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At the court of Spain & Retirement and death
and court entertainments. He was himself also officially received into the ranks of the nobility, being made a Knight of the Order of Calatrava in 1750, an honour of which he was enormously proud. Although much courted by diplomats, Farinelli seems to have kept out of politics. Retirement and death In 1759, Ferdinand was succeeded by his half-brother Charles III, who was no lover of music. Charles was the son of Elisabetta Farnese, who had never forgiven Farinelli for his decision to remain at court after Philip V's death, rather than following her into internal exile. It was clear that
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Farinelli
Retirement and death
Farinelli would now have to leave Spain, though he was allowed a generous state pension. He retired to Bologna, where in 1732 he had acquired a property and citizenship. Though rich and still famous, much feted by local notables and visited by such notable figures as Burney, Mozart and Casanova, he was lonely in his old age, having outlived many of his friends and former colleagues. One distinguished friend of his latter years was the music historian, Giovanni Battista (known as "Padre") Martini. He also continued his correspondence with Metastasio, court poet at Vienna, dying a few months after him.
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In his will, dated 20 February 1782, Farinelli asked to be buried in the mantle of the Order of Calatrava, and was interred in the cemetery of the Capuchin monastery of Santa Croce in Bologna. His estate included gifts from royalty, a large collection of paintings including works by Velázquez, Murillo and Jusepe de Ribera, as well as portraits of his royal patrons, and several of himself, one by his friend Jacopo Amigoni. He also had a collection of keyboard instruments in which he took great delight, especially a piano made at Florence in 1730 (called in the will cembalo
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Retirement and death
a martellini), and violins by Stradivarius and Amati. He died in Bologna on 16 September 1782. His original place of burial was destroyed during the Napoleonic wars, and in 1810 Farinelli's great-niece Maria Carlotta Pisani had his remains transferred to the cemetery of La Certosa in Bologna. Farinelli's immediate heir, his nephew Matteo Pisani, sold Farinelli's house in 1798. (It later became the headquarters of a sugar factory, and was demolished in 1949, having been much damaged by bombardment during World War II.) Maria Carlotta bequeathed many of Farinelli's letters to Bologna's University Library and was buried in the same grave
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as Farinelli in 1850. Farinelli's remains were disinterred from the Certosa cemetery on 12 July 2006. Having been piled together at one end of Maria Carlotta's grave for almost two centuries, the bones had suffered considerable degradation, and there was no sign of the singer's mantle of the Order of Calatrava. However, the surviving remains included his jawbone, several teeth, parts of his skull and almost all of the major bones. (The exhumation was instigated by Florentine antiquarian Alberto Bruschi and Luigi Verdi, Secretary of the Farinelli Study Centre.) The next day the musicologist Carlo Vitali of the Farinelli Study Centre
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Retirement and death & Farinelli's other musical activities
stated that the major bones were "long and sturdy, which would correspond with Farinelli's official portraits, as well as the castrato's reputation for being unusually tall." Maria Giovanna Belcastro of the Anthropology Institute of Bologna University, Gino Fornaciari, paleoanthropologist of the University of Pisa, and David Howard, Professor of Music Technology at York University, England, are engaged in ascertaining what new information may be derived from these remains as to Farinelli's lifestyle, habits and possible diseases, as well as the physiology of a castrato. Their research methods will include X-rays, CAT scans and DNA sampling. Farinelli's other musical activities Farinelli
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Farinelli's other musical activities & The artist and his times
not only sang, but like most musicians of his time, was a competent harpsichordist. In old age, he learned to play the viola d'amore. He occasionally composed, writing a cantata of farewell to London (entitled Ossequiosissimo ringraziamento, for which he also wrote the text), and a few songs and arias, including one dedicated to Ferdinand VI. The artist and his times Farinelli is widely regarded as the greatest, most accomplished and most respected opera singer of the "castrato" era, which lasted from the early 1600s into the early 1800s, and while there were a vast number of such singers
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The artist and his times
during this period, originating especially from the Neapolitan School of such composers as Nicola Porpora, Alessandro Scarlatti and Francesco Durante, only a handful of his rivals could approach his skill as a singer, and perhaps none his qualities as a human being. Caffarelli, Matteuccio, Siface, Senesino, Gizziello, Marchesi, Carestini and some others were very famous and extremely gifted in their own right, with Caffarelli probably being the most vocally proficient – but Farinelli was also admired for his modesty, his intelligence, his "low-key" attitude and his dedication to his work. He respected his colleagues, composers and impresarios, often earning their
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The artist and his times
lifelong friendship as a result, whereas Caffarelli was notoriously capricious, malicious and disrespectful of anyone sharing the stage with him, to the point of cackling and booing fellow singers during their own arias. Farinelli's technical proficiency allowed him to be comfortable in all vocal registers, from tenor to soprano, but he himself favoured the medium-to-high register rather than the very high, preferring to convey emotion rather than to astonish by sheer technique (unlike most of his colleagues who preferred to startle audiences with vocal stunts). This "soft" approach to music no doubt helped him survive his 22-year private engagement at the
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Farinelli
The artist and his times & Portrayals of Farinelli
court of Spain, which effectively ended his theatrical career when aged only 32. By this time he had already achieved every possible success on every European stage, and, even in retirement in Bologna, was still regarded, by every foreign dignitary visiting the city, as "the" music star to meet. Portrayals of Farinelli Farinelli is represented in Voltaire's Candide. A film, Farinelli, directed by Gérard Corbiau, was made about Farinelli's life in 1994. This takes considerable dramatic licence with history, emphasising the importance of Farinelli's brother and reducing Porpora's role, while Handel becomes an antagonist; the singer's 22 years spent in the
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Portrayals of Farinelli
Spanish court is only vaguely hinted at, as well as his brother being appointed minister of War. Farinelli's supposed sexual escapades are a major element of the film's plot, and are totally spurious according to historians (primarily, Patrick Barbier's "Histoire des castrats", Paris 1989). The movie is largely fictionalized and bears little resemblance to the historical Farinelli. The film is not the first dramatic work to take Farinelli's life as its source material. He appears as a character in the opera La Part du Diable, composed by Daniel Auber to a libretto by Eugène Scribe, and has the title-role in the
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Portrayals of Farinelli
opera Farinelli by the English composer John Barnett, first performed at Drury Lane in 1839, where his part is, oddly, written for a tenor (this work is itself an adaptation of the anonymous Farinelli, ou le Bouffe du Roi, premiered in Paris in 1835). More recent operas include Matteo d'Amico's Farinelli, la voce perduta (1996) and Farinelli, oder die Macht des Gesanges by Siegfried Matthus (1998). Composer/performer Rinde Eckert gives Farinelli's time in Spain a contemporary treatment in his 1995 work for radio, Four Songs Lost in a Wall, commissioned by New American Radio. That period in his life is also
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Portrayals of Farinelli
the setting for Farinelli and the King (the king in question being Philip V of Spain), a play by Claire van Kampen, which premiered at the Sam Wanamaker Playhouse from 11 February to 7 March 2015. It was transferred to the Duke of York's Theatre in London's West End in the final months of 2015, with the role of Farinelli doubled between 'speaking' and 'singing', with Iestyn Davies playing the latter. Kampen's Farinelli and the King will be performed on Broadway at the Belasco Theatre from December 5, 2017 to March 25, 2018.
