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Felix Aylmer
Career
imitated in real life by judges on the bench. Williams observed that an impersonation of Aylmer was a speciality of a colleague during his days with ENSA, the Armed Forces Entertainment Association, but he was certain that none of the troops knew who was being impersonated. Aylmer was President of Equity from 1950 to 1969. He was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in the 1950 King's Birthday Honours and knighted in the 1965 Queen's Birthday Honours. He was also the narrator in the original version (and recobbled cut) of Richard Williams' unfinished animated project, The Thief
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Felix Aylmer
Career & Personal life
and the Cobbler. At the age of 80 Felix Aylmer played a villain in an episode of Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased) entitled "It's Supposed to be Thicker than Water". His last major screen role was as the Abbot in the sitcom Oh, Brother!, opposite Derek Nimmo (1968–70). He appeared as a doctor in an episode of the TV series Jason King called "If It's Got To Go, It's Got To Go" in 1972, at the age of 83. Aylmer died in a nursing home, aged 90, in Pyrford, Surrey in 1979. Personal life He married Cecily Minnie Jane Byrne during the
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Felix Aylmer
Personal life
First World War, and they had two children.
{"datasets_id": 1842, "wiki_id": "Q113806", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 607}
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Felix Ermacora
Biography
Felix Ermacora Biography He was a professor of international law at the University of Innsbruck from 1956, at the University of Vienna from 1964, member of Parliament for the Austrian People's Party from 1971 to 1990, member of the European Commission of Human Rights and the United Nations Human Rights Committee 1959-1980 and 1984-1987. In 1974 he was President of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights, and from 1984 he was UN Special Rapporteur for Afghanistan. In 1992, he cofounded the Ludwig Boltzmann Institut für Menschenrechte, with his students and close collaborators Manfred Nowak and Hannes Tretter, and served
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Felix Ermacora
Biography
as its first director. He was part of UN delegations investigating human rights abuses in Chile, South Africa, occupied Palestine, Iran and Afghanistan. On behalf of the Council of Europe, he investigated human rights abuses in Algeria, Greece, Ireland, Turkey and Cyprus. As an academic, a legislator and a UN official, he fought unconditionally against injustice and human rights abuses. In an expert opinion commissioned by the Bavarian government in 1991, Ermacora concluded that the Expulsion of Germans after World War II constituted a genocide and crime against humanity. As the UN Special Rapporteur for Afghanistan, he uncovered "gross violations of
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Felix Ermacora
Biography
human rights" by Soviet forces in Afghanistan, made public in a 1985 report. He received the German Great Cross of Merit, Commander of the Ordre national du Mérite of France, Commander 1st Class of the Order of the Polar Star of Sweden, the European Charlemagne Award of the Sudetendeutsche Landsmannschaft, the UNESCO Prize for Human Rights Education in 1983 and the European Human Rights Prize of the Council of Europe in 1992 (jointly with Médecins Sans Frontières) for "an exceptional contribution to the cause of human rights". He received honorary doctorates at the universities of Cologne and Strasbourg, and was a
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Felix Ermacora
Biography
corresponding member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences from 1971. He was also a board member of the International Society for Human Rights. In 1999, the Felix Ermacora Institut was founded, and in 2005, the Felix Ermacora Human Rights Award was established by the Faction of the Conservative Party in the Austrian Parliament. The Felix Ermacora Society was founded in 2005, and is headed by Wolfgang Schüssel, the former Austrian Chancellor. His students include Andreas Khol, a former President of the Austrian parliament and, mosts prominently, Manfred Nowak. He died in 1995, of a disease he caught on a UN mission in Afghanistan
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Felix Ermacora
Biography
and Pakistan in December 1994.
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Felix Nartey
Early life & Career
Felix Nartey Early life Felix Nartey was born in Tema in Ghana. He graduated from Pope John Secondary School in 2008 and Central University with a B.Sc. in Banking and Finance in 2013, and as of 2017 was working on an M.B.A. from the Anhalt University of Applied Sciences. While studying at Central University he was appointed a Google Student Ambassador, a position that surged his interest in technology. Career After his first degree he became a banker and volunteered in other capacities. Nartey served as the community manager for Wikimedia Ghana. He later co-founded Open Foundation West Africa, a
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Felix Nartey
Career & Contributions in the Open Movement
non-profit organisation whose goal is to encourage the creation of content under open licenses. As of August 2017, Nartey works as the Global Coordinator for the Wikipedia Library at the Wikimedia Foundation. He is also a member of the interim Global Network Council of Creative Commons. Contributions in the Open Movement Nartey joined the Wikimedia movement in 2012. He adds content about his home country, Ghana, and leads several initiatives to promote the importance of editing Wikipedia, including GLAM activities, the Wikipedia Education Program, activities targeted at bridging the gender gap, and the Wikipedia Library. He was a member of the Advisory Group
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Felix Nartey
Contributions in the Open Movement
for the transition of the Creative Commons Global Network Strategy and a member of the Drafting Committee for the Wikimedia Movement Strategy. He was also a member of the core team of the Firefox Africa Group. In his Wikipedian of the Year dedication, Wales mentioned that Nartey played a leading role in the organisation of the 2nd Wiki Indaba conference 2017 in Accra, and has been critical in building up the local communities in Africa.
{"datasets_id": 1844, "wiki_id": "Q1140128", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 576}
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Felix Wong
Career
Felix Wong Career Wong was recruited into TVB's Artist Training Academy in September 1979, before his 18th birthday. While he was a trainee, he made cameo appearances in several dramas, such as The Bund (1980). After finish the school in 1981, Wong was offered a major supporting role in The Misadventure of Zoo (1981), which starred Lydia Shum and Adam Cheng. Afterwards, Wong was immediately cast to play the male lead in The Lonely Hunter (1981), which subsequently propelled him to instant fame in Hong Kong. While the drama was airing, Wong received more fan letters than any other popular
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Felix Wong
Career
TVB actors and actresses at the time. In the mid-1980s, Wong, along with Andy Lau, Tony Leung, Michael Miu and Kent Tong, were called the "Five Tiger Generals of TVB" and said to be the most popular male actors from TVB at that time. According to some polls conducted at the time, Wong had the largest fanbase. Wong is perhaps best known for his role as the hero Kwok Ching in the 1983 television series The Legend of the Condor Heroes, an adaptation of Louis Cha's novel of the same title. Wong also starred in another two television adaptations of Cha's novels,
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Felix Wong
Career
Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils (1982) and Sword Stained with Royal Blood (1986). Wong is also notable for his performance in Looking Back in Anger (1989), in which his character was involved in a love triangle with the characters played by Carina Lau and Kathy Chow. Besides playing the roles of the protagonists in most of his works, Wong has also achieved success for his portrayals of antagonists, such as the villain Lee Mat in The Grand Canal (1987), Jamukha in Genghis Khan (1987), and recently as Stone Sir in Gun Metal Grey (2010). In 1989, Wong left TVB after having completed filming
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Felix Wong
Career
Kim-mo Tuk-ku Kau-pai. He joined ATV and worked on four television series between 1990 and 1992. He also worked in the Taiwanese television drama Imperial Wanderer with Kathy Chow. Wong returned to TVB in 1993 and starred with Amy Chan in Racing Peak, a television series about a horse racing company. He left TVB again on 11 January 2002 to work on some mainland Chinese television series. Wong expressed his unhappiness with TVB in an interview, citing that as the reason for his departure. His last major project in TVB was Treasure Raiders, an adaptation of one of the works
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Felix Wong
Career
of Gu Long. Wong starred in the 2005 film Wait 'til You're Older after being invited by Andy Lau. In July 2009, after filming Turning Point, Wong revealed that he will be working with Michael Miu in a new crime fiction television drama on TVB in October 2009 called Gun Metal Grey. In TVB's 43rd anniversary special, Felix was asked why he returned to do Gun Metal Grey. He explained he returned because Michael Miu, an old friend, ask him to consider doing the series as an anniversary milestone in commemoration of their career in TVB together and he agreed. Subsequently, Wong
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Felix Wong
Career
had to turn down another role and said he lost the chance to earn HK$1 million because of filming Gun Metal Grey.
