into several categories. These include
- bones and joints
- ligaments and tendons
- blood vessels
The top of the foot is referred to as the dorsal surface. The sole of the foot is the plantar surface.
Bones and Joints
The ankle joint is formed by the connection of three bones. The ankle bone is called the talus. The top of the talus fits inside a socket that is formed by the lower end of the tibia (shinbone) and the fibula (the small bone of the lower leg). The bottom of the talus sits on the heelbone, called the calcaneus.
The talus works like a hinge inside the socket to allow your foot to move up (dorsiflexion) and down (plantarflexion).
Woodworkers and craftsmen are familiar with the design of the ankle joint. They use a similar construction, called a mortise and tenon, to create stable structures. They routinely use it to make strong and sturdy items, such as furniture and buildings.
Inside the joint, the bones are covered with a slick material called articular cartilage. Articular cartilage is the material that allows the bones to move smoothly against one another in the joints of the body.
The cartilage lining is about one-quarter of an inch thick in most joints that carry body weight, such as the ankle, hip, or knee. It is soft enough to allow for shock absorption but tough enough to last a lifetime, as long as it is not injured.
Ligaments and Tendons
Ligaments are the soft tissues that attach bones to bones. Ligaments are very similar to tendons. The difference is that tendons attach muscles to bones. Both of these structures are made up of small fibers of a material called collagen. The collagen fibers are bundled together to form a rope-like structure. Ligaments and tendons come in many different sizes and like rope, are made up of many smaller fibers. Thickness of the ligament or tendon determines its strength.
Ligaments on both sides of the ankle joint help hold the bones together. Three ligaments make up the lateral ligament complex on the side of the ankle farthest from the other ankle. (Lateral means further away from the center of the body.) These include the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL), the calcaneofibular ligament(CFL), and the posterior talofibular ligament (PTFL). A thick ligament, called the deltoid ligament, supports the medial ankle (the side closest to your other ankle).
Ligaments also support the lower end of the leg where it forms a hinge for the ankle. This series of ligaments supports the ankle syndesmosis, the part of the ankle where the bottom end of the fibula meets the tibia. Three main ligaments support this area. The ligament crossing just above the front of the ankle and connecting the tibia to the fibula is called the anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament (AITFL). The posterior fibular ligaments attach across the back of the tibia and fibula. These ligaments include the posterior inferior tibiofibular ligament (PITFL) and the transverse ligament. The interosseous ligament lies between the tibia and fibula. (Interosseous means between bones.) The interosseus ligament is a long sheet of connective tissue that connects the entire length of the tibia and fibula, from the knee to the ankle.
The ligaments that surround the ankle joint help form part of the joint capsule. A joint capsule is a watertight sac that forms around all joints. It is made up of the ligaments around the joint and the soft tissues between the ligaments that fill in the gaps and form the sac.
The ankle joint is also supported by nearby tendons. The large Achilles tendon is the most important tendon for walking, running, and jumping. It attaches the calf muscles to the calcaneus (heelbone) and allows us to raise up on our toes. The posterior tibial tendon attaches one of the smaller muscles of the calf to the underside of the foot. This tendon helps support the arch and allows us to turn the foot inward. The anterior tibial tendon allows us to raise the foot. Two tendons run behind the outer bump of the ankle (the lateral malleolus). These two tendons, called the peroneals, help turn the foot down and out.
Most of the motion of the ankle is caused by the stronger muscles in the lower leg whose tendons pass by the ankle and connect in the foot. Contraction of the muscles in the leg is the main way that we move our ankle when we walk, run, and jump.
The key ankle muscles have been discussed earlier in the section on ligaments and tendons. These muscles and their actions are also listed here.
- The peroneals (peroneus longus and peroneus brevis) on the outside edge of the ankle and foot bend the ankle down and out.
- The calf muscles (gastrocnemius and soleus) connect to the calcaneus by the Achilles tendon. When the calf muscles tighten, they bend the ankle down.
- The posterior tibialis muscle supports the arch and helps turn the foot inward.
- The anterior tibialis pulls the ankle upward.
The nerve supply of the ankle is from nerves that pass by the ankle on their way into the foot. The tibial nerve runs behind the medial malleolus. Another nerve crosses in front of the ankle on its way to top of the foot. There is also a nerve that passes along the outer edge of the ankle. The nerves on the front and outer edge of the ankle control the muscles in this area, and they give sensation to the top and outside edge of the foot.
The ankle gets blood from nearby arteries that pass by the ankle on their way to the foot. The dorsalis pedis runs in front of the ankle to the top of the foot. (You can feel your pulse where this artery runs in the middle of the top of the foot.) Another large artery, called the posterior tibial artery, runs behind the medial malleolus. It sends smaller blood vessels to the inside edge of the ankle joint. Other less important arteries entering the foot from other directions also supply blood to the ankle.