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Farmington Township, Olmsted County, Minnesota
Geography & Demographics
Farmington Township, Olmsted County, Minnesota Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 35.8 square miles (93 km²), all of it land. Demographics As of the census of 2000, there were 516 people, 189 households, and 143 families residing in the township. The population density was 14.4 people per square mile (5.6/km²). There were 197 housing units at an average density of 5.5/sq mi (2.1/km²). The racial makeup of the township was 97.48% White, and 2.52% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.39% of the population. There
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Farmington Township, Olmsted County, Minnesota
Demographics
were 189 households out of which 34.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.8% were married couples living together, 2.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.3% were non-families. 21.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.73 and the average family size was 3.19. In the township the population was spread out with 27.1% under the age of 18, 6.8% from 18 to 24, 25.2% from 25 to 44, 26.7% from 45
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Farmington Township, Olmsted County, Minnesota
Demographics
to 64, and 14.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 109.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 118.6 males. The median income for a household in the township was $52,750, and the median income for a family was $56,607. Males had a median income of $33,958 versus $31,389 for females. The per capita income for the township was $22,618. About 4.0% of families and 5.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.0% of those under age
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Farmington Township, Olmsted County, Minnesota
Demographics
18 and none of those age 65 or over.
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Farmland Industries
History
Farmland Industries History The cooperative was founded 1929 by Howard A. Cowden as the Union Oil Company (as a successor to Cowden Oil Company which he founded the year before). In 1935 it took the name Consumers Cooperative Association (CCA), and in 1966 Farmland Industries, Inc. At its peak, the organization was the leading agricultural cooperative in North America, owned by 1,700 farm cooperatives in the United States, Canada and Mexico, which cooperatives were in turn owned by more than 600,000 farmer families. It had 16,000 employees in all 50 states and 90 countries. In 1977 it ranked
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Farmland Industries
History
#78 on the Fortune 100 company list. In 2001, its annual revenues were in excess of $11.8 billion. It was listed as one of Forbes' "most admired" companies. It ranked #170 on the Fortune List when the decision was made to sell the cooperative's assets. The cooperative provided both agricultural supply and marketing services ranging from petroleum refining, fertilizer manufacture, feeds, shipping, crop production, livestock production, and refrigerated foods sales and marketing. The company was a joint venture partner with a number of other companies, including: Archer Daniels Midland in grain storage, distribution and marketing; Simplot in
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History
phosphate production; ConAgra in wheat marketing; Land O'Lakes in feed systems and crop nutrients; Cenex Harvest States in lubricants, propane and refined fuels; Mississippi Chemical in nitrogen production and shipping (Trinidad and Tobago); Norsk Hydro in phosphate fertilizer production and marketing; Wilbur Ellis Company in crop protection product marketing and distribution; U.S. Premium Beef in beef packing; and Kansas State University in agricultural research. Farmland also owned Tradigrain, a group of international grain trading companies headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. Tradigrain was a wholly owned subsidiary of Farmland and had branch offices in Buenos Aires, Argentina; Paris, France; Bremen,
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History
Germany; Budapest, Hungary; Almaty, Kazakhstan; Tokyo, Japan; Mexico City, Mexico; Moscow, Russia; Seoul, Korea; Kiev, Ukraine; Nikolaev, Ukraine, London, United Kingdom; and Akkala, Uzbekistan. The company operated on a cooperative basis. The member/owners shared numerous commercial and financial benefits, including the sharing of costs for the processing and marketing of goods, competitive prices, and better supply and delivery capabilities. Embracing a farm-to-table mission, the cooperative essentially divided its activities between "inputs" and "outputs." On the input side, Farmland and its joint venture partners helped farmers in their production efforts by providing such items as fertilizers, insecticides and herbicides,
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Farmland Industries
History
animal feeds, and petroleum products. On the output side, Farmland added value to members' food and fiber products and marketed them throughout the world. A major part of the output strategy was to enhance the "Farmland" name and its trademarked phrase, "Proud to be farmer-owned." The cooperative also employed vertical integration as much as possible. With petroleum products, for instance, Farmland pumped crude oil from its own wells, refined it in its own facilities, and marketed the resulting products through its Ampride service stations. With hogs and beef, the cooperative was involved in the raising
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History
of the animals through feed, the slaughtering and packaging process, as well as marketing the meats under the "Farmland" brand. Farmland's founder, Howard A. Cowden, was born in 1893 on a southwestern Missouri farm settled by his grandfather. Unlike other farms in his native Polk County, which averaged less than 100 acres in size, the Cowden farm at 500 acres was one of the largest. Cowden believed strongly that farmers were at an economic disadvantage in the marketplace: they faced high interest rates on mortgages, paid high transportation costs, and had virtually no leverage in the pricing of their
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History
commodities. He believed that farmers were faced with a "take-it-or-leave-it" proposition. Cowden became active in the organization of agricultural cooperatives and in 1929 formed a new firm, Union Oil Company, which he organized as a cooperative under Missouri statutes. Since Union Oil was intended as a regional enterprise, Cowden elected to establish headquarters in Kansas City, Missouri. By the end of its first year of operation, Union Oil served 22 local cooperatives and was supplied by Kanotex Corporation. Union Oil became the first cooperative in the country to run an oil-compounding plant. With
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History
the organization becoming involved in a wide range of products, it was decided in February 1935 to change the name to "Consumers Cooperative Association" (CCA). CCA had 259 local cooperatives as members and was generating more than $2 million in annual revenues. CCA established a grocery division in 1935 and soon the CO-OP label was applied to over 200 products. To support its petroleum business, CCA built a refinery in Phillipsburg, Kansas. When it became operational in 1939, the facility greatly increased the organization's income and led to a period of prosperity during the 1940s.
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History
CCA became involved in a variety of other areas, including the production of flour and feed, the manufacture of household and electrical appliances, and the development of insurance and finance associations. Of particular importance was the feed program, which in its first year generated more revenue than the grocery business did in its tenth year. Another highly profitable business for CAA was fertilizer, which farmers began to use at an accelerated rate. By 1958, CCA topped $100 million in annual revenues, ranked 327th among the Fortune 500, and was one of the largest cooperatives in America.
