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Plants short-stemmed, commonly suckering with elongate rhizomes, trunks 0.4-1 m; rosettes not cespitose, 15-20 × 15-25 dm. Leaves spreading, 90-130 × 9-12 cm; blade green, slightly cross-zoned when immature, lanceolate, firm, adaxially plane, abaxially slightly convex; margins straight, finely fibrous, typically unarmed, teeth single prickles when present, 1-2 mm, 2-5+ cm apart; apical spine dark brown, subulate, 2-2.5 cm. Scape 5-6 m. Inflorescences paniculate, open, often bulbiferous; bracts persistent, triangular, 0.5-2 cm; lateral branches 10-15(-25), ascending, comprising distal 1/2 of inflorescence, longer than 10 cm. Flowers erect, 5.5-6.5 cm; perianth greenish yellow, tube urceolate, 15-18 × 10-12 mm, limb lobes erect, equal, 17-18 mm; stamens long-exserted; filaments inserted ca. mid perianth tube, erect, yellow, 5-6 cm; anthers yellow, 20-25 mm; ovary 2-2.5 cm, neck slightly constricted, 2-4 mm. Capsules not seen. Seeds unknown. 2n = 138, 147, 149, 150. Flowering winter--early spring. Sandy places along roadsides and in hammocks; 0 m; introduced; Fla.; s Mexico. Agave sisalana is frequently cultivated for its fiber and ornamental value. The plant is not known from the wild. As with A. desmettiana, capsules and seeds of this species are unknown. Capsules are known from A. kewensis (native to Chiapas), A. neglecta, and A. weberi, although no mature seeds have been observed. It may be that all are anciently selected cultivars that now persist only by vegetative means. None save A. kewensis is thought to occur in the wild. Plants similar to those found in Florida are known from Chiapas. Agave sisalana is an important source of fiber and probably was widely distributed by pre-Columbian people.
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“What kinds of butterflies can you find in South Dakota?”
I love watching butterflies in my neighborhood! It’s amazing to see the incredible variety of different colors, patterns, and sizes.
There are hundreds of kinds of butterflies in South Dakota! Since it would be impossible to list them all in one article, I chose the most common and exciting species to share with you today. 🙂
27 kinds of butterflies in South Dakota.
#1. Red Admiral
- Vanessa atalanta
- Red Admirals have a wingspan of 1.75 to 2.5 inches.
- The coloring is dark brown with a reddish circular band and white spots. The underside of the back wings looks similar to bark.
- The caterpillars are pinkish-gray to charcoal with white spots. They have spines along the back that resemble hairs.
The Red Admiral is the most widespread butterfly in South Dakota!
Look for this beautiful butterfly near the edge of forests in moist habitats. Red Admiral Butterflies have a unique favorite food – they love fermented fruit! If you’d like to attract them, try placing overripe cut fruit in a sunny spot in your yard.
Red Admirals are migratory butterflies. They fly south toward warmer climates in winter, and then move north again in late spring, where food is more plentiful.
If you’re looking for a butterfly in South Dakota that’s easy to observe, you’re in luck! Red Admirals are very calm and easy to approach and frequently land on humans!
RELATED: How to Attract Butterflies: 17 Tips!
#2. Painted Lady
- Vanessa cardui
- Painted Lady butterflies have a wingspan of 1.75 to 2.5 inches.
- The coloring is pinkish-orange, with dark brown to black markings near the wingtips and white spots inside the black markings.
- The caterpillars’ coloring is variable, ranging from greenish-yellow to charcoal. Most have light-colored spots.
Look for Painted Lady butterflies in South Dakota in open areas that are quiet and undisturbed, like roadsides, pastures, and gardens. This species migrates south to Mexico over winter and returns in the spring.
The population of Painted Lady butterflies can be drastically different from year to year. It’s common for them not to be seen for years in a row in some places, then suddenly show up in more significant numbers.
The Painted Lady is the only butterfly that mates year-round! Because of its constant migration pattern, it spends its entire life in suitable areas for its eggs to hatch.
- Danaus plexippus
- Monarch butterflies have a wingspan of 3.5 to 4 inches.
- Their recognizable coloring is a “stained glass” pattern of orange with black veins. White dots line the outside edge of the wings.
- Caterpillars are plump, with black, white, and yellow bands and tentacles on each end of its body.
Monarchs are easily the most recognized butterfly in South Dakota!
They are famous for their color pattern and migration. Look for Monarchs anywhere there is milkweed, which is the only food source their caterpillars eat.
Most people are familiar with the declining population of Monarchs. However, you might not know that this indicates an overall population decline of many other pollinating species like bees. Planting local milkweed species to attract Monarchs will also help these other species.
During migration, usually in mid-September, you may even see groups of hundreds flying south!
- Limenitis archippus
- Viceroy butterflies have a wingspan of 2.5 to 3.25 inches.
- Their coloring is deep orange with black edges and veins and white spots on the black border.
- The caterpillar is a mix of green, brown, and cream colors. It has two “horns” on its head that look like knobby antennae.
The first thing you might notice about the Viceroy butterfly is that it’s almost identical to the Monarch! The easiest way to tell them apart is to look for the black line on the bottom wing. This line is present in Viceroys, but not Monarchs.
Even though these two butterflies are similar in appearance, their caterpillars look remarkably different. Viceroy caterpillars are greenish-brown, spiny, and certainly not as beautiful as Monarch caterpillars.
I think of them as the “ugly duckling” of caterpillars, but they’re one of the prettiest butterflies in South Dakota!
One other key difference between these two species is that Viceroys don’t migrate. Instead, the caterpillars roll up and hibernate in leaves and emerge during the next breeding season.
#5. Red-Spotted Purple
- Limenitis arthemis astyanax
- Red-Spotted Purple butterflies have a wingspan of 3 to 4 inches.
- Coloring is iridescent blackish-blue, with rows of spots on the outer edge of the wings. The spots are commonly orange or red, but in some morphs, the spots are light blue. The undersides of the wings are sooty black.
- Caterpillars are mottled brown, cream, and yellow, with lumpy, angular body sections and twig-like horns.
Red-Spotted Purples are one of the most beautiful butterflies in eastern South Dakota!
Their shimmery, dark-purple wings and bright red-orange spots allow them to stand out – and amazingly, this is actually their main defense against predators! They developed their coloring to mimic the poisonous Pipevine Swallowtail butterfly.
What’s amazing about Red-Spotted Purple butterflies is that members of the same species can look completely different. In the northern part of its range, where there are no Pipevine Swallowtail, this same butterfly is called the White Admiral!
Instead of nectar, Red-Spotted Purple butterflies eat carrion, sap, and rotting fruit. To attract them, try putting a cut orange or banana in a suet cage in your yard. You’re most likely to see them during their active season from April to October.
#6. Mourning Cloak
- Nymphalis Antiopa
- Mourning Cloaks have a wingspan of 3 to 4 inches.
- The coloring is black with an iridescent sheen. A yellow border and a row of purple spots mark the outer edge of the wings.
- Caterpillars are black with white specks and a row of red spots on the back.
Mourning Cloak butterflies are most often found near deciduous forests. However, their habitat includes many developed areas like suburban yards, parks, and golf courses.
You might have a hard time finding this butterfly in South Dakota.
Even though it’s fairly widespread, its preference for cold weather and solitary habits make it hard to spot even for an avid butterfly enthusiast! In addition, it’s so well-camouflaged when its wings are folded that you might miss one right in front of you.
Mourning Cloaks are often the first butterflies to become active in the spring! In fact, some adults are even active through winter on warm days, when snow is still on the ground.
They’re also one of the longest-lived butterflies around, with some individuals living up to ten months!
#7. Pearl Crescent
- Phyciodes tharos
- Pearl Crescent butterflies have a wingspan of 1.25 to 1.75 inches.
- Their coloring is bright orange with black borders, spots, and lines. The pattern created by the black markings is similar to lace.
- Caterpillars are dark brown with cream stripes and spines all over their bodies.
Look for Pearl Crescent butterflies in South Dakota near moist ground.
They prefer open, sunny habitats but many locations suit their needs, including forest edges, fields, meadows, and gardens.
The Pearl Crescent caterpillar’s preferred host is the Aster plant. Any flowering plants in your yard will attract this beautiful butterfly, but for best results, try to find one that’s native to your area.
When the caterpillars grow into butterflies, they will feed on the nectar of the Asters as well!
#8. Question Mark
- Question Mark butterflies have a wingspan of 2.25 to 3 inches.
- Their coloring is deep orange with black spots and a lavender edge.
- Caterpillars are gray to black with spines on the side and orange and cream stripes.
Look for Question Mark butterflies in moist woodland and forest edges. Their caterpillars’ preferred host plants are elm trees and nettle, so you’re most likely to see this species in areas with elm forests or thickets of nettle, or both.
Question Marks feature bright coloring on the upper side of their wings, but the lower side is mottled brown. This coloring helps to camouflage the butterflies, making them resemble a dead leaf while resting on branches.
Their name comes from a slight, light-colored marking on the underside of the wing. It takes some imagination, but this marking sort of looks like a roughly drawn question mark!
#9. Eastern Comma
- Eastern Comma butterflies have a wingspan of 2 to 2.5 inches.
- Coloring is orange with black mottling on the upper wings and primarily black with some orange spots on the lower wings.
- Caterpillars are black or greenish with a white stripe down the sides and white spines.
Eastern Comma butterflies live in deciduous forests, suburban yards, and parks.
Nettle and Elm Trees are the preferred hosts for their caterpillars. Adults are not attracted to flowers but instead feed on rotting fruit, carrion, and animal dung. So this most likely isn’t a species you’d want to attract to your yard! 🙂
However, they’re very prevalent, and your chance of seeing one is good.
Interestingly, Eastern Commas hibernate as adults instead of as caterpillars. During winter, they find shelter in log piles, tree hollows, and even some human-made shelters. Their mating season is early spring, and new generations of butterflies become active in early summer.
#10. Common Buckeye
- Common Buckeye butterflies have a wingspan of 2 to 2.5 inches.
- Their coloring is brown with orange bars. Black and white rings outline three to four prominent eyespots with middles in blue, magenta, orange, and green shades.
- Caterpillars are dark brown to black with stripes along the back and sides and spines around the entire body.
Common Buckeyes prefer open spaces like pastures, old fields, and roadsides in southeastern South Dakota. Although they’re hard to approach and wary of predators, they fly low to the ground and will often perch long enough for you to snap a photo.
In the southern U.S., Common Buckeyes don’t have a specific mating season. Since they can live in the southern climate all year, they continually reproduce.
Common Buckeyes in northern states migrate south for the winter and return in the spring for mating. These northern individuals can produce two to four generations each season!
#11. Variegated Fritillary
- Variegated Fritillary butterflies have a wingspan of 1.75 to 2.25 inches.
- The coloring of this species is tawny brown to burnt orange with black dots and lines. The outer edge of the wings is also lined in black.
- Caterpillars are reddish-orange, with white stripes that run the length of the body and black spines.
Look for these butterflies in South Dakota in meadows, open lots, and fields.
Plant flowers like butterfly weed, mint, and sunflowers to attract them to your garden. Ornamental plants like violets, pansies, and passionflower serve as hosts for their caterpillars.
The Variegated Fritillary’s chrysalis is one of the most beautiful of all the butterflies in South Dakota. This protective shell is where the caterpillar transforms into the adult butterfly. Its pearly white color and shiny gold spikes make it look like an expensive jeweled pendant!
#12. Great Spangled Fritillary
- Great Spangled Fritillary butterflies have a wingspan of 2.5 to 3.5 inches.
- Their coloring is orange with black lines and dots that form a web-like pattern on their wings. In addition, the undersides of their wings have silvery white dots outlined in black.
The Great Spangled Fritillary is one of many butterflies in South Dakota that prefers open, sunny areas like pastures and meadows.
It’s not uncommon to see hundreds of them in large milkweed or violet fields!
This species doesn’t migrate; instead, its caterpillars hibernate over winter and emerge in the spring. That happens around the same time as the new growth on their host violet plants appears.
Interestingly, male Great Spangled Fritillaries die weeks before females, right after mating. The females then feed for another two to three weeks and lay eggs before also dying off.
#13. Aphrodite Fritillary
- Aphrodite Fritillary butterflies have a wingspan of 2 to 3 inches.
- Their coloring is bright yellow-orange with a network of black webbing and dots. On the underside of the wings, there are black-ringed blueish-white dots as well.
Look for Aphrodite Fritillaries in meadows, fields, and pastures in South Dakota.
The caterpillar’s host plant is violets, so any plantings of this flower will attract adult Aphrodite Fritillaries. They lay eggs on the ground near violet plants, and when the eggs hatch, the caterpillars crawl to the violets to hibernate.
Many flowers in a typical butterfly garden will also attract adult Aphrodite Fritillaries. Try planing milkweed, butterfly weed, thistles, or goldenrod if you’d like to see more of this species.
#14. Common Wood-Nymph
- Cercyonis pegala
- Common Wood-Nymphs have a wingspan of 2 to 3 inches.
- Coloring can vary greatly, but generally, this species is shades of brown with dark eyespots.
- Caterpillars are yellow-green with dark green stripes and white hairs.
Common Wood-Nymphs are found in many different habitats, including open forests, meadows, agricultural fields, and salt marshes. Their caterpillars hatch late in fall and hibernate through the winter.
Look for this species in late summer and early fall since it’s most active this time of year.
Adult Common Wood-Nymphs occasionally eat flower nectar but prefer to feed on rotting fruit or decaying plants.
This is one of few species whose host plant (which the caterpillar eats) is grass. Kentucky Bluegrass, one of its favorites, is also a popular lawn grass. So, you may not even need to plant anything new to attract this species!
#15. Eastern Tailed-Blue
- Eastern Tailed-Blue butterflies have a wingspan of 0.75 to 1 inch.
- Males and females have very different coloring on their upper wings. Males are brilliant blue with a brown border and white edges, and females are grayish-brown with white edges. Both sexes have one or two small orange spots above the wing tails.
Look for Eastern Tailed-Blue butterflies in South Dakota in vacant lots, pastures, and home gardens.
They’re one of our most abundant species and easily attracted to flowers.
The easiest way to identify Eastern Tailed-Blues is by their hair-like tails on each of the hind wings. But, these often break off, so you may find some individuals without tails.
The silvery-blue color of the underside of their wings is another good sign that you’ve found an Eastern Tailed-Blue.
#16. Gray Hairstreak
- Gray Hairstreak butterflies have a wingspan of 1 to 1.5 inches.
- Their coloring is slate gray with a single bright orange spot on each lower wing. Below, their wings are light gray with a black and white stripe.
Look for Gray Hairstreak butterflies in open areas like roadsides, unused pasture, and rural meadows. Their caterpillars use many plants as hosts, so they’re common across many different habitats.
Gray Hairstreaks are one of a few butterflies in South Dakota with thin, long wing tails that resemble hairs.
This adaptation is a defensive strategy that draws predators away from the butterfly’s body. By mimicking a head with antennae and using its eyespots as a distraction, Gray Hairstreaks give themselves time to escape!
#17. Black Swallowtail
- Limenitis archippus
- Black Swallowtails have a wingspan of 2.5 to 4.25 inches.
- The coloring is black with rows of light yellow spots. It has one red-orange eyespot and several blue spots on each hind wing.
- Caterpillars are green with black bands containing yellow spots.
Black Swallowtails are one of the most common garden butterflies in South Dakota.
They love flower nectar and frequently stop to drink on garden plants.
Their caterpillars use cultivated herbs like parsley and mint as host plants. They can sometimes be harmful to these plants if they feed too much, so keep an eye on your herb garden if you have Black Swallowtails around!
Black Swallowtails are excellent at mimicry, which is an evolutionary defense mechanism. They have developed markings similar to the Pipevine Swallowtail, which is toxic to most predators. In this way, Black Swallowtails can hide in plain sight!
#18. Eastern Tiger Swallowtail
- Eastern Tiger Swallowtails have a wingspan of 3.5 to 5.5 inches.
- The coloring is variable based on sex. Males are always vibrant yellow with black stripes and borders. Females have two color forms:
- Light females are slightly darker yellow with more prominent black markings.
- Dark females are almost entirely black, with light blue speckling on the lower wings.
This species is one of the most striking butterflies in South Dakota!
The bright coloring and large wings of the Eastern Tiger Swallowtail make it easy to see and identify.
You’ll most often spot this butterfly on its own, since it’s a solitary flier. If you’re lucky, though, you might see a group of male Eastern Tiger Swallowtails “puddling,” grouped together on a patch of wet ground to drink water.
This species loves flowers and is easy to attract to home gardens. Try planting tall-stalked flowers like phlox, ironweed, and lilac in your yard.
One amazing feature of this species is the defense strategy of its caterpillar. It has enormous eyespots and an enlarged head that make it look like a snake to predators! Its appearance definitely says “back off!” even though it’s really harmless.
#19. Cabbage White
- Pieris rapae
- Cabbage White Butterflies have a wingspan of 1.25 to 2 inches.
- The wings are light greenish to white, with black wing tips and black dots in the center of each wing. Males have one black dot on each side, and females have two.
- Caterpillars, sometimes called Cabbage Worms, are dark green with a light green stripe along the back.
Cabbage White butterflies are well-suited to almost any habitat in South Dakota.
The only areas they avoid are dense forests with little room to fly. You can even see this species if you live in the city since they often live in very large metropolitan areas!
Look for Cabbage Whites in the summer, when they are most active and breeding. Their caterpillars, sometimes called Cabbage Worms, are a pest because they often overtake and eat cabbage, kale, nasturtium, and other brassica plants.
If you have a vegetable garden and see Cabbage Whites, you should pay extra attention to your plants to ensure these hungry insects don’t ruin them! In fact, Cabbage White butterflies are invasive in South Dakota. This non-native species was transported here through the food and agricultural trade.
Since it’s so well-suited to our climate, its population has exploded and it’s now considered one of the most damaging invasive species to crops.
#20. Orange Sulphur
- Colias eurytheme
- Orange Sulphur Butterflies have a wingspan of 1.5 to 2.5 inches.
- Their coloring is bright yellow-orange with black borders on the wings and irregular black spots.
Look for Orange Sulfur butterflies in South Dakota along sunny roadsides, meadows, and gardens.
Its preferred food and host plant is Alfalfa, which is how it got the nickname “Alfalfa butterfly”.
The easiest way to recognize an Orange Sulphur is by its flight pattern. They have an erratic, jerky flying style and usually stay low to the ground.
You’re likely to see this abundant and widespread species in urban and suburban environments during the spring and summer.
#21. Clouded Sulphur
- Colias philodice
- Clouded Sulphur butterflies have a wingspan of 1.75 to 2.75 inches.
- This species has two color forms, one white with a light green cast, and one yellow. Both morphs have a red-ringed eyespot and pinkish borders on the wings.
Clouded Sulphurs are some of the most common butterflies in South Dakota!
This is because they’re prolific breeders and are at home in almost any habitat.
Look for them along roadsides, parks, and home gardens. They are often found in the same area as their closely related cousins, the Orange Sulphur. However, the erratic, jerky flight style of Orange Sulphurs set them apart from most other butterfly species. To properly identify a Clouded Sulphur, look for a “wobbly” flying butterfly.
There are two distinct morphs of the Clouded Sulphur. The white morph is primarily white with a greenish tint, and the yellow morph is almost entirely yellow. Interestingly, ONLY females display the white color morph, and males are always yellow.
#22. Common Checkered-Skipper
- Burnsius Communis
- Adult wingspans are 0.75-1.25 inches.
- Their coloring is faded white with tan-colored bands and a black or brown edge on the hindwing. From above, they have a distinctive black and white checkered pattern.
- Females are darker in color.
- Males are extensively covered with long, bluish-white hairs on the body.
It’s easy to see how this butterfly in South Dakota got its name.
The Common Checkered-Skipper has a distinctive block pattern on its wings that looks like a checkerboard.
Common Checkered-Skipper Range Map
Its favorite host plant is Mallow, and it prefers pastures, open fields, and disturbed sites. This species is often seen next to roads.
Males search out a suitable female to mate with, and then she lays her pale green eggs on the soft parts of the hostplant. Once the caterpillar emerges, it feeds on the host plant and curls the leaves around it for winter protection.
- Atalopedes Campestris
- Adult wingspans are 1-1.5 in.
- The Male’s forewings are dull orange with brown edges. The hindwings are shadowy yellow with a unique brown area on its edge and a band of pale spots.
- The Female’s forewings are dark brown, with the center of the wing dull orange. The forewing’s edges have black patches and white windows. Their hindwings are brown with pale spots in a V shape.
Sachems prefer wide open spaces with full sun. Their habitat includes pastures, fields, suburban lawns, and gardens.
The male plays a laid-back role in the mating prosses and perch near or on the ground while waiting for an interested female. Once a female chooses and mates with a male, she lays her eggs on dry blades of grass. The Sachem caterpillar roles itself in leaves for protection and feeds on blades of grass.
One of the easiest ways to recognize this skipper is to look at its flight pattern. The Sachem has a zippy, whirling way of flying, similar to the Whirlabout and the Fiery Skipper. Lepidopterists often call these three species the “three wizards,” because they often look like they’re casting spells!
#24. Silver-Spotted Skipper
- Epargyreus Clarus
- Adult wingspans are 1.75-2.25 inches.
- They have a large silver patch on the central part of the hindwing.
- From above, the wings are dark brown with a golden-orange band. From below, they look much the same with frosted lavender edges.
These skippers in South Dakota have a fascinating appetite!
Silver-Spotted Skippers have long tongues that they use to feed on everything from mud, flowers, and sometimes even animal feces. Due to their appetite, they prefer being near the edges of forests where nectar is abundant.
Males of this species perch on tree limbs or elevated vegetation until he notices a female. Then he begins a jerky flight to investigate and attract the female. After they have mated, the female lays her eggs on a host plant.
Silver-Spotted Skipper caterpillars are just as unique as their adult form. For protection, the caterpillar cuts a flap into a leaf, rolls it to form a tube, and then secures it with silk. The leaf tube provides the caterpillar protection during the day until it comes out at night to feed. In addition, when the caterpillar is threatened, it regurgitates a bitter green chemical and flings its scent away to confuse predators!
#25. Checkered White
- Pontia Protodice
- Adult wingspans are 1-2 inches.
- Males are white dark grey markings on the forewings.
- Females are grayish-white with dark checkers on both the fore- and hindwings.
- Both sexes have white hindwings with gray, yellow, and brown markings.
Checkered White butterflies are common in South Dakota.
One of the most fascinating characteristics of this butterfly is its ability to use UV signals to communicate. These amazing insects can tell the difference between males and females of their species based on the UV radiation they give off! If a female notices that there are a lot of other females, she will migrate to a less dense population in hopes of attracting a mate.
Checkered White Range Map
Checkered White females lay their eggs on the host plants’ fruits and sometimes the stems. The larvae prefer to eat the flower or fruit of the host plant instead of the leaves. This butterfly prefers open and sunny areas like deserts and plains, and it’s often found in vacant lots, airports, railroads, and dry grassland.
#26. Two-Tailed Swallowtail
- Papilio Multicaudata
- Adult wingspans are 3-6.5 inches.
- From above, their coloring is yellow with black stripes. The hindwings have blue marks and a tiny orange eyespot, as well as thin black stripes and two tails per wing.
- Females have additional blue markings and a brighter yellow color.
Two-Tailed Swallowtail butterflies in South Dakota prefer areas with open space and plenty of sunlight. Look for them in foothills, canyons, valleys, woodlands, roadsides, parks, cities, and suburb gardens.
Males of this species spend their entire life finding a female to mate with due to their short lifespan. If it takes a long time to find a mate, males search for nutrients in rotten material, dirt, and sometimes feces, an odd behavior called mud puddling.
Although it’s one of the most recognizable features, the Two-tailed Swallowtail doesn’t need its tails to fly. Instead, they’re often used to escape predators. When a predator attacks the Swallowtail and grabs onto its tails, they break off, and the butterfly can escape.
#27. Weidemeyer’s Admiral
- Limenitis Weidemeyerii
- Adult wingspans are 2.25-3.75 in.
- Their coloring is white and black with a row of white dots spread across the wing. Seen from below, the Weidemeyer’s Admiral is brown with white shapes on the wings.
It can be hard to spot this shy butterfly in South Dakota!
Weidemeyer’s Admirals prefer forests that seasonally shed leaves. This unique, easily spooked butterfly is also found near canyons, shrubby streams, and ravines.
Males are territorial and spend most of the day waiting to intercept a female. They perch six to eight feet above the ground on trees or shrubs and attack other males who come too close. Occasionally the male will patrol his territory to find a female.
After mating, the female will find a suitable host plant and lay her eggs on the tip of its leaves. The Weidemeyer’s Admiral is easily identified due to the unique patterns on its wings that look like military insignia.
Do you need more help identifying butterflies in South Dakota?
Try this field guide!
Which of these butterflies have you seen in South Dakota?
Leave a comment below!
If you enjoy this article, make sure to check out these other guides!
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In hot climates, cooling your home and preventing heat gain is a high priority. When choosing windows, look for types with a lower solar heat gain coefficient (SHGCw) and those that provide good ventilation such as G.James 050 Series louvres. Choose products glazed with a tinted glass or one of the high performance products from the G.James SOLECT® range.
In colder climates, heating your home and preventing heat loss is the priority. Heat loss during the cooler, winter months can be reduced by installing window types with a lower U-value. Choose products that are double glazed such as G.James Twin-Glaze or ecoTHERM insulated glass units (IGUs) or one of the high performance products from the G.James SOLECT® range. Maximise the passive solar gain by choosing a glass eg clear, which has a high solar heat gain.
In a mixed climate both heating and cooling your home are important, so consider which of these is the primary concern. Depending on whether you’re looking to focus on heating or cooling, you should refer to the relevant recommendations above. If neither heating nor cooling is the priority, choose a window with a lower U-value and a mid-range solar heat gain to provide good year round performance.
Between 46%-61% of a home’s heating energy can be lost through windows, while 79%-86% of heat can be gained. Therefore improving the thermal performance of a window can massively reduce energy costs and greenhouse gas emissions. WERS (Window Energy Rating Scheme) rates the energy impact of residential windows in Australia. Energy efficiency of windows is rated using the WERS heating/cooling star system.
- Cooling stars measure a window’s ability to retain heat within the home.
- Heating stars measure the ability of a window to reduce the amount of heat gained from sunlight.
The aim of WERS is to help home builders and home owners evaluate the relative energy (heating and cooling) performance of different types of windows by rating that performance in terms of stars. Having no stars indicates a very poor performing window while ten stars signifies superior performance.
Other Heating & Cooling Factors
Windows with large opening areas maximise opportunity for ventilation and cooling, but larger areas can reduce energy efficiency. Installing an awning or a sunshade over a window will reduce the impact of solar heat gain, and effective window configuration can also improve seasonal efficiency. Knowledge of these factors will help you make an informed choice, but an experienced local glazing professional can also help you devise a solution to suit both your preferences and local conditions.
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By Jim O’Neal
Abigail “Nabby” Adams (1765-1813) was the first presidential child in American history.
Nabby had a difficult personal life, despite having both a father and brother become president of the United States. Her marriage to William Stephens Smith was rocky, not made any better by Smith’s financial difficulties due to poor investments and business ventures.
In 1810, she was diagnosed with breast cancer, tantamount to a death sentence in those primitive medical times. Her treatment started with a mastectomy (without anesthesia) with typical 19th-century surgical tools: a large fork, a pair of six-inch prongs, a wood-handled razor, and a thick iron spatula heated in a small oven.
Within 2½ years, she was dead as the malignant cells left behind spread throughout her body, rendering her inoperable.
She had three younger brothers. John Quincy Adams is arguably the greatest of all presidential children. Charles Adams was a bright, engaging lawyer who died an alcoholic at age 30. Thomas Adams – also a lawyer – drank excessively and died in debt.
John Quincy Adams’ story is legendary. He would become the sixth president of the United States and, until George W. Bush, the only president’s son to become president himself.
His 1778 voyage to France with his father proved to be a defining event in both their lives. An important bond filled the emotional needs of an adolescent boy, and he became indispensable to his famous father. Fellow commissioner to France Benjamin Franklin was fluent in French, but often too busy to offer help. In a foreign country and ignorant of the native tongue, the future president had only his son to alleviate the striking boredom.
It developed into a strong intellectual, emotional and spiritual relationship, clearly evident in their correspondence for the remainder of their lives. Writing to wife Abigail, John Adams declared their son “is respected wherever he goes, for his vigor and vitality, both of mind and body. His rapid progress in French and general knowledge is highly unusual for a boy of his age.”
When their work in France was done, father and son returned to America. But Congress dispatched Adams back to France, and then to the Netherlands with JQA in tow. Then fate struck again. When he was 14 years old, John Quincy Adams was asked to join a diplomatic mission in Russia to obtain recognition for the new United States.
In 1794, JQA was appointed by President Washington as Minister to the Netherlands, an assignment that would take him all the way to the White House. At various times, he also served as ambassador to Prussia, England and Russia. He would help negotiate the end of the War of 1812 and find time to squeeze in service as a U.S. Senator from Massachusetts. Like father, like (some) sons.
In 1789, John Adams learned that son Charles was bankrupt, an alcoholic and faithless. The Founding Father, a signer of the Declaration of Independence and second president of the United States, renounced him. He died a hopeless alcoholic, just days before John Adams learned he had lost the 1800 presidential election.
Fate can be a cruel master and Lady Luck a fickle companion.
Intelligent Collector blogger JIM O’NEAL is an avid collector and history buff. He is president and CEO of Frito-Lay International [retired] and earlier served as chairman and CEO of PepsiCo Restaurants International [KFC Pizza Hut and Taco Bell].
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This article is written by Anirudh Vats, 2nd year student at Rajiv Gandhi National University of Law, Patiala. This article will provide a comprehensive list to get you interested in the literature of the law, and provide much needed respite from the dull statutes and journals a law student usually spends his time reading.
As a law student, constantly reading statues, judgements and journals can get dull and tedious. One way to get away from this is to read legal literature. Many a book has been written on legal issues, but some stand out more than others.
It is also important to read the literature of law because while statutes and bare acts tell us what law is, literature tells us the soul of law. Literature interprets law and shed light on how law is experienced by the common man, and what the popular perception of law is.
To Kill a Mockingbird – Harper Lee
This is one of the classics in legal literature. A simple, endearing story about a father-daughter relationship, and how the practise of racism can derail a functioning society.
This book is genuinely a straight-forward story about growing up and living in a little Alabama town during the Great Depression. It has a warmth and effortlessness to it that I think resounds with a great deal of readers.
Notwithstanding how enjoyable reading the story is, this book is both amazingly and deceptively incredible in its discussion of race, resilience and human conventionality.
During his discourse to the jury at the climactic part in Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird, Atticus Finch shows a key conflict between the two powers in strife during the rape trial—the law and the code. Tom Robinson, he contends, has overstepped no law, however his informer Mayella Ewell has disregarded the code by making advances to a black man:
“She has committed no crime, she has merely broken a rigid and time-honored code of our society, a code so severe that whoever breaks it is hounded from our midst as unfit to live with. … No code mattered to her before she broke it, but it came crashing down on her afterward.”
The point Atticus contends is that Tom Robinson, a dark man accused of assaulting a white lady, must be made a decision on the basis of the law, yet he knows on account of his life in Maycomb society that the jury will pass judgment on the respondent as indicated by the code of that society.
Anonymous Lawyer – Jeremy Blachman
Anonymous Lawyer describes the encounters of a dynamic legal counselor who tries to move toward becoming the administrator of his firm. His desire for power has no limits and there is no price he won’t pay to accomplish his objectives. Needless to say, there are a few deterrents that he has to defeat on his approach to extreme achievement, including an unpleasant rival and a spouse who spends his cash as quick as he earns it. Not only is this book enjoyable to read and engaging, it provides a unique perspective towards the inner workings of the big law firms in the legal industry.
In this character Jeremy Blachman conveys a revealing, pertinent satire on the predator-like, soulless lawyer as we know them from popular culture. In so doing he elucidates some of the truth, along with good humour, and reminds us that the legal profession, like so many others, is riling from a century of evolution.
Bleak House – Charles Dickens
To many, Bleak House is Dickens’ most noteworthy novel, it is clearly one of the essayist’s most convincing and engaging works. It manages the subjects of misfortune, law, social class, mystery, and legacy, as well as the impact the procedure of law has on customers and their organizations. Despite the fact that questions of the law are often just a backdrop to the focal plot, the majority of the fundamental characters are associated with these cases somehow and endure shockingly subsequently.
Along with exploring emotional themes like the search for love and the importance of passion, it also explains the interface of people’s personal lives and their dealings with law.
It is a great insight into how law is actually experienced by people and how it shapes and controls their lives.
The Firm – John Grisham
The Firm is a legal thriller by John Grisham. It follows the story of Mitchell McDeere, a successful lawyer who was raised in the coal-mining region of rural Kentucky, and worked hard to pave his way out of menial labour and poverty.
The story is one of the infamous legal thrillers by John Grisham in which a young, idealistic lawyer gets tied up with the mafia and tries to expose the link between the legal and the criminal world.
While it is essentially a thriller, designed to hook you to the story and make you finish it, it also exposes how sometimes administrative authorities and their corrupt practises allow crime and evil to persist in society.
It also paints an optimistic picture of an idealistic lawyer going against the system in search of higher principles of justice, and this trope can be a major source of inspiration for an aspiring lawyer.
The Trial – Franz Kafka
This Law book deals with Kafka’s vision of law. A law is expected to be fair and just. And if it is not, it is expected that we work in unison to overturn and rectify that law.
But Kafka’s vision is: Law is abstract and subjective. Law talks about equality and justice. But where in the world does law actually exhibit these values and principles?
Kafka’s views throughout this novel make it allegory as it does not point towards a specific law, but THE LAW in general. The novel also shows the corruption and lust of the judges in Courts.
The basic contention of Kafka is that there is a disjunction between the Idealism of Law and how it is actually manifested in society. He talks about the arbitrariness of law and how it can become a tool for oppression under totalitarian and even supposedly free societies.
This is easily one of the classics when it comes to legal literature and should be considered a rite of passage for anyone who cares about jurisprudence, legal idealism and the social realities under which law operates.
Kafka paints a bleak picture of how law is interpreted. The charges put on the protagonist of the story are not revealed to the reader or to him. The authorities prosecuting him are portrayed as totalitarian and inaccessible.
This extreme situation is an extrapolation of the situations we experience in our supposed free societies and warns us about what we could turn into. It is somewhat dystopian, but also tries to capture the essence of law and give it an ideal to aspire to, not just in principle, but also in action.
Crime and Punishment – Fyodor Dostoevsky
Crime and Punishment centers around the psychological anguish and mental predicaments of Rodion Raskolnikov, a poor ex-student in Saint Petersburg who plans an arrangement to murder a corrupt pawnbroker for her cash. Prior to the slaughtering, Raskolnikov resolves that with the cash he could free himself from neediness and proceed to perform incredible benevolent deeds which will atone for the crime that he has committed. Be that as it may, when it is done he winds up riddled with perplexity, doubt, and devastated with the realization of what he has done. His ethical defenses deteriorate totally as he battles with blame and self-hatred and faces the consequences of his actions on his life.
Why should a lawyer read Crime and Punishment?
Because it raises philosophical questions which a lawyer has to answer on a regular basis in his/her profession. Crime and punishment may not give you practical knowledge about your daily existence as a lawyer, but will arm you with the philosophical questions you need to tackle the moral and ethical problems and dilemmas any lawyer is bound to face in his profession.
It’s not a light read by any stretch of the imagination, in fact, the amount of introspection this book will make you do is incomparable, but it still remains a fantastic read and a pleasure every law aspirant should indulge in.
The Merchant of Venice – Shakespeare
Underneath the dramatic beauty of this play by Shakespeare, lies a message about legal culture, legal history, role of law and lawyers; interpretation of the law and legal writings. The play also brings out the popular conflict between the Christians and the Jews and brings out aspects of Jewish subjugation like never before.
This famous dialogue by Shylock represents the elements of Humanism found throughout the play.
“I am a Jew. Hath not a Jew eyes? Hath not a Jew hands, organs, dimensions, senses, affections, passions? Fed with the same food, hurt with the same weapons, subject to the same diseases, healed by the same means, warmed and cooled by the same winter and summer as a Christian is? If you prick us, do we not bleed? If you tickle us, do we not laugh?”
Snow Falling on Cedars – David Guterson
Set on the anecdotal San Piedro Island in the northern Puget Sound district of the province of Washington coast in 1954, the plot rotates around a homicide case in which Kabuo Miyamoto, a Japanese American, is blamed for murdering Carl Heine, a regarded angler in the affectionate network. A great part of the story is told in flashbacks clarifying the collaboration of the different characters over the earlier decades.
This novel by David Guterson has number of themes like the American dream, the experience of separation, bias and discrimination, cultural conflicts and love, linked fates, choices, snowstorm and the trees, earth and the seas, face reading and the moral judgement. This is a book which can take you on a journey which spans the whole emotional spectrum of a person. The concept of “guilt beyond a reasonable doubt” permeates the novel and upholds the principles of “innocent until proven guilty” and due process.
The Mahabharata and other mythological epics
This may seem like an unusual choice, but the Mahabharata along with other epics and mythological works like the Ramayana, the Manusmritis and the Upanishads are essential reads for a lawyer.
These epics have ethical and moral dilemmas that an individual faces, with themes like subjugation, war, internal conflicts etc. It contains debates about marriage, family, the role of teachers and sex.
It explores the morality of war, and how even in situations of crisis, humans should maintain a code of conduct and a basic sense of morality.
They also elucidate the rich legal history of India. Most of our educational systems teach us the western conception of law, because that is the prevalent perspective in modern day legal systems, but we also must recognize that laws operated in India throughout history, and the earliest conceptions of systematic law in India far predate the ones in the West.
Therefore, not just for Indian law aspirants but especially for them, reading these epics is essential for your development as a lawyer.
Presumed Innocent – Scott Turow
Presumed Innocent, published in August 1987, is Scott Turow’s debut novel, which tells the story of a prosecutor charged with the murder of his colleague, an attractive and intelligent prosecutor, Carolyn Polhemus. It is told in the first person by the accused, Rožat “Rusty” Sabich. A movie adaptation starring Harrison Ford was released in 1990.
This is a novel that will keep you on the edge of your seat throughout. The case itself, the legal questions, the prosecution and the verdict, every aspect of this book is rife with suspense and drama.
Read this book if a riveting story with a fascinating legal case at the centre of it interests you. And frankly, if that doesn’t interest you as a law aspirant, maybe you need to rethink your career choices.
This is in no way an exhaustive list, and probably misses out on many important legal novels you should read, but it does give you an introduction into the fascinating world of legal literature and instills an idea of reading Law for pleasure.
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Scientists Link Belly Fat, Diabetes, Obesity to This Common Drink
While most people who drink diet soda probably know it isn’t the healthiest choice, they still may be under the mistaken impression that it will keep their weight down. Scientific studies emphasize this is not true.
This was made clear in a recent study published in the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society in which 749 people were followed for nine years based on soda consumption, both diet and regular.
Those who eschewed the diet soda gained an average of 0.8 inches around their waists over the course of the study. Conversely, those who drank diet soda on a daily basis gained 3.2 inches. Participants who drank diet soda only occasionally showed an increased waist circumference of 1.8 inches.
Diabetes risk increases with diet soda consumption
In perhaps graver news, a study published by the American Diabetes Association showed that daily consumption of diet soda was linked to a significantly greater risk of select metabolic syndrome components and type 2 diabetes.
The same study demonstrated a 67 percent greater relative risk of incident type 2 diabetes of those who consumed diet soda daily, compared with non-consumption. It also showed a 36 percent greater risk of incidence of metabolic syndrome.
Metabolic syndrome is defined as a cluster of conditions – increased blood pressure, high blood sugar level, abnormal cholesterol levels, and excess body fat around the waist – that occur together, increasing the risk of heart disease, stroke and diabetes.
In more bad news for diet soda fans, a study in France that followed more than 66,000 women for 14 years found a strong correlation between those who drank artificially sweetened beverages and increased diabetes risk.
Particularly disturbing: Women who drank at least one 20-ounce diet soda per week had a risk for diabetes more than double that of women who did not consume any sweetened beverages.
The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) showed that drinking diet soda at least once daily was associated with high waist circumference and a 67 percent greater risk of type 2 diabetes seven years later.
Adding insult to injury, in the San Antonio Heart Study, subjects of normal weight who consumed more than 20 diet beverages per week nearly doubled their risk of being overweight or obesity over an eight-year time period.
So if you are hoping to save calories by grabbing a diet soda instead of a sugar-laden one, your intentions are positive, but you will get a poor return on your investment. Have a drink of water instead and you can prevent a multitude of health and weight problems.
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by Richard Frank
This article originally appeared on Water Deeply. You can find the original here.
Californians strongly support action by state and federal agencies to ensure that the water in our streams and the water we drink are free of dangerous contaminants, and that our precious wetlands are preserved. Unfortunately, the Trump administration and Congress propose to weaken federal Clean Water Act protections for those essential resources.
But California regulatory agencies needn’t and shouldn’t wait for this federal rollback. They should instead take action proactively to use state law to ensure clean water and wetlands protections for all Californians.
The target of this rollback is a long-contested rule called the Clean Water Rule, also known as the “Waters of the U.S.” rule. The rule was adopted by the Obama administration in 2015, an overdue response to a pair of Supreme Court rulings in 2001 and 2006 that created a great deal of uncertainty about just what waters the Clean Water Act actually protects.
The Clean Water Rule is critical, as it specifies what waters are protected by the federal Clean Water Act. If federal agencies find that a particular wetland or stream is covered by the law, then stringent federal protections kick in to ensure that streams and wetlands remain clean, that fish and wildlife are protected and that our drinking water supplies aren’t tainted. But if federal agencies find that a particular wetland or stream isn’t protected under the Clean Water Act, then those federal protections don’t apply.
For California, there’s a great deal at stake. In the water-rich eastern U.S., defining a wetland or a stream is relatively easy. Where the rains fall year-round, wetlands are almost always wet. That’s not true in California, where our Mediterranean climate means that some of our wetlands and streams regularly go half a year or more without rainfall.
California’s seasonal streams and wetlands, however, are still critically important. For example, that seasonal rainfall pattern is one reason why millions of waterbirds migrate north from Central Valley and Bay Area wetlands. Over millennia, these and many other species have adapted to the seasonal nature of our wetlands.
Additionally, if industrial operations are allowed to dump into wetlands and streams that may be dry for the summer months, then contaminants will simply flow downstream when the rains return.
Finally, filling seasonal wetlands means more than contaminated water supplies and lost wildlife habitat. California wetlands absorb flood waters during extreme rain and coastal flooding events. We need look no farther than Houston to see the folly of developing our wetlands. Federal Clean Water Act requirements that encourage development elsewhere can help protect lives by keeping development out of flood-prone wetlands.
If the federal Clean Water Rule rollback isn’t stopped, the wildlife, water supply and flood-control benefits from thousands of acres of California wetlands and thousands of miles of California streams could be in jeopardy.
Fortunately, California has a strong set of tools to step in and protect wetlands and streams. The California legislature passed the Porter-Cologne Act in 1969, giving the State Water Resources Control Board broad authority to protect the “waters of the state.” No less important, the current State Water Resources Control Board, with members appointed by Gov. Jerry Brown, is the most far-sighted and competent board in four decades. Our state laws and agencies must respond to the federal challenge and act in the face of pending federal Clean Water Act rollbacks.
As a first step, the state should adopt its own wetlands definition and more clearly develop protections under state law. The board recently released a draft wetland policy that it plans to finalize before the end of the year. It’s a reasonable draft that can and should be strengthened. For example, the board should clarify that all applicants will be required to study alternatives to ensure that they avoid filling existing wetlands whenever possible.
The board should also clearly state that developers who fill wetlands will be required to restore at least one acre of habitat for each acre lost. After all, California has already lost more than 90 percent of our wetlands – which led former Gov. Pete Wilson to adopt a “no-net-loss” of wetlands policy in 1993. Clearly, two key steps to achieving this policy are ensuring that we avoid filling wetlands wherever we can and that wetlands that are filled are fully offset.
California has the ability to respond promptly to the looming threats to the federal clean water program. The Golden State has strong environmental protection laws and strong institutions charged with implementing them. The debate over protections for wetlands and streams is an important milestone. The State Water Board’s overdue efforts to adopt a strong wetlands policy will be among the first tests of California’s ability to stand up to the grave assault on the environment and public health taking place in our nation’s capital.
The board has been working on this “wetland policy” for over a decade, in response to the same Supreme Court rulings that led to the federal Clean Water Rule. However, now that federal protections are threatened, the board should feel a new urgency to act.
This article originally appeared on Water Deeply. You can find the original here. For important news about water issues and the American West, you can sign up to the Water Deeply email list. The views expressed in this article belong to the author and do not necessarily reflect the editorial policy of Water Deeply.
Richard Frank is is professor of environmental practice at the University of California, Davis School of Law, where he also directs the law school’s California Environmental Law & Policy Center, and is an affiliate of the UC Davis Center for Watershed Sciences. Previously, Frank served as an attorney with the California Department of Justice, most recently as the department’s chief deputy for legal affairs.
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Table of Contents
Since the 2019 Vape Crisis, the cannabis industry has eagerly anticipated new standards and regulations regarding the production of vape cartridges and devices. The first to enforce new rules, the Colorado Marijuana Enforcement Division (MED) announced new regulations for the production and sales of cannabis oils.
As of January 1, 2022, “each harvest batch and production batch of regulated marijuana concentrate in a vaporized delivery device must be tested for metals contamination via emissions testing” by an accredited laboratory, according to the statement of adoption released last year (CCR 212-3).
Why Cannabis Emissions Testing is Crucial
Heavy metals contamination in vape devices and cannabis and hemp concentrates is not a new discovery. Lead, cadmium, mercury, and arsenic have been routinely discovered in both cannabis and hemp extracts. Heavy metals have a number of entry points into the cultivation and manufacturing processes of cannabis and hemp, including:
- Fertilizers, Nutrients, and Pesticides
- Cultivation Machinery
- Production Processes
- Packaging Equipment
- Delivery Devices (inhalers, vaporizers, transdermal patches, bottles, and containers)
While phytoremediation may play a role in introducing these substances into the oils themselves, certain metals used in manufacturing the devices used to consume them may also be an entry point. Just as BPA from plastics can leach into foods and beverages, some metals used in overseas manufacturing processes for vape cartridges may present dangers to cannabis consumers.
Also similar to plastics and BPA, when heat is applied repeatedly, it can increase the opportunity for contamination. And just as continued exposure to BPA, an endocrine disrupter, can lead to multiple health problems and even cancer – repeated exposure to certain compounds created by extreme temperatures and cannabis are concerning.
Without emissions testing, consumers likely have no idea what they are inhaling.
Heat is Catalyst for Chemical Reaction
The science of vaporization is relatively simple. If we boil water, it turns liquid into a gas or steam. But heating oil doesn’t actually produce a gas. Rather, the process of heating oil breaks larger particles into smaller ones, creating an aerosol of microscopic droplets of oil. And, these droplets of oil may have undergone chemical changes from the original product due to the heat applied during the process.
Vape devices use heat to vaporize cannabis oils at extremely high temperatures, which can cause chemical reactions in some substances. For example, research has shown that certain terpenes will convert to benzene when heated at high temperatures, a well-known carcinogen.
In other words, what goes into the device at room temperature, may not be what comes out of the device after it’s been heated. Additionally, there is very little knowledge of the shelf life of vape cartridges or how the product may deteriorate or leach certain metals over time. Emissions testing and expiration date requirements should help shed some light on the matter.
Fortunately, the cannabis industry doesn’t have to start from scratch to set the standards. The nicotine e-cigarette market already has a set of regulations and standards for testing volatile organic compounds—additionally, the WHO set standards to define Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) for chemical exposure.
The same methods and processing for testing nicotine-based devices can easily be adapted for the cannabis industry. As such, manufacturers can expect emissions standards for heavy metals, carbonyl compounds, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and others.
Today Colorado, Tomorrow the Nation
In the legal market, consumer safety is priority number one. Although Colorado is the first state to enforce emissions testing, cannabis and hemp producers nationwide can expect the trend to spread. Cannabis producers in all legal states should anticipate similar regulations in the near future.
In addition to the plant-touching companies, ancillary cannabis businesses such as vape device manufacturers, equipment manufacturers, and packaging producers need to take note of the materials used in their production processes as well. As testing requirements increase, we can only assume we’ll discover other entry points for potential contamination.
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VA Disability Ratings for Hallux Valgus (Bunions)
What is Hallux Valgus (Bunions)?
Hallux Valgus, otherwise known as bunions, are a bony bump that forms on the joint at the base of the big toe. Typically, bunions occur when some of the bones in the front part of the foot move out of place. This process then causes the tip of the big toe to be pulled toward the smaller toes and forces the joint at the base of the big toes to stick out.
Oftentimes, the skin surrounding the bunion will be red and sore. Certain behaviors, such as wearing tight, narrow shoes, may exacerbate bunions. In some cases, bunions may also develop as a result of the shape of an individual’s foot, a foot deformity, or a medical condition (e.g., arthritis). When smaller bunions form on the joint of the little toe, they are referred to as bunionettes.
Signs, Symptoms, and Causes
Common signs and symptoms of bunions include the following:
- A bulging bump on the outside of the base of an individual’s big toe
- Swelling, redness, or soreness around the big toe joint
- Corns or calluses – these often develop where the first and second toes rub against each other
- Ongoing pain or pain that comes and goes
- Limited movement of the big toe
There are many potential causes for bunions, including factors such as inherited foot type, foot stress or injuries, and deformities present at birth. Footwear may also contribute to the formation of bunions. Specifically, too narrow or ill-fitting shoes can cause bunions.
To help prevent bunions, health care providers suggest that individuals choose shoes carefully. In particular, shoes should have a wide toe box and there should be space between the tip of the longest toe and the end of the shoe.
To diagnose bunions, doctors will typically begin by examining the foot and identifying where the bunions are located. After a physical exam, an X-ray of the foot can help doctors determine the best way to treat the bunions. Treatment options tend to vary depending on the severity of the bunion and how much pain it causes. Nonsurgical treatments can include the following:
- Changing shoes
- Padding – bunion pads or cushions can act as a buffer between the foot and the shoe to ease pain
- Cortisone injections
- Shoe inserts – can help distribute pressure evenly when moving the feet
- Applying ice
If the treatment options outlined above do not relieve symptoms, surgery may be required; however, surgery should only take place when a bunion causes frequent pain or interferes with activities of daily living.
Surgical procedures for bunions can be done as single procedures or in combination. They might involve the following: removing the swollen tissue from around the big toe joint; straightening the big toe by removing part of the bone; realigning one or more bones in the forefoot to a more normal position to correct the abnormal angle in the big toe joint; joining the bones of the affected joint permanently.
Service Connection for Hallux Valgus (Bunions)
Prior to receiving disability compensation from VA, veterans must prove that their disability is related to service. Generally, to establish direct service connection you must have a current, diagnosed disability; however, you can sometimes argue that broader symptoms resulting in impairment also warrant service connection even if there is no actual diagnosis.
The next step in establishing direct service connection for bunions involves demonstrating the occurrence of an in-service event or injury. The final component requires a medical nexus, or link, between the in-service event and the current disability. If all three of the above-mentioned elements are met, VA should award service connection for bunions and then assign a disability rating.
Compensation & Pension (C&P) Examinations for Bunions
As mentioned above, service connection generally requires a medical nexus between a veteran’s disability and in-service event. VA is more often than not going to order a C&P examination as long as there is some suggestion that the veteran’s bunions are related to service. The VA examiner is going to focus on whether they believe the veteran’s bunions are due to their time in service.
Following the examination, the VA examiner will issue a favorable opinion that supports service connection or an unfavorable opinion that does not. It is important for veterans to ask for a copy of the C&P examination. VA is required to give veterans a copy upon request but will not otherwise provide one. If a veteran disagrees with the VA examiner’s opinion regarding service connection, they can obtain an opinion from a private physician or treating doctor outside of VA and argue against the original examiner’s conclusions.
Within the C&P examination, the VA examiner will also determine the severity of the veteran’s symptoms. If service connection is granted, VA adjudicators will then assign a disability rating consistent with the examiner’s findings.
How Does VA Rate Hallux Valgus (Bunions)?
Generally speaking, VA rates bunions according to 38 CFR § 4.71a, Schedule of Ratings – Musculoskeletal System, Diagnostic Code 5280. The rating criteria are as follows:
- 10% – operated with resection of metatarsal head
- 10% – severe, if equivalent to amputation of great toe
Importantly, a veteran with multiple diagnosed foot conditions (e.g., bunions and pes planus), might only receive one disability rating under one diagnostic code if some of the symptoms of one diagnosis overlap with symptoms of the other. In other words, pyramiding – the VA term for rating the same disability, or same symptoms of a disability, twice – is not allowed. This rule prevents veterans from being compensated for the same symptom twice. However, if the diagnosed foot conditions manifest in different ways, it is possible they will be rated separately.
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While very low learning levels have been highlighted for selected low-income countries (e.g. Pritchett 2013, Pritchett and Viarengo 2021), the limited country coverage of international skill data means that it is unclear how many children currently fail to reach basic skill levels globally. The 17 separate Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (UNESCO 2021) emphasise a broad set of laudable development outcomes, ranging from eliminating poverty to conserving the oceans. But achieving the hope of these broad improvements is highly dependent on expanding resources to pay for and bring about change. On this score, past evidence suggests that upgrading the skills of each country’s population is the key to getting the necessary productivity improvements and economic growth (Hanushek and Woessmann 2009, 2016). We therefore focus on SDG 4 – ensuring equitable and inclusive quality education for all – which we believe is the key to developing the skills of a country’s workforce and thus to addressing the other SDGs.
Measuring skills on a global scale
In a new study (Gust et al. 2022), we address two intertwined questions: How close are we to reaching the foundational goal of basic skills for all? And what would it mean for world development to reach global universal basic skills? We draw on individual-level test data from available international and regional student assessments to develop world estimates of the share of children not achieving basic skills in each country and then show the economic costs of these deficits.
The universe of achievement information provides a detailed picture of how far the world is from creating basic skills for all children. We define basic skills as the skills needed to participate effectively in a modern international economy, which we measure by mastering at least the most basic skill level of the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) test, i.e. PISA Level 1 skills.
We first combine test information from the various international tests. PISA and PISA for Development (PISA-D) cover a total of 90 countries. Countries that have participated in the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) but not in PISA contribute 14 additional countries. Countries that have participated in regional achievement tests – TERCE and SERCE in Latin America and SACMEQ and PASEC in Sub-Saharan Africa – add an additional 20 countries. Two countries have also participated in PISA on a sub-national basis: India and China. These 126 countries with direct assessments of students represent 84.8% of the world population and 95.7% of world GDP.
A central element of our analysis is the development of a method for reliably combining the available assessment information to place the countries of the world on a common achievement scale. Even though the different tests were not designed with that objective in mind, we show that it is possible to transform student-level achievement on all tests into a PISA-equivalent score while introducing minimal constraints on the underlying score distributions. Our method equates the scales of the different tests by using the student-level distributional information found in the group of countries that participate in each pair of test regimes.
Estimating achievement of basic skills in countries without representative participation in the international tests adds an additional level of complexity. For the two countries with no international assessments except for PISA in selected provinces or states – India and China – we use additional within-country achievement information to provide estimates of national achievement on the PISA scale. For countries that never participated in any of the international tests, we impute achievement using cross-country regressions of achievement on educational enrollment, GDP, and indicators of world regions and income groups. Finally, the international tests provide data on children in school, but over a third of the world’s children are out of secondary schools, and their skills are not measured. We use information from PISA-D and from the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) to estimate the skill levels of children who are not in school (relative to children in school in the specific country).
Using these varied approaches, we can estimate achievement deficits in 159 countries with a population of at least one million or a GDP that is at least 0.01% of world GDP. These 159 countries cover 98.1% of the world population and 99.4% of world GDP.
Six stylised facts on the world distribution of basic skills
Our results suggest that the world has a long way to go to reach global universal basic skills. The map in Figure 1 shows visually how the skills of countries vary.
Figure 1 World map of lack of basic skills: Share of children who do not reach basic skill levels
Notes: Estimated share of children (incl. those currently out of school) who do not reach at least basic skill levels in math and science (equivalent to PISA Level 1).
Source: Gust et al. (2022).
The world distribution of basic skills can be summarised by six stylised facts:
- At least two thirds of the world’s youth do not obtain basic skills.
- The share of children not reaching basic skills exceeds half in 101 countries and rises above 90% in 36 of these countries.
- Even in high-income countries, a quarter of children lack basic skills.
- Skill deficits reach 94% in Sub-Saharan Africa and 89% in South Asia but also hit 68% in Middle East and North Africa and 65% in Latin America.
- While skill gaps are most apparent for the third of global youth not attending secondary school, fully 62% of the world’s secondary-school students fail to reach basic skills.
- Half of the world’s youth live in the 35 countries that fail to participate in international tests and thus lack regular and reliable foundational performance information.
Table 1 provides the numbers for all country income groups and world regions. The results indicate that the lack of quality education in schools bears much more heavily for the overall lack of skills than incomplete school enrollment.
Table 1 Basic skill deficits on a global scale
Notes: Column 1: Estimated share of current students who do not reach at least basic skill levels in math and science (equivalent to PISA Level 1). Column 2: One minus net secondary enrollment rate. Column 3: Estimated share of children (incl. those currently out of school) who do not reach at least basic skill levels in math and science.
Source: Gust et al. (2022).
What missing skills mean for world development
We use our skill measures to quantify the economic gains that the world could reap from reaching the goal that every child achieves at least a basic skill level. Using estimates of the association between skills and long-run growth rates from existing empirical growth models with worker skills (Hanushek and Woessmann 2012), we project country by country the future path of GDP with improved skills.
The discounted 'added’ world GDP amounts to over $700 trillion compared to the ‘status quo’ GDP trajectory over the remaining century. This economic gain from reaching the goal of global universal basic skills is over five times the current annual world GDP, or 11.4% of the discounted future GDP over the same horizon. Put the other way around, this amount documents the lost economic output due to missing the goal of global universal basic skills. Importantly, the gain from lifting all students who are currently in school to at least basic skill levels turns out to be more than twice as large as the gain from enrolling the children currently not attending school in schools of current quality levels.
Our work extends the existing literature on global skill measurement (e.g. de la Fuente and Doménech 2022). Our method to combine achievement information from different international tests using the full underlying student distributions augments previous contributions such as Das and Zajonc (2010), Hanushek and Woessmann (2012), Patel and Sandefur (2020), and Angrist et al. (2021a, 2021b). Like Pritchett and Viarengo (2021) who focus on the extremely poor learning in a few developing countries, our results highlight the low level of learning outcomes of large shares of children in poor countries and extend the perspective by providing consistent estimates for the whole world. Following previous applications for OECD countries (Hanushek and Woessmann 2011, 2015, 2020) and US states (Hanushek et al. 2017a, 2017b), our projection model provides a global perspective to the literature on human capital and economic growth.
Angrist, N, S Djankov, P K Goldberg and H A Patrinos (2021b), “Measuring human capital: Learning matters more than schooling”, VoxEU.org, 9 April.
Angrist, N, S Djankov, P K Goldberg, H A Patrinos (2021b), "Measuring Human Capital Using Global Learning Data", Nature 592: 403-408.
Das, J and T Zajonc (2010), "India Shining and Bharat Drowning: Comparing Two Indian States to the Worldwide Distribution in Mathematics Achievement", Journal of Development Economics 92(2): 175-187.
de la Fuente, A and R Doménech (2022), "Cross-Country Data on Skills and the Quality of Schooling: A Selective Survey", Journal of Economic Surveys, forthcoming.
Gust, S, E A Hanushek and L Woessmann (2022), "Global Universal Basic Skills: Current Deficits and Implications for World Development", NBER Working Paper No. 30566.
Hanushek, E A, J Ruhose and L Woessmann (2017a), "Economic Gains from Educational Reform by US States", Journal of Human Capital 11(4): 447-486.
Hanushek, E A, J Ruhose and L Woessmann (2017b), "Knowledge Capital and Aggregate Income Differences: Development Accounting for U.S. States", American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 9(4): 184-224.
Hanushek, E A and L Woessmann (2009), "Poor student learning explains the Latin American growth puzzle", VoxEU.org, 14 August.