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So we’ve got the base layer of our bioactive setup, the living substrate that will turn the waste from our pets into plant food. We’ve added our leaf litter and our moss, so now it’s time to install the structure.
As mentioned in the last article, we’re going to be constructing a habitat for tropical forest geckos – but you can use these guidelines for any forest species, terrestrial or arboreal. All you need to do is adjust the height according to the habitat of the species you would like to keep.
These geckos need to climb, so we want to create an environment where they can self regulate their exposure to heat, UV light, and humidity both vertically and horizontally. At least one branch should stretch almost the full height of the habitat, and reach from one side to the other. Then the other spaces can be occupied by smaller branches, giving the gecko a choice of climbing and resting areas.
We can supply a good choice of branches and bark pieces that are eminently suitable for your habitat. Some of the items we regularly hold in stock are:
This is the wood of a coffee tree, harvested when the tree is 25 to 35 years old, when it becomes non productive. It is very hard and smooth, long lasting and resistant to rot. It does darken with age, and if used in a bioactive the portion in the soil will go very dark indeed. Sturdy and heavy, make sure it’s well anchored in the habitat. This makes an excellent centrepiece.
These are taken from the cork oak, and come in varying thicknesses and lengths. They are slow to decompose, and the rough surface is perfect for the aerial roots of climbing vines to grip. A goosefoot plant, philodendron or pothos vine will attach themselves to it very quickly. They are quite light, and easy to wedge in place. Because the wood is fairly soft, several branches can be screwed together to form a more stable platform.
These come in a huge array of shapes and sizes, and make an excellent centrepiece for your habitat. Most pieces have several knot holes that go through to the hollow interior, and if stuffed with moss and substrate these make really good planting pockets for bromeliads. They are also slow to rot down, so work really well in damp or even semi-aquatic habitats.
A word of caution! If you don’t pack them with substrate for use as a planting platform, then it’s best to cut them in half; that way they still make great hiding places for your pet, but they can’t wedge themselves in there.
Thinner than the java, this is sandblasted to clean it, and comes in various sizes. It’s very twisty, and looks really great in a planted setup.
More usually found in aquariums, this material works extremely well in the bioactive habitat. It is formed from hardwood trees (oak, beech) that die naturally and fall into rivers and swamps; the acidic, low oxygen environment prevents the wood from rotting, and gives it the dark brown colour. It can be heavy, but makes a sturdy addition to the landscape; plants root into it very easily, and it’s extremely slow to rot. It’s particularly effective in semi-aquatic habitats.
An African wood, it’s usually used in its native country for building houses and railway sleepers; it’s so hard that it’s termite resistant, and is also used for hard wearing flooring. Smaller pieces have a really nice pattern and shape, and although they can be heavy the contrast between the different layers in the wood can be very striking.
Plants don’t root into it as easily as the other woods described here, but moss will cover it well if it’s used as a waterfall. It doesn’t stain the water with tannins as much as the bogwood does, and is dense enough that it sinks easily when used in water.
The familiar long, straight tubes are ideal habitat for many smaller arboreal lizards and snakes. The hollow centre can make an ideal place to lay eggs or hide away, and a carefully placed clump can look very natural. It can be used horizontally or vertically, and is resistant to rot.
Bamboo is a member of the grass family, and contains some of the fastest growing plants on earth – up to 90cm (36”) in a single day!
Lianas. This is a general term for plants that climb up across larger trees. They are woody climbers that come in a huge variety of shapes and sizes and varying degrees of flexibility. They do decay relatively quickly in a bioactive setup, but provide excellent support for other climbing plants and mosses.
Tea Tree. An Australian species, the essential oil distilled from the Tea Tree is well known for its antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral and antiseptic properties. The branches we stock are dried, and are very resistant to decay. They are sturdy and light, and make excellent structures within the vivarium; as it is particularly long lasting, it makes a good base for vining plants to grow up. Air plants can be siliconed to it, although bromeliads don’t root to it easily.
An unusual looking branch, this is the woody internal structure of the cholla cactus which is native to the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Available in a wide range of sizes, it is often sandblasted to reveal the inner structure; it’s ideal for use in arid habitat setups, although in the forest environment its use is predominantly to provide laying sites for smaller geckos, and cover for newly hatched babies.
There are other branches available, of course, but the above covers the commonly available ones. Once you’ve decided on which species the environment is going to be designed around, laid in the substrate and chosen the branches, the next step is to assemble the shapes within the vivarium.
Security is important; whilst we’re not designing for heavy lizards like monitors or iguanas, the structure must be stable and able to bear the inhabitants weight without collapse. If you’re building for Mourning or Electric Blue geckos, this isn’t likely to be a problem – but rather more care is needed if you’re putting together a home for a heavyweight leachianus gecko!
Now we’re ready for the finishing touch – time to choose plants!