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History
In many ways it was considered an industrial powerhouse, controlling a wide range of assets: oil wells, pipelines, refineries, grease and paint factories, feed mills, fertilizer works, warehouses, and a fleet of trucks. Petroleum products continued to dominate the cooperative's business, accounting for 70 percent of revenues, but that percentage would dip below 50 percent over the next few years as fertilizer became an increasingly more important revenue stream. The emphasis of CCA turned to the farm supply and service field, making the use of the word "consumer" in its title less appropriate. The organization also faced
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History
mounting pressure to better serve farmers by engaging in the marketing of agricultural products, an area which CCA had intentionally avoided. In 1958, the CCA Board agreed to become involved in marketing as opportunities might arise. A year later the cooperative purchased the Crawford County Packing Company in Denison, Iowa, and entered the pork processing business, ultimately acquiring food manufacturing facilities throughout the Midwest. During the course of developing its food processing capability, the cooperative sought to improve operating efficiencies, marketing strategies and the relationship with facility employees. Throughout the latter part of the century, Farmland continued to
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History
grow and diversify, turning to international markets, contracting to sell wheat, fertilizer and food products overseas and forming joint ventures with foreign partners. The stated ambition was to gain a presence in "every sector of the global food chain." During this period, Farmland became a North American and international cooperative, expanding its employee base to include executive and administrative functions. The management remained committed to Farmland's original values, seeing the organization as representing the interests of its farmer members. Revenues grew steadily, increasing from $3.4 billion in fiscal 1992 to more than $10.7 billion in 1999.
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Farmland Industries
Growth and the sale of assets
Growth and the sale of assets Throughout the 1990s, the company continued to grow, serving markets worldwide. Its activities became increasingly complex and extensive. In 1998, the company's $2.8 billion asset base included nitrogen complexes in the U.S. and abroad; the second-largest petroleum refinery in the Midwest; phosphate mining operations; grain storage capacity of 145 million bushels; diverse feed manufacturing entities that included feed mills, spray dry plants and commodity sheds; 12 meat plants; and a transportation fleet of more than 4,400 rail cars, 1,060 over-the-road trucks and 1,850 trailers, and interest in 100 dry cargo barges and
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Growth and the sale of assets
several ocean-vessels. During this time, the company continued its mission to benefit the independent family farmer and farming interests, stating its mission "to be a global, consumer-driven, producer-owned 'farm-to-table' cooperative system." In 1997, Farmland entered into a joint venture with Mississippi Chemical Corp. to build an ammonia plant in Trinidad designed to lower production cost of nitrogen fertilizers by utilizing Trinidad's plentiful and lower-cost natural gas supply. Another expansion occurred at the company's Rock Springs, Wyoming SF Phosphates plant, a joint venture with J.R. Simplot Company. Other efforts included a focus on precision farming through programs such as
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Growth and the sale of assets
Resource 21, a remote sensing project with Boeing and GDE, AgInfo, a GIS software system offered through Agronomy Services Bureau; and Integrated Crop Management (ICM), a precision farming data management tool. These efforts were designed to stay at the forefront of technologies such as remote sensing, variable rate fertilization, grid sampling, yield mapping and global positioning and geographic information systems. The cooperative built a highly innovative coke-to-nitrogen fertilizer plant adjacent to its petroleum refinery operation in Coffeyville, Kansas. The plant allowed the cooperative to convert petroleum coke—a waste product from the petroleum division—into ammonia that could be
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Growth and the sale of assets
used for fertilizer. This project was lauded for its environmental impact. In June 1999, the company broke ground for a 280,000-square-foot (26,000 m²) headquarters on a 40-acre (160,000 m²) campus just east of Kansas City International Airport to consolidate the offices for 1,000 employees. The building was completed in 2001. Throughout the 1990s, Farmland was a highly successful venture, serving the needs of its members and participating as an integral part of North American farming. During this time, however, its financial structure became highly leveraged. In 2002, the company faced a liquidity crisis resulting from fluctuations in commodity prices and
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Growth and the sale of assets
increased operational and capital costs, as well as the tightening of credit terms from suppliers and increased demands from its bondholders. To achieve stability and to obtain time to explore refinancing alternatives, the cooperative filed for Chapter 11 in May 2002 (in its filing it listed $2.7 billion in assets and $1.9 billion in debt). Although the cooperative continued to operate as a going concern, the reorganization process ultimately resulted in the decision to sell virtually all of the company's assets, including the following subsidiaries: Farmland Foods, Inc., the pork processing division to Smithfield Foods for $367M; Farmland
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Growth and the sale of assets
National Beef Packing Company to US Premium Beef for $232M; and the fertilizer production division to Koch Industries. The company's refinery and coke-to-nitrogen fertilizer plant were sold to a hedge fund. It has been noted that the value of Farmland assets far exceeded the amount of its indebtedness. The "Farmland" brand continues to be widely recognized in the food industry. The Co-op Retirement Plan, which provides a final salary defined benefit retirement plan for member cooperatives' employees, was administered by Farmland. A non-profit, United Benefits Group, was incorporated to take over this service, from 2003. The reorganization process resulted
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Growth and the sale of assets
in the sale of the cooperative's assets, with all creditors completely (over 100 cents on the dollar) repaid by 2006. According to JPMorgan, the liquidating trustee, unsecured creditors received $891 million, which was 104 cents on the dollar, the maximum allowed by law, and allows for interest. Before the liquidation was completed, it was accepted that no assets remained to be distributed to the members, the local cooperatives, who had to write off the loss of their equity account balances. A 2004 study in Oklahoma suggested that the most significant effects on cooperatives related to farmer connections and lost business relationships,
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Growth and the sale of assets
and the direct financial impact of the write off was low.