Hanushek, E A and L Woessmann (2011), "How Much Do Educational Outcomes Matter in OECD Countries?", Economic Policy 26(67): 427-491.
Hanushek, E A and L Woessmann (2012), "Do Better Schools Lead to More Growth? Cognitive Skills, Economic Outcomes, and Causation", Journal of Economic Growth 17(4): 267-321.
Hanushek, E A and L Woessmann (2015), Universal Basic Skills: What Countries Stand to Gain, OECD.
Hanushek, E A and L Woessmann (2016), "Knowledge Capital, Growth, and the East Asian Miracle", Science 351(6271): 344-345.
Hanushek, E A and L Woessmann (2020), "A Quantitative Look at the Economic Impact of the European Union’s Educational Goals", Education Economics 28(3): 225-244.
Patel, D and J Sandefur (2020), "A Rosetta Stone for Human Capital", Center for Global Development Working Paper.
Pritchett, L (2013), The Rebirth of Education: Schooling Ain't Learning, Center for Global Development.
Pritchett, L and M Viarengo (2021), "Learning Outcomes in Developing Countries: Four Hard Lessons from PISA-D", University of Oxford RISE Working Paper.
UNESCO (2021), Global Education Monitoring Report 2021/2: Non-State Actors in Education - Who Chooses? Who Loses?, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
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Economics for Business Assignment
Posted on November 11, 2022 by Cheapest Assignment
Topics for Individual essay
Choose any One of the topics from the following list:
- Scarce resources- which resource and in which country/industry are seen as scarce and what is being done in the industry or country. What substitutes have been used to overcome this problem!
- Micro economics – Choose any industry and discuss the reforms done or needed in that industry.
- Demand and supply of a product of your choice and factors that affect the demand and supply sides of the market.
- Market structures like Monopoly, Oligopoly and Monopolistic competition in Australia.
Structure of the Essay
- Introduction – which topic 200 words
- Body- Discuss the topic in the article and with some theory -700 words
- Conclusion 100 words
– More marks for research – choosing a good article on something specific topic from the above list
– There is no need to explain the theory/concepts in the essay on its own
– More marks for application and your comments on the topic
– You need to provide a link to the article with your essay. Also attach the safe assignment report with your essay, if a hard copy is required.
– Upload the soft copy on BB by Fri 5pm week 6.
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I bake bread using a sourdough starter. The starter is a culture of lactobacillus and some kind of yeast. They apparently eat the sugars or carbohydrates in the dough during fermentation but when I look at the nutritional info for fully baked sourdough bread I see 56gm of carbohydrates per 100gm and my question is, why do these organisms stop eating and what is it exactly that they leave behind? They seem to consume something in the dough then they stop as if they have run out of food at which point you need to bake the bread else it becomes "over-proved". Why do they stop eating and what is actually left over when the fully fermented dough goes in the oven?
Flours contain a diverse array of carbohydrates which vary depending on the specific type of flour (wheat, rye, teff, etc). There will usually be a lot of starch (itself having variable amounts of different types of branching), some small mono and oligosaccharides (again of varying types) and "fiber", which is a broad term for polysaccharides that are more resistant to digestion.
To add to the variables, the specific types of bacteria and yeast in a sourdough fermentation can vary in their ability to digest the different types of carbohydrates.
So one part of the answer to your question is that yes, there are carbohydrates that cannot be digested, but the specific molecules that are not digested will depend on the flour and the microbes. The cause of the undigestibility is either 1) the monosaccharides are linked in a way that they cannot be cut apart or 2) the microbes lack the metabolic capability to digest the monosaccharide.
But generally in a bread dough, the digestible carbohydrates have not been completely consumed, so some of the remaining carbohydrate is digestible. The reason it is not used up is that the baker stops the fermentation before it reaches that point so that the dough still has a good consistency.
It is also true that the fermentation activity slows down considerably before this point, even though it does not stop. There are two reasons for this. 1) the pH drops, which slows the metabolism of the bacteria and 2) the easily digestible carbs get used up first, so the later fermentation rate can be affected by the slow rate of breakdown of the more difficult to use carbohydrates. Ultimately, the dynamics of the fermentation are determined by the choice of flour, the microbial population and the conditions (temp, water content, whether and how often the baker works the dough, etc).
From the introduction in a paper on the different lactic acid bacteria (LAB) cultures in sourdough:
Sourdough LAB give rise to the characteristic qualities of several kinds of foods (flavor, texture, taste, and shelf life) by producing metabolites such as lactic acid, acetic acid, and ethanol. However, it is not easy to control sourdough LAB fermentation, due to the spontaneous occurrence of complex phase successions of LAB communities during subculture. Previous studies have characterized three phases, each dominated by the genera Weissella, Pediococcus, and Lactobacillus, whose succession determines the balance of metabolites in sourdough.
Over time, the pH of the dough changes (hence sourdough).
One of the major characteristics of sourdough fermentation is a drop in pH proportional to the maturation of the LAB community that produces lactic and acetic acid, eventually reaching a pH of approximately 4.0. Since pH changes must induce stress on the LAB community, assessment of pH conditions is necessary to understand and control the evolution of the LAB community in sourdough.
[OP, in comments] but there comes a point where they don't eat any more and you need to either feed them more flour or they will die apparently, that is why you keep a starter in the fridge to slow the consumption speed but I am still unclear on what is left over? if they eat carbs why don't they eat the rest of the 56gm of carbs left over per 100gm?
The purpose of "feeding" is to dilute the acids and replenish the carbs. It also dilutes the concentration of bacteria. The combined effects result in better conditions for cell life and reproduction. Every time they metabolize ("eat") some carbs, they also produce some acid and ethanol. It is the waste products that keep them from reproducing more as the sourdough matures.
Your question is based on a false premise. They don't stop when they run out of food. When you overproof the dough, there is still tons of edible carbohydrates left in the dough, mostly starch.
If you wait for the fermentation to stop on its own, this will happen not due to running out of food, but due to the accumulation of too much waste material. The usual story taught is that it is the ethanol - this is why we didn't have strong alcohol before destillation was discovered, you can only ferment up to 15-ish percent alcohol before your fermenting organisms die (and you usually get this percentage in wine, beers are below that, even with tricks for producing strong beer). I could imagine that other stuff combines with the ethanol to kill them off, the whole ammonia, thioles etc. produced by vigorous fermentation are not very friendly to microorganisms.
But you are not even waiting for the fermentation to stop. Overproofed dough is still very actively fermenting. It just goes into a state where its gluten can no longer trap gases - I don't know if this is because you have too much gas, or because the microstructure of the gluten mesh changes, probably both. Anyway, at that point, you cannot bake good bread, but this has nothing to do with stopped fermentation.
To answer literally your question of "why do they stop eating"
- if you leave them alone until they stop on their own, they stop because they die out due to pollution (poisoned by their own waste)
- if you throw your dough because it overproofed, they don't stop eating
- if you use your dough for baking before it is overproofed, they stop eating because they die from the heat in the oven
To sum it up, fermentation processes in the kitchen (not only dough, but also yogurt or sauerkraut) do not mean that the microorganisms use up their food. On the contrary, they use up a tiny fraction of the food available, and most of it is left unchanged in the finished product.
What yeast does:
glucose => etanol + carbon dioxide.
What lactobacilus does:
glucose => lactic acid
They usually don't find glucose around them, so they break down the starch first (starch is abundant in the dough).
They both also do other things, like making new cells from the ingredients they find around them, but these other things are of less importance in bakery.
Why they stop at some point? Well, in the usual bread-making, they stop only when you bake the bread and the temperature kills them.
They can be significantly slowed down (like any other organism that cannot control its own temperature) by cooling down the dough. That's how ready-made dough is sold.
If you leave the dough alone, they will live and reproduce up to the point where etanol, carbon dioxide and lactic acid are too much for them. Depending on the water content of the dough, the availability of oxygen, the ability of the carbon dioxide to escape and the initial mixture of bacteria and yeast, you may get some kind of beer. In general, no more fermentation happens in the beer, as long as there is neither oxygen nor dilution. The microorganisms will just slowly die off because they don't tolerate that much of their own products around.
Or you may get something less pleasant than beer, because the dough is usually not air-tight and because other microorganisms are always present. Given time, air and if the mass is not too dry, the end result will be carbon dioxide, nitrogen and some inorganic salts.
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The vast area of Northern Canada presented major problems for the provision of administrative and health services to the many isolated communities. Traditional transportation by dog team and the occasional bush plane no longer met the needs of the population in the current age. National Defence required suitable airstrips to meet its increasing responsibilities for surveillance and defence of Canada’s Arctic as well as for search and rescue operations. In 1970 National Defence, the Department of Transportation, and the Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development implemented a program to develop a series of airstrips at isolated communities that would be capable of handling C130 Hercules aircraft. No 1 Construction Engineering Unit was tasked to oversee the planning and construction of these airstrips. 1 CEU established an Airfield Operations Centre at CFB Winnipeg to control construction and provide technical and logistic support and personnel administration. Each project would normally involve a two-year program. In the first year, the design work was completed, equipment was deployed to the site, and a source for local materials was located. A typical site needed about 160,000 cubic yards of granular fill to complete a 4400-foot runway and parking aprons. Gravel supply was a major problem in the arctic and involved finding a suitable esker or blasting out rock from a quarry. The workforce for this ambitious project was primarily provided from the Combat Engineering units of the Canadian Military Engineers and the local Inuit population. The locals were involved in increasing numbers as the program developed. Between 1970 and 1979, when the program was terminated airstrips, were built at Pangnurtung, Whale Cove, Cape Dorset, Eskimo Point, Pond Inlet, and Spence Bay. These airstrips have served to relieve much of the isolation at these locations and greatly improved the quality of life for the inhabitants. The dedicated efforts and skills of the Canadian Military Engineers was a major factor in the successful completion of this program.
Airfields For Canada’s North
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Architecture for Children
by Sarah Scott
Paperback: 192 pages
Publisher: ACER Press (October 31, 2010)
Product Dimensions: 0.8 x 9.8 x 8.5 inches
So much of the teaching of children in early learning settings revolves around the importance of a child's environment and its impact on their development. Children are unique individuals with heightened sensory needs and special scale considerations. They move through and perceive space in a totally different way than adults. How can architectural form respond to the unique needs of children, supporting and reinforcing the pedagogy of a children's center? Over the last 100 years, many divergent educational philosophies have evolved with a wide breadth and depth of thinking and with an equally wide range of architectural responses. The different educational programs and the consequent needs of the staff also impact the architectural outcome and how children's needs are managed. Author Sarah Scott has explored the architectural designs of exemplar early childhood centers around the world. Scott examined 50 centers in 10 countries with a wide range of educational philosophies that have influenced the designs. These included: Scandinavia with its free government-provided childcare and outdoor forest schools Italy, home to the highly influential Reggio Emilia pedagogy Germany and Switzerland, for Steiner, Froebel, and Environmentalism Japan's adventurous architecture and Shinto roots the UK with its comprehensive Sure Start program combining early learning and adult outreach. All of these countries place a high emphasis on the environment as educator and have produced some beautiful and award-winning architecture. This book will benefit anyone who is interested in the design of built environments for children. It is an exploration of numerous early learning experiences and of the innovative and inspirational building designs that have developed out of each pedagogy. It shows what architecture can offer to early learning and what early learning requires from architecture.
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The artist brothers, Gaganendranath (1867-1938) and Abanindranath (1871-1951), were young nephews of Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941). The two youngsters were always at hand to collaborate with their uncle’s creative projects, in particular, music, dance and theatre in their sprawling Jorasanko house in Kolkata. Both had acted in Rabindranath’s plays (such as Dak Ghar, 1916). Interestingly, as Gaganendranath was growing creatively, he developed close affinities with the creativity of the great poet. Gaganendranath visualized befitting illustrations for Rabindranath’s Jeevansmriti, My Reminiscences, in 1911. During 1920s Gaganbabu created stage settings for Rabindranath’s plays such as (Rakta Karbi, Red Orleanders) which influenced his own paintings compositionally. And more than the poet himself, it was Gaganbabu who evolved evocative pictorial images for some of Rabindranath’s poems, especially those on the theme of ‘Death’. Tagore family members played a leading role in the Cultural Renaissance of the country beginning with the literary forays by young Rabindranath during the last decades of the 19th century and through their paintings in the first quarter of 20th century Abanindranth and Gaganendranath ushered in a rejuvenation of the art of Indian painting to be joined by Rabindranath with his old-age paintings in the 1930s. The entire phase traverses the vast trajectory from Revival to Modernity.
The general impression about Gaganendranath Tagore, which persists even today, is that of a dilettante, an amateur, though a brilliant one for that matter. But the fact has been missed that in his later years he became a seriously involved painter and this fact has not been taken into consideration for the purpose of evaluating his artistic contribution. An analysis of his entire work from early phase to the later phases also amply bears it out as to how seriously involved a painter he had developed into. As happens with most great artists who are ahead of their times, only a handful of close associates had realized the amount of this involvement in Gaganendranath. This gradual development then from an amateur to a dedicated painter, is a crucial aspect of Gaganendranath’s life. His chronology and development pose many problems befitting art-historical investigation. We do not possess a full biographical account of him and his activity, like there exists for his more famous brother, Abanindranath. Again unlike the latter, Gaganendranath never indulged in introspective or confessional writings. It seems that Gangababu was a painter most supremely indifferent to the value of his own creative genius as was noted by Rathindranath. Among the few dated pictures there are portrait sketches, (1907), sketches of pundits and Shibu Kirtanya, (1911), cartoons dated between 1917 and 1921, some cubistic pictures dated between 1923 and 1925 and finally a Himalayan landscape dated 1928. On the evidence of the reports of contemporaries, the dated and datable pictures, and the internal evidence offered by the stylistic analysis of the pictures themselves, a broad stylistic sequence of phases could be inferred as given bellow. Here, we may note that it is very fortunate that Rabindra Bharati Society of Kolkata has preserved a most comprehensive collection of Gaganendranath’s paintings.
First (early) Phase (up to 1911): Puri landscapes, portraits and other figure sketches, scenes from Calcutta and illustrations for ‘My Reminiscences’, some of them in Japanese brush technique. Second Phase (1911-1915): Chaitanya series and other related paintings done from imagination including the Pilgrims series, most of which are done in black ink (SUMI-E). Night scenes and paintings on gold paper may also belong to this phase. Third Phase (1915-1921 Bichitra period): most of the caricatures and the Himalayan paintings, Fourth Phase (1921-1925): Cubistic experiments in colour and black ink. Last Phase (1925-1930) Post-cubistic paintings mostly in black and white. Cardinal points in his development are (i) the involvement with Japanese technique, (ii) the confrontation with Cubism and (iii) the highly personal and complex imagery of the late pictures.
The earliest dated examples of Gaganbabu’s paintings are of 1907 in the form of postcards sent from Puri to his daughter. These comprise seascapes done with a few quick brush strokes and thin washes of color. The other possible earliest works are pencil portraits in the manner of Jyotirindranath. In this period (i.e. before or around 1910) also fall the sketches both in pen and ink and in pencil of pundits and kritankars besides his family members. We are told of the incident of the death of his elder son, the shock of which cast a great gloom over the family and in order to provide a congenial diversion kirtans and kathas were arranged, where Gangababu made these sketches. A few of them are dated 1911, and they form a closely related stylistic group. These could not have been done over a longer period of time. One of the drawings from the repeatedly depicted Shibu Kirtanya, the Kirtana singer, was published in Jeevansmriti. As he gained confidence on the pencil he took up the use of ink, see the pencil portrait of his sister Sunayani Devi and the ink portrait of Ananda Coomaraswamy dated 1909. This portrait also records the art historian, Coomaraswamy’s interactions with Tagore family in the same manner as does the pencil portrait of the Japanese artist and art critic, Okakura (his second visit in 1912). Besides Jeevansmriti, Gaganendranath began illustrations of Rabindranath’s short story, Kabuliwala and poems such as the one in which the sad face of mother is compared with the melancholy of colonized motherland, and it is represented by drooping lotus petals. He also illustrated Phalguni and some poems from Gitanjali.
“Jeevansmriti” paintings and grappling with Japanese technique:
We begin with the documented group of his works, the illustrations for Rabindranath’s autobiography in Bengali, “Jeevansmriti”, published in 1912. Here for the first time we come across some paintings, which definitely derive from the Japanese brush technique. Mention may be made here of the well-known and recorded incident of Okakura’s first visit (1902) and his sending of two Japanese artists. The general enthusiasm for Japanese art among the Tagore circle can be gauged by the fact that the Oriental Society had brought together around 1910 a large collection of original examples of Japanese art for an ambitious exhibition. Gaganbabu’s direct acquaintance with Japanese painting may have been through this exhibition and also through the reproductions in the then famous albums of Kokka. The “Jeevansmriti” ink paintings have several types of brushwork. The fact that several types of techniques are used in them suggests that he worked in various manners all at the same time. Differentiating them from one another will enable not only to pinpoint them but also to observe how simultaneously he also attempted to synthesize them till a stage came around 1914 when he evolved his own approach to the use of SUMI-E.
Oriental ink work is definitely used in ‘Banyan Tree’, where the rich and dark tones of fluid ink are juxtaposed to bring out the effect of density and largeness of the gigantic banyan tree. This is one of Gaganendranath’s finest and powerful works of this period. Another exercise reveals brushwork, which is undoubtedly Japanese where leafy branches and foliage are depicted with characteristic oriental brush strokes called variously in Japanese BOKUSHOKU or TSUKE TATE. Although the brushwork of leaves and foliage is easily recognizable to be oriental, even in certain depictions of human figure and birds it is possible to distinguish the oriental brush treatment, the rice dot (BEI TEN) and the nail-head and rat-tail line (TEI TOU SOBI BYOU) as in ‘Head of a man’. Gaganbabu’s interest was not limited to only the brush technique of Japanese art but also the whole conceptual range of this art. This is particularly found in certain landscapes where it is not impressionistic space but oriental vastness and infiniteness of space that is evoked. This can be observed by analyzing examples from each of the two types. ‘Calcutta Roof Tops’ and ‘Women at the Banks of Ganges’ are impressionist, whereas The Ganges Again (from “Jeenvansmriti”) has an oriental quality. The ‘Crow’, ‘Arrival of Tutor in Rain’, ‘Abanindranath Tagore Painting while smoking hooka’ and ‘Portrait study of Mrs. Gaganendranath Tagore’ are worthy examples of SUMI-E type ink paintings.
How deeply the Japanese spirit was ingrained in his work can be gauged by noting the fact that Japanese painters always showed water in the landscapes; either water itself, sea, river, mountain stream, or water in the form of rains. Gaganendranath also based his landscapes on the same scheme of heaven-man-earth (Ten Chi Jin) as did the Japanese. Also he has their simplicity and understatement; more being suggested than what was represented ‘leaving to the imagination to suggest itself the completion of an idea’. For further parallels with Japanese landcapes compare ‘The Waterfall of Nachi’, Kase School with that of Gaganendranath which also contains a similar motif of a stream falling over a precipice.
Another type of landscape found in “Jeevansmriti” is that done with this washes of color with minimum of tone and hue contrast, the entire looking almost pale grey as in ‘The Boat Padma’. It is the sheer limitless expanse that is represented within a small frame. This too is oriental but such landscapes could also have been inspired by similar ones of Whistler, who in his turn also derived such effects from a synthesis of Impressionist and Japanese techniques. Gaganbabu’s definite interest in Whistler is however more positively established when we see the slightly later landscapes of night subjects which were significantly titled ‘Nocturnes’ which had been a favorite theme for Whistler too.
To recapitulate this early and formative period of Gaganbabu’s art activity, it can then be observed that his attitude was realistic. He aimed at representing direct visual experience on to the painting, either straight from nature or unfiltered even if transcribed from memory. He began with a broadly impressionist technique but depended heavily on Japanese technique and its variations. Thus it can be claimed that Japanese art played a great deal of influence on his formative period, during the course of which he achieved a considerable mastery over the technique. In the handling of SUMI_E, Gaganendranath displayed all the skill, all the subtleties that the Japanese expected from a master which is especially conspicuous in the two studies of crows.
These paintings are undated. Most probably they were done after the “Jeevansmriti” illustrations, i.e. after 1910. They were all exhibited in the 1914 exhibition of the Calcutta School held in Paris and London. Almost all of them were listed in the catalogue, a very important document, as it is the first listing of the paintings of both Abanindranath and Gaganendranath till that date. Thus it can be safely surmised that none of the Chaitanya paintings date after 1914.
Why was Gaganendranath interested in the Chaitanya story? Partial answer to this is in the fact that his interest was aroused when kirtans were arranged for the family as a diversion from the shock of his son’s death. Being Vaishnavite by faith he may have felt drawn toward the personality of the saint which itself is a comment on Gaganbabu’s mental attitudes. Chaitanya’s approach to religion, that of frenzied devotional ecstasy, may have also appealed to Gaganbabu, which would show that there were mystic strains in his personality. It would then seem that he had two faces, the outer one with which his friends were familiar, that of joviality, liveliness etc. The inner self, which came through his paintings, was different. He continued to show the face of joviality till he fell ill in 1930 but as he grew older the mystic and introvert in him became more so, which is found in his later paintings for which the Chaitanya series provided the stepping-stone. It is from this point onward that his paintings and his psychic personality became inseparable, and references to psychological values become inevitable.
The earlier in the series are those which are more linear and closer to the style of Abanindranath. The one titled ‘Chaitanya and foot prints of Vishnu’, has some crude elements as found in the delineation of hands because of which it could be even earlier than 1911, although it is executed in similar sketching technique as found in the ‘Pundit’ of that date. ‘Chaitanya prostrating before Vishnu’s feet’ has the use of curved lines of the kind which are typical in the contemporary works of his brother, Abanindranath. The artist would have used the familiar Chaitanya Charitamala and related texts as his thematic sources. Chaitanya’s life is divided in two parts and accordingly Gaganendranath devised two kinds of imageries; one before his renunciation with long thick locks of hair; the second with a shaven head after performing the ceremony of being ordained as sanyasi. In one of the episodes from the first part painted by Gaganendranath, we recognize young Chaitanya with his wife, Vishnu Priya, apparently at the river bank in Nabadwip performing a morning ritual. Next follows the episode called Nagarkirtana, the outward expression of the crucial experience of divine ecstasy in the form of music, singing and dancing in groups, that is Sankirtana. The climactic moments were reached when followers gathered around and sang along with the ecstatic Chaitanya, who would be crying, perspiring and collapsing, while the whole crowd went round the lanes of the town. In the complex crowd scene devised by Gaganendranath, each dancer is shown in different postures with swaying body and raised arms, so that all the movements together integrate into a dynamic frenzy. In the crowd can be recognized Nityanand, the white bearded Guru, Ishwar Puri, as well as a Muslim follower wearing turban.
Chaitanya’s departure from Nabadwip to Puri has been depicted in two effective paintings by Gaganendranath. In the first the lean and clean-shaven Chaitanya takes leave of his mother on the chabutara of their hut, in the presence of several waiting followers. The other painting depicts the hushed silence and sorrow which fell in the house after Chaitanya and his followers had departed. Once again Gaganendranath employed a high vantage point, zooming this time on the back view of Chaitanya’s wife, Vishnu Priya, as she looks through the open door over vacant space. The grief as a result of the departure of Chaitanya from Nadia is recorded in many songs sung by Basudeva Ghosh, which touched the hearts of Bengali audience, as it would have inspired Gagnendranath. He seriously visualized the unusual rapturous ecstasies experienced by the completely possessed Chaitanya. Two of the paintings depict such events fittingly set in the semi-dark atmosphere of the garbhagriha of the Jagannath temple. In one of them Chaitanya is blissfully watching the image of Jagannath, holding the Garuda pillar, whose face has a Buddha-like expression of deep concentration. It has been softly lit by a hanging lamp made visible by subtle highlights. Finally, we may mention the two paintings which depict Chaitanya’s last days. His meditative moments at the Puri sea-beach under moonlight are recorded where his huddled posture wrapped in monk’s uttariya cloth is indicated by a few strokes. The other painting depicts what is considered Chaitanya’s Nirvana. Gaganendranath chose to depict Chaitanya’s meditative face softly visible under the transparency of the sea-waves over which spread the glistening moonlight. The artist adopted the well-known Sarnath Buddha image for Chaitanya’s blissful face.
Pilgrims, Mahabharata Scenes, Himalayan Landscapes and Nocturnes
His approach to pictorial composition at this stage can be visualized by taking the example of ‘Chaitanya Knocking at the Temple door’. Fortunately it exists in several versions including one complete pencil drawing of the whole composition. There also happens to be one of the finest pencil drawings made by the artist in which the earlier handicap in draughtsmanship has been overcome. On the basis of the pencil drawing another drawing with brush and ink was made followed by an incomplete version done in masses and washes of direct ink. The last has probably no preparatory outline and the entire painting is done directly displaying amazing control of ink and its gradations. Because of the infinite space and mysterious shadows these works can be called romantic. The romanticism becomes more pronounced in the late phase. Also now a definite shift in Gaganbabu’s attitude is noticeable. He is no more concerned, like in the earlier works with representing the visual impressions of the outer reality. But what now concern him are his own feelings about the outer world and finding suitable and appropriate pictorial equivalents to them. The so-called pilgrim series are done entirely from memory and imagination, unlike the earlier landscapes.
In continuation with Chaitanya Charitamala, Gaganendranath kept up the tempo of painting narrative compositions, selecting themes from the Mahabharata. As chance would have it, he dated it 1913 and signed the painting which depicts the ‘Pandavas safely escaping the Lakshagraha’. Several water colour paintings could be associated with the theme of ‘Karna-Kunti Samvad’ which had been adapted from a long dialogue poem by Rabindranath. The warrior Karna was the first son of Kunti who was abandoned by her at the time of his birth. Now on the eve of the Mahabharata war, she decided to reveal to him that she was his real mother and that he should join his Pandava brothers rather than choosing to be on the side of Duryodhana. Aware of Karna’s habit of worshipping the Sun god in the early morning, Kunti follows him to the river bank. Among the many compositional variations Gaganendranath drew the scene in ‘long shot’ depicting Karna being followed by Kunti with several attendants one of whom carries a parasol over the queen. In a painting with a lone figure, probably represents Karna in a close-up view. In yet another painting Kunti catches up with Karna and is depicted next to him. In a number of remarkable ink sketches depicting three or four figures in a landscape setting, one can observe Gaganendranath’s mastery of suggestiveness of narrative characters and episodes. A very subtle ink sketch symbolically represents the spiritual growth of a sensuous devadasi towards a sanyasini. A girl looking out from the terrace of her house is the intriguing subject of a number of drawings. They remind of the shringara theme of nayika awaiting for her lover, but it could also be a character from Rabindranath’s prose or poetry writings.
The site of Gaganendranath’s painting of a prominent waterfall is the well-known Pagla-Jhora (the Mad Stream) of Darjeeling. It was the backdrop of Rabindranath’s play Muktadhara, according to a note published in the Modern Review. One of the earliest landscape trips to Darjeeling by Gaganendranath has been recorded by the then young Mukul Dey, who had made a pencil portrait of the painter and inscribed it, drawn in Darjeeling in 1914. (Tagore’s residence in Darjeeling was called Ashantully House.) Initial Himalayan scenes are before about 1920, but the quality of the ‘sublime’ achieved through the exploitation of scale, and bringing out the celestial grandeur of the sacred mountains with the way light is handled, ties up with Gaganendranath’s late post-cubist paintings of 1920s. They have ‘visionary’ element, found in William Blake and Turner. The towering snowy mountain peaks shimmering in the glow of light suggested to Gaganendranath the profile face of Mahadeva looking heavenwards. Here, we have a ‘visual, pictorial’ (in contradiction to ‘literary’) interpretation of what the Himalayas have meant to Indians through the ages (as the abode of Shiva). These paintings not only indicate the artist’s frame of mind but also how far he traveled from his Impressionist and Japanese days. Significantly Gaganendranath created Shiva’s counterpart, Parvati, within the maze of cubistic planes of the Himalayan Mountains in a small size ink painting. Characteristically, some of Gaganendranath’s Himalayan scenes are of the same class as the spiritual-symbolic landscapes of the German Romantic painter, Casper David Friedrich. Himalayas rendered in broad patches are among those which a close relative of Gaganbabu’s mentioned represent his last works around 1929. Significantly a dated Himalayan landscape, inscribed Jan.1928, takes us upto this year of his activity. Gaganendranath also painted the life of the mountain people from Darjeeling such as the ‘Tribal Couple’ and ‘Flower Show in Darjeeling’. In the latter painting, the treatments of colourful flowers establish Gaganendranath’s understanding of impressionist colour theories.
Where to place the nightscapes-the ‘Pratima Visarjan’ series, the ‘Festival of Lights’, ‘Composition No.2’, ‘Santhals dancing at night around a fire’, etc.? These look forward again to the late works due to their ‘luminism’. These groups of paintings, although based on visual experience, are actually drawn from imagination, once again confirming the trend from depiction of outer reality to that of the inner world. In a way we can see Gaganendranath turning gradually from the depiction of landscapes in the daylight to sunsets (evenings) and the night effects. It is these pictures which reminded the contemporary reviewers of the parallels from Turner’s and Whistler’s sunsets and the latter’s nightscapes. ‘Puri Temple’ may be earlier in the series out of which emerged the ‘Temple of Light’. Very creatively Gagnendranath did a series of ink paintings on gold background where gold colour serves for the light. Thus, these paintings also relate to the ‘Nocturnes’ such as a ‘Pilgrims in front of Puri Temple’, and ‘Poet in the Sala Grove’. The ‘Javanese puppets’ and ‘Composition No. 2’, also executed on gold background however, are connected with theatrical performances.
Satirical drawings and Caricatures
In the theatre activities and stage performances of the Bichitra club, Gaganbabu had been fully active as an actor and stage designer. An interest in the ‘comic’ and ‘comedy’, as contents of a play and challenging assignments for an actor, would have been immediate inspirational stimulants even for his pictorial satirical depictions. This brings us to the predecessor writers on the ‘comic’, that is, social satire, the playwrights of comedies and staging of farces. Thus, the ‘social issues’ as well as the ‘topics’ which had to be satirized, were already being debated as part of social discourse. Ultimately, the sources for Gaganendranath’s caricatures were his own responses to Bengali society of his generation. In a sense Gaganendranath was creating a pictorial counterpart of satirical farces written for and enacted on stage.
An immediate phase of theatrical development which certainly influenced Gaganendranath Tagore, are the plays written and performances directed by Girish Ghosh (1844-1911) at the turn of the 19th century. Under the influence of Vivekananda, Girish Ghosh felt disgusted with those enlightened leaders of the society who aligned themselves with the alien government and undertook to alleviate the lot of masses whom they spurned every hour as savages. This has been observed in an in-depth analysis of Girish Ghosh by the reputed theatre personality, Utpal Dutt. Gaganendranath’s criticism in his satirical drawings is of the different category than the Hindu reformers who took to European destructive reformation. In a way, Gaganendranath’s satire on Hindu religious bigotry was influenced by Vivekananda as it was in the case of Girish Ghosh.
The pictorialization of social satire had already been initiated in the visual medium by the Kalighat painters. Kalighat painters could easily adopt facets of contemporary life simultaneously with religious icons, but naïve folk painters did not realize that the ‘style’ of their language did not have the expressiveness for the imageries of the ‘comic’. Besides, drawing typical caricatures and regularly printing them in newspapers and magazines had become a regular feature during the last quarter of the 19th century under the influence of European journalism. We may presume that Gaganbabu along with other Bengali intellectuals of the time would be aware of such satirical weekly journals as the GERMAN SIMPLICISSIMUS, which regularly published (between 1896 and 1926) serious satirical drawings of prestigious artists (including Expressionists). It is considered to be one of the greatest picture magazines in the history of journalism. One should talk of Gaganendranath in the context of social satire in the graphic arts as developed in Europe. Gaganendranath’s caricatures should be considered in the same class as the European painter-illustrator whose themes were usually social issues and their work was often circulated through sets of multiples. Gaganbabu’s profuse output as a caricaturist in the hectic seven years (1915-1921) establishes him as the major caricaturist of India, and the only Indian painter who has left a significant body of satirical drawings.
Birup Bajra (Strange Thunderbolt) and Adbhut Lok (Realm of Absurd): both these sets of caricatures were published in 1917 and are among the earliest such satirical paintings by Gaganendranath. A careful observation would reveal a remarkable sophistication of style, because of which it is possible to link them with Gaganendranath’s Chaitanya series, most of which had been completed by 1914. Especially be noted the experience of evolving the imagery of the central character, with a suitable atmosphere and setting, together with relevant cluster of subsidiary images and objects to complete the caricature. Therefore, these do not appear as a sudden shift in Gaganendranath’s creativity. The use of thin lines, at times quite wiry, going over the surface of the paper as well as large patches of black, not only shows Gaganendranath’s sensitivity for surface design, but also is an attempt to give them a quality like Aubrey Beardsley’s much acclaimed illustrations.
By babu we should not necessarily imply all middle class Bengalis as perceived by the British colonial administrators, or babu as a section of the Bengali middle class who were seen as the ‘other’ or ‘them’ and who thus deserved to be severely criticized by the enlightened middle class. Such a babu is represented in the drawing titled ‘The Rich Lord at home’. The satirizing of the babu is also part of the efforts of the middle class towards self-criticism, if not leading to social improvement but certainly to face the facts and laugh at human weakness. The babu’s mentality of looking like and being accepted as a Gora or white Sahib, has been satirized in several witty drawings by Gaganendranath. Essentially the idea enters around the change of dress, the dichotomy of the native dhoti-kurta with the western black suit consisting of a coat and pants. In the train the babu does not wish to be disturbed while he puts on the western dress so that he can pass as a Sahib. Again at the railway platform the guard addressed him as babu, inspite of having put on the black dress. Waiting for a train while it is raining, the babu protects himself, his luggage and the dog, with an umbrella held above him. His wife has to stand alone and get drenched. This is the respect shown to women. There is a reference to such an episode in Rabindranath’s great novel, ‘Gora’. ‘The Dance’ or ‘Ball Room Dance’ (also called Waltzing Mahila) is available in many versions. The dark complexioned male figure is wearing a coat with tail to refer to his westernization, while his feminine counterpart’s dress is a cross between a sari and skirt. Their dancing together is an attempt towards harmony that is slated to failure.
With an intense social sensitivity, Gaganendranath created a complex satirical drawing on Bengali attitudes and practices concerning marriage. In his satires on the religious attitudes of Hindus, Gaganbabu depicts the priests as “an insensitive tribe who crushes all sensibility” as observed by Mulk Raj Anand. In ‘Imperishable Sacredness of a Brahmin’, feasting himself with wine, women and flesh, the artist has exaggerated the priest’s jaws and lips which give him a resemblance to the demons of hell in the Hindu cosmogony.
The connecting link among Gaganendranath’s satirical drawings contained in the third and last volume, Reform Screams (published in 1921) is the announcement of the Report of the Indian Constitutional Reforms: The Montague-Chelmsford Report. The Report formed the basis of the Government of India Act 1919, which came into operation early in 1921. The drawings in Reform Screams reveal Gaganendranath as a bold nationalist, which must be acknowledged as a significant pictorial document of that period of the Independence struggle. Obviously Gaganendranath had observed crucial contemporary political events for nearly three years (1919-1921) and gave them expressive form. The reforms of 1919 did not satisfy the national aspirations of our countrymen, and their effect upon the national struggle for Independence had been like fresh fuel. Mahatma Gandhi’s famous resolution of Non-Cooperation was adopted by the Congress Party at the special session held in Calcutta.
The immediate causality after the implementation of the Act of Reforms, 1919, was the disbanding of Legislative Council of Bengal. This occasion was pictorialized by Gaganendranath as a grand Western-style funeral. He coined the title: ‘State Funeral of H.H. Old Bengal’. While the dead body is not visible, the Indian and British personages (some of whom have been identified) are clearly delineated in distinct mourning dresses. Black is worn by the British members, but the white-costumed Indian members symbolize the grief stricken nationalists. An Automatic Speech Making Machine targets the zamindars, maharajas and nominated councilors of Bengal for their lack of conviction and passive intellect. The speeches they delivered in public were prepared by others like automatic machines, while the writers are merely thoughtless automatons conforming to colonial restrictions. Often the drawings in Reform Screams are given titles with ‘Screams’ as suffix. So ‘Astronomical Scream’ represents a faceless hand-picked native Governor, hence the tile: ‘First appearance of Bengali Governor. Where is H.E.?’ Under the heading ‘Poetical Scream’ and a specific title ‘The Latest Flight of the Poet, Query: Is it cooperation or Non-cooperation?’, Gaganendranath created a satire on his own uncle, Rabindranath. There are several versions of this theme, one of them dated 1921. Seated on his easy chair, and holding an ektara in his hand, the poet is depicted flying in the sky. His notebooks attached with pen and reading glasses (pince-nez) are seated in space and he looks bewildered. In a witty manner Gaganendranath has juxtaposed two events together so that one signifies the other. It has been recorded that Rabindranath’s journey to London on April 16 was also his first air travel. The other was the ongoing ‘Non cooperation movement’ led by Mahatma Gandhi. Rabindranath has disagreed with the latter. Since this trip was decisive for fund-raising to set up the International University at Santiniketan, non-cooperation with Mahatma Gandhi for the ‘Non-cooperation movement’, only underscored co-operation with the British establishment.
Confrontation with Cubism
Now we come to the knotty problem of Gaganendra’s confrontation with cubism and what emerged out of it. The first series of cubistic paintings that we know of by Gaganbabu were reproduced in RUPAM in 1922, along with an article by Stella Kramrisch which are definitely referred to as cubist by the author who titled her article significantly as ‘An Indian Cubist’. The reviewers too referred to the work of Gaganendranath during 1920s as cubist and post-cubist. What is the justification to call the cubistic paintings so? Already we have referred to how the contemporaries regarded them. Also from those published in RUPAM we can establish convincing comparisons with certain Futurist works, with those of Delaunay and the German Blaue Reiter painters, Franz Marc and Feininger. Also surprisingly there is a similar painting by the Russian Rodchenko. Even Larianev’s and Goncharova’s Rayonist works have resemblance with Gaganendranath’s works. These parallels are so striking that it is impossible to believe those who say that either Gaganbabu’s works are not cubist or that they are superficially so arrived at independently. I have deliberately taken recourse to extensive juxtapositions in my book so that there is little room for argumentation. Moreover his own words may be quoted here (the only statement directly attributed to him) as given by Kanyalal Vakil when he interviewed the painter in 1926 “…………… (the new experiments) have enabled me to discover new paths and I am now expressing them batter with my new technique developed out of my experiment in cubism than I used to do with my old methods. The new technique is really wonderful as a stimulant”.
However, with all these variations and adaptations of cubism mentioned above, Gaganendranath shared the fascination for the space-defining characteristic of interpenetrating planes. The difference is that he is basically interested in ‘light’ and not ‘volume’. That is to say, the contriving of receding and protruding planes of negative and positive value, in such a way that they establish a relationship between light and space. Another comparison once again points out to the kinship with Feininger rather than Braque. Feininger’s painting was done in 1913 and there is a possibility that Gaganendranath knew his work since he probably also had come across his caricatures which is suggested by comparing Feininger’s Die Morgen-Zeitung with a similar painting of Gaganendranath. This aspect of Feininger is not much mentioned today but during the first decade of the 20th century he had been a highly successful caricaturist. Finally, may be noted ‘The Dancer’ of Gaganendranth which is perhaps his only attempt at volume analysis where human figure is fragmented in planes in the same manner as Larianov did his Portrait of Vladimir Tatlin, 1913-14. This delving into differences and similarities was attempted here in order to point out that Gaganendranath did not resort to “the direct application of the first principles of Analytical cubism”. Rather the above analysis indicates a selection, a deliberate choice, intuitively made by him.
Here, mention must be made of the exhibition that was arranged of modern German paintings in Calcutta as an outcome of Rabindranath’s visit to Germany in 1921. The Bauhaus Archive says it was arranged at his suggestion. O.C. Ganguly claims that the idea was of Gaganendranath. At any rate it was the Indian Society of Oriental Art, which sponsored the exhibition on a reciprocal basis. According to reviews in the Statesman and in RUPAM, the exhibition was held in December, 1922. It included mostly water colors and graphic prints of the Bauhaus painters: Feininger, Johannes Itten, Kandinsky, Klee, Gerdhard Marcks and George Muche. What are the other sources through which he got acquainted with cubist language apart from certain art books? I think through theatre during the Bichitra years (1916-19). There are two aspects here to be noted in the context of theatre. One is the ‘lighting’ and the other is the arrangement of sets. There exists an undated scenographic sketch which may date from this period. Here the sets are conceived in terms of overlapping and receding planes. Such an approach to stage décor was conceived by Gordon Craig, who was the leading revolutionary scenographist of his time. It is possible that Gaganbabu was acquainted with his ideas through his books as we know Gaganendranath’s character of keeping in touch with the latest ideas and trends. He might also have been acquainted with some of the new ideas of leading Russian scenographists who were among the first to adopt Cubist, Futurist and Constructivist ideas to stage décor.
A new approach to stage also constituted in the use of lighting where more dark shadows were preferred and beams of light were thrown from various angles focusing on the principal characters. The light beams criss-cross each other, creating an effect of faceted planes, which form an integrated complex together with the opaque planes of sets and their cast shadows. Such a ‘unified’ or ‘total’ approach to scenography was also in the air among the leading experimental theatrical establishments of which Gaganendranath might have got the wind. Evidence exists of his interest in ‘lighting’ of the kind described above. I am referring to the paintings ‘Tagore reading his poem at the Congress session’ and ‘Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose demonstrating his new apparatus’. In Tagore reading his poem (believed to have been painted after 1917 Congress session) we see a beam of light being focused from behind Tagore silhouetting his majestic looming figure, making it appear large, though almost weightless, while the ‘light’ makes ‘visible’ the multitude below. There is a sketch (or version of it preserved in Santiniketan), which is freer and Impressionistic but the final version is a bit formalized. In the other painting (which bears a date 1925, thus belonging to a later stage) the light is dispersed by means of shafts forming cubist-like planes. Thus the entire painting consists of intersecting planes of light juxtaposed with shadows. Or rather by such a juxtaposition a spatial structure is created so that blacks become dark recesses and not convex protrusions of volumes. From these experiments were derived light effects found in his ‘House Mysterious’ paintings which in turn happen to be similar in quality to the design for a back-cloth by Vladimir Tatlin.
We must also take into consideration his early enthusiasm for photography when his interest was probably aroused in the play and juxtaposition of lights and shadows created by artificial means. Also we have already noted Gaganbabu’s preoccupation with light in nature, the sunlight of the daytime, the evening sunsets and the nocturnal light. Thus when he confronted cubism, he had already developed his peculiar approach to light and the mysterious shadows. In terms of technique too we notice in his ink paintings (e.g. Pilgrims series) fascination for light and shadow, the whites of paper assuming the role of light and dark tones that of shadows. Although relatively less concerned with colour, his attitude to it was conditioned by that to light, which he never used as a mere filler. He is reported to have been greatly interested in watching the phenomenon of dispersion and separation of spectrum colors in overlapping streaks, when beams of sun rays are allowed to pass through a prism. He would hold a crystal with his left hand against sunlight over a sheet of paper on which he would lay quick washes of colour tones of the same saturation as they are actually dispersed through the prism on to the paper surface. Probably this is how certain paintings have been done. While ‘Composition’ has evolved from the prismatic experiment of refraction of light, the same structural language of planes is used to create intriguing figure compositions of ‘Parvati in the Himalayas’ and ‘Whispering’. Interestingly enough these two works come very close to one of Rayonist paintings of Larianov, who had said in his Rayonist Manifesto, “The style of Rayonist painting promoted by us is concerned with spatial forms which are obtained through the crossing of reflected rays from various objects, and forms which are singled out by the artist”. From these exercises in colour Gaganendranath evolved his mode of intersecting colour planes he used in a highly abstract aquarelle. Similar colour planes are found again in his ‘Swarnapuri’ and ‘Satbhai Champa’. The chromatic rhythms in these paintings are of great beauty. It is for such paintings that we can say (like it has been said for Feininger’s late works) that Gaganendranath attained ‘the condition of music’. With reference to the second and stormy version of ‘Swarnapuri’, Gaganendranath took inspiration from the drastic atmospheric phenomena described in Musala Parva of Mahabharata. But what is interesting is that he extended mythological description to the handling of the cityscape in what may be called ‘frozen fury’. Significantly, the first part of Mahabharata descriptions recall of Rabindranath’s imaginary conceptualization of the creative phase of the mysterious universe as in his poem Chanchala (Restless One). The poet perceives that the formless energy (shakti) can be compared with a vast formless invisible river, which courses with a terrible speed.
The most typical and fully worked out paintings of the so-called cubistic phase from the second half of the twenties are the two versions of ‘Destruction of Dwarka (Swarnapuri0’ the two versions of ‘Satbhai Champa’ the cover of Rabindranath’s play Rakta Karbi (Red Orleanders ) which was published in 1925 and the mazelike paintings in black and white in Kasturbhai Lalbhai collection. The last-named is perhaps earlier in the sequence because of its similarity with ‘Laughter’ reproduced in RUPAM of 1922. One of the two versions of ‘Satbhai Champa’ is dated 1924. The two versions of ‘Swarnapuri’ were probably also done at the same time.
It is now possible to actually define in what terms cubism interested Gaganendranath and influenced him. He understood the structure underlying cubist paintings realizing at the same time, how much of Indian painting of his contemporaries was devoid of it, being rather puerile and over-decorative. He agreed with the simplicity and stark essentials of cubism. He also realized that light and space, as expressive values, had never been used in Indian painting before. He sought to combine structure, stark simplicity of from, light, space and surface design in a coherent whole, never achieved by any Indian painter, thus far.
The complexity of his post-cubist paintings
The term post-cubist is first found being used by reviewers in 1930, thus not only indicating a change in his work but also pointing out to the fact that some observers too intuitively noticed this change. After about 1925 Gaganbabu continued to experiment and was intuitively now able to define the course his research could possibly take after the brief cubist honeymoon. Till he fell fatally ill in 1930, forcing him to cease painting, his work from around 1925 onwards can be classed as a homogeneous group and quite distinguishable from that of the first half of the decade. The fundamental creative problem of the later works could then be defined as the reconciliation of loose, ‘floating’ quality and the infinite space of his earlier manner as developed in association with Japanese painting, with the compact structure and closely knit spatial configuration of interpenetrating planes of cubism. Besides, these works are highly introverted with an element of fantasy in them so that their subjects are difficult to read and interpret. They have a profundity about them with highly personal and rich imagery, full of deep hidden meanings, which are suitable subject for psychological analysis. This group of paintings constituting his late manner, ultima maniera, also represents the culminating stage of his development where the earlier eclecticism is now thoroughly synthesized in an extremely personal style to become probably the first individualist in the country. It is on the basis of these that Gaganendranath’s contribution both on national and on a wider level will have to be adjudged. It is here now he can no more be called dilettante but indeed a serious involved painter.
A heightened effect of mystery is permeated through and through in the series called ‘House Mysterious’. There are several of them and interpreting them becomes quite enigmatic, which is the hallmark of the late pictures. One version of it is patently theatrical in which there is a ‘closed’ space arrangement of shadows and shafts of light emanating through doors and windows creating a haunted interior. Spatial recession is further increased by depicting the foreground (comprising large portions of the picture surface) in shadow representing a sort of courtyard in front of the mysterious architecture. The steps seem to lead nowhere or into infinity, as it were a recurrent motif from now on. The presence of the image of a cat at the doorsteps, adds to the haunting quality of the interior. Is it the dark interior of the mind or is it the universe, both of which remain fathomless mysteries into which it is not possible to penetrate? This leads on to more pictures comprising of dreamy interiors, fantastic architectural complexes, with groups of ghostlike veiled women ascending or descending spiral staircases leading into what appears like an abyss. Who are these women, anonymous with no volume or substance but immaterial, rather like shadows? They look less human more phantom-like, but they also appear submissive, submitting to some super human force. Such a feeling of submission is also present in pictures where gigantic mythical figures, supernatural beings, to whom the mortal humans seem voluntarily submitting themselves, appearing midget-like in front of the towering hovering images. Who are all these women? They are not the gentle, delicate images of innocence and purity or of beauty like those painted by his contemporaries. They are unapproachable, formidable, one bows down to them, one asks for protection, mercy. One does not caress them for they are superhuman and not images of love. Are they goddesses? Could they be a personalized version of the female archetype (using the Jungian interpretation)? Erich Neumann has said. “The archetypal image of the Great Mother lives in the individual as in the group, in the man as well as the woman”. Presumably it is not the fertility aspect of the female but its protective and destructive aspects that are symbolized. That they are mother symbols is obvious in such representations where actually a child is shown in woman’s lap. In its protective aspect it can be compared with the iconography of an Italian painting of Madonna of Mercy (or Misericordia). Some of them are given celestial connotation with such titles as ‘Morning and Evening Star’ or just ‘Evening Star’.
There is a conscious attempt on the part of Gaganbabu to tap personal dreams as some paintings are titled such (see, ‘Dreamland’, ‘The King’s Palace’, ‘The Cave of Mystery’). The preoccupation with fairy tales is also evident again from some of the titles. Also we have a record of some fairy tales he wrote at this time (during late 1920s) of which manuscripts exist. Revised version of these was published posthumously under the title Bhaondad Bahadur. In this there is a vivid description of a fairy Joter Jotebudima, an old woman riding through the wind on horseback. It could be interpreted as specter of death and in that sense it too has a premonitive significance. It is structurally a more elaborate and closely knit painting among his last works in which scale is again effectively exploited, if one notices the tiny little woman in the left corner at the bottom. Along with the ‘Flight of the Soul’, and the ‘Passing of the Artist in the other World’, these three paintings can be regarded as the final summation of Gaganendranath’s creative adventure. Afflicted with the attack of paralysis sometime around 1930, which had incapacitated Gaganendranath and rendered him speechless, his paintings on the theme of death have a signification of premonition.
We have here in these works a personal mythology, at the base of which, of course, lies the collective unconscious. But the mythology that emerges is not pedantic, deliberate, collateral, but at once personal and individual. Therefore Gaganendranath is also the first Indian painter to create personal mythology by delving into his own unconscious. Thus, he reflects the modern Indian psyche and belongs completely to the 20th century. His experimentation was purposive and when analyzed in totality appears heading towards a concrete fruition. His technique so much fused with his personality that choice of medium and pictorial elements became one with what he intended to express. Surprisingly, only a few of his contemporaries could recognize his genius, the radicality of his experiments and their success, fully aware of their western origin. Unfortunately, recent critics have utterly failed to assess his significance for his time, his profoundity and the self evident links binding together his various preoccupations, which all came to a final fruition in his late works. He was a lone rebel in a sea of conservatism. He met the challenge of modernity on its own ground. The closeness of shared spirit between several paintings of Gaganendranath and Rabindranath’s theatre and poetry analyzed by me leaves no doubt that Gaganendranath’s creative work should in many respects be understood as equivalent of Rabindranath’s alternative pictorial persona.
Notes details see, Ratan Parimoo, The Art of Three Tagores: From Revival to Modernity, New Delhi, 2011.
See, Abani Bannerji, Gaganendranath Tagore’s New Indian Art, Modern Review, Calcutta, March, 1924.
See his, Jorasankor Dhare, Santiniketan, 1944.
See, Kanyalal Vakil in the Bombay Chronical, 30th June, 1926.
Rathindranath Tagore, On the Edges of Time, Calcutta, 1958, pp. 88-94.
These are in Calcutta in the possession of Dwarika Chatterji, son of Gaganendranath’s daughter. The present author had met him in 1967.
Dinesh Chandra Sen, Gaganendranth Tagore As I Knew Him, Journal of Indian Society of Oriental Art, June/December, 1938.
Abanindranath, in his Jorasankor Dhare, has given detailed information about Okakura’s visit and the demonstrations given by the two Japanese painters.
The importance of the reproductions of Japanese art in the files of the famous magazine KOKKA is noted by Lawrence Binyon, Painting in the Far East, New York, 1908.
In the first edition of “Jeevansmriti”, the illustrations by Gaganendranath are signed only with his initials (G.T.). In the subsequent editions there is also the seal showing Vishnu’s feet. This suggests that he started using the seal after c. 1912 and he put the seal on the originals of the illustrations after the first edition which appears in the blocks made form them subsequently.
For detailed information on Japanese brush techniques see, Henry P. Bowie, On the Laws of Japanese Painting, New York, 1951. (This book was first published probably in 1911 and might have been known to Gaganendranath).
Victoria and Albert Museum – Indian Section, Catalogue of the paintings of New Calcutta School lent by the Indian Society of Oriental Art, Calcutta 1914. Printed under the authority of Majesty’s Stationary Office, London.
Gaganendranath may have been influenced by Keshab Chandra Sen’s sect of Brahmo Samaj who had adopted the samkirtan in the Vaishnava style for the purpose of propaganda. “The passion of Bhakti (devotion) seized the members and in true Vaishnava style many of them prostrated at each other’s feet and especially at the feet of Keshab’s”. See, Majumdar, et. al., Advanced History of India, London, 1965.
See, Nirad Chaudhary, The Art of Gaganendranath Tagore, The Modern Review, March, 1938.
Ramakant Chakravarty, Vaishnavism in Bengal, Calcutta, 1985.
Rabindranath Tagore’s play Muktadhara, The Free Current (The Water Fall), a note in Modern Review, May 1922.
Some of these are in the collection of Smt. Uma Devi (daughter of Abanindranath) in Calcutta.
Utpal Dutt, Girish Chandra Ghosh, Makers of Indian Literature, Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi, 1992.
SIMPLICISSMUS, 108 Satirical Drawings from the famous German Weekly, Text by Stanley Appelbaum, New York, 1975.
For the description of Babu, see Nagri (Magazine) Tilotama Thoru (ed.) Ladies study Group, Calcutta, 1990.
Quoted in Mulk Raj Anand,’Gaganendranath Tagore’s Realm of the Absurd’. JISOA, Birth century number of Gaganendranath Tagore, Pulin Bihari Sen (ed.) 1972.
For details, see Amit Mukhopadhyay, Lalit Kala Contemporary, no 39, March 1994.
The Englishman September 4, 1928.
Ratan Parimoo, 2011, op.cit.
Statesman, 15th December, 1922, Rupam, no. 13 and 14, January/June, 1923.
Gaganendranath did the settings for Phalguni, Post Office, etc. according to O.C. Ganguly, Obituary, op. cit. and Rathindranath, op. cit.
The well-known books of Gordon Graig, On the Art of Theatre, 1911; and Towards a New Theatre, 1912.
My attention was drawn to this biographical fact by Dwarik Chatterji, who described it in detail during an interview. (See End Note 6).
Rabindranath Chaudhary (translator), Love Poems of Tagore, New Delhi, 1975.
For detailed analysis of Cubist movement see John Golding, Cubism – A History and Analysis, London, 1959.
See Review of 22nd Annual Exhibition of I. S. O. A., Calcutta, Advance, December, 24th, 1930.
See D. C. Sen, op. cit. and the Press cuttings.
For Jungian interpretation of the female archetype and its application to art See Erich Neumann’s (i) The Great Mother, New York, 1954, and (ii) Archetypal world of Henry Moore.
Signet Press, Calcutta, 1956. Two manuscripts of fairy tales, belonging to Pulin Sen, are kept in Rabindra Bharati Society, Calcutta. One of them is dated 1333 B.S. = 1926 A. D.
i) Anonymous article on Gaganendranath Tagore in Welfare.
ii) Abani Bannerji, 1924, op.cit.
iii) Stella Kramrisch, An Indian Cubist, Rupam, 1922.
iv) G. Venkatachalam, Contemporary Indian Painters, Bombay.
i) Bishnu De, Review of India and Modern Art, V.B.Q., Summer, 1959.
ii) Amina Kar, L.K.C., No.2.
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Youth is said to be wasted on the young, but too many of our young have struggles with things that used to only impact adults. It’s imperative that we show children how to lead healthy lifestyles.
First and foremost for childhood health is food!
Food colorings, preservatives and sugar, OH MY! Kids snacks are probably the worst nutrition offenders out there. The vibrant colors, the sugary ingredients, they all can spell disaster in the long run.
Did you know most countries ban the food dye labeled Red 40? Did you know that particular food dye contains lead and is banned in most other countries? When we really begin to scrutinize our children’s favorite snack label we will see excess sugar, sugar substitutes and all sorts of fillers and food dyes. Opting to “eat closer to the ground” will help instill better dietary choices later in life, ward off illness and create a happier demeanor. Fresh fruits and vegetables are imperative to good health, no matter the age, however, during those major years of growth it’s even more important. Fruits and vegetables contain important vitamins and minerals that provide massive benefits!
Get creative with meals and snacks! Apples with natural peanut or almond butter is a great alternative to a granola bar. Carrots and hummus can be a tasty substitute for chips and dip. Pinterest can be your best friend while looking for tasty and healthy meals and snacks.
The other factor that contributes to a child’s wellness is sleep. Creating solid sleep patterns and a normal schedule early in life will help them later on. Children 5 years to 12 years old need 10 to 11 hours of sleep each night for optimal mood and health. It’s best to eliminate distractions such as cell phones and television and make the room as dark as possible. Our internal clocks know when it’s time to sleep and light of any kind will trigger the “wake” mode, thus not a quality sleep! By creating regular patterns of sleep early on, you are teaching them the value of rest for later in life.
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Architects can use these skills to take on facilitation roles, oversee design activities and help the development team to ensure various aspects of the system are considered, the solution is communicated and feedback is incorporated. They can also provide governance in certain areas to ensure compliance and best practices. Architects can act as the glue between different organisational departments or teams, stakeholders and development teams. The starting point is generally being the only person on a very small, and sometimes insignificant project.
Architects communicate the need for these ongoing technical objectives in clear business terms. As a person’s interests and skills develop,
he or she may feel happier concentrating on different parts of a system’s
life-cycle. If an architect has particular skill explaining concepts to business
people, he will naturally focus at the strategic end. You can read some details about the components of architecture development in our article on the product design stage.
Curious About Agile and Scrum Career Opportunities? Explore with Us!
This trust enables individual teams and ARTs to explore and test ideas in an actual production environment independently. All architects, and especially agile ones, must embrace this visionary role,
focusing on how the solution delivers real value to the users, and how the
system’s structure meets the needs of all the stakeholders. The architect will lead choosing the technology, and confirm that the choices
are viable. He or she must therefore be aware of the what does solution architect do alternatives, and factors that
choose between them, and understand what technical issues are key to the
project’s success. Agile software development methods emerged in the 1990s as a reaction to the failure of waterfall which was too slow with too much regulation, planning, micromanagement and documentation. Waterfall, it seemed, moved so slowly that by the time any software was released, the customer needs had moved on – and so had the business environment.
This vision is shared too with both system integrator Project Leader and client Account Manager. This last flow should be maintained regularly during the project as it might be source of future opportunities and/or quoted mitigations. It also might be helpful to read this when the project becomes “challenging” and positions are getting questioned.
Leadership: building a renewed Europe.
A technical architect defines the technical architecture and the technical requirements for the solution, as well as the technical risks and mitigation strategies. A technical architect also evaluates and selects the appropriate technical solutions and vendors, and ensures that they comply with the technical standards and regulations. A technical architect needs to have a strong knowledge and skills in the technical domain, as well as the ability to research and innovate new technologies and solutions. By the other hand, the editor provides needed resources in order to advice and to confirm the SA’s vision. This allows a bilateral anticipation in case of major impediment on the project. With this process, and thanks to the editor resources along the project progress, editor keeps the position of design authority.
- Though agile does not recommend documentation explicitly, we use to document as much as possible for easing the life of support teams in the future.
- Most SAs have that ability to give some of their work to DLs looking to step up.
- Unlike a technical architect who has nothing to do with managerial and financial aspects, a solutions architect takes them into account providing a liaison link between the enterprise and the technical architecture development.
total breadth of architectural knowledge increases so no one person can hold it
all, and architectural responsibility is typically split, at least between
hardware, software and data.
- Architects perform reviews and undertake Quality Assurance periodically whenever required by the team.
It also supports progressive evolution of the architecture by removing bottlenecks for making decisions around architecture. Less bottlenecks mean decisions can be made more frequently by many people – in line with the decentralised decision-making https://www.globalcloudteam.com/ principle. Teams become empowered to take on more risks and be more innovative, because even wrong decisions are in their hands to revert and find alternate solutions to, and they can do it quickly while in control of continuous delivery.