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Female Engagement Team
Female Engagement Team Female Engagement Teams (FETs) are groups of female military personnel around the world which undertake specialised gender-suited tasks. FETs' tasks are as varied as American FETs interacting with local Afghan women in Afghanistan; Ghana Battalion FETs taking part in gathering intelligence during peacekeeping operations in the Democratic Republic of Congo; New Zealand Defence Force FETs support Special Operations Force objectives, the primary role being to "engage with local women and adolescents [...] in situations where it would be culturally unacceptable to involve male SOF operators", and the Jordanian Armed Forces FETs helping to conduct physical searches of
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Female Engagement Team
woman along the borders. However FETs also have had their fair share of limited success and problems in certain operations, with service personnel unable to interact successfully with the required population, lack of translators, too short a time frame or commanders refusing to take up FET missions. Female Engagement Teams have their roots in American military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, in the form of Team Lioness between 2003 and 2004. In 2009 the US Marine Corps attached FETs to infantry units. One of the first FET programs is with 3rd Battalion, 8th Marine Regiment, Farah Province, Afghanistan. The first permanent
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Female Engagement Team
American FET arrived in Afghanistan (Regional Command Southwest) in March 2010 whereas the first British FET began in October 2010. Australia, United Kingdom and Canada also employed FETs in Afghanistan. Sweden used all-female as well as mixed-gender engagement teams.
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Fengping, Mangshi
History & Geography
Fengping, Mangshi History After the founding of the Communist State in 1953, Fengping District was set up. In May 1954 it was renamed "Meng Community". In February 1957, the Meng Community and Yun Community merged into one named "Mangshiba District". On March 23, 1969, it was renamed "Dongfeng People's Commune". In March 1984, it reverted to its former name of "Fengping District". In December 1987, its name was changed to "Fengping Township". On August 20, 1998, it was upgraded to a town. In November 2005, the former Fapa Town (法帕镇) was merged into Fengping Town. Geography The town has an
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Fengping, Mangshi
Geography & Economy & Education & Attraction
average elevation of 863-metre (2,831 ft). The Mangshi River (芒市大河), Guolang River (果朗河) and Guangsha River (广砂河) flow through the town. There are a number of lakes and reservoirs in the town which include Kongque Lake (孔雀湖; 'Peacock Lake'), Mengbanhe Reservoir (勐板河水库), Mangbie Reservoir (芒别水库), Yunmen Reservoir (允门水库), Namu Reservoir (那目水库), and Qingtanghe Reservoir (清塘河水库). Economy The local economy is primarily based upon agriculture and animal husbandry. Coffee, lemon, turmeric, bamboo, citrus and sugarcane are the main cash crops. Education The town has two public schools: Fengping School and Nongxiang School. Attraction Fengping Pagoda (风平佛塔) is a major attraction, it was originally built
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Fengping, Mangshi
Attraction & Transport
in 1728 during the region of Yongzheng Emperor of the Qing dynasty (1644–1911). Transport Dehong Mangshi Airport serves the town. The National Highway G320 passes across the town. The town is connected to two roads: Luying Road (潞盈公路) and Fengfa Road (风法公路).
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Fenil Shah
Early life and education & Chess career
Fenil Shah Early life and education Fenil Shah was born in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. He did his early schooling from Udgam School and pursued high school from St.Xaviers Loyola hall. Shah graduated with Bachelors in Civil Engineering from Nirma University in 2017. Fenil was introduced to the chessboard at the age of five. Chess career Fenil was introduced to the chessboard at the age of five. His journey began when he won his first ever state Championship U-7 category. In 2002, he finished third in the U-7 Category National Championship in Lucknow. He was also adjudicated as the youngest rated
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Fenil Shah
Chess career
player of India in the same year. In August 2003, he won the British U-11 and U-9 Categories at Smith and Williamson British Championship in Edinburg, Scotland. He also won the Silver Medal in Commonwealth Youth Championship U10 in 2003. Consequently, in 2005 he secured Silver Medal in Asian Youth U10 Championship at New Delhi. 2006 was a huge breakthrough for Fenil as he became the National U11 Champion of India and got selected in the India Team to represent India at international platforms. Later on, he went to win myriad Asian and Commonwealth Medals at international platforms in consecutive years. In the
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Fenil Shah
Chess career
Chennai Open in 2010, Fenil finished with 8 points out of 11, one point behind the eventual winner Turov Maxim. He defeated Grandmaster Gutov Andrey in the tournament and secured his first International Master Norm. In order to promote chess culture in his own state, Fenil made a unique record by playing simultaneous chess with 128 people simultaneously. He was a part of Guinness World Record event at Ahmedabad, wherein 20,480 people played at one venue. This event was spearheaded by then Chief Minister Narendra Modi and World Champion Viswanathan Anand in 2011. After a long academic break of 7 years,
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Fenil Shah
Chess career
Fenil returned to chess in 2017 wherein he became Senior State Champion of Gujarat, thus being the only person of Gujarat to have won all the State titles right from U-7,9,11,13,15,17,19,25 Team Championship and State Open. He was also awarded to the Title of Fide Master after breaching the 2300 elo rating mark in the Catalan Circuit. Shah also got an opportunity to participate in the open chess tournament in the world besides the elite chess player which include World Champion Magnus Carlsen, Vishwanath Anand and Vladimir Kramnik. He secured his second International Master Norm in Rilton Cup 2017-18 at Stockholm,
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Fenil Shah
Chess career
Sweden defeating International Master Krisel Robert in the final crucial game. In Aeroflot Open at Moscow, Russia Shah earned his final International Norm with a round to spare and thus completed his norm requirements. Fenil completed his title formalities in May 2018 when he had a published rating of 2411, thus completing the rating criteria and becoming an International Master. He was awarded the International Master Title in the 2nd Presidential Board Meeting at Bucharest, Romania.
