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{"datasets_id": 1802, "wiki_id": "Q5430039", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 231} | 1,802 | Q5430039 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 231 | Fairbridge (charity) | History | Fairbridge (charity) Fairbridge was a UK charity that supported young people aged 13–25 from 1987. Each year it supported around 3,700 disengaged young people who were either not in education, employment or training – or at risk of becoming so – at one of its fifteen centres on the country.
In January 2011 it was announced that Fairbridge would become part of The Prince's Trust. History Fairbridge is the result of the merging of two organisations, the Drake Fellowship and the Fairbridge Society.
The Fairbridge Society was established in 1909 by Kingsley Fairbridge. Moved by the levels of deprivation he saw |
{"datasets_id": 1802, "wiki_id": "Q5430039", "sp": 8, "sc": 231, "ep": 8, "ec": 871} | 1,802 | Q5430039 | 8 | 231 | 8 | 871 | Fairbridge (charity) | History | in inner city areas of England, he established a charity to offer opportunities and education abroad to young people from broken homes. Currently (2017) The Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse (IICSA ), in full public hearings, is investigating the sexual abuse of children who were removed from British institutions and families between 1947 and the 70s, and taken to Australia and Canada by various charities and churches, including the Fairbridge Society.
Operation Drake was launched in 1978 at the suggestion of The Prince of Wales. It was a two-year, round-the-world venture in which 400 young people from 27 nations |
{"datasets_id": 1802, "wiki_id": "Q5430039", "sp": 8, "sc": 871, "ep": 8, "ec": 1574} | 1,802 | Q5430039 | 8 | 871 | 8 | 1,574 | Fairbridge (charity) | History | worked with scientists and servicemen on projects in 16 countries. John Mogg (British Army officer)(also known as Sir Herbert John Mogg) was a chairman of the Operation Drake Fellowship.
In 1980, George Thurstan, one of the organisers of Operation Drake, formed the Drake Fellowship to help under-privileged young people from centres based in the heart of the inner cities.
In 1987, the Drake Fellowship merged with the Fairbridge Society to become Fairbridge Drake, and in 1992 the name was changed to Fairbridge.
In 2007, Venture Trust separated from Fairbridge to become an independent charity.
Fairbridge's patron was Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy, |
{"datasets_id": 1802, "wiki_id": "Q5430039", "sp": 8, "sc": 1574, "ep": 16, "ec": 239} | 1,802 | Q5430039 | 8 | 1,574 | 16 | 239 | Fairbridge (charity) | History & Purpose & Bases | its president was Damon Buffini and
vice-presidents were Lady Dodds-Parker and Sir William McAlpine.
In April 2011, Fairbridge was taken over by The Prince's Trust. Purpose Fairbridge was a national charity which helped young people develop the confidence, motivation and skills they need to turn their lives around. It was a member of The National Council for Voluntary Youth Services (NCVYS). Bases Based in the UK's inner city areas, Fairbridge helped circa 3,700 young people a year from its 16 centres. The charity operated from team centres in Bristol, Southampton, Hackney in East London and Kennington in South London, Chatham, Kent |
{"datasets_id": 1802, "wiki_id": "Q5430039", "sp": 16, "sc": 239, "ep": 20, "ec": 533} | 1,802 | Q5430039 | 16 | 239 | 20 | 533 | Fairbridge (charity) | Bases & Activities | (based out of Offices within the Historic Chatham Dockyard), Birmingham, Liverpool, Salford in Greater Manchester and Bury in North Manchester, Middlesbrough, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Cardiff, Swansea, Dundee, Edinburgh and Glasgow. Activities Fairbridge worked with young people who had experienced school exclusion, homelessness, anti-social behavior, crime, substance misuse and mental health issues. By a combination of one-to-one support and challenging activities, young people made positive changes in their lives to enter education, training or employment.
Activities included outdoor pursuits, cooking, IT, drama, art, music, sexual health, work-based and independent living courses. The charity owned a 92’ sailing ship Spirit of Fairbridge which fosters self |
{"datasets_id": 1802, "wiki_id": "Q5430039", "sp": 20, "sc": 533, "ep": 20, "ec": 569} | 1,802 | Q5430039 | 20 | 533 | 20 | 569 | Fairbridge (charity) | Activities | belief through personal challenges. |
{"datasets_id": 1803, "wiki_id": "Q5430063", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 514} | 1,803 | Q5430063 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 514 | Fairchild C-26 Metroliner | Design and development | Fairchild C-26 Metroliner Design and development The United States Air Force bought eleven C-26A aircraft based on the SA227-AC, two of these being supplied to the Venezuelan Air Force. The first three C-26Bs were procured later in the 1980s, two for the US Army and one for the USAF. These three had been built as SA227-BC models. Later C-26Bs were the military equivalent of the Metro 23 and the USAF took delivery of 37 examples. Some of these were transferred to the Peruvian Air Force and the US Army, while six were transferred to the US Navy as C-26Ds. The |
{"datasets_id": 1803, "wiki_id": "Q5430063", "sp": 6, "sc": 514, "ep": 6, "ec": 1157} | 1,803 | Q5430063 | 6 | 514 | 6 | 1,157 | Fairchild C-26 Metroliner | Design and development | US Army also took a second-hand Merlin IVC and operated it as the solitary UC-26C.
A Metro III, c/n AC-614, was modified as the Fairchild Aircraft/Lockheed Multi Mission Surveillance Aircraft, featuring a Lockheed phased array radar in a long pod under the fuselage. Several aspects of the MMSA aircraft were incorporated on some USAF C-26s redesignated as the RC-26B, operated by the Air National Guard (ANG) in various states. These aircraft have been primarily used for Department of Defense reconnaissance mission support to various agencies of the Department of Homeland Security such as the United States Coast Guard (USCG) and |
{"datasets_id": 1803, "wiki_id": "Q5430063", "sp": 6, "sc": 1157, "ep": 6, "ec": 1753} | 1,803 | Q5430063 | 6 | 1,157 | 6 | 1,753 | Fairchild C-26 Metroliner | Design and development | Customs and Border Protection (CBP) in the War on Drugs, and to USCG and/or the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) in the wake of natural disasters. The RC-26B aircraft were originally configured with a belly pod containing a sensor turret and a data recorder. Recently, this pod has been removed and a sensor turret has been added to the belly of the aircraft. Some of the RC-26Bs were operated for a time with civil registrations. On 4 February 2019, a contract for Elbit Systems of America to provide an avionics upgrade to the Air National Guard's RC-26Bs was announced.