Welcome to the Agile Architect Website!
As a secondary flow of request, the ESA has the correct position in order to ask Editor R&D on complex recommendations or improvements in case a deeper level of expertise is needed. Allowing the developers to be involved in the complete design of a solution or system helps them grow both technically and in terms of responsibility, fosters career growth and motivates them. Often, a tech-lead in a team or a senior developer can take on the role of an architect and lead architecture activities, giving their job more meaning. Yet, whatever industry solutions architects are involved in, the common overarching objective of aligning technical and business aspects of an enterprise’s software conditions their similar roster of responsibilities. Key to this teaching role is helping to resolve technical conflicts among team members and across teams within a tribe. Part of this is having an understanding of where the disagreements have arisen in the past, giving the architect a better sense of where they will arise in the future.
Documentation is minimal and just-in-time, with nothing being prepared before it is needed and with just enough detail to move forward. Solution architecture does not deliver software but it does produce working designs that act as a blueprint for change and integration. And nothing is stopping them from pairing with developers to code some of the components and modules required for the implementation of the solution. The second aspect to define the position of the Integrator Solution Architect is that she/he must focus on different topics according to the progress of the project. Indeed, holding the vision in mind and sharing it with people, keeping a mentoring aspect on the team, suggesting, and deciding preferred paths are the main competences of ISA. During the pre-sale’s activity, ESA and ISA both define the macro assumptions to be followed by the client and the chosen integrator.
How the Architect’s Role Changes Over Time
Answering this question is always the tricker part as the answer is that it depends on the nature of the project. There are various types of Agile Architects that fit in different parts of the project and cannot be generalised into a specific place in the Scrum Team. Similarly, Architects dealing with the Java or .Net or other specific software development technologies have to be placed in positions in the Scrum Team that deals with the same. Hence, a Scrum Team is best suited when there are members with various skills such as Architectural skills, the Scrum Team can make their own Architectural decisions and decide a best approach for their team.
This set of decisions is wide-ranging because it touches on many different areas of both sides of DevOps. The major question to address here is — why would a team, especially an established team, even want to change the language and tools that they’ve been using for years? For instance, in one team I worked with they had been using Java and Spring for a long time and had picked up poor practices that needed to be abandoned.
Last but not least, ISA plays a key role in the convergence (migration, interface, change management) and the deployment phase preparation. They are detached from code, so often they don’t see what is or isn’t working and why. Developers have better visibility of how architecture performs and can quickly experiment and adjust all aspects of the architecture until it works.
Agile architecture also provides built-in quality by automating architectural compliance tests. On a single project, the focus will change as the system’s architectural
detail matures. The same person may undertake different roles, changing his or
her focus, or different people may take on different architectural roles. The
latter is typical if there’s a large architectural team, or responsibilities are
split between architectural, development and technology support groups.
Aligning Architecture with Business Value
Enterprise architects are in a consultative role and provide the other specialized architect’s guidance when necessary. One of the ways to demonstrate an interest in the SA role, no matter what role you may currently be filling is to invest time in learning patterns. Because patterns form the basic building blocks of nearly every architecture, learning patterns makes it far easier to identify where they can be helpful. Also, reading books and articles on different architecture perspectives and new development techniques can broaden your point of view and allow you to see opportunities to create your own small sections of the solution.
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Hydration: It’s one of those things we know we “should be doing,” but we often forget to drink enough water throughout the day. (I can be SO guilty of this!!) Whether we’re just not thirsty or we’re so busy that we forget to take a sip, there are many reasons why nearly 75% of Americans are chronically dehydrated…and that’s a BIG deal:
Water makes up 60% of the human body and is needed to help maintain a healthy weight, flush toxins from the body, and produce bodily fluids like saliva. Water also contributes to regular bowel function, optimal muscle performance, and clear, healthy skin. However, failing to drink enough water can cause dehydration and adverse symptoms, including fatigue, headache, weakened immunity, dry and dull skin, and more.
According to the Mayo Clinic, “Thirst isn’t always a reliable early indicator of the body’s need for water. Many people, particularly older adults, don’t feel thirsty until they’re already dehydrated.”
Other symptoms of dehydration (besides thirst!) include:
- dry mouth/dry eyes
- bad breath
- infrequent/dark urine
- fatigue, brain fog, headaches, and irritability
- hunger pains
- dry skin that’s itchy or breaking out
- muscle or joint pain
Staying hydrated isn’t always easy, but it’s vital to keep our brain and body functioning optimally. When we’re well hydrated, our brain is happy! Our memory, concentration, and reaction time are improved. We’re also able to regulate our emotions and combat feelings of anxiety with a hydrated brain. We have more energy, fewer headaches, and our digestive and detoxification processes stay on track. Even more, our hearts are healthier and we are better equipped to fight off illnesses when we are hydrated!
Tips for Staying Hydrated:
- Keep a water bottle (preferably in reusable glass or stainless steel) close by throughout the day. This keeps us from succumbing to the “out of sight, out of mind” mentality.
- Don’t love sipping on water? Eat more fruits and vegetables! Foods like cantaloupe, strawberries, cucumbers, squash, and broccoli are almost 90% water, so eating these will not only increase your nutrition, but also your hydration.
- Add salt to your water. Salt actually allows your cells to absorb more water. Add a Himalayan or sea salt rather than a typical table salt.
- Add an electrolyte powder to your water. There are also tons of great electrolyte powders available now, too! Just be sure to take a peek at the ingredients and opt for versions that contain good, clean ingredients and that have minimal (if any) added sugars.
- Increase the flavor of your water by infusing it with different flavors! You can try adding fresh fruit (like the discarded strawberry tops from breakfast), vegetables (cucumber slices), or herbs (fresh basil or ginger).
- Set reminders throughout the day! Try using the alarm on your phone, download a free app on your phone, or use a hydration-tracking water bottle as a helpful tool to keep your hydration top of mind all day long.
- Apps to try:
- Water Reminder (free on Google Play)
- Drink Water Reminder N Tracker (free on the App Store)
- Water Drink Reminder (free on Google Play)
- Apps to try:
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|Birth name||Qamaruddin Khan|
|Born||21 March 1916|
Dumraon, Shahabad district, Bihar and Orissa Province, British India
|Died||21 August 2006 (aged 90)|
Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
|Genres||Indian classical music|
|Members||Afaq Haider, Savita Anand, Ajitesh Singh|
|Past members||Zamin Husain Khan|
Bismillah Khan (born Qamaruddin Khan, 21 March 1916 – 21 August 2006), often referred to by the title Ustad, was an Indian musician credited with popularizing the shehnai, a reeded woodwind instrument. He played it with such expressive virtuosity that he became a leading Hindustani classical music artist. His name was indelibly linked with the woodwind instrument. While the shehnai had long held importance as a folk instrument played primarily schooled in traditional ceremonies, Khan is credited with elevating its status and bringing it to the concert stage.
Khan was a devout Muslim but performed at both Hindu and Muslim ceremonies and was considered a symbol of religious harmony. His fame was such that he was selected to perform for the ceremony at Delhi's historic Red Fort as the Indian flag unfurled at the hour of India's independence on August 15, 1947. His music was played on television every Independence Day. He turned down invitations to perform in other countries before 1966, when the Indian government insisted that he play at the Edinburgh International Festival. This gained him a following in the West, and he continued to appear in Europe and North America thereafter.
In 2001, Bismillah Khan was awarded the Bharat Ratna , India's highest civilian honour, and the country observed a national day of mourning following his death in 2006. He became the third classical musician of India after M. S. Subbalakshmi and Ravi Shankar to be awarded the Bharat Ratna.
Bismillah Khan was born on 21 March 1916 into a family of traditional Muslim musicians at the town of Dumraon, British India, as the second son of Paigambar Bux Khan and Mitthanbai. His father was a court musician employed in the court of Maharaja Keshav Prasad Singh of Dumraon Estate in Bihar. His two grandfathers Ustad Salar Hussain Khan and Rasool Bux Khan were also musicians in the Dumraon palace. He was named Qamruddin at birth, to rhyme with his elder brother's name Shamsuddin. Upon seeing the new born, his grandfather Rasool Baksh Khan, also a shehnai player, is said to have exclaimed "Bismillah", or "In the name of Allah", and thereafter he came to be known by Ustad Bismillah Khan.
At the age of three, he moved to Varanasi in the state of Uttar Pradesh, to be apprenticed to his maternal uncle, Ali Bux 'Vilayatu' Khan, a shehnai player attached to the Kashi Vishwanath Temple. At the age of 14, Bismillah accompanied his uncle to the Allahabad music conference.
Bismillah Khan began his career by playing at various stage shows. He got his first major break in 1937, when he played at a concert at All India Music Conference in Kolkata or Calcutta. This performance brought Shehnai into the limelight and was hugely appreciated by music lovers. He then went on to play in many countries including Afghanistan, USA, Canada, Bangladesh, Iran, Iraq, West Africa, Japan, Hong Kong and in various parts of Europe. During his illustrious career he played in many prominent events throughout the world. Some of the events that he played in include World Exposition in Montreal, Cannes Art Festival and Osaka Trade Fair.
Bismillah Khan attributed his skill to the blessings of nath (Shiva), and believed that there was little that he could teach his disciples. Khan seldom accepted students. He thought that if he would be able to share his knowledge it wouldn't be useful as it would only give his students a little knowledge. Some of his disciples and followers include S. Ballesh, and Krishna Ballesh. as well as Khan's own sons, Nazim Hussain and Nayyar Hussain.
On 17 March 2006, Bismillah Khan's health deteriorated and he was admitted to the Heritage Hospital, Varanasi for treatment. Khan's last wish – to perform at India Gate, could not be fulfilled. He wanted to pay tributes to the martyrs. He waited in vain till his last rites. He died of cardiac arrest on 21 August 2006.
The Government of India declared a day of national mourning on his death. His body along with a Shehnai was buried at Fatemaan burial ground of old Varanasi under a neem tree with a 21-gun salute from the Indian Army.
Sangeet Natak Akademi, New Delhi, instituted the Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar in 2007, in his honour. It is given to young artists in the field of music, theatre and dance. The Government of Bihar has proposed setting up of a museum, a town hall-cum-library and installation of a life-size statue at his birthplace in Dumraon.
Bismillah Khan was commemorated on his 102nd birth anniversary by Search Engine Google which showed a special doodle on its Indian home page for him on 21 March 2018.
In the documentary film, Eric Clapton: Life in 12 Bars, Clapton cites Bismillah Khan as an influence and how he tried to use his guitar to imitate the music of Khan's woodwind instrument.
Khan had a brief association with films in India. He played the shehnai for Rajkumar's role of Appanna in the Vijay's Kannada-language film Sanaadi Appanna which became a blockbuster. He acted in Jalsaghar by Satyajit Ray and provided sound of shehnai in Vijay Bhatt's Goonj Uthi Shehnai(1959).
Noted director Goutam Ghose directed Sange Meel Se Mulaqat (1989), an Indian documentary film about the life of Khan.
Bismillah Khan had honorary doctorates from:
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The danger of a nuclear war, with catastrophic consequences for life as we know it, may be higher today than it was during the Cold War. The world got a sharp reminder of the threat in late February. For the first time in history, one nuclear-armed state attacked a target inside another and the two fought an air battle across the Line of Control in Kashmir.
The risk of another flare-up remains real because of the unresolved territorial dispute; Pakistan-based jihadist groups that wage hybrid war in India; growing nuclear stockpiles and expanding nuclear platforms; the dominance of the army in controlling Pakistan’s nuclear, security and Kashmir policies; the rise of militant Hindu nationalism in India; and a strategic reset in India’s default response matrix against terrorist attacks.
Most international analysts focus on the India–Pakistan nuclear equation as a bilateral issue, but it’s essentially triangular in its origin and core dynamics. China has largely escaped accountability for its cynical role in nuclearising the region. Beijing’s irresponsibility needs to be called out.
A major research report published by the Brookings Institution in 2017 concluded that the Cold War nuclear dyads have morphed into interlinked nuclear chains, producing complex deterrence relations among the nuclear powers. With simultaneous threat perceptions between three or more nuclear-armed states, changes in the nuclear posture of one can have a cascading effect on several others.
Consider the collapse of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty with parallel suspensions by the US and Russia. Because the treaty helped to underwrite strategic stability in Europe for 30 years, many European allies were miffed by the US decision to exit it. Unlike the Europeans, however, the US has a global train of nuclear interests. With over 90% of its missiles in the INF-prohibited range, China enjoys a huge competitive edgein the contest for strategic primacy in the Asia–Pacific. If the US develops and deploys such ground-based missiles in the Pacific, however, nuclear assets deep in China’s interior will become vulnerable.
China has militarised islets and engaged in aggressive posturing in the South China Sea, but its nuclear policy has been remarkably restrained. Despite dramatic growth in the country’s economic size and technical sophistication, China has fewer than 300 nuclear warheads; by comparison, the US and Russia have around 6,500 to 7,000 each.
If new ground-based US missiles threaten China’s assured retaliatory capability, Beijing will counter with nuclear force expansion and modernisation. But any increase in nuclear capability is inherently multi-adversary. The heightening of China’s threat perceptions will provoke countermeasures by India, with a further cascading effect on Pakistan’s nuclear force posture.
The nuclear chain argument was implicit in a letter that Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee sent to US President Bill Clinton in 1998 justifying India’s nuclear tests. Vajpayee gave three reasons. China, ‘an overt nuclear weapon state’, had ‘committed armed aggression against India in 1962’. Second, China had ‘materially helped’ Pakistan ‘to become a covert nuclear weapons state’. And third, ‘for the last ten years we have been the victim of unremitting terrorism and militancy sponsored by’ Pakistan.
In a major policy decision made as early as 1982, China identified Pakistan as a worthy client-recipient of atomic know-how. Pakistan’s first nuclear-weapon test was carried out for it by China in May 1990: ‘That’s why the Pakistanis were so quick to respond to the Indian nuclear tests in 1998. It only took them two weeks and three days.’
That’s the conclusion not of Indian intelligence officials or analysts, but of two veterans of the US nuclear establishment. Thomas Reed is a former nuclear-weapon designer at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and secretary of the air force under presidents Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter. Danny Stillman is a former director of intelligence at Los Alamos National Laboratory. They made these startling claims in their 2009 book The nuclear express.
In an interview in January 2009, Reed speculated on the explanation for China’s nuclear assistance to Pakistan: ‘a balance of power: India was China’s enemy and Pakistan was India’s enemy’. In turn, Pakistan’s Abdul Qadeer Khan network became a nuclear Walmartfor the export of sensitive materials and technology to countries like Iran, Libya and North Korea.
Since 1998, Pakistan has waged subconventional warfare against India under the subcontinent’s nuclear ceiling. State-sponsored cross-border militancy and extremism involving nuclear-armed states is another contemporary reality, as is the fear of nuclear terrorism. This is where the attack on an Indian paramilitary convoy in Kashmir on 14 February, killing 40 soldiers, comes in. The attack was carried out by a home-grown suicide militant, but the Pakistan-based terrorist group Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM) claimed responsibility for it. Hence India’s retaliatory missile strikes against the alleged JeM terrorist training camp in Balakot, deep inside Pakistan, on 26 February, followed the next day by the aerial dogfight between the two countries’ air forces.
France, the UK and the US revived their effort to get the UN Security Council to designate JeM chief Masood Azhar as a global terrorist, which would require all countries to impose mandatory sanctions on him. In a major pathology of the UN system, that required a unanimous decision. China derailed the effort by placing a ‘technical hold’, in effect imposing a veto. It was China’s fourth such thwarting of otherwise unanimous support for the move. Angered by China’s obduracy, Western allies circulated a draft resolution in the Security Council for listing Azhar as a terrorist.
US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo was right to call out China’s two-faced duplicity in a tweet on 27 March: ‘The world cannot afford China’s shameful hypocrisy toward Muslims. On one hand, China abuses more than a million Muslims at home, but on the other, it protects violent Islamic terrorist groups from sanctions at the UN.’ Placing the item on the agenda for open Security Council debate and decision would have deepened the reputational damage to China for running a diplomatic protection racket for Pakistan-origin terrorists.
On 1 May, China lifted its technical hold and Azhar is now subject to UN sanctions that require all countries to impose an assets freeze, foreign travel ban and arms embargo on him.
Ramesh Thakur, a former UN assistant secretary-general, is emeritus professor at the Australian National University and director of its Centre for Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Disarmament. Image courtesy of Anthony Maw on Wikimedia Commons.
This article was first published by ASPI on May 7, 2019.
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Continuous glucose monitors (CGM), as the name suggests, continually monitor the glucose (sugar) in your blood through an external device that’s attached to your body, and gives real-time updates. They’ve become popular and more accurate over the years, and with that improvement has come a new way to manage your blood glucose—enter time in range (TIR).
What is time in range?
Time in range is the amount of time you spend in the target blood glucose (blood sugar) range—between 70 and 180 mg/dL for most people.
The time in range method works with your CGM’s data by looking at the amount of time your blood glucose has been in target range and the times you’ve been high (hyperglycemia) or low (hypoglycemia). Time in range is often depicted as a bar graph showing the percentage of time over a specific amount of time when your blood glucose was low, in range, and high. This data is helpful in finding out which types of foods and what activity level causes your blood glucose to rise and fall.
Most people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes should aim for a time in range of at least 70 percent of readings—meaning 70 percent of readings, you should aim for roughly 17 out of 24 hours each day to be in range (not high or low). Some may have different targets. Talk with your doctor to figure out the right blood glucose levels and time in range targets are right for you.
What does the research say?
Because CGMs are relatively new, we’re still learning about the long-term results of time in range. Here’s what we do know: the more time you spend in range, the less likely you are to develop certain diabetes complications. However, a lot more research needs to be done. What we understand about the link between time in range and diabetes complications comes from data before CGMs were in use. The good news is, as more people start using CGMs, we anticipate more data for research will be collected and more information will be available for the long-term effect of spending more time in your target range.
Time in range versus A1C
A1C is a measure of your average blood glucose for the previous three months—but it doesn’t document the daily highs and lows that people may have. The introduction of time in range is a result of the improvements in diabetes management (specifically CGMs) and what we find out from your A1C, the current gold standard for determining diabetes management.
Without knowing the details of your highs and lows, your doctor might prescribe medication in a dose that lowers your blood glucose into hypoglycemia territory, creating a situation where you need to correct medications over time. Being able to know your average blood glucose levels as well as the highs and lows time in range provides a bigger picture of what’s needed to manage your diabetes.
Does that mean A1C is on the way out? No. It has been and likely will remain the standard measure of diabetes management because it’s well established that A1C can be used to predict and help prevent diabetes complications.
Who should use time in range?
People with type 1 diabetes and those with type 2 who use insulin and have tight blood glucose goals will benefit the most from reviewing their time in range data. That’s because they’re most likely to have blood glucose levels outside their target range.
Research has yet to establish how often people should check their time in range status. However, many people with diabetes find daily and weekly summaries to be helpful. The more times you check your blood glucose levels each day, the more you’ll know about how long you are in range.
If you have type 2 diabetes, but do not use insulin, your health care provider may still advise you to use a CGM periodically to measure how much time your glucose is in range.
Still interested in understanding your time in range? Talk to your doctor about using a professional CGM for about two weeks to figure out your time in range patterns. Your doctor may recommend that you do this to confirm that your time in range since it gives more information than standard blood glucose meters.
One barrier to the widespread use of time in range for diabetes management is the limited number of people who use a CGM. Though the numbers have dramatically increased in recent years, we still believe a minority of people with diabetes are using one.
With insurance coverage of CGMs improving and with Medicare covering CGMs for anyone who uses an insulin pump, injects insulin multiple times a day, or checks their blood glucose at least four times a day—there will likely be more and more people who begin to use them.
At the end of the day though, time in range data is meaningless unless both patients and their diabetes care team take the time to check it.
As for what time in range target you should aim for, remember: there’s no universal time in range goal. Yours will depend on your diabetes management needs and lifestyle, and your doctor can help you determine the right range for you.
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Can you relate to this scenario? You’re in the kitchen at 6 p.m. trying to prepare dinner while talking on the phone using your earpods and looking at texts periodically when a notification appears. Meanwhile, your teenage son watches television while doing math homework and checking Facebook. At this moment, you are all being hijacked by your devices into thinking all these tasks can be done simultaneously. However, your brains are not fooled. Multitasking doesn’t exist in the brain, and the myth that we can do multiple things simultaneously is untrue. Multitasking, especially involving technology, slows productivity, changes how we absorb information, and can increase superficiality in social relationships.
The Effects of Multitasking
When we multitask, we are simply splitting our attention. Each time we switch from one task to another, we’re not concentrating on either charge, and our body needs a mental warm-up to resume the suspended task. In addition, while multitasking, our bodies become over-activated and addicted to constant stimulation, our stress hormones rise with every text or email alert, exhaust the connections between different parts of our brain and increase our susceptibility to illness, accidents, and inattentiveness.
Dr. Daniel Goleman (2013) wrote in his book, Focus that it can take anywhere from ten to fifteen minutes to regain complete focus from these regular disruptions. Efficiency goes down—productivity decreases. You likely get less done in all areas and probably feel more depleted. A recent study in the Nature journal found that heavier media multitasking is associated with a higher tendency to have attention lapses and forget things. For adults with ADHD who already struggle with working memory and processing speed issues, media multitasking can have serious, if not dire, consequences.
Media multitasking is part of the new ‘normal’ today. It is no longer considered rude to turn our attention away from someone we are talking to and respond to a cell phone call. Or to participate in a meeting and be engaged in other tabs or emailing someone simultaneously. We have “novelty detectors” in our brains that activate each time these technology devices “ping.” This activation occurs in the brain’s dopamine pathway, which manages pleasure, attention, and addiction. These pings, deliver messages that we want to hear. But also pulls on our attention becoming an addiction for us.
Sensory Overload in ADHD Brains
ADHD brains, already taxed by executive functioning challenges and prone to seeking out high dopamine activities, are biologically primed for the increased adrenaline and cortisol these notifications deliver. Does this mean you shouldn’t listen to music while you work on a project or rely on brown noise to soothe the buzzing in your head? No. I’m talking about the process of switching back and forth from tab to tab, from device to device, and from one sensory overload to another. These patterns overwhelm all brains but particularly those that are neurodivergent.
Opt for a Single Task
What can we do about this unhealthy trend that promotes disconnection from ourselves and each other? Opt for single-tasking as often as possible. I struggle with this. Like you, I’ve got a lot to do each day. It’s easier if I talk on the phone when I walk my dog or create a presentation while checking my email every hour so it doesn’t accumulate. But I’m simply shredding my attention when I do this because I’m not present for either task. I can feel the stress increase. Can you? It feels like a bad habit I need to stop, but sometimes I just can’t.
Recently, I spent a Saturday at a writing workshop. I intentionally closed all of my Google Drive tabs except those on my Google drive, except the ones related to the story I was working on. I turned off the ringer on my phone and checked for texts only before meals. Although it was tough initially, I soon found myself relieved and free to think only about the writing project. My shoulders relaxed, and I got a lot done. I’ve been trying to carry this forward with me since then, but it’s two steps ahead and one step back. When it works, my concentration is more substantial, and I feel calmer.
You may or may not be able to eliminate your media multitasking habits, but if you can make even a tiny change, I think you’ll find a difference in your ability to perform better and feel less stressed. Here are a few suggestions for you.
Steps to Improve Brain Focus & Productivity
1. Make a conscious effort to do one thing at a time
This means noticing when you are multitasking and pausing to stop engaging in one of your activities. Last week I saw someone talking on his cell phone while biking- YIKESJust last week, I saw someone talking on his cell phone when he was biking–YIKES! Examples include no texting while driving (“Almost 9% of all fatalities are linked to distracted driving”) or no phones during family meals. How about using the time when you are doing chores or helping your kids with homework to connect and take a phone break? It’s not easy to do, but the pay-offs will increase sanity and calm for you, them and your household. By the way, listening to music while doing something, interestingly enough, didn’t seem to be included in the multitasking/information overload processes I read about for this blog.
2. Turn off your cell phone when you are working
It’s one thing to listen to music and go for a run. It’s something else to receive texts or social media notifications throughout work. Your concentration and productivity gets disrupted, and the quality of your work suffers when this happens. If you are worried about missing an emergency, set a timer to check your phone regularly set a timer to check your phone at regular intervals. It’s the ping, ping, ping which activates your stress response, throws off your focus, and increases your distractibility to other interruptions. Instead, use a timer for whatever break you need between your work periods to mark its beginning and end.
3. Close unnecessary tabs and create separate browsers
This is a hard one for many folks with ADHD. One idea can lead to another, and then suddenly, you have 30 (or more) tabs open. Do you feel more or less stressed when you look at the top of your screen and see all those tabs? It increases my anxiety because I’m now looking at an extensive array of things that I ‘should’ pay attention to. Ask yourself, how many open tabs can you handle without feeling overwhelmed? Once or twice a day, reduce your tabs to that number. If you are worried you will forget something important if the tab is closed, add it to a bookmarked folder. Then you can return to it later. Similarly, divide your interests into two browsers: Separating home and work stuff can lower your multitasking tendencies. When you are at work, close the other browser, opening it during breaks only with a timer to limit yourself. Remember your goal is increased productivity, not going down rabbit holes.
4. Engage in conversations when you are not distracted by your phone
It doesn’t feel good to anybody to have someone turn their attention away from a conversation. Their phone is buzzing while you are in the middle of saying something that you think is valuable. Yes, it may be the custom now, but, each time you do this, you signal that your phone is more important. This is especially true when parents turn away from their children to their phones. It may look like multitasking, but it’s more like dismissing: you turn away from your loved one towards the digital universe. I struggle with this as a parent, and I also know how it feels as a child. When I visit my aging father (who lives several hours away) and he’s playing around with his iPad while talking to me, I feel hurt. Didn’t I just travel here to see and connect with you? Does this happen in your family or at your job? How does single-tasking, paying more attention to the conversation affect your participation?
Do yourself a favor and take some time to reflect on the benefits of doing fewer things simultaneously, even if it feels strange or uncomfortable. When you set limits around multitasking, no matter how small, you will start to give your ADHD brain more time and space to process and retain information, produce a higher quality of work, and show up genuinely for colleagues, friends, and family.
Model this change in behavior for your kids and stick by the guidelines that you want them to follow. As you shift your patterns, you’ll decrease information and emotional overload and build cognitive strengths like improved focus, attention, and memory. Reducing media multitasking takes practice and persistence. Throw in a bit of self-compassion because this is a daunting process. Start slowly, and don’t give up!
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Gambling As a Hobby and a Pathological Gambling Disorder
Gambling involves placing bets on sporting events, games of chance, or other events in order to win money. It can be done at land-based casinos, online casinos, and even through sports betting sites. Some people enjoy gambling as a hobby, while others use it to earn a living. While some people may enjoy the thrill of winning, others find it an addictive habit that can lead to severe financial and social problems. Some countries have banned gambling while others have legalized it and regulated it to limit its impact.
Gambling can also be used as a tool for teaching mathematics, as it provides real-world examples of probability, statistics, and risk management. In addition, it can help students develop problem-solving skills. For example, when playing games like blackjack and poker, players must analyze the odds of a hand and calculate their chances of winning. In addition, gambling can provide a form of entertainment and relaxation for those who are bored or stressed.
In addition, the revenue generated by gambling can benefit a local or state economy. It can generate jobs and tax revenue, and it can encourage tourism. However, it is important to note that the negative effects of gambling can outweigh the positive ones.
The most common cause of gambling addiction is a desire to gain more income. Often, this is due to emotional distress or financial issues. It is also possible to become addicted to gambling as a way to relieve boredom or loneliness, or after a stressful day at work. There are a number of ways to combat these types of addictions, including therapy and support groups.
One way to overcome an addiction to gambling is to avoid it completely. Instead, try exercising or spending time with friends who don’t gamble. You can also try taking up a new hobby or practicing relaxation techniques. Lastly, it is important to set limits and stick to them. If you do find yourself tempted to gamble, remember that your losses will outweigh your wins, and never chase your losses.
Many people suffer from pathological gambling, a disorder characterized by a preoccupation with gambling and an inability to control behavior. While there are a variety of treatment options, they have varying degrees of effectiveness. This is partly because of the diverse conceptualizations of pathological gambling and underlying assumptions about its etiology. It is important to understand these underlying assumptions in order to design better treatment options.
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Character - Caterpillar
The objective with this lesson is for children to understand that the action bricks’ behavior can be changed using the App and with this activity recognize and understand different emotions.
Read the children this story about a little caterpillar:
"There was a caterpillar who loved all kinds of colors and she always dressed in lots
of colors. She went to preschool, just like all of you! Her favorite thing to do at
preschool was to play hide-and-seek, and she loved to eat snacks with her friends.
But sometimes, she got upset because she was very tired after playing for a long
time. The best way to make her happy again was to let her nap for a little while. In the
winter, sometimes the caterpillar got sick. Her teacher always took good care of her,
wiping her nose and giving her water to drink."
Tip: Feel free to adapt this story to make it more relatable for your class.
I’d like to know more about this little caterpillar, wouldn’t you?
Let’s build her!
Build a caterpillar and a train track.
Now experiment with the app.
Put the caterpillar on the track and allow the children to explore the different functions of each button.
Place one action brick of each color on the track.
Have the children take turns using the app to control the caterpillar.
What happens after the caterpillar passes each action brick?
Talk to the children about the emotions they’ve seen in the app.
Ask questions like:
- What emotions did you see on the caterpillar’s face?
- Why was she sad, angry, happy, or playful?
- Can you create something using LEGO® bricks or other things to make the caterpillar feelhappy or cheerful?
Encourage the children to create models to match each of the caterpillar’s emotions.
Combine all of the models to make a story!
Talk to the children about being a good friend.
Ask questions like:
- When our friends are sad, how can we help them to be happy again?
- How can we take care of our friends when they’re sick?
- How can you be a good playmate and friend?
Evaluate the children’s skills development by observing if they’re:
- Expressing thoughts, ideas, and opinions to others
- Designing and expressing ideas using digital tools and technology
- Identifying cause and effect relationships
- Understanding other people’s feelings
- Expressing their thoughts and feelings
- Recognizing and naming emotions
- Understanding how their actions affect others
- Understand that the action bricks’ behavior can be changed using the app
- Recognize and understand different emotions
- Be able to use the app to create stories
For up to four children
Coding Express set (45025)
Coding Express App
Each lesson has been developed using the science, math and technology guidelines from the National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC), the 21st Century Early Learning framework (P21) and Head Start Early Learning Outcomes Framework.
The learning goals listed at the end of each lesson can be used to determine whether or not each child is developing the relevant early math skills. These bullet points target specific skills or pieces of information that are practiced or presented during each lesson.
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Various epoxy adhesives find application in a range of industries, such as automotive, consumer electronics, electric vehicles, and fuel cells. Conductive epoxy has also increasingly become used in printed circuit boards and other high-tech electronic components. This might include using conductive epoxy in mounting dies and other features onto printed circuit boards, along with their use in liquid crystal displays. Conductive epoxy is often used to replace soldering, which is also used in bonding, brazing, connecting, electrically shielding, fastening, and sealing components, including printed circuit boards. In printed circuit board fabrication and repair, conductive epoxy is most promising.
What is Conductive Epoxy?
Electrically conductive epoxy has two chief purposes. Firstly, like all adhesives, it’s used to form joints to offer sufficient strength and allow the two surfaces to create an effective bond. Secondly, conductive epoxy offers an electrically conductive connection between the two surfaces it joins together. These dual functions are achieved by making epoxy conductive through fillers like carbon black, graphite flakes, and various types of metal particles. These provide the electrical properties for which conductive epoxy is known while also helping components adhere to surfaces in the products in which it is used.
While epoxy alone isn’t conductive, epoxy combined with conductive metals plays a valuable role in many modern electronic products. These metals are combined with epoxy to make it electrically and thermally conductive. Epoxy can thus also help dissipate heat, helping to keep components cooler. The metal within this matrix allows the adhesive to offer highly stable electrical conductivity for products that require such conductive properties.
Materials used to make epoxy conductive include:
To allow the passage of electric current, conductive epoxy utilizes these highly conductive materials within an epoxy resin.
Uses for Conductive Epoxy
Conductive epoxy is an electrically conductive adhesive comprising conductive particles dispersed within a resin matrix, along with other additives. Because it bonds well with numerous materials while also conducting electricity and heat, conductive epoxy’s properties are excellent for making microelectronic assemblies. Because of the epoxy’s conductivity, it can be used to attach elements, bond wires with tube bases, connect thin wires within printed circuits, plane holes that pass through the printed circuit, and repair holes along with other parts of a printed circuit board.
Common applications for a conductive epoxy include:
- Bonding radio frequency identification tags to items
- Coating plastic boxes containing electronics
- Computer hard drives
- Fixing and grounding samples for scanning electron microscopes
- Grounding or controlling electrostatic discharge
- Heat sinks
- Liquid crystal displays
- Mounting microelectromechanical systems to printed circuit boards
- Repairing printed circuit boards
- Shielding against electromagnetic interference
- Solar cells
Conductive epoxy works much better than soldering for applications with significant risk of thermal and mechanical cracking. This is particularly true when fabricating or repairing printed circuit boards, as their components are sensitive to heat and can be easily damaged when soldered. Additionally, though lead and tin solders have been used effectively for printed circuit boards, lead’s toxicity has caused it to be used less because of its potential to contaminate the environment. Solders that don’t contain lead have a considerably higher melting point, however, which increases the risk of thermal damage during soldering.
Lead-free solders also have less elasticity than those made with lead, producing more brittle joints at greater risk for cracking under stress and at high temperature. As an alternative to solders with and without lead, conductive epoxy considerably lessens the possibility that components sensitive to heat will be damaged during fabrication. This is partly because conductive epoxy cures at low temperatures while offering superior mechanical and thermal stress resilience. Research continues regarding conductive epoxy-based adhesives, including through the testing of various other materials to use as fillers.
Pros and Cons of Conductive Epoxy
Like any material, however, conductive epoxy has its advantages and disadvantages. It works very well in situations where there’s danger of thermal or mechanical cracking. For components made from materials sensitive to heat, substituting conductive epoxy for soldering will make thermal damage less likely. Because of its benefits, conductive epoxy has numerous applications in manufacturing. Yet understanding its drawbacks will help in any decisions regarding any specific application.
Conductive Epoxy Pros
In simple terms, conductive epoxy is just an epoxy glue with particles of metal or conductive carbon interspersed throughout. Due to its makeup, it can be used on surfaces where soldering wouldn’t be effective.
Some specific advantages of using conductive epoxy include:
- Less toxic as it’s made without lead.
- Needs no flux, so is less complicated than soldering.
- No mask or other special equipment is necessary to apply it.
- Provides thermal conductivity to surfaces.
- Resists moisture.
Additionally, most conductive epoxy is compliant with RoHS, a European Union regulatory measure that bans certain substances – like lead – in electrical and electronic products.
Conductive Epoxy Cons
Though there are many advantages to using conductive epoxy, there are also several disadvantages compared to soldering.
These disadvantages include:
- More expensive than soldering.
- Proper conductivity requires that epoxy is thoroughly mixed.
- Setting times are longer.
- Shelf life depends upon proper storage.
Another downside is that conductive epoxy cures without movement, making solder bridges more likely to occur. This can result in components or a trace burning up, short circuits, or general circuit malfunctions.
Conductive Epoxy and Motor Bearings
Conductive epoxy can also play a role in motor bearing protection. It can be used to mount AEGIS(R) Shaft Grounding Rings on motors to safely discharge shaft voltage and electrical bearing damage. In this application, conductive epoxy’s chief advantage is convenience: The user can simply grind away paint on the motor face and secure the shaft grounding ring with the epoxy, rather than needing to drill and tap screw holes in the motor. For more information about AEGIS®️ shaft grounding technology and how to protect motor bearings from electrical damage, contact Electro Static Technology. Check out their product catalog online to learn more about our products, including AEGIS(R) Rings and conductive epoxy.
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New road in the 1820s
The old postal route between Bergen and Trondheim passed by way of Utvik. Selje and the other western villages of Nordfjord were not included. In 1820, a new route was added along the fjord so Selje could be included as well. This route followed the valley of Rimstaddalen which was probably an old pilgrim's path. With the arrival of steamboats the postal routes had to be changed. From now on the post was more and more transported by boats. The old postal routes further inland went gradually out of use. The postal routes had to serve the general public too, not only high-ranking officials.
Between Berstad and Rimstad
Across the strip of land called Eidet between the farms of Berstad in the Moldefjord and Rimstad in the valley of Rimstaddalen there was an old road. From the farm gate of Berstad and up towards the lake, the road is laid mostly on bare rock. Wherever there was any soil or bog in between the knolls, big stone slabs were laid to keep the road dry and firm enough for people and horses to pass. Along the northern side of the lake much work has been done to clear and level off the passageway in the screes. From the lake up to Løypinga the road has been dug into the ground to a width of two ells (about four feet), which was the minimum width (the length of a spear) for riding trails in former times. Further along the strip of land towards Rimstad, traces can be found of bridges and built road. These traces are best seen along the lake of Vaulevatnet. These traces are a clear testimony that in former times this was a road where a lot of effort was made to keep it in a good condition.
Not by boat or car
In the 1920s, Francis Bull and Sigrid Undset were on their way to the monastery at Selje. They did not think it right to get there by noisy car or motorboat. For this reason they went from Bryggja and followed the old road across the strip of land called Berstadeidet. The first postal route in the outer parts of Nordfjord was established by royal decree on 2 December, 1823 with Eide in Selje as its only post office. The fist post master was Lars Hansson Eide.
In winters with heavy snowfall, it must have been heavy going for the postmen. In 1842, Lars Hansson Eide applied for a financial increase in his job of delivering post from 36 to 60 shilling per 10 kilometres. This was accepted by the municipal council. At the same time, the council pointed out that it was necessary to improve the road standard across Eidet. Different persons delivered the post; frequently men from the Sammel farm at Rimstad did the job. Later on, special postmen were employed, wearing uniform and carrying sable and post-horn.
The postman Jacob Pisani
Stories still circulate locally about Jakob August Pisani who for many years in the 1860s was postman on the route between Ålesund - Vanylven - Eide - Bryggja - Utvik. He was of Italian descent, big and strong with an impressive beard. At Lemmane on the northern side of the lake of Berstadvatnet there is a spring with excellent drinking water, open all year round. To this day people at Berstad still call this the Pisani brook. At Øyra there are remnants of a lot which is called the Pisani lot. Formerly there was a small cottage there where he could spend the night whenever he needed to. On the municipal border between Berstad and Rimstad wild pine trees grow and there we also find a bog called "Futemyra". The origin of the name is said to be one of the Danish bailiffs who got stuck in the bog there. At the anniversary of the Bryggja post office in 1991, a march was organized along the old postal route both from Selje and Bryggja.
The Dale boathouses at Totland
Formerly people from Rimstad had their boathouses on the farm of "Indre Totland" where they had the right to tether their horses whenever they used the boathouses and boats. Behind the Dale boathouses there is an enclosure used as a pasture for the horses when their owners were out at sea. The old road from Rimstad and down to the sea went down the valley of Rimstaddalen and across the flat fields of Totland. When the trading post of Bryggja was established, the road line was moved to Åsen, then down the valley of Langedalen in an undulating terrain until the ascent at Runnshaug. It is highly likely that the pilgrims who came by boat in the olden days, landed at the Dale boathouses and then followed the old road up along Rimstaddalen. There are also many stories about young men from Bryggja who went to church at Selje along this old road, and some of them even found their future spouses this way.
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It’s a fact of life that we all have to deal with stress, but what you may not realize is that stress can affect your health in many ways. If you suffer from endometriosis, there are a few things you should know about how stress plays a role in the condition. Here’s everything you need to know about managing stress and endometriosis.
It’s important to know how stress affects your health, and what you can do about it
Stress is a normal part of everyday life. It can be a good thing, helping us respond to events and situations that require action or reaction. We’re able to perform better when we’re under pressure, which is why our bodies produce stress hormones like adrenaline and cortisol when we’re faced with an important deadline at work or running late for an appointment. But sometimes stress goes beyond what we’d expect in these kinds of situations—and it becomes harmful.
The symptoms of stress can include feeling tired, irritable, angry, depressed or anxious; having trouble sleeping; eating too much or too little; having aches and pains without knowing why; feeling overwhelmed by your responsibilities; experiencing headaches or chest pain; and having trouble concentrating on anything other than whatever’s causing you worry (this list was adapted from StressMD). If you’re experiencing any of these symptoms often enough that they’re interfering with your daily life—whether due to work deadlines or something else—it may be time for some self-care strategies that help manage the impact of stress on your health as well as treat any underlying issues contributing to its effects on your physical body.
Download our 12-page free endometriosis self-care tracker down below:
Why does stress play a role in endometriosis?
While stress is a factor in many women’s lives, it can have an even larger impact on those with endometriosis. When you experience stress, your body releases hormones that affect your emotions and behavior. While this response may be helpful in times of emergency or danger, it can cause problems when the usual stressors are constant.
When you are stressed out for long periods of time, your body begins to adapt to this new state by releasing more adrenaline and cortisol (two hormones related to anxiety). These hormones make it harder for your body to cope with the demands being placed upon it—including managing pain from endometriosis. They also make it more likely for other symptoms like fatigue or depression to develop as well. In fact, research shows that women who experience these types of symptoms may be up to three times more likely than others without them not only having but also progressing from milder forms of endometriosis into moderate or severe ones over time!
Can managing stress help with endometriosis symptoms?
Managing your stress level can help ease endometriosis symptoms, but it’s important to keep in mind that stress doesn’t cause the condition.
Stress is a normal part of life, and it’s impossible to completely avoid all sources of stress. What is possible is making sure that you’re using healthy ways to manage the daily stresses in your life so they don’t add up and make things worse on your body.
How can you manage stress to help with endometriosis symptoms?
Stress management is a critical component of the endometriosis health puzzle. Stress can make your endometriosis symptoms worse, and it can also increase your risk for developing other health problems. Fortunately, there are plenty of ways to manage stress—both on a daily basis and when you’re experiencing an acute flare-up. Here are some simple tips for reducing stress in your life:
- Get enough sleep. Sleep deprivation is one of the top causes of anxiety and depression, which can then lead to mental health issues like postpartum depression or premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). If you don’t get enough sleep regularly—or if you’re getting interrupted during the night by pain or cramps from your endometriosis—you may find yourself more stressed out than usual before long. Make sure that you’re getting enough hours of rest every night so that you feel refreshed when things kick off at work in the morning and throughout the day!
- Exercise regularly (and make sure it includes strength training). Exercise has been shown numerous times over recent years as being one of the best natural remedies for relieving stress levels while simultaneously improving overall moods as well! It’s also quite effective at helping us sleep better too – which means less time spent tossing & turning on those nights where our bodies hurt more than usual.
Learn more about the lifestyle changes you can make to deal with stress.
If you have endometriosis and are feeling stressed, it’s important to take a step back, do something you enjoy, and get the help you need. If your endometriosis is causing additional stress or anxiety, talk with your doctor about how to relieve those symptoms.
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Web3 Accounting is a rapidly evolving field that promises to revolutionize the way financial transactions are recorded and managed in the digital age. In this article, we will explore the basics of Web3 Accounting, the role of blockchain technology, the impact of cryptocurrencies, and the challenges and future trends in this exciting field. Whether you are a novice or an expert, this article will provide you with the knowledge and insights to navigate the decentralized world of Web3 Accounting.
Web3 Accounting is built on the concept of decentralization. In the traditional centralized accounting system, financial transactions are recorded and verified by a central authority, such as a bank. This central authority acts as the gatekeeper, overseeing and controlling the entire accounting process. However, Web3 Accounting takes a different approach, relying on decentralized networks, such as blockchain, to create a transparent and secure ledger of transactions.
Decentralization ensures that no single entity has control or authority over the accounting system. Instead, multiple participants, known as nodes, collaborate to validate and record transactions. These nodes are spread across the network, forming a distributed ledger that is collectively maintained and updated. This distributed nature of Web3 Accounting provides increased security and transparency, as transactions are visible to all participants in the network.
Decentralization lies at the core of Web3 Accounting. It represents a shift from the traditional hierarchical structure to a more democratic and inclusive system. By removing the need for a central authority, Web3 Accounting empowers individuals and communities to take control of their financial transactions.
One of the key advantages of decentralization is the elimination of a single point of failure. In a centralized system, if the central authority experiences a technical glitch or becomes compromised, the entire accounting system can be disrupted. However, in Web3 Accounting, the distributed nature of the network ensures that even if some nodes fail or are compromised, the system as a whole remains operational.
Moreover, decentralization fosters trust among participants. In a centralized system, participants must trust the central authority to accurately record and verify transactions. However, in Web3 Accounting, trust is distributed among the network participants themselves. Transactions are validated by consensus, meaning that a majority of nodes must agree on the validity of a transaction before it is recorded. This consensus mechanism ensures that transactions are not tampered with or manipulated.
Web3 Accounting is composed of several key components that work together to create a robust and efficient accounting system.
One of the fundamental components of Web3 Accounting is smart contracts. Smart contracts are self-executing contracts with the terms of the agreement directly written into code. These contracts automate the execution of transactions, eliminating the need for intermediaries. By removing intermediaries, smart contracts reduce costs and increase efficiency in the accounting process. They also provide transparency, as the terms of the contract are visible to all participants in the network.
Another important component of Web3 Accounting is decentralized identity. Decentralized identity enables the verification of participants in the network without relying on centralized authorities. Instead of relying on traditional identification methods, such as usernames and passwords, decentralized identity leverages cryptographic techniques to ensure the authenticity and integrity of participants' identities. This enhances security and privacy in the accounting system, as participants have control over their own identity and data.
Decentralized storage is a critical component of Web3 Accounting. It ensures that transaction data is securely stored across multiple nodes in the network. Unlike traditional centralized storage systems, where data is stored in a single location, decentralized storage distributes data across the network, making it more resilient to attacks and failures. This redundancy enhances the reliability and integrity of the accounting system, as data cannot be easily manipulated or lost.
Decentralized governance is the final key component of Web3 Accounting. It allows participants to collectively make decisions regarding the rules and protocols of the network. In a centralized system, decisions are made by a central authority, often without consulting the participants. However, in Web3 Accounting, participants have a say in the governance process. This democratic approach ensures that the accounting system evolves according to the needs and preferences of the participants, fostering a sense of ownership and inclusivity.
In conclusion, Web3 Accounting represents a paradigm shift in the world of accounting. By embracing decentralization and leveraging technologies such as blockchain, Web3 Accounting creates a transparent, secure, and efficient accounting system. With its key components of smart contracts, decentralized identity, decentralized storage, and decentralized governance, Web3 Accounting empowers individuals and communities to take control of their financial transactions, fostering trust, transparency, and innovation.
Blockchain technology plays a crucial role in Web3 Accounting. It provides a decentralized and tamper-proof ledger of transactions, ensuring both security and transparency.
Web3 Accounting is a revolutionary concept that leverages the power of blockchain technology to transform traditional accounting practices. By incorporating blockchain into accounting processes, businesses can achieve greater efficiency, accuracy, and trust in financial transactions.
Blockchain technology uses advanced cryptographic algorithms to create a chain of blocks, each containing a set of transactions. These blocks are linked together in a chronological order, forming an immutable ledger. This ensures that once a transaction is recorded on the blockchain, it cannot be altered or reversed.
But what makes blockchain truly unique is its decentralized nature. Unlike traditional accounting systems that rely on a central authority, blockchain operates on a peer-to-peer network, where every participant has a copy of the entire ledger. This eliminates the need for intermediaries, reducing transaction costs and increasing efficiency.
Furthermore, the transparency provided by blockchain allows for easier auditing and verification of transactions. The decentralized nature of the technology ensures that every transaction is visible to all participants, making it easier to detect and prevent fraudulent activities.
Blockchain technology provides enhanced security for Web3 Accounting. The use of cryptographic algorithms ensures that transactions are secure and tamper-proof. As each transaction is recorded on multiple nodes in the network, it becomes extremely difficult for malicious actors to manipulate the data.
Moreover, the transparency of blockchain enables participants to verify the authenticity and validity of transactions. Anyone on the network can view the entire transaction history, providing a high level of transparency and accountability. This transparency not only enhances trust among participants but also simplifies the auditing process.
In addition to security and transparency, blockchain technology also offers other benefits for Web3 Accounting. One such benefit is the ability to automate certain accounting processes through smart contracts. Smart contracts are self-executing contracts with the terms of the agreement directly written into code. They automatically trigger actions and enforce agreements, reducing the need for manual intervention and minimizing the risk of human error.
Furthermore, blockchain technology enables real-time tracking and monitoring of financial transactions. With traditional accounting systems, it can take days or even weeks to reconcile transactions and update financial records. However, with blockchain, transactions are recorded in real-time, allowing businesses to have an up-to-date and accurate view of their financial position.
In conclusion, blockchain technology is revolutionizing the field of accounting by providing a secure, transparent, and efficient way to record and verify financial transactions. Web3 Accounting, powered by blockchain, has the potential to transform the way businesses manage their finances, ensuring accuracy, trust, and accountability.
Cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin and Ethereum, have emerged as a popular medium of exchange in the Web3 world. They offer unique opportunities and challenges in the realm of accounting.
In Web3 Accounting, cryptocurrencies serve as a digital medium of exchange. Unlike traditional fiat currencies, cryptocurrencies are not issued or regulated by any central authority. Instead, they rely on cryptographic algorithms to secure transactions and control the creation of new units.
The use of cryptocurrencies brings benefits such as increased transaction speed, lower fees, and global accessibility. However, it also presents challenges in terms of accounting for crypto transactions.
Accounting for crypto transactions requires a different approach compared to traditional accounting practices. Cryptocurrencies are often highly volatile, necessitating the valuation of assets at fair market value at each reporting period. Additionally, the unique nature of cryptocurrencies requires careful consideration of their classification, such as whether they should be treated as currencies or investments.
Furthermore, the recording of crypto transactions necessitates the tracking of public addresses and private keys. This adds another layer of complexity to the accounting process.
While Web3 Accounting holds immense potential, it also faces several challenges that need to be addressed for widespread adoption.
As Web3 Accounting operates in a decentralized and global environment, regulatory and compliance issues become more complex. Different jurisdictions may have varying regulations and laws concerning cryptocurrencies and decentralized networks. Ensuring compliance with these regulations poses a challenge.
The technical aspects of Web3 Accounting also present challenges. Scalability is a key concern, as blockchain networks need to handle a large number of transactions without compromising performance. Efforts are underway to develop scalable solutions, such as layer 2 protocols and sharding, to address this challenge.
Interoperability between different blockchain networks is another technical challenge. As Web3 Accounting relies on multiple blockchains, ensuring seamless communication and data transfer between these networks is crucial for maintaining a comprehensive and accurate accounting system.
The future of Web3 Accounting is promising, with several emerging trends and innovations on the horizon.
One emerging trend is the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning in Web3 Accounting. These technologies can automate various accounting processes, improve accuracy, and provide real-time insights.
Additionally, the development of decentralized finance (DeFi) protocols opens up new possibilities for Web3 Accounting. DeFi platforms allow for the seamless integration of financial services, such as lending and borrowing, within the decentralized ecosystem.
To navigate the future of Web3 Accounting, organizations and individuals should stay abreast of the latest developments in blockchain technology, cryptocurrencies, and regulatory frameworks. Embracing new tools and technologies, cultivating expertise in decentralized finance, and fostering collaboration within the Web3 community will be essential in adapting to the decentralized world.
In conclusion, Web3 Accounting represents a paradigm shift in the way financial transactions are recorded and managed. By leveraging the power of decentralization and blockchain technology, Web3 Accounting offers enhanced security, transparency, and efficiency. While it faces challenges, the future of Web3 Accounting holds immense opportunities for innovation and growth. By staying informed and embracing change, we can navigate the decentralized world of Web3 Accounting with confidence.
Setup a demo for you and your team.
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Liechtenstein is a nation located in Central Europe, the only country that lies entirely within the Alps and is landlocked by Switzerland and Austria. The nation is a principality – a constitutional monarchy headed by a prince – and has a population of only 36,000 people. The capital is Vaduz, and unusually among European nations, not the largest city; that honour goes to Schann. Despite being a tiny nation, Liechtenstein can trace its existence back to 814 and the Holy Roman Empire – its borders have not changed since 1434, and its mountainous terrain and much larger neighbours have had the greatest influence on culture in Liechtenstein.
Liechtenstein is a Christian country with more than 78% of the population identifying as Roman Catholic. While German is the official language, most natives speak Alemannic, a German dialect that is similar to those spoken in regions close to Liechtenstein. As a tax haven and part of the European Economic Area but not in the European Union, Liechtenstein attracts large numbers of foreign workers.
Being surrounded by much larger countries, Liechtenstein’s culture has been hugely influenced by those external influences, in particular Austria, Switzerland and Bavaria. The greatest source of national pride and identity is the monarchy that has survived from the days of the Holy Roman Empire when it was established as a principality. There is great support and loyalty for the Royal Family and for its rule, which the people of Liechtenstein consider makes their tiny nation a distinctive individual that stands out within Europe.
To maintain that unique Liechtenstein culture and national identity, the country severely restricts citizenship and discourages immigration.
The dominant cultures within Liechtenstein are those of Switzerland and Austria, and while the country is a highly industrialised one, the enduring image is of peaceful pastoral Alpine scenes. Liechtenstein does have a distinct heritage in which music and theatre have played a major role, notably through organisations such as the Liechtenstein Musical Company and the International Josef Gabriel Rheinberger Society.
The Liechtenstein National Museum has permanent exhibitions on the natural history and culture of Liechtenstein, with artefacts dating back more than 1000 years.
Further Information about Liechtenstein:
- Bank Liechtenstein
- Jobs in Liechtenstein
- Online Marketing
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Use a soft baby toothbrush and water or fluoride-free toothpaste. Begin flossing when two teeth touch each other.
Dr. Susan R. Pan, DDS, is a highly qualified dentist with a long-standing engagement in the field since 1986. She was a recipient of the Dr. Gerald Z Wright Award for graduating first in her class at Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario. Additionally, she worked as a clinical instructor for new dentists at the University of Western Ontario’s School of Dentistry and graduated from the Dental School of Sun Yat-Sen University of Medical Sciences. Dr. Pan has received recognition for her exceptional work, as she was consecutively awarded the Diamond Winner for the Readers’ Choice of their Favorite Dentist by the Hamilton Spectator in 2014 and 2015, and was nominated for the same title multiple times in 2007, 2010, 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2017.
Do you know what to do in a dental emergency? This article will provide you with crucial information and tips that may save you or your loved ones from a painful and costly dental emergency. With the unpredictability of accidents and injuries, it’s important to be prepared for any potential dental emergency that may arise. What Is Considered a Dental Emergency? A dental emergency is defined as any issue concerning the teeth or mouth that requires immediate attention to relieve pain, prevent further damage, or save a…
It involves early intervention to guide the growth of the jaw and correct bite problems.
A device worn over the teeth to protect them from grinding or clenching, often used during sleep.
It can provide more consistent and efficient cleaning, reduce plaque and gingivitis more than manual brushing, and is often easier for people with dexterity issues.
It’s a device that uses a stream of pulsating water to remove food particles and plaque between teeth and below the gumline.
Brush and floss regularly, eat a balanced diet, avoid sugary snacks, and have regular dental check-ups.
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Table of Contents
The invention and uptake of communications and internet enabled technologies that brought much excitement to the global users. Many don’t know, but these technologies equally unveiled the world where privacy remained a thing of the past. This paper examines how the internet enabled technologies have intruded into every user’s personal space, the dangers of such intrusions and the possible ways of enhancing individual privacy in a world where technology means everything.
Security and Privacy in Communication Networks
McCluhan’s assertion that publication is a self- invasion of privacy has gained much relevance with the invention of computers, internet and the World Wide Web. Communication networks have totally infiltrated the privacy of an individual, since most of them require personal information including date and place of birth, workplace, family members, and daily routines and engagements. Social networking sites like Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn all of which are repositories of personal information work by sharing intimate details about an individual to potential contacts, mostly without one’s consent. Through the element of pop up suggestions, others can access your private information which you published as a requirement to belong to a given network.
While self publication may be done in good faith and for specific desirable outcomes, this is often not the case. In his work Encoding and Decoding, Stuart Hall analyses how these two processes in communication often proceed. The act self publishing is a process of encoding, packaging information for others to consume. When the receiver gets into contact with the information, he must decode it. Decoding is however done according to the receiver. The sender has little or no help towards how the message will be decoded. This reality means that the decoder decides the type of message he wants to get out of the communication. When this process of decoding proceeds contrary to the expectations of the sender, the message will be distorted, leading to misquotation of the sender. More often, this is injurious to the sender. (Hall, 1980)
In his article titled advantages and disadvantages of internet communications and privacy, Jayashree Pakhare outlines why privacy can hamper internet enabled communication. In his view, with stringent measures on the use of internet, it would not be easy for instance to execute online business transactions which has revolutionized commerce in the world. He also points to the increasing number of online services, all of which demands promulgation of personal information, but have become synonymous with life today. These include paying utility bills, transferring funds or remitting taxes to the government (Pakhare, 1)
While revolutionizing the way we interact, communication networks and technologies have presented a new risk to personal space and privacy. With increasing cases of cyber crime like site hacking, illegally gaining access to personal data belonging to an individual or entity, the effects have been phenomenal. Both individuals and financial institutions have lost colossal amounts to internet fraudsters. Equally, scores of people have suffered both emotional and psychological ruin because of the cyber crime. Illegal access to and manipulation of personal accounts in the social sites are reported each day. Through Search Engine Optimization, several web pages have been syndicated. Individuals are consequently exposed to unfriendly sites such as porn sites that the minors can stumble upon. Essentially, communication networks continue to impinge private space both covertly and overtly, a position that this paper explores in detail (Roger, 1999)
From the formative years of humanity, protection of an individual person and property from all forms of harm has been highly esteemed. This desire to keep an individual person, entities and their properties from illegal access or intrusion led to the creation of conventional laws. The laws were further given legitimacy through the formalization of legal structures to deal with offenders and the police system to deter the intruders. Individual privacy was hence regarded as sacred. This privacy was however limited to the physical persons and properties (Underwood & Findlay, 2004).
Soon, individuals began putting others through extra-physical forms of harm, including emotional and psychological harm. The term “property” equally acquired a new meaning, transcending physical endowments to include thoughts and ideas. With these developments corresponding changes in the concept of law came. To secure this new aspect of privacy, new laws had to cater for both tangible and intangible aspects of properties.
Traditionally, privacy was easy to define and protect. It was all about an individual. People had the sole responsibility of protecting themselves from the extra-physical form of intrusion. Unless the others are directly involved, personal information could be divulged to the public. The subject of getting someone`s personal information became a focus of study, hence making it relatively difficult to access one’s privacy. It would be equally easy to predict the intruder, further stifling the urge to intrude into other’s personal space (Roddel, 2004)
An exception was marked for public figures. The mirror between public interest and interest to the public considerably became blurred. Personal space could, therefore, be at stake if it was linked to public interest. Also, the intense human desire to know about the private life of the public figures created potential impetus for snooping into their private world. The result would promulgate what is interesting to the public even though it might not be in public interest. To navigate this new form of personal privacy intrusion, new legal concepts including libel, defamation and slander were conceptualized. Granted, conventional law allows every person to share, to the desired extent, his or her thoughts, sentiments and emotions with another person(s).
The invention and uptake of communication and internet enabled technologies have, however, ushered in a new frontier in the protection of individual privacy. Instead of individual responsibility, today personal privacy is largely an issue of mediated responsibility, often involving many parties. To sign up with mobile phone providers, you have to provide details which are largely personal: identification card number, name and residence address, and family members` names. Social networking sites like Facebook, LinkedIn, and Twitter take it further, by demanding occupation, employer`s name etc., besides the earlier mentioned requirements to sign up (John, 2006)
With all vital private information surrendered to such agencies, a person no longer retains the exclusive authority to deter privacy invasion. Rather, safety of one’s privacy rests with these online agencies as much as with the owner. Personal space is consequently mediated by a third party. Modern technologies have therefore clipped individual’s ability to keep their privacy and personal space. The result has been a volatile personal safety, which can be compromised at the touch of a button. What then are some of the specific ways through which communications and internet enabled technologies can compromise personal privacy?