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Understanding new treatment options for migraines
Each year, about 4 million emergency department visits and another 4.3 million doctor office visits are due to migraines, which affect about 16% of adults in the United States.1
But thanks to new, effective treatments, migraine sufferers can now enjoy an improved quality of life.
There’s more to migraines than just a headache
Migraine episodes are caused by a neurological disease that causes changes in brain activity. These changes often occur in four stages, although people may experience some stages but not others.
- Prodrome: This can begin hours or even days before the headache starts. Symptoms include mood swings, food cravings, and neck stiffness.
- Aura: Before the headache starts, some people experience sensory disturbances. These can include blurred vision or growing blind spots, numbness in the arms, dizziness or vertigo, or slurred or confused speech.
- Headache: While headache pain during a migraine is often severe, other people experience a mild headache or no headache at all. In this stage, light, sounds, smells, and even moving around can make the pain worse. Keep in mind there are many different types of headaches, so you’ll want to see a doctor trained in treating headaches (neurologist) to get a proper diagnosis.
- Postdromal: This is after the pain has stopped, but migraine sufferers are usually extremely tired, confused, and generally not feeling well during this stage.
Migraines usually last from 4 to 72 hours. For some people, migraines can happen 15 or more days each month.2
New treatments for migraine show promise
People who suffer from migraines have more of a certain protein — calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) — in their blood. CGRP can cause inflammation in the central nervous system, which in turn leads to an array of debilitating migraine symptoms.
New medications target CGRP. These medications, called CGRP inhibitors, work in one of two ways. Some of them block the places in the brain where CGRP attaches. Others bind to CGRP and keep it from causing pain. They can be given by injection, pill, or by intravenous (IV) infusion.
CGRP inhibitors are more effective than traditional migraine medications, which can sometimes result in headaches from medication overuse for people who need to use them often. Also, CGRP inhibitors seem to work faster. Overall, CGRP inhibitors cut the number of headache days by at least half for 47% to 62% of people studied.3
CGRP inhibitors: What are the risks?
Most people experience fewer side effects from CGRP inhibitors than from traditional migraine medications. Side effects of CGRP inhibitors can include:
- Nausea and vomiting
- Back pain
- Dry mouth
- Upper respiratory and urinary tract infections
- Liver toxicity
- Joint stiffness
- A sensation of tingling or “pins and needles”
- Visual problems
CGRP inhibitors are considered very safe, even for pregnant women. Although CGRP is important for heart health, studies have found that CGRP inhibitors are safe for migraine sufferers who also have heart disease. Since CGRP inhibitors are newer medications, information about long-term safety is not yet available.
Support is just a phone call away
If you suffer from migraines, you may have questions about your current prescriptions or whether CGRP inhibitors could help reduce your symptoms. At Express Scripts® Pharmacy, you have 24/7 access to pharmacists who are specially trained in migraines and other neurological disorders — so we can support you anytime, day or night. Just give us a call.
1 National Library of Medicine: The prevalence and impact of migraine and severe headache in the United States: Updated age, sex, and socioeconomic-specific estimates from government health surveys (January 2021): https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33349955/.
2 National Library of Medicine: CGRP Inhibitors for Migraine (April 1, 2020): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7413335/.
3 National Library of Medicine: Therapeutic novelties in migraine: new drugs, new hope? (April 17, 2019): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6734360/.
Posted date: August 17, 2022
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How did the Norwegian fjords occur?
During the ice age both the ice and the rivers carved deep valleys in the mountains. As the climate changed, most of the ice melted, and the valleys were gradually filled with salt water from the coast, thus creating the fjords. Not all of the ice melted though, leaving parts of the high mountain areas covered with ice, thus creating the glaciers.
The main fjords of Norway:
The Geirangerfjord, the Nordfjord, the Sognefjord with the Naeroyfjord branch, and the Hardangerfjord. The Naeroyfjord and the Geirangerfjord are both on the UNESCO World Heritage Natural List.
Pictures from the Norwegian fjords
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Do you value your eyes? Of course you do! But did you know that some everyday habits can harm your eyes and vision? Avoiding the following can help prevent certain eye diseases and preserve your vision.
1. Not Wearing Sunglasses
Do you put on sunscreen when you go outdoors? Sunglasses are just as important, and not just in the summer! Not only does glare feel uncomfortable, but UV rays from the sun can damage your eye lens and cornea. Exposure to UV rays can also cause serious eye problems, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), cataracts and cancer.
You should wear sunglasses all year long, including the winter, when UV rays are still powerful and the sun bounces off surfaces like ice and snow.
Smoking is never a good idea. In addition to being a risk factor for heart and lung disease, smoking raises the chances of developing eye conditions like cataracts, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, dry eye syndrome and macular degeneration (AMD). Studies show that people who smoke are four times more likely to have AMD and experience the onset at younger age.