The |
{"datasets_id": 1803, "wiki_id": "Q5430063", "sp": 6, "sc": 1753, "ep": 6, "ec": 1885} | 1,803 | Q5430063 | 6 | 1,753 | 6 | 1,885 | Fairchild C-26 Metroliner | Design and development | US Navy operates several C-26D aircraft, modified for range support, at the Pacific Missile Range Facility Barking Sands in Hawaii. |
{"datasets_id": 1804, "wiki_id": "Q639638", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 580} | 1,804 | Q639638 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 580 | Falchion | Types | Falchion Types The blade designs of falchions varied widely across the continent and through the ages. They almost always included a single edge with a slight curve on the blade towards the point on the end and most were also affixed with a quilloned crossguard for the hilt in the manner of the contemporary arming swords. Unlike the double-edged swords of Europe, few actual swords of this type have survived to the present day; fewer than a dozen specimens are currently known. A number of weapons superficially similar to the falchion existed in Western Europe, including the Messer, hanger |
{"datasets_id": 1804, "wiki_id": "Q639638", "sp": 6, "sc": 580, "ep": 10, "ec": 479} | 1,804 | Q639638 | 6 | 580 | 10 | 479 | Falchion | Types & Cleaver falchions | and the backsword. Two basic types of falchion can be identified: Cleaver falchions One of the few surviving falchions (the Conyers falchion) is shaped very much like a large meat cleaver, or large bladed machete. This type is also illustrated in art. The type seems to be confined to the 13th and 14th centuries. However apart from the profile they present a very thin blade, often only 1.2 mm thick spines, 7 cm from the point with a slight taper leading near to the edge before dropping into a secondary bevel which brings the blade to a very acute edge while |
{"datasets_id": 1804, "wiki_id": "Q639638", "sp": 10, "sc": 479, "ep": 14, "ec": 495} | 1,804 | Q639638 | 10 | 479 | 14 | 495 | Falchion | Cleaver falchions & Cusped falchions | maintaining some durability. Current theories are that they were the anti-cloth armour weapon of the day. Cusped falchions The majority of the depictions in art reflect a design similar to that of the großes Messer. The Thorpe Falchion, a surviving example from England's 13th century, was just under 904 grams (1.99 lb) in weight. Of its 956 millimetres (37.6 inches) length, 803 millimetres (31.6 in) are the straight blade which bears a cusped or flare-clipped tip similar to the much later kilij of Turkey. This blade style may have been influenced by the Turko-Mongol sabres that had reached the borders of Europe |
{"datasets_id": 1804, "wiki_id": "Q639638", "sp": 14, "sc": 495, "ep": 18, "ec": 323} | 1,804 | Q639638 | 14 | 495 | 18 | 323 | Falchion | Cusped falchions & Other falchions | by the 13th century. This type of sword continues in use into the 16th century. It is now debated that it is an actual influence of the Turko-Mongol type sabres. It is now categorized as an independent development as the 13th century sabres don't have this type of cusp. Other falchions In addition, there are a group of 13th- and early 14th-century weapons sometimes identified with the falchion. These have a falchion-like blade mounted on a wooden shaft 1–2 ft (30–61 cm) long, sometimes ending in a curve like an umbrella. These are seen in numerous illustrations in the mid-13th-century Maciejowski Bible. |
{"datasets_id": 1804, "wiki_id": "Q639638", "sp": 20, "sc": 0, "ep": 22, "ec": 630} | 1,804 | Q639638 | 20 | 0 | 22 | 630 | Falchion | Status | Status It is sometimes presumed that these swords had a lower quality and status than the longer, more expensive swords. Falchions are sometimes misunderstood and thought of as being similar to machetes; however, the ancient falchions that have been discovered are incredibly thin and on average, lighter than a double-edged blade. These weapons were therefore not cleaving or chopping weapons similar to the machete, but quick slashing weapons more similar to shamshir or sabres despite their wide blade. While falchions are commonly thought to be peasants' weapons this is not always the case; the Conyers falchion belonged to a landed |
{"datasets_id": 1804, "wiki_id": "Q639638", "sp": 22, "sc": 630, "ep": 22, "ec": 962} | 1,804 | Q639638 | 22 | 630 | 22 | 962 | Falchion | Status | family, and the falchion is shown in illustrations of combat between mounted knights. Some later falchions were ornate and used by the nobility; there is an elaborately engraved and gold plated falchion from the 1560s in the Wallace Collection, engraved with the personal coat of arms of Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany. |
{"datasets_id": 1805, "wiki_id": "Q12311002", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 547} | 1,805 | Q12311002 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 547 | Falkensteen | Pebringegaard | Falkensteen Pebringegaard The estate was originally called Pebringegaard. It is first mentioned in 1372 when Clemend Senæ granted it to Antvorskov Abbey. It was later owned by the Hvass family. Niels Hvas is mentioned as the owner in 1404. It was later acquired by the crown. Lauritz Nielsen was lensmann from 1642. The main building was destroyed in a fire in 1648. In 1663, it was acquired by Jens Ebbesen, the bailiff of Antvorskov, but after a while reverted to the crown. In 1674, Christian V granted it to Henrik Thott. It later went to his daughter, Sophie Thott. In |
{"datasets_id": 1805, "wiki_id": "Q12311002", "sp": 6, "sc": 547, "ep": 12, "ec": 12} | 1,805 | Q12311002 | 6 | 547 | 12 | 12 | Falkensteen | Pebringegaard & Georg Frederik Ditlev Koës and later owners & 19th century | 1675, she gave it to Hans Carstensøn. It was then most likely reacquired by its former owner, Jens Ebbesen, since his widow in 1698 sold it to Frederik von Korff.
In 1705, Frederik IV used a buy-Back Clause to reacquire the estate. In 1717, it was included in Antvorskov Cavalry District. Georg Frederik Ditlev Koës and later owners In 1774, Antvorskov and Pebringegaard was acquired by Georg Ditlev Frederik Köes. He renamed Pebringegaard Falkensteen after his wife, Anna Mathea Falck. Koës was originally from Preussia but had later moved to Copenhagen where he established a lottery (tallotteriet). 19th century |
{"datasets_id": 1805, "wiki_id": "Q12311002", "sp": 14, "sc": 0, "ep": 14, "ec": 596} | 1,805 | Q12311002 | 14 | 0 | 14 | 596 | Falkensteen | 19th century | In 1794, Koës chose to sell his Danish estates to Magnus von Dernath. In 1799, he sold Falkensteen to Constantin Brun, a wealthy merchant from Copenhagen. In 1806, Brun sold the estate to Adam Wilhelm Hauch and Marcus Frederik Voigt.
In 1809 it was acquired by Marcus Bech. In 1811, he sold it to professor of law at the University of Copenhagen Johan Frederik Vilhelm Schlegel who next year ceded it to Ludvig Manthey in exchange for Søllerødgaard in Søllerød north of Copenhagen. Manthey had recently given up his positions as director of the Royal Porcelain Manufactory and manager of |
{"datasets_id": 1805, "wiki_id": "Q12311002", "sp": 14, "sc": 596, "ep": 22, "ec": 25} | 1,805 | Q12311002 | 14 | 596 | 22 | 25 | Falkensteen | 19th century & 20th and 21st centuries & Architecture | Ørholm and Brede Works. He kept the estate until his death in 1842 and was buried in the local Gerlev Cemetery.
Falkensteen was then acquired by Lars Trolle, who in 1846 ceded it to Peter Adolf Henrik Stampe. In 1852, Falkensteen was acquired by Jacob Jacobsen. 20th and 21st centuries In 1897, Jacobsen's heirs sold Falkensteen to Frederik Wilhelm Treschow. Treschow sold it when he inherited Brahesborg on Funen after his father in 1811. The new owner was Carl A. N. Lawaetz. The estate has since then remained in the hands of the Lawaetz family. Architecture The main building is from |
{"datasets_id": 1805, "wiki_id": "Q12311002", "sp": 22, "sc": 25, "ep": 22, "ec": 242} | 1,805 | Q12311002 | 22 | 25 | 22 | 242 | Falkensteen | Architecture | 1775 and was built with brick from Antvorskov Abbey. The rather unassuming, single-storey building is 11 bays long and has a hipped red tile roof. The facade features a median risalit tipped by a triangular pediment. |
{"datasets_id": 1806, "wiki_id": "Q1394892", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 635} | 1,806 | Q1394892 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 635 | False brinelling | False brinelling False brinelling is a bearing damage caused by fretting, with or without corrosion, that causes imprints that look similar to brinelling, but are caused by a different mechanism. False brinelling may occur in bearings which act under small oscillations or vibrations.
The basic cause of false brinelling is that the design of the bearing does not have a method for redistribution of lubricant without large rotational movement of all bearing surfaces in the raceway. Lubricant is pushed out of a loaded region during small oscillatory movements and vibration where the bearings surfaces repeatedly do not move very far. Without |
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{"datasets_id": 1806, "wiki_id": "Q1394892", "sp": 4, "sc": 635, "ep": 8, "ec": 404} | 1,806 | Q1394892 | 4 | 635 | 8 | 404 | False brinelling | Mechanism of action | lubricant, wear is increased when the small oscillatory movements occur again. It is possible for the resulting wear debris to oxidize and form an abrasive compound which further accelerates wear. Mechanism of action In normal operation, a rolling-element bearing has the rollers and races separated by a thin layer of lubricant such as grease or oil. Although these lubricants normally appear liquid (not solid), under high pressure they act as solids and keep the bearing and race from touching.
If the lubricant is removed, the bearings and races can touch directly. While bearings and races appear smooth to |
{"datasets_id": 1806, "wiki_id": "Q1394892", "sp": 8, "sc": 404, "ep": 8, "ec": 1004} | 1,806 | Q1394892 | 8 | 404 | 8 | 1,004 | False brinelling | Mechanism of action | the eye, they are microscopically rough. Thus, high points of each surface can touch, but "valleys" do not. The bearing load is thus spread over much less area increasing the contact stress, causing pieces of each surface to break off or to become pressure-welded then break off when the bearing rolls on.
The broken-off pieces are also called wear debris. Wear debris is bad because it is relatively large compared to the surrounding surface finish and thus creates more regions of high contact stress. Worse, the steel in ordinary bearings can oxidize (rust), producing a more abrasive |
{"datasets_id": 1806, "wiki_id": "Q1394892", "sp": 8, "sc": 1004, "ep": 16, "ec": 77} | 1,806 | Q1394892 | 8 | 1,004 | 16 | 77 | False brinelling | Mechanism of action & Simulation of false brinelling & Examples | compound which accelerates wear. Simulation of false brinelling The simulation of false brinelling is possible with the help of the finite element method. For the simulation, the relative displacements (slip) between rolling element and raceway as well as the pressure in the rolling contact are determined. For comparison between simulation and experiments, the friction work density is used, which is the product of friction coefficient, slip and local pressure. The simulation results can be used to determine critical application parameters or to explain the damage mechanisms. Examples False brinelling was first mentioned by Almen in 1937. Almen found that wheel |
{"datasets_id": 1806, "wiki_id": "Q1394892", "sp": 16, "sc": 77, "ep": 16, "ec": 690} | 1,806 | Q1394892 | 16 | 77 | 16 | 690 | False brinelling | Examples | bearings were damaged before they were used by customers. Furthermore, he found that the bearings were more damaged for long-distance shipping of the cars and that the season of shipping also had an influence. The reason for the damaged bearings were micro-oscillations which occurred due to the shipping. Because the damage has a similar look to brinelling, it was called false brinelling.