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Fereej Al Soudan
Etymology & Visitor attractions & Transport & Education
Fereej Al Soudan Etymology "Fereej" in Arabic translates to "neighborhood", while "soudan" is derived from the Al-Suwaidi tribe, which was among the first tribes to settle the area. Visitor attractions Fereej Al Soudan Family Park is one of the smaller attractions in the neighborhood. It features a children's playground and a football pitch. Seating and parking is available. Transport Currently, the underground Al Soudan Metro Station is under construction, having been launched during Phase 1. Once completed, it will be part of Doha Metro's Gold Line. Education The American School of Doha, opened in 1988, is based in Fereej Al
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Fereej Al Soudan
Education
Soudan.
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Fernando Guzmán Solórzano
Fernando Guzmán Solórzano Fernando Guzmán Solórzano (30 May 1812 in Tipitapa – 19 October 1891 in Granada) was the President of Nicaragua from 1 March 1867 to 1 March 1871. He was a member of the Conservative Party. He was a relative of Carlos José Solórzano, President of Nicaragua in 1920s.
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Ferndale, New York
Ferndale, New York Ferndale is a hamlet in the Town of Liberty, Sullivan County, New York. It is situated along the Old Rte 17 between Harris and Liberty. The zipcode is 12734.
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Ferreira's spiny tree-rat
Etymology & Systematics
Ferreira's spiny tree-rat Etymology The etymology of the species name corresponds to the Latin word hispidus meaning bristly. Systematics The description of Mesomys hispidus was conducted on a specimen collected by the naturalist Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira during his travels in Amazonian Brazil, hence the species name. Initially deposited in the Museu Real d'Ajuda of Portugal, it has been brought to Paris in 1808 after the plundering of Lisbon by the armies of Napoleon. Then, in 1817, Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest described the species based on this specimen housed in the National Museum of Natural History (France) of Paris. Using ancient DNA technology,
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Ferreira's spiny tree-rat
Systematics
a portion of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene has been sequenced from a small skin fragment of this holotype. DNA sequence comparisons then suggested that the specimen was originally obtained in eastern Amazonia north of the Amazon River, most likely in the Brazilian state of Amapá.
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Festival of Jewish Culture in Warsaw
Festival of Jewish Culture in Warsaw Festival of Jewish Culture in Warsaw – "Singer's Warsaw" is an annual celebration of Jewish culture that has been held in Warsaw since 2004. The Festival includes Jewish (both Hebrew and Yiddish) theater, music, films, exhibits and expositions. It attempts to recreate Jewish culture from the period of interwar Poland, complete with historical buildings and atmosphere. Regular features include kosher food (along with instructions as to how to prepare it in one's own kitchen), dancing, songs, crafts, ceramics and posters. Numerous workshops, discussion groups and seminars are also held on topics related to Yiddish culture. The
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Festival of Jewish Culture in Warsaw
festival is organized by the Polish-Israeli-American Shalom Foundation, which began in 1988 on the initiative of Gołda Tencer, an actress and producer of the Jewish Theatre in Warsaw. The purpose of the foundation is the popularization of Jewish culture in Poland, and the remembrance of its Jewish communities. The first annual festival was held in 2004 on the 100th anniversary of the birthday of Isaac Bashevis Singer (note that Singer's actual birth date is uncertain). The logo of the festival consists of a combination of a fiddler on a rooftop (to symbolize Polish Jewish culture) and that of the Warsaw Syrenka (to
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Festival of Jewish Culture in Warsaw
symbolize Warsaw). It was designed by Lech Majewski. The 2009 festival was held from the 29 August until 6 September. Guests and participants included: Nigel Kennedy David Krakauer and Klezmer Madness!, the Gorale folk band Zakopower, Benzion Miller, Kroke, the author Hanna Krall, Michał Piróg, Trombenik, Janusz Tylman, Israel's ambassador to Poland Zvi Rav-Ner and many others.
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Festuca rubra subsp. commutata
Cultivation
Festuca rubra subsp. commutata Cultivation In a lawn, Chewing's fescue has a very high shoot density and fine appearance, high tolerance to low temperatures, and very good visual merit. It is tolerant of acidic soils, shows high shade tolerance (under light wear), very resistant to common turf diseases and requires minimal water and fertiliser. These properties make it an ideal constituent in lawn turfs, where it is often found mixed with ryegrasses, smooth meadow-grass, red fescue and bent grasses. It is not particularly tolerant of heavy wear or very close mowing (<5mm), however.