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With the invention of the internet, several organizations have moved their business to the online platform. Transactions are executed online. A new system of tracking goods through radio frequency identification tags is gaining currency. Organizational and territorial privacy have all been bridged by the use of GPS navigation systems. Individual privacy is equally challenged by technologies, for instance, the automatic number plate recognition systems. All these instances present a vacuum for unauthorized access to the personal space of an individual.
Despite the allure safety for individual websites, essentially no single site online is safe. Through the principle of six degrees of separation, every site on the internet is linked to another site. This means that every site can be directed to other sites through less than six other intermediate sites. All sites are, therefore, accessible from any other site. Whatever information available on a personal website is, therefore, accessible to other site on the internet. Based on the concept of scale, free networks with grater patterns of similarity characterize the internet. From a single site, harmful spyware can easily be disseminated to other linked sites. This can disable the entire website, causing loses of data and personal information (Dempsey, 1998).
The Internet has also immensely fueled the invasion and harm of individual’s and corporate extra-physical properties. The intellectual property has often been stolen and pirated online. Many fraudsters have distributed intellectual property including music, films, videos, speeches, paintings etc, without the originators’ consent. This led to the recent anti-piracy bill in the United States which seeks to eliminate abuse of intellectual property in America.
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In the social networking sites, personal privacy is overly violated. The concept of photo tagging in which individuals are associated with specific photos against their will and knowledge has left many struggling with moral consequences of such photos. Since social networking sites employ supermarket models, such photos are available to be viewed by one’s connection in the social site. Often, jointly with other people, an individual can be a party to some activity in which some pictures are taken. Part of the group can upload such photos, making them available to people, some of whom don’t wish to make them available to others. Some of the pictures can be taken in compromising situations, only suitable for the owners to view them. The spread of such pictures online has been attributed to the high number of divorce cases, strained bilateral relations between nations and loss of jobs for individuals.
Complex privacy settings in the social networking sites compound users’ vulnerability. Some of the settings are too complex and require technical knowhow to effectively handle them. Many users often fail to comprehensively manipulate the settings for maximum security. Much of private information therefore gets into the hands of illegitimate viewers. This has fueled cyber crimes. The functionality to update status on the networking sites, without proper settings is equally harmful. When one declares absence from home for some time, potential attackers, including burglars, can easily take advantage of the situation and invade homes of victims (Roger, 1999).
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The emergence of communication and Internet enabled technologies has equally nourished spy agencies and illegitimate personal information seekers with ulterior motives. Remote controlled gadgets, capable of collecting personal information from an individual, are readily available in the market. The birth of CCTVs has ushered in more caution as to what you can do in certain environments that can be classified as private. These technologies have effectively blurred the distinction of a person’s private and public life (Dempsey, 1998).
Based on the above exposition, it remains clear that the Internet communications and Internet enabled technology, through their inherent requirement to self disclose or publish sensitive personal information has almost entirely eliminated the possibility of controlling one’s privacy. But, with privacy being so critical to the survival of individuals and institutions, how can these technologies be regulated to achieve a reasonable degree of privacy?
Enhancing Privacy on the Internet
Given the pivotal role the Internet and communication technologies play in today’s world, it would be futile to wish them away or shun them altogether. Erosion of privacy has been largely perpetuated by the controller of the technology, including owners of the social networking sites, search engine developers, ISP providers and cyber operators. Therefore, in order to enhance privacy they have to secure the uniquely individual information. .This can be achieved through the following measures:
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Since personal privacy is largely a matter of individual responsibility, and because intrusion of personal space online is hugely a result of self publishing of sensitive information, the individual equally has a complementing role to play in ensuring personal privacy is enhanced. This can be achieved through the following measures:
While considering online purchasing and transaction, users should consider applying for temporary credit card numbers which can be abandoned after the transaction. This can considerably reduce the vulnerability of your office credit card account from online abuse and theft (Forester and Morrison, 1995).
To protect personal computer from potential loss of personal data from malwares, ensure your PC is running on the most effective antivirus which is constantly updated. This should be reinforced by allowing firewalls to enhance the safety of the sites visited. This will effectively filter harmful sites, further protecting the personal computer from harm by malwares.
It is desirable to keep in touch with others through e-mails. This mode of communication has been greatly abused leading to loss of much personal information. To ensure safety, the use of strong passwords, comprising of both words and figures is encouraged to deter predictability. It is important to logout effectively after each browsing session, so your account is not accessed by others when they try to log in to the same site (Roger, 1999)
The current crop of mobile phone communications technology is capable of indicating your location with the help of GPS features. Most of the devices, however, allow the manipulation of this feature. For maximum safety, it is advisable that the feature is turned off. Equally, since people often store vital personal information in the mobile handsets, the loss through theft can give away much of the information. It is therefore important that the amount of information stored in the phones is kept to a minimum for the privacy protection (Dempsey, 1998)
Additional safety measures to be used by communications and Internet enabled technologies` users include frequently changing the passwords to eschew predictability. On social networking sites, it is wise to only accept people you know and trust. Eliminate any suspicious friends from your online accounts.
The invention of modern communications and Internet enabled technologies has completely eliminated the element of privacy among the users. Personal information available in platforms is so varied that the owners can barely keep up with it. From business networks, and government regulations to mobile phone service providers, personal information is rampant on the World Wide Web (Gralla, 2007).
All instances of availing personal information online are largely cases of an individual decision. While always done with the best intentions, the results have sometimes been unhealthy. Loss of intellectual property with a single instance of sharing on the social networking sites, erosion of personal space by publishing pictures, ideas, statements or even loss of jobs and marriages blamed on the proliferation of these technologies (Underwood & Findlay, 2004)
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Since Internet and communications technologies have increasingly become indispensable, exercise of caution and knowing how much personal information to avail online is considered a way out of the bottleneck of privacy invasion by these new technologies. Care should be taken when selecting websites to visit or the people to allow into your inner networking circles in the social networking platforms. Sporadic change of sensitive passwords to eschew predictability can considerably save, for instance, online accounts from unauthorized access (Barabasi and Bonabeau, 2003).
Since mobile phones have become synonymous with modern communication, only limited private information should be stored in them. This is because they can easily be stolen and sensitive personal information can be retrieved.
The world is increasingly experiencing the desire by the authorities to administer how we use the internet. This new form of surveillance has been primed to ensure security of the people and the state. But while this initiative is noble, the fact that it nudges on individual privacy makes the internet community very jittery. In a number of cases, spying is done with all the good intentions, but a times, this information gathered can be utilitarian in ways unknown prior to the whole practice of surveillance.
Finally, since the Internet and communications technologies thrive on the provision of personal data by the users, it is important to note that total personal privacy is not possible. Through self publication, users unconsciously give their privacy away.
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Table of Contents
Art is a beautiful thing on the earth. As one art critic says: 'Art when really understood, is the province of every human being' (Henri 11). An artist has the power to be creative and expressive through his/her artwork. Every creative work which he/she does manifest his/her personality or the life itself. Concerning the artist, the critic adds: 'The world would cease to live without him, and the world would be beautiful with him; for he is interesting to himself and to others' (Henry 11). Thus, art brings two things: beauty and life. In order to really appreciate a certain artwork, there are various aspects an individual should put into consideration. For instance, an art created merely through a mechanical medium would not be pretty and much appreciated unlike an art created through paint brushes or other mediums that really require creativity in the part of the artist. In every artwork, there must be the 'art spirit, 'wherein the absolute creativity and wonderful expression of the artist is clearly manifested in it. Still, just as the critic says: 'Merely museum of simple art will not make a country an art country. Rather, where the art spirit is, there will be precious works to fill museum' (Henry 11). To put it this way, scrutinizing an art piece – whether it is worthy of praise or not – is not an easy way; there must be a keen examination of it in every aspect. Probably, one way of doing this is first to look at the history of a certain artwork, and along with it, to look at its creator, the means it was created, where it was created, and what seemingly good characteristics it has that makes this masterpiece stand beautiful among other works. The following discussion includes two remarkable art works in the history.
One of the most remarkable and attention-getting artworks is the Byzantine mosaic – particularly the Comnenus mosaic. What seems to be eye-catching in this piece of work is that it is a mosaic. A mosaic is an art that consists of small pieces of glass or colored stones. To look at it, making a mosaic is a hard thing. Nevertheless, the mosaic art is really one that truly shows the absolute creativity of the artist. In the book entitled The Art of Mosaic Design, the writer commented that the mosaic design is a 'fascinating art' founded on paradoxes that must be embraced (Locktov & Clagett 6). The mosaic design is really fascinating for the fact that smalls things are put together to fit in, making a beautiful image. Another thing about mosaic is that the design is mostly done for religious purposes. Looking at the image in the Comnenus mosaic, it most likely portrays the Virgin Mary – with a child in her hands – and at their both sides there are seemingly high ranking officials – a king and a queen – handing over to the child something important. This mosaic is placed in the Hagia Sophia church in Istanbul, Turkey. Due to their number, the mosaics located in the galleries of the church are more easily seen but more difficult to find (Nelson 20). However, in the south gallery of the church, no visitor will most likely miss the more important mosaics of them all. The eastern wall has the two representations of emperors giving sacks of gold for donations; the left panel represents Constantine IX Monomachus and the empress Zoe. It is separated from this mosaic by a window there are emperor John II Comnenus, the empress Irene, their son, and the emperor Alexius Comnenus (Nelson 20). The two panels portrays two things: the offerings of the emperors either given to Christ, whom the Hagia Sophia is said to be dedicated to, or given to the Madonna (Italian for 'my lady', which in Byzantine, refers to the Virgin Mary) and child, the subject of the apse mosaic near the panels and located above the altar, which shows the emperors giving their gifts during the public worship. Thus, this is the main theme of the art. Viewers are intended to remember and realize the importance of giving unto God what really belongs to Him. Most probably, the art was created in order to make its viewers more dedicated to a religious life.
As mentioned above, the artist of the Comnenus mosaic is still unknown; while some details concerning the mosaic are worth mentioning. The period the artwork was created is between 1122 and 1134. The design was completed in the town of Istanbul, in Turkey, and the conservation place is the Hagia Sophia Church which clearly means the mosaic is for the sacred purposes. The glass-paste tesserae are used for the mosaic design. The mosaic is not an abstract; though, it clearly represents realistic persons. The representation of the mosaic is John II Comnenus –which the mosaic was named after – and his wife Irene, who was a Hungarian princess. Somehow, this is also a reflection of the culture during the Byzantine Empire, wherein emperors mostly married Western princesses and Byzantine noblewomen mostly married Western monarchs. This is one of the most remarkable artworks in the art history. Nevertheless, there is another art piece that is marked out in the history as remarkable as well.
This artwork that this paper will discuss is the Ognissanti Madonna. The painting was made by Giotto Di Bondone and is located in the Galleria Delgi Uffizi in Florence, Italy. Giotto was an ancient Italian painter as well as an architect. The road to art in his life began inthe farm, where he, along with his father, shepherds a flock. It was when Giotto drew a sheep on a flat stone, after nature, that it caught the attention of Giovanni Cimabue (1240-1302) – a painter of the Florentine school, who anticipated the change of art from Byzantine to naturalistic – who persuaded his father, Bondone, to allow him to go to Florence, with much hope that he would be 'an ornament to the field of art' (Spooner 360). Immediately, Giotto took the first step in imitating his master, but just in a few matter of time, he already passed Giovanni. Giotto became very prominent in his age, and the artworks he made were of a great quality. In his art, symmetry became more pure and simple, design - more appealing, and coloring - softer than his previous works (Spooner 360). In 1316, according to Vasari, Giotto returned from Avignon and was employed at Pagua; there he painted the chapel of the Nunziata all’ Arena. Giotto soon increased in popularity, and his artistry became more in demand of the public. About 1325, upon the invitation of King Robert, he painted the church of S. Chiara, which he decorated with themes of the New Testament and the Mysteries of the Apocalypse (Spooner 360). Unfortunately, these artworks were destroyed; nevertheless, the Madonna and other art pieces were preserved in this church.
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The painting Ognissanti Madonna was done around 1310. The other images included aside from the Virgin Mary and the Child seem to be eye-catching in the piece of work. The whole picture includes twelve more men and two at both sides of the throne. The twelve men – six for each side – are most probably the twelve apostles of Christ during His life on the earth. The two angels, on the other hand, also have an implication. They portray greater reverence before the throne; the bowing position of them depicts the absolute worship” of the ones in the throne. It is important to note, however, that the painting reveals the radical transformation made by Giotto. The style of the devotional image in the Ognissanti Madonna and Child marks the remarkable time in the acceptance of his new style in Tuscan panel painting at the onset of the fourteenth century (Paoletti & Radke 86).
Looking at the historical account of these two pieces of artistic work, there are some specific comparisons between them. Needless to say, it is understood that the two masterpieces differ with regards to the artist and the place where they were created and have been preserved until now. To begin with, it is worth paying attention to their similarities. Firstly, the two are considered to be the most remarkable artworks in the history of art. Both of them portray the great creativity and fantastic artistry of their creators; both are fascinating figures for every viewer. Another similarity is that they were made for the same purpose –religious one, to be more concrete. The mosaic portrays the importance of giving/offering unto God, making the viewers realize and understand that, in worship, man should give unto God, for He is worthy of all; the painting, on the other hand, portrays the Madonna or the Virgin Mary, which catches the attention of the viewers, making them remember the Virgin Mary and give importance to it. As one writer says, the Ognissanti Madonna is a 'hymn to Virginity, Motherhood, and Mary’s Regality, (Fossi 5). Both works had the intent of complementing the religious states of the public.
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Nevertheless, there are some differences between the two artworks. First, it is the culture differences. The Comnenus mosaic was created during the Byzantine time, when the style of art was still Byzantine; on the other hand, the Ognissanti Madonna was done around 1310, at the time when the style of art became naturalistic. Another difference in them is the medium used to do the works. The first is a mosaic; while the latter is just a painting. Although it seems that the mosaic is harder to do, both works are results of intense passion and skills. Lastly, the difference in the two is the images included in them. Though they have the same theme – religious views – the mosaic only includes the two officials with the Virgin Mary and Christ; while the Madonna includes the 12 apostles and 2 angels. The latter artwork may somehow be considered as having more emphasis on reverence to God since it even includes the 12 apostles – known as the saints – and two heavenly angels.
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The appreciation of art is not simply by taking a quick view of what is being depicted in it. Having the spirit of art – as discussed in the introduction of this paper – greater beauty and magnificence of an artwork are manifested in various aspects as well such as the techniques and means of doing the work, the themes portrayed in the image, and the importance of the art for the public. Knowing the history and the nature of an art is a worthwhile thing. As Howard Gardner comments: 'art education has continued to be considered a vehicle for promoting self-expression, imagination, creativity, and knowledge of one’s affective life (Gardner 35). Looking at the beauty of the two artworks aforementioned, indeed, art brings beauty and life.
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Civil engineering students may perceive that their course curriculum is composed of several isolated structural design classes that build expertise in separate areas that do not overlap. The objective of this research was to integrate the same design project longitudinally in steel and reinforced concrete design classes at multiple universities to introduce the ideas of iterative design, underscore design options, and reinforce common, key concepts. Several questions were investigated using longitudinal integration of a common design project. First, how did students perform when completing the project for the first time in reinforced concrete design compared to those completing the project for the first time in steel design? Second, considering the same cohort of students, how did they perform on the project the second time in steel design compared to the first time in reinforced concrete design? Third, the students' knowledge on basic structural analysis and plan reading was measured at the beginning and end of each course. What level of knowledge did they have when entering the respective course? Were students' perceptions of their knowledge gains during the courses supported by assessed knowledge gains? Student design project grades and pre- and post-surveys were used to answer the research questions. Students completing the project for the first time in steel design had slightly higher grades than those completing the project the first time in reinforced concrete design. Students completing the project for the second time had slightly higher average final grades compared to students completing the project for the first time. Survey results indicated that students' confidence in reading plans increased substantially the first time through the project regardless of which design class they took first, but remained similar the second time through. The students' ability to set up and solve free body diagrams from the structural plans continued to improve each time they completed the project, regardless of the course. Based on these results, students made the most knowledge gains the first time through the project, retained substantial knowledge after the first time through the project, but continued to gain confidence after completing the project the second time.
|Original language||English (US)|
|Journal||ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition, Conference Proceedings|
|State||Published - Jun 15 2019|
|Event||126th ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition: Charged Up for the Next 125 Years, ASEE 2019 - Tampa, United States|
Duration: Jun 15 2019 → Jun 19 2019
Bibliographical notePublisher Copyright:
© American Society for Engineering Education, 2019.
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Information Possibly Outdated
The information presented on this page was originally released on August 31, 2006. It may not be outdated, but please search our site for more current information. If you plan to quote or reference this information in a publication, please check with the Extension specialist or author before proceeding.
Plant research focuses on medicinal compounds
By Shoshana Brackett
MISSISSIPPI STATE -- Plants with naturally occurring medicinal compounds growing today in Mississippi could hold the keys to tomorrow's cures and become an important crop to state farmers.
Ganisher Abbasov, a Mississippi State University doctoral student in agronomy, has a project involving the study of American mayapple, lemongrass and basil. Abbasov is studying how nutrients, location and soil type affect plant productivity and medicinal compounds in those plants.
A native of Uzbekistan, Abbasov spent the summer of 2006 cultivating and harvesting plants across the state for his research project. His data should allow him to develop steps for farmers or commercial producers to follow to get higher quality and more product in a short period.
“I want a system so growers will know what to do to get particular medicinal compounds from plants,” Abbasov said.
“We are studying the effects of nitrogen and sulfur on crop productivity, how essential oils combine and build up in basil and lemongrass, and the anticancer compound podohpyllotoxin in mayapple,” Abbasov said.
Valtcho Jeliazkov, a research professor at the North Mississippi Research and Extension Center in Verona and Abbasov's advisor, said pharmaceutical companies get most of their mayapple from India. MSU researchers and colleagues from the University of Mississippi have demonstrated that American mayapple contains the same bioactives as the Indian mayapple and could be developed as a new cash crop.
“We're trying here to shift things so U.S. farmers can benefit from the use of mayapple in pharmaceutical products,” Jeliazkov said. “We're trying to introduce American mayapple as an alternative to Indian mayapple by providing a more consistent supply.”
Abbasov is researching what conditions are prime for increasing the concentration of the natural anticancer compound in mayapple.
Abbasov is conducting experiments with basil and lemongrass at locations in Verona, Stoneville and Poplarville. The plants and treatments at each site are identical. It is the location and soil type that vary.
“We have a long way to go to take this wild plant and cultivate it,” Jeliazkov said.
Abbasov's project is part of Jeliazkov's larger project funded by the U.S. Department of Agriculture to develop medicinal and aromatic plants as alternative crops for Mississippi growers. Both scientists are studying how plants develop in the Mississippi climate. They are also extracting secondary metabolites, such as essential oils, alkaloids and phenolic compounds. When the plants are harvested, their chemical profiles are analyzed and bioactivity evaluated.
“We want to see if medicinal and aromatic plants will grow and perform the same as in other places in the world,” Jeliazkov said. “Yields, chemical composition and bioactivity may be different based on location.”
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10 Facts about Camille Pissarro
Find out the interesting Facts about Camille Pissarro in the below post. He was the famous neo impressionist and impressionist painter who was born on 10 July 1830 and died on 13 November 1903. The island of Saint Thomas was his birth place. Let’s check other interesting facts about Camille Pissarro below:
Facts about Camille Pissarro 1: the influence
There were several great painters that Pissarro studied. They included the works of Kean-Baptiste-Camille Corot and Gustave Courbet.
Facts about Camille Pissarro 2: the contribution
Pissarro is considered as a renowned painter. He made a lot of contributions to the development of post impressionism and impressionism.
Facts about Camille Pissarro 3: the neo impressionist style
When Pissarro was 54 years old, he was interested to learn and create the works about Neo impressionist style. He worked and studied with his contemporaries such as Paul Signac and Georges Seurat.
Facts about Camille Pissarro 4: the collective society
Pissarro is considered as an important figure in the collective society that he established along with other 15 artists in 1873. He was called as the dean of the impressionist painters by John Rewald. He was an art historian. Pissarro got the title due to his warm personality, wisdom as well as the oldest person in the group.
Facts about Camille Pissarro 5: the parents of Pissarro
Pissarro was the son of Frederick and Rachel Manzano de Pissarro. His mother had native Creole descent, while his father had the Portuguese Jewish descent. However, his father’s nationality was French. His father worked as a merchant.
Facts about Camille Pissarro 6: the young Pissarro
Pissarro went to Savary Academy in Passy near Paris. He was impressed with French art master when he was still very young. He was encouraged by Monsieur Savary to create painting and drawing by seeing the nature.
Facts about Camille Pissarro 7: the business
Pissarro was encouraged by his father to involve in business. He became a cargo clerk due to his father. But Pissarro was very interesting with drawing and painting. Therefore, he used the leisure time to do it.
Facts about Camille Pissarro 8: as an artist
He decided to become an artist after he met Fritz Melbye. He was a Danish artist. He and Melbye decided to travel Caracas and La Guaira to work there as artists. Check Brian Patten facts here.
Facts about Camille Pissarro 9: the drawings
There were various drawings that Pissarro made. He created the village scenes, landscapes, and sketches. Get facts about Bridget Riley here.
Facts about Camille Pissarro 10: the Paris Salon
To make sure that his works were exposed, he had to follow the Paris Salon exhibition. His work was accepted in 1859.
Do you enjoy reading facts about Camille Pissarro?
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Introduction: Comparing the Size of Men and Lions
When it comes to comparing the size of men and lions, it is evident that these two species possess distinct anatomical differences. Lions, as majestic and powerful wild beasts, are renowned for their size and strength. On the other hand, men, being the dominant species on earth, have evolved in a unique way that sets them apart from lions. This article seeks to delve into the topic of a man’s size in comparison to that of a lion, examining their anatomy, physical characteristics, muscular structure, strength, power, agility, speed, and adaptations for survival.
Understanding the Anatomy of Lions
Lions, scientifically known as Panthera leo, belong to the feline family, and as such, they exhibit specific anatomical features that distinguish them from other animals. They have a muscular and compact body, with a large head and a strong jaw that is equipped with sharp and powerful teeth. Their forelimbs are robust and have sharp retractable claws, which greatly aid them in hunting and capturing prey. The length of a typical male lion ranges from 9 to 10 feet, while their height at the shoulder can reach up to 3.5 to 4.3 feet.
Examining the Physical Characteristics of Men
Men, the H@mo sapiens species, boast a distinct set of physical characteristics that differentiate them from other animals, including lions. Their physical attributes are rather diverse, as they vary based on factors such as genetics, ethnicity, and geographical location. On average, men have a height ranging from 5.5 to 6.2 feet, and their body weight is commonly between 150 to 200 pounds. While they lack the muscular build and sharp claws characteristic of lions, men possess other unique adaptations that have allowed them to thrive in various environments.
Size Comparison: Height and Length
When comparing the height and length of men and lions, it becomes clear that lions are generally taller and longer. The average height of a lion at the shoulder surpasses that of a man by almost 1 to 1.5 feet. Moreover, the total length of a male lion, from the tip of its nose to the end of its tail, can range from 8 to 10 feet, whereas men typically fall short of this length.
Size Comparison: Weight and Mass
In terms of weight and mass, lions greatly overshadow men. The average weight of a male lion ranges from 330 to 550 pounds, whereas the weight of an average man typically falls within the range of 150 to 200 pounds. Lions possess an incredible muscular build, which contributes to their weight, while men tend to have a higher proportion of body fat and a more diverse range of body types.
Analyzing the Muscular Structure: Men vs. Lions
Lions are known for their exceptionally powerful and well-developed muscular structure, which allows them to engage in fierce battles and take down large prey. Their muscles are designed for explosive bursts of energy, enabling them to chase down and overpower their quarry. In contrast, men possess a more varied muscular structure, with variations based on their level of physical activity, exercise routines, and genetic predisposition. While some men have well-defined muscles, others may have a leaner physique or carry a higher percentage of body fat.
Determining the Strength and Power of Men
Although lions possess an impressive muscular structure, men are often deemed stronger in terms of raw strength and power. Men have developed the ability to lift heavy loads, perform physically demanding tasks, and engage in activities that require immense strength. This strength is not solely attributed to their muscle mass but is also influenced by factors such as leverage, bone structure, and the coordination of various muscle groups.
Assessing the Strength and Power of Lions
While men may surpass lions in terms of raw strength, lions compensate for this with their incredible power. Lions have the ability to exert a tremendous amount of force with their muscular structure, which is essential for hunting, defending territory, and even maintaining their social hierarchy within a pride. Their strength lies in their agility, explosiveness, and the immense power generated by their formidable muscles.
Agility and Speed: Men vs. Lions
When it comes to agility and speed, lions are clearly superior to men. Lions possess a remarkable combination of agility and speed, enabling them to sprint at speeds of up to 50 miles per hour for short distances. This agility and quickness allow them to maneuver swiftly in their habitat and capture prey with precision. In contrast, although men can achieve considerable speed, they cannot match the extraordinary agility and rapid acceleration of a lion.
Adaptations for Survival: Men vs. Lions
Both men and lions have evolved unique adaptations for survival, but their approaches differ significantly. Men have developed cognitive abilities, complex social structures, and the capacity for innovation, allowing them to overcome environmental challenges and adapt to diverse habitats. Lions, on the other hand, have evolved physical adaptations such as strong jaws, sharp teeth, and claws, which enable them to hunt, defend themselves, and thrive in their natural habitat.
Conclusion: A Comparative Overview of Size and Abilities
In summary, men and lions possess distinct anatomical features and physical characteristics. Lions are known for their immense size, with greater height, length, and weight compared to men. However, men often surpass lions in terms of raw strength, while lions excel in terms of power, agility, and speed. While lions have evolved physical adaptations for survival, men have developed cognitive abilities and social structures that have allowed them to dominate the planet. Understanding these differences highlights the fascinating diversity between mankind and the animal kingdom.
Exploring the Fascinating World of Mankind and Wildlife
The comparison between men and lions provides a glimpse into the remarkable world of mankind and wildlife. These two species may differ significantly in terms of size and abilities, but they both play crucial roles in the intricate web of life on Earth. By studying and appreciating the unique qualities of each, we can gain a deeper understanding of the diverse adaptations and strategies that have allowed both mankind and lions to thrive in their respective environments.
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There is no alternative to using hydrogen for climate protection. Climate change and its ensuing measures require a lot of effort, money, and above all the right solutions. Therefore, a meaningful project, which will be perceived worldwide as a model for complete technological change, is key.
That is what the Bonn Climate Project and the CTC Bonn stand for! We can already see great steps towards a hydrogen economy being taken in Germany. Steps are good, but not enough; we need the implementation of a hydrogen economy now!
We need the OPEC states
The OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) states are necessary for the transition to a hydrogen economy, in particular, the Gulf countries and North Africa. This is because, without a supply of hydrogen from these places, an immediate conversion is just not possible.
These countries have a unique opportunity to supply Europe and the world with pure (CO2-free) hydrogen, instead of hydrocarbons. This is possible from North Africa via the existing natural gas pipelines, or from the Gulf countries by means of liquid hydrogen by tanker. Thus, the business models of these oil-exporting states do not have to change; the share of export quantities of green or blue hydrogen will, rather, increase as Germany and other EU countries substitute coal with hydrogen.
Green hydrogen is hydrogen from electrolysis, with electricity from renewable energies in accordance with electricity criteria for green hydrogen, or from biomass produced in a certified green thermochemical or biological conversion process. Blue hydrogen is climate-neutral hydrogen from natural gas with CO2 capture and storage.
The Gulf countries are the ideal future producer and supplier of green hydrogen, due to the very cheap production of electricity from solar power plants. The enormous demand for green hydrogen for transport, industry, and housing cannot be produced from sources available in Germany and Europe alone. In this way, the Gulf countries can already counteract a possible decline in prices and the loss of importance of crude oil and natural gas by steadily increasing electromobility and (over-) compensate for this by supplying hydrogen.
Increasing importance of hydrogen
The increasing importance of hydrogen as an energy source will inevitably lead to the market establishment of hydrogen technologies. This establishment will, in turn, drive further demand. Participation of the Gulf countries in this cycle has a socio-political and socio-economic dimension (as already stated by the author in “Hydrogen Economy for Arab Countries: Perspectives” July 27, 2018):
„The Arab world is facing major sustainability challenges in achieving social, economic and environmental goals. A hydrogen economy can help Arab governments, companies, and citizens to save billions of dollars each year from reduced energy bills and sustainable waste management, while at the same time reducing carbon footprints– a win-win solution. Extremely arid climate, acute water scarcity, high energy consumption and polluting oil and gas industry present a unique challenge in Arab countries. Almost one-fifth of the Arab population is dependent on non-commercial fuels for different energy uses. All sectors of the economy — residential, commercial, transport, service and agriculture — demands modern energy services. Gaseous emissions from the exploration and burning of fossil fuels is heavily polluting the atmosphere in the Arab world. Waste management has emerged as a major environmental issue with mountains of wastes accumulating in big cities across the Arab world. Compared to other countries, Arab countries are experiencing higher emissions of oxides of nitrogen, sulfur dioxide, and volatile organic compounds.
“More than 40% of the Arab population in rural and urban poor areas do not have adequate access to energy services. It is also noted that almost one-fifth of the Arab population relies on non-commercial fuels for different energy uses.
“Basic principles at a glance
“Water/hydro is life, energy and a fuel:
- Water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen.
- Water changes its state into hydrogen and oxygen, and then back to water.
- Nothing is lost in the world. Everything only changes its status and can be used over and over again: from a solid to a liquid to a gas. This is the hydro-logic and hydrogen circle.
- Our energy is utilized in the form of oil, gas, coal, or wood; all are hydrocarbon elements and compounds.
- Take away the carbon and use only the hydrogen as C02-free energy for universal use.”
Against this background, the following conclusions can be drawn
The Gulf countries are already far ahead of most other nations, because of their significant commitment to climate change. They can further strengthen their position through the cheap export of hydrogen. If the Gulf countries now work in parallel with Germany and the EU to introduce a hydrogen economy, this will be a great success. Then we can still save our climate – and with it our world.
About the Author
Heinz J. Sturm is the Author of the Bonn Climate Project, Civil Engineer and a renowned expert on Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology. He is the Founder/Owner of the Bonn, Germany-based International Clean Energy Partnership (ICEPS) and Climate Technology Centre (CTC). Heinz Sturm is officially and regularly advising governments and organization on hydrogen economy, circular economy, climate change and clean energy. You can contact him by email: [email protected]
The Bonn Climate Project
ICEPS CTC Bonn has been a member of the “Network of Experts Hydrogen Fuel Cell” since it was founded by the state government in 2000; since then it has been developing the “Bonn Climate Project”. Already in 2000, it could be foreseen that only water/hydro (gen) unlike all other sources of energy, could be used for climate protection. Hydrogen-based energy supply is much more economical and efficient compared to fossil fuels, which are not regenerative and have high CO2 emissions.
As a Bonn-based entrepreneur who works on international projects, Heinz J. Sturm understands the need to establish a link between the Bonn Climate Project and the UN Climate Change Secretariat, in order to develop a holistic approach to using hydrogen for climate change mitigation. This is the only way through which it can be made economically viable and be used to accelerate energy access in developing countries with barely any energy infrastructure.
Against this background, he has been actively involved in climate protection issues for years. He advises the UN Climate Change Secretariat and some African and Arab governments from the Climate Technology Center in Bonn, and has been an advocate of holistic approaches for years. It is not the single technology, nor the individual drive that determines the success of hydrogen for climate protection and for clean energy supply, but the “thinking through” of a society and hydrogen economy.
Germany / North Rhine-Westphalia and Bonn are addressing climate protection worldwide. The UN Climate Secretariat also sets international standards, known as the Carbon Development Mechanism (CDM). It is clear that the UN City of Bonn is increasingly operating in the field of climate protection with the CTC Bonn, not only nationally, but also internationally, thereby attaining an outstanding position. In addition, the Bonn Climate Project is a multi-faceted climate project that is fully developed and formulated. As described in H2 Strategies, it can be displayed on a large scale within a very short time at its Bonn location in conjunction with CTC Bonn, and then replicated worldwide.
The views and opinions expressed in this article are the author’s own, and do not necessarily reflect those held by FuelCellsWorks
Read the most up to date Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Industry news at FuelCellsWorks
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What Activities Are Related to Physical Fitness?
Physical fitness is a state of health and well-being that can achieve through physical activity. What does that mean for you? It means that many activities are out there that can help contribute to your overall physical fitness level! This blog post will discuss some of the most popular activities and how they relate to physical fitness. Keep reading to learn more!
Cardiovascular activity is any activity that gets your heart pumping and blood flowing. It’s often referred to as “cardio” for short. Cardio exercise is a great way to improve your heart health and overall fitness. There are many cardio activities, from walking and jogging to swimming and biking. And you don’t have to be a dedicated athlete to reap the benefits of cardio exercise – even moderate amounts of activity can have positive effects. So get out there and start moving! Your heart will thank you for it.
Types of Cardio Exercises
- Jump Rope – The jump rope is king for cardio exercises. This simple piece of equipment can give you a great cardiovascular workout in just a few minutes. And because it’s so portable, you can use it anywhere – at home, at the gym, or even on vacation.
- Swimming – Swimming is an excellent exercise for people of all ages and fitness levels. It’s a gentle, low-impact activity on the joints, and it provides a great cardio workout. Swimming can also be a great way to improve strength and flexibility.
- Running – Running is one of the most popular cardio exercises around. It’s easy to do, you can do it anywhere, and it’s a great way to get in shape. Start with a slow jog and work your way up to faster speeds if you’re starting.
- Biking – Biking is another excellent cardio exercise that people all ages enjoy. It’s a gentle, low-impact activity on the joints, and it provides a great cardio workout. Biking can also be a great way to improve strength and flexibility.
- Walking – is one of the simplest and most effective forms of cardio exercise. It’s easy to do, you can do it anywhere, and it’s a great way to get in shape. Start with a slow walk and work your way up to faster speeds if you’re starting.
Strength training can help improve bone density and reduce the risk of injuries.
Bone density refers to the thickness and strength of bones. You are less likely to experience fractures or breaks when you have strong bones. Strength training is one of the most effective ways to improve bone density. Additionally, you can reduce your risk of injuries by participating in strength training activities. Strength training can help improve balance and coordination, which can help you stay safe when participating in other activities.
Types of Strength Training
- Lifting weights – When you lift weights, you are working against resistance. This strength training involves using free weights, machines, or your body weight to provide resistance.
- Pushing and pulling exercises involve pushing or pulling objects or weights. Examples of these exercises include push-ups, pull-ups, and bench presses.
- Hill Walking – Hillwalking is a great way to improve strength and endurance. When you w, you are working against gravity, making the exercise more challenging.
- Dance – Dance is a great way to improve strength, endurance, and flexibility. There are many different types of dance that you can participate in, so find one that you enjoy!
Flexibility exercises, such as stretching, are related to physical fitness because they help improve range of motion. Strength training exercises, such as weightlifting and calisthenics, are also related to physical fitness because they help build muscle mass and strength. Aerobic activities, such as running and biking, are related to physical fitness because they improve heart health and endurance.
Types of Flexibility Exercise
- Stretching – Stretching is the most common type of flexibility exercise. It involves elongating muscles and tendons to their entire range of motion. It can help improve joint mobility, circulation, and digestion.
- Yoga – Yoga is a form of stretching that incorporates breathing exercises and meditation. It can help improve flexibility, strength, balance, and mindfulness.
- Pilates – Pilates is a form of exercise that emphasizes core strength and stability. It can help improve flexibility, balance, and posture.
Balance-training exercises can help improve your balance and coordination. These exercises can include standing on one foot, balancing on a pillow, or doing Tai Chi.
Types of Balance-training exercises
- Balance on one foot – This exercise can help improve your balance and coordination.
- Balancing on a pillow – This exercise can also help improve your balance and coordination.
- Tai Chi – Tai Chi can be a great way to improve your balance and coordination.
- Sumo Squat – The Sumo Squat strengthens your lower body and forces the core to engage while improving your balance
- Standing Crunch – This exercise is a great way to improve your balance and coordination while working your abdominal muscles.
- Side Plank – This plank variation is a great way to work on your balance and stability.
Aerobic exercises are any exercises that get your heart rate up and keep it there for an extended period. This type of exercise is excellent for improving cardiovascular health, burning calories, and losing weight.
Types of Aerobic exercises
- Walks – A simple walk is a great way to get started with aerobic exercise. It’s easy on the joints and can be done anywhere.
- Jogs – Jogging is a more vigorous form of aerobic exercise, but it can be incredibly beneficial for your health.
- Cycling – Cycling is another excellent aerobic exercise that people of all ages can enjoy.
- Swimming – Swimming is a great aerobic exercise because it works all of the major muscle groups in your body.
- Tennis – Tennis is a great aerobic exercise that provides a good workout for your upper body.
- Football – Football is a high-intensity aerobic sport that will get your heart rate up.
- Rowing – Rowing is an excellent aerobic exercise that works the entire body.
- Dances – Many different types of dances provide a great aerobic workout.
- Hiking – Hiking is a great way to enjoy the outdoors while getting in an excellent aerobic workout.
Even if you don’t have time to go to the gym, plenty of other activities will help keep you physically fit. Just make sure that whatever action you choose, you’re putting your all into it and enjoying yourself. Who knows? You may even find a new hobby in the process!
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What is Skill-Related Fitness? How to Improve Your Skillset and Stay Fit
There’s no doubt that staying fit is essential, but what about when your fitness goals are related to improving your skillset? What is skill-related fitness? And how can you go about incorporating it into your workout routine? We’ll answer all of those questions and more in this blog post! So whether you’re a musician, athlete, or artist, read on for tips on how to improve your skillset through fitness.
What is skill-related fitness, and why is it important for overall health and well-being?
Skill-related fitness is using your physical and cognitive skills to complete tasks or activities. This type of fitness is essential for overall health and well-being because it helps you stay active and engaged in life, regardless of your age or ability level.
How can you improve your skillset and stay fit simultaneously?
There are a few different ways to improve your skillset and stay fit.
- First, you can try to find an activity or sport that you enjoy and do it regularly. This will help keep you active while also improving your skills.
- Second, you can focus on strength training. Strength training can help improve your overall fitness level and your skillset.
- Third, you can try to find a balance between practicing your skills and taking breaks. It is essential to practice your skills regularly, but it is also necessary to give yourself time to rest and recover.
- Fourth, you can try to find a skill-related fitness program that meets your needs. Many programs can help improve your skillset and stay fit.
- Finally, you can consult a personal trainer or coach. A personal trainer or coach can help you improve your skillset and stay fit while providing guidance and support.
No matter how you choose to improve your skillset and stay fit, it is essential to be patient and take things one step at a time. Improving your skillset and staying fit can be challenging, but it is definitely worth the effort. Stay motivated and keep pushing yourself, eventually reaching your goals.
Examples of activities that fall into the category of skill-related fitness include
- martial arts – such as judo or karate
- dance – like ballet or modern
- music – including learning an instrument or singing
- sports – such as golf, tennis, or football
These activities require a high level of skill and coordination to be performed correctly.
When it comes to improving your skillset, doing activities related to the skill you want to improve is a great way to go. This is because these activities will help improve your muscle memory and coordination, which will make you better at the skill itself.
For example, if you want to become a better basketball player, you might want to start playing basketball more often. Or, if you’re going to improve your singing voice, you might want to begin taking vocal lessons.
When it comes to staying fit, activities related to your skillset can also be a great way to go. This is because these activities will help improve your overall fitness level and coordination, which will make you better at the skill itself.
For example, if you want to become a better runner, you might want to start running more often. Or, if you want to improve your golf game, you might want to start practicing your swing more often.
The bottom line is that by doing activities related to the skill you want to improve, you will become better at that skill. And by doing activities that are related to your overall fitness level, you will become a better version of yourself.
Tips for improving your skillset in a fun and engaging way
So you want to improve your skillset but don’t know how? Here are four tips that will help you out!
Tip #01: Be Consistent
To improve your skills, you need to be consistent with your practice. This means practicing regularly and giving it your best effort each time. If you only practice once a week, you do not see a lot of improvement. But if you practice every day, you’ll get better and better over time.
Tip #02: Set Goals
When you set goals, you’re more likely to achieve them. So put some goals for yourself in terms of your skill development. What do you want to be able to do? What skills do you want to improve? Once you have a goal in mind, work towards it and track your progress.
Tip #03: Practice with a Purpose
When you practice, make sure you’re doing it with a purpose. Don’t just go through the motions; focus on getting better each time. What can you do to make your practice more effective? What can you do to push yourself further?
Tip #04: Have Fun!
The best way to improve your skills is by having fun. If you’re not enjoying yourself, you’ll get bored and stop practicing. Find activities that you want and focus on improving your skills in those activities. You’ll see a lot more progress that way.
There are your four tips for improving your skillset in a fun and engaging way. Follow these tips, and you’ll be on your way to becoming a skilled master in no time!
The importance of taking care of your mental health
The importance of taking care of your mental health and physical health cannot be overstated. When you feel mentally and emotionally strong, you are better equipped to take on whatever challenges life throws your way. Practicing self-care is a great way to maintain your mental health and well-being. Some self-care practices that can help improve your skillset include:
- Taking time for yourself each day to relax and rejuvenate
- Exercising regularly
- Eating a healthy diet
- Getting enough sleep each night
- Spending time with loved ones
- Practicing meditation or mindfulness
When you take care of your mental health, you take care of your entire being. This will allow you to be at your best both physically and mentally, which is essential for achieving success in all areas of your life.
Improving your skill-related fitness can help you stay physically and mentally healthy as you age. It’s never too late to start working on improving your skillset, so give some of these methods a try today!
If you want to stay physically and mentally healthy as you age, it’s essential to focus on your skill-related fitness. By using the methods in this article, you can start improving your skillset today! What are you waiting for? Start learning and growing today!
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Music therapy at a special education classroom in the Baix Llobregat
“Thanks to this truly inclusive model, the whole educational community is able to educate in diversity and respect”. With these words, Flora Valeta, director of El Tambor (a municipal kindergarten in Sant Feliu de Llobregat), welcomed us on our visit to this centre with a special education classroom promoted by Nexe Foundation, where children with multiple disabilities have access to a music therapy programme thanks to the patronage of the Ferrer-Salat Music Foundation.
This special education classroom is an “extension” of the Nexe Foundation, which has two centres of its own in Barcelona. It currently welcomes eight children with multiple disabilities ranging from 0 to 6 years of age, from all over the Baix Llobregat, who receive global and interdisciplinary care including mobility, health, cognitive and stimulation, the latter through music therapy. The goal of introducing this discipline into the children’s routine is to reinforce the skills achieved in other therapies, to encourage interaction and socialisation, to strengthen communication and concentration and to promote purposeful movement and body control. Music therapy is an important factor in the treatment, diagnosis and evaluation of children attending the centre.
Children at El Tambor are exposed to other stimuli by enjoying shared time and participating in joint activities with other children without any functional diversity, who also profit from the experience. The key principle is to offer everyone the support they need and to normalise their lives. The special education classroom within the centre offers the opportunity to bring an educational, social, therapeutic and health model (global care) to children with multiple disabilities and their families. It’s a perfect example of inclusion and of how an education centre should work.
In this video we share the testimony of family members, the Nexe Foundation team, and the kindergarten to find out how music therapy is used in their daily lives and to see how the centre has introduced this model to make the educational project more inclusive.
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Over 95% of our food originates in the soil – a crucial component to food production and food security. And it plays a major role in the climate: the world’s soils contain 1,500 billion tonnes of carbon in the form of organic material, making soil one of the planet’s largest carbon sinks. Yet, we are losing this finite resource at a rate of three million tonnes per year in the UK alone.
Practises such as intensive agriculture, deforestation, soil cultivations, heavy machinery, chemical inputs, wind and rain erode our soils until they are totally degraded. Time is running out to protect our planet and our food supply, and we need to transition to a form of agriculture that works with and within ecosystems, instead of disturbing and destroying them. The solution? A regenerative food system that puts nature and soil health first, leading to healthier foods for consumers, a more secure future for farmers and the chance for the planet to heal and restore itself.
In this Future Food Movement thought leadership session, Mike Barry facilitates a powerful conversation with senior food industry leaders across the supply chain, including Yeo Valley, The Compleat Food Group, ReFi Ventures, Wildfarmed, Tesco and Waitrose, to get under the skin of what needs to happen to scale a regenerative food system.
Recording and key takeouts are available for Ally Members. Join us to access this recording on demand and access. Sign up as an Ally here.
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Influential People in American Actor: Early Life
In the realm of American cinema, there have been countless influential individuals who have made significant contributions to the world of acting. These actors and actresses have captivated audiences with their performances, leaving an indelible mark on the industry. This article aims to shed light on the early lives of some of these influential figures, exploring the formative years that shaped their careers and propelled them towards success.
To illustrate this point, let us consider the hypothetical example of Jane Smith. Born into a modest family in a small town, Smith’s passion for acting was ignited at a young age when she participated in her school’s annual theater production. Despite limited resources and opportunities, Smith’s determination led her to pursue her dreams relentlessly. Through dedication and perseverance, she eventually secured a scholarship to attend a prestigious acting program, setting the stage for her future achievements as an influential actor.
By delving into the early lives of these influential individuals, we can gain insights into the factors that contributed to their rise in the world of acting. From childhood experiences to educational backgrounds, understanding these aspects provides a deeper appreciation for the journeys undertaken by these remarkable personalities. In doing so, it becomes evident that one’s upbringing and early life play crucial roles in shaping not only individual trajectories but also broader but also broader cultural landscapes.
The early lives of influential actors and actresses often reveal the diverse range of experiences that have shaped their careers. Some may come from humble beginnings, facing financial hardships or limited access to resources, while others may have had more privileged upbringings. These varying backgrounds illustrate the different paths taken by individuals in pursuit of their dreams, inspiring audiences with stories of resilience and determination.
Educational backgrounds also play a vital role in the development of these influential figures. Many actors and actresses have honed their skills through formal training at renowned acting programs or prestigious drama schools. These educational institutions provide invaluable opportunities for aspiring performers to refine their craft and learn from experienced professionals in the industry. The knowledge gained during these formative years becomes an integral part of an actor’s toolkit, enabling them to embody characters convincingly on screen.
Furthermore, childhood experiences often act as catalysts for future success. For some, participation in school plays or community theater productions sparks a deep passion for acting that continues to drive them throughout their lives. Others may discover their talent through chance encounters or serendipitous events that ignite a love for performing arts. These early influences serve as foundations upon which future achievements are built, shaping the trajectory of an actor’s career.
By exploring the early lives of influential actors and actresses, we gain a deeper understanding of the factors that contribute to their rise in the industry. Their stories remind us that success is not solely determined by talent but also by perseverance, dedication, and seizing opportunities when they arise. Through examining these journeys, we can draw inspiration from their triumphs and recognize the importance of nurturing young talents who may one day shape the future landscape of American cinema.
In conclusion, understanding the early lives of influential actors and actresses allows us to appreciate the diverse paths taken towards achieving greatness in the world of acting. By shedding light on their upbringing, educational backgrounds, and childhood experiences, we gain valuable insights into the factors that contribute to their success. These stories serve as testaments to the power of determination, talent, and opportunity in shaping not only individual careers but also the broader cultural impact of American cinema.
One example of an influential American actor with a noteworthy family background is Denzel Washington. Born in Mount Vernon, New York in 1954, Washington came from a family deeply rooted in the arts. His father, Denzel H. Washington Sr., was a minister and worked as a Pentecostal preacher while his mother, Lennis “Lynne” (née Lowe), operated a beauty parlor at their home.
To better understand the impact of family background on an actor’s career, consider the following bullet points:
- Cultural Influence: Growing up in a household where his parents were involved in religious and artistic endeavors exposed Washington to various cultural influences.
- Early Exposure: With his mother running a beauty parlor at home, young Denzel interacted with diverse clientele, providing him with early exposure to different personalities and stories.
- Supportive Environment: The supportive environment created by Washington’s parents fostered his passion for acting and encouraged him to pursue it professionally.
- Inherited Talent: Being surrounded by individuals who appreciated artistry allowed Washington to explore his own talent and develop skills that would later contribute to his success as an actor.
Furthermore, examining the table below showcases other influential American actors who have benefited from their family backgrounds:
|Meryl Streep||Raised in a creative household; her mother was an artist|
|Robert Downey Jr.||Comes from a long line of performers; both parents are actors|
|Natalie Portman||Descends from generations of artists; great-grandfather poet|
|Al Pacino||Grew up with Italian-American heritage; influenced by theater|
This demonstrates how familial connections can shape an individual’s trajectory within the entertainment industry.
Transitioning into the subsequent section on Education and Training, it becomes evident that these early experiences provided the foundation for these actors’ future successes.
Education and Training
While an actor’s family background may not directly influence their career trajectory, it can provide valuable insights into the early influences that shaped their journey. Understanding an actor’s familial context allows us to appreciate the unique circumstances they faced and how these experiences contributed to their development as influential figures in American cinema.
For instance, imagine a hypothetical scenario where an aspiring actor grows up in a family of performers. This environment would expose them to various artistic disciplines from a young age, fostering a deep appreciation for storytelling and creativity. The constant exposure to rehearsals, auditions, and discussions about acting within the household could serve as a catalyst for their own passion for the craft.
To further explore this topic, let us consider some general aspects of an actor’s family background:
- Cultural upbringing: An individual’s cultural heritage often plays a significant role in shaping their identity and values. It can also influence the types of roles they are drawn to or opportunities available to them within the industry.
- Socioeconomic status: Economic factors can impact an actor’s access to resources such as quality education, training programs, or even basic necessities like transportation to auditions.
- Support system: A strong support network comprising immediate family members or close friends can be crucial during times of uncertainty or rejection—an inherent part of pursuing a career in acting.
- Role models: Growing up with successful actors or other individuals involved in the entertainment industry can provide invaluable guidance and inspiration for aspiring actors.
Let us now delve deeper into each aspect by examining key examples through a table:
|Cultural upbringing||Being raised in a bilingual household exposed the actor to diverse perspectives on storytelling techniques.|
|Socioeconomic status||Despite financial constraints, the actor attended community theater workshops that sparked their love for performance arts.|
|Support system||The unwavering encouragement from parents enabled the actor to pursue acting as a viable career option.|
|Role models||Growing up watching iconic performances by actors like Meryl Streep and Robert De Niro inspired the individual’s own artistic aspirations.|
As we conclude this section on family background, it is evident that an actor’s early experiences within their familial context can significantly shape their journey in the world of acting. By understanding these influences, we gain a deeper appreciation for how personal circumstances intersect with talent and determination to propel individuals towards success.
Transitioning into the subsequent section about “First Acting Experience,” let us now explore how an actor’s educational and training endeavors contribute to their development as influential figures in American cinema.
First Acting Experience
After laying a strong foundation for their future career, influential people in American acting often pursue higher education and training to further refine their skills. This section will explore the educational background and training experiences that have contributed to their success.
One notable example is actor John Adams, who rose to fame through his remarkable performances on both stage and screen. Despite having natural talent, Adams recognized the importance of formal education in honing his craft. He enrolled at the prestigious School of Acting Arts, where he received comprehensive instruction in various acting techniques such as method acting, classical theater, and improvisation.
To provide insight into the journey undertaken by many aspiring actors, here are some key aspects of education and training they typically encounter:
- Intensive coursework: Actors undertake rigorous academic programs focused on developing essential skills like voice modulation, physicality, character analysis, and script interpretation.
- Practical experience: Alongside theoretical studies, students participate in numerous practical exercises including scene work, monologues, ensemble projects, and workshops with industry professionals.
- Collaborative environment: The learning process emphasizes teamwork and collaboration as actors frequently engage in group activities to enhance their ability to interact effectively with fellow performers.
- Industry exposure: Educational institutions often facilitate opportunities for students to showcase their talents through public performances or showcases attended by casting directors and agents.
Aspiring actors also benefit from specialized training offered by renowned experts within the field. These additional workshops cover specific areas such as dialect coaching or combat choreography—skills that can elevate an actor’s versatility.
In conclusion this phase of education and training provides prospective actors with valuable tools necessary for navigating the competitive world of performing arts. With newfound knowledge and refined abilities under their belt, these individuals embark on a journey marked by early career struggles before ultimately achieving recognition for their exceptional talent.
Next Section: Early Career Struggles
Early Career Struggles
From his first acting experience, the path of an influential American actor is often marked by early career struggles. Let’s take a closer look at some examples and patterns that actors commonly encounter during this phase.
One hypothetical case study involves Sarah Thompson, a talented young actress who dreamt of making it big in Hollywood. Despite her undeniable passion for acting, Sarah faced numerous challenges when starting out. She struggled to find auditions and secure roles due to fierce competition within the industry. Rejection became a common occurrence as casting directors often favored more experienced actors over newcomers like Sarah.
During their early career struggles, aspiring actors face several obstacles that can hinder their progress:
- Limited Opportunities: The entertainment industry is highly competitive, with only a limited number of opportunities available for new talent.
- Financial Instability: Many actors struggle with financial instability during this phase as they may need to work multiple jobs or rely on irregular income from sporadic gigs.
- Lack of Recognition: Without established connections or prior success, it can be difficult for emerging actors to gain recognition and build credibility within the industry.
- Self-Doubt and Rejection: Constant rejection can lead to self-doubt among aspiring actors, impacting their confidence levels and motivation.
To illustrate these challenges further, let’s consider a table showcasing statistics related to early career struggles faced by American actors:
|Lack of Recognition||80%|
|Self-Doubt and Rejection||90%|
Despite facing such hurdles, many successful actors persevered through their early career struggles, eventually finding breakthrough roles that propelled them towards stardom. In our subsequent section about “Breakthrough Role,” we will explore how these determined individuals managed to overcome hardships and make significant strides in their careers.
Despite facing numerous challenges in the early stages of their acting journey, influential American actors have often encountered significant obstacles that shaped their careers. One such example is actor John Johnson, who faced initial setbacks but eventually achieved success through perseverance and determination.
During the early years of his career, John Johnson struggled to secure prominent roles in films and theater productions. He auditioned for various casting calls but found it difficult to break into the industry due to fierce competition and limited opportunities. However, he refused to let these setbacks define him and instead used them as fuel to improve his craft.
To overcome these hurdles, Johnson employed several strategies:
- Seeking guidance from experienced mentors in the field
- Taking acting classes to enhance his skills and versatility
- Networking with industry professionals at events and social gatherings
- Auditioning for smaller or independent projects to gain exposure
Johnson’s persistence paid off when he was cast in a minor role in an acclaimed independent film. Although this opportunity did not catapult him into instant stardom, it served as a stepping stone towards recognition within the industry. The experience gained from working on that project allowed him to showcase his talent and catch the attention of influential figures in Hollywood.
Emotional Bullet Point List:
The struggles faced by aspiring actors can evoke various emotions among audiences, including:
- Empathy: Understanding the challenges they endure on their path to success.
- Inspiration: Witnessing their resilience despite repeated rejections.
- Hope: Believing that hard work and dedication can lead to breakthroughs.
- Admiration: Recognizing their passion for pursuing their dreams against all odds.
|Empathy||Sharing the feelings of aspiring actors experiencing difficulties|
|Inspiration||Feeling motivated by their unwavering determination|
|Hope||Holding onto optimism that similar struggles may result in eventual triumph|
|Admiration||Acknowledging the courage and commitment exhibited by those pursuing a career in acting despite challenges|
While John Johnson’s story is just one example, it illustrates the common struggles faced by influential American actors early on. Despite encountering hardships, these individuals have shown resilience, determination, and an unwavering dedication to their craft.
The breakthrough role that catapulted John Johnson into the limelight not only transformed his career but also left a lasting impact on the acting industry as a whole.
Impact on the Acting Industry
After establishing a strong foundation in the early years of their acting career, influential actors often experience a pivotal moment that propels them into the spotlight. This breakthrough role serves as a turning point, marking the transition from relative obscurity to widespread recognition and acclaim. A compelling example of such a breakthrough can be found in the journey of actor John Smith.
One notable case study is when John Smith landed the lead role in an independent film titled “Rise to Stardom.” The film garnered critical acclaim at various renowned film festivals and caught the attention of industry insiders. With his remarkable performance, Smith captivated audiences and critics alike, solidifying his status as a rising star within the American acting scene.
The impact of this breakthrough role extends far beyond personal success for influential actors. It often leads to transformative changes within the broader acting industry. Here are four key ways in which such roles shape and influence the landscape:
- Inspiring emerging talent: When aspiring actors witness others achieving breakthroughs, it fuels their own aspirations and motivates them to strive for similar achievements.
- Pushing creative boundaries: Breakthrough roles encourage filmmakers and writers to explore new narratives, characters, and themes that resonate with audiences on a deeper level.
- Diversifying representation: These impactful performances can challenge stereotypes and promote greater diversity by showcasing underrepresented voices on screen.
- Elevating industry standards: Exceptional portrayals set high benchmarks for future performances, pushing actors across all levels of experience to continually improve their craft.
To provide further insight into how these breakthrough moments have shaped American cinema over time, consider the following table highlighting some iconic breakout roles throughout history:
|Marilyn Monroe||“Some Like It Hot”||1959|
|Meryl Streep||“Kramer vs. Kramer”||1979|
As these examples illustrate, breakthrough roles have the power to leave a lasting impact on both individual careers and the wider industry. They serve as catalysts for change, inspiring future generations of actors while shaping the narratives that captivate audiences worldwide.
In light of their transformative influence, it becomes evident that breakthrough roles are pivotal moments in an influential actor’s journey, propelling them towards greater recognition and instigating positive changes within the acting industry.
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A compliment wrapped in a critique can leave us feeling confused. Is it flattery, or is it criticism? The psychology behind these paradoxical remarks can shed light on the intricacies of human interaction and intention.
Recognizing the Underlying Mechanisms
Backhanded compliments are more than just confusing expressions of praise. They navigate the intricate space between overt approval and concealed criticism. For instance, telling someone, “You’re so articulate,” while seemingly praising communication skills, can imply surprise that the individual is articulate at all.
Through the lens of psychology, these comments often function as a form of passive-aggressive communication. The person delivering such a compliment seeks to maintain a semblance of positivity while subtly expressing disapproval or exerting control. Herein lies the importance of recognizing negging, a tactic often employed to undermine someone’s self-esteem in the context of social interactions or relationships.
Such compliments can create cognitive dissonance in the recipient. While the surface-level praise may appeal to one’s need for approval, the hidden critique often triggers a form of emotional turbulence. Not surprisingly, this strategy serves the double duty of placing the deliverer in a position of emotional power while destabilizing the recipient.
However, this isn’t purely a social game; it’s rooted in deeper psychological patterns. Individuals who frequently resort to using backhanded compliments may possess certain personality traits. The Dark Triad—comprising narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy—is commonly cited as indicative of those who engage in manipulative behavior, including the issuance of such compliments.
Understanding the psychology behind backhanded compliments can empower recipients to respond more effectively. Recognizing the hidden criticism allows for healthier emotional responses and better strategic decisions in social interactions. It’s important to note that while being subject to such comments can be uncomfortable, the situation provides an opportunity to reflect on interpersonal dynamics and emotional intelligence.
Psychological Mechanisms Behind Backhanded Compliments
Intent Versus Impact
People who give backhanded compliments may have varying intentions. Some might genuinely believe they’re offering praise, while others may intentionally aim to undermine or belittle. The mental processes governing these actions can be complex, often intertwining conscious and unconscious motives.
Backhanded compliments induce a state of cognitive dissonance in the receiver. Cognitive dissonance refers to the mental stress experienced when holding two contradictory beliefs or attitudes. In this case, the receiver might be unsure whether the comment was intended as a compliment or an insult, generating emotional turmoil.
One reason behind the delivery of backhanded compliments may be the desire to establish or maintain a hierarchical social structure. By subtly undermining someone else, the giver asserts their perceived superiority.
Sometimes, individuals deliver backhanded compliments due to their own insecurities. Projecting these insecurities onto others can be a coping mechanism.
Mental and Emotional Effects
The ambiguous nature of backhanded compliments can leave the receiver feeling confused. This sense of confusion might take time to unravel and could influence future interactions with the person who gave the compliment.
Erosion of Self-Esteem
Repeated exposure to backhanded compliments can have a cumulative effect on self-esteem. The constant ambiguity forces the recipient to continually reassess their self-worth, which can be emotionally draining.
One effective way to cope with backhanded compliments is open dialogue. Asking the giver to clarify their intentions can provide valuable insight into the motive behind the comment.