Although the auto-delivery problem has been solved, there are many modern examples. For example, generators or pumps may fail or need service, so it is common to have a nearby spare unit which is left off most of |
{"datasets_id": 1806, "wiki_id": "Q1394892", "sp": 16, "sc": 690, "ep": 16, "ec": 1267} | 1,806 | Q1394892 | 16 | 690 | 16 | 1,267 | False brinelling | Examples | the time but brought into service when needed. Surprisingly, however, vibration from the operating unit can cause bearing failure in the unit which is switched off. When that unit is turned on, the bearings may be noisy due to damage, and may fail completely within a few days or weeks even though the unit and its bearings are otherwise new. Common solutions include: keeping the spare unit at a distance from the one which is on and vibrating; manually rotating shafts of the spare units on a regular (for example, weekly) basis; or regularly switching between the units so |
{"datasets_id": 1806, "wiki_id": "Q1394892", "sp": 16, "sc": 1267, "ep": 16, "ec": 1822} | 1,806 | Q1394892 | 16 | 1,267 | 16 | 1,822 | False brinelling | Examples | that both are in regular (for example, weekly) operation.
Until recently, bicycle headsets tended to suffer from false brinelling in the "straight ahead" steering position, due to small movements caused by flexing of the fork. Good modern headsets incorporate a plain bearing to accommodate this flexing, leaving the ball race to provide pure rotational movement.
Bearings of modern wind turbines are often affected by false brinelling. Especially the pitch bearing, which is used under oscillation, shows often false brinelling damages. |
{"datasets_id": 1807, "wiki_id": "Q5432811", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 18, "ec": 39} | 1,807 | Q5432811 | 2 | 0 | 18 | 39 | Falta, South 24 Parganas | History & Geography & Demographics & Police station | Falta, South 24 Parganas History Falta was an old human settlement of pre-British India. When Siraj-ud-Daulah sacked Kolkata in 1756, the English residents moved to Falta temporarily. Geography Falta is located at 22°18′07″N 88°07′42″E. It has an average elevation of 8 metres (26 ft). Demographics As per the 2011 Census of India, Falta had a total population of 969, of which 490 (51%) were males and 479 (49%) were females. Population below 6 years was 113. The total number of literates in Falta was 719 (84.00% of the population over 6 years). Police station Falta police station was established in |
{"datasets_id": 1807, "wiki_id": "Q5432811", "sp": 18, "sc": 39, "ep": 22, "ec": 460} | 1,807 | Q5432811 | 18 | 39 | 22 | 460 | Falta, South 24 Parganas | Police station & Economy | 1906. It covers an area of 135.58 sq km spread over Falta CD block. Economy An Export Processing Zone (EPZ) was established by the government of India at Falta in 1984. It later became a Free Trade Zone (FTZ) and subsequently became a Special Economic Zone (SEZ) under the West Bengal SEZ Act, 2003. It was the first SEZ act passed by any state government in India. Therefore, the Falta SEZ was the first SEZ in India. After the government of India passed the SEZ Act in 2005, the Falta SEZ came under the purview of this act. A Special |
{"datasets_id": 1807, "wiki_id": "Q5432811", "sp": 22, "sc": 460, "ep": 22, "ec": 925} | 1,807 | Q5432811 | 22 | 460 | 22 | 925 | Falta, South 24 Parganas | Economy | Economic Zone is a specially delineated duty-free enclave and is deemed to be foreign territory for the purpose of trade operations and duties and tariffs. The units in the Zone have to export their entire production and are granted certain entitlements.
Falta SEZ was set up over 280 acres of land It has 271 companies, of which 107 are closed. About 60% of the workforce in the SEZ are women. In 2003-04, export from Falta stood at about Rs 1,500 crore, |
{"datasets_id": 1808, "wiki_id": "Q5433482", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 556} | 1,808 | Q5433482 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 556 | Famous Smoke Shop | Incorporation and growth | Famous Smoke Shop Incorporation and growth David and Rose Zaretsky incorporated Famous Smoke Shop in New York City in October 1939. In 1970, their son Arthur Zaretsky began working for the company. He assumed sole ownership in 1984.
Famous Smoke Shop has maintained a brick and mortar retail shop since its incorporation. The original shop was located at 1433 Broadway in New York City. The 350 sq. ft. store primarily sold imported and domestic cigars, as well as magazines and other sundries. In 1975, the company moved to a 550 sq. ft. location at 1450 Broadway. In 1986, unable to absorb |
{"datasets_id": 1808, "wiki_id": "Q5433482", "sp": 6, "sc": 556, "ep": 6, "ec": 1178} | 1,808 | Q5433482 | 6 | 556 | 6 | 1,178 | Famous Smoke Shop | Incorporation and growth | increasing Midtown rents, the company moved its cigar store to a 1550 sq. ft. location at 55 W. 39th Street. Its current retail shop is located in the north end of its 24,000 sq. ft. Easton headquarters.
In 1970, Famous Smoke Shop published its first mail order cigar catalog. The catalog consisted of a typewritten pricelist of available cigar brands. The catalog is currently produced in-house by a staff of copywriters and graphic artists, and mailed monthly.
Between the years of 1992 and 1998, the cigar industry experienced an unprecedented boom. Cigar sales increased by as much as 36% in the first |
{"datasets_id": 1808, "wiki_id": "Q5433482", "sp": 6, "sc": 1178, "ep": 10, "ec": 20} | 1,808 | Q5433482 | 6 | 1,178 | 10 | 20 | Famous Smoke Shop | Incorporation and growth & Cigar manufacturing | quarter of 1996. Increased sales during this period provided the company enough capital to upgrade its telephone and computer systems. During this period, the company also diversified its marketing efforts, expanding its catalog and developing a web presence.
Famous-Smoke.com was first published in 1997. The company now markets cigars through several web properties. In 2004, the company published an online auction website, CigarAuctioneer.com, which sells humidors, lighters, cigar cutters and cases to the highest bidder(s). In December, 2006 it published CigarMonster.com, a one deal a day website. It also operates CigarDomain.com, a cigar wholesale website. Cigar manufacturing Famous Smoke Shop is |
{"datasets_id": 1808, "wiki_id": "Q5433482", "sp": 10, "sc": 20, "ep": 10, "ec": 181} | 1,808 | Q5433482 | 10 | 20 | 10 | 181 | Famous Smoke Shop | Cigar manufacturing | the sole owner and distributor of numerous cigar brands manufactured on its behalf by Rocky Patel, Padrón, La Aurora, and Don José "Pepin" Garcia, among others. |
{"datasets_id": 1809, "wiki_id": "Q5434146", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 224} | 1,809 | Q5434146 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 224 | Fantasia and Fugue in C minor, BWV 562 | Composition | Fantasia and Fugue in C minor, BWV 562 The Fantasia and Fugue in C minor, BWV 562 is a relatively short piece written for the organ by Johann Sebastian Bach. Bach began the composition during his time in Weimar, and an unfinished fugue, probably by Bach, was added in his later life. The piece features a heavily appoggiatura-laden harmony. Composition Bach was hired in 1708 by the ruling duke of Saxe-Weimar, Wilhelm Ernst, as an organist and member of the court orchestra; he was particularly encouraged to make use of his unique talents with the organ. During his tenure at |
{"datasets_id": 1809, "wiki_id": "Q5434146", "sp": 8, "sc": 224, "ep": 8, "ec": 739} | 1,809 | Q5434146 | 8 | 224 | 8 | 739 | Fantasia and Fugue in C minor, BWV 562 | Composition | Weimar his fame as an organist grew, and many students of the organ visited him to hear him play and to learn from his technique. The composer also wrote many of his greatest organ works during the period, including the Toccata and Fugue in D minor, BWV 565 and the Prelude and Fugue in E major, BWV 566. The Fantasia and Fugue in C minor was begun during this period, as a lone fantasia in the title key. The fugue was added in 1745, most likely by Bach, but possibly by one of his students or sons. This piece is |
{"datasets_id": 1809, "wiki_id": "Q5434146", "sp": 8, "sc": 739, "ep": 12, "ec": 495} | 1,809 | Q5434146 | 8 | 739 | 12 | 495 | Fantasia and Fugue in C minor, BWV 562 | Composition & Analysis | one of a few by Bach with a considerable period between the composition of its component sections. Analysis The whole piece lasts about six minutes, and comprises an 81-bar fantasia and an unfinished fugue, of which 27 bars are written. The fantasia has a very imposing structure and sound, the feel of which is created by the piece's one-measure generative theme. This theme passes between five contrapuntal voices of the organ, with occasional movement into new ideas; even the pedal bass is used for the theme. An interesting feature to the theme is that it contains many appoggiaturas, which provide |
{"datasets_id": 1809, "wiki_id": "Q5434146", "sp": 12, "sc": 495, "ep": 12, "ec": 786} | 1,809 | Q5434146 | 12 | 495 | 12 | 786 | Fantasia and Fugue in C minor, BWV 562 | Analysis | the piece with a slight virtuosic feel; the harmonies especially contain many such devices. The fugue is written in time and uses a simple half–quarter rhythm. It ends abruptly in the middle of the 27th bar after the exposition of the five voices is completed and a stretto passage begins. |
{"datasets_id": 1810, "wiki_id": "Q1395862", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 149} | 1,810 | Q1395862 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 149 | Fantasie in C (Schumann) | Genesis | Fantasie in C (Schumann) The Fantasie in C major, Op. 17, was written by Robert Schumann in 1836. It was revised prior to publication in 1839, when it was dedicated to Franz Liszt. It is generally described as one of Schumann's greatest works for solo piano, and is one of the central works of the early Romantic period. It is often called by the Italian version, Fantasia; the word "Fantasie" is the German spelling. Genesis The piece has its origin in early 1836, when Schumann composed a piece entitled Ruines expressing his distress at being parted from his beloved Clara |
{"datasets_id": 1810, "wiki_id": "Q1395862", "sp": 8, "sc": 149, "ep": 8, "ec": 783} | 1,810 | Q1395862 | 8 | 149 | 8 | 783 | Fantasie in C (Schumann) | Genesis | Wieck (later to become his wife). This later became the first movement of the Fantasy. Later that year, he wrote two more movements to create a work intended as a contribution to the appeal for funds to erect a monument to Beethoven in his birthplace, Bonn. Schumann offered the work to the publisher Kirstner, suggesting that 100 presentation copies could be sold to raise money for the monument. Other contributions to the Beethoven monument fund included Mendelssohn's Variations sérieuses.