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Fiat 125
The body & Engine and running gear
Fiat 125 The body The floor pan was virtually unchanged from that of the longer variant of the outgoing model, the Fiat 1300/1500, and the chassis used was the same as the Fiat 1300/1500. The body was a slightly lengthened development of the Fiat 124: both models shared the same passenger compartment and doors, but the 125's rear seat was set slightly further back, reflecting the 2505 mm wheel-base, inherited from the Fiat 1500 and over 8 cm (3 inches) longer than that of the 124. Engine and running gear The new car's engine was based on the one fitted in the
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Fiat 125
Engine and running gear & Developments
Fiat 124 Sport: a 1608 cc DOHC unit with 90 bhp driving the rear wheels. The 125 was equipped with a Solex carburettor. The car was fitted with an alternator, reflecting the twin headlights and the increasing number of energy intensive electrical components appearing on cars at this time. Other noteworthy features included the electromagnetic cooling fan clutch. Developments In 1968 the 125S ("Special") was added to the range, with 100 bhp (from a modified cylinder head, camshafts, inlet/outlet manifold and Weber/Solex carburettor) and, unusually at this time, a five-speed gearbox. It also had one of the
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Fiat 125
Developments
world's first intermittent wipers, halogen lights, servo-assisted twin circuit brakes and optional superlight magnesium wheels. A variety of other improvements were made including improved cabin ventilation, trim and styling. The 125 was praised when new for its handling and dynamics. British Autocar found the slight understeer tendencies were easily cured by adjusting the front camber. The Special was facelifted in 1971 using pretty much the same trim as the 125S, but both front and rear lights were new and wider, enhancing the visual width of the car. The interior gained upgraded upholstery of the seats and a wood facia. A three-speed automatic transmission
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Q605272
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Fiat 125
Developments & Variations
as well as air conditioning became available as an option. Variations A variant, the 125 T, was made by the Fiat importers in New Zealand, Torino Motors, for the annual 6 hour production car race, the Benson and Hedges 500. The 125T has larger valves, two twin Weber DCOH or Dell'Orto 40DHLA carburettors (depending on availability), modified camshafts and a higher compression ratio to produce around 125 bhp (93 kW), lowered and stiffer suspension. All featured Ward alloy wheels and were painted bright yellow. Sources for production figures quote that between 84 and 89 were modified. Reasons for stopping production are
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1,854
Q605272
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Fiat 125
Variations & Production
sometimes given that Fiat headquarters found out and stopped this venture. However a more likely scenario is that selling the required 200 cars in a market that only sold 1,000 Fiats in total each year was a tall order. Other versions were built by Moretti, who made the 125GS 1.6 with styling similar to the Fiat Dino Spider. Zagato made the 125Z; Savio, a 125 Coupé and 125 Station Wagon; Bertone, a 125 Executive; and Vignale produced the Samantha, a two-door coupé with pop-up headlights, designed by Virginio Vairo. Production Production by Fiat in Italy ceased in 1972 when the
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1,854
Q605272
22
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26
516
Fiat 125
Production & Poland
Fiat 132 was introduced. A total of 603,877 cars having been built. Poland A licence copy was also produced in Poland by the Fabryka Samochodów Osobowych (FSO) from 1967 until 1991, under the brand Polski Fiat as the Polski Fiat 125p, and later as the FSO 1500, FSO 1300, or FSO 125p. It was a somewhat simplified variation of the Fiat car, with outdated 1300 cc or 1500 cc engines and mechanicals from the Fiat 1300/1500. Polish cars differed in details from Italian ones, most visible were four round headlights instead of square ones, simpler bumpers and front grill, orange front
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1,854
Q605272
26
516
38
24
Fiat 125
Poland & Yugoslavia/Serbia & Egypt & Argentina
turn signal lenses, different shape details in tail and front lamps design, simpler body sheet metal stampings, old Fiat 1300/1500 chassis and interior. This model was also available as an estate (the Polski Fiat 125p Kombi) and a pickup developed in Poland after Italian Fiat 125 production ended in 1972. Yugoslavia/Serbia The Zastava 125 was a Zastava produced model identical to the Polish 125p. Available versions were called 125 PZ with 1,295 or 1,481 cc engines. Egypt In Egypt production of the Polish 125p version went on under the name Nasr 125 until 1983. Argentina In Argentina the 125 was
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1,854
Q605272
38
24
50
25
Fiat 125
Argentina & Colombia & Chile & Morocco
built from 1972 to 1982, initially by Fiat-Concord and later Sevel. In addition to the 4-door sedan version, a station wagon (called "Familiar"), a pickup (called "Multicarga", a unique Argentine design) were built. There was also a coupe called 125 Sport with the same mechanics than the sedan, but based on the Fiat Coupé 1500 Vignale. Colombia A few copies were made of Italian 125 and was quickly replaced by Polish 125p better suited to the local market. Chile A car that was manufactured almost equal to the Fiat 125 Special restyling in march of 1970. Morocco SOMACA (Société Marocaine
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1,854
Q605272
50
25
50
82
Fiat 125
Morocco
de Construction Automobile) assembled 125 in Casablanca.
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Fiat M16/43
Development
Fiat M16/43 Development In early 1941, the Italian Army requested that Fiat and Ansaldo develop a low profile 15 to 16 t (15 to 16 long tons) tank to counter the faster and more heavily armed A-13 series tanks exemplified by the Crusader tank. Fiat-Ansaldo began the new tank project in June 1941 by creating a wooden mock-up on a M14/41 medium tank chassis, inclining the tank's armour plates to create a glacis. The armour remained, like other contemporary Italian tanks of the period, bolted rather than welded together and generally thinner than tanks of other countries. Many different engines, including
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Q3660747
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6
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Fiat M16/43
Development
petrol-fueled aircraft engines, were tested on the chassis before development of the Sahariano tank was halted. At the time of cancellation a 275 hp gasoline engine was being tested. An elongated M14/41 turret housing a 47 mm 47/40 L40 was tested on the Sahariano tank and would also be used by the M15/42 medium tank. There were plans to later fit a 75 mm gun on the production model of the Sahariano tank as well. The Sahariano was the first Italian tank to feature a modified Christie suspension system, a more robust and faster suspension system than the leaf spring bogies used on
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Q3660747
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Fiat M16/43
Development
previous Italian tank designs. Ansaldo based the Sahariano's suspension on British tanks encountered in North Africa and a captured Soviet BT-5 from the Spanish Civil War. By the time of the project's cancellation, the design looked very similar to their British counterparts but with a notably lower design profile, making the tank easier to conceal and more difficult to hit. Several factors contributed to the project's demise: the concurrent development of the Carro Armato P 40 heavy tank; the strain of introducing a new tank model on an already weakened Italian industrial base; the potential of license production of foreign tanks
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1,855
Q3660747
6
1,818
6
1,966
Fiat M16/43
Development
such as the Czechoslovakian T-21 medium tank; and, most decisively, Italy's loss of its Libya colony and the seeming end of a need for a fast tank.
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1,856
Q5446321
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Fiat Moretti Sportiva
History & Specifications
Fiat Moretti Sportiva History Introduced in 1965 at the Turin Motor Show, the Sport was Moretti’s last car that could be customised beyond the usual of choice of seat colours. There was the possibility to obtain trim and equipment levels of great prestige for the age according to the buyer’s taste. The Sport was initially proposed as a two-seater coupé although it became available as a convertible. The original sport had dual headlights, although a dealer from Switzerland fitted two sports with quad headlights to resemble the not yet available Fiat Dino. Specifications The Sportiva was originally offered with an
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1,856
Q5446321
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105
Fiat Moretti Sportiva
Specifications & Production
850 cc engine producing around 47 hp (35 kW) at 6,000 rpm. The standard engine was later enlarged to 982 cc. Due to the aerodynamic profile, it was necessary to mount the spare wheel horizontally in the front luggage area, occupying it entirely. Therefore, the designers had to create a luggage compartment, made from a stiff cloth, between the seats and the engine space. The lack of rear seats was unappreciated by purchasers and in the successive year, Moretti introduced the S4 four seater. Production Approximately 300 examples of the Sport were produced in various forms (around 52 examples of the Moretti
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1,856
Q5446321
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14
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Fiat Moretti Sportiva
Production
Sportiva S2). The base price for the Moretti Sport in 1967 was 1.095.000 Liras which could increase with personalisation to nearly two million Lira. In comparison, the more luxurious and modern Fiat 124 in the same year had a list price of 1.035.000 Liras.