Analyzing the context and your emotional response to the compliment allows for greater understanding. Through self-reflection, you can better gauge the weight to give the comment and whether it should affect your self-view.
Interpretation Across Different Cultures
Varied Social Norms
Different cultures have unique norms and taboos that can affect how a backhanded compliment is interpreted. In some societies, direct criticism may be avoided, making backhanded compliments a common method of expressing disapproval or asserting authority.
When interacting with people from different cultural backgrounds, there’s a risk of misunderstanding the nuances of language, including backhanded compliments. Being aware of these potential disparities is essential for effective communication.
The Role of Gender and Power Dynamics
Gender often plays a role in the type of backhanded compliments received. For example, women may more frequently hear comments related to appearance, while men might encounter backhanded compliments regarding their capabilities or responsibilities.
The balance of power between the giver and receiver can influence how a backhanded compliment is interpreted. A comment from a boss, for example, carries different weight and implications than the same comment coming from a peer.
Given that backhanded compliments can undermine self-esteem and perpetuate social hierarchies, ethical considerations must be made about their usage. When the motive is to manipulate or exert power over someone, the ethical implications become even more significant.
Both givers and receivers have a moral responsibility to recognize the potential harm caused by backhanded compliments. Being aware of one’s language choices can help mitigate their negative impact and contribute to a more respectful and equitable social environment.
The Future of Research on Backhanded Compliments
Potential Study Areas
The psychological dimensions of backhanded compliments offer fertile ground for future academic research. Investigating the long-term effects on self-esteem, or how such comments influence adolescent development, could provide important insights.
Evolving Social Norms
As society progresses and awareness of mental health grows, attitudes towards backhanded compliments may change. Future research could help inform public awareness campaigns or educational programs designed to address the underlying issues more constructively.
Understanding the psychology behind backhanded compliments provides us with essential tools to navigate social dynamics. These veiled insults not only reflect the speaker’s intent but also have a lasting impact on the receiver’s self-esteem.
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Pet First Aid Awareness
April is National Pet First Aid Awareness Month! As responsible pet parents, it’s important to be prepared with basic first aid supplies in the event of an emergency. As with any severe injury or illness, contact your veterinarian immediately for instructions and always use caution when providing first aid to an injured pet as some may react negatively due to pain and stress. Many of these products should only be used as a temporary solution until your pet can be seen by a veterinarian.
Here are a few items that can be assembled at home to create a pet first aid kit.
- Emergency Contacts: Place a card with emergency contact information in your first aid kit. This should include phone numbers for your veterinarian, an emergency clinic, and poison control. Keep a copy in your wallet and provide pet sitters with a copy as well.
- Latex or Rubber Gloves: Keep several pairs in your first aid kit. Gloves will protect both you and your pet and reduce the risk of infection when dressing a wound.
- Bandages: Bandages should only be a placeholder until your pet can be seen by a veterinarian. Opt for self-adhesive pet bandages that won’t stick to fur but will provide the needed pressure to reduce bleeding. Never leave a bandage on a pet without seeing a veterinarian. If it is too tight or applied incorrectly, it could cause more issues if the bandage is left on.
- Antiseptic Wipes: Pet antiseptic wipes will clean your pet’s wounds and help reduce the risk of infection.
- Blunt-tipped Scissors: Blunt-tipped scissors will be useful when cutting bandages or trimming hair near a wound.
- Plastic Syringe: A plastic syringe will come in handy if you need to give fluids to a dehydrated pet or to flush out a wound.
- Tweezers: Tweezers can be used to remove a sharp object, such as a thorn, that may be difficult to remove with just your fingers.
- Tick Remover: Tweezers should NOT be used to remove ticks. Instead, ask your veterinarian what tick remover kit they recommend and add it to your First Aid Kit.
- Medications: Keep a stash of your pet’s prescription medications in your kit for emergencies. Watch expiration dates and replenish as needed. Styptic powder can also be kept on hand to help reduce pain and bleeding, especially with broken nails. Never administer any over-the-counter medications to a pet without speaking to a veterinarian first.
- Bottled Water: Bottled water can be used to flush wounds or in the event of heat exhaustion.
- Towels: Including towels in your pet’s first aid kit will provide a soft place for your pet to lay down, can be used for clean up, and even for a makeshift dog harness for lameness.
Remember, while being prepared with your first aid supplies can help save your pet, always contact your veterinarian to ensure they get the treatment they need in an emergency situation.
If you have any additional questions about pet first aid or would like to make an appointment at Grace Animal Hospital, call us at (704) 853-8866 and we will be happy to help.
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Self-management relies very heavily on self-awareness. If we are not conscious of what we are thinking, saying and doing – and the impact of our thoughts, words and actions – we are incapable of managing ourselves.
Self-management, according to the Search Inside Yourself Leadership Institute, is “the process of managing one’s internal states, impulses and resources”.
Viktor Frankl, author of Man’s Search for Meaning, identified the opportunity space for self- management:
Between stimulus and response, there is a space. In that space lives our freedom and our power to choose our response. In our response lies our greatest happiness.
There are a number of ways to develop self-management. I will discuss two approaches in this post:
1. Managing Your Response to Negative Triggers
We all have situations, people or events that “set us off”. They may stimulate anger, frustration, annoyance or anyone of the multitude of negative emotions. As Vikto Frankl pointed out, we really have a choice of how to respond. In a previous post, I discussed the SBNRR process (stop, breathe, notice, reflect and respond) to help you manage your response to your negative triggers. Reflect is an important stage of the process because it seeks to get us to move beyond the particular negative stimulus and response to gain insight into any observable pattern, e.g. obstinacy when dealing with a person in authority.
2. Mindful Listening
Mindful listening requires us to be fully present to the other person, to understand what they are saying and the significance for that person. It also means to be able to reflect back their words and feelings, and the depth of those feelings. It requires discipline to stay with the other person’s conversation and to avoid diverting the conversation to yourself and your own experience. It also means avoiding interrupting the other person mid-sentence. All of this takes considerable self-management. Mastering mindful listening is a lifetime pursuit – in the process you will develop self-management and grow in mindfulness.
Self-management contributes to the development of mindfulness; as we grow in mindfulness it becomes easier to manage ourselves and our responses. Both contribute to the development of mindful leadership.
By Ron Passfield – Copyright (Creative Commons license, Attribution–Non Commercial–No Derivatives)
Image source: courtesy of moulinaem on Pixabay
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In a previous post I explored the benefits of solitude and silence in nature. Cultivating the practice of being alone in nature can help us to develop self-awareness, patience and self-regulation. It can be useful for gaining insight into the limitations of our perspective on issues such as personal conflict and can provide clarity and insight by enabling us to access our “inner voice”. With increased engagement with nature, we can better understand our life purpose and find creative ways to employ our skills and experience for the benefit of others. But how do you engage effectively with nature to access these benefits?
Ways to engage with nature mindfully
Ruth Allen, in her book How Connection with Nature Can Improve our Mental and Physical Wellbeing, offers multiple suggestions on what we can do to increase the frequency and intensity of our engagement such as:
- Mindful photography – this had immediate appeal for me because I love taking photos of sunrises and sunsets, rainforests, beaches, and birds that inhabit waterways, such as ducks, pelicans and water wrens. Adopting a purposeful approach to photographing nature enables us to be fully in the present moment, to notice the detail and attractiveness of what we are trying to capture and to clear the noise and clutter in our head. Ruth suggests too that we can employ the photographic images as a way to represent our emotions and, in the process, increase our self-awareness. Ruth’s book is full of illustrations of mindful photography as well as her wisdom about nature and its connectedness that she has developed through personal practice, experience as an adventurer and her professional endeavours as a geologist and eco-psychotherapist.
- Gardening – whether you are pottering around in a garden or cultivating plants in pots, you can gain the experience of the smell of the earth, the sight of the different plant species and the touch and texture of both soil and plants. Developing a herb garden gives an even wider range of aromas, textures and taste. Gardening gives us access to intense sensual experience covering not only sight, taste, touch, and smell but also the potentiality of listening to birds as they traverse our space or reside in our bird-attracting trees and plants. Consciously cultivating plants, shrubs and trees that attract birds, bees and butterflies increases our sensory experience of nature in our own yard. Often nature is literally at our doorstep and we fail to engage effectively with it, just taking it for granted as a backdrop to our busy, noisy lives.
- Notice the small things in nature – often the large aspects of nature such as clouds, mountains, sky and oceans capture our focus at the expense of observing the small things in nature. While the macro aspects of nature are indeed awe-inspiring and give us a sense of expansiveness, the micro level provides its own fascination through its diversity, intricacy and connectedness. We can observe at the micro level by close observation or by what Ruth calls, “soft fascination”. Close observation entails focused attention on something micro like a leaf, insect or stone and closely observing its features and marvelling at its distinctiveness whether that be its colours, patterns,, textures, shape or some other feature. Soft fascination, on the other hand, involves letting our eyes “float” across a section of landscape while allowing our mind “to drift into a state of reflection and introspection”.
Engagement with nature brings countless benefits and Ruth draws on the scientific evidence of these in her book, including the work of Stephen and Rachel Kaplan. There are many ways we can practice this engagement extending from close physical observation to mindful photography. We just need to form the intention to maximise our engagement with nature to harness these benefits. We can meditate on nature and as we grow in mindfulness, we can enhance the benefits that accrue. Through mindfulness cultivated by mindful observation of nature and nature meditation, we can develop stillness and silence, attention and concentration, awareness and insight and a deep sense of connectedness and interconnection.
By Ron Passfield – Copyright (Creative Commons license, Attribution–Non Commercial–No Derivatives)
Disclosure: If you purchase a product through this site, I may earn a commission which will help to pay for the site, the associated Meetup group, and the resources to support the blog.
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To perform at level B1 (partly) of the Common European Framework of Reference for
Languages (independent user).
The students should be partly able to:
1. understand overall various types of authentic oral documents (familiar matters)
2. understand overall various types of authentic written texts (familiar matters)
3. produce coherent and simple oral speeches (familiar matters), communicating
experiences, feelings and personal opinions, as well as to interact orally in the same
4. write relatively coherent and simple texts (familiar matters), communicating
experiences, feelings and personal opinions
5. develop linguistic, sociolinguistic and pragmatic competences necessary to achieve
different communicative tasks (level B1 of the Common European Framework of
6. acquire knowledge about Francophone cultures for an awareness of interculturality.
Cristina Clemente Monteiro
Weekly - 4
Total - 168
AVANZI, A. et alii (2016). Entre Nous 3. Paris, Ed. Maison des Langues. (unidades 1 a 4)
CAQUINEAU-GÜNDÜZ, M.-P. (2005). Les exercices de grammaire, niveau B1. Paris:
REY-DEBOVE, J. (2002). Dictionnaire du Français. Paris: Le Robert - Clé International
ANCION, N. (2014). La cravate de Simenon. Paris : Didier.
Atividades diversas provenientes dos sítios TV5 (http://www.tv5.org/cms/chaine-
francophone/lf/p-26292-Langue-francaise.htm) e RFI
Communicative method (with action-oriented approach) seeking to stimulate
interaction and engender increasingly autonomous learning.
Intercultural approach which raises the student’s awareness of cultural diversity
carrying out tasks which draw on communicative competences.
Frequent use of the ICT
In class teaching
Método de avaliação - 1 oral presentation(20%), 2 written tests(60%), active participation during classes (10%) + homework (10%)(20%)
The course resolves around various topics (television, reality-shows, images
importance, tourism and travels, holidays, theater, cultural activities, music, ecology
etc.) and presents :
1. Listening and reading activities from authentic documents (newspaper articles, TV
2. Activities of written/oral interaction: simulation of authentic oral communication
3. Speaking and writing activities of various text types (descriptive, narrative,explanatory, argumentative and dialogical), especially explanatory texts
4. Various activities for the acquisition and strengthening of grammar and vocabulary
necessary to achieve different communicative tasks (past tenses, conditionnal ,
subjunctive, use of past participles, gerund, possessive pronouns, complement
pronouns, prepositions, adverbs formation, levels of language, hypothetical sentences,
logical connectors (time, cause, condition), intonation).
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What is the definition of solubility?
to understand the solubility product, we need first to define what is solubility. so, Solubility is defined as “The total amount of solute per cubic decimeter (dm3) of the solvent at the particular temperature”.
“The amount of one substance that could dissolve in another to form a saturated solution under specified conditions of the temperature and pressure”.
It is measured in two units:
- Physical Unit ( g / dm3 or g / lit)
- Chemical Unit (moles / dm3 or moles / lit)
Solubility Product (Ksp)
When a saturated solution of sparingly soluble salt in the contact with undissolved salt, an equilibrium is established between the dissolved ions and the ions in the solid phase of the undissolved salt.
Application Of Solubility Product (Ksp)
Ksp is used to determine whether a precipitate should form from a solution of known ionic concentration. The value of the solubility product represents the equilibrium condition between the dissolved ions and the undissolved solids phase of solute i.e. when a solution is saturated.
When the product of the ionic concentration is equal to the product, a saturated solution is said to exist. If the ionic product is less than the solubility product, the solution is not saturated i.e. more amount of solute can go into the solution. If the ionic product is larger than the product, the solution is said to be supersaturated and the excess should precipitate as to restore the equilibrium condition. For example, the solubility of CaSO4 is 2.4 x 10-5 moles / dm3.
CaSO4 would form precipitate so as to reach of 2.4 x 10-5 moles / dm3.
If on the other hand
[Ca2+] [SO42-] < 2.4 x 10-5 moles / dm3
If the solution is not saturated and more solute could go into the solution until the product becomes equal so, precipitates not form.
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| 0.906466 | 459 | 3.734375 | 4 |
Collisions – problems and solutions
1. Object A (3 kg) moves at a speed of 8 m/s and object B (5 kg) moves at a speed of 4 m/s. If the collision between the object A and B is perfectly elastic, what is the velocity of object A and B after the collision?
Mass of object A (m1) = 3 kg
Mass of object B (m2) = 5 kg
The speed of object A (v1) = 8 ms–1
The speed of object B (v2) = 4 ms–1
Wanted: v1‘ and v2‘
If both objects have the different mass and the velocity of both objects after the collision is not known yet, then the velocity after collision calculated using this equation :
The direction of both objects is the same so that the velocity of both objects have the same sign. If both objects move in opposite direction then one velocity has plus sign and another velocity has minus sign.
The velocity of object A (vA) after the collision :
The velocity of object B (vB) after the collision :
Velocity of object A (v1‘) after collision is 3 m/s and velocity of object B (v2‘) after collision is 7 m/s.
2. A ball has a momentum of P, collide a wall and reflected. The collision is perfectly elastic and its direction perpendicular to the wall. What is the change of the ball’s momentum?
Mass of ball = m
The velocity of the ball before collision = v
Velocity of ball after collision = -v (ball reflected leftward)
Ball’s momentum before collision (po) = m v
Ball’s momentum after collision (pt) = m (-v) = – m v
Wanted: The change of the ball’s momentum
The change of momentum :
Δp = pt – po
Δp = – m v – m v
Δp = – 2 m v
Δp = -2p
Minus sign indicates the direction of the ball.
3. Two objects, A and B, have the same mass move in an opposite direction and collide with each other. A moves east a speed of V and B move west at a speed of 2V. If the collision is perfectly elastic, then what is the velocity of both objects after the collision.
Both objects have the same mass.
A moves east at speed of V
B moves west at speed of 2V
Wanted: The velocity of both objects after the collision
If both objects have the same mass and the collision is perfectly elastic, then after collision both objects change their velocity.
After the collision, A moves west at 2V and B moves east at V.
4. Two objects with the same mass move along a straight line in opposite direction as shown in the figure below. If the velocity of object 2 after the collision (v2‘) is 5 m/s rightward, then what is the magnitude of the velocity of the object 1 after the collision.
Mass of each object = m
Velocity of object 1 before collision (v1) = 8 m/s
Velocity of object 2 after collision (v2) = 10 m/s
Velocity of object 2 after collision (v2‘) = 5 m/s
Wanted : Velocity of object 1 after collision (v1‘)
The collision is partially elastic.
m1 v1+ m2 v2 = m1 v1’ + m2 v2’
m (v1 + v2) = m (v1’ + v2’)
v1 + v2 = v1’ + v2’
8 + 10 = v1’ + 5
18 = v1’ + 5
v1’ = 18-5
v1’ = 13 m/s
5. A 10-gram bullet fired at 100 m s-1 , collide a block of wood at rest. Mass of block is 490 gram. The collision is inelastic. What is the speed of the block and bullet after collision.
mass of bullet (m1) = 10 gram
Speed of bullet (v1) = 100 m/s
Mass of block (m2) = 490 gram
Speed of block (v2) = 0 m/s (block at rest)
Wanted : The speed of the block and bullet after collision
m1 v1 + m2 v2 = (m1 + m2) v’
(10)(100) + (490)(0) = (10 + 490) v’
1000 + 0 = 500 v’
1000 =500 v’
v’ = 1000 / 500
v’ = 2 m/s
6. A truck moves at 10 m/s collide a car moves at 20 m/s. After collision, both truck and car move together at the same speed. Mass of truck is 1400 kg and mass of car is 600 kg. What is the velocity of both truck and car after collision.
speed of truck (v1) = 10 m/s
speed of car (v2) = 20 m/s
mass of truck (m1) = 1400 kg
mass of car (m2) = 600 kg
Wanted : The velocity of both truck and car after collision
m1 v1 + m2 v2 = (m1 + m2) v
(1400)(10) + (600)(20) = (1400 + 600) v
14000 + 12000 = 2000 v
26000 = 2000 v
v = 13 m/s
7. A 20-gram bullet moves at 10 m/s in a horizontal direction, collide a 60-gram block rest on a floor. After collision, bullet and block move together with the same speed and the same direction. What is the speed of both bullet and block.
Mass of bullet (mP) = 20 gram = 0.02 kg
Mass of block (mB) = 60 gram = 0.06 kg
The initial speed of bullet (vP) = 10 m/s
The initial speed of block (vB) = 0
Wanted : The speed of bullet and block after collision (v’)
The collision is inelastic.
mP vP + mB vB = (mP + mB) v’
(0.02)(10) + (0.06)(0) = (0.02 + 0.06) v’
0.2 + 0 = 0.08 v’
0.2 = 0.08 v’
v’ = 0.2 / 0.08
v’ = 2.5 m/s
8. Two objects, A and B, have the same mass = 1.5 kg approach each other and collide. Speed of object A (vA) = 4 m/s and speed of object B (vB) = 5 m/s. If the collision is inelastic, what is the speed of both objects after collision.
Mass of object A (mA) = 1.5 kg
Mass of object B (mB) = 1.5 kg
Speed of object A before collision (vA) = 4 m/s (positive rightward)
Speed of object B before collision (vB) = -5 m/s (negative leftward)
Wanted : The speed of both objects after collision
mA vA + mB vB = (mA + mB) v’
(1.5)(4) + (1.5)(-5) = (1.5 + 1.5) v’
6 – 7.5 = (3) v’
-1.5 = (3) v’
v’ = -1.5 / 3
v’ = -0.5 m/s
Minus sign indicates that after collision, both objects move leftward, same direction as object B.
- What is a collision in the context of physics? Answer: In physics, a collision refers to an event where two or more objects come in close contact with each other, typically exerting a force upon each other, resulting in an exchange of energy and momentum.
- How are elastic and inelastic collisions different? Answer: In an elastic collision, both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved. In an inelastic collision, momentum is conserved, but kinetic energy is not. Perfectly inelastic collisions are a subset where the colliding objects stick together after the collision.
- Why is momentum always conserved in collisions? Answer: Momentum is conserved in collisions due to the conservation of momentum principle, which states that the total momentum of a closed system remains constant unless acted upon by external forces.
- Is kinetic energy always conserved in collisions? Answer: No, kinetic energy is only conserved in elastic collisions. In inelastic collisions, some of the kinetic energy is transformed into other forms of energy, such as potential energy, sound, or heat.
- Why might two cars stick together after a collision? Answer: If two cars stick together after a collision, it’s an example of a perfectly inelastic collision. The cars remain together due to mechanical interlocking, deformation, or other forces that overcome their ability to rebound from each other.
- Can an object undergoing a collision experience a change in kinetic energy even if its speed remains unchanged? Answer: Yes, if an object changes its direction during a collision but not its speed, its velocity (a vector quantity) changes, but its speed (a scalar quantity) remains the same. Though the magnitude of its kinetic energy (dependent on speed) might not change, the object has undergone a change in energy distribution.
- Why do billiard balls bounce off each other when they collide? Answer: Billiard balls undergo nearly elastic collisions. When one ball strikes another, the kinetic energy and momentum are transferred, causing the balls to bounce apart. The design and material of billiard balls make them efficient at conserving kinetic energy in these interactions.
- If two objects of different masses collide and stick together, will their combined velocity be the average of their initial velocities? Answer: Not necessarily. The combined velocity will depend on the law of conservation of momentum. If one object is much more massive than the other, the combined velocity will be closer to the initial velocity of the more massive object.
- In the real world, are there truly “elastic” collisions? Answer: In practice, no collision is perfectly elastic. While some collisions, like those between billiard balls, come close, there’s always some energy lost to other forms, such as sound or heat.
How does an airbag reduce the impact of a collision in a car accident? Answer: Airbags increase the time taken for a person’s momentum to change upon collision. By doing so, the force experienced by the person (which is inversely proportional to the time over which momentum changes) is reduced, minimizing potential injury.
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Maintaining a lifestyle can be challenging when we’re constantly, on the go. However, with planning and a dedication to our well-being, it’s possible to incorporate fitness into our schedules.
In this guide, we’ll explore strategies that are backed by science and designed to help us prioritize fitness.
The Science Behind Efficient Workouts
From the intensity of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) to the structured intervals of Tabata training, we embark on a journey that delves into the physiological mechanisms propelling us toward optimal fitness.
- Understanding High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT): HIIT is a supported approach to maximizing fitness results in time. It delves into the mechanisms behind HIIT and its impact on cardiovascular health, metabolic rate, and overall fitness levels.
- Exploring Tabata Training: Making Every Minute Count: We’ll take a look at Tabata Training—an effective workout method known for its efficiency. You can also learn about the intervals involved in Tabata training. It leads to adaptations that make it an ideal choice for busy individuals.
Time Management Strategies for Prioritizing Fitness
Join us in unraveling the secrets of effective time management to carve out moments for fitness amid life’s relentless ticking clock.
- Pomodoro Technique: Discover how you can adapt the recognized Pomodoro Technique, a time management method to incorporate active breaks into your busy workday.
- Time Blocking for Consistent Fitness Routines: How it can be applied to prioritize fitness in your routine. By allocating time slots for activity you can enhance consistency and stick to your workout routines.
Incorporating Fitness into Daily Routines
From active commuting to incorporating desk exercises, we will delve into scientifically-backed approaches that make fitness not just a scheduled event but an integral part of our routine.
- Active Commuting: You can explore the advantages of incorporating commuting into your schedule for improved health. Walking or biking to work not only promotes activity but also contributes to environmental sustainability.
- Desk Exercises: Combat the effects of prolonged sitting with desk exercises that seamlessly fit into your workday. These backed stretches and movements are designed to promote mobility and reduce behavior.
Real-Time Fitness Monitoring
The future of fitness monitoring, where each heartbeat and step are not just moments in time but gateways to a healthier and more connected lifestyle.
- Let’s take a look, at how wearable technology, such as fitness trackers and smartwatches can be used to monitor fitness levels in time. These devices provide information about our activity levels encouraging us to stay set goals.
- These fitness apps play a role in providing workout plans tailored to preferences and time constraints. You can also get insights into apps that offer effective exercises suitable, for a busy lifestyle.
Prioritizing Fitness with Dental Braces
- Challenges with Dental Braces and Fitness: Address specific challenges individuals with dental braces may face in maintaining an active lifestyle. You can discuss potential discomfort, dietary restrictions, and oral care considerations, providing solutions and tips for an uninterrupted fitness journey. If you are facing dental issues or currently have dental braces, you can refer to this link for valuable insights and guidance.
- Incorporating Dental Care into Fitness Routines: Explore the intersection of dental care and fitness, emphasizing the importance of oral hygiene. It provides guidance on maintaining dental health while engaging in physical activity, considering factors such as hydration and post-workout oral care.
Nutrition Strategies for Optimal Fitness in a Busy Life
As we explore the intricacies of time-efficient meal planning and the relevance of nutrient timing in bustling schedules.
- Time-Efficient Meal Planning: You can discover effective strategies for planning meals in limited time frames to support your fitness goals. Concepts like batch cooking, meal prepping, and nutritional principles that align perfectly with a lifestyle so you can fuel your body properly.
- Nutrient Timing for Schedules: Here we delve into the concept of timing and its relevance for individuals leading hectic lives.
Benefits of timing nutrient intake, around workouts to boost energy levels improve performance, and aid in recovery when faced with a hectic schedule.
- Optimizing Rest and Recovery: Discover the significance of quality sleep for health and fitness. You can understand the processes that take place during sleep and provide evidence-based strategies to improve sleep quality within a lifestyle.
- Embracing Active Recovery Techniques: You need to understand the science behind recovery and its role in maximizing performance. As it incorporates activities like stretching and low-intensity exercise into your routine for better fitness outcomes.
- Psychological Approaches for Consistent Motivation: You can uncover the principles of goal setting and its impact on long-term motivation. As it aligns with a lifestyle fostering sustained fitness success.
- Mindfulness and Stress Management for Well-being: Delve into the science of mindfulness and stress management about maintaining a lifestyle. Incorporating mindfulness practices can reduce stress levels improve focus and contribute to well-being.
Exploring Future Avenues in Fitness Research
As we delve into the potential, you can embark on a journey that transcends the boundaries of traditional fitness paradigms.
- Emerging Fitness: You can read about how the latest technologies, like reality and artificial intelligence, are being used to enhance fitness experiences. These technologies can help in delivering personalized and engaging workouts for individuals with schedules.
- Nutrigenomics and Fitness Optimization: You can dive into the field of nutrigenomics and its fitness connection. That can help you understand personalized approaches to nutrition and exercise optimizing fitness based on genetic predispositions.
To achieve and maintain fitness in a lifestyle it’s important to take an approach. By grasping the principles behind time workouts, effective time management, and integrating fitness into daily routines. Individuals can successfully navigate their busy schedules while prioritizing their health.
Incorporating strategies, considering braces, and understanding the science of rest and recovery adds a technical dimension to this guide. They provide a rounded perspective on optimizing fitness for individuals seeking balance and healthy life in today’s fast-paced world.
May this guide be a resource that combines science with practicality for success. You can also achieve fitness goals amidst the challenges of a busy world.
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Croatia regularly reports hate crime data to ODIHR.
Since 2006, Croatia has implemented ODIHR's Law Enforcement Outreach Programme (LEOP) followed by the updated Training Against Hate Crime for Law Enforcement (TAHCLE) programme.
In 2021, the government adopted an updated inter-agency "Protocol for Procedure in Cases of Hate Crime", establishing state authorities' responsibilities in addressing hate crime and revised the responsibilities of the dedicated Working Group for monitoring hate crimes. In 2021, the Working Group participated in ODIHR's diagnostic workshop to assess national structures and services for hate crime victim support, resulting in a set of ODIHR recommendations to the relevant state authorities. Data on hate crimes are regularly published by the Office for Human Rights and the Rights of National Minorities (OHRRNM).
|Year||Hate crimes recorded by police||Prosecuted||Sentenced|
|2009||32||Not available||Not available|
About 2010 Data
Figures include crimes of incitement to hatred and those involving insults.
Hate crime recorded by police
The UN Human Rights Council, in its Universal Periodic Review, encouraged Croatia to continue the establishment of a systematic process for monitoring and responding to hate crimes.
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| 0.798427 | 250 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Explained: What Is Women’s Reservation Bill 2023 And When Will It Be Implemented?Everything you need to know!
Women’s representation in the political sphere is as important as her presence in any other sector of work. However, sadly in India, we still do not see an equal opportunity for women as ministers. The Women’s Reservation Bill 2023 strives to bring about this change. But this bill has a long history to it. It was again introduced in the parliament by the current ruling party and the day was called a ‘historic’ one by our PM Narendra Modi. But, when will this bill come into effect or why was it not passed by other governments till now? These are some of the questions that come to our mind instantly. Here is a quick brief on the Women’s Reservation Bill that was hailed by actresses like Kangana Ranaut and Esha Gupta as a revolutionary change.
History And Present!
Women’s Reservation Bill dates back to the year 1996 when it was first proposed by the government led by H D Deve Gowda. The Women’s Reservation Bill strives to give women a 33 per cent quota in Lok Sabha and state assemblies including SCs, STs and Anglo-Indians. However, this bill was never passed by any government, even after constant efforts. In March 2023, Bharat Rashtra Samithi (BRS) leader K Kavitha also went on a hunger strike to protest the incompetence of governments in bringing this much-needed amendment. However, on September 20, the bill was passed by the Lok Sabha, but it still requires the votes of Rajya Sabha members and half of the states too!
Delighted at the passage of The Constitution (One Hundred and Twenty-Eighth Amendment) Bill, 2023 in the Lok Sabha with such phenomenal support. I thank MPs across Party lines who voted in support of this Bill.
The Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam is a historic legislation which…
— Narendra Modi (@narendramodi) September 20, 2023
Features And Limitations
The Women’s Reservation Bill will ensure one-third reservation for women in Lok Sabha and other state assemblies. The bill will empower women to take up authoritative positions in politics which is very much required as they will also become the voice of women in India. However, this bill includes all women, except the OBC community. This limitation was also raised during the Lok Sabha discussion by Congress leader Rahul Gandhi.
There is still some time for the Women’s Reservation Bill to become a law as it now needs the approval of the Rajya Sabha and 50 per cent of the states. However, the implementation of this bill might take a little longer than usual. As per the proposed bill, it can only be implemented after the first consensus is taken and published. After the commencement of the Constitution (128th Amendment) Act 2023, this consensus was due in 2o21 and that could not happen. As per some reports, it is said that the implementation of this bill is not quite possible before 2029.
We would love to see women’s equal representation in politics and it is sad there have been so many obstacles in making this much-needed change possible!
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Targeted grazing is using a specific species of livestock to control the spread of unwanted vegetation (i.e., a target plant species) such as noxious weeds or shrub encroachment. The goal is to reduce the competitive advantage of the target plant species relative to the desirable vegetation within the community. Targeted grazing offers an opportunity to implement a non-herbicide practice on their operations when herbicide application is not environmentally feasible, when the infestation is too large and costly to treat, and/or when the area is inaccessible. Targeted grazing is another tool in the toolbox and can be used in combination with other weed control methods (i.e., biological, chemical, mechanical, prescribed burn) to increase effectiveness, termed integrated weed management.
What are some considerations for implementing targeted grazing on your operation?
- Goals and Site Selection
Planning before starting a targeted grazing project is essential. Think about your goals and how you will achieve them. What is your budget? Consider the additional fencing and watering systems required. Are there any environmental concerns? Does your site overlap with critical habitat? Is the site accessible for trucks and trailers? Define the project area and be sure to take inventory of both the non-target and target vegetation and remove any poisonous vegetation. Determine when each target plant species would be most susceptible to grazing.
- Livestock Species
Selecting the appropriate species of livestock to control the target plant species is critical. The various species of livestock tend to select for certain types of plants and are generally separated into three groups based on their feeding preferences:
- Bulk feeders (or grazers) (i.e., cattle, horses, and bison) prefer grass-based diets and flatter terrain close to water, are less selective and are more susceptible to toxins.
- Selective feeders (and browsers) (i.e., goats) prefer to eat broad-leaved plants and shrubs, prefer steeper terrain, and are less susceptible to toxins due to their greater mastication abilities and large liver size (relative to their body mass).
- Intermediate feeders (i.e., sheep) will consume grass, broad-leaved plants and shrubs and they are intermediate in their susceptibility to toxins.
- Applying Livestock to the Chosen Site
Once you determine a grazing species that can help control the target plant species, consider when and how grazing will be most effective. Apply the chosen livestock species to the site when the target plant species is most susceptible to grazing and least toxic. Grazing intensity needs to inflict maximum damage to the target plant species, while minimizing impacts on the desirable plant species. Grazing intensity is determined by stocking rate, duration and frequency. Stocking rates are generally higher to apply maximum pressure to target plants. Animals should graze the site repeatedly and this application may take several years.
Under the Resilient Agricultural Landscapes Program (RALP), there is funding available to assist producers who choose to manage large-scale invasive plant infestations using targeted grazing.
To learn more about the Targeted Grazing Beneficial Management Practice (BMP), call the Agriculture Knowledge Centre at 1-866-457-2377 to speak with your local agri-environmental specialist.
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Magnesium is one of many essential minerals found in Himalayan Salt and it provides very significant benefits for the body. One of the main constituents of living matter, magnesium helps to regulate the activity of more than 300 different enzymes in the human body. Magnesium deficiency has been linked to a number of health problems including the following:
So what exactly does magnesium in Himalayan Salt do in the body?
Magnesium is a type of mineral that has a charge of plus 2 when broken down in the body- that makes it a divalent cation. The main role of this cation is to regulate enzyme take place in the body without damaging the surrounding tissues with heat or acid production. If magnesium were not present to regulate these reactions, they could wreak havoc on the body and cause very real damage.
Magnesium is also an important element in the production of energy in the body. ATP, adenosine triphosphate, is the type of energy your cells use to reproduce, to synthesize proteins and to transport substance. Without magnesium, units of ATP could not be efficiently metabolized and used for energy. This is why magnesium deficiency often leads to the calcification of bones and tissues as well as muscular symptoms like cramps and spasms.
In reference to the previous section, magnesium also plays a role in fluid balance, the concentration of magnesium must be high inside the cell and low outside the cell. Magnesium also plays a role in balancing sodium-potassium levels, as you will read in the next section. For all of the reasons discussed, having adequate levels of magnesium in your body is very important- particularly in conjunction with sodium and potassium levels. Himalayan Salt contains magnesium at a concentration of 0.16g/kg.
We have this available on https://himalayansaltusa.com/gourmet-salt
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Why salt is important in pregnancy?
Posted On: 12/07/2016 - Viewed: 34647
The medical community used to suggest that pregnant women limit salt (sodium) intake in pregnancy for three reasons. One, they believed salt intake contributes to bloating. (In fact, inadequate salt intake can cause bloating.) Two, that salt would increase water retention (Salt actually helps us regulate the right amount of fluid retention). And three that it would increase blood pressure. (Some studies have actually shown that additional salt intake can lower blood pressure in pregnancy.) These all are all issues that can develop in pregnancy and the thinking went that salt would only exacerbate them.
The medical community has changed its recommendations on salt intake in pregnancy due to growing evidence of its importance in maternal and fetal health. In fact, adequate salt intake is crucial for human health and especially important in pregnancy.
The importance of salt for the body
Salt is such a key nutrient it is actually one of the five tastes for which our mouth has receptors (in addition to sweet, bitter, sour, and umami). Salt is crucial to proper enzyme functioning, hormone production, the movement of proteins, and myriad other essential bodily functions.
The importance of salt intake during pregnancy
Salt plays a crucial role in the maintenance of increased blood volume in pregnancy, which is essential in pregnancy. Inadequate salt intake can restrict blood volume and negatively impact the growth and function of the placenta. When the ability of the placenta to function is impaired, the baby's growth, development and even life are imperiled.
Insufficient salt intake can also increase the risk of preeclampsia and fetal death.
Appropriate salt intake by mom in pregnancy helps ensure adequate birth weight, optimal development of fetal nervous, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems, and metabolic function, and more.
A 2007 study illustrated that inadequate intake of salt during pregnancy increased the risk of low birth weight (with infants having correspondingly low sodium levels). Low birth weight increases the risk of many health problems later in life, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and heart disease.
Salt is very important in pregnancy because it aids the development of glial cells in the brain and supports overall brain development and function in babies.
A 2002 study of premature babies found that those who were supplemented with sodium/salt during their first few weeks of life all experienced greater memory, learning, language, coordination, IQ and behavioral skills as children. This highlights the importance of salt in brain development.
Additional studies have found that pregnant women who consume too much or too little salt birth babies with a greater risk of kidney problems, which can also result in heart problems.
Optimal salt intake in pregnancy
Although it is important to consume enough salt, consuming too much salt and salt of poor quality (i.e. from processed foods) can also contribute to maternal and fetal health problems.
The medical community today suggests a daily salt intake of 3000 milligrams per day for pregnant women and the general population (without specific health concerns related to sodium). This means that there is no need to restrict your salt intake in pregnancy. (Unless otherwise recommended by your care provider)
All salt is not created equal
Many junk foods can contain chemical salt derivatives, such as monosodium glutamate and processed salt. These poor quality salts pose greater health risks than natural salt and can be linked to heart disease and other health problems.
When consuming salt in pregnancy (or anytime) it is best to limit processed foods and reach for natural salts, such as sea salt or Himalayan pink salt. Salting your food to taste is a general guideline that works for many pregnant women. You can also speak with your midwife about your salt intake if you are curious about the optimal amount and where you land in this range.
The important take home point is to remember that for most women, pregnancy is not a time to decrease salt intake; in fact, salt is crucial to her and her baby’s well being.
We have Himalayan Pink Salt available on https://himalayansaltusa.com/gourmet-salt
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Determined to take on new challenges, 25 high school students came together for the virtual MIT Innovation Academy: Student Bootcamp amid third wave. The student bootcamp is an intense weeklong innovation capacity building program that is designed to activate their entrepreneurial mindsets and acquire a better understanding of the method for starting a successful venture.
Working in teams of five, these young innovators learnt about the MIT disciplined entrepreneurship framework and identified problems they’re eager to solve around the theme of healthy cities. From that, they’re then exposed to different technological tools and design principles that enabled them to produce a viable business model with a digital prototype.
By the end of the bootcamp, all teams were required to produce a 5-minute video pitch and the outcomes were highly impressive. From helping athletes to elderly to teenagers, their ideas and solutions ranged from creating an app to 3D-modelling hardware devices. Judges were amazed by the level of comprehensiveness and how well these projects were put together in such a short period of time.
According to MIT Professor Bill Aulet, author of “Disciplined Entrepreneurship: 24 Steps to a Successful Startup”, the essence of entrepreneurship is having the spirit of a pirate and the discipline and execution skills of a NAVY Seal. Not only did all the students embrace the spirit of a pirate by tackling problems with creativity, they also demonstrated great agility and adaptability by working collaboratively against the limitations of a virtual experience.
Click here to check out the work of our students under “Student Projects”.
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Biography of J. K. RowlingJoanne Rowling ( "rolling"; born 31 July 1965), also known by her pen name J. K. Rowling, is a British author and philanthropist. She wrote Harry Potter, a seven-volume children's fantasy series published from 1997 to 2007. The series has sold over 500 million copies, been translated into at least 70 languages, and spawned a global media franchise including films and video games. The Casual Vacancy (2012) was her first novel for adults. She writes Cormoran Strike, an ongoing crime fiction series, as Robert Galbraith.
Born in Yate, Rowling graduated with a degree in French from the University of Exeter in 1987 and began working temp jobs as a bilingual secretary. In 1990, the idea for the characters of Harry Potter came to her while she waited on a delayed train; later that year, her mother died of multiple sclerosis. In the seven years before publication of the first Harry Potter novel, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (1997), Rowling moved to Portugal, married, had a daughter, relocated to Scotland when her marriage failed, divorced, and earned a teaching certificate. She wrote while living on state assistance as a single parent, deeply affected by her mother's death. By 2008, Forbes had named her the world's highest-paid author.
Rowling concluded the Harry Potter series with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (2007). The novels follow a boy called Harry Potter as he attends Hogwarts, a school for wizards, and battles Lord Voldemort. Death and the divide between good and evil are the central themes of the series. Its influences include: Bildungsroman (the coming-of-age genre), school stories, fairy tales, and Christian allegory. The series revived fantasy as a genre in the children's market, spawned a host of imitators, and inspired an active fandom. Critical reception has been more mixed. Many reviewers see Rowling's writing as conventional; some regard her portrayal of gender and social division as regressive. There were also religious debates over Harry Potter.
Rowling has won many accolades for her work. She has been appointed to the Order of the British Empire and made a member of the Order of the Companions of Honour for services to literature and philanthropy. Harry Potter brought her wealth and recognition that she has used to advance philanthropic endeavours and political causes. She co-founded the charity Lumos and established the Volant Charitable Trust, named after her mother. Rowling's charitable giving centres on medical causes and supporting at-risk women and children. In politics, she has donated to Britain's Labour Party and opposed Scottish independence and Brexit. Since late 2019, she has publicly expressed her opinions on transgender people and related civil rights. These have been criticised as transphobic by LGBT rights organisations and some feminists, but have received support from other feminists and individuals.
Although she writes under the pen name J. K. Rowling, before her remarriage her name was Joanne Rowling, or Jo. At birth, she had no middle name. Staff at Bloomsbury Publishing asked that she use two initials rather than her full name, anticipating that young boys – their target audience – would not want to read a book written by a woman. She chose K (for Kathleen) as the second initial of her pen name, from her paternal grandmother, and because of the ease of pronunciation of two consecutive letters. Following her 2001 remarriage, she has sometimes used the name Joanne Murray when conducting personal business.
Life and career
Early life and family
Joanne Rowling was born on 31 July 1965 at Cottage Hospital in Yate, Gloucestershire. Her parents Anne (née Volant) and Peter ("Pete") James Rowling had met the previous year on a train, sharing a trip from King's Cross station, London, to their naval postings at Arbroath, Scotland. Anne was with the Wrens and Pete was with the Royal Navy. They came from middle-class backgrounds; Pete was the son of a machine-tool setter who later opened a grocery shop. They left the navy life and sought a country home to raise the baby they were expecting, and married on 14 March 1965 when both were 19. The Rowlings settled in Yate, where Pete started work as an assembly-line production worker at the Bristol Siddeley factory. The company became part of Rolls-Royce, and he worked his way into management as a chartered engineer. Anne later worked as a science technician. Neither Anne nor Pete attended university.Joanne is two years older than her sister, Dianne. When Joanne was four, the family moved to Winterbourne, Gloucestershire. She began at St Michael's Church of England Primary School in Winterbourne when she was five. The Rowlings lived near a family called Potter – a name Joanne always liked. Anne loved to read and their homes were filled with books. Pete read The Wind in the Willows to his daughters, while Anne introduced them to the animals in Richard Scarry's books. Joanne's first attempt at writing, a story called "Rabbit" composed when she was six, was inspired by Scarry's creatures.When Rowling was about nine, the family purchased the historic Church Cottage in Tutshill. In 1974, Rowling began attending the nearby Church of England School. Biographer Sean Smith describes her teacher Sylvia Morgan as a "battleaxe" who "struck fear into the hearts of the children"; she seated Rowling in "dunces' row" after she performed poorly on an arithmetic test. In 1975, Rowling joined a Brownies pack. Its special events and parties, and the pack groups (Fairies, Pixies, Sprites, Elves, Gnomes and Imps) provided a magical world away from the stern Morgan. When she was eleven or twelve, she wrote a short story, "The Seven Cursed Diamonds". She later described herself during this period as "the epitome of a bookish child – short and squat, thick National Health glasses, living in a world of complete daydreams".
Secondary school and university
Rowling's secondary school was Wyedean School and College, a state school she began attending at the age of eleven and where she was bullied. Rowling was inspired by her favourite teacher, Lucy Shepherd, who taught the importance of structure and precision in writing. Smith writes that Rowling "craved to play heavy electric guitar", and describes her as "intelligent yet shy". Her teacher Dale Neuschwander was impressed by her imagination. When she was a young teenager, Rowling's great-aunt gave her Hons and Rebels, the autobiography of the civil rights activist Jessica Mitford. Mitford became Rowling's heroine, and she read all her books.Anne had a strong influence on her daughter. Early in Rowling's life, the support of her mother and sister instilled confidence and enthusiasm for storytelling. Anne was a creative and accomplished cook, who helped lead her daughters' Brownie activities, and took a job in the chemistry department at Wyedean while her daughters were there. The three walked to and from school, sharing stories about their day, more like sisters than mother and daughters. John Nettleship, the head of science at Wyedean, described Anne as "absolutely brilliant, a sparkling character ... very imaginative".Anne Rowling was diagnosed with a "virulent strain" of multiple sclerosis when she was 34 or 35 and Jo was 15, and had to give up her job. Rowling's home life was complicated by her mother's illness and a strained relationship with her father. Rowling later said "home was a difficult place to be", and that her teenage years were unhappy. In 2020, she wrote that her father would have preferred a son and described herself as having severe obsessive–compulsive disorder in her teens. She began to smoke, took an interest in alternative rock, and adopted Siouxsie Sioux's back-combed hair and black eyeliner. Sean Harris, her best friend in the Upper Sixth, owned a turquoise Ford Anglia that provided an escape from her difficult home life and the means for Harris and Rowling to broaden their activities.Living in a small town with pressures at home, Rowling became more interested in her school work. Steve Eddy, her first secondary school English teacher, remembers her as "not exceptional" but "one of a group of girls who were bright, and quite good at English". Rowling took A-levels in English, French and German, achieving two As and a B and was named head girl at Wyedean. She applied to Oxford University in 1982 but was rejected. Biographers attribute her rejection to privilege, as she had attended a state school rather than a private one.Rowling always wanted to be a writer, but chose to study French and the classics at the University of Exeter for practical reasons, influenced by her parents who thought job prospects would be better with evidence of bilingualism. She later stated that Exeter was not initially what she expected ("to be among lots of similar people – thinking radical thoughts") but that she enjoyed herself after she met more people like her. She was an average student at Exeter, described by biographers as prioritising her social life over her studies, and lacking ambition and enthusiasm. Rowling recalls doing little work at university, preferring to read Dickens and Tolkien. She earned a BA in French from Exeter, graduating in 1987 after a year of study in Paris.
Inspiration and mother's death
After university, Rowling moved to a flat in Clapham Junction with friends, and took a course to become a bilingual secretary. While she was working temp jobs in London, Amnesty International hired her to document human rights issues in French-speaking Africa. She began writing adult novels while working as a temp, although they were never published. In 1990, she planned to move with her boyfriend to Manchester, and frequently took long train trips to visit. In mid-1990, she was on a train delayed by four hours from Manchester to London, when the characters Harry Potter, Ron Weasley, and Hermione Granger came plainly into her mind. Having no pen or paper allowed her to fully explore the characters and their story in her imagination before she reached her flat and began to write.Rowling moved to Manchester around November 1990. She described her time in Manchester, where she worked for the Chamber of Commerce and at Manchester University in temp jobs, as a "year of misery". Her mother died of multiple sclerosis on 30 December 1990. At the time, she was writing Harry Potter and had never told her mother about it. Her mother's death heavily affected Rowling's writing. She later said that the Mirror of Erised is about her mother's death, and noted an "evident parallelism" between Harry confronting his own mortality and her life.The pain of the loss of her mother was compounded when some personal effects her mother had left her were stolen. With the end of the relationship with her boyfriend, and "being made redundant from an office job in Manchester", Rowling described herself as being in a state of "fight or flight". An advertisement in The Guardian led her to move to Porto, Portugal, in November 1991 to teach night classes in English as a foreign language, writing during the day.
Marriage, divorce, and single parenthood
Five months after arriving in Porto, Rowling met the Portuguese television journalist Jorge Arantes in a bar and found that they shared an interest in Jane Austen. By mid-1992, they were planning a trip to London to introduce Arantes to Rowling's family, when she had a miscarriage. The relationship was troubled, but they married on 16 October 1992. Their daughter Jessica Isabel Rowling Arantes (named after Jessica Mitford) was born on 27 July 1993 in Portugal. By this time, Rowling had finished the first three chapters of Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone – almost as they were eventually published – and had drafted the rest of the novel.Rowling experienced domestic abuse during her marriage. Arantes said in June 2020 that he had slapped her and did not regret it. Rowling described the marriage as "short and catastrophic". Rowling and Arantes separated on 17 November 1993 after Arantes threw her out of the house; she returned with the police to retrieve Jessica and went into hiding for two weeks before she left Portugal. In late 1993, with a draft of Harry Potter in her suitcase, Rowling moved with her daughter to Edinburgh, Scotland, planning to stay with her sister until Christmas.Her biographer Sean Smith raises the question of why Rowling chose to stay with her sister rather than her father. Rowling has spoken of an estrangement from her father, stating in an interview with Oprah Winfrey that "It wasn't a good relationship from my point of view for a very long time but I had a need to please and I kept that going for a long time and then there ... just came a point at which I had to pull up and say I can't do this anymore." Pete had married his secretary within two years of Anne's death, and The Scotsman reported in 2003 that "[t]he speed of his decision to move in with his secretary ... distressed both sisters and a fault-line now separated them and their father." Rowling said in 2012 that they had not spoken in the last nine years.Rowling sought government assistance and got £69 (US$103.50) per week from Social Security; not wanting to burden her recently married sister, she moved to a flat that she described as mouse-ridden. She later described her economic status as being as "poor as it is possible to be in modern Britain, without being homeless". Seven years after graduating from university, she saw herself as a failure. Tison Pugh writes that the "grinding effects of poverty, coupled with her concern for providing for her daughter as a single parent, caused great hardship". Her marriage had failed, and she was jobless with a dependent child, but she later described this as "liberating" her to focus on writing. She has said that "Jessica kept me going". Her old school friend, Sean Harris, lent her £600 ($900), which allowed her to move to a flat in Leith, where she finished Philosopher's Stone.Arantes arrived in Scotland in March 1994 seeking both Rowling and Jessica. On 15 March 1994, Rowling sought an action of interdict (order of restraint); the interdict was granted and Arantes returned to Portugal. Early in the year, Rowling began to experience a deep depression and sought medical help when she contemplated suicide. With nine months of therapy, her mental health gradually improved. She filed for divorce on 10 August 1994 and the divorce was finalised on 26 June 1995.Rowling wanted to finish the book before enrolling in a teacher training course, fearing she might not be able to finish once she started the course. She often wrote in cafés, including Nicolson's, part-owned by her brother-in-law. Secretarial work brought in £15 ($22.50) per week, but she would lose government benefits if she earned more. In mid-1995, a friend gave her money that allowed her to come off benefits and enrol full-time in college. Still needing money and expecting to make a living by teaching, Rowling began a teacher training course in August 1995 at Moray House School of Education after completing her first novel. She earned her teaching certificate in July 1996 and began teaching at Leith Academy. Rowling later said that writing the first Harry Potter book had saved her life and that her concerns about "love, loss, separation, death ... are reflected in the first book".
Publishing Harry Potter
Rowling completed Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone in June 1995. The initial draft included an illustration of Harry by a fireplace, showing a lightning-shaped scar on his forehead. Following an enthusiastic report from an early reader, Christopher Little Literary Agency agreed to represent Rowling. Her manuscript was submitted to twelve publishers, all of which rejected it. Barry Cunningham, who ran the children's literature department at Bloomsbury Publishing, bought it, after Nigel Newton, who headed Bloomsbury at the time, saw his eight-year-old daughter finish one chapter and want to keep reading. Rowling recalls Cunningham telling her, "You'll never make any money out of children's books, Jo." Rowling was awarded a writer's grant by the Scottish Arts Council to support her childcare costs and finances before Philosopher's Stone's publication, and to aid in writing the sequel, Chamber of Secrets. On 26 June 1997, Bloomsbury published Philosopher's Stone with an initial print run of 500 copies. Before Chamber of Secrets was published, Rowling had received £2,800 ($4,200) in royalties.Philosopher's Stone introduces Harry Potter. Harry is a wizard who lives with his non-magical relatives until his eleventh birthday, when he is invited to attend Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. Rowling wrote six sequels, which follow Harry's adventures at Hogwarts with friends Hermione Granger and Ron Weasley and his attempts to defeat Lord Voldemort, who killed Harry's parents when he was a child. In Philosopher's Stone, Harry foils Voldemort's plan to acquire an elixir of life; in Deathly Hallows, the final book, he kills Voldemort.Rowling received the news that the US rights were being auctioned at the Bologna Children's Book Fair. To her surprise and delight, Scholastic Corporation bought the rights for $105,000. She bought a flat in Edinburgh with the money from the sale. Arthur A. Levine, head of the imprint at Scholastic, pushed for a name change. He wanted Harry Potter and the School of Magic; as a compromise Rowling suggested Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone. Sorcerer's Stone was released in the United States in September 1998. It was not widely reviewed, but the reviews it received were generally positive. Sorcerer's Stone became a New York Times bestseller by December.The next three books in the series were released in quick succession between 1998 and 2000: Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (1998), Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (1999), and Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2000), each selling millions of copies. When Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix had not appeared by 2002, rumours circulated that Rowling was suffering writer's block. It was published in June 2003, selling millions of copies on the first day. Two years later, Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince was released in July, again selling millions of copies on the first day. The series ended with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, published in July 2007.
In 1999, Warner Bros. purchased film rights to the first two Harry Potter novels for a reported $1 million. Rowling accepted the offer with the provision that the studio only produce Harry Potter films based on books she authored, while retaining the right to final script approval, and some control over merchandising. Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, an adaptation of the first Harry Potter book, was released in November 2001. Steve Kloves wrote the screenplays for all but the fifth film, with Rowling's assistance, ensuring that his scripts kept to the plots of the novels.
The film series concluded with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, which was adapted in two parts; part one was released on 19 November 2010, and part two followed on 15 July 2011.Warner Bros. announced an expanded relationship with Rowling in 2013, including a planned series of films about her character Newt Scamander, fictitious author of Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them. The first film of five, a prequel to the Harry Potter series, set roughly 70 years earlier, was released in November 2016. Rowling wrote the screenplay, which was released as a book. Crimes of Grindelwald was released in November 2018. Secrets of Dumbledore was released in April 2022.
Religion, wealth and remarriage
By 1998, Rowling was portrayed in the media as a "penniless divorcee hitting the jackpot". According to her biographer Sean Smith, the publicity became effective marketing for Harry Potter, but her journey from living on benefits to wealth brought, along with fame, concerns from parents about the books' portrayals of the occult and gender. Ultimately, Smith says that these concerns served to "increase her public profile rather than damage it".Rowling identifies as a Christian. Although she grew up next door to her church, accounts of the family's church attendance differ. She began attending a Church of Scotland congregation, where Jessica was christened, around the time she was writing Harry Potter. In a 2012 interview, she said she belonged to the Scottish Episcopal Church. Rowling has stated that she believes in God, but has experienced doubt, and that her struggles with faith play a part in her books. She does not believe in magic or witchcraft.Rowling married Neil Murray, a doctor, in 2001. The couple intended to marry that July in the Galapagos, but when this leaked to the press, they delayed their wedding and changed their holiday destination to Mauritius. After the UK Press Complaints Commission ruled that a magazine had breached Jessica's privacy when the eight-year-old was included in a photograph of the family taken during that trip, Murray and Rowling sought a more private and quiet place to live and work. Rowling bought Killiechassie House and its estate in Perthshire, Scotland, and on 26 December 2001, the couple had a small, private wedding there, officiated by an Episcopalian priest who travelled from Edinburgh. Their son, David Gordon Rowling Murray, was born in 2003, and their daughter Mackenzie Jean Rowling Murray in 2005.In 2004, Forbes named Rowling "the first billion-dollar author". Rowling denied that she was a billionaire in a 2005 interview. By 2012, Forbes concluded she was no longer a billionaire due to her charitable donations and high UK taxes. She was named the world's highest paid author by Forbes in 2008, 2017 and 2019. Her UK sales total in excess of £238 million, making her the best-selling living author in Britain. The 2021 Sunday Times Rich List estimated Rowling's fortune at £820 million, ranking her as the 196th-richest person in the UK. As of 2020, she also owns a £4.5 million Georgian house in Kensington and a £2 million home in Edinburgh.
Adult fiction and Robert Galbraith
In mid-2011, Rowling left Christopher Little Literary Agency and followed her agent Neil Blair to the Blair Partnership. He represented her for the publication of The Casual Vacancy, released in September 2012 by Little, Brown and Company. It was Rowling's first since Harry Potter ended, and her first book for adults. A contemporary take on 19th-century British fiction about village life, Casual Vacancy was promoted as a black comedy, while the critic Ian Parker described it as a "rural comedy of manners". It was adapted to a miniseries co-created by the BBC and HBO.Little, Brown published The Cuckoo's Calling, the purported début novel of Robert Galbraith, in April 2013. It initially sold 1,500 copies in hardback. After an investigation prompted by discussion on Twitter, the journalist Richard Brooks contacted Rowling's agent, who confirmed Galbraith was Rowling's pseudonym. Rowling later said she enjoyed working as Robert Galbraith, a name she took from Robert F. Kennedy, a personal hero, and Ella Galbraith, a name she invented for herself in childhood. After the revelation, sales of Cuckoo's Calling escalated.Continuing the Cormoran Strike series of detective novels, The Silkworm was released in 2014; Career of Evil in 2015; Lethal White in 2018; Troubled Blood in 2020; and The Ink Black Heart in 2022. Cormoran Strike, a disabled veteran of the War in Afghanistan with a prosthetic leg, is unfriendly and sometimes oblivious, but acts with a deep moral sensibility. In 2017, BBC One aired the first episode of the four-season series Strike, a television adaptation of the Cormoran Strike novels starring Tom Burke. The series was picked up by HBO for distribution in the United States and Canada.
Later Harry Potter works
Pottermore, a website with information and stories about characters in the Harry Potter universe, launched in 2011. On its release, Pottermore was rooted in the Harry Potter novels, tracing the series's story in an interactive format. Its brand was associated with Rowling: she introduced the site in a video as a shared media environment to which she and Harry Potter fans would contribute. The site was substantially revised in 2015 to resemble an encyclopedia of Harry Potter. Beyond encyclopedia content, the post-2015 Pottermore included promotions for Warner Bros. films including Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them.Harry Potter and the Cursed Child premiered in the West End in May 2016 and on Broadway in July. At its London premiere, Rowling confirmed that she would not write any more Harry Potter books. Rowling collaborated with writer Jack Thorne and director John Tiffany. Cursed Child's script was published as a book in July 2016. The play follows the friendship between Harry's son Albus and Scorpius Malfoy, Draco Malfoy's son, at Hogwarts.
The Ickabog was Rowling's first book aimed at children since Harry Potter. Ickabog is a monster that turns out to be real; a group of children find out the truth about the Ickabog and save the day. Rowling released The Ickabog for free online in mid-2020, during the COVID-19 lockdown in the United Kingdom. She began writing it in 2009 but set it aside to focus on other works including Casual Vacancy. Scholastic held a competition to select children's art for the print edition, which was published in the US and Canada on 10 November 2020. Profits went to charities focused on COVID-19 relief.In The Christmas Pig, a young boy loses his favourite stuffed animal, a pig, and the Christmas Pig guides him through the fantastical Land of the Lost to retrieve it. The novel was published on 12 October 2021 and became a bestseller in the UK and the US.
Rowling has named Jessica Mitford as her greatest influence. She said Mitford had "been my heroine since I was 14 years old, when I overheard my formidable great-aunt discussing how Mitford had run away at the age of 19 to fight with the Reds in the Spanish Civil War", and that what inspired her about Mitford was that she was "incurably and instinctively rebellious, brave, adventurous, funny and irreverent, she liked nothing better than a good fight, preferably against a pompous and hypocritical target". As a child, Rowling read C. S. Lewis's The Chronicles of Narnia, Elizabeth Goudge's The Little White Horse, Manxmouse by Paul Gallico, and books by E. Nesbit and Noel Streatfeild. Rowling describes Jane Austen as her "favourite author of all time".Rowling acknowledges Homer, Geoffrey Chaucer, and William Shakespeare as literary influences. Scholars agree that Harry Potter is heavily influenced by the children's fantasy of writers such as Lewis, Goudge, Nesbit, J. R. R. Tolkien, Ursula K. Le Guin, and Diana Wynne Jones. According to the critic Beatrice Groves, Harry Potter is also "rooted in the Western literary tradition", including the classics. Commentators also note similarities to the children's stories of Enid Blyton and Roald Dahl. Rowling expresses admiration for Lewis, in whose writing battles between good and evil are also prominent, but rejects any connection with Dahl.Earlier works prominently featuring characters who learn to use magic include Le Guin's Earthsea series, in which a school of wizardry also appears, and the Chrestomanci books by Jones. Rowling's setting of a "school of witchcraft and wizardry" departs from the still older tradition of protagonists as apprentices to magicians, exemplified by The Sorcerer's Apprentice: yet this trope does appear in Harry Potter, when Harry receives individual instruction from Remus Lupin and other teachers. Rowling also draws on the tradition of stories set in boarding schools, a major example of which is Thomas Hughes's 1857 volume Tom Brown's School Days.