The original title of Schumann's work was "Obolen auf Beethovens Monument: Ruinen, Trophaen, Palmen, Grosse Sonate f.d. Piano f. |
{"datasets_id": 1810, "wiki_id": "Q1395862", "sp": 8, "sc": 783, "ep": 8, "ec": 1417} | 1,810 | Q1395862 | 8 | 783 | 8 | 1,417 | Fantasie in C (Schumann) | Genesis | Für Beethovens Denkmal". Kirstner refused, and Schumann tried offering the piece to Haslinger in January 1837. When Haslinger also refused, he offered it to Breitkopf & Härtel in May 1837. The movements' subtitles (Ruins, Trophies, Palms) became Ruins, Triumphal Arch, and Constellation, and were then removed altogether before Breitkopf & Härtel eventually issued the Fantasie in May 1839. It was printed with a dedication to Franz Liszt.
The Beethoven monument was eventually completed, due mainly to the efforts of Liszt, who paid 2,666 thaler, the largest single contribution. It was unveiled in grand style in 1845, |
{"datasets_id": 1810, "wiki_id": "Q1395862", "sp": 8, "sc": 1417, "ep": 8, "ec": 1548} | 1,810 | Q1395862 | 8 | 1,417 | 8 | 1,548 | Fantasie in C (Schumann) | Genesis | the attendees including Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, and many other dignitaries and composers, but not Schumann, who was ill. |
{"datasets_id": 1811, "wiki_id": "Q593156", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 205} | 1,811 | Q593156 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 205 | Farah, Afghanistan | Land Use & Ancient history | Farah, Afghanistan Land Use Farah is located in western Afghanistan between Kandahar and Herat, close to the border with Iran, although it lacks a direct road connection with the latter. Farah has a very clear grid of roads distributed through the higher density residential areas. However barren land (35%) and vacant plots (25%) are the largest land uses and combine for 60% of total land use. Ancient history The Citadel at Farah is probably one of a series of fortresses constructed by Alexander the Great, the city being an intermediate stop between Alexandria Arachosia (modern Kandahar) and Herat, the location |
{"datasets_id": 1811, "wiki_id": "Q593156", "sp": 10, "sc": 205, "ep": 14, "ec": 88} | 1,811 | Q593156 | 10 | 205 | 14 | 88 | Farah, Afghanistan | Ancient history & Medieval | of another of Alexander's fortresses. The ‘Alexandria’ prefix was added to the city’s name when Alexander came in 330 BC.
Under the Parthian Empire, Farah fell under the satrapy of Aria, and was one of its key cities. It is thought to be Phra, mentioned by Isidorus Characenus in the 1st century AD, or Alexandria Prophthasia mentioned by Pliny the Elder and the 4th century Peutinger Map.
In the 5th century CE Farah was one of the major strongholds on the eastern frontier of the Sassanid Empire. Medieval The region was historically part of Khorasan province and was controlled by the Tahirids |
{"datasets_id": 1811, "wiki_id": "Q593156", "sp": 14, "sc": 88, "ep": 14, "ec": 721} | 1,811 | Q593156 | 14 | 88 | 14 | 721 | Farah, Afghanistan | Medieval | followed by the Saffarids, Samanids, Ghaznavids, Ghurids, Khwarazmshahs, Ilkhanates, Timurids, Khanate of Bukhara, and Saffavids until the early-18th century when it became part of the Afghan Hotaki dynasty followed by the Durrani Empire.
Islam was introduced in the region during the 7th century and later the Saffarid dynasty took control of Farah. During the 10th century, Mahmud of Ghazni took possession of the city, followed by the Ghurids in the 12th century. Genghis Khan and his army passed through in the 13th century, and the city fell to the Timurids. It was controlled by the Safavids until 1709, when they were |
{"datasets_id": 1811, "wiki_id": "Q593156", "sp": 14, "sc": 721, "ep": 18, "ec": 352} | 1,811 | Q593156 | 14 | 721 | 18 | 352 | Farah, Afghanistan | Medieval & Soviet-Afghan War | defeated by the Hotaki Afghan forces of Mirwais Hotak. It became part of the Durrani Empire in the mid 18th century. Farah was seized by Sultan Jan, then ruler of Herat, but re-captured by Dost Mohammad Khan on July 8, 1862. Soviet-Afghan War At the start of the Soviet invasion, Farah was, along with Herat, Shindand, and Kandahar, occupied by the Soviet 357th and 66th Motorized Rifle Divisions (MRD).
The mujahideen established themselves in the Farah area in 1979. They maintained a presence in the city until they were forced out in 1982, and established a stronghold at the nearby |
{"datasets_id": 1811, "wiki_id": "Q593156", "sp": 18, "sc": 352, "ep": 22, "ec": 457} | 1,811 | Q593156 | 18 | 352 | 22 | 457 | Farah, Afghanistan | Soviet-Afghan War & Civil war to present | mountain Lor Koh, which they renamed Sharafat Koh ("Honor Mountain"). Primary among the Farah mujahideen groups was the Sharafat Kuh Front. Civil war to present Following the collapse of the Soviet-backed government of Najibullah in 1992, Ismail Khan returned to power in Herat, and came to control Farah, as well as the other surrounding provinces of Ghor and Badghis, until Herat fell to the Taliban in 1995.
The roads in Farah province have seen massive improvement since May 2005. The education system has been greatly improved and a great number of illegal weapons have been collected and destroyed in the |
{"datasets_id": 1811, "wiki_id": "Q593156", "sp": 22, "sc": 457, "ep": 22, "ec": 1089} | 1,811 | Q593156 | 22 | 457 | 22 | 1,089 | Farah, Afghanistan | Civil war to present | province by the Provincial Reconstruction Team. The United States built a base at Farah Airport, which also houses the Afghan National Security Forces (ANFS).
On May 7, 2009, thousands of Afghan villagers shouting "Death to America" and "Death to the Government" protested in Farah City over American bomber air strikes on May 4 that killed 147 civilians. Clashes with police started when people from the three villages struck by US B1-bombers brought 15 newly discovered bodies in a truck to the house of the provincial governor. Four protesters were wounded when police opened fire. Going by the account of survivors, the |
{"datasets_id": 1811, "wiki_id": "Q593156", "sp": 22, "sc": 1089, "ep": 22, "ec": 1675} | 1,811 | Q593156 | 22 | 1,089 | 22 | 1,675 | Farah, Afghanistan | Civil war to present | air raid was not a brief attack by several aircraft acting on mistaken intelligence, but a sustained bombardment in which three villages were pounded to pieces. An Afghan government investigation concluded on May 16, 2009 with the Afghan Defense Ministry announcing an official death toll of 140 villagers. A copy of the government's list of the names and ages of each of the 140 dead showed that 93 of those killed were children, and only 22 were adult males.
On 20 November 2009 it was reported that a suicide bomber on a motorcycle detonated near a market in Farah Naz city, |
{"datasets_id": 1811, "wiki_id": "Q593156", "sp": 22, "sc": 1675, "ep": 22, "ec": 2330} | 1,811 | Q593156 | 22 | 1,675 | 22 | 2,330 | Farah, Afghanistan | Civil war to present | killing 17 people and wounding 29. Mullah Hayatullah was the Taliban commander for Farah province and was reported to be known to run suicide training camps.
During late evening of 14 May 2018, Taliban fighters stormed the city from multiple directions. By 15 May 2018, the Taliban, during their annual spring offensive, captured Farah from the Afghan government, with only the provincial governor's compound remaining under the control of Afghan forces. However, by 16 May Afghan Armed Forces,along with elements of the US Armys 2-12th infantry regiment belonging to the 4th infantry division along with several interpreters backed by the United |
{"datasets_id": 1811, "wiki_id": "Q593156", "sp": 22, "sc": 2330, "ep": 22, "ec": 2982} | 1,811 | Q593156 | 22 | 2,330 | 22 | 2,982 | Farah, Afghanistan | Civil war to present | States Air Force recaptured the city, while fighting moved on to the outlying areas of it. National Directorate of Security headquarters have been razed during the fighting. Taliban fighters have claimed that they withdrew after achieving their objectives and capturing weapon and equipment stockpiles. On May 16, government security forces backed by US air support reasserted control over Farah after driving the Taliban out of the city center. The security forces then conducted a clearing operation. Abdul Basir Salangi, governor of Farah province, said that the clashes left at least 25 members of the government security forces and five civilians |
{"datasets_id": 1811, "wiki_id": "Q593156", "sp": 22, "sc": 2982, "ep": 26, "ec": 559} | 1,811 | Q593156 | 22 | 2,982 | 26 | 559 | Farah, Afghanistan | Civil war to present & Demography | dead, and at least 300 Taliban fighters were also killed. Demography The city of Farah has a population of about 108,400.