3. Too Much Screen Time
Many of us spend our work day in front of computer screens and scrolling through our phones, then watch a movie or play a computer game in our off time. Before we realize it, we’ve spent a big chunk of our day in front of digital screens.
According to a Nielson study, screen use increased 60% from the time the COVID pandemic began, with many kids and adults spending up to 13 hours a day staring at screens. Unfortunately, this trend isn’t great for our eyes.
Staring at screens for hours can cause dry eye symptoms by reducing the number of times we blink. Digital eye strain can result from eyes working too hard to focus on screens lit with intense blue light. Headaches, blurry vision and neck and shoulder pain are common signs of digital eye strain, also called computer vision syndrome.
4. Rubbing Your Eyes
We often rub our eyes without thinking about it. However, eye rubbing isn’t always harmless: done often, it can damage the cornea, the transparent part of the eye that allows light to enter. Weakening of the cornea can cause it to bulge and become cone-shaped leading to a vision-threatening condition such as keratoconus.
5. Sleeping with Contacts On
*Contact lenses give you freedom, but you should always remember to take them out before going to sleep. Wearing contact lenses for extended periods without cleaning them can cause bacteria to build up between the lens and the cornea. Sleeping in contact lenses raises the risk of eye infection 8 times and can lead to permanent corneal damage and vision loss.
6. Not Getting Regular Eye Exams
Don’t wait until you have trouble seeing properly or experience eye irritation before you schedule an eye exam. Everyone should have an eye exams every 1 to 2 years, and you should visit your eye doctor more frequently if you wear glasses or contact lenses, or have a personal or family history of eye disease. An eye exam can catch serious problems such as glaucoma that have no initial symptoms.
Go ahead and schedule an appointment with our optometric team at Eye & Ear of the Palm Beaches in Boynton Beach. We’ll assess your eye health and vision to keep your eyes healthy.
- A: Smoking is a contributing factor to many conditions that can threaten your eyesight. Macular degeneration develops more frequently among smokers and the onset is earli-er. The incidence of cataracts, which can result in blindness if left untreated, is higher among smokers.
- A: Most people who wear contact lenses know they should take them out before falling asleep. However, according to the CDC, a third of contact lens wearers admit to sleeping with their contacts at least occasionally, a habit that can increase the risk of potentially sight-robbing eye infection 8-fold. If you accidentally fall asleep with your contacts, apply artificial tears to loosen the lenses from your eyes, and then carefully remove them. Wear glasses the rest of the day.
Quality Frames For Prescription Eyeglasses & Computer Glasses. Visit Eye & Ear of the Palm Beaches for an eye exam and eyeglasses that match your style.
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The Future Food Systems CRC’s ‘National Protected Cropping mapping’ project team is calling for peer review of its evolving map of protected cropping systems (PCS) across Australia, particularly of the newly added data.
The project team, based at the University of New England’s Applied Agricultural Remote Sensing Centre (AARSC), publishes each new draft regional map within its Industry Engagement Web App (IEWA).
“The Northern Territory was field validated earlier this month; we’ve finalised Western Australia and also completed the draft map for Queensland and much of northern NSW,” said AARSC researcher and project lead Craig Shephard on 20 July.
“The mapping program continues to progress by growing region, with field validation currently being undertaken in Bundaberg, and scheduled for Wet Tropics and Tablelands in August,” Shephard said.
Contributing to the national PC map
In the meantime, the project team encourages input from stakeholders and interested parties. Shephard suggests that those with useful suggestions to contribute make use of the location-based tools that support the project.
The PCS Survey tool, best for mobile, now includes 221 observations which, along with comments received via the IEWA, have all been actioned and updated in the map, Shephard notes.
Within the mapping project’s digital interface, IEWA, those wanting to review the map and contribute comment can view and track the status of the national program via the ‘progress’ layer.
Access this using the ‘Show/hide layers’ tool: simply click it on to open the legend.
More about the National Protected Cropping mapping project
The National Protected Cropping mapping project is a collaboration between Protected Cropping Australia, Hort Innovation and University of New England’s Applied Agricultural Remote Sensing Centre (AARSC). It is supported by the CRC.
Lead image: Hillwood Berries, Tasmania, aerial view – part of the evolving National protected cropping map. Credit: AARSC/University of New England
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(Best months for growing Lettuce in USA - Zone 5a regions)
Lettuce offer a range of shapes, sizes and colours but they are all easy to grow.
Choose a variety marked on the seed packet as suitable for the time of year as some do badly in the very hot months.
Try to provide some shade to prevent them 'bolting' to flower and seed in the hottest months.
Sow in rows and use thinnings as small salad greens.
Ideal crop for succession planting.
Lettuce are shallow rooted so water daily in hot or dry weather to prevent bitter flavour. and bolting.
Wash well, spin or shake dry and use in salads and sandwiches
This planting guide is a general reference intended for home gardeners. We recommend that you take into account your local conditions in making planting decisions. Gardenate is not a farming or commercial advisory service. For specific advice, please contact your local plant suppliers, gardening groups, or agricultural department.