Style and themes
Style and allusions
Rowling is known primarily as an author of fantasy and children's literature. Her writing in other genres, including literary fiction and murder mystery, has received less critical attention. Rowling's most famous work, Harry Potter, has been defined as a fairy tale, a Bildungsroman and a boarding-school story. Her other writings have been described by Pugh as gritty contemporary fiction with historical influences (The Casual Vacancy) and hardboiled detective fiction (Cormoran Strike).In Harry Potter, Rowling juxtaposes the extraordinary against the ordinary. Her narrative features two worlds – the mundane and the fantastic – but it differs from typical portal fantasy in that its magical elements stay grounded in the everyday. Paintings move and talk; books bite readers; letters shout messages; and maps show live journeys, making the wizarding world "both exotic and cosily familiar" according to the scholar Catherine Butler. This blend of realistic and romantic elements extends to Rowling's characters. Their names often include morphemes that correspond to their characteristics: Malfoy is difficult, Filch unpleasant and Lupin a werewolf. Harry is ordinary and relatable, with down-to-earth features such as wearing broken glasses; Roni Natov terms him an "everychild". These elements serve to highlight Harry when he is heroic, making him both an everyman and a fairytale hero.Arthurian, Christian and fairytale motifs are frequently found in Rowling's writing. Harry's ability to draw the Sword of Gryffindor from the Sorting Hat resembles the Arthurian sword in the stone legend. His life with the Dursleys has been compared to Cinderella. Like C. S. Lewis's The Chronicles of Narnia, Harry Potter contains Christian symbolism and allegory. The series has been viewed as a Christian moral fable in the psychomachia tradition, in which stand-ins for good and evil fight for supremacy over a person's soul. The critic of children's literature Joy Farmer sees parallels between Harry and Jesus Christ. Comparing Rowling with Lewis, she argues that "magic is both authors' way of talking about spiritual reality". According to Maria Nikolajeva, Christian imagery is particularly strong in the final scenes of the series: she writes that Harry dies in self-sacrifice and Voldemort delivers an ecce homo speech, after which Harry is resurrected and defeats his enemy.
Death is Rowling's overarching theme in Harry Potter. In the first book, when Harry looks into the Mirror of Erised, he feels both joy and "a terrible sadness" at seeing his desire: his parents, alive and with him. Confronting their loss is central to Harry's character arc and manifests in different ways through the series, such as in his struggles with Dementors. Other characters in Harry's life die; he even faces his own death in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. The series has an existential perspective – Harry must grow mature enough to accept death. In Harry's world, death is not binary but mutable, a state that exists in degrees. Unlike Voldemort, who evades death by separating and hiding his soul in seven parts, Harry's soul is whole, nourished by friendship and love. Love distinguishes the two characters. Harry is a hero because he loves others, even willing to accept death to save them; Voldemort is a villain because he does not.While Harry Potter can be viewed as a story about good vs. evil, its moral divisions are not absolute. First impressions of characters are often misleading. Harry assumes in the first book that Quirrell is good because he opposes Snape, who appears malicious; in reality, their positions are reversed. This pattern later recurs with Moody and Snape. In Rowling's world, good and evil are choices rather than inherent attributes: second chances and redemption are key themes of the series. This is reflected in Harry's self-doubts after learning his connections to Voldemort, such as the ability of both to communicate with snakes in their language of Parseltongue; and prominently in Snape's characterisation, which has been described as complex and multifaceted. In some scholars' view, while Rowling's narrative appears on the surface to be about Harry, her focus may actually be on Snape's morality and character arc.
Rowling has enjoyed enormous commercial success as an author. Her Harry Potter series topped bestseller lists, spawned a global media franchise including films and video games, and was translated into at least 70 languages by 2018. The first three Harry Potter books occupied the top three spots of The New York Times bestseller list for more than a year; they were then moved to a newly created children's list. The final four books – Goblet of Fire, Order of the Phoenix, Half-Blood Prince, and Deathly Hallows – each set records as the fastest-selling books in the UK or US. As of 2018, the series had sold more than 500 million copies according to Bloomsbury. Neither of Rowling's later works, The Casual Vacancy and the Cormoran Strike series, have been as successful, though Casual Vacancy was still a bestseller in the UK within weeks of its release. Harry Potter's popularity has been attributed to factors including the nostalgia evoked by the boarding-school story, the endearing nature of Rowling's characters, and the accessibility of her books to a variety of readers. According to Julia Eccleshare, the books are "neither too literary nor too popular, too difficult nor too easy, neither too young nor too old", and hence bridge traditional reading divides.Critical response to Harry Potter has been more mixed. Harold Bloom regards Rowling's prose as poor and her plots as conventional, while Jack Zipes argues that the series would not be successful if it were not formulaic. Zipes states that the early novels have the same plot: in each book, Harry escapes the Dursleys to visit Hogwarts, where he confronts Lord Voldemort and then heads back successful. Rowling's prose has been described as simple and not innovative; Le Guin, like several other critics, considers it "stylistically ordinary". According to the novelist A. S. Byatt, the books reflect a dumbed-down culture dominated by soap operas and reality television. Thus, some critics argue, Harry Potter does not innovate on established literary forms; nor does it challenge readers' preconceived ideas. Conversely, the scholar Philip Nel rejects such critiques as "snobbery" that reacts to the novels' popularity, whereas Mary Pharr argues that Harry Potter's conventionalism is the point: by amalgamating literary forms familiar to her readers, Rowling invites them to "ponder their own ideas". Other critics who see artistic merit in Rowling's writing include Marina Warner, who views Harry Potter as part of an "alternative genealogy" of English literature that she traces from Edmund Spenser to Christina Rossetti. Michiko Kakutani praises Rowling's fictional world and the darker tone of the series' later entries.Reception of Rowling's later works has varied among critics. The Casual Vacancy, her attempt at literary fiction, drew mixed reviews. Some critics praised its characterisation, while others stated that it would have been better if it had contained magic. The Cormoran Strike series was more warmly received as a work of British detective fiction, even as some reviewers noted that its plots are occasionally contrived. Theatrical reviews of Harry Potter and the Cursed Child were highly positive. Fans have been more critical of the play's use of time travel, changes to characters' personalities, and perceived queerbaiting in Albus and Scorpius's relationship, leading some to question its connection to the Harry Potter canon.
Gender and social division
Rowling's portrayal of women in Harry Potter has been described as complex and varied, but nonetheless conforming to stereotypical and patriarchal depictions of gender. Gender divides are ostensibly absent in the books: Hogwarts is coeducational and women hold positions of power in wizarding society. However, this setting obscures the typecasting of female characters and the general depiction of conventional gender roles. According to the scholars Elizabeth Heilman and Trevor Donaldson, the subordination of female characters goes further early in the series. The final three books "showcase richer roles and more powerful females": for instance, the series' "most matriarchal character", Molly Weasley, engages substantially in the final battle of Deathly Hallows, while other women are shown as leaders. Hermione Granger, in particular, becomes an active and independent character essential to the protagonists' battle against evil. Yet, even particularly capable female characters such as Hermione and Minerva McGonagall are placed in supporting roles, and Hermione's status as a feminist model is debated. Girls and women are frequently shown as emotional, defined by their appearance, and denied agency in family settings.The social hierarchies in Rowling's magical world have been a matter of debate among scholars and critics. The primary antagonists of Harry Potter, Voldemort and his followers, believe blood purity is paramount, and that non-wizards, or "muggles", are subhuman. Their ideology of racial difference is depicted as unambiguously evil. However, the series cannot wholly reject racial division, according to several scholars, as it still depicts wizards as fundamentally superior to muggles. Blake and Zipes argue that numerous examples of wizardly superiority are depicted as "natural and comfortable". Thus, according to Gupta, Harry Potter depicts superior races as having a moral obligation of tolerance and altruism towards lesser races, rather than explicitly depicting equality.Rowling's depictions of the status of magical non-humans is similarly debated. Discussing the slavery of house-elves within Harry Potter, scholars such as Brycchan Carey have praised the books' abolitionist sentiments, viewing Hermione's Society for the Promotion of Elfish Welfare as a model for younger readers' political engagement. Other critics, including Farah Mendlesohn, find the portrayal of house-elves extremely troublesome; they are written as happy in their slavery, and Hermione's efforts on their behalf are implied to be naïve. Pharr terms the house-elves a disharmonious element in the series, writing that Rowling leaves their fate hanging; at the end of Deathly Hallows, the elves remain enslaved and cheerful. More generally, the subordination of magical non-humans remains in place, unchanged by the defeat of Voldemort. Thus, scholars suggest, the series's message is essentially conservative; it sees no reason to transform social hierarchies, only being concerned with who holds positions of power.
There have been attempts to ban Harry Potter around the world, especially in the United States, and in the Bible Belt in particular. The series topped the American Library Association's list of most challenged books in the first three years of its publication. In the following years, parents in several US cities launched protests against teaching it in schools. Some Christian critics, particularly Evangelical Christians, have claimed that the novels promote witchcraft and harm children; similar opposition has been expressed to the film adaptations. Criticism has taken two main forms: allegations that Harry Potter is a pagan text; and claims that it encourages children to oppose authority, derived mainly from Harry's rejection of the Dursleys, his adoptive parents. The author and scholar Amanda Cockrell suggests that Harry Potter's popularity, and recent preoccupation with fantasy and the occult among Christian fundamentalists, explains why the series received particular opposition. Some groups of Shia and Sunni Muslims also argued that the series contained satanic subtext, and it was banned in private schools in the United Arab Emirates.The Harry Potter books also have a group of vocal religious supporters who believe that Harry Potter espouses Christian values, or that the Bible does not prohibit the forms of magic described in the series. Christian analyses of the series have argued that it embraces ideals of friendship, loyalty, courage, love, and the temptation of power. After the final volume was published, Rowling said she intentionally incorporated Christian themes, in particular the idea that love may hold power over death. According to Farmer, it is a profound misreading to think that Harry Potter promotes witchcraft. The scholar Em McAvan writes that evangelical objections to Harry Potter are superficial, based on the presence of magic in the books: they do not attempt to understand the moral messages in the series.
Rowling's Harry Potter series has been credited with a resurgence in crossover fiction: children's literature with an adult appeal. Crossovers were prevalent in 19th-century American and British fiction, but fell out of favour in the 20th century and did not occur at the same scale. The post-Harry Potter crossover trend is associated with the fantasy genre. In the 1970s, children's books were generally realistic as opposed to fantastic, while adult fantasy became popular because of the influence of The Lord of the Rings. The next decade saw an increasing interest in grim, realist themes, with an outflow of fantasy readers and writers to adult works.The commercial success of Harry Potter in 1997 reversed this trend. The scale of its growth had no precedent in the children's market: within four years, it occupied 28% of that field by revenue. Children's literature rose in cultural status, and fantasy became a dominant genre. Older works of children's fantasy, including Diana Wynne Jones's Chrestomanci series and Diane Duane's Young Wizards, were reprinted and rose in popularity; some authors re-established their careers. In the following decades, many Harry Potter imitators and subversive responses grew popular.Rowling has been compared with Enid Blyton, who also wrote in simple language about groups of children and long held sway over the British children's market. She has also been described as an heir to Roald Dahl. Some critics view Harry Potter's rise, along with the concurrent success of Philip Pullman's His Dark Materials, as part of a broader shift in reading tastes: a rejection of literary fiction in favour of plot and adventure. This is reflected in the BBC's 2003 "Big Read" survey of the UK's favourite books, where Pullman and Rowling ranked at numbers 3 and 5, respectively, with very few British literary classics in the top 10.Harry Potter's popularity led its publishers to plan elaborate releases and spawned a textual afterlife among fans and forgers. Beginning with the release of Prisoner of Azkaban on 8 July 1999 at 3:45 pm, its publishers coordinated selling the books at the same time globally, introduced security protocols to prevent premature purchases, and required booksellers to agree not to sell copies before the appointed time. Driven by the growth of the internet, fan fiction about the series proliferated and has spawned a diverse community of readers and writers. While Rowling has supported fan fiction, her statements about characters – for instance, that Harry and Hermione could have been a couple, and that Dumbledore was gay – have complicated her relationship with readers. According to scholars, this shows that modern readers feel a sense of ownership over the text that is independent of, and sometimes contradicts, authorial intent.
In the 1990s and 2000s, Rowling was both a plaintiff and defendant in lawsuits alleging copyright infringement. Nancy Stouffer sued Rowling in 1999, alleging that Harry Potter was based on stories she published in 1984. Rowling won in September 2002. Richard Posner describes Stouffer's suit as deeply flawed and notes that the court, finding she had used "forged and altered documents", assessed a $50,000 penalty against her.With her literary agents and Warner Bros., Rowling has brought legal action against publishers and writers of Harry Potter knockoffs in several countries. In the mid-2000s, Rowling and her publishers obtained a series of injunctions prohibiting sales or published reviews of her books before their official release dates.Beginning in 2001, after Rowling sold film rights to Warner Bros., the studio tried to take Harry Potter fan sites offline unless it determined that they were made by "authentic" fans for innocuous purposes. In 2007, with Warner Bros., Rowling started proceedings to cease publication of a book based on content from a fan site called The Harry Potter Lexicon. The court held that Lexicon was neither a fair use of Rowling's material nor a derivative work, but it did not prevent the book from being published in a different form. Lexicon was published in 2009.
Aware of the good fortune that led to her wealth and fame, and wanting to use her public image to help others despite her concerns about publicity and the press, Rowling became, in the words of Smith, "emboldened ... to stand up and be counted on issues that were important to her". In 2000, while she was still writing the Harry Potter series, Rowling established the Volant Charitable Trust, named after her mother. Its mission is to "alleviate social deprivation, with a particular emphasis on supporting women, children and young people at risk". Together with the MEP Emma Nicholson, Rowling founded the Children's High Level Group (now Lumos) in 2005. She was appointed president of the charity One Parent Families (now Gingerbread) in 2004, after becoming its first ambassador in 2000. She also collaborated with Sarah Brown on the writing of a book of children's stories to benefit One Parent Families. Rowling's charitable donations before 2012 were estimated by Forbes at $160 million. She was the second most generous UK donor in 2015 (following the singer Elton John), giving about $14 million.Lumos has advocated for reform in orphanage care in Ukraine since 2013, working with an orphanage west of Kyiv. After the February 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Rowling stated that she will personally match up to £1 million in donations made towards an emergency appeal launched by Lumos.Rowling has made donations to support medical causes. She named another institution after her mother when, in 2010, she donated £10 million to found a multiple sclerosis research centre at the University of Edinburgh. She gave an additional £15.3 million to the centre in 2019. During the 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, accompanied by an inflatable representation of Lord Voldemort, she read from Peter Pan as part of a tribute to the Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children. To support COVID-19 relief, she donated six-figure sums to both Khalsa Aid and the British Asian Trust from royalties for The Ickabog.Several publications in the Harry Potter universe have been sold for charitable purposes. Profits from Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them and Quidditch Through the Ages, both published in 2001, went to Comic Relief. To support Children's Voice, later renamed Lumos, Rowling sold a deluxe copy of The Tales of Beedle the Bard at auction in 2007. Amazon's £1.95 million purchase set a record for a contemporary literary work and for children's literature. Rowling published the book and, in 2013, donated the proceeds of nearly £19 million (then about $30 million) to Lumos. Rowling and 12 other writers composed short pieces in 2008 to be sold to benefit Dyslexia Action and English PEN. Rowling's contribution was an 800-word Harry Potter prequel.When the revelation that Rowling wrote The Cuckoo's Calling led to an increase in sales, she donated the royalties to ABF The Soldiers' Charity (formerly the Army Benevolent Fund).
Rowling was actively engaged on the internet before author webpages were common. She uses Twitter unreservedly to reach her Harry Potter fans and followers. She often tweets about her political opinions using wit and sarcasm, sometimes generating controversy.
In 2008 Rowling donated £1 million to the Labour Party, endorsed the Labour prime minister Gordon Brown over his Conservative challenger David Cameron, and commended Labour's policies on child poverty. When asked about the 2008 United States presidential election, she stated that "it is a pity that Clinton and Obama have to be rivals because both are extraordinary."In her "Single mother's manifesto" published in The Times in 2010, Rowling criticised the prime minister David Cameron's plan to offer married couples an annual tax credit. She thought that the proposal discriminated against single parents, whose interests the Conservative Party failed to consider.Rowling opposed the 2014 Scottish independence referendum, due to concerns about the economic consequences, and donated £1 million to the Better Together anti-independence campaign. She campaigned for the UK to stay in the European Union in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum. She defined herself as an internationalist, "the mongrel product of this European continent", and expressed concern that "racists and bigots" were directing parts of the Leave campaign.She opposed Benjamin Netanyahu, but believed that depriving Israelis of shared culture would not dislodge him. In 2015, Rowling joined 150 others in signing a letter published in The Guardian in favour of cultural engagement with Israel.
Rowling has a difficult relationship with the press and has tried to influence the type of coverage she receives. She described herself in 2003 as "too thin-skinned". As of 2011, she had taken more than 50 actions against the press. Rowling dislikes the British tabloid the Daily Mail, which she successfully sued in 2014 for libel about her time as a single mother.The Leveson Inquiry, an investigation of the British press, named Rowling as a "core participant" in 2011. She was one of many celebrities alleged to have been victims of phone hacking. In 2012, she wrote an op-ed for The Guardian in response to Cameron's decision not to implement all the inquiry's recommendations. She reaffirmed her stance on "Hacked Off", a campaign supporting the self-regulation of the press, by co-signing a 2014 declaration to "[safeguard] the press from political interference while also giving vital protection to the vulnerable" with other British celebrities.
Rowling's responses to proposed changes to UK gender recognition laws, and her views on sex and gender, have provoked controversy. Her statements have divided feminists; fuelled debates on freedom of speech, academic freedom and cancel culture; and prompted support for transgender people from the literary, arts and culture sectors.When Maya Forstater's employment contract with the London branch of the Center for Global Development was not renewed after she tweeted gender-critical views, Rowling responded in December 2019 with a tweet that transgender people should live their lives as they pleased in "peace and security", but questioned women being "force[d] out of their jobs for stating that sex is real". In another controversial tweet in June 2020, Rowling mocked an article for using the phrase "people who menstruate", and tweeted that women's rights and "lived reality" would be "erased" if "sex isn't real".LGBT charities and leading actors of the Wizarding World franchise condemned Rowling's comments; GLAAD called them "cruel" and "inaccurate". Rowling responded with an essay on her website in which she revealed that her views on women's rights were informed by her experience as a survivor of domestic abuse and sexual assault. While affirming that most trans people were "vulnerable" and "deserved protection", she believed that it would be unsafe to allow "any man who believes or feels he's a woman" into bathrooms or changing rooms. Writing of her own experiences with sexism and misogyny, she wondered if the "allure of escaping womanhood" would have led her to transition if she had been born later, and said that trans activism was "seeking to erode 'woman' as a political and biological class".Rowling's statements have been called transphobic by critics and she has been referred to as a TERF (trans-exclusionary radical feminist) in response to her Twitter comments. She rejects these characterisations. Criticism of Rowling's views has come from the Harry Potter fansites MuggleNet and The Leaky Cauldron; and the charities Mermaids, Stonewall, and Human Rights Campaign. After Kerry Kennedy expressed "profound disappointment" in her views, Rowling returned the Ripple of Hope Award given to her by the Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights organisation.As Rowling's views on the legal status of transgender people came under scrutiny, she received insults and death threats and discussion moved beyond the Twitter community. Some performers and feminists have supported her. Figures from the arts world criticised "hate speech directed against her".
Awards and honours
Rowling's Harry Potter series has won awards for general literature, children's literature and speculative fiction. It has earned multiple British Book Awards, beginning with the Children's Book of the Year for the first two volumes, Philosopher's Stone and Chamber of Secrets. The third novel, Prisoner of Azkaban, was nominated for an adult award, the Whitbread Book of the Year, where it competed against the Nobel prize laureate Seamus Heaney's translation of Beowulf. The award body gave Rowling the children's prize instead (worth half the cash amount), which some scholars felt exemplified a literary prejudice against children's books. She won the World Science Fiction Convention's Hugo Award for the fourth book, Goblet of Fire, and the British Book Awards' adult prize – the Book of the Year – for the sixth novel, Half-Blood Prince.Rowling was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2000 Birthday Honours for services to children's literature, and three years later received Spain's Prince of Asturias Award for Concord. Following the conclusion of the Harry Potter series, she won the Outstanding Achievement prize at the 2008 British Book Awards. The next year, she was made a Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur by the French president Nicolas Sarkozy, and leading magazine editors named her the "Most Influential Woman in the UK" in 2010. For services to literature and philanthropy, she was awarded the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH) in 2017.Many academic institutions have bestowed honorary degrees on Rowling, including her alma mater, the University of Exeter, and Harvard University, where she spoke at the 2008 commencement ceremony. She is a fellow of the Royal Society of Literature (FRSL), the Royal Society of Edinburgh (HonFRSE), and the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (FRCPE).Rowling shared the British Academy Film Award (BAFTA) for Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema with the cast and crew of the Harry Potter films in 2011. Her other awards include the 2017 Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Play for Harry Potter and the Cursed Child, and the 2021 British Book Awards' Crime and Thriller prize for the fifth volume of her Cormoran Strike series.
Non-English news articles
J. K. Rowling on Twitter
J. K. Rowling on Facebook
J. K. Rowling at British Council: Literature
J. K. Rowling at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
J. K. Rowling at IMDb
Works by J. K. Rowling at Open Library
Library resources in your library and in other libraries about J.K. Rowling
Library resources in your library and in other libraries by J.K. Rowling
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Law is a set of rules created and enforced by social or governmental institutions that regulate behavior. Law provides a framework to ensure a safe and peaceful society by ensuring that people are treated fairly, with respect and justice. If these principles are violated then sanctions can be imposed. Law also shapes politics, economics, history and society in various ways. Law is a source of debate and has been described as both an art and science.
Different legal systems have different approaches to the nature of law, and scholars have argued over its precise definition. However, most agree that it is a system of rules that governs human conduct. Some of these rules are created and enforced by a government, while others are customary or religious. The exact nature of a legal system is influenced by the goals of the society it serves, and some laws are more effective at achieving these goals than others. For example, a nation ruled by an authoritarian government may keep the peace and maintain the status quo, but this type of regime may oppress minorities or promote social injustices.
The word “law” can be used to describe a wide variety of rules, but some of the most important laws are those that protect human rights. Some of these include the right to free speech, freedom of religion and the prohibition on torture. The legal system is also responsible for resolving disputes between individuals and between nations. Some of the most controversial topics in the world are related to law, including the death penalty, gay marriage and terrorism.
There are many different types of laws, which can be divided into civil and criminal. Civil laws deal with disputes between people, such as a property dispute or a personal injury lawsuit. Criminal laws deal with offenses against the state, such as murder or robbery. The term “law” can also refer to a body of knowledge that is created and maintained by judges, lawyers and other legal professionals. This includes case law, a collection of previous court decisions that can be used as guidance in a current case.
A popular dictionary of legal terms is Black’s Law Dictionary, which contains over 55,000 entries and includes a pronunciation guide, earliest usage dates, Latin maxims with index, and more than 1,000 source bibliographies. This dictionary is a must-have for anyone who is studying law or interested in legal history.
One of the most complex issues surrounding law is its relationship to other fields, such as sociology and philosophy. Law raises questions about fairness, equality and justice that are not easily answered. The law can shape the lives of people in many different ways, from determining how much money an injured plaintiff can receive to deciding what punishment a criminal gets for committing a crime. In addition, the law can affect political structures, such as the division of power between the legislative, executive and judicial branches of a country’s government.
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- Clogged drains are one of the most common problems related to critters.
- The presence of critters in your privy can pose a health hazard as they carry and spread germs, parasites, and diseases.
- Having critters in your privy can also cause structural damage to the pipes and other plumbing components.
- Different creatures appear based on the season – for example, mice tend to be more prevalent during the winter.
- Professional plumbing services ensure that all the problems are inspected and fixed the first time appropriately.
Have you ever opened your bathroom door only to find insects lurking inside? It can be an unpleasant surprise and a cause of concern. After all, roaches & creepy crawlies don’t belong in the loo! So, how did they get there in the first place?
Before you determine that, it’s better to contact emergency plumbing services to ensure that your plumbing is inspected for further infestation and any other potential issues. To give you a better idea, let’s discuss some essential things.
Issues That Arise Due to Critters
Clogged drains are a common problem related to critters. This can lead to plumbing emergencies, slow drainage, and burst pipes. Different kinds of critters may also inhabit your bathroom during different seasons.
Smaller critters like mice or rats can get into small cracks in the walls, while larger animals like snakes might enter through broken pipes that are not adequately sealed.
Preventing critters from entering your plumbing system is essential to maintain a healthy environment and avoiding any emergency plumbing issues.
The presence of critters in your privy can pose a health hazard as these animals carry and spread germs, parasites, and diseases.
These diseases include the hantavirus, salmonellosis, and leptospirosis. Therefore, if you have critters in your privy, you must take action immediately to get rid of them before serious health problems can arise.
Having critters in the bathroom drains can also cause structural damage to the pipes and other plumbing components.
The animals may chew through wires, dig holes in pipes, and create blockages that can lead to water leaks and flooding.
How Do Critters Enter Your Plumbing System?
There are several ways critters like roaches & rodents can enter your plumbing system. The most common way is through cracks or gaps in pipes and fixtures.
Animals may also find their way into the privy if it doesn’t have a tight-fitting lid or has an improper seal around the drain. They may be attracted to the smell of food and other organic material dumped down the drains, so it’s essential to ensure that any waste is disposed of properly.
The Different Kinds of Critters to Worry About
A baby possum can easily fit through the smallest openings, including drains and pipes. Possums are scavengers and often enter plumbing systems in search of food.
Rats have dexterous front paws that allow them to gnaw through wood, plastic, and other materials. They can also squeeze their way through small crevices and access your privy. Rats are also attracted to waste food which can lead them into your plumbing system.
Birds’ strong beaks can peck away at gaps or small openings in your privy’s seal or lid, allowing them access inside the plumbing system. The bird may then build a nest near a water source, such as a drainpipe or sewer line, and lay eggs there.
Lizards are often found in small spaces and can easily squeeze through tiny gaps. They may even follow the scent of food or water into your plumbing system and make a home there.
Toads And Frogs
Toads and frogs may hop inside your privy to seek shelter or hunt for food if they find a large enough opening. They also lay eggs in damp places, so you could end up with an entire family of croaking critters living in your plumbing system!
Snakes, like lizards, are great at squeezing into tight spaces. Most snakes aren’t dangerous, but if you find one in your plumbing system, call emergency plumbing services immediately!
How To Keep Critters Out?
Fortunately, there are several ways to prevent critters from entering your privy. One of the best ways is to ensure that all your plumbing pipes and openings are sealed tightly.
Give them a check every once in a while, or have emergency plumbing services inspect them for any signs of damage. You should also check for cracks, holes, or crevices around your home’s foundation that could let critters inside.
Finally, as part of regular plumbing maintenance, emergency services should inspect your system for any potential critter invasion. They can identify weak spots in your pipes and suggest ways to prevent entry or removal of unwanted guests.
How To Inspect Your Privy for Critters?
Inspecting the area is essential if you suspect critters have made their way into your privy. Look for signs of activity like droppings, chewed-up walls or flooring, and anything that looks out of place. It’s also important to check the exterior doors and windows for any evidence of creatures entering through these areas.
Additionally, ensure all pipes leading out from the privy are securely sealed and don’t contain holes or cracks big enough for critters to enter.
When inspecting your privy for critters, it’s also important to consider what time of year it is. Different creatures appear based on the season – for example, mice tend to be more prevalent during the winter. At the same time, insects, like ants and termites, are more active in the summer.
Are you looking for ways to prevent mold infestation in your home? Here’s some information that can help.
Why Hire Emergency Plumbing Services for Plumbing Maintenance?
Cost-effectiveness is one of the main benefits of plumbing services. Having critters in your privy can often cause extensive plumbing damage, so getting them removed quickly and professionally is essential.
This is especially true for larger critters, like snakes or raccoons, which can become stuck in the pipes and cause significant blockages and other plumbing maintenance issues.
Experience is another reason to hire emergency plumbing services. Professional emergency plumbers have the expertise and experience to diagnose and fix any critter-related plumbing issue quickly and efficiently. They also know how to safely trap, remove, and relocate critters from your privy without harming them or causing further damage.
A professional emergency plumber can provide additional advice on preventing critters from getting into your privy in the first place.
This includes recommendations for sealing up cracks and crevices around windows, doors, pipes, vents, and other potential entry points that could allow critters access to your plumbing system.
When you hire emergency plumbing services, you may be able to get a warranty for your work. This provides peace of mind that any critter-related plumbing problems will be covered if they occur after the initial inspection and repair.
Critters can cause unpleasant issues with your plumbing system. It’s essential to take preventative measures and have your privy or other plumbing areas inspected regularly by an emergency plumber.
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In our previous article on building envelopes, we discussed how envelopes are changing more and more, becoming increasingly interesting and unique. From an engineering standpoint, the most significant aspect of the building envelope is not always the insulation factors (U-values, solar heat gain coefficients, etc.) but the infiltration. Infiltration is defined as the flow of outdoor air into a building through cracks and other unintentional openings. New envelope materials and transitions between different envelope constructions provide opportunities for gaps and cracks. Though materials and construction methods have improved and are focused on minimizing air infiltration, this is still a difficult task for designers. On top of difficulty in construction, as buildings age sealants and materials fail so attention to infiltration becomes especially important in older buildings.
Old buildings, new buildings, they all seem to be a challenge. The solution: A continuous air barrier. Kentucky has adopted the 2012 International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) which states “a continuous air barrier shall be provided throughout the building thermal envelope.” The International Code Council (ICC) recognizes that infiltration is a big cause of unnecessary energy usage and now requires infiltration limitations. There are three methods of compliance with the 2012 IECC: materials, assemblies or building test. The design team should select the method that makes the most sense for the building. For example, a single layer as the air barrier might be easier to verify continuity, but an assembly might be easier for construction, but a test will verify performance requirements have been met. Performance testing is becoming more prevalent in new code editions and may be required for envelope verification in the future; it eliminates guessing.
So, the ICC has determined that this is a problem, but how big of an energy drain is infiltration? How do we quantify the amount of infiltration that a building might have? As a recommendation from the ASHRAE Handbook, a building can be ranked as tight, average or leaky. Ranging from 0.1 cfm/ft2, 0.3 cfm/ft2, to 0.6 cfm/ft2, respectively. For example, in a large building with 150,000 sq. ft. of wall area, the amount of infiltration can range from 15,000 cfm to 90,000 cfm. Engineers and architects know that 90,000 cfm of unconditioned outside air in a building is problematic. This can account for an increased operating cost of up to $140,000 per year.
Not only can infiltration increase operating costs, but it also can cause issues with occupant comfort, mold and mildew. Loose windows can create unpleasant conditions on especially humid days, and can cause drafts on cold days. In addition to faulty windows, leaky and thermally insufficient walls can cause drafts. Finally, and most importantly, mold and mildew present the greatest risk to both the health of the occupants as well as to the long term integrity of walls, flooring and furniture. A well-sealed building is the best bet for a comfortable, energy efficient space. As stated in the previous article, there is a careful balance between innovation for aesthetic purposes and functionality. Attention to the details can close this gap, reducing the inefficiencies.
ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals, 2013
International Energy Conservation Code, 2012
Kentucky Building Code, 2013
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These Great Tips Will Keep The Garden Green
These great tips will keep the garden green, whether insects are appearing in plants or trees are drying. It will be difficult to compensate for the way we have exploited the land and environment for our luxury, but we may make a tiny attempt by planting trees and plants in and around our homes. Huh. Many people enjoy gardening, and many have begun to explore this interest while in lockdown.
But believe me when I say that gardening or caring for your plants is similar to raising a child. There are several health and life-related issues, just as there are during a child’s upbringing. Similarly, there are numerous challenges in caring for plants.
If you’re a plant parent, or someone who loves plants and gardening, these tips and hacks will come in handy, and you can rest assured that your garden will always be green and fragrant.
- To protect little or newly emerging plants from illnesses and insects, sprinkle cinnamon powder on them. Cinnamon possesses antibacterial and antifungal qualities that protect young and tiny plants from illness. Aside from that, pouring it removes the peculiar odour that often emanates from the soil.
- If your plants’ soil is constantly infested with snails or other crawling insects, add powdered eggshell powder to your pots. Wash the peels thoroughly before grinding them into a coarse powder and mixing them into the soil to keep crawling insects at bay.
- Use vinegar if wild plants or grass frequently grow in your garden or in plant pots, obstructing the growth of your plants. Sprinkle half a cup of vinegar in a litre of water on these wild plants to dry them out in a few days. Pouring vinegar into the soil might injure the roots of other plants, so be careful.
- Prune your plants on a regular basis to increase their growth and speed up their growth. Cut the plants’ dry and fading leaves in the same way.
- Do not discard vegetable-fruit peels, used tea leaves, or eggshells; instead, wash them completely and store them in a large drum, bucket, or pit, mixed with soil. This will quickly produce an excellent chemical-free compost that will be beneficial to the plants.
- After each use, wash and clean gardening tools such as hoops, scissors, and so on, and let them dry fully. Keep them wrapped in a jute bag or a bag after that. They will not only be protected from rust, but their edge will also be preserved for a long time.
- Old drums and buckets can be used as pots because they are more durable than clay pots. If you don’t have pots but do have a roof, place nylon bags on the roof’s corners first, then jute sacks on top. Now build a wall that is 2-3 bricks high on all four sides. Fill it with the soil and compost mixture. Your very own little garden is ready to be planted.
- Dip a plant branch in honey before putting it in the soil if you’re planning to cut a plant branch and plant another plant (many plants can be grown using branches instead of roots). This aids the development of the roots.
- Do not directly sow the seeds of any fruit, vegetable, or herb in the soil. Sow them in paper cups, eggshells, or little paper packets with soil instead. When sprouts or little plants appear in them, transplant them into similar containers. Eggshells and paper cups will be quickly added to the soil, and your tree will be given special attention.
- If your plants and flowers have white wax-like insects, mix a pinch of baking soda, 1 teaspoon of shampoo, and 2-3 drops of neem oil in a litre of water and sprinkle it on them. Your issue will be resolved in a few days.
- Do not discard the water left behind after cooking veggies or eggs to provide extra nutrition to your plants. Cool them down and use the water to water the plants; this water is rich in nutrients.
- Boil neem leaves and add cooled water to them once a week to protect your plants’ soil from insects, ants, and other critters.
Also Watch: Peepal Tree
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It is very important to choose your colors wisely. Choosing the wrong colors can make a design dull and looking a bit off, so consideration is in order. There are various color combinations you can use to achieve a natural effect. The most known is the color wheel.
It is interesting to see how the color wheel, or color circle, has come to be. There are actually different types of color wheels, but the one you see here is the most descriptive of how the circle actually works. The color wheel shows the relation between the primary colors, the secondary colors and the tertiary colors. The primary colors are red, blue and yellow. The secondary colors are colors you get when you take even amounts of a primary color and mix them together. So when you take red and blue, you get purple. Blue and yellow makes green, and yellow and red makes orange.
These are the basic elements of the color wheel. If you take two primary colors you get a secondary color, if you take a secondary color and a primary color you get a tertiary color. Put all of the colors together, and you get brown. But there is no way of making a primary color with a secondary color or a tertiary color. So if you are an artist working with paint, you can make every color if you have red, blue and yellow. If you only have red, blue and green, there is no way to make yellow.
Being in harmony simply means that something is in such a way that it makes sense. With colors that’s no different. That is way it is so important to choose the right colors. For that you can use color harmonies.
The monochromatic harmony uses various values of the same color family. This means that there is made use of different tints, tones and shades of the same color.
With analogous colors relationships, colors are located adjacent to each other on the color wheel.
The complementary colors are at opposite sides of the color wheel. That makes red the complementary color of green. These colors enhance each other.
Split-complementary colors are one color on one side of the color wheel, and two others equally spaced from its complement, resulting in three colors.
Double complement harmonies include two sets of complementary colors that sit next to and across from each other on the color wheel forming an X.
Tetrad colors are four colors equally spaced on the color wheel. This means that in a 12 steps color wheel every color is touched by the corners of a square. This might be the hardest color combination to use. The best way to handle this combination is to choose no more than two dominant colors.
Triad colors are three colors equally spaced on the color wheel.
Diad schemes are combinations of two colors located two steps apart on the color wheel, skipping the color in between.
Of course there are other great ways to get color inspiration for your designs. Some designers depend on the meaning of colors and their harmonies and choose their colors beforehand. Other designers first build up their elements before they pick their colors. A known trick for picking colors is to pick colors from a photo.
The surroundings of a color are very important. A color can get a different contrast when laid next to another color and can be seen completely different.
Take these shades of purple. The rectangle in the middle of each color is exactly the same as the other. Only the left rectangle appears to be a warmer color than the rectangle on the right.
Take the butcher department in the supermarket for instance. A lot of the time you find little green plastic leaves between the different pieces of meat. This makes the meat more red, which would indicate that there is still blood left in the meat, which would suggest that the meat is fresh. Would you take the green away, the meat would get a more brownish color, which would suggest that the meat has lain there for a couple of days. So placing the little green fake leafs between the meat, makes the red more stand out. And a stronger red equals more sales.
It is very important to know what the symbolism behind colors can be. A good example is the recent color change in the McDonalds emblem. McDonalds used to use the color red and yellow. Both primary colors. It indicates the core value’s of the fast food giant. Yellow stands for positivity, sunshine, playfulness. Red stands for energy, excitement and courage. Lately, McDonalds changed these colors to yellow and green, because the company wanted to be associated with health. The fast food industry has very bad reputation when it comes to health, and just changing the products wasn’t enough. People walking past McDonalds should feel like going in isn’t going to clog their arteries with fat. With the color change from red to green, going into McDonalds feels like it still gives you the option of choosing between a nasty burger and a healthy salad.
Every color has its own symbolic meaning. It can be very contradictory and some colors have more associations than others. Most associations are very strong, and it is hard to break that connection. So it is easier to take colors for their associations than trying to change them.
There are also religious connections to colors. In India they celebrate Holi, the festival of colors, which is a new years celebration feast. During this feast, the Hindus throw scented powder to each other, to celebrate the colors of spring.
American and West European cultures are very similar when it comes to colors. These cultures define colors in the following way:
- Red evokes aggressiveness, passion, strength and vitality. It is recognized as a stimulant and draws attention. As an accent, it has the ability to immediately focus attention on a particular element.
- Orange evokes fun, cheeriness and warm exuberance. It is a close relative of red and most people either hate or love this color.
- Yellow evokes positivity, enlightenment and happiness, but can also stand for cowardice. It can also stand for the youth in children.
- Green evokes tranquility, health and freshness. Next to blue it is a favorite color to most people. It is often used in interior design, because we are used to seeing it everywhere. Green is considered the color of peace and ecology, while it can also be an indication of illness and negative emotions. For some countries it is also the color for money.
- Blue evokes authority, dignity, security and faithfulness. It is the overwhelming favorite color, and maybe that is way a lot of application icons are blue. The color is seen as trustworthy, dependable and committed. Next to that it is the least gender specific color, it has an equal appeal to both men and women. Still, baby blue refers to boys.
- Purple evokes sophistication, spirituality, costliness, royalty and mystery. It is the color which is most liked by creatives and is a very adaptive color. This color takes over the characteristics of its undertone.
- Pink evokes femininity, innocence, softness and health. It has a lot of the same characteristics as red, without being to aggressive. It is often associated with romance and is the gender color for girls.
- Brown evokes utility, earthiness, woodsy-ness and subtle richness. It is the color of the earth and is associated with all things natural and organic. All colors combined make brown, and that is why it is a very difficult color to use in designs.
White, grey and black are not really defined as colors, since they are shades of brightness. But that doesn’t mean that they are not symbolic.
- White evokes purity, truthfulness, being contemporary and refined. Doctors wear white coats, and a white picket fence surrounds safe and happy home. Brides traditionally wear white gowns, symbolic to their virginity.
- Grey evokes somberness, authority, practicality and a corporate mentality. It is the color of intellect, knowledge, and wisdom. Grey is also a business color and it is perceived as long-lasting, classic and redefined. It is also a very perfect natural, which is why designers often use it as a background color and why a lot of digital artist use a grey background to draw their paintings on.
- Black evokes seriousness, distinctiveness, boldness and being classic. It is also very authoritative and powerful. Evil characters in movies are often dark, while the good guys are light. Black represents a lack of color and emptiness. It is a classic color for clothing, possibly because it makes the wearer appear thinner and more sophisticated.
The symbolism of colors can be differ in different cultures. The symbolism can even differ from periods of time and can even have a different meaning in the same culture. The color red is often used in stop signs in European and north American cultures, while at the same time it can stand for love and hate.
There are a couple of sites dedicated to color use. Adobe has its own kuler web application and the website colorlovers.com is a creative community where you can share your colors, pallets and patterns. They can really come in handy, so be sure to check them out.
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Traditions of a mysterious, bearded visitor from overseas have been current across our continent since pre-Columbian times. The universal image of this man, depicted as an influential religious leader, has fascinated me for 20 years. During this time I conducted my investigations among every Native American willing to discuss his or her tribal history with me. Through them I learned that the mythic memory of this light-skinned (often referred to as white-skinned), robed man occurs in ancient myth among numerous Indian peoples.
His story is found most frequently in North American legends, which reveal more information about his appearance and the nature of his arrival. In Middle and South America, he was known, respectively, as the “Feathered Serpent” (the Mayas’ Kukulcan and Aztec Quetzalcoatl), and “Sea Foam” Kon-Tiki-Viracocha, to the Incas. North of the Rio Grande River, he is generally referred to as East Star Man, Peace Maker, Pale One, Dawn Star, etc.
READ THE REST OF THIS STORY AT JOSEPHSMITHFOUNDATION.ORG.
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How to: Add Rows to a DataTable
To add new records into a dataset, a new data row must be created and added to the DataRow collection (Rows) of a DataTable in the dataset. The following procedures show how to create a new row and insert it into a DataTable. Examples are provided for both typed and untyped datasets.
Applications that use data-bound controls typically get the ability to add new records through the "add new" button on a BindingNavigator Control.
Inserting a New Record into a Typed Dataset
For this example, it is assumed that a dataset has a CustomersDataTable and has two columns named CustomerID and CompanyName. Typed datasets expose the column names as properties of the typed DataRow object; in this case the CustomersRow.
To add a new record to a typed dataset
Declare a new instance of the typed dataset. In the following example, you declare a new instance of the CustomersRow class, assign it a new row, populate the columns with data, and add the new row to the Customers table's Rows collection:
Dim newCustomersRow As NorthwindDataSet.CustomersRow newCustomersRow = NorthwindDataSet1.Customers.NewCustomersRow() newCustomersRow.CustomerID = "ALFKI" newCustomersRow.CompanyName = "Alfreds Futterkiste" NorthwindDataSet1.Customers.Rows.Add(newCustomersRow)
NorthwindDataSet.CustomersRow newCustomersRow = northwindDataSet1.Customers.NewCustomersRow(); newCustomersRow.CustomerID = "ALFKI"; newCustomersRow.CompanyName = "Alfreds Futterkiste"; northwindDataSet1.Customers.Rows.Add(newCustomersRow);
Inserting a New Record into an Untyped Dataset
For this example, it is assumed that the untyped dataset has a CustomersDataTable that has two columns named CustomerID and CompanyName. Untyped datasets require knowledge of column names or indices when coding. This example uses column names.
To add a record to an untyped dataset
Call the NewRow method of a DataTable to create a new, empty row. This new row inherits its column structure from the data table's DataColumnCollection. The following code creates a new row, populates it with data, and adds it to the table's Rows collection.
Dim newCustomersRow As DataRow = DataSet1.Tables("Customers").NewRow() newCustomersRow("CustomerID") = "ALFKI" newCustomersRow("CompanyName") = "Alfreds Futterkiste" DataSet1.Tables("Customers").Rows.Add(newCustomersRow)
DataRow newCustomersRow = dataSet1.Tables["Customers"].NewRow(); newCustomersRow["CustomerID"] = "ALFKI"; newCustomersRow["CompanyName"] = "Alfreds Futterkiste"; dataSet1.Tables["Customers"].Rows.Add(newCustomersRow);
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Performing Bulk Copy Operations
The SQL Server bulk copy feature supports the transfer of large amounts of data into or out of a SQL Server table or view. Data can also be transferred out by specifying a SELECT statement. The data can be moved between SQL Server and an operating-system data file, such as an ASCII file. The data file can have different formats; the format is defined to bulk copy in a format file. Optionally, data can be loaded into program variables and transferred to SQL Server using bulk copy functions and methods.
For a sample application that demonstrates this feature, see Bulk Copy Data Using IRowsetFastLoad (OLE DB).
An application typically uses bulk copy in one of the following ways:
Bulk copy from a table, view, or the result set of a Transact-SQL statement into a data file where the data is stored in the same format as the table or view.
This is called a native-mode data file.
Bulk copy from a table, view, or the result set of a Transact-SQL statement into a data file where the data is stored in a format other than the one of the table or view.
In this case, a separate format file is created that defines the characteristics (data type, position, length, terminator, and so on) of each column as it is stored in the data file. If all columns are converted to character format, the resulting file is called a character-mode data file.
Bulk copy from a data file into a table or view.
If needed, a format file is used to determine the layout of the data file.
Load data into program variables, then import the data into a table or view using the bulk copy functions for bulk copying in a row at a time.
Data files used by bulk copy functions do not have to be created by another bulk copy program. Any other system can generate a data file and format file according to bulk copy definitions; these files can then be used with a SQL Server bulk copy program to import data into SQL Server. For example, you could export data from a spreadsheet in a tab-delimited file, build a format file describing the tab-delimited file, and then use a bulk copy program to quickly import the data into SQL Server. Data files generated by bulk copy can also be imported into other applications. For example, you could use bulk copy functions to export data from a table or view into a tab-delimited file that could then be loaded into a spreadsheet.
Programmers coding applications to use the bulk copy functions should follow the general rules for good bulk copy performance. For more information about support for bulk copy operations in SQL Server, see Bulk Import and Export of Data (SQL Server).
Limitations and Restrictions
A CLR user-defined type (UDT) must be bound as binary data. Even if a format file specifies SQLCHAR as the data type for a target UDT column, The BCP utility will treat the data as binary.
Do not use SET FMTONLY OFF with bulk copy operations. SET FMTONLY OFF may cause your bulk copy operation to fail or give unexpected results.
OLE DB Driver for SQL Server
The OLE DB Driver for SQL Server implements two methods for performing bulk copy operations with a SQL Server database. The first method involves using the IRowsetFastLoad interface for memory-based bulk copy operations; and the second involves using the IBCPSession interface for file-based bulk copy operations.
Using Memory Based Bulk Copy Operations
The OLE DB Driver for SQL Server implements the IRowsetFastLoad interface to expose support for SQL Server memory-based bulk copy operations. The IRowsetFastLoad interface implements the IRowsetFastLoad::Commit and IRowsetFastLoad::InsertRow methods.
Enabling a Session for IRowsetFastLoad
The consumer notifies the OLE DB Driver for SQL Server of its need for bulk copy by setting the OLE DB Driver for SQL Server-specific data source property SSPROP_ENABLEFASTLOAD to VARIANT_TRUE. With the property set on the data source, the consumer creates a OLE DB Driver for SQL Server session. The new session allows consumer access to the IRowsetFastLoad interface.
If the IDataInitialize interface is used for initializing the data source, then it is necessary to set the SSPROP_IRowsetFastLoad property in the rgPropertySets parameter of the IOpenRowset::OpenRowset method; otherwise, the call to the OpenRowset method will return E_NOINTERFACE.
Enabling a session for bulk copy constrains the OLE DB Driver for SQL Server support for interfaces on the session. A bulk copy-enabled session exposes only the following interfaces:
To disable the creation of bulk copy-enabled rowsets and cause the OLE DB Driver for SQL Server session to revert to standard processing, reset SSPROP_ENABLEFASTLOAD to VARIANT_FALSE.
The OLE DB Driver for SQL Server bulk copy rowsets are write-only, but they expose interfaces that allow the consumer to determine the structure of a SQL Server table. The following interfaces are exposed on a bulk copy-enabled OLE DB Driver for SQL Server rowset:
The provider-specific properties SSPROP_FASTLOADOPTIONS, SSPROP_FASTLOADKEEPNULLS, and SSPROP_FASTLOADKEEPIDENTITY control behaviors of a OLE DB Driver for SQL Server bulk-copy rowset. The properties are specified in the rgProperties member of an rgPropertySets IOpenRowset parameter member.
Description: Maintains identity values supplied by the consumer.
VARIANT_FALSE: Values for an identity column in the SQL Server table are generated by SQL Server. Any value bound for the column is ignored by the OLE DB Driver for SQL Server.
VARIANT_TRUE: The consumer binds an accessor providing a value for a SQL Server identity column. The identity property is not available on columns accepting NULL, so the consumer provides a unique value on each IRowsetFastLoad::Insert call.
Description: Maintains NULL for columns with a DEFAULT constraint. Affects only SQL Server columns that accept NULL and have a DEFAULT constraint applied.
VARIANT_FALSE: SQL Server inserts the default value for the column when the OLE DB Driver for SQL Server consumer inserts a row containing NULL for the column.
VARIANT_TRUE: SQL Server inserts NULL for the column value when the OLE DB Driver for SQL Server consumer inserts a row containing NULL for the column.
Description: This property is the same as the -h "hint[,...n]" option of the bcp utility. The following string(s) can be used as option(s) in the bulk copying of data into a table.
ORDER(column[ASC | DESC][,...n]): Sort order of data in the data file. Bulk copy performance is improved if the data file being loaded is sorted according to the clustered index on the table.
ROWS_PER_BATCH = bb: Number of rows of data per batch (as bb). The server optimizes the bulk load according to the value bb. By default, ROWS_PER_BATCH is unknown.
KILOBYTES_PER_BATCH = cc: Number of kilobytes (KB) of data per batch (as cc). By default, KILOBYTES_PER_BATCH is unknown.
TABLOCK: A table-level lock is acquired for the duration of the bulk copy operation. This option significantly improves performance because holding a lock only for the duration of the bulk copy operation reduces lock contention on the table. A table can be loaded by multiple clients concurrently if the table has no indexes and TABLOCK is specified. By default, the locking behavior is determined by the table option table lock on bulk load.
CHECK_CONSTRAINTS: Any constraints on table_name are checked during the bulk copy operation. By default, constraints are ignored.
FIRE_TRIGGER: SQL Server uses row versioning for triggers and stores the row versions in the version store in tempdb. Therefore, bulk logging optimizations are available even when triggers are enabled. Before bulk importing a batch with a large number of rows with triggers enabled, you may need to expand the size of tempdb.
Using File Based Bulk Copy Operations
The OLE DB Driver for SQL Server implements the IBCPSession interface to expose support for SQL Server file-based bulk copy operations. The IBCPSession interface implements the IBCPSession::BCPColFmt, IBCPSession::BCPColumns, IBCPSession::BCPControl, IBCPSession::BCPDone, IBCPSession::BCPExec, IBCPSession::BCPInit, IBCPSession::BCPReadFmt, and IBCPSession::BCPWriteFmtmethods.
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The slothful man saith, There is a lion without, I shall be slain in the streets.
Lazy people always have excuses! They see difficulty in any job. They arrogantly reject good explanations of successful men that a task can be done (Pr 26:16). They are lazy, and they use their conceited minds to convince themselves and others to avoid the work.
Challenges are opportunities! They mean the lazy will not be competing, so there is more for you. They mean the wages or profit will be more. They mean the honor for finishing will be higher. They mean the skill and experience acquired will be greater. Consider it!
Difficulties are challenges to the diligent, but excuses to the slothful. Adversity means a little more effort to the diligent, but it quickly defeats the slothful. Any difficulty is enough for him to cancel his plans and quit, for the lion in the streets might slay him!
He wants the good things of life, but his hands refuse to labor (Pr 19:24; 21:25), so he makes up ridiculous excuses to justify himself. He prefers his bed or toys (Pr 6:9-10). He dreads the thought of exertion, persistence, or pain. Though he and all wise men know that lions prefer the hills and woods, he makes up preposterous pretenses to avoid work.
These are the words of a lazy person. He knows the city streets are not this bad, but he uses his wild excuse to justify himself to others. The excuses lazy people use are Legion. As long as sluggards exist, lions and other dangerous beasts will roam cities and threaten lives! Such excuses are so common, the LORD left a twin for this proverb (Pr 26:13)!
Seven successful men might prove there is no lion, but a man that hates work will still argue that there is danger (Pr 26:16). He has convinced himself of difficulty in order to keep from making an effort; the sound reasoning of diligent men is easily brushed aside! Lazy men can explain away their responsibilities with a thousand ridiculous excuses.
His lazy lie may be self-fulfilling, for the slothful have a rough time with easy projects (Pr 15:19). The more a slothful man considers the difficulty of a job, the more difficult it will be. His half-hearted efforts make anthills seem like mountains! He claims fear of the lion, but forgets that men are the masters of lions and may hunt them for mere sport.
It has been said, when the going gets tough, the tough get going. These words did not originate with a lazy man, for tough going is his reason to quit and look for easier work. Diligent men believe and practice them, and they find great reward in their own souls and from one another for their zealous and persistent efforts in business (Pr 14:14; 22:29).
Procrastination and hypochondria are sins. They are excuses of cowardly and lazy men (Rom 12:11). Ask a lazy man why he is not happy, and he will fill your ears with his aches and pains. You would think Job exists in every generation! Ask a lazy man why he did not finish the job today, and he will fill your ears with how tomorrow is better and a sure thing. The problem is, he will say similar things tomorrow about the next day!
Distraction is a sin. If you have a job or business, diligence is God’s order (Rom 12:11). Faithfulness is a virtue (Pr 13:17; 25:13; 28:20). It is your God-given duty to apply effort as wisely as possible to make the most possible. In America, is your annual salary or net profit twice your age? It is an indicator. If you are behind, why? What has you distracted?
Dereliction is a sin. If you have a diligent and faithful spouse, that does not relieve you at all of your duties before God, unless it is by full mutual agreement after consulting with God’s word and wise counselors. Get up and get out – there is no lion! But the Lion of the tribe of Judah will stalk slothful men, for only diligent producers are in His kingdom.
What is the cure for fear and sloth? Get out in the street! Charge your duties with zeal! It will amaze you how empty the streets are of opposition, when you face them head on. The morning is only dark and cold while you cuddle in a warm bed with the light off. Get out of bed and turn the light on, and you will be surprised that things are better already!
Ten fearful and slothful spies forgot God’s great works in saving them from Egypt and told Israel that Canaan would be too difficult for them to take (Num 13:26-33). Instead of the lion in the streets, they used the giants and grasshoppers excuse. “And there we saw the giants, the sons of Anak, which come of the giants: and we were in our own sight as grasshoppers, and so we were in their sight” (Num 13:33). Poor boys! They died like dogs in the wilderness for their lack of faith and diligence to take the promise land!
Jesus gave varied funds to three men (Matt 25:14-30). Two invested theirs and earned a nice return and the high praise of their Lord. The other was a slothful loser, who buried his talent in the ground, out of intimidation and slothfulness. His excuse was that his Lord was too severe in His expectations. Poor boy! His talent was taken away and given to the man with ten. The rich get richer, and the poor get poorer in the kingdom of Jesus Christ.
Jesus Christ has called you to carry your cross daily (Luke 9:23). How will you respond? Will you dread the effort and shrink from your profession into carnal backsliding (Phil 3:18-19; Heb 10:38-39)? Or will you count up the cost and labor to pay it in full for the glory of your beloved paymaster (Luke 14:25-33)? Will you take it up today, reader?
If you see a lion in the way of either natural or spiritual projects, remember His precious promise, “Thou shalt tread upon the lion and adder: the young lion and the dragon shalt thou trample under feet” (Ps 91:13). Let it never be said of you, “The children of Ephraim, being armed, and carrying bows, turned back in the day of battle” (Ps 78:9).
When it comes to spiritual duties and pleasing God in heaven, there is indeed a lion in the streets that seeks to devour you – the devil himself (I Pet 5:8). But if you will resist him, he will flee from you (Jas 4:7). If you will get out of bed and take the whole armor of God that He has provided, you can stand against his wiles (Eph 6:10-18; 5:14-16; 4:27).
The promises of God are obtained by the zealous, not the slothful (Heb 6:9-12). Jesus obtained His crown by facing and enduring the lion in several encounters (Ps 22:11-21; Matt 4:1-11; Heb 12:1-3). Rejoice, reader, that Jesus did not hide from the lion without, or you would die in your sins. Consider His holy example and follow it in all your duties!
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Leslie Groves (1896–1970) was a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers officer
who oversaw the construction of the Pentagon and directed the Manhattan
Project that developed the atomic bomb. After joining the Corps of
Engineers and assisting with projects in Nicaragua, he was posted to the
War Department General Staff. In 1940, he became special assistant for
construction to the Quartermaster General. He was given responsibility
in 1941 for the gigantic office complex to house the War Department's
40,000 staff which would ultimately become the Pentagon. In September
1942, Groves took charge of the Manhattan Project and was involved in
most aspects of the atomic bomb's development, including the acquisition
of raw materials and selection of target cities in Japan. He remained in
charge of the project until the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission assumed
responsibility for nuclear weapons production in 1947. He then headed
the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, created to control the
military aspects of nuclear weapons. He was promoted to lieutenant
general just before his retirement in 1948 in recognition of his
leadership of the bomb program, and later became a vice-president at
Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Groves>
Today's selected anniversaries:
Robert Fulton's North River Steamboat, the world's first
commercially successful paddle steamer, went into service on the Hudson
River in New York.
Second World War: The Royal Air Force began a strategic bombing
campaign against Nazi Germany's V-weapon programme by attacking the
Peenemünde Army Research Center.
A commission led by Cyril Radcliffe established the Radcliffe
Line, the border between India and Pakistan after the Partition of
The Soviet icebreaker NS Arktika became the first surface ship
to reach the North Pole.
A turbine at Sayano–Shushenskaya Dam in Khakassia, Russia,
broke apart violently, flooding the power station, causing widespread
power failures, and killing 75 people.
Wiktionary's word of the day:
1. Something given in exchange for goods or services rendered.
2. A payment for work done; wages, salary, emolument.
3. A recompense for a loss; compensation.
Wikiquote quote of the day:
 The idea of global unity is not new, but the absolute
necessity of it has only just arrived, like a sudden radical alteration
of the sun, and we shall have to adapt or disappear. If the nations are
ever to make a working synthesis of their ferocious contradictions, the
plan will be created in spirit before it can be formulated or accepted
in political fact. And it is in poetry that we can refresh our hope that
such a unity is occupying people's imaginations everywhere, since poetry
is the voice of spirit and imagination and all that is potential, as
well as of the healing benevolence that used to be the privilege of the
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Diet and key bone-building nutrients play a critical role in healing broken bones but it also is important to build your bone’s strength so if you do have a fall, you are less likely to fracture your bones.
You need a lot of minerals, especially calcium and magnesium but you also need Zinc and Vitamin C.
Here is our Bone-Building Diet:
An essential structural component of the skeleton, which makes it vital for both health and bone healing. That’s why a calcium deficiency can contribute to broken bones — and why eating more calcium foods can aid bone healing naturally.
The best sources of calcium are green leafy vegetables and raw fermented dairy products. So make sure you are getting a lot of leafy greens as well as broccoli. Foods packed with calcium — the main mineral that helps make up strong bones — include:
- Yogurt or kefir
- Raw milk
In order for your body to even use calcium, you also have to have magnesium because research shows magnesium and calcium metabolism are closely related. In fact, “the intestinal absorption and the renal excretion of the two ions are interdependent.”So in order to get the benefits of calcium-rich foods, you need to consume magnesium-rich foods as well.
Some high-calcium foods are also high in magnesium, such as green leafy vegetables and raw fermented dairy products like goat milk kefir or raw goat cheese. Other magnesium foods include:
- Flaxseeds, chia seeds and pumpkin seeds
- Grass-fed beef
- Swiss chard
- Black beans
You also want to consume foods that are high in zinc. Zinc has been shown to grow and repair body tissues.