However the recent statistics (2015) showed the city population of about 54,000.Pashtuns form the overwhelming majority of the city, comprising ca. 70 to 80%. The Tajiks at 15% and the remaining Balochis. More than 80% of the province consists of ethnic Pashtuns (excluding Kuchi nomades) followed by Tajiks as second largest group residing mainly in Farah city and Baluchis as third group. The primary Pashtun tribes in Farah province are the Eshaqzai, Alizai, Barakzai, and Nurzai. However, the |
{"datasets_id": 1811, "wiki_id": "Q593156", "sp": 26, "sc": 559, "ep": 30, "ec": 333} | 1,811 | Q593156 | 26 | 559 | 30 | 333 | Farah, Afghanistan | Demography & Economy and transportation | Kuchi nomads, a Pashtun group, make a sizeable population in winter.
The provincial dominant language is Pashto and Dari (Afghan Persian) Pashto is spoken by around 80%, followed by around 10%-15% Dari and the remainings are Baluchi and Brahui language. Economy and transportation The city is a major trading and farming center in this area.
The Farah Airport is located next to the city and as of May 2014 had regularly scheduled flights to Herat.
There are secondary roads in different directions from the city. As of 2010 Farah City had 30 km of paved roads, 136 km of gravel roads and 150 km of |
{"datasets_id": 1811, "wiki_id": "Q593156", "sp": 30, "sc": 333, "ep": 38, "ec": 335} | 1,811 | Q593156 | 30 | 333 | 38 | 335 | Farah, Afghanistan | Economy and transportation & Healthcare & Books relating to Farah | unpaved roads. The major road is Route 515 which connects Farah to the Ring Road. Both roads were improved in 2009 in coordination with several ISAF countries. Healthcare The city is served by Farah City Hospital. Books relating to Farah Little has been written about Farah; some fleeting references can be found in works related to Afghanistan or works that focus on the Great Game Politics of the UK and the Russian Empire during the 19th century. However, 2011 saw the publication of Words in the Dust by author Trent Reedy, who was one of the first American soldiers to |
{"datasets_id": 1811, "wiki_id": "Q593156", "sp": 38, "sc": 335, "ep": 38, "ec": 427} | 1,811 | Q593156 | 38 | 335 | 38 | 427 | Farah, Afghanistan | Books relating to Farah | enter Farah in 2004. His book, while fiction, is set in Farah City and the wider province. |
{"datasets_id": 1812, "wiki_id": "Q3066764", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 266} | 1,812 | Q3066764 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 266 | Farah Antun | Phases of Al-Jami'ah | Farah Antun Farah Antun (Arabic: فرح انطون ), also spelled Farah Antoun (1874–1922), was among the first Syrian Christians to openly argue for secularism and equality regardless of religious affiliation, although he also, uncommonly for his background, argued against Arab nationalism. Antun became popular for his magazine "Al-Jami'ah" and his public debate with Muhammad Abduh over conflicting worldviews. Phases of Al-Jami'ah Al-Jami'ah was created by Antun in 1899 in Alexandria, after the Alexandria branch of Al-Ahram closed, and disappeared around 1910 in Cairo. The magazine began as a bi-monthly publication and was originally called Al-Jami'ah al-Uthmaniyah (The Ottoman Community). In |
{"datasets_id": 1812, "wiki_id": "Q3066764", "sp": 8, "sc": 266, "ep": 8, "ec": 842} | 1,812 | Q3066764 | 8 | 266 | 8 | 842 | Farah Antun | Phases of Al-Jami'ah | the second year it became a monthly publication, and from then on it was inconsistently published, as seen in the fact that only five issues were published in 1902, six in 1903, and two in 1904. Then, after a year of no publications, he moved to New York and again irregularly published issues of Al-Jami'ah from 1906 to 1909. While in New York he also published a daily called Al-Jami'ah al-Yawmiyah (The Daily Community) for six months and then a weekly called Al-Jami'ah al-Usbu'iyah (The Weekly Community) from 1907 to 1909. He returned to Egypt in 1909 and published two |
{"datasets_id": 1812, "wiki_id": "Q3066764", "sp": 8, "sc": 842, "ep": 16, "ec": 6} | 1,812 | Q3066764 | 8 | 842 | 16 | 6 | Farah Antun | Phases of Al-Jami'ah & Behind the scenes of Al-Jami'ah & Other publications | more issues of Al-Jami'ah before it disappeared in the next year. Behind the scenes of Al-Jami'ah Farah Antun was the sole contributor to Al-Jami'ah except for occasional other writers and his nephew Mikha'il Karam who worked with Antun for two years in Egypt. Possible reasons for the irregularity of his publications was that Antun wrote, edited, printed and even mailed out his magazines all on his own, in addition to keeping track of the financial records with no assistant. New York was the exception to this, as Antun had the full-time help of his brother-in-law, Niqula Haddad. Other publications Farah |
{"datasets_id": 1812, "wiki_id": "Q3066764", "sp": 16, "sc": 5, "ep": 20, "ec": 448} | 1,812 | Q3066764 | 16 | 5 | 20 | 448 | Farah Antun | Other publications & Saladin | and his sister Rose also published a women's magazine called al-Sayyidat wa al-Banat (The Ladies and Girls) between 1903 and 1906 in Alexandria. Saladin The great Muslim hero of the Crusades was a Kurd, Saladin (1138–93). Having defeated the crusaders in 1187, and become sovereign and founder of the Ayyubid dynasty in Egypt and Syria, Salah al-Din (Saladin) has been for a century the object of an intense glorification in the Arab world. Farah Antun's play Sultan Saladin and the Kingdom of Jerusalem (1914) illustrates how the historical figure of Saladin came to be presented as a prophet of Arab |
{"datasets_id": 1812, "wiki_id": "Q3066764", "sp": 20, "sc": 448, "ep": 24, "ec": 95} | 1,812 | Q3066764 | 20 | 448 | 24 | 95 | Farah Antun | Saladin & Secularism and Western influence | nationalism. Antun was a Syrian Christian who presents Saladin as the champion of a just jihad against the Crusaders and as a faithful upholder of the virtues of wisdom, determination, and frankness, calling on the peoples of all Arab countries to unite against Western imperialists. The refusal of Antun's Saladin to become embroiled in quarrels within Europe had obvious echoes in World War I and caused the play to be censored by the British authorities in Egypt. Secularism and Western influence A distinct view of Farah Antun is that one is great in spite of their education, not because of |
{"datasets_id": 1812, "wiki_id": "Q3066764", "sp": 24, "sc": 95, "ep": 24, "ec": 686} | 1,812 | Q3066764 | 24 | 95 | 24 | 686 | Farah Antun | Secularism and Western influence | it. In examples of this, he brings up men such as Ibn Sina, Ibn Rushd and al-Ghazali, who, if they had the resources of a 19th-century French education, would have achieved even more impressive accomplishments. And although he was not interested in the religious aspects of Islamic culture, he often quoted or referenced Muslim historians like Ibn Khaldun, as well as al-Ghazali, in "Al-Jami'ah". He also argues that Ibn Rushd was the first to discover the principle of "survival of the fittest," not Darwin. But he did not feel that Muslims needed to defend Islamic history to the West but |
{"datasets_id": 1812, "wiki_id": "Q3066764", "sp": 24, "sc": 686, "ep": 24, "ec": 1300} | 1,812 | Q3066764 | 24 | 686 | 24 | 1,300 | Farah Antun | Secularism and Western influence | at the same time had little to no interaction with Muslim thinkers of his time.
Antun largely rejected Arabic heritage, whether Muslim or Christian, as they seemed irrelevant to his interests and needs. He believed that the East was once the place to turn to for knowledge and research, but now the West was taking that over and so it became necessary to use it.
Antun's only foreign language was French and his experience in French was limited to 18th- and 19th-century literature. When reading French critique of Islam, he tended to agree with their criticisms. He was largely affected by French |
{"datasets_id": 1812, "wiki_id": "Q3066764", "sp": 24, "sc": 1300, "ep": 28, "ec": 33} | 1,812 | Q3066764 | 24 | 1,300 | 28 | 33 | Farah Antun | Secularism and Western influence & Regional background | intellectuals and philosophers of the Enlightenment, such as Montesquieu and Voltaire. He was also interested in French Romantics as well as the rationalist traditions of men like Auguste Comte, Ernest Renan and Jules Simon. From each, Antun took specific things and often inserted them into Al-Jami'ah.
These ranged from the skeptical attitude of religious institutions of Renan to the ideas of the emancipation of women and educational reforms of Simon.