The information on this site is presented in good faith, but we take no responsibility as to the accuracy of the information provided.
We cannot help if you are overrun by giant slugs.
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What is radon? This radioactive gas is the product of the natural decay of uranium in soil, rock and water. That means it’s likely in the air you breathe every day.
While the potential health risks of radon are very low in small doses, prolonged or high level exposure can lead to serious health concerns – including lung cancer.
Keep reading to find out the health concerns of radon, how to test for radon and what to do if you find radon in your home.
Why is radon dangerous?
Radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer in the U.S., second only to smoking. Here are some of the health effects:
Lung damage: Radon gas decays into radioactive particles. You inhale these particles into your lungs when you breathe the air that contains radon. As the particle decay continues, energy is released that can damage your lung tissue.
Lung cancer: The damage radon causes to your lungs can eventually lead to lung cancer. Scientists estimate that between 15,000 to 22,000 lung cancer deaths in the United States are directly linked to radon exposure each year.
Increased risk for smokers: Research shows that smokers are almost seven times more likely to develop lung cancer than nonsmokers when exposed to the same amount of radon.
How does radon get into homes?
It is estimated that about one in every 15 homes in the United States has a radon problem. High radon levels are possible in homes of any age or location. Here are some other factors that can increase your home’s exposure to radon:
Radioactive metals in soil: Homes built on soil rich in radium, thorium and uranium tend to have higher radon levels since radon is produced when these elements decay.
The ground: Radon comes from the ground and then becomes airborne. Because radon comes from the ground, the highest radon levels can often be found on a home’s ground floor or basement.
Cracks in your home: Radon often enters a home through the cracks in floors, walls or foundations. Cavities in the walls or gaps around pipes are also viable entry points.
Building materials: Materials such as brick, marble and granite contain naturally occurring radioactive materials at very low levels, reports the Environmental Protection Association. That’s not usually cause for concern, but as these radioactive materials decay, they can contribute to increased radon levels in your home.
Water supply: Your water supply can also be a source of radon if the water comes from a well where radon is present.
Well-insulated and tightly sealed homes: While everyone wants a warm and cozy home, this build makes it difficult for the radon to escape.
What are normal levels of radon in a house?
Radon is measured in picoCuries per liter (pCi/L). According to the Environmental Protection Agency, if your home has radon levels at or above 4 pCi/L, it’s important to fix the problem as soon as possible.
However, since there is no known safe level of exposure to radon, the EPA recommends that homeowners consider remediating the problem for radon levels between 2 and 4 pCi/L.
For context: The EPA reports that the average radon level in American homes is about1.3 pCi/L. In outdoor air, radon levels average around .4 pCi/L – about 10 times less than the action level specified by the EPA.
How do you test for radon?
Radon testing is the best way to accurately determine your household radon exposure. Since radon is odorless and colorless, you need special equipment to detect it. Here’s what to know about radon tests:
Experts are here to help. A great first place to start is your state radon office. There, you can find and order qualified test kits in your area, or find a trusted professional who can administer a test for you. Another trusted resource for information, or to order radon tests online, is sosradon.org.
You have options. Radon testing devices come in two main types. Your state or local radon official can explain the difference between available tests, such as short- and long-term devices, and help you find one that fits your needs and budget.
Passive testing devices, which don’t need power to function, include charcoal canisters, alpha-track detectors, charcoal liquid scintillation devices, and electret ion chamber detectors.
Active testing devices, such as continuous radon monitors and continuous working level monitors, need power to function. They usually take an hourly reading and provide an average result for the length of the test period. However, they usually cost more.
At-home tests are affordable. At-home tests are relatively inexpensive, approved by the EPA and can be purchased from your local home store for around $15. Make sure to read the labels to make sure the test is approved by a qualified laboratory.
What should you do if you find radon in your home?
Radon has been detected in your home. Now what do you do? First and foremost, don’t panic. Radon is everywhere. If your radon level exceeds recommended levels, it’s time for you to actively pursue radon-removal solutions.
When it comes to tackling the problem, you have options on how to reduce radon in your home
Consider short-term solutions. A short-term solution is to increase the ventilation throughout your home. Also, you can limit the amount of time people spend in rooms (such as your basement) with a high level of radon.
Explore long-term solutions. A long-term solution would be to purchase a radon-reduction system. These systems are relatively affordable, averaging under $1,000 for most installations (although a system for a larger home or property will be more expensive). A radon mitigation system can reduce your home’s radon levels by up to 99 percent.
While radon levels exist everywhere, you shouldn’t tolerate excessively high levels in your home. There are ways to detect and treat radon on your home, so there’s no need to fear the harmful effects of this gas.
How can I reduce the risks of radon?
Even if you don’t have high levels of radon in your home, there are still precautions you can take stay proactive.