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6
586
Farther Up the Road
Background
Farther Up the Road Background The songwriting for "Farther Up the Road" is credited to Joe Medwick Veasey, a Houston-area independent songwriter/broker, and Duke Records owner Don Robey. In an interview, blues singer Johnny Copeland claimed he and Medwick wrote the song in one night; Medwick then sold it the next day to Robey, with Robey taking Copeland's songwriting credit. According to Bobby Bland, Medwick wrote the song with no involvement by Robey. The guitar work on the song has been attributed to three different guitar players: Pat Hare, Mel Brown, and Wayne Bennett. However, Bland noted that
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Farther Up the Road
Background & Composition and lyrics
Hare was the session guitarist, having been chosen by arranger/trumpeter Joe Scott. It was Hare's only session with Bland, although he was in Junior Parker's Blue Flames, who sometimes provided backup while Bland was on tour. Bennett and Brown were Bland's later guitarists. Composition and lyrics "Farther Up the Road" has been called a "seminal Texas shuffle" featuring "a style which Bland evolved as his own, with his light, melodic vocals riding over an ebullient shuffle". According to music critic Dave Marsh, "Bland's deep vocal and Scott's arrangement, which swings as hard as it rocks, links Ray
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1,818
Q5436473
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10
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Farther Up the Road
Composition and lyrics
Charles' big band R&B to more modern currents in Southern soul". Bland's smooth vocals are contrasted with Pat Hare's raucous, overdriven guitar fills and soloing, a style which prefigured the blues-rock sound of the late 1960s. Music critic Dave Marsh adds that the song is "a virtually perfect Texas blues ... [Pat Hare's] signature lick provides the missing link between T-Bone Walker and Eric Clapton". The backing arrangement is provided by the Bill Harvey Orchestra, who added a big band-influenced intro and outro as well as chord substitutions to the twelve-bar scheme. The song has been notated in
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1,818
Q5436473
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918
10
1,589
Farther Up the Road
Composition and lyrics
4/4 time in the key of F with a moderate (108 beats per minute) tempo. Part of the song's success may be due to Bland's "telling a convincing story, making brief lyrical vignettes highly believable with his conversational style". Author Anand Prahlad comments on the song's use of "the theme of reciprocity": Farther on up the road, someone's gonna hurt you like you hurt me (2×) Farther on up the road, baby you just wait and see You got to reap just what you sow, that old saying is true (2×) Like you mistreat someone, someone's gonna mistreat you However, Prahlad adds, "His [Bland's] usage
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1,818
Q5436473
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1,589
10
2,201
Farther Up the Road
Composition and lyrics
of the proverb contains a philosophical dimension that is absent from the other [songs with similar themes] and a momentary distance from the emotional wound". The song was Bland's first charting single after several years of recording for various record companies. It became a number one hit during a fourteen-week stay in 1957 in the Billboard R&B chart as well as reaching number 43 in the Billboard Hot 100 pop chart. Bland enjoyed nearly uninterrupted chart success for the next twenty years. "Farther Up the Road" is included on Bland's first album, Blues Consolidated, a co-release with Junior
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1,818
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2,201
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Farther Up the Road
Composition and lyrics & Eric Clapton renditions
Parker in 1958 on Duke Records. The song is included on many official Bland compilations, including The Best of Bobby Bland and I Pity the Fool: The Duke Recordings, Vol. 1. Eric Clapton renditions Eric Clapton recorded several versions of "Farther Up the Road" over the years, usually calling it after its opening lyrics "Further On up the Road". Clapton uses the lyrics from the original, but the song is performed at a faster tempo as an unembellished shuffle. The song first appeared on his 1975 live album E. C. Was Here. In 1976, a live
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1,818
Q5436473
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347
14
916
Farther Up the Road
Eric Clapton renditions
version was recorded with Freddie King, which is included on Freddie King (1934–1976). Also in 1976, he performed the song with the Band in the concert film The Last Waltz. Another live version was recorded in Japan in 1979 for Clapton's Just One Night. In 1981, Clapton recorded it with Jeff Beck during The Secret Policeman's Other Ball benefit show. A version with Joe Bonamassa appears on the 2009 video Joe Bonamassa: Live from the Royal Albert Hall. Clapton co-performed the song with Robbie Robertson during his induction at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in
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1,818
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916
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1,004
Farther Up the Road
Eric Clapton renditions
2000 and resurrected it for his 2007 and 2011 Asian, European and American world tours.
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1,819
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Fascin
Species and tissue distribution
Fascin Species and tissue distribution It is a 54-58 kilodalton monomeric actin filament bundling protein originally isolated from sea urchin egg but also found in Drosophila and vertebrates, including humans. Fascin (from the Latin for bundle) is spaced at 11 nanometre intervals along the filament. The bundles in cross section are seen to be hexagonally packed, and the longitudinal spacing is compatible with a model where fascin cross-links at alternating 4 and 5 actins. It is calcium insensitive and monomeric. Three forms of fascin are found in vertebrates: Fascin1, widely found in the nervous system and elsewhere; fascin2 found in the retinal
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1,819
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614
10
640
Fascin
Species and tissue distribution & Function
photoreceptor cells; fascin3, which is only found in the testes. Function Fascin binds beta-catenin, and colocalizes with it at the leading edges and borders of epithelial and endothelial cells. The role of Fascin in regulating cytoskeletal structures for the maintenance of cell adhesion, coordinating motility and invasion through interactions with signalling pathways is an active area of research especially from the cancer biology perspective. Fascin localizes to actin-rich protrusions at the cell surface called filopodia. Recent study shows that fascin also localizes to invadopodia, membrane protrusions formed at the adherent cell surface that facilitate extracellular matrix (ECM) invasion, this provide
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1,819
Q5436645
10
640
10
1,353
Fascin
Function
a potential molecular mechanism for how fascin increases the invasiveness of cancer cells since fascin expression is upregulated in a spectrum of cancers. Studies have also shown that Fascin plays a major role in immune suppression. T regulatory cell adhesion to antigen presenting dendritic cell causes sequestration of Fascin-1, an actin-bundling protein essential for immunological synapse formation, and skews Fascin-1–dependent actin polarization in antigen presenting dendritic cells toward the T reg cell adhesion zone. Although it is reversible upon T regulatory cell disengagement, this sequestration of essential cytoskeletal components causes a lethargic state of dendritic cells, leading to reduced T
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1,819
Q5436645
10
1,353
10
2,052
Fascin
Function
cell priming. This suggests Treg-mediated suppression of antigen presenting cells is a multi-step process. In addition to CTLA-4 CD80/CD86 interaction fascin dependent polarization of cytoskeleton towards dendritic cell Treg immune synapse play a pivotal role. In normal tissue, inflammation and the immune response would be limited by secretion of TGF-β. TGF-β on the one hand induces fascin expression, but on the other hand, restricts activity of transcription factor NF-κB. This results to limited fascin expression and allows tissue to rebuild epithelial barriers. In cancer, instead, TGF-β does not restrict NF-κB activity, and both can increase fascin expression, disrupting tissue structure
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1,819
Q5436645
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2,052
18
390
Fascin
Function & Clinical significance & Structure
and function. Clinical significance Abnormal fascin expression or function has been implicated in breast cancer, colon cancer, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, gallbladder cancer, pancreatic cancer, and prostate cancer. It is also helpful in identifying Hodgkin cells. Structure Fascin is a structural protein found in mesenchyme, nervous, and retinal tissue and is used in the bundling of actin molecules. The structure of human fascin has been determined to a resolution of 1.8 Å (PDBID 3LLP) and reveals an arrangement of four tandem beta-trefoil domains that form a two lobed structure with pseudo 2-fold symmetry. It is stabilized by a hydrophobic core and
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1,819
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390
18
489
Fascin
Structure
a hydrophilic surface since it is often found inside cell cytoplasm in the formation of filopodia.