Through translations, Antun was also exposed to literature of English, German and Russian in addition to the writings of Dawn, Spencer, Nietzsche and Tolstoy. Regional background Because he was a Christian living |
{"datasets_id": 1812, "wiki_id": "Q3066764", "sp": 28, "sc": 33, "ep": 32, "ec": 203} | 1,812 | Q3066764 | 28 | 33 | 32 | 203 | Farah Antun | Regional background & Debate with Abduh | during the late Ottoman Empire, his family was subjected to dhimmi restrictions, such as extra taxes, legal disadvantages, and sometimes limited job opportunities. Many Orthodox Christians in Syria desired to live among Muslims in a secular state, and with the fall of the Ottoman Empire in 1918, this opened the door to Syrian intellectuals calling for exactly that. Debate with Abduh Antun's debate with Muhammad Abduh in 1902 to 1903 was the high point of his career, yet may have been considered only a small event in the life of the Mufti of Egypt, Muhammad Abduh. Abduh had also read |
{"datasets_id": 1812, "wiki_id": "Q3066764", "sp": 32, "sc": 203, "ep": 32, "ec": 819} | 1,812 | Q3066764 | 32 | 203 | 32 | 819 | Farah Antun | Debate with Abduh | Western social thinkers like Renan, Rousseau, Spencer and Tolstoy, just as Antun, but coming to different conclusions on what that meant for Arab thought. Abduh believed that Islam needed to be central to Middle Eastern society and its core principles and tenets never to be comprised, while also remaining fluid and selectively borrowing from the West. The debate between the two was sparked by an article by Antun on the biography and thoughts of the Muslim medieval philosopher and jurist Ibn Rushd (1126–1198), in which he argued that Islamic orthodoxy had hindered the spirit of free intellectual inquiry. The |
{"datasets_id": 1812, "wiki_id": "Q3066764", "sp": 32, "sc": 819, "ep": 32, "ec": 1449} | 1,812 | Q3066764 | 32 | 819 | 32 | 1,449 | Farah Antun | Debate with Abduh | debate then took off when Abduh published a rebuttal to Antun's article of Ibn Rushd titled al-Manar and Antun decided to respond in an effort to catapult his inconspicuous career into the public sphere, hopefully to also receive attention for "al-Jam'iah".
Antun focused solely on compiling responses to Abduh for three months, studying Islamic classics for the first time day and night. In his response, he quoted al-Ghazali, and other medieval Islamic scholars, that would support his own view of Islamic theology. As an Islamic scholar, Abduh rarely used a reference book and used mostly his memory to reply to Antun, |
{"datasets_id": 1812, "wiki_id": "Q3066764", "sp": 32, "sc": 1449, "ep": 32, "ec": 2084} | 1,812 | Q3066764 | 32 | 1,449 | 32 | 2,084 | Farah Antun | Debate with Abduh | mostly in his spare time and in between other important tasks, whereas Antun devoted all his time and efforts to the debate.
Antun, like Renan, argued that Islamic theology was based upon two assertions: complete freedom of the creator from all limitations and the rejection of any secondary causes that would limit the creator's freedoms. Because these beliefs basically implied that every event in the universe is a result of God's exercise of free will, Antun felt that they discouraged scientific and philosophical research of the universe. Antun also argued the part of Greek and some Muslim philosophers who regarded God |
{"datasets_id": 1812, "wiki_id": "Q3066764", "sp": 32, "sc": 2084, "ep": 32, "ec": 2655} | 1,812 | Q3066764 | 32 | 2,084 | 32 | 2,655 | Farah Antun | Debate with Abduh | as only an initial actor in the course of the universe and creator of natural laws, who then left mankind to run their own lives and explore as they so desired. He emphasized that all religions were based upon the same principles, only differing on minor issues and so disliked to debate over the polemics between them, and that science and religion were working towards the same goal, the betterment of mankind. As long as both science and religion stayed in their own realms, there would be no conflict between them. Antun called for religion, a personal matter, to be |
{"datasets_id": 1812, "wiki_id": "Q3066764", "sp": 32, "sc": 2655, "ep": 32, "ec": 3316} | 1,812 | Q3066764 | 32 | 2,655 | 32 | 3,316 | Farah Antun | Debate with Abduh | separate from science and reason.
Abduh refuted Antun's claim that Islamic theology supported the belief that the unrestricted will of God was directly responsible for every event in the universe. Similar to the Mu'tazili argumentations, Abduh argued that in Islam regularities of the universe, human reason or logic and secondary causes were not necessarily rejected. Science and philosophy were wholly a part of Islam, a religion of reason and faith. He equated the Western concept of natural laws of the universe with the '"sunnah" of God.' Additionally, Abduh believed that the Qur’an anticipated certain Darwinist concepts, such as survival of the |
{"datasets_id": 1812, "wiki_id": "Q3066764", "sp": 32, "sc": 3316, "ep": 32, "ec": 3980} | 1,812 | Q3066764 | 32 | 3,316 | 32 | 3,980 | Farah Antun | Debate with Abduh | fittest and the struggle for existence. Though this was somewhat controversial with the more conservative Muslims, it was largely ignored as Abduh moved on to defaming Christianity. Antun seemed to make a brief suggestion that the West was more tolerant of intellectual inquiry than the Muslim world, and Abduh, misunderstanding what Antun meant, refuted the foundations of Christianity and listed Western intellectuals who had been persecuted by Christian authorities. He proclaimed that Islam, however, had always protected other religions and had been more tolerant of others in general, and so was the best religion for the world.
Both Antun and Abduh |
{"datasets_id": 1812, "wiki_id": "Q3066764", "sp": 32, "sc": 3980, "ep": 32, "ec": 4586} | 1,812 | Q3066764 | 32 | 3,980 | 32 | 4,586 | Farah Antun | Debate with Abduh | argued for the use of reason and rational methods, and they both believed that science and religion did not conflict. In addition to that, they also believed in educating women in order to improve Middle Eastern societies through the home and through schools, and that social reform would be more productive for change than political activism. The details of both of these ideas, however, were very different for Antun and Abduh. Stephen Sheehi states that this debate marks a central theme in the writing of nahdah intellectuals. The difference in their overall goals was that Abduh desired to keep Islam |
{"datasets_id": 1812, "wiki_id": "Q3066764", "sp": 32, "sc": 4586, "ep": 32, "ec": 4963} | 1,812 | Q3066764 | 32 | 4,586 | 32 | 4,963 | Farah Antun | Debate with Abduh | as the centerpiece of modern society, while Antun preferred religion to be separate from society and, overall, science and intellectual thought. Despite this difference, Sheehi states, they both maintain the same epistemological reference points for Arab social renewal that poses a Western inflected notion of progress as the teleological endpoint of both of their arguments. |
{"datasets_id": 1813, "wiki_id": "Q18686098", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 14, "ec": 109} | 1,813 | Q18686098 | 2 | 0 | 14 | 109 | Farah Hussein Sharmarke | Biography & From Established Young Poet to Quitting Composing Poems Ubruptly & Quitting Poetry | Farah Hussein Sharmarke Biography Farah was born in 1926 in the city of Bardera in Gedoregion in south western Somalia. The poet studied poetry from other famous Gedo region poets and play writes including Guled Jufe and Mohamed Nur Shareco. From Established Young Poet to Quitting Composing Poems Ubruptly Farah Hussein became an established poet early on from early 1940s. Farah Hussein composed most of his poems while in either in Bardera, Garbahareyor in Isiolo in NFD region. Quitting Poetry Farah quit composing poems at the height of his poetic outburst and he composed an often quoted poem which he |
{"datasets_id": 1813, "wiki_id": "Q18686098", "sp": 14, "sc": 109, "ep": 14, "ec": 596} | 1,813 | Q18686098 | 14 | 109 | 14 | 596 | Farah Hussein Sharmarke | Quitting Poetry | indicated as to why he quit, in short poem explaining in 16 lines all starting in the letter D.
Farah Hussein Sharmarke composed some of the best Somali poems in its classic wisdom form. He is in this category with such great poets like Haji Aden Ahmed Af-Qalooc and Osman Yusuf Kenadid. Farah Hussein achieved greatness in poetry at such an early age and the type of work he has left with us is currently classified under philosophic and wisdom by writer Mohamed Sheikh Hassan. |
{"datasets_id": 1814, "wiki_id": "Q5434764", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 638} | 1,814 | Q5434764 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 638 | Faraizi movement | Succession | Faraizi movement Succession After the death of Haji Shariatullah, his son, Dudu Miyan, led the movement to a more agrarian character. He organised the oppressed peasantry against the oppressive landlords. In retaliation, the landlords and indigo planters tried to contain Dudu Miyan by instituting false cases against him. However, he became so popular with the peasantry that in the cases, courts seldom found a witness against Dudu Miyan.
The initial victories of Dudu Miyan captured the imagination of the masses and Haji sahib the greta sought Dudu Miyan's protection against the oppressive landlords.