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Q1232827
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Fides et ratio
Content
Fides et ratio Content Fides et ratio was the first encyclical since Pope Leo XIII's 1879 Aeterni Patris to address the relationship between faith and reason. The encyclical posits that faith and reason are not only compatible, but essential together. Faith without reason, he argues, leads to superstition. Reason without faith, he argues, leads to nihilism and relativism. He writes: 4 Through philosophy's work, the ability to speculate which is proper to the human intellect produces a rigorous mode of thought; and then in turn, through the logical coherence of the affirmations made and the organic unity of their content, it
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Fides et ratio
Content
produces a systematic body of knowledge.... [T]his has brought with it the temptation to identify one single stream with the whole of philosophy. In such cases, we are clearly dealing with a "philosophical pride" which seeks to present its own partial and imperfect view as the complete reading of all reality.... Although reason creates a "systematic body of knowledge," the Pope avers, its completeness is illusory: 5 Yet the positive results achieved must not obscure the fact that reason, in its one-sided concern to investigate human subjectivity, seems to have forgotten that men and women are always called to direct their
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Fides et ratio
Content
steps towards a truth which transcends them. Sundered from that truth, individuals are at the mercy of caprice, and their state as person ends up being judged by pragmatic criteria based essentially upon experimental data, in the mistaken belief that technology must dominate all. It has happened therefore that reason, rather than voicing the human orientation towards truth, has wilted under the weight of so much knowledge and little by little has lost the capacity to lift its gaze to the heights, not daring to rise to the truth of being. Abandoning the investigation of being, modern philosophical research has
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Fides et ratio
Content
concentrated instead upon human knowing. Rather than make use of the human capacity to know the truth, modern philosophy has preferred to accentuate the ways in which this capacity is limited and conditioned. Without a grounding in spiritual truth, he continues, reason has: 5 ...given rise to different forms of agnosticism and relativism which have led philosophical research to lose its way in the shifting sands of widespread scepticism. Recent times have seen the rise to prominence of various doctrines which tend to devalue even the truths which had been judged certain. A legitimate plurality of positions has yielded to an
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Fides et ratio
Content
undifferentiated pluralism, based upon the assumption that all positions are equally valid, which is one of today's most widespread symptoms of the lack of confidence in truth. Even certain conceptions of life coming from the East betray this lack of confidence, denying truth its exclusive character and assuming that truth reveals itself equally in different doctrines, even if they contradict one another. On this understanding, everything is reduced to opinion; and there is a sense of being adrift. While, on the one hand, philosophical thinking has succeeded in coming closer to the reality of human life and its forms of
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Fides et ratio
Content
expression, it has also tended to pursue issues—existential, hermeneutical or linguistic—which ignore the radical question of the truth about personal existence, about being and about God. Hence we see among the men and women of our time, and not just in some philosophers, attitudes of widespread distrust of the human being's great capacity for knowledge. With a false modesty, people rest content with partial and provisional truths, no longer seeking to ask radical questions about the meaning and ultimate foundation of human, personal and social existence. In short, the hope that philosophy might be able to provide definitive answers to
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Fides et ratio
Content
these questions has dwindled. On the roles of philosophy and speculative theology as manifested by Augustine: 40. The Bishop of Hippo succeeded in producing the first great synthesis of philosophy and theology, embracing currents of thought both Greek and Latin. In him too the great unity of knowledge, grounded in the thought of the Bible, was both confirmed and sustained by a depth of speculative thinking. The synthesis devised by Saint Augustine remained for centuries the most exalted form of philosophical and theological speculation known to the West. Reinforced by his personal story and sustained by a wonderful holiness of life, he
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Fides et ratio
Content
could also introduce into his works a range of material which, drawing on experience, was a prelude to future developments in different currents of philosophy. On the wrong turns in modern philosophy and the duty of the magisterium: 49. The Church has no philosophy of her own nor does she canonize any one particular philosophy in preference to others... Yet history shows that philosophy—especially modern philosophy—has taken wrong turns and fallen into error. It is neither the task nor the competence of the Magisterium to intervene in order to make good the lacunas of deficient philosophical discourse. Rather, it is the Magisterium's
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Fides et ratio
Content
duty to respond clearly and strongly when controversial philosophical opinions threaten right understanding of what has been revealed, and when false and partial theories which sow the seed of serious error, confusing the pure and simple faith of the People of God, begin to spread more widely. 50. In the light of faith, therefore, the Church's Magisterium can and must authoritatively exercise a critical discernment of opinions and philosophies which contradict Christian doctrine. It is the task of the Magisterium in the first place to indicate which philosophical presuppositions and conclusions are incompatible with revealed truth, thus articulating the demands which
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Fides et ratio
Content
faith's point of view makes of philosophy. In sum, the Pope "makes this strong and insistent appeal" that "faith and philosophy recover the profound unity which allows them to stand in harmony with their nature without compromising their mutual autonomy. The parrhesia of faith must be matched by the boldness of reason.