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1,820
Q5436758
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643
Fashion To Figure
Founding
Fashion To Figure Founding Fashion To Figure was co-founded by brothers Michael and Nicholas Kaplan, two of Lena Bryant's great-grandsons. The Kaplans' father, Steven, had been president of Lane Bryant until its sale to The Limited Inc. in 1982. Previously, Nicholas Kaplan had served as a Saks Fifth Avenue department manager and buyer, general merchandise manager at Bluefly, and co-founder of the Designer Warehouse liquidation chain. Michael Kaplan had served as an analyst at Lazard and had previously co-founded an online shopping community for plus-sized women with RRE Ventures. Having grown up hearing stories about how their widowed great-grandmother supported
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1,820
Q5436758
6
643
10
267
Fashion To Figure
Founding & Operation
herself by selling the first maternity and full-figure dresses available to American women, Michael and Nicholas Kaplan have explained in interviews that they were drawn to the opportunity to carry on their family's tradition. The brothers took as the company's mission "to make people's lives better through the ultimate full-fashion experience." Operation The first Fashion To Figure store opened at the Palisades Center Mall in West Nyack, New York in October 2004. The second store opened in 2005 at the Livingston Mall in Livingston, New Jersey. By 2011, Fashion To Figure had seven locations in New York and New Jersey.
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1,820
Q5436758
10
267
10
901
Fashion To Figure
Operation
Two additional stores were slated to open in fall 2011. The company launched its online store in 2010, which serves an international customer base. The store caters exclusively to women and teenagers sized 12 to 26. The chain is named for a quote by Lena Bryant, founder of the plus-sized women's clothing chain Lane Bryant. Asked in 1950 by a Glamour magazine interviewer about the secret to her success, Bryant responded, "You should never ask women to conform their figures to fashion, but rather bring fashion to the figure." Unlike most other plus-sized specialty retailers, Fashion To Figure is not a vertically
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1,820
Q5436758
10
901
10
1,515
Fashion To Figure
Operation
integrated retailer. With an eye to providing consumers with a wide array of full-fashion options, the company sources its inventory from more than one hundred vendors. The company's CEO, Michael Kaplan, has argued that this allows the company to provide plus-sized consumers with more choices and to react more nimbly to fashion trends, à la fast fashion. Shoppers depend upon the assistance of sales associates, known as "stylists," to select the best colors and cuts for their individual needs. Even in 2010, Fashion To Figure had opened a store in the Cross County Shopping Center co-branded with P.S. and Wet
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1,820
Q5436758
10
1,515
14
73
Fashion To Figure
Operation & Bankruptcy
Seal. It was later demolished in 2017 for a Ulta Beauty and Sprint. Bankruptcy In November 2017, the parent company, B. Lane Inc., filed for Chapter 11.
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1,821
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4
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Fat Bastard (wine)
Fat Bastard (wine) Fat Bastard (stylized as Fat bastard) is a brand of French wine introduced in 1998 and produced and distributed by a French and British partnership that began as a collaboration between French winemaker Thierry Boudinaud and British wine importer Guy Anderson. Originally launched as a Chardonnay, the brand has been expanded to include additional varietals including Merlot, Syrah, Sauvignon Blanc and Cabernet Sauvignon. It is sold primarily in the United States, and has been discontinued on the U.K. market. The price point for the brand is at the modest "entry level", at about $8 per bottle (as
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1,821
Q5424508
4
600
8
314
Fat Bastard (wine)
History
of 2006), and about 420,000 cases (5 million 750 ml bottles) per year for the brand are exported to the U.S. market (as of 2016). The brand's Chardonnay is (or has been at one time) the largest-selling brand of French Chardonnay in the United States. The label features a cartoon hippopotamus. History The brand began as a collaboration between French winemaker Thierry Boudinaud and British wine importer Guy Anderson that was launched as a company in 1995. The original intention of the partnership was to sell wines produced in the Luangedoc-Rousillion region of southern France to foreign markets. Many
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1,821
Q5424508
8
314
8
925
Fat Bastard (wine)
History
American consumers, especially younger ones, have come to dislike traditional European wine labels that typically feature a picture of a classic chateau and are difficult to distinguish, understand, and remember. "Even if people love a French wine, they can't remember its name", Anderson said. The creators of the Fat Bastard brand attempted to solve these marketing problems by employing a label name that is overtly rude. The brand is an example of a world-wide trend of various brands that have embraced a similar strategy, trying to stand out from the crowd as the number of brands available on the market
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1,821
Q5424508
8
925
8
1,543
Fat Bastard (wine)
History
has continued to increase. Another French wine brand of the Luangedoc-Rousillion region that is also marketed with similarly distinctive informal name, a fanciful cartoon drawing on the label (featuring a Frenchman riding a red bike), and modest pricing (less than $10) is Red Bicyclette, introduced by Gallo in 2004. The brand name is said to have started off with an experimental batch of Chardonnay that had been kept in a barrel with yeast sediment longer than usual and had developed a very full-bodied taste. When Boudinaud tasted the wine, he proclaimed "Now that is what you call a fat-bastard wine."
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1,821
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1,543
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2,165
Fat Bastard (wine)
History
The name functions as a bilingual pun, alluding to the buttery taste of the Chardonnay being similar to that of the famous appellation d'origine controlee of Bâtard-Montrachet. The wine label now carries an apocryphal claim that it was "named after a British expression describing a particularly rich and full wine". The brand was introduced on the market in 1998. The production run for the first vintage was only 800 cases (about ten thousand 750 ml bottles), but as time passed, the brand became the largest-selling French Chardonnay in the United States. In 2006, 500,000 cases (equivalent to 6 million 750 ml
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1,821
Q5424508
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2,165
12
195
Fat Bastard (wine)
History & Controversies
bottles) of the brand were sold in the U.S. market. As of 2016, the brand is no longer sold in the U.K. Wine writers Oz Clarke and James May of the BBC television series Oz and James's Big Wine Adventure said this is "simply because these fun-named wines have gone out of fashion". However, about 420,000 cases (5 million 750 ml bottles) per year continue to be exported to the United States. Controversies The wine's arguably offensive name has helped to draw attention to the brand, but has also caused some problems in its marketing and distribution. The Advertising Standards Association of
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1,821
Q5424508
12
195
12
716
Fat Bastard (wine)
Controversies
Iceland banned the mass-mailing of an advertisement circular that featured the wine on its cover and had been sent to 175,000 homes and a primary school. It said that the product's name was "unsuitable to be seen by young children and should not have featured on the outside covers of the circulars" that had been "distributed to homes in an un-targeted manner". The brand was banned in the American states of Texas and Ohio due to its name, but was reported to be available in 22 other U.S. states (as of 2009).