Dudu Miyan died in 1862 and before his death |
{"datasets_id": 1814, "wiki_id": "Q5434764", "sp": 6, "sc": 638, "ep": 6, "ec": 1259} | 1,814 | Q5434764 | 6 | 638 | 6 | 1,259 | Faraizi movement | Succession | he had appointed a board of guardians to look after his minor sons, Ghiyasuddin Haydar and Abdul Gafur alias Naya Miyan who succeeded him successively. The board, with great difficulty, kept the dwindling movement from falling to pieces. It was not until Naya Miyan attained maturity that it regained some of its lost strength. Nabinchandra Sen, the then sub-divisional officer of Madaripur District, thought it prudent to enter into an alliance of mutual help with the Faraizi leaders, who, in their turn, showed a spirit of co-operation towards the government.
On the death of Naya Miyan in 1884, the third and |
{"datasets_id": 1814, "wiki_id": "Q5434764", "sp": 6, "sc": 1259, "ep": 6, "ec": 1876} | 1,814 | Q5434764 | 6 | 1,259 | 6 | 1,876 | Faraizi movement | Succession | the youngest son of Dudu Miyan, Syeduddin Ahmad was acclaimed leader by the Faraizis. During this time, the conflict of the Faraizis with the Taiyunis, another reformist group reached the climax and religious debates between the two schools of thought had become a commonplace occurrence in East Bengal. He was bestowed with the title of Khan Bahadur by the government. In 1905, on the question of the partition of Bengal, he lent support to Nawab Salimullah in favour of partition, but he died in 1906.
Khan Bahadur Syeduddin was succeeded by his eldest son Rashiduddin Ahmad alias Badshah Miyan. During the |
{"datasets_id": 1814, "wiki_id": "Q5434764", "sp": 6, "sc": 1876, "ep": 6, "ec": 2346} | 1,814 | Q5434764 | 6 | 1,876 | 6 | 2,346 | Faraizi movement | Succession | early years of his leadership, Badshah Miyan maintained the policy of co-operation towards the government. However, the annulment of the partition of Bengal made him anti-British and he took part in the Khilafat and non-co-operation movements. Soon after the establishment of Pakistan he summoned a conference of the Faraizis at Narayanganj and declared Pakistan as Dar-ul-Islam and gave permission to his followers to hold the congregational prayers of Jum'ah and Eid. |
{"datasets_id": 1815, "wiki_id": "Q223744", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 209} | 1,815 | Q223744 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 209 | Farinelli | Early years | Farinelli Farinelli ([fariˈnɛlːi]; 24 January 1705 – 16 September 1782) was the stage name of Carlo Maria Michelangelo Nicola Broschi ([ˈkarlo ˈbrɔski]), a celebrated Italian castrato singer of the 18th century and one of the greatest singers in the history of opera. Farinelli has been described as having soprano vocal range and sang the highest note customary at the time, C6. Early years Broschi was born in Andria (in what is now Apulia, Italy) into a family of musicians. As recorded in the baptismal register of the church of S. Nicola in Andria, his father Salvatore was a composer and maestro |
{"datasets_id": 1815, "wiki_id": "Q223744", "sp": 8, "sc": 209, "ep": 8, "ec": 789} | 1,815 | Q223744 | 8 | 209 | 8 | 789 | Farinelli | Early years | di cappella of the city's cathedral, and his mother, Caterina Barrese, a citizen of Naples. The Duke of Andria, Fabrizio Carafa, a member of the House of Carafa, one of the most prestigious families of the Neapolitan nobility, honored Maestro Broschi by taking a leading part in the baptism of his second son, who was baptised Carlo Maria Michelangelo Nicola. [In later life, Farinelli wrote: "Il Duca d'Andria mi tenne al fonte." ("The Duke of Andria held me at the font.")]. In 1706 Salvatore also took up the non-musical post of governor of the town of Maratea (on the western |
{"datasets_id": 1815, "wiki_id": "Q223744", "sp": 8, "sc": 789, "ep": 8, "ec": 1384} | 1,815 | Q223744 | 8 | 789 | 8 | 1,384 | Farinelli | Early years | coast of what is now Basilicata), and in 1709 that of Terlizzi (some twenty miles south-east of Andria). Unlike many castrati, who came from poor families, Farinelli was well-to-do, and was related to minor nobility on both sides of the family.
From 1707, the Broschi family lived in the coastal city of Barletta, a few miles from Andria, but at the end of 1711, they made the much longer move to the capital city of Naples, where, in 1712 Carlo's elder brother Riccardo was enrolled at the Conservatory of S. Maria di Loreto, specialising in composition. Carlo had already shown talent |
{"datasets_id": 1815, "wiki_id": "Q223744", "sp": 8, "sc": 1384, "ep": 8, "ec": 2042} | 1,815 | Q223744 | 8 | 1,384 | 8 | 2,042 | Farinelli | Early years | as a boy singer, and was now introduced to the most famous singing-teacher in Naples, Nicola Porpora. Already a successful opera composer, in 1715 Porpora was appointed maestro at the Conservatory of S. Onofrio, where his pupils included such well-known castrati as Giuseppe Appiani, Felice Salimbeni and Gaetano Majorano (known as Caffarelli), as well as distinguished female singers such as Regina Mingotti and Vittoria Tesi; Farinelli may well have studied with him privately.
Salvatore Broschi died unexpectedly on 4 November 1717, aged only 36, and it seems likely that the consequent loss of economic security for the whole family provoked the |
{"datasets_id": 1815, "wiki_id": "Q223744", "sp": 8, "sc": 2042, "ep": 8, "ec": 2615} | 1,815 | Q223744 | 8 | 2,042 | 8 | 2,615 | Farinelli | Early years | decision, presumably taken by Riccardo, for Carlo to be castrated. As was often the case, an excuse had to be found for this operation, and in Carlo's case it was said to have been necessitated by a fall from a horse. It is, however, also possible that he was castrated earlier, since, at the time of his father's death, he was already twelve years old, quite an advanced age for castration.
Under Porpora's tutelage, his singing progressed rapidly, and at the age of fifteen, he made his debut a serenata by his master entitled Angelica e Medoro. The text of this |
{"datasets_id": 1815, "wiki_id": "Q223744", "sp": 8, "sc": 2615, "ep": 8, "ec": 3257} | 1,815 | Q223744 | 8 | 2,615 | 8 | 3,257 | Farinelli | Early years | work was the first by the soon-to-be-famous Pietro Trapassi (known as Metastasio), who became a lifelong friend of the singer. Farinelli remarked that the two of them had made their debuts on the same day, and each frequently referred to the other as his caro gemello ("dear twin").
In this Serenata "Angelica e Medoro", the two leading roles were entrusted to two highly acclaimed singers: Marianna Benti Bulgarelli, la Romanina and Domenico Gizzi, Musico Soprano in the Royal Chapel of Naples.
The derivation of Broschi's stage name is not certain, but it was possibly from two rich Neapolitan lawyers, the brothers Farina, |
{"datasets_id": 1815, "wiki_id": "Q223744", "sp": 8, "sc": 3257, "ep": 8, "ec": 3889} | 1,815 | Q223744 | 8 | 3,257 | 8 | 3,889 | Farinelli | Early years | who may have sponsored his studies.
Farinelli quickly became famous throughout Italy as il ragazzo ("the boy"). In 1722, he first sang in Rome in Porpora's Flavio Anicio Olibrio, as well as taking the female lead in Sofonisba by Luca Antonio Predieri. (It was common practice for young castrati to appear en travesti). All these appearances were greeted with huge public enthusiasm, and an almost legendary story arose that he had to perform an aria with trumpet obbligato, which evolved into a contest between singer and trumpeter. Farinelli surpassed the trumpet player so much in technique and ornamentation that he "was |
{"datasets_id": 1815, "wiki_id": "Q223744", "sp": 8, "sc": 3889, "ep": 12, "ec": 344} | 1,815 | Q223744 | 8 | 3,889 | 12 | 344 | Farinelli | Early years & Career in Europe | at last silenced only by the acclamations of the audience" (to quote the music historian Charles Burney). This account, however, cannot be verified, since no surviving work which Farinelli is known to have performed contains an aria for soprano with trumpet obbligato. Career in Europe In 1724, Farinelli made his first appearance in Vienna, at the invitation of Pio di Savoia, director of the Imperial Theatre. He spent the following season in Naples. In 1726, he also visited Parma and Milan, where Johann Joachim Quantz heard him and commented: "Farinelli had a penetrating, full, rich, bright and well-modulated soprano voice, |
{"datasets_id": 1815, "wiki_id": "Q223744", "sp": 12, "sc": 344, "ep": 12, "ec": 934} | 1,815 | Q223744 | 12 | 344 | 12 | 934 | Farinelli | Career in Europe | with a range at that time from the A below middle C to the D two octaves above middle C. ... His intonation was pure, his trill beautiful, his breath control extraordinary and his throat very agile, so that he performed the widest intervals quickly and with the greatest ease and certainty. Passagework and all kinds of melismas were of no difficulty to him. In the invention of free ornamentation in adagio he was very fertile." Quantz is certainly accurate in describing Farinelli as a soprano, since arias in his repertoire contained the highest notes customarily employed by that voice |
{"datasets_id": 1815, "wiki_id": "Q223744", "sp": 12, "sc": 934, "ep": 12, "ec": 1569} | 1,815 | Q223744 | 12 | 934 | 12 | 1,569 | Farinelli | Career in Europe | during his lifetime: "Fremano l'onde" in Pietro Torri's opera Nicomede (1728) and "Troverai se a me ti fidi" in Niccolò Conforto's La Pesca (1737) both have sustained C6. His low range apparently extended to F3, as in two of his own cadenzas for "Quell' usignolo innamorato" from Geminiano Giacomelli's Merope.