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Fifth Siege of Gibraltar
Prelude to the siege
Fifth Siege of Gibraltar Prelude to the siege Alfonso XI had attempted to retake Gibraltar in the Fourth Siege of 1333, immediately after the fortified town had been captured by the Moors in the Third Siege, but had been forced to withdraw after two months of siege warfare. Peace was temporarily restored through a four-year truce that expired in 1338. After resuming the conflict in 1339, the Moors suffered major reverses. A Moroccan army under Abd al-Malik Abd al-Wahid was wiped out by the Castilians in 1339 while in 1340 a much bigger army under Yusuf I of Granada and Sultan
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Fifth Siege of Gibraltar
Prelude to the siege & Fall of Algeciras
Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman of Morocco was destroyed in the Battle of Río Salado by a Christian army representing all the Christian Spanish kingdoms and Portugal. It was one of the largest battles of the Reconquista with possibly as many as 150,000–200,000 men on each side; the Moors admitted to 60,000 dead on their side alone. Although the defeat left Moorish Andalusia extremely vulnerable, the Christian kingdoms did not press their advantage and gave the Moors time to rebuild their forces. Fall of Algeciras In August 1342, Alfonso XI laid siege to the strategic port of Algeciras on the
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Q5447551
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Fifth Siege of Gibraltar
Fall of Algeciras
western side of the Bay of Gibraltar with a Castilian naval force blockading the city's access to the sea. The twenty-month siege was notable for its use of cannon by the Moors; it was one of the first occasions that guns were used effectively in European warfare. Although they succeeded in holding off the Castilians, neither side was able to gain the upper hand until the Castilian fleet managed to lay a boom across the entrance to the harbour of Algeciras, completing the blockade. With the garrison now completely cut off, Yusuf I accepted defeat in March 1344 and proposed
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Fifth Siege of Gibraltar
Fall of Algeciras
a fifteen-year truce in exchange for the surrender of Algeciras, permitting the garrison to withdraw peacefully, and the resumption of tribute payments by Granada to Castile. Alfonso XI accepted the proposal but reduced the truce period to ten years. The truce only lasted until 1348 when Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman was overthrown by his son Abu Inan Faris. Yusuf I resumed hostilities with a raid against Castilian territory. This gave Alfonso XI the opportunity to declare to the Castilian Cortes in December 1348 that he would march against Gibraltar, which was by now a Moorish enclave within Castilian-held territory. It
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Fifth Siege of Gibraltar
Fall of Algeciras & Siege and plague
was not an easy target; the town had been substantially refortified with new walls, towers and a greatly strengthened citadel, the Moorish Castle. Many of the weaknesses that had been exposed in the sieges of 1333, such as a lack of fortifications in the south of Gibraltar, had been remedied. Siege and plague Alfonso XI launched his expedition in August 1349, having made extensive preparations to ensure that he would not face the problems that had doomed his 1333 attempt. He raised money through three extraordinary levies, obtaining shares of ecclesiastical income granted by the Pope (who had endorsed Alfonso's
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Fifth Siege of Gibraltar
Siege and plague
campaigns as crusades), selling royal lands and having the crown jewels melted down and sold. He also had much tighter control of his nobles than in 1333, with many of the great nobles of Castile accompanying the expedition. He set up his base in the area of La Línea de la Concepción, north of Gibraltar, with an army of some 20,000 men. The Castilians made no attempt to storm Gibraltar but settled down for a long siege and dug defensive ditches across the isthmus to block Moorish attempts to break out. The camp was more like a town than a
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Fifth Siege of Gibraltar
Siege and plague
temporary camp, with barracks constructed for the army. Alfonso even brought along most of his family by his mistress Leonora de Guzman – four boys and a girl – with his legitimate son Peter remaining in Seville. The siege was supported by primitive cannon in what was to be the first use of gunpowder weapons against Gibraltar's fortifications. The siege dragged on through autumn and winter with no sign of the garrison surrendering. In the New Year of 1350, the Black Death – which had been raging through western Europe for the previous two years – appeared in the camp. The
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Fifth Siege of Gibraltar
Siege and plague
outbreak caused panic as increasing numbers of Castilian troops began dying from the plague. The generals, nobles and ladies of the royal household begged Alfonso to call off the siege, but the king refused; according to the Castilian chroniclers, he drew his sword and declared that he would not leave until Gibraltar was under Christian rule again. As the Chronica de Alfonso XI puts it, He replied to the Lords and Knights who so advised and counselled him, that he asked them to voice no such advice [to leave]; for he had that town and noble fortress on the point of
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Q5447551
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Fifth Siege of Gibraltar
Siege and plague
surrendering to him, and he minded that it would soon be his; the Moors had won it and the Christians had lost it in his time, and it would be a greatly shameful thing if because of fear of death he left it as it was." Alfonso's determination was soon to cost him his life. The Chronica records that "it was the will of God that the King fell ill and had the swellings, and he died on Good Friday, 27 March of the year of our Lord Jesus Christ 1350." His death meant the immediate end of the siege. He
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Fifth Siege of Gibraltar
Siege and plague
was the only medieval monarch to die of the plague. Yusuf I, who had been organising a relief force, let the Castilians withdraw in peace, while the Moorish garrison of Gibraltar left the safety of the town walls to bid farewell to the Castilian king's funeral cortège. The Moors recognised that they had had a narrow escape; as the Arab historian Al-Khatib later put it, "King Alfonso was within reach of obtaining the whole Spanish peninsula, ... yet as he besieged Gibraltar, Allah in His great wisdom favoured the Faithful in their extremity."
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Figure skating at the 1952 Winter Olympics – Men's singles
Figure skating at the 1952 Winter Olympics – Men's singles The men's figure skating competition at the 1952 Winter Olympics took place on February 19 and 21 at Jordal Amfi and Bislett stadion. The compulsory figures were held at Jordal Amfi, while the Free skating was contested at Bislett stadion. The ice surface at Bislett was set inside the oval created by the speed skating track. It was also an outdoor arena, which was used for the opening and closing ceremonies. There were no issues with the weather and the skating surface at Bislett was immaculate. Computers were used for
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Q5448033
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Figure skating at the 1952 Winter Olympics – Men's singles
the first time during the figure skating competitions to help tabulate the judges' marks and relay the results instantaneously. American Dick Button was the dominant force in men's international skating, having won the Olympic title in 1948, and the World Championships in 1948, 1949, 1950 and 1951. Only three men had come close to challenging him in the years since his first Olympic victory, teammates Hayes Jenkins and James Grogan, and Austrian Helmut Seibt, who had won the European Championships in 1951 and 1952. Button took a strong lead after the compulsory figures and just needed to skate safely in the
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Figure skating at the 1952 Winter Olympics – Men's singles
free skating to earn his second gold medal. Instead he chose to perform the triple loop, which was the first triple jump ever performed in international competition. He executed the jump without error and finished his skate cleanly, he was awarded perfect marks by the judges and won his second Olympic gold medal. The battle for second place was much closer and hotly contested between Helmut Seibt and James Grogan. Seibt did well in the compulsories but faltered in the free skating. Grogan was third after the compulsories but could not overtake Seibt in the free skating. The final marks placed
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Q5448033
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Figure skating at the 1952 Winter Olympics – Men's singles
Seibt in second place by one-tenth of a point, the closest possible margin. Hayes Jenkins placed fourth and went on to win the gold medal at the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy. One week later Button, Grogan and Jenkins swept the World Championships. For Dick Button it was his fifth consecutive world title, it also marked the end of his competitive skating career.