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1,822
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Fata Orlović
Pre-war life
Fata Orlović Pre-war life Fata was born to Muslim Bosniak parents Šaban and Zlatka Husejnović in the eastern Bosnian hamlet Hrnčići on the outskirts of Bratunac. Sources vary as to her year of birth, between 1940 and 1943, although in a 2013 interview she said she was 71 years old. She married Šaćir Orlović, with whom she had seven children including four daughters: Fatima, Zlatka, Hurija, and Senija; and three sons: Šaban, Hasan, and Ejub. Before the war, Fata had four houses and four stables. Along with many Bosniaks living in the hill villages of the Drina Valley, she was ethnically/religiously
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1,822
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Fata Orlović
Pre-war life & Return to Konjević Polje and legal battle
cleansed from the village by the ethnic Serb military aggression during the war. Her husband Šaćir and between 22–28 other family members were killed and she and her seven children made refugees. Return to Konjević Polje and legal battle When she returned to Konjević Polje in 2000 she found that her home had been completely demolished by the Serbs and a Serbian Orthodox church built on her land. The church was built in the summer of 1996, upon the end of the war. The destruction of places of worship and other religious symbols of the communities forced from their homes was
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998
Fata Orlović
Return to Konjević Polje and legal battle
an important feature of the ethnic cleansing. New buildings like the church in Konjevic Polje were erected to emphasize that a new ethnic/religious group now owned the land. Fata Orlović has fought tenaciously to have the church removed from her garden, in the face of bureaucratic resistance and physical intimidation. She was beaten. When she complained to the authorities the priest Vasilije Kačavenda accused her of being a disseminator of national hate. She pursued a legal action through the courts which found in her favour and against the priest, ordering the church to be demolished. Although her lawyer advised her to file
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1,822
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998
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1,536
Fata Orlović
Return to Konjević Polje and legal battle
charges for the mistreatment, injuries and death threats she received, Fata preferred to set an example to her opponents, maintaining that "We should let things go now, it is the smartest thing to do. I am hurt, but I can not hurt anymore." She insisted that she was proud of herself and her (seven) children, and of her "smart but agonized people." She said that she wanted to say to Serbs "If you are not a good person, become one. We will die eventually, so it is better to die as a good person than as a bad one." Her efforts
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1,822
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Fata Orlović
Return to Konjević Polje and legal battle
were supported by journalists who wholeheartedly supported Fata and helped spread the news of her struggle. In 2007 the Government of Republika Srpska agreed to fund the relocation of the church. The Office of the High Representative welcomed the agreement as a sign that Fata Orlović’s right to private property would be respected. The church is empty, awaiting relocation. Dismantling it and moving it elsewhere will cost thousands of dollars. Fata Orlović's fight against the church is regarded as a test of the potential for restoration of the rule of law in a divided Bosnia. According to James Rodehaver, human rights director
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1,822
Q16106392
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2,185
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Fata Orlović
Return to Konjević Polje and legal battle
for the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe(OSCE) in Sarajevo, the relocation of the church will be an important indicator of a return to the rule of law and the possibility of resolving the legacy of the war. Fata Orlović is not bothered by the fact that the building on her land is a church and that Orthodox Serbs worship there. She respects churches as much as mosques but insists that if the congregation want a church they should put it on their own land. While respecting all nations and religions, she observes that she can't respect people building on
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1,822
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10
2,771
10
3,383
Fata Orlović
Return to Konjević Polje and legal battle
her land. She has had to build her own home on the charred remains of the old one, with her own funds with assistance some assistance from Sulejman Tihić, former member of the government of Bosnia and Herzegovina, who provided roofing tiles, windows, and doors. For a long time she had to get by without electricity or a water supply. Security is poor. Bosniak homes are broken into and robbed, and livestock stolen. It was alleged that Serb police watch over the church while other Serbs, opposed to Bosniaks returning to their homes, go stealing. The bitter experience of expulsion has damaged
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1,822
Q16106392
10
3,383
14
249
Fata Orlović
Return to Konjević Polje and legal battle & Awards
Fata's ability to trust. When asked for forgiveness by those who accused her of spreading national hatred in the past she refuses to forgive, though she insists she will not hurt anyone either. "They massacred to the last, killed everyone, burned all of it, and now they ask me to forgive them. I shall not!" Awards The US Embassy in Bosnia and Herzegovina nominated Fata Orlović for the international "The Woman of Courage" award, given to brave women who fight for their rights in a nonviolent way. Orlović was chosen as the 2007 Person of the Year by the Bosnian
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1,822
Q16106392
14
249
18
118
Fata Orlović
Awards & Documentary
newspapers "Dnevni avaz" and "Preporod". Documentary Orlović was the subject of an Al Jazeera Balkans documentary in November 2012 called The House That Fata Didn't Build.
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1,823
Q60647922
2
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128
Fath Air Base
Location & Accidents and incidents
Fath Air Base Location Fath Air Base is located near Karaj, Alborz Province, Iran. It is assigned the ICAO airport code OIIF. The airport is at an elevation of 3,999 feet (1,219 m) and has an asphalt runway, 3,218 feet (981 m) long, designated 13/31,. It is mainly used as a base for helicopters of the Helicopter Training Squadron, Attack Helicopter Squadron and Training & Recce Helicopter Squadron of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps Aerospace Force. Accidents and incidents On 14 January 2019, a Boeing 707 of Saha Airlines overran the runway on landing, killing fifteen of the sixteen people on board.
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1,823
Q60647922
10
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10
732
Fath Air Base
Accidents and incidents
It was reported that the aircraft should have landed at Payam International Airport but landed at Fath in error. Payam is located 10.9 kilometres (5.9 nmi) northwest of Fath Air Base. A crash was avoided in a similar incident on 16 November 2018, when a Taban Airlines MD-88 carrying 155 people twice attempted to land on this runway, mistaking it for a longer 3,659-metre (12,005 ft) runway at Payam International Airport, which is nearly inline but 11km away. The first approach was aborted at 11:26 hours and the aircraft circled for another attempt. The second approach was aborted at 11:29
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1,823
Q60647922
10
732
10
1,044
Fath Air Base
Accidents and incidents
and the aircraft continued for a safe landing at Payam Airport at 11:31. AAID Iran reported that the flight reached an altitude of 1 m above ground level during one of the approaches. The MD-88 requires a minimum of approximately 1,500m of runway to land safely, 500m more than the 981m runway at Fath Air Base.