If you smoke, quit. Smoking puts you and your loved ones at a greater risk of lung cancer when radon is present.
Increase airflow in your home. Use fans and open windows and vents to increase circulation within your home. This strategy, however, will only temporarily decrease radon levels.
Seal cracks. Keep radon from seeping in by sealing cracks in the floors and walls with materials like plaster or caulk.
Do your research when buying a home. If you are purchasing a new home, ask about radon resistant construction techniques. It is easier to construct a home with these precautions than to add them in later.
Make Sure You’re Protected
Home ownership has many rewards… and also its fair share of demands. While you’re looking after it, we’re looking after you. Talk to your Erie Insurance agent to help you find the right homeowners insurance coverage to protect you and your loved ones from life’s uncertainties.
A better insurance experience starts with ERIE.
Haven’t heard of us? Erie Insurance started with humble beginnings in 1925 with a mission to emphasize customer service above all else. Though we’ve grown to reach the Fortune 500 list, we still haven’t lost the human touch.
Contact Girard-Schafer Insurance today to experience the ERIE difference for yourself.
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What is commercial solar?
Commercial solar refers to the installation of solar power systems on commercial buildings or properties. It involves the use of solar panels to convert sunlight into electricity, which can be used to power the operations of businesses, offices, or other commercial establishments.
Why should a commercial business consider installing solar panels?
There are several benefits to installing solar panels for commercial businesses, including:
Cost savings: Solar power can significantly reduce electricity bills, leading to long-term cost savings.
Environmental sustainability: Solar energy is a clean and renewable energy source, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting sustainability.
Positive brand image: Going solar demonstrates a commitment to environmental responsibility and can enhance a business's reputation among environmentally conscious consumers.
Tax incentives and grants: Many governments offer financial incentives, tax credits, or grants to promote the adoption of solar energy.
How do commercial solar systems work?
Commercial solar systems consist of solar panels, inverters, and a metering system. The solar panels capture sunlight and convert it into direct current (DC) electricity. The inverters convert the DC electricity into alternating current (AC) electricity, which can be used to power the commercial establishment. The metering system measures the electricity generated by the solar panels and tracks the energy consumption and production.
What size of solar system does a commercial business need?
The size of a commercial solar system depends on various factors, including the energy consumption of the business, available roof or ground space for installation, and budget. A professional solar installer can assess these factors and recommend an appropriate system size to meet the specific energy needs of the commercial establishment.
How long does it take to install a commercial solar system?
The installation time for a commercial solar system can vary based on factors such as system size, complexity, and site-specific conditions. On average, the installation process can take several weeks to a few months, including design, permitting, procurement, and installation.
Can a commercial business generate excess electricity with solar panels?
Yes, a commercial business can generate excess electricity with solar panels. If the solar system produces more electricity than is consumed on-site, the excess energy can be fed back into the electrical grid. This process is known as net metering, and it allows businesses to earn credits or receive compensation for the surplus electricity produced.
Are there any maintenance requirements for commercial solar systems?
Commercial solar systems generally require minimal maintenance. Routine tasks include cleaning the solar panels periodically to remove dust or debris and inspecting the system for any potential issues. Most solar panels come with warranties that cover maintenance and repair costs for a specified period. It is recommended to have a professional solar installer perform regular maintenance and address any concerns.
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Marking or toileting?
Spraying small amounts of urine against vertical objects such as chairs or walls is a territorial marking behaviour. Male and female cats urinate in a squatting position leaving a greater volume of liquid.
Why do cats spray?
- Entire male cats are the most likely to spray
- Medical problems such as cystitis, diabetes, kidney disease and obesity exacerbate abnormal toileting behaviour.
- Anxiety and stress are the most common causes of spraying. Cats are creatures of habit and like to have their own space and toys. Even though they are willing to share a house and bed with you they need places and things of their own to be happy. If they think that something that belongs to them is being taken over by someone else they feel threatened. They have to let everyone know that it is theirs. The natural way to stake their claim is to mark it with the facial scent glands or urine. This is like writing their name on their things. Putting urine or facial scent on a thing or place makes a cat feel secure, especially if they feel out of place, nervous or afraid.
What makes cats anxious?
- A new cat or kitten. Introduce a new pet into the household gradually. Let them get used to each other through a screen or glass door. Exchange their bedding and let them sniff and sleep on it. Remember to reassure and cuddle the established pet as well as the cute new one.
- A new baby. Let your cat hear the sounds and sniff the clothes of a new family member from a safe, private place. Give the cat lots of attention.
- Changes in furniture or carpets and disruptions such as building or painting. Lock your cat in a room well away from tradesmen and the strange sounds and smells associated with their work.
- A strange cat wandering in the garden or even through the cat flap.
- The loss of a human or animal companion. Strongly bonded cats will need extra care and attention if mourning a friend who has moved or passed away.