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FileVault
Versions and key features
FileVault Versions and key features FileVault was introduced with Mac OS X Panther (10.3), and could only be applied to a user's home directory, not the startup volume. The operating system uses an encrypted sparse disk image (a large single file) to present a volume for the home directory. Mac OS X Leopard and Mac OS X Snow Leopard use more modern sparse bundle disk images which spread the data over 8 MB files (called bands) within a bundle. Apple refers to this original iteration of FileVault as legacy FileVault. Mac OS X Lion and newer offer FileVault 2, which is
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Q1305323
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FileVault
Versions and key features & FileVault & Master passwords and recovery keys
a significant redesign. This encrypts the entire OS X startup volume and typically includes the home directory, abandoning the disk image approach. For this approach to disk encryption, authorised users' information is loaded from a separate non-encrypted boot volume (partition/slice type Apple_Boot). FileVault The original version of FileVault was added in Mac OS X Panther to encrypt a user's home directory. Master passwords and recovery keys When FileVault is enabled the system invites the user to create a master password for the computer. If a user password is forgotten, the master password or recovery key may be used to decrypt
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18
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FileVault
Master passwords and recovery keys & Manual encryption
the files instead. Manual encryption Instead of using FileVault to encrypt a user's home directory, using Disk Utility a user can create an encrypted disk image themselves and store any subset of their home directory in there (for example, ~/Documents/private). This encrypted image behaves similar to a Filevault encrypted home directory, but is under the user's maintenance. Encrypting only a part of a user's home directory might be problematic when applications need access to the encrypted files, which will not be available until the user mounts the encrypted image. This can be mitigated to a certain extent by making symbolic links
{"datasets_id": 1860, "wiki_id": "Q1305323", "sp": 18, "sc": 610, "ep": 22, "ec": 597}
1,860
Q1305323
18
610
22
597
FileVault
Manual encryption & Issues
for these specific files. Issues Several shortcomings were identified in Legacy FileVault. Its security can be broken by cracking either 1024-bit RSA or 3DES-EDE. Legacy FileVault used the CBC mode of operation (see disk encryption theory); FileVault 2 uses stronger XTS-AESW mode. Another issue is storage of keys in the macOS "safe sleep" mode. A study published in 2008 found data remanence in dynamic random-access memory (DRAM), with data retention of seconds to minutes at room temperature and much longer times when memory chips were cooled to low temperature. The study authors were able to use a cold boot attack
{"datasets_id": 1860, "wiki_id": "Q1305323", "sp": 22, "sc": 597, "ep": 22, "ec": 1266}
1,860
Q1305323
22
597
22
1,266
FileVault
Issues
to recover cryptographic keys for several popular disk encryption systems, including FileVault, by taking advantage of redundancy in the way keys are stored after they have been expanded for efficient use, such as in key scheduling. The authors recommend that computers be powered down, rather than be left in a "sleep" state, when not in physical control by the owner. Early versions of FileVault automatically stored the user's passphrase in the system keychain, requiring the user to notice and manually disable this security hole. In 2006, following a talk at the 23rd Chaos Communication Congress titled Unlocking FileVault: An Analysis of Apple's
{"datasets_id": 1860, "wiki_id": "Q1305323", "sp": 22, "sc": 1266, "ep": 26, "ec": 283}
1,860
Q1305323
22
1,266
26
283
FileVault
Issues & Security
Encrypted Disk Storage System, Jacob Appelbaum & Ralf-Philipp Weinmann released VileFault which decrypts encrypted Mac OS X disk image files. A free space wipe using Disk Utility left a large portion of previously deleted file remnants intact. Similarly, FileVault compact operations only wiped small parts of previously deleted data. Security FileVault uses the user's login password as the encryption pass phrase. It uses the AES-XTS mode of AES with 128 bit blocks and a 256 bit key to encrypt the disk, as recommended by NIST. Only unlock-enabled users can start or unlock the drive. Once unlocked, other users may also use
{"datasets_id": 1860, "wiki_id": "Q1305323", "sp": 26, "sc": 283, "ep": 34, "ec": 202}
1,860
Q1305323
26
283
34
202
FileVault
Security & Performance & Master passwords and recovery keys
the computer until it is shut down. Performance The I/O performance penalty for using FileVault 2 was found to be in the order of around 3% when using CPUs with the AES instruction set, such as the Intel Core i and MacOS 10.10.3. Performance deterioration will be larger for CPUs without this instruction set, such as older Core CPUs. Master passwords and recovery keys When FileVault 2 is enabled while the system is running, the system creates and displays a recovery key for the computer, and optionally offers the user to store the key with Apple. The 120 bit recovery
{"datasets_id": 1860, "wiki_id": "Q1305323", "sp": 34, "sc": 202, "ep": 38, "ec": 276}
1,860
Q1305323
34
202
38
276
FileVault
Master passwords and recovery keys & Validation
key is encoded with all letters and numbers 1 through 9, and read from /dev/random, and therefore relies on the security of the PRNG used in macOS. During a cryptanalysis in 2012, this mechanism was found safe. Changing the recovery key is not possible without re-encrypting the File Vault volume. Validation Users who use FileVault 2 in OS X 10.9 and above can validate their key correctly works after encryption by running sudo fdesetup validaterecovery in Terminal after encryption has finished. The key must be in form xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx and will return true if correct.
{"datasets_id": 1861, "wiki_id": "Q5449955", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 381}
1,861
Q5449955
2
0
4
381
Finding Merlin
Finding Merlin Finding Merlin: The Truth Behind The Legend is a 2007 book by Scottish advocate Adam Ardrey, in which he puts forward the theory that Merlin was a Scottish druid, politician and scholar. The book claims that Merlin was born in 540 CE in Cadzow (Hamilton), and died circa 618 in Drumelzier, near Dunipace. The book also states that one of Merlin's main antagonists was Saint Mungo.
{"datasets_id": 1862, "wiki_id": "Q5450761", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 611}
1,862
Q5450761
2
0
6
611
Finnish Canadians
History
Finnish Canadians History The earliest Finnish immigrants to Canada came from the US, possibly as early as 1820's for the construction of the Welland Canal. The Canadian Pacific Railway recruited immigrants directly from Finland in the late 1800s. Canadians of Finnish ancestry often formed a large percentage of left-wing organizations during the early 1900s, as Finland had, by 1906 as a part of the Russian empire, already become one of the first nations to adopt universal suffrage. Up until the early 1940s, the so-called "Red Finns," who held deep socialist convictions, far outnumbered "White Finns," the more religious
{"datasets_id": 1862, "wiki_id": "Q5450761", "sp": 6, "sc": 611, "ep": 6, "ec": 1269}
1,862
Q5450761
6
611
6
1,269
Finnish Canadians
History
and conservative Finns. This was partially due to the number of political refugees escaping persecution after the Finnish Civil War, but also attributable to the response of several, formerly apolitical Finns from rural Ostrobothnia, to harsh economic conditions. Finnish Canadians with Marxist political views aligned themselves with the Social Democratic Party of Canada and later, with the Communist Party of Canada, centered around the newspaper Vapaus (Freedom). Many Finns, however, were distrustful of politicians as a result of the perceived failure and reformism of the Finnish Social Democratic Party during the general strike in November 1917