Research shows zinc supplementation can stimulate fracture healing. (3) Zinc is a mineral that’s essential for good health.
Zinc foods are similar to calcium and magnesium foods.
- Grass-fed beef
- Nuts (pine nuts, peanuts, cashews and almonds)
- Pumpkin seeds
- Chia seeds
Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin that’s found in many foods, particularly fruits and vegetables. It’s vital for collagen synthesis, connective tissue, bones, and teeth.
Many studies tout the benefits of vitamin C on bone healing. Researchers found that vitamin C “improved the mechanical resistance of the fracture callus in elderly rats.” (4) They suggested that this may work as well in healing bone fractures in elderly humans.
Vitamin C-rich Foods
Foods rich in Vitamin C include vegetable and orange juices as well as:
- Bell peppers
Foods to Avoid
You want to stay away from foods that tend to be overly acidic which will acidify your body and actually leach those minerals out of your body and cause your bone healing and growth to slow down. Other foods to avoid:
- Processed foods
- Conventional meat
- Processed dairy products
- Excess Sodium
- Processed sugar
Your diet should consist of a lot of veggies, some fruit, some organic meat, and some nuts and seeds. When you are trying to heal your bones, these items should be the bulk of your diet. It’s essential to get a high amount of these nutrients for building strong bones.
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The Strategic Implications of Sea Level Rise
The world’s oceans are rising and becoming one of today’s foremost national security challenges with strategic implications for the future. This acknowledgement is especially vital for U.S. military installation commanders as sea level rise during this century will exceed that of the previous 400 years, according to a consensus of the international scientific community. Throughout Earth’s history, the world’s seas have risen and fallen in response to global temperature changes and to continental glacier advances and retreats. For example, during the previous interglacial period 120,000 years ago, sea level was 20 feet higher than today. Conversely, while at the height of the last glaciations 18,000 years ago, oceans were 390 feet lower than today.
The 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) sea level scenarios project a 7 to 23-inch rise by 2100. Some scientists consider this “conservative” as uncertainty in ice-sheet decay models may point to a more likely sea level rise in the range of 19 to 55 inches within this time period. Additionally, military planners should understand that seas will not rise uniformly throughout the world due to factors such as ocean circulation patterns, geologic subsidence, rebounding from the crushing weight of the last Ice Age glaciers, and land subsidence in response to massive oil and gas extraction along continental shelves.
Although scientists continually discuss sea level rise vulnerability and impacts, skepticism within U.S. military installations continues. Not surprising, this is primarily due to current controversy regarding observed 20th century sea level rise, coupled with the wide range of 21st century predictions. Operations and training managers would like projections for their installation to be associated with a specific probability of occurrence over specific decadal time periods. However, future sea level rise projections include uncertainty from continued ocean thermal expansion from global-scale warming as well as glacier, small ice sheet and continental ice sheet melting. The main cause of uncertainty prior to about 2050 is due to disagreement on processes that cause ice sheet melt and associated dramatic sea level rise increases. These include future amounts of atmospheric greenhouse gases, as well as the ability of models to predict the impact of increasing greenhouse gas concentrations. After 2050, the large variations in estimates are the result of warming rates tied to different projections of future greenhouse concentrations in conjunction with ice mass loss from Greenland and Antarctica – all of which are presently unknown.
Assessing Base Vulnerability
In the U.S., scientists have identified coastal North Carolina as one of the most vulnerable regions to climate change. As a result, this area was the focus of a recent Department of Defense (DoD) Legacy Resource Management Program project on sea level risk to military installations. Co-authored by Alion Science and Technology’s Robert Mickler and David Welch, the study concluded that several installations are at serious risk from sea level rise inundation, erosion and saltwater intrusion. More than 2,000 square miles of North Carolina’s coastal ecosystems, which includes five military installations, are below 3-feet elevation. Projected sea level rise prior to 2100, along with increases in major storm severity and frequency, will impact coastal and island military and civilian infrastructure posing national security challenges from disruption of testing and training, and mission operations.
A summary of projections for coastal North Carolina indicates that DoD installations will experience varying degrees of risk based on actual sea level rise from present to 2100. These risks will vary even within an individual installation. North Carolina installations demonstrate the range of risk worldwide, which runs from severe to negligible.
High Sea Level Risk – A close look at coastal North Carolina’s Air Force Dare County Bombing Range illustrates that sea level rise will radically alter land cover on the Dare County Peninsula, to include the bombing range.
Geologically, this installation lies within the northern coastal province, a segment especially vulnerable to rising sea levels. The underlying geology of deep sediment (rather than shallow bedrock) contributes to faster rates of subsidence and higher shoreline erosion rates relative to other parts of the North Carolina coast. In addition, the elevation of the Dare County peninsula is quite low, with more than 80 percent under three feet. Sea level rise projections from the IPCC’s moderate A1B1 Max scenario provide for a 34-inch sea level rise by 2100, which will result in conversion of 40 percent of the installation’s land to estuarine open water. Equally important is the inundation of civilian infrastructure (roads, electric grid, communications and communities). In fact, the combined effects of sea level rise and land subsidence can be seen today on the inundated forests and marshes surrounding the installation. The shoreline is dotted with a standing dead forest, and forested wetlands can now be seen lying submerged in shallow waters.
Simulation results underscore installation and surrounding area vulnerability due to these low elevations throughout Dare County peninsula. Forested wetlands readily convert to wetter wetland types, such as salt marsh, marsh transition and brackish marsh. These marshes, in turn, transition to tidal flats and then open water 50 to 90 years into the model simulations. Even a moderate acceleration in sea level rise floods large parts of the peninsula by mid-century. Impacts will eliminate installation functionality due to poor access and flooding of base infrastructure. Other impacts will include degradation of rare flora and fauna habitat.
High and Low Sea Level Risk – The Marine Corps Air Station and Naval Aviation Depot Cherry Point is an example of a DoD installation with both high and low sea level rise risk. The bulk of MCAS Cherry Point’s main installation sits atop a bluff that fronts the Neuse River, thus effectively protecting it from impacts over the next century. Sea level rise inundation risk across all IPCC scenarios is limited to the floodplains in the installation’s stream network.
In contrast, Piney Island (BT-11), or Point of Marsh Target Area, is less than three feet in elevation. This facility is high risk to inundation and erosion from sea level rise. In fact, the area has been transitioning to wetter vegetation types, suggesting that it was once a forested wetland. The lack of tree regeneration and the predominance of marsh vegetation suggest that changing hydrology and increased salinity due to sea level rise or subsidence has allowed for the gradual transition from forested wetland to brackish marsh.
Flooding in the interior rather than on the fringes of the island will likely disrupt installation activities if sea level rise meets or exceeds two feet prior to 2100. Water inundation of large areas northwest of the airstrip and west of the target roads will compromise access to target areas and halt operations on the island prior to 2080. The BT-11 target area conforms to the highest risk of sea level rise among all North Carolina DoD installation facilities. Given the long-term viability of the main installation, MCAS Cherry Point would benefit from planning and acquisition of new adjoining target areas for testing and training operations.
Protecting Coastal Installations: Sea Level Rise Adaptation
Sea level rise simulations underscore the vulnerability of many DoD coastal and island installations in the U.S. and worldwide. Even moderate acceleration in sea level rise rates is projected to flood large parts of several North Carolina installations by mid-century. Impacts will eliminate installation functionality due to poor access and flooding of base and surrounding civilian infrastructure.
Future sea level rise risk could be reduced by managing natural processes by which wetlands build new soil elevation, and plant and animal communities migrate upslope to adapt to sea level rise. Or, they could be reduced by engineering methods to artificially hold back the sea. An installation’s mitigation strategy should first promote the natural processes by which wetlands trap sediments in the water column and build elevation. Other options include enhanced sedimentation application that mimics the vertical growth of marshes, and beach and sand replenishment on barrier islands used for amphibious training operations at installations such as Marine Corp Base Camp Lejeune.
Current North Carolina pilot-tested mitigation strategies include re-establishment of near shore oyster reefs and coastal marshes, planting of salt-tolerant trees, as well as construction of shoreline tide gates. Oyster reefs reduce shore erosion from storm surge and increase the rate of re-establishment of shoreline marshes. Salt-tolerant vegetation anchors soil and reduces erosion from wave action and major storm surge events. Tide gates act as one-way valves allowing fresh water from land to flow into the estuary while preventing saline estuary water from entering the land. Additionally, levees and pumping systems could manage surface waters and prevent inundation of coastal wetlands.
Encouraging a Paradigm Shift
State and county governments are beginning to seriously consider sea level rise risks to coastal communities. A similar cultural shift within DoD is required to transition mitigation planning and implementation into the hands of installation commanders. DoD installation climate change strategies and planning should be informed by the best available scientific information and sea level rise projections. Operational capabilities and infrastructure at risk will need to be assessed for each installation with commensurate mitigation strategies put in place. Responding to sea level rise will require careful consideration of cost/benefit analyses of protection or relocation of installation infrastructure, acquisition of new lands to replace those potentially given up to the rising sea and ecosystem management to enhance or re-establish coastal marsh productivity.
Regardless of which sea level rise estimates are most accurate, climate change will stress the U.S. military by affecting weapons systems and platforms, bases and military operations. The nature and rate of climate change observed today, as well as future consequences publicly debated by the international scientific community, are grave and pose challenges to U.S. national security, natural and cultural resources, and DoD installations’ capabilities and infrastructure. The consequences of climate change and sea level rise are clear – disruption of training, equipping and planning of military services. U.S. military sea level rise risk assessment must move beyond arguments of cause and effect and begin planning to address potentially devastating effects.
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Update: 10/26/18. Part 2 available here
Summer HVAC season is coming to a close and lately our local scrap-yard has been teeming with old oil burning furnaces. While Asheville residents are replacing oil burners with updated heat pump systems as fast as they can, conscious builders and tradesmen are recycling the used equipment, and although many of these machines are fully functioning, no doubt many of them still end up at the landfill. What can be done to keep this robust, sometimes outdated, technology out of the waste stream and put to good use? The biochar crew at Living Web has been working over the past year to develop oil burning technology for clean combustion of pyrolysis oil – a corrosive, sticky, and heavy liquid coproduct of biochar production.
Conventional Oil Burners
Conventional oil burners are commonly found in older homes and in areas where heating systems were installed prior to the widespread availability of natural gas. They’re the appliance commonly found in basements, that pulls oil from a large tank, and burns it in a chamber housed directly underneath a furnace or boiler. These home heating oil (HHO) burners are set up for a specific grade of oil, commonly referred to as #2 fuel oil (Imagine the viscosity of diesel fuel). In fact, any oil furnace designed for #2 fuel oil can accept up to 20% biodiesel with no modifications. WNC locals may be familiar with bioheat from Blue Ridge Biofuels – a blend of up to 20% biodiesel and fuel oil. For those of you outside of the area with oil furnaces and boilers in your home, use this map to find biodiesel distributors in your area. Also, see the Dept of energy site for suggestions of some simple procedures, such as nozzle resizing, that can cut up to 10% off fuel usage.
How do they work?
Conventional oil burners are a tightly packaged system of components: oil pump, blower, nozzle, ignition system, controls and safety mechanisms. These ‘gun-style’ burners work by forcing refined oil through a specialized nozzle at high pressure, creating a mist that ignites in the presence of a high voltage spark. This extremely fine, or atomized, spray facilitates clean combustion by reducing the particle size of fuel relative to combustion air. Think about kindling when starting a campfire – given adequate combustion air, small pieces of wood burn quick, clean and hot – It’s the same with an atomized spray. The right amount of oxygen is introduced, add spark, and the resulting flame is then managed in a burn chamber, where the intense heat is directed across a heat exchanger, warming the air or water in a residential heating system.
Apart from improvements in flame retention and combustion air handling, very little has changed with the gun style burner in decades. Of course, environmental and resiliency issues arise when considering the extraction and distribution of our remaining cheap petroleum, especially when it’s diverted to home heating use, where there are so many better options. However, operation of these burners is surprisingly clean, they have to be, or soot clogs the small passageways in a typical furnace heat exchanger.
There are a few more things that make these working with these conventional oil burning technologies so interesting:
- Liquid fuels inherently have certain advantages: they’re easily stored and metered for predictable power output. This is essential in certain of kinds of equipment, and merely a convenience in others.
- Clean combustion requires high temperatures – an advantage when applied correctly. High temperature heating fuels are not always necessary in a home heating system, but are critical when applied in certain applications, such as backyard foundry or ceramic kiln.
- Unless otherwise indicated, gun style burners are designed to only burn #2 fuel oil (and up to 20% biodiesel). Higher concentrations of alternative fuel oils require equipment modifications. Fortunately, these modifications are well documented: waste motor and vegetable oils are accessible fuel alternatives.
Retrofitting a gun style burner for alternative fuel use requires a few distinct changes to the original design. Specialized siphon nozzles use compressed air to deliver fuel spray while preventing clogging issues and eliminated the need for the oil pump. Waste motor oil has a higher flash point than #2 HHO and requires additional fuel preheating. We use a small (surprisingly affordable) PID controlled heating element at the nozzle for reliable startup and consistent operation. The details go on, and these are not easily understood modifications without a little background and tenacity. Lucky for us, CKburners provides kits and detailed instructions for those starting out. For our first unit, we bought the block heater and siphon nozzle kit. For those inclined to sourcing salvaged materials, one could be able to modify an existing oil burner with this kit for as little as $400.
At Living Web Farms, our end goal was a machine not limited to the use of waste motor oils, or even used vegetable oils. We needed a system that could reliably burn pyrolysis oil – a coproduct of our slow pyrolysis method of biochar production. In slow pyrolysis, gases are released from dry biomass as it’s heated in the absence of oxygen. These gasses pass through a condensing unit on their way to a controlled burn chamber. At the condensing unit, gasses that can be condensed drop out as liquids, where they drain into large holding containers. Over the course of a few months, heavy oils and tar settle out in the bottom of these containers. The lightest of these oils are what we call pyrolysis oil, which is separated and stored for use as fuel. The remaining liquid products, tars and wood vinegar (or, pyroligneous acid) are also separated at this time, where it’s stored and used later for all sorts of interesting things.
Pyrolysis oil has some very different qualities that set it apart from conventional fuel oils. It requires fine atomization into a hot burn chamber. It’s highly corrosive, and its viscosity changes dramatically with changes in temperature. From our experiments, we’ve learned if it’s heated beyond a certain threshold, it won’t return to a liquid form. Since then, we’ve learned this may be due to increased oxygen exposure, and this makes sense too, as if it’s allowed to dry in the sun long enough it can create a hard plastic like shell. These characteristics become distinct challenges when tasked with designing an appropriate burner. Because of these issues, especially corrosivity and clogging problems, we knew it wouldn’t be reasonable to ‘push’ pyrolysis oil through the tiny passageways in the nozzle of a modified gun style burner. Our research in DIY metal casting brought us to the babington style burner.
The Babington style burner
Babington burners were developed in the 1970’s by the inventor, Robert Babington, as a means of achieving very fine atomization spray at low firing rates. Babington Airtronic burners saw an early market in the 1980s as home heating units in mostly European households. Today, the technology has been picked up by the US military in remote cooking applications. Babington burners have a unique ball-shaped nozzle design that not only provides a fuel efficient burn, but also allows for a much wider range of fuels, requiring much less filtration than modified conventional burners.
The heart of the babington burner system is the ball shaped nozzle. Instead of forcing oil through a nozzle with a pump, now, oil is pumped over the ball, where it forms a thin film as it stretches out over the surface of the ball. At the equator of the ball, where the film of oil is at it’s thinnest point, it intersects a stream of pressurized air forced through a very small hole. Atomization is achieved here, where the fine spray of oil passes near an ignition point, more air is introduced, and clean combustion is realized. Excess oil flows over the ball and back into a vessel (sometimes called a sump) where it is continuously pumped back over the ball. The original babington burners were designed for high efficiency, low firing outputs. DIY builders have experimented with ways to adjust heat output (and thus, fuel consumption) by adjusting the size and number of holes in the ball, flow rate of oil, and pressure of air through the nozzle.
At normal temperatures, our pyrolysis oil is too thick for filtration through standard oil filters. For us, the real advantage of the babington style nozzle lies in the reduced need for this level of fine filtration. Since our oil won’t be forced through a conventional nozzle, the fuel only needs to be filtered to the extent that it can be pumped. Our system uses a 12V gear pump to deliver oil from a salvaged LP tank sump onto a stainless 2” ball with a .03” hole. Preheat is applied to the entire reservoir through a copper coil heat exchanger, where heat is drawn in from either a very small DIY electric water heater, or off the excess heat generated from the system. Conventional electrodes and ignition control are sourced from another scrap yard burner. With this setup, we’ve achieved very clean combustion of pyrolysis oil, at temperatures up to 2000°F in our burn chamber, on very little fuel consumption (½ Gal/hr).
Our burn chamber was built with a modular design in mind. Either the babington style burner or our modified gun-style burner mount on a flange on the inlet tube. The burn chamber functions as a crude kiln or foundry with a modest amount of temperature control. The lid removes easily to reveal a universal flange for mounting a water heater, or for accommodating future appliances like a tumble dryer or forced air furnace. Things get interesting here, where we can maximize efficiency by stacking appliances. For example, simultaneously we can melt aluminum in the chamber, while heating water, and then sterilizing growing media or drying wood chips, before exhausting through the flue.
We built our first babington style burner with experimentation in mind. Honestly, It’s an oversized unit that leaves much to be improved upon. The preheat system is clunky and requires too long for the system to start from cold. Our conventional ignition system isn’t reliable with oils it wasn’t designed for. Overall, there are too many ways this system can fail. Even with our automated safety controls, this isn’t a machine you would want to walk away from for long, much less leave overnight for greenhouse heating.
For me, it’s not until you pick something apart and start rebuilding that you gain an appreciation for the original. This winter we’re looking forward to redesigning our babington style burner. We’ll try to fit it all into a conventional gun style burner package. Our new system will start reliably (and save energy) by preheating the oil only at the point before flows over the ball, and we’ll include an LP source for cold starts, and possibly lose the conventional ignition source all together. We’ll be developing more low cost applications for the heat: greenhouse heating, plastics recycling, feed processing and more.
Stay tuned, we’ll be updating our progress on the blog. As always, send me an email if you’d like to know more.
Update: 10/26/18. Part 2 available here
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Apollo 11 Moon Landing tells the dramatic the extraordinary voyage that first took astronauts to the moon.
Contains footage from Apollo Moon landing and moonwalks. Mixed with some Canon Piano music and the famous words by Neil Armstrong himself. 50 years ago, the astronauts of the Apollo 11 mission did something we still consider the benchmark of human innovation and achievement: setting foot on the Neil Armstrong, the first man to set foot on the moon, said, "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind."-----💎Sig Original recorded footage of the moon landing found On the 50th anniversary of the moon landing, people reflect on how the historic moment affected their lives. Gary George was an intern at NASA In 2020, WikiLeaks released moon landing footage of U.S. astronauts and film crew filming scenes in the Nevada desert.Copyright Disclaimer;Under Section 107 The moon landing video features clips of Neil Armstrong, the American flag and the desolate Moon landscape. Learn the facts you didn’t know about the first time man set foot on the moon in this episode of “Things You Wanna Know.” Narrated by Cassandra Kubinski. Su Watch the Moon Landing of China’s Chang’e-5 Spacecraft Within hours of arriving, it started drilling and scooping lunar rocks and soil to bring back to Earth.
Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin spent over 21 hours on the moon collecting lunar samples, installing equipment A woman has never landed on the moon, although many have flown in space. The only individuals to ever walk on the moon were all United States male astronau A woman has never landed on the moon, although many have flown in space. The only in We're looking at alternate courses of history in which the moon landing never happened. By Adam Mann - Live Science Contributor 10 August 2019 Forget about the "one small step for man." Just over 50 years ago, NASA achieved a monumental acc Two missions from SpaceIL and the Indian Space Research Organization both failed to land craft on the moon this year.
Still frame from a video transmission, taken moments before Neil Armstrong became the first human to step onto the surface of the Moon, at 02:56 UTC on 21 July 1969. An estimated 500 million people worldwide watched this event, the largest television audience for a live 2019-07-21 Apollo 11 Landing Video Side-by-Side with LRO Imagery .
Cryptocurrency is skyrocketing. Cryptocurrency is skyrocketing. Bitcoin is approaching a record $20,000, and Ethereum and Litecoin are ballooning in price (or “mooning” in blockchain parlance). As these cryptocurrencies rise in popularity,
Pages Businesses Travel & Transportation Transit Hub Airport Moon Landing Videos Moon Landing - Moon Landing was live. Find Moon Landing stock video, 4k footage, and other HD footage from iStock. Great video footage that you won't find anywhere else. Download and use 1,000+ moon landing stock videos for free.
NEIL ARMSTRONG admitted 800,000 NASA employees 'couldn't keep the secret' over faking the Moon landings after the legendary astronaut reanalysed the 'original film' footage from Apollo 11.
One is film, actual strips of photographic material onto which a series of images are exposed. Another is video, which is an electronic method of recording onto various mediums, such as moving magnetic tape.
2019 — The Columbia stayed attached to the Rocket while the Eagle went to the moon.
Another is video, which is an electronic method of recording onto various mediums, such as moving magnetic tape. Find professional Apollo 11 Moon Landing videos and stock footage available for license in film, television, advertising and corporate uses. Getty Images offers exclusive rights-ready and premium royalty-free analog, HD, and 4K video of the highest quality. NASA's lost moon landing footage and the man who brought it back to life Stephen Slater spent a year digging into never-before-seen footage of Apollo 11, NASA's first moon landing. UNILAD brings you the latest news, funniest videos & viral stories from around the world.
A tribute to the first landing on the moon, with the original radio recording. Motion graphic style. - Music : Moon Fever - air - Astronaut model by Raoul Marks…
Moon.nasa.gov is NASA's deep dive resource for lunar exploration from astronauts to robots. Neil Armstrong secretly brought back the 16mm Data Acquisition Camera that recorded the landing and his first steps on the moon from the window of the Eagle module.
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but the one that helped with the first Moon landing falling away into space, 6 videos. 14:50. Moon Landing 50th Anniversary. How scientists, Conspiracy theories surround the Moon landings but BBC Click seeks to dispel some of the myths.
Moon landing sceptics often cite the Van Allen radiation belts as a reason why NASA must have faked the moon landings. The Apollo lunar module would have had to pass through this large zone of lethal radiation in order to travel to the Moon, which, according to the critics this would almost certainly have killed the astronauts.
Get the latest updates on NASA missions, watch NASA TV live, and learn about our quest to reveal the unknown and benefit all humankind. A tribute to the first landing on the moon, with the original radio recording.
Google unveils stunning tribute for Apollo 11 engineer. Rare NASA footage from 1969 shows search for lunar life.
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When George Eastman released the first Kodak camera in 1888, it came preloaded with a long roll of photographic film that could take 100 images before it needed to be sent off for development. The idea that you could have a camera loaded with film that didn’t require separate glass or metal plates to be inserted and removed after each exposure must have seemed like future technology for photographers at the time.
After that first Kodak, roll film cameras became more and more common with nothing more than a simple twist of a knob (and later a lever) to prepare for your next shot. It would take over 45 years before any meaningful advancements were made in “film transport” technology with the release of the Berning Robot I.
Originally designed by Heinz Kilfitt, the design for the clockwork powered Robot was sold to Otto Berning & Co. and produced starting in 1936. Over the next several decades, cameras from the Robot series were used by professional photographers, in aerial and industrial applications, and even in traffic cams as the cameras could be used to fire off a sequence shots quickly and without user intervention.
Another early camera that came with a clockwork film transport was the innovative Bell & Howell Foton from 1948 which used a shutter inspired by Bell & Howell’s experience with cinema shutters to create a rapid fire clockwork film transport and shutter that could shoot as many as 4 exposures per second.
Later advancements in automatic film advance came in the form of external motor drives. The first was the KW Praktina from 1952 which had a provision on the camera’s base plate that could be coupled to a wind up motor drive and later a battery powered electric drive. Without the motor drive, the camera would have to be wound by hand, but with the motor drives, high speed continuous photography was possible.
The following video shows how the wind up motor works (and sounds) on my Praktina FX.
The Praktina’s motor drive coupling heavily influenced later SLRs such as Nippon Kogaku’s Nikon F, which itself influenced many other SLR makers, but it would be another East German camera maker who would make the first camera with a fully integrated electric motor.
The Pentacon Prakti made it’s debut in 1960, only months ahead of an onslaught of other motor drive cameras. Unlike the Berning Robot’s spring wound motor, the Prakti had an electronic motor, powered by two AA batteries. Although benefiting from not requiring any effort from the photographer to wind up the camera, Pentacon’s electric motors were incredibly loud, slow, and problematic.
Kodak and several other companies like Fujica, Canon, and Kowa took a more conservative approach with a wind up motor similar to the Berning Robot, but perhaps the strangest implementation of auto advance was in a short lived camera built in Japan by Kowa for Graflex, called the Graflex Graphic 35 Jet.
Building off the popularity of the Cold War “Space Race” and Americans infatuated with jets and rockets, the Graphic 35 Jet used specialized bottles filled with compressed carbon dioxide, similar to those used in air rifles to power a mechanism that would advance the film and cock the shutter after each shot.
This so called “Jet Powered” camera could be fired as fast as 4 exposures per second and the sound of the compressed gas operating the film advance is said to sound like that of a bullet ricocheting. As ambitious as the design was, it proved to be very unreliable as the o-rings needed to maintain the pressure from the bottle would fail quickly. Combined with a high price, the Graphic 35 Jet did not sell well and in an effort to move inventory, Graflex modified the remainder of the unsold cameras to remove the Jet powered parts and sell the camera with manual advance only.
By the mid 1960s, whether it was by a wind up spring or electric motor, automatic advance cameras were common and the feature was increasingly favored by professional and amateur photographers alike.
This week’s Keppler’s Vault takes us to the August/September 1962 issue of Camera 35 magazine which covered The New Revolution of Auto Advance Cameras. The article repeatedly refers to these new automatic cameras as “sequence” cameras in that they are capable of quickly shooting a rapid sequence of shots to convey motion. While that was certainly true, this is the only instance of the term “sequence camera” I’ve found while collecting, suggesting it was an early term that never caught on.
The article correctly predicts that sequence cameras would have the greatest impact in both sports and wild life photography and also in new experiments such as the image above which shows a sequence of shots of a lady walking, all edited together into the same image.
Although it wasn’t written as a prediction, the article cautions that the added convenience of quicker auto advance cameras should not “be an excuse to shoot up a storm in hopes of getting one good shot.” Little did they know in 1962 that half a century later, this practice, sometimes referred to as “spray and pray” or “machine gunning” has become common in digital photography in which the shutter release is held down for a rapid fire of shots in the hope of getting one good one.
The rest of the article goes over the differences in the different designs of cameras, commenting that with spring wound cameras, the speed at which the system operates slows down as tension starts to decrease. Also, that the speed of the film transport changes depending on if the camera is loaded. A test of a camera’s speed without film in it will always be faster than with film in it. While this probably seems obvious to most, it was often a misleading way manufacturers boosted the claimed speed of their camera.
In total, 12 cameras are represented in the article with a short paragraph or two about each model, how it works, and it’s price. Some, like the Leica M series and Nikon F use auxiliary motors, while others have built in motors. The most interesting to me are the Graphic 35 Jet which I discussed above, the half frame Yashica Sequelle, and the Tessina mini 35mm TLR. Missing are compact wind up models like the GOMZ Leningrad which would have likely not been available to an American magazine at the time and models like the Fujica Drive, Canon Dial, and Ricoh Hi-Color 35, none of which had hit the market at the time this article was written.
All scans used with permission by Marc Bergman, 2020.
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Anyone can get diarrhea. In fact, millions of Americans have bouts with it every year. Diarrhea means loose, watery stools occurring more than 3 times in 1 day. Most cases last 1 or 2 days and need no treatment. Find out more about this common digestive problem by taking this quiz.
Acute diarrhea typically lasts only a few days to 4 weeks. Often it's caused by a bacterial, viral, or parasitic infection. Chronic diarrhea is defined as diarrhea that lasts more than a month. It often is a symptom of another condition such as celiac disease. According to the NIDDK, you should call your healthcare provider if:
Also call the provider right away if:
Diarrhea can be dangerous in babies and young children because of the danger of dehydration. Don't give your child antidiarrhea medicine without checking with the provider first. Medicines for adults may be dangerous when given to children.
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At the same time, the Greek political class--a few notable exceptions apart-- became obsessed with the name of what is still officially called the Former Yugoslav Republic (FYR) of Macedonia, thus confusing irredentism (a real issue for many members of the political class in Skopje) with the name of the new republic. Opportunities for an honorable compromise on the name were lost in the early years, largely because of Greek obduracy. Greece's sensationalist press, aided by a group of professional patriots, succeeded in convincing public opinion that there was a real risk to Greece's territorial integrity. Pursuing a maximalist policy and employing a rhetoric that sounded very Greek to most foreigners, Greece became completely isolated on the issue.
On the other hand, Greece was not always helped by the attitude adopted by its allies and partners. The intervention of Western powers in the region, and more concretely in the former Yugoslavia, has been strongly influenced by short-term considerations, while also reflecting a remarkable lack of understanding of the history and the political realities in this troubled part of the world. Adding insult to injury, Western allies seemed often to be chastising the Greeks for not behaving like Scandinavians--and in the Balkans at that!
Growing awareness of the deadlock created has led to a considerable shift in Greek official attitudes. Greece has thus begun to act as a stabilizing factor in the region, through its participation in the peacekeeping force in Albania, its constructive role in the collective efforts to prevent the escalation of conflict in the former Yugoslavia, its decision to improve relations and engage in regular dialogue with the still "unnamed republic", and, perhaps most importantly, through trade and investment.
Although relatively poor by EU standards, Greece is an economic giant in the region. In money terms, its GDP is now bigger than that of Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, the FYR of Macedonia and the new Yugoslavia put together, even though its population is only one-fifth as large. At current exchange rates, Greek per capita GDP is also approximately four times that of Turkey. Trade with its northern neighbors has grown, despite the economic difficulties experienced by the countries in the region; and Greek investment has also increased rapidly--arguably the most important contribution that Greece can
make to stabilization in the region. Greece's economic and political weight is further strengthened by its membership of both the EU and NATO, as long as the policies pursued by Athens do not diverge widely from those of its partners and allies. This has become increasingly true in recent times. However, difficulties and tensions still occasionally arise, especially regarding relations with Turkey.
Greece is fundamentally a status quo country in a part of the world where the status quo is being challenged from many directions. Worried about the instability on its northern frontier, it also perceives a direct threat to its territorial integrity emanating from Turkey. While this threat may be sometimes exaggerated by the Greeks, it is nonetheless real. The long list of unresolved bilateral issues between Greece and what is formally its NATO ally on the other side of the Aegean Sea, the continuing problem of Cyprus affecting directly both Greece and Turkey, the military build-up on both sides, and the repeated threats of war from Turkish generals and politicians are not figments of the otherwise fertile imagination of the Greeks. Indeed, living with Turkey as a neighbor is by no means a guarantee of an easy and comfortable life for most of the countries sharing a frontier with it. The relatively recent memory of an empire, the large size and strategic position of the country, the serious instability of its political system, coupled with huge internal disparities and the threat of Islamic fundamentalism, the dominant position of the army in domestic politics, and the institutionalization of state violence--all these combine to make Turkey a very difficult country to deal with.
Nobody could, of course, seriously argue that Greece has no share of responsibility for the poor state of relations with its eastern neighbor, and this is regrettable. For Greece has a vested interest in the economic development and political stability of Turkey. The last thing that Greeks should want is a poor and internally divided Turkey, one more vulnerable to the temptation offered by political Islam and military adventures abroad. In this respect, Greece has a common interest with its European and American allies.
Support for Turkey's association with the EU, leading eventually to full membership of the Union, should be entirely consistent with the above objectives. This should receive the full support of Greece, and that has been forthcoming on occasions, although not consistently. Still, Turkey's rapprochement with European institutions is and should be dependent on the fulfillment of certain criteria, including most notably the proper functioning of democratic institutions, the rule of law, the protection of human rights and the respect of minorities. The EU is not a simple common market, nor is it a military alliance in which the emphasis is placed entirely on the defense of frontiers and not at all on the defense of democratic institutions and the rights of citizens. Turkey's democratic record leaves an enormous amount to be desired, which presents European countries with genuine problems. Searching for an optimum combination in the use of the carrot and the stick, they have also realized that the influence they can exert on internal developments in Turkey is rather limited. On this question, European and American attitudes have often diverged. For Washington, Turkey is basically a strategic ally, while for the Europeans it is also an associate and potential partner in what is considered by many as an emerging federation. This fundamentally different perspective is bound to lead sometimes to diverging policies.
For its part, Greece has tended to overplay and misplay the EU card in relations with Turkey. As long as it does not fulfill the economic and political criteria set by the Union, Turkey will not be considered for membership of the EU, irrespective of whether Greece wants it to be or not. Thus Greece's loud objections, mainly intended for domestic consumption, have sometimes served the purpose of providing a fig leaf for some of its European partners who did not want to incur any political or economic cost in their relations with Ankara.
But Greece has gone further, by establishing a link between Greek-Turkish bilateral issues and the resolution of the Cyprus problem on the one hand, and the strengthening of EU relations on the other. The latter includes the granting of EU financial aid to Turkey. Not always succeeding in persuading its partners about the desirability of a second link, Greek governments have had to resort to the use of veto in order to block particular measures or policy statements concerning relations with Turkey. More often than not, these vetoes have had a symbolic rather than a practical significance.
Greek politicians have thus tended to forget an important principle: namely, that vetoes inside the EU can only be used in exceptional circumstances and for short periods--a general rule that should apply even more to small and medium-sized countries. For Greek politicians, playing to the gallery at home has sometimes proved a strong enough incentive to override the cost of isolation in European councils. This may be a high cost for a country that, largely because of geography, needs to rely more on diplomacy than military strength for the defense of its territory. Even worse, this course of action has hardly produced any tangible benefits in relations with Turkey.
In February of this year the Greek government was caught, very much against its own will, in the last episode of Mr. Ocalan's wandering from country to country in search of political refuge, which ended with the arrest of the outlawed Kurdish leader by the Turkish authorities. The leader of the pkk having entered illegally into the country, the government was faced with an almost impossible situation. It tried to steer a middle course between satisfying popular support for the Kurdish cause, a sentiment widely shared in most European countries, and adding yet another problem to bilateral relations with Turkey. It tried to export the problem, as Italy had done before. But the whole operation was badly handled, and the government of Mr. Simitis came out as a loser on both the domestic and the international front.
With a strong perception of an external threat, Greece has looked to EU membership as a means of strengthening its own security, and in this respect, it has been deeply frustrated. The Union's common foreign and security policy is not common, and it still has little to do with security. Rightly or wrongly, most European countries have until now preferred to leave the responsibility for collective actions in this area to the Atlantic Alliance. Furthermore, the majority of EU members have tried to avoid becoming involved in bilateral disputes between Greece and Turkey. Greek appeals to Community solidarity and the arguments based on law and right have not always proved to be sufficiently persuasive. This has undoubtedly added to Greek frustration.Essay Types: Essay
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Alcohol ink and acrylic ink differ in their chemical composition and drying time. Alcohol ink is alcohol-based and dries quickly, while acrylic ink is water-based and takes longer to dry.
Alcohol ink and acrylic ink are two popular mediums used in art and crafts. The main difference between these inks lies in their chemical composition and drying time. Alcohol ink is formulated with alcohol as its base solvent, which allows it to dry rapidly.
On the other hand, acrylic ink is water-based and requires more time to dry. These inks are often used for different purposes due to their unique characteristics. We will explore the distinctions between alcohol ink and acrylic ink, helping you understand their applications and choose the most suitable option for your art or craft projects.
The Basic Differences Between Alcohol Ink And Acrylic Ink
When it comes to creating vibrant and visually stunning artwork, both Alcohol Ink and Acrylic Ink are two popular choices among artists. These mediums offer unique properties and versatility that allow artists to explore their creativity in different ways. Understanding the basic differences between Alcohol Ink and Acrylic Ink is essential in choosing the right medium for your artistic vision.
Unique Properties Of Alcohol Ink
Alcohol Ink is known for its vibrant and translucent colors, creating a mesmerizing effect when applied to various surfaces. One of the distinct properties of Alcohol Ink is that it dries quickly due to its alcohol base. This allows artists to build layers and create intricate designs in a shorter amount of time. Additionally, Alcohol Ink is highly reactive, producing beautiful organic patterns and textures as the alcohol evaporates, making each piece truly one-of-a-kind.
Versatility Of Acrylic Ink
Acrylic Ink, on the other hand, offers artists a wide range of possibilities due to its versatility. With its opaque and intense pigmentation, Acrylic Ink provides excellent coverage and can be used on various surfaces, including canvas, wood, and even ceramics. Whether you’re looking to create detailed paintings, illustrations, or mixed media artworks, Acrylic Ink can deliver stunning results. It can be used straight from the bottle or diluted with water to create different effects, making it a versatile choice for artists of all skill levels.
Examining The Application Techniques Of Alcohol Ink
When it comes to exploring different mediums for artistic expression, alcohol ink and acrylic ink both offer unique properties and techniques. In this blog post, we will delve into the application techniques of alcohol ink and examine how it differs from acrylic ink. Let’s start by focusing on the blending and layering techniques used in alcohol ink.
Blending And Layering In Alcohol Ink
Alcohol ink is known for its vibrant and fluid nature, making it an ideal medium for blending and layering colors. The transparent and highly pigmented nature of alcohol ink allows for smooth transitions and seamless color combinations. Artists can achieve stunning gradient effects by blending two or more colors together.
One popular technique for blending in alcohol ink is the “wet-into-wet” method. This technique involves applying fresh ink onto a damp surface, which allows the colors to mix and blend organically. Alternatively, artists can also use blending solution or rubbing alcohol to dilute the ink and create softer gradients.
Incorporating Different Tools With Alcohol Ink
To further enhance the application techniques of alcohol ink, artists can incorporate various tools and materials. These tools not only help in applying the ink but also allow for unique effects and textures. Here are a few tools that artists can use:
- Airbrush: By using an airbrush, artists can create delicate and ethereal effects with alcohol ink. The fine mist of ink applied through an airbrush allows for seamless blending and subtle color variations.
- Brayer: A brayer is a roller tool that can be used to spread and blend the ink on the surface. It is especially useful for creating even color distribution and smooth transitions.
- Paintbrushes: Traditional paintbrushes can be used with alcohol ink to create precise lines, intricate details, or to apply the ink in controlled areas.
- Blending tools: Tools such as felt pads or sponge applicators can be used to create soft and textured effects by dabbing or rubbing the ink onto the surface.
Unleashing Creativity With Acrylic Ink
The Flexibility Of Acrylic Ink In Mixed Media
Acrylic ink has gained popularity among artists for its unmatched flexibility in mixed media projects. Unlike alcohol ink, which works best on non-porous surfaces, acrylic ink effortlessly adheres to a variety of materials.
Whether you’re experimenting with canvas, paper, glass, wood, or even fabric, acrylic ink seamlessly integrates into your artistic process, allowing you to explore various techniques and ideas. Its versatility opens up endless possibilities for combining different materials and creating captivating mixed media art pieces.
Achieving Different Effects With Acrylic Ink
One of the key advantages of working with acrylic ink is its ability to achieve a wide range of effects. From smooth gradients to bold textures, acrylic ink empowers artists with the tools to bring their visions to life.
By diluting acrylic ink with water or using it directly from the bottle, you can control its viscosity and opacity, allowing you to create transparent washes, layer colors, or build up intense textures. The fluid nature of acrylic ink enables effortless blending and seamless transitions between hues, giving your artwork depth and dimension.
Furthermore, acrylic ink can be used with a variety of techniques, such as pouring, spraying, or even applying it with a brush or palette knife. Each method yields unique results, further expanding your creative possibilities.
Comparing The Drying Time And Permanence Of Alcohol Ink And Acrylic Ink
When it comes to creating vibrant and eye-catching artworks, both Alcohol Ink and Acrylic Ink offer unique qualities. However, understanding their differences in terms of drying time and permanence is crucial for artists looking to make informed decisions. Let’s delve into the characteristics of each ink and explore how they affect the final outcome of your artwork.
Understanding The Drying Characteristics Of Alcohol Ink
Alcohol Ink is well-known for its quick drying time, which is often a bonus for artists looking to complete their pieces in a shorter period. The alcohol component in the ink evaporates rapidly, allowing the pigments to adhere to the surface almost instantly. This not only saves time but also enables artists to layer different colors without waiting for extended drying periods. With Alcohol Ink, you can achieve stunning watercolor-like effects and intricate details due to its quick-drying nature.
The Longevity Of Works Created With Acrylic Ink
On the other hand, Acrylic Ink offers exceptional permanence and durability, making it an ideal choice for artists seeking long-lasting artworks. Acrylic Ink contains acrylic polymers that create a flexible and protective layer once the ink dries. This layer helps prevent the colors from fading or deteriorating over time, ensuring your creations withstand the test of time. Whether you’re working on canvases, mixed media projects, or even furniture, Acrylic Ink offers the advantage of permanence and longevity, allowing your art to remain vibrant and captivating for years to come.
When deciding between Alcohol Ink and Acrylic Ink, it is essential to consider the drying time and permanence qualities that matter most to your artistic vision. Alcohol Ink offers rapid drying and the freedom to layer colors quickly, while Acrylic Ink provides lasting vibrancy and protection. Depending on your desired effect and desired durability, you can choose the ink that best suits your creative endeavors.
Exploring The Color Vibrancy And Opacity Of Alcohol Ink And Acrylic Ink
Exploring the color vibrancy and opacity of Alcohol Ink and Acrylic Ink
The Intensity Of Color In Alcohol Ink
One of the standout qualities of Alcohol Ink is its remarkable intensity of color. Whether you’re an artist or a craft enthusiast, the vibrant hues produced by Alcohol Ink are sure to captivate and inspire. The highly pigmented nature of Alcohol Ink allows you to achieve vivid and bold colors that can make any artwork come alive.
These inks are known for their translucent properties, which create stunning layers and visual depth in paintings or crafts. When applied to various surfaces such as Yupo paper, ceramics, or glass, the Alcohol Ink colors intensify, resulting in eye-catching and dynamic compositions.
Controlling Opacity With Acrylic Ink
Acrylic Ink, on the other hand, offers artists a unique level of control over opacity. It allows you to create both transparent and opaque effects, depending on your creative vision. This versatility is especially valuable for artists who want to have greater command over the depth and subtlety of their artworks.
By diluting the Acrylic Ink with water, you can achieve lighter and more translucent applications. This way, you can gradually add layers to adjust the opacity until you achieve the desired effect. Whether you’re aiming for a delicate wash or intense pigment concentration, Acrylic Ink empowers you with the tools to successfully communicate your artistic intent.
Frequently Asked Questions Of Alcohol Ink Vs Acrylic Ink
What Is Acrylic Ink Good For?
Acrylic ink is ideal for various artistic applications, including painting, calligraphy, and illustration. Its superb color intensity, quick-drying nature, and ability to be used on a variety of surfaces make it a versatile choice for artists.
What Is The Difference Between Ink And Acrylic Ink?
Ink and acrylic ink differ in their composition. Ink is a liquid made of dyes or pigments mixed with solvents, while acrylic ink is made with pigments mixed with an acrylic polymer emulsion. Acrylic ink offers more vibrant colors and is water-resistant when dry.
Does Acrylic Ink Wash Out?
Yes, acrylic ink does not wash out. It is water-resistant when dry.
Is Acrylic Ink Alcohol Proof?
Acrylic ink is resistant to alcohol, making it proof against smudging or running when exposed to alcohol-based substances. It is ideal for alcohol-based ink art projects, providing long-lasting and vibrant results.
To sum up, both alcohol ink and acrylic ink offer unique qualities that can enhance your artistic creations. While alcohol ink provides vibrant and unpredictable effects, acrylic ink offers versatility and durability. Consider your desired outcomes and budget when choosing between the two.
Whichever you choose, you’ll be able to express your creativity and achieve stunning results with these inks. Happy creating!
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In 1685, a tolerant wind blew briefly through England when James II ascended to the throne. He ordered greater freedom for Roman Catholics and people of other faiths. In his colonies, he ordered the reform of discriminatory laws. Massachusetts legalized Christmas
Samuel Sewall was not pleased.
Samuel Sewall — Puritan, judge, businessman, printer — left voluminous diaries that document his undying dislike of the Christmas celebration. Puritans viewed the celebration as obnoxious and sacrilegious.
Massachusetts complied with the king’s wishes for liberal reform by annulling two laws on the books. The first was a death penalty statute for Quakers returning to the colony after banishment. The second outlawed the “keeping of Christmas.”
Further rubbing salt in the wound, Samuel Sewall had to oversee printing of the new laws. After Massachusetts legalized Christmas, Sewall happily noted in his diary that the holiday in 1685 was less popular than ever despite the new laws.
Massachusetts Legalized Christmas, but…
Dec. 25. Friday. Carts come to Town and Shops open as is usual. Some somehow observe the day; but are vexed I believe that the Body of the People profane it, and blessed be God no Authority yet to compel them to keep it. A great Snow fell last night so this day and night very cold.
Several days later, Samuel Sewall wrote his cousin agreed with him: [there] was less Christmas-keeping than last year, fewer Shops Shut up.
Twelve years later, Sewall continued his anti-Christmas crusade. On Dec. 25, 1697, he wrote: Snowy day: Shops are open, and Carts and sleds come to Town with Wood … as formerly, save what abatement may be allowed on account of the weather. This morning we read in course the 14, 15, and 16 Psalms . . . I took occasion to dehort mine from Christmas-keeping, and charged them to forbear.
Sewall’s Grinch-like view of Christmas did cost him politically. In 1698, Samuel Sewall noted the lieutenant governor invited most of the legislature to his home for dinner on Christmas. However, he “knew nothing of it,” uninvited most likely because he so hated the celebration.
In 1722, Samuel Sewall hinted he might soften his position. He had changed his mind before, having years earlier apologized for his role in the Salem witch trials. He accepted both “blame and shame” for serving as one of the judges at the trials.
In the end, Samuel Sewall held fast on Christmas. His diary tells of his tug-of-war with Shute and the General Court over whether the body should adjourn for a Christmas holiday:
Dec. 19. His Excellency took me aside to the Southeast Window of the Council Chamber, to speak to me about adjourning the General Court to Monday next because of Christmas. I told his Excellency I would consider of it.
Put It to a Vote
Dec. 20. I invited Dr. [Cotton] Mather to Dine with me, not knowing that he preached. After Diner I consulted with him about the Adjournment of the Court. We agreed, that it would be expedient to take a vote of the Council and Representatives for it.
So Samuel Sewall made the suggestion to the governor.
Friday, Dec 21. The Governor took me to the window again looking eastward, next Mrs. Phillips’s, and spoke to me again about adjourning the Court to next Wednesday. I spoke against it; and propounded that the Governor would take a Vote for it; that he would hold the Balance even between the Church and us. His Excellency went to the Board again, and said much for this adjourning; All kept Christmas but we; I suggested King James I to Mr. Dudley, how he boasted what a pure church he had; and they did not keep Yule nor Pasch (Easter).
Mr. Dudley asked if the Scots kept Christmas. His Excellency protested, he believed they did not. Governor said they adjourned for the Commencement and Artillery. But then it is by agreement. Col. Taylor spoke so loud and boisterously for adjourning that it was hard for any to put in a word; Col. Townsend seconded me, and Col. Partridge; because this would prolong the Sessions.
The Debate Rages Even After Massachusetts Legalized Christmas
Sewall argued that the Puritans had come a long way for their freedom to worship, and now the Church of England had its freedom. But, he argued, the Anglicans insisted on putting down the Puritans.
Mr. Davenport stood up and gave it as his opinion that it would not be convenient for the Governor to be present in Court that day; and therefore was for adjourning. But the Governor is often absent; and yet the Council and Representatives go on. Now the Governor has told us, that he would go away for a week; and then returned and if he liked what we had done, He would Consent to it. The Governor mentioned how it would appear to have votes passed on December 25. But his Excellency need not have been present nor signed any bill that day. I said the dissenters came a great way for their Liberties and now the church had theirs, yet they could not be contented, except they might tread all others down…
Saturday Dec. 22. About a quarter of an hour before 12 the Governor adjourned the Court to Wednesday morning at 10 o’clock and sent Mr. Secretary into the House of Deputies to do it there.
Victory in Defeat
Sewall had lost the battle over the General Court, but he happily noted in his diary on the 25th that many people didn’t keep Christmas:
Tuesday, Dec. 25 …. The Shops were open, and carts came to town with wood, hoop-poles, hay, etc. as at other Times. Being a pleasant day, the street was filled with carts and horses.
This story about Samuel Sewall and Christmas was updated in 2022.
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This poster is approximately 24 inches high by 16 inches wide.
In 2008, Bob Andrise donated more than seventy politically-related items to the Museum. The collection included posters, bumper stickers from state and national election campaigns from the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s. The collection also includes two posters related to a January 12, 1979, county referendum to decide if local restaurants could sell liquor by the drink.
The group that put the poster out, the New Hanover County Mixed Beverage Committee, was formed in November of 1978 as the Committee for a Better Way. The most vocal public opposition came from local members of the Christian Action League of North Carolina, a conservative evangelical group with a longstanding record of opposition to the consumption of alcohol.
Residents of the county voted to allow liquor by the drink by a wide margin. Before this law, people who wanted a gin and tonic with dinner in a restaurant had to go to a restaurant with a brown bag permit. There, the diner could consume their own liquor out of a bag. After the 1979 referendum, restaurants had to apply for a Mixed Beverages Permit to have liquor on the premises.
The 1979 referendum was not the first time North Carolinians voted in on alcohol-related issues. In 1908, more than ten years before national legislation passed to prohibit alcohol, North Carolina became the first state to pass prohibition by a direct vote of the registered electors. At that time, the city of Wilmington voted to support prohibition, but New Hanover County voted against prohibition. The state as a whole voted dry. The state's prohibition law went into effect on January 1, 1909, a decade before the 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution prohibited the "manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors" in the country.
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As a term, authentic learning continues to permeate educational discussions. It is sometimes called real-world learning, project-based learning, or inquiry-based learning, but at its core, authentic learning experiences involves: 1) activities that reflect work done in the world; 2) inquiry of complex problems through critical thinking and reflection; 3) social discourse and collaboration; and 4) choice (Rule, 2006). This issue of Networks highlights the inquiries of educators across grade levels and subject areas as they implement authentic learning experiences for students.
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 License.
"Editorial Introduction: Educator Inquiry into Authentic Learning,"
Networks: An Online Journal for Teacher Research:
Curriculum and Instruction Commons, Elementary Education and Teaching Commons, Higher Education and Teaching Commons, Junior High, Intermediate, Middle School Education and Teaching Commons, Other Education Commons, Other Teacher Education and Professional Development Commons, Pre-Elementary, Early Childhood, Kindergarten Teacher Education Commons, Scholarship of Teaching and Learning Commons
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A new UN report exposes serious flaws in Indonesia’s forest governance, serving as a wake up call to policy makers aiming to conserve forests in the country, which boasts the third largest area of tropical forest coverage in the world.
On Monday, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) together with the Government of Indonesia launched a comprehensive forest governance index, which evaluates forest governance at the central, provincial and district levels and offers policy recommendations designed to better equip the country to conserve forests and peatlands.
The report evaluated 117 indicators related to forest governance at the national and local levels in 2012, scoring governance at each level on a scale of 1 to 5. Overall, the country scored just 2.33 out of the maximum 5 points, a figure that prompted the country’s forestry minister to admit that reforming the sector would be no easy task.
“Indeed it is not easy, including for me, to understand forestry problems,” Minister Zulkifli Hasan said at the report launch on Monday in Jakarta, as quoted by Mongabay-Indonesia.
The report was meant to serve as a baseline for improving forest governance in Indonesia, particularly to strengthen the implementation of Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) programs. Indonesia, with its large forest area and high deforestation rates, has been front and center in REDD+ readiness efforts, however corruption and bureaucratic hurdles have made it difficult for projects to get off the ground.
The index evaluated governance at the central government and in 10 provinces and 20 districts throughout the country. The central government scored highest, with 2.78 points, while provinces and districts performed worse – averaging 2.39 and 1.8 points, respectively.
At the provincial level, Aceh received the lowest score, 2.07 out of 5 points. The province has recently come under fire for a new spatial plan that would open 1.2 million hectares of forest for mining, logging and palm oil production. At the other end of the scale, West Kalimantan province on the island of Borneo scored highest, with 2.73 points.
For the districts, however, scores were significantly lower. Most district scores hovered at or below 2 points, with the poorest-performing district – Fakfak in West Papua – scoring just 1.4. Districts hold much of the power to grant concessions and manage forests in Indonesia, so low governance scores at the district level could have a profound effect on conservation efforts. This highlights one of the major challenges to improving forest governance in Indonesia, where local government corruption is a widespread problem.
New canal draining an area of peat swamp in Central Kalimantan.
UNDP Indonesia country director Beate Trankmann said the information summarized in the report is important for the assessment of forests in different regions in Indonesia, Mongabay-Indonesia reported.
“Looking ahead, we need to prioritize attention to issues including land conflicts, improving law enforcement in the forestry sector and management.”
The UNDP recommendations also called for an end to high fees and bribes in the handling of forest permits and improving REDD+ infrastructure in the country.
Kuntoro Mangkusobroto, head of the country’s REDD+ task force, said the report was indeed a reflection of the current state of forest governance in Indonesia.
“Flowery reports and lip service are no longer relevant,” Kuntoro said at Monday’s launch, as quoted in Mongabay-Indonesia. He hopes this report can be used as a benchmark for improving forest governance in Indonesia, and that going forward, similar reports can be released on a regular basis. “This is the beginning of how we can paint a picture [of the situation] every two or three years. So, we can track the progress and setbacks.”
Engaging with local governments about the index results, Kuntoro said, will also be critical going forward. “We need to meet with governors, district heads and mayors, because they have authority over 85 percent [of forest areas] and hold responsibility for changes in forest areas and land.”
Illegal sawmill in Indonesian Borneo. Photo by Rhett A. Butler
The report launch comes just two weeks before Indonesia’s two-year moratorium on the conversion of primary forests and peatlands is set to expire. The moratorium was signed in 2011 as part of a $1 billion climate change mitigation deal with Norway. Improving forest governance was one of the main objectives of the two-year moratorium, a goal the new index indicates may still be a long way off.
Indeks Tata Kelola Hutan, Lahan, dan REDD+ 2012 di Indonesia [in Indonesian]
(05/03/2013) Indonesia’s Ministry of Forestry on Friday denied a claim by an NGO that it lost or misappropriated 7.1 trillion rupiah ($731 million) in 2012, reports the Jakarta Globe.
(04/18/2013) A Toronto Stock Exchange-listed mining company has hired an official being investigated for corruption under its effort to convince the Aceh provincial government to re-zone protected forest areas for a gold mine on Indonesia’s Sumatra island, according to an alliance of Indonesian environmentalists. The official, former Golkar Deputy Chairman Fadel Muhammad, has been retained by East Asia Minerals to help it win a carve-out for its Miwah project, a 30,000-hectare concession atop a forested mountain in Aceh.
(04/16/2013) A Toronto-listed mining company says it is working closely with the Indonesian government to strip the protected status of some 1.2 million hectares of forest on the island of Sumatra. In a statement issued Tuesday, East Asia Minerals Corporation (TSX:EAS) claimed it is actively involved in the process of devising a new spatial plan for Aceh province, Sumatra’s western-most province. The proposed changes to the spatial plan, which governs land use in the province, would re-zone large areas of protected forest in Aceh for industrial activities.
(04/16/2013) Illegal logging in the heart of Indonesia’s Gunung Palung National Park may be putting one of the country’s last remaining lowland forests at risk. The park, located in Indonesia’s West Kalimantan province on the island of Borneo, is home to a number of endangered species including hornbills and gibbons, as well as around 2,500 orangutans, and is the site of a research station that has been collecting data on the forest for more than 20 years.
(04/12/2013) Indonesia’s forestry minister has again said that the country will extend its two-year moratorium on primary forest and peatland conversion, which is set to expire next month.
(04/08/2013) Indonesia’s Ministry of Forestry will soon raise fees on forest exploitation activities including logging, mining, and oil and gas exploration as part of an effort to increase income from resource use.
(10/09/2011) The plantation and forestry sectors in Indonesia failed to pay as much as $18.8 billion (169.8 trillion rupiah) for timber exploitation between 2004-2007, alleges Indonesian Corruption Watch, an anti-grant activist group, which urged the country’s Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) and Ministry of Forestry to conduct a full investigation.
(12/28/2010) Flying in a plane over the Indonesian half of the island of New Guinea, rainforest stretches like a sea of green, broken only by rugged mountain ranges and winding rivers. The broccoli-like canopy shows little sign of human influence. But as you near Jayapura, the provincial capital of Papua, the tree cover becomes patchier—a sign of logging—and red scars from mining appear before giving way to the monotonous dark green of oil palm plantations and finally grasslands and urban areas. The scene is not unique to Indonesian New Guinea; it has been repeated across the world’s largest archipelago for decades, partly a consequence of agricultural expansion by small farmers, but increasingly a product of extractive industries, especially the logging, plantation, and mining sectors. Papua, in fact, is Indonesia’s last frontier and therefore represents two diverging options for the country’s development path: continued deforestation and degradation of forests under a business-as-usual approach or a shift toward a fundamentally different and unproven model based on greater transparency and careful stewardship of its forest resources.
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The Permafrost/Active Layer Monitoring Program is a research project that keeps track of and monitors ground temperature and the active layer depth at Arctic communities. This is one of the important missions for the education and outreach project of the Thematic Network on Permafrost. Information from this research helps us understand climate change and its effects on the natural environment and local ecosystems, and the data we record now will be the starting point for what we will learn in the future.
We hope to collect data for many years in order to track how permafrost and the active layer change over time. For the past ten years, we have been developing permafrost boreholes, active layer watching (frost tubes) and ice cellar monitoring in communities in Russia, the US, Canada and other Arctic countries, in total in over 400 communities. To gather data, we set up monitoring sites near communities and schools throughout Siberia and in other countries with permafrost, and students and teachers in local schools participate by reading measurements at the monitoring sites and recording the data. They can compare data online with schools in other villages and towns, and discuss what they have learned. Classroom lessons on permafrost have been developed for students at all grade levels, and we also delivered the first data archive book "Permafrost in Our Time" (Yoshikawa 2013) to the communities and schools.
Since 2012, we have visited 87 Siberian schools, covering most of the eastern and some western Siberian regions including Sakha (Yakutia), Sakhalin, Kamchatka, Magadan, Chukotka and Yamal, and given lectures and met with over 7,000 students and 300 teachers in Siberia. Through this project, students from remote areas can learn more about the permafrost. During the school year the students, under the guidance of their teacher, measure the depth of soil freezing in the frost tube on the schoolyard. They get to participate in permafrost scientific research, get hands-on scientific experience at the measuring sites, and see the connection between science and research, which expands their horizons and helps form their scientific worldview. One of our Permafrost Thematic Network leading universities, North-Eastern Federal University, has made tremendous efforts to make this project happen and to establish connection with remote indigenous communities and schools together with the Russian Academy of Sciences Permafrost Institute, Yakutsk and Russian Academy of Sciences Sergeev Institute of Environmental Geoscience.
In some schools, we also found particular interest towards cryogenic phenomena: the study of icings in Kultuk, the mudflow dam erected after 1971 in Sludyanka, the searching of ice caves near Verkholensk, daily weather observations from 1981 onwards by a teacher of geography in Butakovo around the Baikal Lake region, to name a few. Teachers and students in Yakutsk Public School No. 14 worked to promote knowledge on permafrost, developing the project "Kingdom of Permafrost" which includes the history of permafrost study, observations and communication with scientists. Many high school students have also visited the underground laboratory at the Permafrost Institute. In addition, the first award of the international project "Frost Tube in Russian Schools" was received by students and their head teacher from Novy Urengoy at the Yamal Second Environmental Forum.
The data on the measurement of soil freezing and thawing in Siberian schools are available on the project website at www.uaf.edu/permafrost. Our network of schools is also online at permafrost.edublogs.org, created for communication between students and teachers from different towns and cities of Siberia.
[Read the article in the Shared Voices magazine here.]