Farinelli sang at Bologna in 1727, where he met the famous castrato Antonio Bernacchi, twenty years his senior. In a duet in Orlandini's Antigona, Farinelli showed off all the beauties of his voice and refinements of his style, executing a number of passages of great virtuosity, which were rewarded with tumultuous |
{"datasets_id": 1815, "wiki_id": "Q223744", "sp": 12, "sc": 1569, "ep": 12, "ec": 2256} | 1,815 | Q223744 | 12 | 1,569 | 12 | 2,256 | Farinelli | Career in Europe | applause. Undaunted, Bernacchi repeated every trill, roulade, and cadenza of his young rival, but performing all of them even more exquisitely, and adding variations of his own. Farinelli, admitting defeat, entreated Bernacchi to give him instruction in grazie sopraffine ("ultra-refined graces"); Bernacchi agreed.
In 1728, as well as performing in Torri's Nicomede at the Munich court, Farinelli performed another concert before the Emperor in Vienna. In 1729, during the Carnival season in Venice, he sang in two works by Metastasio: as Arbace in Metastasio's Catone in Utica (music by Leonardo Leo) and Mirteo in Semiramide Riconosciuta (music by Porpora).
In these |
{"datasets_id": 1815, "wiki_id": "Q223744", "sp": 12, "sc": 2256, "ep": 12, "ec": 2891} | 1,815 | Q223744 | 12 | 2,256 | 12 | 2,891 | Farinelli | Career in Europe | important drammi per musica, performed at the Teatro San Giovanni Grisostomo of Venice, at his side sang some great singers: Nicola Grimaldi, detto Nicolino, Lucia Facchinelli, Domenico Gizzi, Virtuoso della Cappella Reale di Napoli and Giuseppe Maria Boschi.
During this period he could really do no wrong. Loaded with riches and honors, he was so famous and so formidable as a performer that his rival and friend, the castrato Gioacchino Conti ("Gizziello") is said to have fainted away from sheer despondency on hearing him sing. George Frideric Handel was also keen to engage Farinelli for his company in London, and while |
{"datasets_id": 1815, "wiki_id": "Q223744", "sp": 12, "sc": 2891, "ep": 16, "ec": 126} | 1,815 | Q223744 | 12 | 2,891 | 16 | 126 | Farinelli | Career in Europe & Farinelli in London | in Venice in January 1730, tried unsuccessfully to meet him.
In 1731, Farinelli visited Vienna for a third time. There he was received by the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles VI, on whose advice, according to the singer's first biographer, Giovenale Sacchi, he modified his style, singing more simply and emotionally. After further seasons in Italy, and another visit to Vienna, during which he sang in oratorios in the Imperial chapel, Farinelli came to London in 1734. Farinelli in London In London the previous year, Senesino, a singer who had been a part of Handel's "Second Academy" which performed at the King's |
{"datasets_id": 1815, "wiki_id": "Q223744", "sp": 16, "sc": 126, "ep": 16, "ec": 751} | 1,815 | Q223744 | 16 | 126 | 16 | 751 | Farinelli | Farinelli in London | Theatre, Haymarket, quarrelled with Handel and established a rival company, the Opera of the Nobility, operating from a theatre in Lincoln's Inn Fields. This company had Porpora as composer and Senesino as principal singer, but had not been a success during its first season of 1733–34. Farinelli, Porpora's most famous pupil, joined the company and made it financially solvent.
He first appeared in Artaserse, a pasticcio with music by his brother Riccardo and by Johann Adolph Hasse. He sang the memorable arias "Per questo dolce amplesso" (music by Hasse) and "Son qual nave" (music by Broschi), while Senesino |
{"datasets_id": 1815, "wiki_id": "Q223744", "sp": 16, "sc": 751, "ep": 16, "ec": 1341} | 1,815 | Q223744 | 16 | 751 | 16 | 1,341 | Farinelli | Farinelli in London | sang "Pallido il sole" (music by Hasse). Of "Per questo dolce amplesso," Charles Burney reports: "Senesino had the part of a furious tyrant, and Farinelli that of an unfortunate hero in chains; but in the course of the first air, the captive so softened the heart of the tyrant, that Senesino, forgetting his stage-character, ran to Farinelli and embraced him in his own." "Son qual nave," on the other hand, was composed by Riccardo Broschi as a special showpiece for his brother's virtuosic skills. Burney described it thus: "The first note he sung was taken with such delicacy, swelled |
{"datasets_id": 1815, "wiki_id": "Q223744", "sp": 16, "sc": 1341, "ep": 16, "ec": 1912} | 1,815 | Q223744 | 16 | 1,341 | 16 | 1,912 | Farinelli | Farinelli in London | by minute degrees to such an amazing volume, and afterwards diminished in the same manner to a mere point, that it was applauded for full five minutes. After this he set off with such brilliancy and rapidity of execution, that it was difficult for the violins of those days to keep pace with him."
Both the cognoscenti and the public adored him. The librettist Paolo Rolli, a close friend and supporter of Senesino, commented: "Farinelli has surprised me so much that I feel as though I had hitherto heard only a small part of the human voice, and now have heard |
{"datasets_id": 1815, "wiki_id": "Q223744", "sp": 16, "sc": 1912, "ep": 16, "ec": 2520} | 1,815 | Q223744 | 16 | 1,912 | 16 | 2,520 | Farinelli | Farinelli in London | it all. He has besides, the most amiable and polite manners ...." Some fans were more unrestrained: one titled lady was so carried away that, from a theatre box, she famously exclaimed: "One God, one Farinelli!" and was immortalised in a detail of Plate II of William Hogarth's "A Rake's Progress" (she may also appear in Plate IV of his series "Marriage à la mode" of 1745).
Though Farinelli's success was enormous, neither the Nobility Opera nor Handel's company was able to sustain the public's interest, which waned rapidly. Though his official salary was £1500 for a season, gifts from admirers |
{"datasets_id": 1815, "wiki_id": "Q223744", "sp": 16, "sc": 2520, "ep": 20, "ec": 41} | 1,815 | Q223744 | 16 | 2,520 | 20 | 41 | Farinelli | Farinelli in London & At the court of Spain | probably increased this to something more like £5000, an enormous sum at the time. Farinelli was by no means the only singer to receive such large amounts, which were unsustainable in the long term. As one contemporary observer remarked: "within these two years we have seen even Farinelli sing to an audience of five-and-thirty pounds." Nonetheless, he was still under contract in London in the summer of 1737 when he received a summons, via Sir Thomas Fitzgerald, Secretary of the Spanish Embassy there, to visit the Spanish court. At the court of Spain Apparently intending to make only a brief |
{"datasets_id": 1815, "wiki_id": "Q223744", "sp": 20, "sc": 41, "ep": 20, "ec": 612} | 1,815 | Q223744 | 20 | 41 | 20 | 612 | Farinelli | At the court of Spain | visit to the Continent, Farinelli called at Paris on his way to Madrid, singing on 9 July at Versailles to King Louis XV, who gave him his portrait set in diamonds, and 500 louis d'or. On 15 July he left for Spain, arriving about a month later. Elisabetta Farnese, the Queen, had come to believe that Farinelli's voice might be able to cure the severe depression of her husband, King Philip V (some contemporary physicians, such as the Queen's doctor Giuseppe Cervi, believed in the efficacy of music therapy). On 25 August 1737, Farinelli was named chamber musician to |
{"datasets_id": 1815, "wiki_id": "Q223744", "sp": 20, "sc": 612, "ep": 20, "ec": 1219} | 1,815 | Q223744 | 20 | 612 | 20 | 1,219 | Farinelli | At the court of Spain | the king, and criado familiar, or servant to the royal family. He never sang again in public.
Farinelli became a royal favourite and very influential at court. For the remaining nine years of Philip's life, Farinelli gave nightly private concerts to the royal couple. He also sang for other members of the royal family and organised private performances by them, and by professional musicians in the royal palaces. In 1738 he arranged for an entire Italian opera company to visit Madrid, beginning a fashion for opera seria in the Spanish capital. The Coliseo of the royal palace of Buen Retiro was |
{"datasets_id": 1815, "wiki_id": "Q223744", "sp": 20, "sc": 1219, "ep": 20, "ec": 1912} | 1,815 | Q223744 | 20 | 1,219 | 20 | 1,912 | Farinelli | At the court of Spain | remodelled, and became Madrid's only opera house.
On the accession of Philip's son, Ferdinand VI, Farinelli's influence became even greater. Ferdinand was a keen musician, and his wife, Barbara of Portugal, more or less a musical fanatic (in 1728 she had appointed Domenico Scarlatti as her harpsichord teacher; the musicologist Ralph Kirkpatrick acknowledges Farinelli's correspondence as providing "most of the direct information about Scarlatti that has transmitted itself to our day"). The relationship between singer and monarchs was personally close: he and the queen sang duets together, and the king accompanied them on the harpsichord. Farinelli took charge of all spectacles |
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