{"datasets_id": 1824, "wiki_id": "Q5437557", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 556}
1,824
Q5437557
2
0
6
556
Father (1990 film)
Plot
Father (1990 film) Plot The film begins with a scene of an open pit full of shot naked bodies somewhere in Lithuania during the Second World War. A young Iya Zetnick crawls out of the bodies in tears, apparently having survived a massacre. Decades later in modern-day Melbourne we are introduced to Joe Muller and his affable family. His adult daughter Anne lives with him, and one day she receives a phone call from Iya Zetnick, asking her to ensure she watches a television current affairs show coming up. Joe thinks it concerns a trivial matter about his business, but
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1,824
Q5437557
6
556
6
1,147
Father (1990 film)
Plot
he and his family are shocked when the show instead links him to the massacre of Iya's family in Lithuania. Joe suddenly becomes the centre of attention. His family sticks by him, but some seeds of doubt are sown. Eventually he is arrested and sent to trial, but is found not guilty on account of insufficient evidence. Still, Anne is now increasingly concerned about her father's past, and confronts him. Iya breaks into their house, armed with a pistol. She confronts Anne and her father, and when she is capable of shooting Joe, she shoots herself instead. Anne is left
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Father (1990 film)
Plot
in no doubt about her father's crimes, and Joe is left estranged from his family.
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Father Christmas
Father Christmas Father Christmas is the traditional English name for the personification of Christmas. Although now known as a Christmas gift-bringer, and normally considered to be synonymous with American culture's Santa Claus which is now known worldwide, he was originally part of an unrelated and much older English folkloric tradition. The recognisably modern figure of the English Father Christmas developed in the late Victorian period, but Christmas had been personified for centuries before then. English personifications of Christmas were first recorded in the 15th century, with Father Christmas himself first appearing in the mid 17th century in the aftermath of the
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English Civil War. The Puritan-controlled English government had legislated to abolish Christmas, considering it papist, and had outlawed its traditional customs. Royalist political pamphleteers, linking the old traditions with their cause, adopted Old Father Christmas as the symbol of 'the good old days' of feasting and good cheer. Following the Restoration in 1660, Father Christmas's profile declined. His character was maintained during the late 18th and into the 19th century by the Christmas folk plays later known as mummers plays. Until Victorian times, Father Christmas was concerned with adult feasting and merry-making. He had no particular connection with children, nor with
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the giving of presents, nocturnal visits, stockings or chimneys. But as later Victorian Christmases developed into child-centric family festivals, Father Christmas became a bringer of gifts. The popular American myth of Santa Claus arrived in England in the 1850s and Father Christmas started to take on Santa's attributes. By the 1880s the new customs had become established, with the nocturnal visitor sometimes being known as Santa Claus and sometimes as Father Christmas. He was often illustrated wearing a long red hooded gown trimmed with white fur. Any residual distinctions between Father Christmas and Santa Claus largely faded away in the early
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Father Christmas
Early midwinter celebrations & 15th century—the first English personifications of Christmas
years of the 20th century, and modern dictionaries consider the terms Father Christmas and Santa Claus to be synonymous. Early midwinter celebrations The custom of merrymaking and feasting at Christmastide first appears in the historical record during the High Middle Ages (c 1100–1300). This almost certainly represented a continuation of pre-Christian midwinter celebrations in Britain of which—as the historian Ronald Hutton has pointed out—"we have no details at all." Personifications came later, and when they did they reflected the existing custom. 15th century—the first English personifications of Christmas The first known English personification of Christmas was associated with merry-making, singing
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Father Christmas
15th century—the first English personifications of Christmas
and drinking. A carol attributed to Richard Smart, Rector of Plymtree from 1435 to 1477, has 'Sir Christemas' announcing the news of Christ's birth and encouraging his listeners to drink: "Buvez bien par toute la compagnie, / Make good cheer and be right merry, / And sing with us now joyfully: Nowell, nowell." Many late medieval Christmas customs incorporated both sacred and secular themes. In Norwich in January 1443, at a traditional battle between the flesh and the spirit (represented by Christmas and Lent), John Gladman, crowned and disguised as 'King of Christmas', rode behind a pageant of the months "disguysed
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Father Christmas
15th century—the first English personifications of Christmas & 16th century—feasting, entertainment and music
as the seson requird" on a horse decorated with tinfoil. 16th century—feasting, entertainment and music In most areas of England the archaic word 'Yule' had been replaced by 'Christmas' by the 11th century, but in some regions 'Yule' survived as the normal dialect term. The City of York maintained an annual St Thomas's Day celebration of The Riding of Yule and his Wife which involved a figure representing Yule who carried bread and a leg of lamb. In 1572 the riding was suppressed on the orders of the Archbishop, who complained of the "undecent and uncomely disguising" which drew multitudes
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Father Christmas
16th century—feasting, entertainment and music
of people from divine service. Such personifications, illustrating the medieval fondness for pageantry and symbolism, extended throughout the Tudor and Stuart periods with Lord of Misrule characters, sometimes called 'Captain Christmas', 'Prince Christmas' or 'The Christmas Lord', presiding over feasting and entertainment in grand houses, university colleges and Inns of Court. In his allegorical play Summer's Last Will and Testament, written in about 1592, Thomas Nashe introduces for comic effect a miserly Christmas character who refuses to keep the feast. He is reminded by Summer of the traditional role that he ought to be playing: "Christmas, how chance thou com’st not as
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Father Christmas
16th century—feasting, entertainment and music & Puritan criticisms
the rest, / Accompanied with some music, or some song? / A merry carol would have graced thee well; / Thy ancestors have used it heretofore." Puritan criticisms Early 17th century writers used the techniques of personification and allegory as a means of defending Christmas from attacks by radical Protestants. Responding to a perceived decline in the levels of Christmas hospitality provided by the gentry, Ben Jonson in Christmas, His Masque (1616) dressed his Old Christmas in out of date fashions: "attir'd in round Hose, long Stockings, a close Doublet, a high crownd Hat with a Broach, a long thin beard,
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Father Christmas
Puritan criticisms
a Truncheon, little Ruffes, white shoes, his Scarffes, and Garters tyed crosse". Surrounded by guards, Christmas asserts his rightful place in the Protestant Church and protests against attempts to exclude him: "Why Gentlemen, doe you know what you doe? ha! would you ha'kept me out? Christmas, old Christmas? Christmas of London, and Captaine Christmas? ... they would not let me in: I must come another time! a good jeast, as if I could come more then once a yeare; why, I am no dangerous person, and so I told my friends, o'the Guard. I am old Gregorie Christmas still, and
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Father Christmas
Puritan criticisms
though I come out of Popes-head-alley as good a Protestant, as any i'my Parish." The stage directions to The Springs Glorie, a 1638 court masque by Thomas Nabbes, state, "Christmas is personated by an old reverend Gentleman in a furr'd gown and cappe &c." Shrovetide and Christmas dispute precedence, and Shrovetide issues a challenge: "I say Christmas you are past date, you are out of the Almanack. Resigne, resigne." To which Christmas responds: "Resigne to thee! I that am the King of good cheere and feasting, though I come but once a yeare to raigne over bak't, boyled, roast and plum-porridge,