{"datasets_id": 1862, "wiki_id": "Q5450761", "sp": 6, "sc": 1269, "ep": 6, "ec": 1931}
1,862
Q5450761
6
1,269
6
1,931
Finnish Canadians
History
and the reformist policy the party adopted after the Civil War. Finns arriving in Canada who had already faced severe class conflict and repression would line-up with the radical union, the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) emphasizing anti-authoritarianism and anti-statism. The IWW would hold considerable influence in the mines and logging camps of Northern Ontario. A decline in the Finnish-Canadian population began with the exodus 2000-3000 skilled workers and loggers to Soviet Karelia in the 1920s and 30s, and the large number of Finnish-Canadian volunteers in the Spanish Civil War. Finnish-Canadians, along with Ukrainians, formed the
{"datasets_id": 1862, "wiki_id": "Q5450761", "sp": 6, "sc": 1931, "ep": 6, "ec": 2625}
1,862
Q5450761
6
1,931
6
2,625
Finnish Canadians
History
largest section of volunteers in the Canadian contingent of the International Brigades, Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion. Finns formed the Mackenzie-Papineau Battalions "Ilkka" machine-gun company. The period after the 1930s marks a decline in Finnish co-operative activity in Canada. Canada started seeing a drastic increase in immigration from Finland during the late 1920s and forward, as the United States Immigration Act of 1924 did not consider Finland to be among the Western European favourable countries to have immigration from, resulting in a strong restriction of 500 Finnish immigrants per year to the US. Despite conservative "White" Finnish support for Nazi Germany during
{"datasets_id": 1862, "wiki_id": "Q5450761", "sp": 6, "sc": 2625, "ep": 10, "ec": 408}
1,862
Q5450761
6
2,625
10
408
Finnish Canadians
History & Demographic concentrations
World War II, Canadian immigration policy in the 1940s favoured admitting "White Finns" to Canada. This, combined with a fiercely anti-socialist view in the post-World War II era, led to a shift in the political balance of the Finnish-Canadian community. Demographic concentrations Central Canada (mainly Ontario) has generally been the largest destination for Finns, followed by British Columbia, recording 72,990 (ON) and 29,875 (BC) Finns in 2006. Several small rural Finnish communities were established in Alberta and Saskatchewan. Today, the communities of Thunder Bay, Sudbury and New Finland form the main centres of Finnish-Canadian activity. Thunder Bay boasts the largest
{"datasets_id": 1862, "wiki_id": "Q5450761", "sp": 10, "sc": 408, "ep": 10, "ec": 872}
1,862
Q5450761
10
408
10
872
Finnish Canadians
Demographic concentrations
Finnish population outside of Fennoscandia, and the only Finnish cultural centre in Canada, housed in the Finnish Labour Temple along with the Hoito Restaurant. The Finnish-Canadian weeklies Canadan Sanomat and Vapaa Sana publish out of Thunder Bay and Toronto respectively. Another significant Finnish-Canadian newspaper, Vapaus, was published in Sudbury from 1917 to 1974. Other prominent communities are Sault Ste. Marie, Kirkland Lake and Timmins, in Ontario.
{"datasets_id": 1863, "wiki_id": "Q5450918", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 278}
1,863
Q5450918
2
0
6
278
Finsbury (UK Parliament constituency)
1918–1950 seat
Finsbury (UK Parliament constituency) 1918–1950 seat The Representation of the People Act 1918 created a new single-member Finsbury Parliamentary borough in the County of London, identical to the Metropolitan Borough of Finsbury. In 1950, it was merged with the neighbouring borough of Shoreditch to become Shoreditch and Finsbury.
{"datasets_id": 1864, "wiki_id": "Q3745985", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 592}
1,864
Q3745985
2
0
4
592
Firaesi
Firaesi The Firaesi (Latinization) or Phiraisoi (original Greek) are a people listed in Ptolemy's Geography (2.10). Ptolemy’s view of the region is not very precise, but he places them on the east side of what he believed to be an island, Scandia. The presence of the Goutai, or Goths, in the center, identifies Scandia fairly certainly as the southern portion of the Scandinavian peninsula. As to whether the east of it was the east coast of Sweden or the coast of Finland opposite, the latter is perhaps too remote for detailed knowledge by Ptolemy or his sources. There is in fact
{"datasets_id": 1864, "wiki_id": "Q3745985", "sp": 4, "sc": 592, "ep": 4, "ec": 1250}
1,864
Q3745985
4
592
4
1,250
Firaesi
a possible Germanic derivation of Phiraisoi. They are in the same region as the Favonae, who may have been residents of Småland. Old Norse and Old Icelandic firar, Old English firas, are fairly close to Firaesi and mean "men, human beings" or Volk in German. As it happens, Uppland was traditionally divided into Folkland – four provinces, which lost their jurisdictional importance in 1296. Koebler's Old Norse Etymological Database in the Indo-European Etymological Database online at Leiden University gives a Proto-Indo-European root of *perkwus, becoming Germanic *ferhwioz by Grimm's Law. The root meaning is "oak", but the oak was regarded as
{"datasets_id": 1864, "wiki_id": "Q3745985", "sp": 4, "sc": 1250, "ep": 4, "ec": 1869}
1,864
Q3745985
4
1,250
4
1,869
Firaesi
a symbol of hardness, toughness and strength (see also Harudes). With regard to people it means "life force" or especially "power", in the sense of the collective power of the folk. It would be a descriptive epithet of the *teuta-, "tribe, people". This connotation is probably not devoid of a military sense, as the root went into Hittite, a very early branch of Indo-European, as "army". Uppland then would have been a densely populated and at the time fairly conservative remnant of Indo-European culture. If the Indo-European penetration of Europe can be regarded as a very slow invasion, its Schwerpunkt,
{"datasets_id": 1864, "wiki_id": "Q3745985", "sp": 4, "sc": 1869, "ep": 4, "ec": 2110}
1,864
Q3745985
4
1,869
4
2,110
Firaesi
or "heavy point", came to rest in Uppland. The Firaesi are not mentioned elsewhere in history, perhaps because of language changes and the preference of folk for firar. More information is undoubtedly to be gleaned from archaeology.
{"datasets_id": 1865, "wiki_id": "Q2994716", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 603}
1,865
Q2994716
2
0
6
603
Fire alarm notification appliance
Coding
Fire alarm notification appliance Coding Coding refers to the pattern or tones a notification appliance sounds in and is controlled either by the panel or by setting jumpers or DIP switches on the notification appliances. The majority of audible notification appliances installed prior to 1996 produced a steady sound for evacuation. In general, no common standard at that time mandated any particular tone, or pattern for audible fire alarm evacuation signals. While less common than a steady sound, differing signaling methods were used for the same purpose. These are named with respect to their distinctive structure and include, March Time
{"datasets_id": 1865, "wiki_id": "Q2994716", "sp": 6, "sc": 603, "ep": 6, "ec": 1228}
1,865
Q2994716
6
603
6
1,228
Fire alarm notification appliance
Coding
(usually 120 pulses per minute but sometimes at 90 pulses or 20 pulses per minute, depending on the panel), Hi-Lo (two different tones that alternate), Slow-Whoop (slow rising sweep upwards in tone) among others. Today these methods are confined to applications intended to trigger a response other than evacuation alone. In 1996, the ANSI and the NFPA recommended a standard evacuation pattern to eliminate confusion. The pattern is uniform without regard to the sound used. This pattern, which is also used for smoke alarms, is named the Temporal-Three alarm signal, often referred to as "T-3" (ISO 8201 and ANSI/ASA S3.41