- Incompatible cats, especially if a lot of cats live together. Determine which cats do not get along and keep them in separate parts of the home with their own litter and sleeping areas.
- Stress. Enriching a cat’s environment minimises stress.
Cat scratching posts, toys that mimic prey, tunnels, outside runs and a variety of high spots and hideouts will keep your cat happy and stimulated. Vertical space is often more important than horizontal space. Some cats appreciate an indoor garden sown with grass, cat nip and cat mint. Find several toys they like and rotate them regularly. Your company is important. Even an old cat will appreciate a game with a ribbon on a stick or a glittery ball. Make your cat work for food by hiding it in various locations around the house or in food puzzles such as plastic containers with holes cut in the sides. More stress-busting suggestions for the indoor cat.
Routine is important for some cats. Ten minutes each day play and grooming your cat to provide regular predictable attention that helps reduce their anxiety. Feed them at a set time.
What if I can’t identify or remove the source of the anxiety?
If you cannot identify or remove the source of the anxiety then provide your cat with a safe haven. A room where your cat can safely retreat or relax without fear of disturbance is ideal. A small, enclosed and elevated space lined with your worn clothes is also good. Most cats will mark a limited space with facial rubbing and bunting only.
Clean urine marked areas with a special enzymatic cleaner like Urine Off that eliminates the scent. If your cat can smell urine he will mark it again. You may have to lock him out of the room for a while to help him forget it.
Protect a habitual spraying site by placing dry food or a bed at the base. Cats are usually reluctant to spray their own key resources. Food and beds are also reassuring and may reduce anxiety. However, a stressed cat may move to other areas and mark there instead.
A natural pheromone spray called Feliway calms some cats and reduces the urge to spray and mark. Spray it on previously marked areas or plug a Feliway diffuser in or near the area he most marks.
Never punish cats. If caught in the act they can be picked up and placed on the litter tray, stroked and calmed. Never “rub the cat’s nose in it” as this will make a nervous cat even more likely to toilet indoors.
Cats with anxiety related behaviours like spraying often need anti-anxiety medications in addition to the above changes to resolve the problem.
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Research plays a critical role at Hear and Say, helping us bridge the gap between science and better hearing outcomes for people affected by any type of hearing loss.
One of our recent projects specifically looked into the benefits of cochlear implants for children with hearing loss in only one ear, which is known as unilateral or single-sided deafness.
Left untreated, single-sided deafness can significantly impact a child’s development, listening and learning. It also reduces the ability to identify the location of a sound source or person speaking, particularly with background noise.
This is because additional effort is needed by children with single-sided deafness to be able to hear and localise sounds, which results in what’s known as listening or auditory fatigue. For students in classrooms, this means they’re then required to put in a lot of effort just to hear what the teacher says, before they can even start learning.
Cochlear implants have become a viable treatment option for single-sided deafness, as other hearing technologies such as conventional hearing aids or bone conduction devices typically offer little or no benefit and don’t allow true hearing through both ears.
Fifteen-year-old Dylan has experienced this firsthand, receiving a cochlear implant after facing a sudden onset of profound hearing loss in his left ear. In just three months after his left cochlear implant, Dylan saw noticeable improvement in his ability to localise sounds on his left side, and an improved ability to understand speech in noise.
“Since getting my cochlear implant, I’m able to tell where sounds are coming from, especially if someone is talking to me whilst they are on my left side or behind me. I can hear better even if it’s really noisy around me,” said Dylan.
Hear and Say audiologist and the study’s key researcher, Sharon Bruna said the outcomes added to a growing body of evidence clearly demonstrating the benefits of cochlear implants as an option for children with single-sided deafness.
“This research project is very exciting because it helps to show that children who receive a cochlear implant for single-sided deafness saw significant improvements in their day-to-day hearing abilities, which are maintained over time,” said Sharon.
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In this clever enquiry you will get your students to analyse difficult yet accessible primary evidence.
They will use three sets of data (in map form) to decide whether or not they agree with a professor’s view of the causes The Swing Riots.
This tried and tested enquiry has been featured in the Historical Association’s Teaching History journal – and it works a treat in the classroom.
- Lesson presentation: PowerPoint
- Lesson write-up: PDF
- Resource 1-2: PDF
- Worksheet 1: PDF
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Kokomo in Howard County, Indiana — The American Midwest (Great Lakes)
Named after statesmen and former slave, Frederick Douglass, this school opened in 1920.
That year the Kokomo School Board recommended that all African-American students in first through seventh grades enroll only at Douglass.
With no school transportation available, many elementary students walked two miles or more, often past all-white elementary schools, to receive their education.
One of the school's highlights happened when First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt made a surprise visit. Principal Henry Perry led her to classrooms where she spoke with teachers and students. Mrs. Roosevelt posed for a photograph on the front steps surrounded by students.