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Father Christmas
Puritan criticisms & Puritan revolution—enter 'Father Christmas'
will have being in despight of thy lard-ship." This sort of character was to feature repeatedly over the next 250 years in pictures, stage plays and folk dramas. Initially known as 'Sir Christmas' or 'Lord Christmas', he later became increasingly referred to as 'Father Christmas'. Puritan revolution—enter 'Father Christmas' The rise of puritanism led to accusations of popery in connection with pre-reformation Christmas traditions. When the Puritans took control of government in the mid-1640s they made concerted efforts to abolish Christmas and to outlaw its traditional customs. For 15 years from around 1644, before and during the Interregnum of 1649-1660, the
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Father Christmas
Puritan revolution—enter 'Father Christmas'
celebration of Christmas in England was forbidden. The suppression was given greater legal weight from June 1647 when parliament passed an Ordinance for Abolishing of Festivals which formally abolished Christmas in its entirety, along with the other traditional church festivals of Easter and Whitsun. It was in this context that Royalist pamphleteers linked the old traditions of Christmas with the cause of King and Church, while radical puritans argued for the suppression of Christmas both in its religious and its secular aspects. In the hands of Royalist pamphlet writers, Old Father Christmas served as the symbol and spokesman of 'the good
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Father Christmas
Puritan revolution—enter 'Father Christmas'
old days' of feasting and good cheer, and it became popular for Christmastide's defenders to present him as lamenting past times. The Arraignment, Conviction and Imprisoning of Christmas (January 1646) describes a discussion between a town crier and a Royalist gentlewoman enquiring after Old Father Christmas who 'is gone from hence'. Its anonymous author, a parliamentarian, presents Father Christmas in a negative light, concentrating on his allegedly popish attributes: "For age, this hoarie headed man was of great yeares, and as white as snow; he entred the Romish Kallender time out of mind; [he] is old ...; he was full
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Father Christmas
Puritan revolution—enter 'Father Christmas'
and fat as any dumb Docter of them all. He looked under the consecrated Laune sleeves as big as Bul-beefe ... but, since the catholike liquor is taken from him, he is much wasted, so that he hath looked very thin and ill of late ... But yet some other markes that you may know him by, is that the wanton Women dote after him; he helped them to so many new Gownes, Hatts, and Hankerches, and other fine knacks, of which he hath a pack on his back, in which is good store of all sorts, besides the fine
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Father Christmas
Puritan revolution—enter 'Father Christmas'
knacks that he got out of their husbands’ pockets for household provisions for him. He got Prentises, Servants, and Schollars many play dayes, and therefore was well beloved by them also, and made all merry with Bagpipes, Fiddles, and other musicks, Giggs, Dances, and Mummings." The character of 'Christmas' (also called 'father Christmas') speaks in a pamphlet of 1652, immediately after the English Civil War, published anonymously by the satirical Royalist poet John Taylor: The Vindication of Christmas or, His Twelve Yeares' Observations upon the Times. A frontispiece illustrates an old, bearded Christmas in a brimmed hat, a long open robe
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Father Christmas
Puritan revolution—enter 'Father Christmas'
and undersleeves. Christmas laments the pitiful quandary he has fallen into since he came into "this headlesse countrey". "I was in good hope that so long a misery would have made them glad to bid a merry Christmas welcome. But welcome or not welcome, I am come...." He concludes with a verse: "Lets dance and sing, and make good chear, / For Christmas comes but once a year." In 1658 Josiah King published The Examination and Tryall of Old Father Christmas (the earliest citation for the specific term 'Father Christmas' recognised by the Oxford English Dictionary). King portrays Father Christmas as
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Father Christmas
Puritan revolution—enter 'Father Christmas'
a white-haired old man who is on trial for his life based on evidence laid against him by the Commonwealth. Father Christmas's counsel mounts the defence: "Me thinks my Lord, the very Clouds blush, to see this old Gentleman thus egregiously abused. if at any time any have abused themselves by immoderate eating, and drinking or otherwise spoil the creatures, it is none of this old mans fault; neither ought he to suffer for it; for example the Sun and the Moon are by the heathens worship’d are they therefore bad because idolized? so if any abuse this old man,
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Father Christmas
Puritan revolution—enter 'Father Christmas' & Restoration
they are bad for abusing him, not he bad, for being abused." The jury acquits. Restoration Following the Restoration in 1660, most traditional Christmas celebrations were revived, although as these were no longer contentious the historic documentary sources become fewer. In 1678 Josiah King reprinted his 1658 pamphlet with additional material. In this version, the restored Father Christmas is looking better: "[he] look't so smug and pleasant, his cherry cheeks appeared through his thin milk white locks, like [b]lushing Roses vail'd with snow white Tiffany ... the true Emblem of Joy and Innocence." Old Christmass Returnd, a ballad collected by Samuel Pepys,
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Father Christmas
Restoration & 18th century—a low profile
celebrated the revival of festivities in the latter part of the century: "Old Christmass is come for to keep open house / He scorns to be guilty of starving a mouse, / Then come boyes and welcome, for dyet the chief / Plumb pudding, Goose, Capon, minc't pies & Roast beef". 18th century—a low profile As interest in Christmas customs waned, Father Christmas's profile declined. He still continued to be regarded as Christmas's presiding spirit, although his occasional earlier associations with the Lord of Misrule died out with the disappearance of the Lord of Misrule himself. The historian Ronald Hutton
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Father Christmas
18th century—a low profile
notes, "after a taste of genuine misrule during the Interregnum nobody in the ruling elite seems to have had any stomach for simulating it." Hutton also found "patterns of entertainment at late Stuart Christmases are remarkably timeless [and] nothing very much seems to have altered during the next century either." The diaries of 18th and early 19th century clergy take little note of any Christmas traditions. In The Country Squire, a play of 1732, Old Christmas is depicted as someone who is rarely-found: a generous squire. The character Scabbard remarks, "Men are grown so ... stingy, now-a-days, that there is scarce
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Father Christmas
18th century—a low profile
One, in ten Parishes, makes any House-keeping. ... Squire Christmas ... keeps a good House, or else I do not know of One besides." When invited to spend Christmas with the squire, he comments "I will ... else I shall forget Christmas, for aught I see." Similar opinions were expressed in Round About Our Coal Fire ... with some curious Memories of Old Father Christmas; Shewing what Hospitality was in former Times, and how little there remains of it at present (1734, reprinted with Father Christmas subtitle 1796). David Garrick's popular 1774 Drury Lane production of A Christmas Tale included a
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Father Christmas
18th century—a low profile & 19th century—revival
personified Christmas character who announced "Behold a personage well known to fame; / Once lov'd and honour'd — Christmas is my name! /.../ I, English hearts rejoic'd in days of yore; / for new strange modes, imported by the score, / You will not sure turn Christmas out of door!" 19th century—revival During the Victorian period Christmas customs enjoyed a significant revival, including the figure of Father Christmas himself as the emblem of 'good cheer'. His physical appearance at this time became more variable, and he was by no means always portrayed as the old and bearded figure imagined by