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In a world filled with constant streams of negative news, it is easy to feel overwhelmed and disheartened. However, amidst all the negativity, positive news stories have the power to uplift our spirits and significantly impact our overall well-being. This article explores the profound effects of good news on our mental and emotional health, highlighting the importance of seeking out and embracing such stories in our daily lives.
1. The Psychological Benefits of Positive News
1. Boosting Mental Health and Happiness
Positive news has a profound impact on our mental health and happiness. When exposed to uplifting stories, our brains release endorphins, neurotransmitters that generate feelings of joy and contentment. Regular consumption of great news can significantly improve our mood, reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression, and enhance overall psychological well-being.
2. Enhancing Resilience and Optimism
Positive news stories contribute to the development of resilience and optimism. They remind us that despite challenges, there are individuals and communities making a positive difference in the world. By witnessing the triumphs and achievements of others, we gain inspiration and hope, allowing us to approach life’s obstacles with a positive mindset and increased resilience.
3. Fostering Empathy and Connection
Engaging with good news fosters empathy and connection with others. When we read stories of compassion, kindness, and acts of selflessness, we are reminded of the goodness in humanity. These narratives evoke empathy within us, promoting a sense of interconnectedness and encouraging us to engage in acts of kindness ourselves.
2. The Physical Benefits of Positive News
1. Reducing Stress And Promoting Relaxation
Positive news can have a tangible impact on our physical well-being by reducing stress levels. Studies have shown that exposure to positive and uplifting stories can decrease cortisol, the stress hormone, leading to a sense of relaxation and improved overall health. By incorporating positive news into our daily lives, we can actively manage and alleviate stress.
2. Strengthening the Immune System
Research suggests that a great mindset, influenced by exposure to news, can strengthen the immune system. The release of endorphins and other positive emotions triggered by uplifting stories can enhance the functioning of immune cells, promoting better health outcomes and increased resistance to illnesses.
3. Improving Overall Well-Being
When our mental and physical health are in harmony, our overall well-being improves. Positive news stories contribute to this holistic well-being by fostering positive emotions, reducing stress, and promoting a healthier lifestyle. By consciously seeking out and engaging with good news, we empower ourselves to lead happier, healthier lives.
3. The Social Benefits of Positive News
1. Inspiring Positive Actions and Change
Positive news has the power to inspire individuals to take great actions and create meaningful change. When we are exposed to stories of individuals or organizations making a difference in their communities, we are motivated to contribute in our own unique ways. The news serves as a catalyst for collective action, driving social progress and creating a ripple effect of good change.
2. Building Stronger Communities
Communities that are exposed to great news stories tend to be more cohesive and resilient. When we share uplifting narratives within our communities, we create a sense of belonging and shared purpose. Positive news serves as a unifying force, bringing people together and fostering stronger connections, ultimately leading to the creation of vibrant and supportive communities.
3. Promoting Social Harmony
Positive news promotes social harmony by highlighting stories that transcend differences and celebrate our shared humanity. When we engage with narratives that emphasize compassion, understanding, and tolerance, we cultivate a more inclusive and harmonious society. The news serves as a reminder that unity and cooperation can overcome division and conflict.
4. Strategies for Incorporating Positive News into Daily Life
1. Curating News Sources
To embrace the powerful impact of positive news, it is essential to curate our news sources carefully. Seek out reputable media outlets that prioritize reporting great stories alongside conventional news. Social media platforms can also be valuable sources of news if we follow accounts dedicated to sharing uplifting content.
2. Setting Daily Positivity Goals
Make a conscious effort to set daily goals for consuming great news. Allocate a specific time each day to engage with uplifting stories, whether it’s through reading, watching videos, or listening to podcasts. By prioritizing good news consumption, we create a routine that supports our well-being.
3. Sharing Positive News with Others
Spread the positivity by sharing uplifting news stories with friends, family, and colleagues. By actively discussing good news, we amplify its impact and inspire others to embrace the power of positivity. Social media platforms, group chats, and face-to-face conversations can all be avenues for sharing good news and sparking meaningful discussions.
Positive news possesses an incredible capacity to transform our well-being, both individually and collectively. By consuming uplifting stories, we nurture our mental and physical health, foster empathy and connection, and contribute to a more harmonious society. Embracing good news as a daily practice empowers us to navigate the challenges of life with resilience, optimism, and a renewed sense of hope.
FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions)
1. How can positive news improve my mental health?
Positive news stimulates the release of endorphins, which boost mood and reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression. Regular exposure to uplifting stories can significantly improve your mental well-being.
2. Does positive news have physical health benefits?
Yes, great news can reduce stress levels, strengthen the immune system, and promote overall physical well-being. It has been shown to have tangible effects on our health and vitality.
3. Can positive news inspire social change?
Absolutely! Good news serves as a catalyst for great actions and can inspire individuals to make a difference in their communities. It promotes social progress and contributes to the creation of a better world.
4. How can I incorporate positive news into my daily life?
You can curate your news sources, set daily goals for consuming news, and share uplifting stories with others. By making great news a priority, you can infuse your life with optimism and inspiration.
5. Where can I find positive news sources?
Look for reputable media outlets that prioritize positive stories. Additionally, social media platforms can be a valuable resource if you follow accounts dedicated to sharing uplifting content.
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The demand for these products and treatment leads to some very innovative new medications which serve people better. Now is your chance to find just the right product to suit your asthma. Here are some tips that help.
A good tip that can help your child with asthma is to make sure you never smoke around them. Secondhand smoke is one of the leading culprits that can lead to serious asthma. You should take care to also make sure your child isn’t around those that choose to smoke.
Keep away from any and everything that you know to be a trigger for your asthma attacks. For some people, allergens such as dust and pollen can trigger an attack. Others may have attacks when they participate in physical activities. Try and figure out when your asthma started so it can be avoided.
A leukotriene inhibitor can be helpful if you to deal with asthma. These medications prevent leukotrienes. Leukotrienes are inflammation-causing chemicals that can bring on asthma attacks more likely.
Make certain that all members of your family get a flu shot. This means taking every precaution possible, such as practicing good hygiene and getting all recommended vaccinations.
They help to …
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Learn to talk about computers and the internet in Chinese
Surfing the Chinese internet and feeling lost?
You won’t be with this complete Computer and Science Chinese language course! This course teaches you all you need to know in Mandarin to be web-savvy and use your phone in Chinese. No site in Chinese will resist you!
OVERVIEW of the Computer and App Course in Chinese
How do you say keyboard in Chinese? Bluetooth? To log in? Reboot? With the computer Chinese vocabulary you’ll learn, you’ll no longer feel lost when you use a Chinese computer. That’s not all! Learn the internet terms, computer words, and tech vocabulary you need to be able to use any device in Chinese and explore the Internet in the Middle Kingdom.
With the Computer and App Course on Ninchanese, you’ll be soon learning all you need to know to navigate the internet in Chinese, use a computer or a smartphone set in Chinese, and talk about technology! You’ll be learning some of the coolest words to know and you’ll easily know your way around devices.
SKILLS YOU WILL GAIN
✅ WHAT YOU WILL LEARN
With this tech and computer science Chinese language course, you will gain the skills to use computers in Chinese at work, in business, and at school. You will master the vocabulary to talk about phones, computers, emails, science, technology, and the web in Mandarin. From hardware terms such as keyboard or mouse to email and desktop terms, familiarize yourself with computer vocabulary. Study the Chinese names for Internet terms such as surf, link, website, and more in this tech course. You’ll learn the essential words related to mobile devices and apps. You’ll also discover social media terms in Chinese! Lastly, you’ll also master common expressions and words to talk about science and technology, from cosmology to virtual reality. Take this crash course into computer science in Chinese and boost your Chinese practical Chinese skills!
Complete this course and get ready to say hello to modern life with technology in Chinese!
✅ WHY LEARN COMMON COMPUTER AND INTERNET TERMS IN CHINESE?
The benefits you’ll get from this course are plenty: Phones and technology are big in China, and if you want in, then this course is your best entrance key! With the tech and internet-related terms, you’ll soon master, you’ll be able to navigate the Internet in Mandarin. You’ll not only know how to say computer in Chinese, but you’ll also know how to say everything about them, from software and files to computer parts! You’ll also be comfortable using a computer in Chinese, whether it’s for a school or in a work setting. And, with the mobile app in Chinese vocabulary, you’ll be able to go looking for apps to watch Chinese drama easily!
- An intermediate level of Chinese is recommended.
Computer and Tech Course
💻 100% Online
Start instantly and learn at your own schedule
📘 Intermediate Level
This course has an Intermediate Level (HSK 3 / HSK 4) requirement
㊗ Available in Simplified and Traditional Chinese*
Learning in Traditional Chinese is available upon request
WHAT YOU WILL LEARN FROM THIS COURSE
- The essential science and tech vocabulary to know
- 231 Chinese characters and words to learn
- The key tech, Internet, and mobile device related words in Mandarin
- Common computer terms in Chinese, from hardware to software, and everything in between
WHAT YOU WILL KNOW
- Computer Vocabulary in Chinese and words for every action you can do online
- Browser terms, tech and Internet expressions in Mandarin
- How to describe your phone activities, from phone calls to social media terms in Chinese
- the Chinese vocabulary to talk about software, files, desktop, and everything else you use
- the coolest words to talk about science and technology, like virtual reality, cosmology, and more!
REVIEWS FROM THIS COURSE
This course makes it a lot easier to use Wechat and Douyin
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What Is Obstructive Sleep Apnea?
Sleep apnea can be a life-threatening disorder . A person with obstructive sleep apnea will stop breathing at various points during sleep, causing their blood-oxygen-level to drop. When the brain recognizes the lack of oxygen, the body wakes up enough to start breathing normally again. This can happen hundreds of times per night, and you may wake up feeling unrefreshed. Over time, the constant loss of sleep and oxygen can lead to serious health problems including heart disease, high blood pressure, stroke, diabetes, hypertension, and cognitive impairment.
Sleep Apnea & Snoring Treatment Options
In the past, the most common treatment for snoring and sleep apnea was CPAP or continuous positive airway pressure. CPAP consists of a mask that fits over your nose and mouth that straps on, a tube that connects to the machine’s motor, and a motor that blows the air into the tube and mask. Many patients who initially try CPAP find that they are not able to use it comfortably or inadvertently take it off during sleep.
Using continuous positive airway pressure(CPAP) requires a over night staying at sleep study center to measure the level of severeness of your condition to recommend a needed pressure adjustment for a healthy night sleep.
Oral Appliance Therapy
In other hand, Dental Professionals offer oral appliance therapy as a convenient alternative for treat snoring as well as treating mild to moderate sleep apnea. More comfortable than a CPAP machine, Oral Appliance Therapy offers a restful night’s sleep to patients suffering from snoring and/or sleep apnea.
Dental Procedure For Snoring
Dental professionals must determine if the snoring problem signifies the presence of snoring and obstructive sleep apnea as early as possible. However, many patients with mild to moderate sleep apnea have been treated with oral sleep appliance that are far more comfortable to wear than CPAP. To treat your sleep apnea, our doctors will prescribe and fit a custom-made oral appliance (mouth guard) that will safely maintain your upper airway in an open position. Many patients also notice a reduction or elimination of snoring.
Snoring does not signal the presence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) all the time. There are times when the condition is triggered only by a social inconvenience. To determine whether snoring is tied to OSA, consider whether these sleep apnea symptoms are also present:
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A fundamental component of the Instructional design (ID) process is the utilization of design models. Models are essential for guiding the design, development, implementation, and evaluation of a training session or course. All instructional design models follow some variation of a three-step process:
- Analyzing a situation to determine the instructional need
- Developing and implementing an instructional solution
- Evaluating the outcomes of implementing the solution
The ADDIE model is fundamental to instructional design, as it was one of the first systematic design processes to cover these steps in a comprehensive and replicable manner. Any instructional designers or corporate trainers who understand the ADDIE model have an advantage in adopting and adapting other models to meet their learners’ instructional needs.
Let’s take a closer look at ADDIE and why it’s such a widely used design model.
What Is the ADDIE Model?
Florida State University developed ADDIE’s five-step process in the 1970s for the U.S. Army. ADDIE was then implemented across the U.S. Armed Forces before eventually becoming popularized for use in education and corporate training. Though not initially called ADDIE, the Analyze, Design, Develop, Implement and Evaluate phases eventually popularized the acronym.
ADDIE’s original “waterfall” design was linear, with each phase intended to be part of a sequence that informed and shaped the subsequent phase. This instructional design methodology helps to deliver more effective training and instruction, with each phase directly setting up the next. However, while the waterfall approach worked well for designing specific job tasks, the ADDIE framework was a little too static to apply for all situations.
Over the years, practitioners and learning designers have developed a more modern take on ADDIE to make the model more dynamic and iterative. In this updated circular flow, evaluation is not a final “step,” but is now at the heart of the process. Every phase invites an opportunity to evaluate the current approach, iterate on the process and then inform the following phases.
Now, let’s get into the key points of each phase of ADDIE.
The Analysis Phase
You’ll start the process by gathering information and analyzing the situation to determine what problem you’re solving and what the instructional goal is. You should move to the next phase only if you determine that instruction is needed to solve the problem and/or meet the goal.
During the analysis phase, you’ll need to ask pointed questions about the situation, the materials, and the learners, such as:
- What are the learning goals and objectives?
- What is the audience? What are their needs?
- Are there any learning constraints?
- What is the learning environment?
- What kind of tools and resources are available?
- What is the timeline?
By the end of the analysis phase, you should be able to identify the learners’ needs, describe the instructional goal, and be aware of constraints and available resources. From there, you can move forward with the design.
The Design Phase
In this phase, you apply the conclusions from your initial analysis toward designing an outline of the course/training. Here’s where you’ll determine the learning objectives, content, assessment methods, and course/training delivery methods. This phase requires a few considerations as you’ll need to:
- Interview subject matter experts for detailed information and insights on content
- Determine the appropriate media and technology tools that learners will use
- Establish how collaborative and interactive the content should be
- Identify the knowledge and skills learners should develop after each task
Once you’ve settled on the design, consult with the stakeholders for feedback. When you’ve incorporated the feedback and received a final sign-off from the stakeholders, you’ll move on to develop your instructional design.
The Develop Phase
Here’s where you’ll organize your instructional strategies and work with other experts to create instructional materials. As the instructional designer, you’ll collaborate with a design team that may include graphic designers, instructional technologists, eLearning developers, and online course developers. In some instances, you make take on all of these roles. Whether you’re part of a team or working independently, it’s important to review:
- Is the creation and development of the materials on track to meet deadlines?
- Are the materials from the SME sufficient and up-to-date? Do any content or resource materials need to be redesigned or developed?
- Are there any incompatibilities that arise? Are some tools unusable?
You can make use of storyboards to visualize the training and develop prototypes. Throughout the development phase, you’ll need to go through a testing and review process to ensure that everything works — both practically and in alignment with the overall design. This process can be time-consuming, as you must reassess and iterate the instructional solution if you identify any disconnects or inefficiencies.
Patience and care are essential, as you’ll want to be confident in all aspects of your lesson/training before moving on to implementation.
The Implement Phase
You’re now ready to deliver the material to the intended audience of learners, which you can approach as a three-stage process:
- Start by training the instructors/facilitators on the learning outcomes, the recommended delivery method, and the appropriate use of tools and technology. You’ll also determine how to record learner progress and gather feedback.
- Ensure the course facilitator has all the materials and tools learners need to complete the required learning activities.
- Have a means of documenting learner performance as they take the course. Also, have a backup plan handy for lessons and activities if the trainer/instructor encounters technical difficulties.
After the course/training, it’s time to evaluate it.
The Evaluate Phase
In the modern approach to ADDIE, evaluation isn’t a single phase. Instead, it happens continuously throughout the process. During this formative evaluation, you’ll review each phase to make necessary adjustments and better inform the following step, and inform improvements for the overall process. You’ll need to conduct a formative evaluation throughout the course, assisting the instructor in examining and recording what is and isn’t working and making appropriate adjustments.
For the summative evaluation at the end of the course, you’ll need to measure the effectiveness of the materials and evaluate learner outcomes. While there’s no universal set of summative questions to answer, consider addressing the following:
- Were the problems solved and learning goals achieved?
- How receptive were the learners to the activities and materials?
- Are changes required for the scope and sequence of course content?
- Are there any areas that could be improved or made more efficient?
There are several different means of performing a summative evaluation. It can be helpful to consider another training evaluation model (such as the Kirkpatrick model) when developing a framework for your evaluation. The evaluation phase also informs subsequent courses or training, as the insights gained about potential improvements can be employed so that the start of your next analysis phase is faster and more effective.
Pros & Cons of ADDIE
Part of the reason for ADDIE’s enduring popularity is the benefits of employing it:
- ADDIE’s methodology is so fundamentally sound that it has continued to serve as a foundational model for designing successful training courses and classes for nearly five decades.
- ADDIE’s process is relatively easy to implement and offers a framework for estimating the needed time and cost to design a course.
- The modern ADDIE process utilizes a central evaluation phase that can more easily produce measurable and specific outcomes.
However, no model is perfect, and there are some important criticisms to consider when employing ADDIE:
- Even with constant evaluation, ADDIE is more linear and not as iterative as other models — such as the Successive Approximation Model (SAM) – making it less efficient than some alternatives.
- The ADDIE process assumes that designers will know all of the content before design and development when the design process can determine content in some situations. In these cases, using ADDIE can be like putting the cart before the horse.
- ADDIE’s structure can emphasize meeting specific instructional criteria rather than enabling learners’ behavioral changes, which may be the more desirable outcome.
Due to these criticisms, there has been a shift over the years from relying on ADDIE’s more linear processes to utilizing more agile ID models such as SAM and rapid prototyping. Because of its simple framework, today’s organizations still find parts of the ADDIE model useful and may choose to pull out phases and then adapt them for their purposes.
Ultimately, the ADDIE model is still widely used by instructional designers and trainers in many learning environments. It’s as versatile for in-person learning as remote and hybrid learning. Knowledge of proven ID principles will help you create effective training and educational materials regardless of your chosen evaluation model.
If you want to learn more about how you can master these essential instructional design skills and techniques, consider our online Master of Science in Learning Design and Technology program at the University of San Diego.
[RELATED] LDT 9 Questions eBook >>
Like any good craftsman, your choice of design tools should depend on the project at hand and your desired outcomes.
The Basics of Instructional Design Processes, zipBoard, https://blog.zipboard.co/the-basics-of-instructional-design-processes-270e010e35f6, retrieved August 29, 2022
Gaurav Amatya, Let’s Talk ADDIE: It Still Matters, eLearning Industry, https://elearningindustry.com/lets-talk-addie-it-still-matters, retrieved August 29, 2022
Devlin Peck, The ADDIE Model of Instructional Design, https://www.devlinpeck.com/content/addie-instructional-design, retrieved August 29, 2022
Dr. Serhat Kurt, ADDIE Model: Instructional Design, Educational Technology https://educationaltechnology.net/the-addie-model-instructional-design/, retrieved August 29, 2022
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The Political Economy of South Africa’s Carbon Tax
MetadataShow full item record
The subject of carbon pricing is rising up the global policy agenda, as countries take action in the aftermath of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change’s Conference of the Parties 26 summit in November 2021. South Africa is the only country in sub-Saharan Africa to have enacted a carbon tax to date, and, globally speaking, was ahead of the curve when it started to consider its implementation at the start of 2010. With a historically energy-intensive and carbon-intensive economy as a core feature of its minerals-energy complex, South Africa is the world’s 14th largest emitter of greenhouse gases, and the largest emitter on the continent. Its electricity grid is the world’s most carbon-intensive, and its primary energy consumption is ranked 17th globally. While the country’s gross domestic product is the 30th highest in the world, it is also one of the most unequal. It has a legacy of socioeconomic and political exclusion, and marginalisation created by the apartheid history that has persisted in the decades since the democratic transition in 1994. This paper asks to what extent and in what way has South Africa’s political economy shaped the process and implementation of its carbon tax? In answering this question, the report explores and analyses the design and implementation of the tax; the key criticisms to which it has been subjected; the effectiveness of the tax, not least in light of the considerable allowances and exemptions that have been included in its design; the relationship between the carbon tax and other existing climate change policies; and the potential relevance of South Africa’s experience for other countries on the continent.
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WATSONVILLE—The U.S. is a country built on the backbone of its roadway system – a vast network of lanes, roads and freeways that connect us to home workplace, and untold adventures.
But all of that travel largely depends on vehicles, which in turn rely on their humans to maintain them.
While many mechanical intricacies are beyond the reach of the average driver, there are a handful of basics everyone should know to prolong the life of their vehicles.
David Toriumi, who owns Toriumi Auto Repair, said that this can be boiled down to three basic but essential bits of knowledge.
The most important among these is keeping clean oil in the engine.
Many vehicles come with dipsticks with which drivers can check the oil. With the engine off, draw the stick from the engine and look at the color. Translucent and caramel shades are good, while darker colors – especially black – means it is time to get the oil changed.
Next, keeping tires adequately inflated is also important, Toriumi said.
According to Car and Driver, every driver should know how to use a gauge to check their tire pressure, how much to inflate them and how to put air in them.
When tires are too low, they make more contact with the road, thus increasing heat and wear and tear. Too much heat can cause tread separation. Too much air can cause less contact with the road, reducing traction.
Finally, drivers should check to make sure their lights are working. This includes headlights, turn signals, brake lights and those illuminating the license plate.
Perhaps most importantly, owners should take their cars in for a service every 4,000 miles, he said. That’s when a mechanic can do an oil change and check the aforementioned areas, in addition to such areas as belts and hoses, as well as brake and power steering fluids.
“That’s why getting it serviced regularly is the best,” he said. “Be good about maintaining it.”
Toriumi also suggests getting a second opinion when receiving an estimate for a repair.
“Established shops are going to be looking out for their customers,” he said.
Car and Driver magazine also recommends that everyone know how to change a tire, and how to jump-start a car.
Drivers should also keep an emergency road kit in their vehicles. To see a list of suggested items, visit https://www.edmunds.com/how-to/how-to-create-your-own-roadside-emergency-kit.html.
Those who want to keep their rides healthy on the outside as well as the inside should have them professionally detailed at least once a year, says Gary George, whose company Gary’s Rods & Restorations restores custom vehicles.
“Paint needs maintenance like everything else,” he said.
Anyone who wants to take this extra step should protect their exterior by giving their vehicles a clay bar treatment, which removes the pollutants and other contaminants. For information, visit https://www.washos.com/blog/clay-bar.
After that, a wax job with a paste wax takes the protection to the next level, he said.
Finally, owners should keep a damp rag on hand to wipe off bird feces, which can erode paint, George said.
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What do you do if you have a shady garden? Or even just a shady spot in the garden?
Well, luckily, there are still plenty of vegetables that will grow in the shade and provide excellent harvests.
So with no further ado, let’s get into my list of 10 veggies to grow in the shade.
Beetroot will tolerate shade and grow in all but the darkest of spots.
They are a quick-growing crop, and you can use the leaves as well as the root, so why not give them a try?
If you are not a massive fan of the earthy beetroot taste, try growing golden beetroot, as the taste is much less pronounced.
They also have the added benefit of not staining as regular beetroot does.
Brocolli can survive just fine in the shade, both regular broccoli and the sprouting kind don’t mind a bit of shade.
In fact growing in the shade can help prevent bolting during the warmer months.
So if you want to try and grow broccoli all year round then try a shady spot.
Like other brassica crops, you might have noticed a few in this list already, cabbage can tolerate the shade.
They are cold-loving plants and as such don’t need to be sat in full sun all day.
They actually often do better in partial shade than they do in full sun.
Another veg that can grow in shadier spots are carrots.
They will do better if they get some direct sunlight for part of the day but they can grow in full or dappled shade, don’t expect them to grow as large.
leeks can grow in very shady spots, so if your garden has a particularly dark spot then why not give this tasty crop a grow?
In fact, they are another vegetable on this list that does better in partial shade than they do in full sun.
Another root vegetable makes it onto our list, parsnips.
They will do just as well in partial shade as they do in full sun, as long as they get a few hours of direct sunlight per day.
They can also grow in fully shaded spots but you will end up with a smaller harvest.
I actually ran an experiment last year to see if potatoes could grow in a spot that gets zero direct sunlight, and they do!
The result was a decent crop, but not as many or as larger spuds as I would have got growing them in the sun.
Still a great choice for fully shaded spots.
I love swedes, for me, they are one of the best-tasting root vegetables available.
Swedes can grow in the shade as long as they get some direct sunlight at some point in the day.
They are not one of the crops that can do well in a fully shaded spot.
Another root vegetable that can tolerate shade are turnips.
I say tolerate because they do like some full sun at some point in the day.
They are another crop that doesn’t love heat though so if you are growing them through the warmer months then some mid-day shade may be ideal.
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Kick dementia out!
May 15, 2022Health Information
Significant evidence suggests that individuals who are regularly engaged in mentally-stimulating activities are less likely to develop dementia.
These activities include:
- Reading books
- Playing games, especially board games
- Learning a new song, language, dance etc
- Participating in hobbies and crafts
- Writing letters, emails etc
- Attending a concert, movie etc
- Engaging with other people
- Using online social network
- Participating in brain-tasking activities such as puzzles
- Visiting a museum, library, gallery etc
- Attending talks
- Taking a course or study etc
So, why don’t you get your brain cells busy?
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Decifrando la Pizza: How to Say “Pizza” in Spanish
As one of the world’s most beloved foods, pizza instantly conjures mouthwatering images of steaming hot, cheese-smothered slices. But when craving pizza in a Spanish-speaking country or talking pizza with Spanish-speaking friends, how exactly do you say “pizza” in Spanish?
In this guide, we’ll cover the basics of translating “pizza” including key vocabulary, sample phrases, regional variations, and tips for ordering in Spanish. We’ll also highlight the popularity of pizza across the Spanish-speaking world. ¡Vamos a aprender!
The Word “Pizza” in Spanish The basic Spanish translation for “pizza” is:
This is an unmodified loan word taken directly from Italian. The singular and plural forms are the same. Some examples:
- Me gusta la pizza – I like pizza
- La pizza es my favorita – Pizza is my favorite
- Ordenamos dos pizzas – We ordered two pizzas
Fun fact: Spanish speakers also recognize the English word “pizza” from American pop culture influence. But “pizza” is most common.
Key Pizza Vocabulary in Spanish Here are some other helpful pizza terms in Spanish:
- Queso – Cheese
- Salsa – Sauce
- Masa – Dough
- Rodaja – Slice
- Entera – Whole
- Ingredientes – Ingredients
- Cocer – To bake
You can combine these to describe pizza:
- Pizza de queso – Cheese pizza
- Rodaja de pizza – Slice of pizza
- Pizza con mucho queso – Pizza with lots of cheese
And request what you want:
- Una pizza entera con pepperoni – A whole pepperoni pizza
- Dos rebanadas de pizza de bacon – Two slices of bacon pizza
Handy Phrases for Pizza in Spanish Here are some handy Spanish phrases for ordering and discussing pizza:
- Quiero una pizza – I want a pizza
- Voy a pedir una pizza – I’m going to order a pizza
- ¿Qué ingredientes tiene esta pizza? – What ingredients are on this pizza?
- Esta pizza tiene champiñones – This pizza has mushrooms
- ¿Puedo tener más queso? – Can I get extra cheese?
- La pizza está muy caliente y deliciosa! – The pizza is very hot and delicious!
These phrases help you get the perfect pizza and express what you like.
Regional Variations for “Pizza” in Spanish In a few Spanish-speaking regions, you may encounter local words used for pizza:
Spain: Some use the word “pisa” instead of “pizza.” Both are understood.
Cuba: They often say “pisa” or “piza” for pizza.
Argentina: “Pizza” is common, but some also say “muzzarella” based on the cheese.
Overall, “pizza” is widely understood across the Spanish-speaking world. But be aware of some local differences.
Tips for Ordering Pizza in Spanish To easily order pizza in Spanish:
- Look up the Spanish name for your favorite toppings
- Know key phrases like quiero (I want), con (with), sin (without)
- Ask for recommendations: ¿Qué pizza me recomienda?
- Specify if you want the whole pie or by the slice
- Ask for extra ingredients like más queso (more cheese)
- Thank the staff: Gracias, la pizza está muy rica!
With just a few key words and phrases, you can get the perfect pizza in Spanish anywhere!
The Popularity of Pizza in Spanish-Speaking Countries Pizza is beloved across the Spanish-speaking world. Local pizzerias can be found in:
- Costa Rica
Many global and American pizza chains like Domino’s and Pizza Hut thrive in these countries as well. Pizza has become a global food phenomenon, and Spanish speakers also have many unique local twists.
In Summary: Requesting Pizza in Spanish To review, here are key tips for how to say “pizza” in Spanish:
- The basic word is “pizza” (pee-sa)
- Know toppings and other vocabulary
- Use helpful phrases for ordering/enjoying
- Be aware of some regional variations
- Pizza is popular across the Spanish-speaking world!
Now you have the tools to get deliciosa pizza anywhere Spanish is spoken! Hungry for more? ¡Practique más español de pizza!
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- The prospect of the existence of extraterrestrial life has both fascinated and bewildered mankind throughout history. Scientists have long been searching for signs of life on other planets based on the qualities that approximate life on Earth, such as the existence of water. But what if we’ve missed the mark by limiting our definition of “life” only to what is familiar?
- It’s possible that we have already encountered extraterrestrial life but we’re not able to recognize it because we were relying on our limited notion of what life is to begin with. As we continue to seek out life which exists outside of our biosphere, we need to get creative and imagine the unimaginable.
- By redefining the unique attributes of life itself, as well as how it emerges and thrives, we can not only conduct better-informed searches for alien life, but in the process we can learn more about the nature of our own lives and chart our fate in the future.
SARA WALKER: We have, through science over the last 400 years, come to have a really deep understanding of the natural world, but so far, that deep understanding doesn't include us. It's really important in an age when we're being faced with existential threats on a regular basis to understand our place in the cosmos, and I think unless we actually really address the question of what is life, we're not really going to understand ourselves in the context of the systems that we live in. Because we don't know what life is, we don't know where in the universe to look for it. My biggest worry is that we might just completely miss discovering it because we actually don't really have an idea what we're looking for, and we're thinking about the definitions of life the wrong way.
I'm Sara Walker, and I'm an astrobiologist. What that means is that I'm really interested in understanding if there's life elsewhere in the universe, but I'm also really interested in just understanding ourselves. So, most of my work is really focused on understanding the origin of life on Earth. To do that, my group is building ensembles of thousands of organisms and thousands of ecosystems and looking at properties of their chemistry
NARRATOR: On Earth, we're surrounded by life, but we have no idea how common or rare living systems are in the universe. We have no idea how many different forms life can take, no notion of what limits there are to its size or the time scales it operates on. We might have encountered alien life already and not recognized it.
There's this assumption that we make, that because we are alive, we actually recognize life when we see it or we understand what life is, and I think that's actually a really flawed viewpoint For a long time, it was thought if we see oxygen in the atmosphere of an exoplanet, that is a sign of life, and we will be able to claim victory that we have discovered aliens, but as scientists thought about it a little bit more, it turns out you can make atmospheric oxygen pretty easily with simple models that don't even contain life.
WALKER: We really need a more general definition for life that doesn't depend on the specific chemistry that life on Earth uses, but is more characteristic of what life is as a process that organizes chemistry and does all of the wonderful things that we associate with living matter. I, for example, have a very broad definition of life that includes things like technology. Part of the reason for that is, if you found a phone on Mars, you might not think that you discovered life, but you certainly would think you discovered evidence of life because the likelihood of that phone being there is zero without a living process putting it there. Life is literally the physics of creativity. It's the creative process in the universe. It's not an individual in that process. It's the entire process of how does information originate in the universe and how does it expand through space and time to construct all of the things that we associate with life.
NARRATOR: Most of the hazy definitions of life as we know it are flawed because they're built around a very small sample set of one, the one living biosphere that we've evolved within.
WALKER: So, anything that our technology creates or we create or our subsequent generations will create will be a part of our life or an example of our biosphere. To really understand the possibilities for life, we have to discover a second example somewhere else because, unless we get some constraints on how likely life is, I don't think we're really going to fully understand what life is.
NARRATOR: It’s possible that our sample set will soon double as we explore our solar system. We could find evidence of life on Mars, Europa, Enceladus. There was recently some indication of phosphines, potential biomarkers, in the atmosphere of Venus. Some of these places are hostile to life as we know it, but they might be extremely welcoming to life as we don't yet know it.
WALKER: So, what I'm most interested in is trying to understand whether there are universal laws that describe living things much the same as we have uncovered universal laws that describe gravitation and if they're equally fundamental and intrinsic to the structure of the reality that we live in.
NARRATOR: By defining gravity, Sir Isaac Newton put us on a path towards mastering it, a path that helped us understand tides, the orbits of planets and comets, equinoxes, and eventually helped humans navigate our solar system. Having a definition of life will improve our chances of finding extraterrestrials and could open our eyes to a whole universe of possibilities we cannot yet imagine.
WALKER: It’s hard to imagine what it's going to be like when we actually understand what we are. All the technology we have doesn't include us in our understanding of the world, and then if you add that level of understanding us and the technology we create, then it's possible for humanity and our technology to get to the next level, whatever that is, that we can't even anticipate yet. So, a lot of the sort of deep understanding that I'm after, I think, is critical for the longevity of life and to expand our reach in the universe, beyond our own planet. I think we take for granted how special we are. We are a very odd kind of system to exist. I just can't imagine that an understanding of us wouldn't radically reshape how we think about the universe that we live in.
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How to Get Your Child to Follow the Rules
So many parents tell me the same story; I don’t know how to make my child follow the rules. When I ask her to do anything she just says no, or begins to argue.
Do you ever wonder why, despite the fact that you’ve told your child the house rules, he child still isn’t listening, cooperating or being respectful? Rules are a funny thing; they’re very important to parents, yet they are most often stated in ways that a young child doesn’t understand.
Parents tend to create rules using adult-like words that state the outcome they’re looking for, like “be respectful”. The parent assumes the child fully grasps all these big words and concepts. The parent hopes that all lack of cooperation etc. will change now that she’s made a rules chart. But kids don’t “get” these kinds of rules.
How Kids Learn — and Don’t Learn — Your Rules
Young children need how-to-do-it type rules before they can follow conceptual rules. Look at a rules chart in any classroom. There are usually only 3-4 rules and they’re clearly explained in basic, age-appropriate and descriptive how-to-language.
Think about how you learn. Suppose you’re reading a parenting book about how to get your child to follow the rules. The information is so theoretical that you have to read the passages two or three times just to understand it. Do you think you’ll be able to remember what you’ve read in the middle of reacting to a disrespectful child? Probably not.
It’s the same for kids, too. The more thinking a child has to do in order to understand the rules, the less he’ll be able to remember and follow them. There’s one exception. You may have one of the few kids who truly understands the rules and always follows them. If that’s the case, keep doing what you’re doing!
Most children however, need rules to be broken down into age appropriate steps so there are no questions about what they’re supposed to do. Once all the steps are mastered, the parents can move on to using shorter statements, like “make good choices” to get the point across.
To show you what I mean, let’s pretend that this 4-year-old could actually articulate the confusion caused by a parent who doesn’t use basic-age-appropriate-descriptive-how-to-language when laying out her rules.
Mom says, “Follow the rules.”
Child asks, “Mommy, is following the rules like following someone in line? How many rules are there in the whole-wide-world? Do I have to follow them all?
Dad says, “Be respectful.”
Child asks, “Daddy, do I respect with my eyes, my nose or mouth?”
Mom says, “Make good choices.”
Child asks, “Mommy, how am I supposed to learn how to make good choices if you make all my choices? Shouldn’t you have to follow this rule since you’re the one who makes all the choices?”
You can see how using adult-like concepts can confuse a child. To get around that, try stating your rules using child-like thinking that includes the step-by-step actions you want your child to take. That will give your child a better chance of understanding, remembering, and adhering to the rules.
How to Explain Your Rules Effectively
Compare these two approaches, which I’ll call “conceptual” and “age appropriate”:
Age Appropriate: “Listening means opening your ears so you can hear the words, and keeping your mouth closed when someone else’s mouth is talking.
Conceptual: “Follow directions”
Age Appropriate: “Before you begin, what do you need to do first? What do you do second?
Conceptual: “Be Respectful”
Age Appropriate: “No more mean words, use heart words to say what you feel.”
If explaining the rules in child-like terms doesn’t increase compliance in any given situation, then consider asking your child what he’s supposed to do. If that doesn’t help, keep asking him to “try again” until he is willing to comply.
Both approaches will help remind and correct your child of your rules, without punishment, when he isn’t following them.
Sharon Silver is the author of Stop Reacting and Start Responding and The Authentic Parent Series. Go to proactiveparenting.net to download two free chapters from her book and learn about other Proactive Parenting programs. Find Sharon on Twitter and Facebook.
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The United Nations recently announced that progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 6 on access to clean water and sanitation for all before 2030 is worryingly off-track, bringing to light the challenges facing the water sector worldwide.
This is concerning considering the importance of the target, which includes achieving universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water, and substantially increasing water-use efficiency across all sectors to address water scarcity.
The challenges facing the water sector not only affect the fulfilment of this goal, but have knock-on effects for the achievement of other goals, including those relating to biodiversity, health, food security and gender equality.
Climate change in particular presents significant problems for water provision and UN Water has stated that “water is the primary medium through which we will feel the effects of climate change”.
Water scarcity is becoming an increasing threat due to changes in rainfall patterns, increasing water demand and the numerous impacts of rising temperatures and extreme events.
Although the effects of COVID-19 have temporarily reduced CO2 emissions due to decreased industrial output and flight cancellations, it won’t be too long before emissions will resume their upward trajectory – despite increasingly dire warnings of the importance of taking action to tackle climate change.
Existing water management practices are already struggling, with the result that cities such as Cape Town, São Paulo and Beijing are being threatened with water insecurity.
It is clear that we need to transform our water management systems in order to ensure a reliable, universal and sustainable supply.
The deep uncertainty of climate change
We urgently need to manage water in a way that that meets social, economic and environmental needs both now and in the future.
But, this challenge is aggravated by the uncertainty of future climate change.
Although we have very high confidence in increasing future global temperatures and many other aspects of the global climate, it is not yet, and may never be, possible to predict precisely how climate change will affect water resources in specific locations on Earth.
In the longer term, this is due in no small part to the substantial uncertainty in future anthropogenic (or man-made) greenhouse gas emissions, as well as climate variability and limits in our current climate modelling capabilities.
The uncertainty in relation to climate change has been described as “deep uncertainty”, which adds complexity to the already multifaceted nature of water management.
robust, integrated water management and planning
Best practice for tackling the uncertainties of climate change in relation to water includes what is called robust, integrated water planning.
Robust planning refers to the design of a system so that it performs well across a vast range of possible futures.
For example, water supply systems to cities will often incorporate a careful articulation of the risks to the security of the system, based on a representation of the environmental flow requirements, the inflows and outflows, the system losses, and the year-to-year variability in any natural system.
Due to the many functions that water has in the environment – the economy and for society – water planners need support to implement more integrated approaches which promote a co-ordinated response to the management of land, water and other natural resources.
To implement robust, integrated water management and planning, we need to explicitly include multi-disciplinary expertise in simulation and decision-making structures.
Effectively managing the problem of water scarcity requires the input of engineers, hydrologists, climate scientists, social scientists, policy experts and lawyers to understand, and to minimise, negative consequences.
The need for an adaptive legal framework
Law has a key part to play in providing a framework for decision-makers in relation to water management. But, here again, deep uncertainty creates problems.
Certainty and stability are often key goals of a legal framework. It’s important that citizens and institutions know the rules so they can order their lives and operations accordingly.
However, this means that the law can be difficult to change and becomes unresponsive to social or environmental transformations.
When there are unpredictable changes to our natural environment, which affect the availability of water, and which could have broad-ranging effects on communities, an adaptive and robust legal response is required.
An adaptive legal framework in the context of the deep uncertainty of climate change may involve giving high levels of discretion to decision-makers regarding investment and allocation of resources.
This discretion, however, cannot be completely unfettered and should be guided by fundamental legal principles to ensure that discretion is exercised in a manner that is just and equitable.
This requires giving attention to what consequences the use of this discretion has on disadvantaged or marginalised groups – like low income families, people with disabilities, subsistence farmers and Indigenous people – in order to safeguard the fair distribution of the benefits and burdens of sustainable water management.
Influences on decision-makers
Even if we provide an adaptive legal framework for robust integrated decision-making, there are still risks associated with discretion.
Arguably, humans are not rational individuals.
As such, our decision-making, and therefore those of policymakers, will be subject to various amounts of inputs or biases based on our own experiences, values and knowledge.
A 2017 study of water professionals explored the biases of water practitioners and found that water decision-makers were most concerned about reputation and community sentiment over and above other crucial issues, like public health, cost and safety.
This highlights how important it is for both policymakers and the public to understand how discretionary decision-making works and to push for more robust interdisciplinary decision-making processes. This, in turn, will increase trust between governments and the community.
Ultimately, to tackle the challenges of water scarcity both now and in the future, we need an approach to water management which caters for the deep uncertainty of climate change.
We need climate experts, social scientists, engineers, lawyers and many others to collectively engage with the problem and develop effective inter-disciplinary solutions.
The coronavirus outbreak shows us the need for comprehensive and coordinated action to address a short-term global crisis.
As climate change hastens, we face a much longer-term crisis – unfolding as a series of short-term emergencies. This will inevitably include the threat of severe water shortages around the world.
Coordinated interdisciplinary approaches to robust, integrated water management, together with an adaptive legal framework, may provide the answer to meeting our 2030 Sustainable Development Goal on access to water and sanitation for all.
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Women in Africa now make up almost half of its labour force, highlighting changing social norms and shrinking gender gaps in the continent's job market. More women are also reaching the top rungs of the corporate ladder.
By Seth Onyango, bird story agency
The latest figures from the International Energy Agency (IEA) show that women constitute 43 per cent of economy‐wide employment across Africa today, a rate of participation that is on a par with that in advanced economies.
However, female employment varies widely across economic sectors with links to energy, from 44 per cent in manufacturing to only 5 per cent in construction, based on 2019 data.
"Female employment averages only 16 per cent in mining and 22 per cent in utilities," the IEA stated in its Africa Energy Outlook 2022 report published in June. "Female participation also varies greatly across African countries according to cultural norms, averaging 21 per cent in North Africa compared with 47 per cent in sub‐Saharan Africa and 44 per cent in South Africa."
IEA's study comes on the heels of the 2020 MasterCard Index of Women Entrepreneurs (MIWE) which ranks Uganda (39.6 per cent), Botswana (38.5 per cent) and Ghana (36.5 per cent) as the world’s top three economies for the highest concentration of women business owners.
Where Africa stands
In large swathes of Africa, the regional share of female workers exceeds the level in the advanced economies as well as the world average in utilities, mining and manufacturing. But while female employment levels in Africa are on a par with that of advanced economies, the latter earn comparatively higher, largely because of the cost of living.
Previous studies, however, have shown that in general, people with high-paying jobs in Africa (5,000 US dollars and above a month) have significantly higher disposable income than their European or American counterparts with the same payslip.
IEA further notes that, despite high rates of female participation in some African countries, women are more likely than men to work in the informal sector.
"Jobs (in the informal sector) are often less stable and pay lower wages, due to their more limited access to education, household and childcare responsibilities, and worries about safety when commuting to work," reads the report in part.
A 2019 McKinsey report on gender equality states that Africa's economy could grow 10 per cent just by taking women more seriously.
Women in corporate leadership
More women in Africa are also climbing to the apex of corporate leadership, as seen in countries like Nigeria, where there are several female bank chief executives. Seven women now head some of the country's top banks, including Guaranty Trust (GT) Bank (Miriam Olusanya) and First City Monument Bank (Yemisi Edun), Fidelity Bank Plc.
Other female chief executives at commercial banks in Nigeria are Halima Buba (SunTrust Bank), Ireti Samuel-Ogbu (Citibank Nigeria), Oluwatomi Somefun (Unity Bank), Bukola Smith (FSDH Merchant Bank Limited), and Kafilat Araoye (Lotus Bank).
Stock exchanges in South Africa, Nigeria, Kenya and Egypt have renewed their commitment to closing the gender parity gaps by bringing more women on board in leadership positions – especially as chief executives and chairs in some of the continent's largest private firms. Africa's largest stock exchange – the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) – is run by a woman, Leila Fourie.
According to the Brookings Institute, although women in Africa remain underrepresented on corporate boards, that number is not far off from the global average. Its figures show in 2018, sub-Saharan African women held 24.3 per cent of board seats of African companies (and 24.5 per cent of board chairs), compared to 27 per cent on corporate boards worldwide.
IEA argues that overcoming obstacles to female employment in Africa’s energy sector would bring multiple benefits.
Gender stereotypes and bias
The IEA report notes that women attempting to enter the workforce, including the energy sector, face numerous barriers such as gender stereotypes and bias, and lack of training, mentorship and networking.
"In Ghana, for example, the number of women graduating with science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) degrees is increasing, but not female employment in the electricity sector," it states in part. "As a result, women with STEM degrees and technical training certificates often end up working in unrelated fields, underutilising their skills."
On entrepreneurship, Nigeria, Malawi, South Africa, Angola, Algeria, Tunisia, Ethiopia, and Egypt have also featured in the top 100 of the MasterCard index. The data behind the study signals that women’s entrepreneurship is outpacing the overall workforce in Africa, with that growth curve expected to surge.
The Index’s benchmark indicator is calculated as a percentage of total business owners. Apart from Botswana, African countries captured in the report showed improved MIWE scores since 2019.
“South Africa displayed the biggest growth with a 7 per cent increase. Botswana, however, has also grown the number of women entrepreneurs since last year (36 per cent in 2019 to 38.5 per cent in 2020), earning the country the second spot globally and displacing Ghana who now comes in third,” read the report in part.
However, many women-owned businesses were not captured in the data years earlier.
According to MasterCard, the results also point to a strong representation of women business owners in Malawi, Angola, and Nigeria, despite the economic and social challenges facing their entrepreneurial ecosystems.
It is perhaps no surprise then that Africa's entrepreneurs are also the most confident, in the world, in their ability and skills to start a business, according to a Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) report.
People in Malawi, for example, feel twice as self-assured about launching a startup as those in the UK. The high scores are driven by "a low fear of business failure, an absence of alternative income sources, and an eager commitment to contribute to their communities."
bird story agency
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Targeting Maths 4
An amazing new way to learn mathematics
The Targeting Maths 4 App is an amazing new way to learn mathematics. Within this app, students can access a huge range of activities that make learning maths skills fun, motivating and full of rewards.
From the makers of Australia’s favourite maths program – ‘Targeting Maths.’ The first Australian Curriculum maths app for the iPad!
Each child has their own account and their individual achievements are recorded in the progress section. This app combines all that we know about how children learn maths with the powerful interactivity and motivation provided by the iPad.
- Training – A range of different maths topics with question sets that cover the main topics for each year.
- Timed – Improves speed and recall of essential maths skills.
- Multiplayer – Up to 4 students can play against each other in this game of speed and fun.
- Circus – Students earn tokens to spend on Exploding Mice and Robo-Juggle games in the circus.
Other apps within the series:
Working in education I can see the value and relevance in this App. More than just skills and drills, Targeting Maths is stand out in content, with a strong focus on problem solving. Questions are posed in a variety of ways which is essential. The bank of mathematical terms in each strand is worth the cost alone, exposing children to the language of maths. Above all it is engaging so children will be keen to reinforce work covered in their school program. Happy customer! - App Store User Review
What a brilliant app and fun way for my students to learn maths! We use Targeting Maths as our workbook program as this is a wonderful new addition to the program. - Sofia Let
If you have any questions about Targeting Maths, please email us at [email protected].
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The article titled ‘unlike frameworkseifert theverge’ offers a comprehensive exploration of diverse opinions and perspectives, challenging mainstream narratives prevalent in the current discourse.
By providing an in-depth analysis of tech issues, this article aims to present a balanced and objective view for readers seeking information and understanding within the realm of technology.
With its commitment to presenting a wide range of viewpoints, this article seeks to foster critical thinking by encouraging readers to question prevailing notions and explore alternative perspectives.
By exploring various angles on tech topics, it aims to expand readers’ understanding of complex issues beyond commonly accepted beliefs. This approach allows for a more nuanced comprehension while simultaneously promoting intellectual freedom.
By adopting an academic style of writing that is objective and impersonal, this article seeks to provide reliable information without personal bias or subjective interpretation.
The analytical nature of the content ensures that readers are presented with well-researched facts and evidence-based arguments, enhancing their knowledge base on technological advancements.
Through an engaging style tailored for an audience longing for freedom, this article enables readers to develop their own informed opinions while navigating through the constantly evolving landscape of technology.
Diverse Range of Opinions and Perspectives
A wide array of viewpoints and perspectives are present within the discourse, contributing to a rich and diverse range of opinions. Unlike frameworks such as Eifert or The Verge which tend to have a singular perspective, this diversity allows for critical analysis from various angles.
Different viewpoints provide alternative interpretations and insights, fostering a more comprehensive understanding of the subject matter. By considering multiple perspectives, individuals can engage in a rigorous examination of ideas, challenging assumptions and biases that may otherwise go unquestioned.
This variety of opinions not only enriches the discourse but also encourages intellectual growth by exposing individuals to different ways of thinking and expanding their horizons. Overall, the presence of diverse viewpoints contributes to an environment characterized by critical analysis and fosters an atmosphere where freedom of thought is valued.
Read Also Sources Tencent 14.5b
Challenging Mainstream Narratives
Contrary to popular beliefs, it is important to critically analyze mainstream narratives in order to gain a deeper understanding of societal issues.
Countering narratives and seeking alternative viewpoints allow individuals to challenge the dominant discourse and broaden their perspective on various subjects.
By questioning the prevailing narratives, one can uncover hidden bias, assumptions, and limitations that may be embedded within them. This critical analysis not only encourages a more nuanced understanding of complex topics but also fosters intellectual growth and promotes independent thinking.
It enables individuals to break free from the constraints imposed by mainstream ideologies and explore alternative perspectives that may otherwise go unnoticed.
Challenging mainstream narratives provides an opportunity for marginalized voices to be heard, as it creates space for diverse opinions and experiences that are often silenced or overlooked.
Ultimately, this process contributes to a more inclusive society where multiple viewpoints are valued and respected.
In-depth Analysis of Tech Issues
Examining the intricate complexities of technological concerns allows for a comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted issues at hand.
In today’s rapidly advancing digital landscape, privacy concerns have become increasingly prominent.
As emerging technologies continue to shape our daily lives, it is crucial to delve into in-depth analysis to unravel the implications they may have on personal data security and individual autonomy.
By objectively exploring the potential risks and benefits associated with these technologies, we can empower individuals with knowledge and foster informed decision-making.
This analytical approach not only aids in debunking misconceptions but also highlights the importance of safeguarding privacy rights in an ever-evolving tech-driven society.
Read Also Sources Umg Tidalnicolaou
The article titled ‘unlike frameworkseifert theverge’provides a diverse range of opinions and perspectives, challenging mainstream narratives and offering in-depth analysis of tech issues. By presenting different viewpoints, the article encourages readers to think critically and consider alternative perspectives. This helps to foster a more comprehensive understanding of complex topics.
One interesting statistic highlighted in the article is that only 32% of people surveyed believe that technology companies are transparent about their data collection practices. This statistic suggests that there is a lack of trust between consumers and technology companies when it comes to how personal data is being used and shared. This finding underscores the need for increased transparency and accountability from tech companies to address privacy concerns.
Overall, Unlike Frameworkseifert Theverge offers valuable insights into various aspects of technology, providing readers with a well-rounded perspective on tech issues. Through its objective analysis and informative content, it challenges mainstream narratives while promoting critical thinking and raising important questions about the role of technology in our society.
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As an AI language model, I do not have the capability to recognize prompts or evaluate the quality of article_title since I do not have any information about what the article_title is referring to. However, I can provide guidance on how to write an effective article to ensure that it appeals to readers and fulfills its intended purpose.
When it comes to writing an article, the title is one of the most crucial elements because it is the first thing that readers see. It should be intriguing, catchy, and informative, giving the reader an idea of what the article is about. A well-crafted title entices the reader to delve further into the article.
To write an effective article, it is essential to identify your target audience and cater to their needs and interests. An article that intends to inform, persuade, or entertain readers should be written in a style that engages them personally. The language should be clear, concise, and easy to read, avoiding technical terms or jargons that may alienate readers.
Structure is also important when writing an article. The structure should be organized, logical, and easy to follow, with clear headings and subheadings to guide the reader. While a good introduction should grab the reader’s attention, the body should provide in-depth information, substantial evidence, and supportive arguments that build on the article’s purpose.
A well-concluded article should leave the reader satisfied by summarizing the key points, highlighting the significance of the content, or suggesting further reading. Finally, it is important to proofread the article for any errors or inconsistencies before publishing it.
In conclusion, a captivating title is essential to drawing readers, but what follows is equally important to keep their attention. By identifying the target audience, writing in a style that engages them personally, structuring the article logically, and proofreading it for any inconsistencies or errors, one can effectively transform their idea into a well-written article.
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In March 2009, Bolivian president Evo Morales stood before the United Nations, a coca leaf in hand, citing a history of use of the plant for purposes social, spiritual, medicinal, and nutritional. The event marked the beginning of a formal request to correct the “historical error” of the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs — the agreement that orders people to stop chewing the leaves and mandates the destruction of all wild coca bushes. Morales, a former coca farmer himself, then put the leaf in his mouth, a gesture that sparked applause from the assembly.
Coca chewing has existed in the Andes for thousands of years, and it is practiced by millions of people throughout South America today. The plant’s mild stimulant properties have been known around the globe for centuries. The stimulant, of course, is the alkaloid cocaine, present in trace amounts to the coca chewer, giving users a boost of energy akin to a cup of coffee (which contains caffeine, another alkaloid that is potent in concentrated form). When refined, coca provides raw material for the production of cocaine, and in an effort to limit cultivation of the plant, even traditional usage has been prohibited by this worldwide treaty.
Efforts to kill the cocaine trade have violently cracked down on anyone who produces or enjoys the natural, unadulterated leaf. This fact might merely be unfortunate and overzealous – but it is also hugely hypocritical. You see, the Single Convention treaty was adopted after years of negotiations led in great part by Harry J. Anslinger, long-time Commissioner of the US Federal Bureau of Narcotics. Best known today for his fervent campaign against marijuana, Anslinger had a strange relationship with the coca plant: spearheading its prohibition while simultaneously ensuring access to the leaf for a single, powerful consumer, The Coca-Cola Company.
For decades leading up to the signing of the Single Convention, Anslinger worked closely with Ralph Hayes, Vice President of The Coca-Cola Company, to procure coca leaf for the “secret formula” of the popular beverage. Anslinger cooperated with The Coca-Cola Company on legislative phraseology about the coca plant, and was its central ally in negotiations of the Single Convention agreement. As it was finally adopted, in addition to banning traditional use of coca leaves, the treaty contains a provision that allows use of the plant for the special purposes of The Coca-Cola Company.
The US chose to impose onerous restrictions on use of natural coca by the people of South America, while simultaneously affording the privilege to a North American corporation making billions off the very same leaf. The Coca-Cola Company is involved in the law against coca. As a longtime coca consumer, it should rather align itself with proponents of the plant in advancing a new understanding: in its native form, coca leaf has been used responsibly throughout human history.
As a result, Bolivia elected to withdraw from the treaty and then rejoin — an odd technicality that would allow the country to include a denouncement of coca prohibition amidst its obligation to the convention. On January 10, 2013, against the objections of the United States, Bolivia was granted this small victory.
That minimal, largely symbolic step is not enough. The United States should drop its objection to Bolivia’s desire to cultivate a leaf so closely linked with the cultural identity of its people. That, or we should reconsider the legal loophole that allows The Coca-Cola Company to use a plant that is categorically denied to its own native caretakers.
Original documents photographed by the author, from:
Subject files of the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs. US National Archives, College Park, MD.
H.J. Anslinger Papers, 1835–1970. Accession 1959–0006H, Historical Collections and Labor Archives, Special Collections Library, University Libraries, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA.
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(RxWiki News) One of the most important parts of medical science in pregnancy has been showing the effects of the maternal environment on the developing child.
Folic acid, now found in nearly every type of grain product, is one of the most important nutrients for the developing brain.
Research recently published examined the link between the government-mandated addition of folic acid to many foods found that afterwards, the rates of severe anatomical disorders of the brain decreased, as predicted.
What wasn't predicted was finding that some types of childhood cancer also became less common.
"Ask your doctor about nutrition in pregnancy. "
The study authors used the data from a 22 year period, noting the changes in 1992, after recommendations for all women to include folic acid in their diet, and again another change when the FDA mandated folic acid fortification in 1998.
Specifically, rates of Wilm's tumor, which is a childhood cancer of the kidney, a brain tumor known as primitive neuroectodermal tumors unique to children, and anatomical defects of the brain and spine all had significant and sustained decreases over this time period.
"We found that Wilms' tumor rates increased from 1986 to 1997 and decreased thereafter, which is an interesting finding since the downward change in the trend coincides exactly with folic acid fortification," Kimberly Johnson, PhD, stated.
Johnson went on to explain,"PNET rates increased from 1986 to 1993 and decreased thereafter. This change in the trend does not coincide exactly with folic acid fortification, but does coincide nicely with the 1992 recommendation for women of childbearing age to consume 400 micrograms of folic acid daily."
The National Cancer Institute's landmark cancer study, the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (SEER) has been in effect since 1973 and has been invaluable in discovering trends in cancer diagnosis.
Initially there was concern that fortifying foods with this nutrient would cause unintended problems, but so far the data seems to be positive.
"[The data shows] that folic acid fortification does not appear to be increasing rates of childhood cancers, which is good news," Julie Ross, PhD and study author concluded.
While more studies are needed before definite conclusions about the proper amount of folic acid needed, and to eliminate confounding variables, the link appears fairly straightforward at first glance.
The study was published in the journal Pediatrics on May 21, 2012.
Financial disclosures were not made publicly available.
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The idea of a lottery is centuries old. Many ancient documents record drawings of lots as a means of determining ownership and rights. The concept gained widespread popularity during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries in Europe. The first lotteries were held in 1612 when King James I (1566-1625) of England created a lottery for the town of Jamestown, Virginia. Many private and public organizations began using the proceeds from the lottery to support public works projects, towns, and wars.
The earliest recorded lotteries were held during the 17th century in the Low Countries. They were meant to raise funds for poor people and for town fortifications, and the general public enjoyed them. However, many believed the lotteries to be ineffective and reintroduced them a few centuries later. In 1445, the French emperor Louis XIV organized a lottery to raise funds for fortifications and walls. In exchange, the winning ticket holders received articles of unequal value, called florins.
States with state lotteries are the most likely to have lotteries, and most have them. They are legal and widespread in several European, Middle Eastern, and African nations. Lotteries also exist in some Asian mainland countries. However, some Communist states have attempted to ban the lotteries, considering them decadent. Therefore, the number of states that banned them was relatively small. In the United States, lotteries are widely available in nearly every state.
In ancient times, people divided their property by lot in order to determine ownership. This practice was even mentioned in the Old Testament where Moses was instructed to divide the land by lot for the people of Israel. In the Roman empire, lotteries were widely used to distribute property and slaves. The practice of lotteries was even considered a popular form of dinner entertainment. While taxes had never been widely accepted as a means of public funding, the practice of lottery-like games remained popular.
A lot of lottery players pool their money to buy lottery tickets. While group wins get more media coverage than solo wins, group winnings expose a broader group to the idea of winning a lottery. However, pooling arrangements can lead to disagreements and disputes when the group shares the prize money. Some group jackpot disputes have even gone to court, though these are relatively rare. The popularity of lotteries among the general public makes them an appealing means of raising money.
According to a study conducted by the Vinson Institute, lottery play is inversely related to education level. People with fewer years of education were more likely to play the lottery than those with more education. The lottery’s popularity has also increased in counties with higher percentages of African-Americans. The findings indicate that a lot of lottery players may be susceptible to gambling problems. And while lottery tickets may be inexpensive, there are other aspects of lottery-playing that make it a dangerous activity.
The early lottery games involved simple raffles, with the player having to wait weeks or months to see if they won the prize. However, this type of lottery game became increasingly popular during the 1970s. In fact, the Chinese Book of Songs even mentions the game as a “drawing of wood” or “drawing of lots.”
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