Reverend Henry Perry was the school's principal from 1927 to 1949. In April 1940, Principal Perry led an organizational meeting in the school's basement gymnasium, where a board of directors was elected and $500 pledged for the future establishment of the Carver Community Center. At the meeting, the teachers of Douglass School pledged $115.
In 1949 the Indiana legislature required school districts to end racial segregation in public schools
In a 1967 racial discrimination case, a U.S. District Court ordered Douglass School to be closed. The judge cited the school's "inferior educational resources," and the following year Douglass School ceased operations.
Topics. This historical marker is listed in these topic lists: African Americans • Civil Rights • Education. A significant historical year for this entry is 1920.
Location. 40° 29.757′ N, 86° 7.53′ W. Marker is in Kokomo, Indiana, in Howard County. Marker is on North Bell Street just north of East Elm Street, on the right when traveling north. Touch for map. Marker is at or near this postal address: 1104 N Bell St, Kokomo IN 46901, United States of America. Touch for directions.
Other nearby markers. At least 8 other markers are within walking distance of this marker. George Albert Berryman (approx. 0.3 miles away); 1850s Railroad Workers' Quarters (approx. 0.4 miles away); March on Washington, 1963 (approx. 0.4 miles away); Dr. Henry C. Cole (approx. 0.4 miles away); Education (approx. 0.4 miles away); Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955 (approx. 0.4 miles away); George Tate House (approx. 0.4 miles away); Sit-ins, 1960-61 (approx. 0.4 miles away). Touch for a list and map of all markers in Kokomo.
Credits. This page was last revised on September 10, 2022. It was originally submitted on September 4, 2022, by Trevor L Whited of Kokomo, Indiana. This page has been viewed 83 times since then and 35 times this year. Photos: 1, 2, 3. submitted on September 4, 2022, by Trevor L Whited of Kokomo, Indiana. • Devry Becker Jones was the editor who published this page.
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Buck Island Reef is a national monument located in the Caribbean Sea, just off the coast of St. Croix in the US Virgin Islands. This small island and its surrounding coral reefs are home to an incredible diversity of marine life, making it a popular destination for snorkelers, scuba divers, and nature enthusiasts.
In this blog post, we will provide a comprehensive overview of the interesting facts, history, and information about Buck Island Reef. We will explore the geological formation of the island, the importance of the coral reefs, and the various species that call this area home.
Whether you’re planning a trip to Buck Island Reef or simply interested in learning more about this fascinating national monument, join us as we uncover the secrets of one of the most beautiful and ecologically important areas in the Caribbean.
Buck Island Reef is a small uninhabited island located in the Caribbean Sea, just north of the island of St. Croix in the United States Virgin Islands. The island is known for its stunning coral reef ecosystem, which is home to a diverse range of marine life.
The island was first discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1493, during his second voyage to the New World. The island was originally inhabited by the Carib people, who were later driven out by the Spanish in the 16th century.
During the 18th and 19th centuries, the island was used as a hideout by pirates who roamed the Caribbean. Legends suggest that buried treasure from the pirate era can still be found on the island, although no confirmed discoveries have been made.
In 1948, the island was acquired by the U.S. government and designated as a wildlife refuge. In 1961, President John F. Kennedy declared Buck Island a National Monument, making it one of the first protected marine areas in the United States. In 1978, Buck Island Reef National Monument was added to the National Park System.
Today, Buck Island Reef is a popular destination for tourists who come to enjoy the island’s beaches, coral reef, and underwater trail. The island’s ecosystem is carefully managed by the National Park Service to protect its fragile environment and preserve its natural beauty for future generations.
A: Buck Island Reef is a small uninhabited island located in the Caribbean Sea, just north of the island of St. Croix in the United States Virgin Islands. The island is known for its stunning coral reef ecosystem, which is home to a diverse range of marine life.
A: Visitors can reach Buck Island Reef by taking a boat tour from St. Croix. Many tour companies offer snorkeling and diving excursions to the island, and some even offer guided tours of the underwater trail.
A: Yes, there is an entrance fee to visit Buck Island Reef National Monument. The fee varies depending on the type of activity and length of stay, but typically ranges from $5 to $25 per person.
A: Visitors to Buck Island Reef can enjoy a variety of activities, including snorkeling, diving, swimming, and hiking. The island’s beaches are known for their white sand and crystal-clear waters, and the underwater trail provides a unique opportunity to explore the island’s coral reef ecosystem.
A: No, camping is not allowed on Buck Island Reef. The island is a protected wildlife refuge and is only open to visitors during the day.
A: The island’s beaches and underwater trail are not wheelchair accessible. However, some boat tour companies offer accommodations for visitors with disabilities.
A: The best time to visit Buck Island Reef is during the dry season, which runs from December to April. During this time, the weather is typically warm and sunny, and the water is calm and clear. However, visitors should be aware that this is also peak tourist season, so the island may be more crowded.
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