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Genoa, Ohio
Early History
immediately, and churches were founded. Genoa quickly became a prominent source of limestone and with its position on a railroad the area quarries began distributing "Genoa White Lime" across the region. Stony Ridge was renamed Genoa in the spring of 1856, likely to settle confusion with another Stony Ridge, Ohio just seven miles away. That year the first Genoa school was built, which still exists as Heritage Hall. With the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861 the nation-wide call for troop mobilization went out and Genoa, having a railroad station and thus a connection to the outside world, saw more than
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Genoa, Ohio
Early History
one hundred commit themselves to various regiments. The Toledo Blade remarked in 1862 that "few towns have done as well as Genoa in furnishing troops for the Union Army." After the Civil War the community grew more rapidly, in 1868 members of the community petitioned the Ottawa County Commissioners for incorporation and on December 10, 1868 Genoa was incorporated as a village. In 1869 the village purchased the aforementioned school house and it became the village's town hall. From 1884-1885 the village constructed a new two-story town hall and opera house. The town hall was a joint venture with Clay Township
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Genoa, Ohio
Early History & Geography & 2010 census
and its construction in Genoa so angered northern township residents, who wanted it to be constructed in Clay Center, Ohio, that they broke off from the township and formed Allen Township. After falling into disrepair, the town hall was restored in 1978 and continues to house the village council. Geography Genoa is located at 41°31′16″N 83°21′41″W (41.521021, -83.361286). According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 1.55 square miles (4.01 km²), all land. 2010 census As of the census of 2010, there were 2,336 people, 944 households, and 603 families residing in the village. The population
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Genoa, Ohio
2010 census
density was 1,507.1 inhabitants per square mile (581.9/km²). There were 1,017 housing units at an average density of 656.1 per square mile (253.3/km²). The racial makeup of the village was 96.2% White, 0.4% African American, 0.1% Native American, 0.1% Asian, 1.8% from other races, and 1.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.4% of the population. There were 944 households of which 30.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.9% were married couples living together, 13.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.3% had a male householder with no
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Genoa, Ohio
2010 census
wife present, and 36.1% were non-families. 31.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 16.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 3.01. The median age in the village was 40.6 years. 22.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.9% were from 25 to 44; 25.4% were from 45 to 64; and 19.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 48.9% male and 51.1%
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Genoa, Ohio
2010 census & 2000 census
female. 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 2,230 people, 851 households, and 582 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,490.3 people per square mile (574.0/km²). There were 883 housing units at an average density of 590.1 per square mile (227.3/km²). The racial makeup of the village was 95.07% White, 0.36% African American, 0.31% Native American, 0.27% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 2.47% from other races, and 1.48% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.82% of the population. There were 851 households out of which 33.3% had children under the
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Genoa, Ohio
2000 census
age of 18 living with them, 52.1% were married couples living together, 11.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.5% were non-families. 29.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 14.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 3.11. In the village, the population was spread out with 25.6% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 28.9% from 25 to 44, 21.3% from 45 to 64, and 18.0% who were 65 years of age or older.
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Genoa, Ohio
2000 census & Education
The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 90.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.7 males. The median income for a household in the village was $43,750, and the median income for a family was $49,784. Males had a median income of $39,554 versus $22,452 for females. The per capita income for the village was $22,532. About 1.9% of families and 2.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.0% of those under age 18 and 1.3% of those age 65 or over. Education Genoa Area Local School District
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Genoa, Ohio
Education
operates one elementary school, one middle school, and Genoa Area High School.
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Geodat
Geodat Geodat was a commercial project, begun in 1980 and completed by 1991, that provided digital geographic mapping data for commercial users at scales equal to or greater than 1:1,000,000. The term "Geodat" was derived from "GEOgraphic DATa". Geodat data was primarily "medium scale", a nominal 1:100,000, but ranged from 1:50,000 to 1:250,000. The cartographic data was vector-based digitisation of coastline, hydrography, internal and international political boundaries, primary transportation routes and city locations. The data was intended to be used on its own to produce quick, cheap, consistent maps, initially for oil exploration firms. Harry Wassall, the
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founder of Petroconsultants SA, a Geneva-based energy information services firm, began the project in 1979 by hiring a researcher from the Harvard Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis, Michael Mainelli, to explore how to automate Petroconsultants' extensive paper map series. Mainelli became Project Director in 1981. Petroconsultants concluded that a cooperative project among the oil firms acknowledged the high degree of overlap in their computer mapping interests. Petroconsultants SA assessed client interest at a meeting in Geneva on 20–21 August 1981 with attendees from Amoco, BP, Cities Service, Deminex, Elf Acquitaine, Exxon, Gulf and Shell. The need
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for computerised mapping data was high and the response positive enough to form an advisory committee with paid sponsorship. The sponsors commissioned Petroconsultants to produce four sample digitised maps of the Ivory Coast. The Ivorian pilot project resulted in four 1:200,000 maps with 800 features and 40,000 data points. The pilot established Common Geographic Format (CGF) records, for a time the industry standard for computer cartographic information exchange. These digitised map files, and their attendant file structures, feature codes, segment records, map records, annotation records and set records were reviewed at a meeting in Dublin on 10–11
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November 1981 with participation from Amoco, BP, Chevron, Cities Service, Elf Acquitaine, Exxon, Gulf, Phillips Petroleum and Shell. Geodat was formally launched in Houston on 9–10 February 1982 with attendees from Amoco, BP, Chevron, Elf Acquitaine, Exxon, Getty, Gulf, Texas Easter and Union Texas. Four primary sponsors were Shell, BP, Elf Acquitaine and Chevron, while ten other firms were partial sponsors. Full sponsors received a guarantee of six million digitised points (approximately 360 maps) digitised to a specified quality level. First data delivery was in June 1983, consisting of 57 maps and 1.24 million points. By the
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Geodat
end of 1985, Geodat had delivered twenty million data points and 750 map sheets in the 1:50,000 to 1:250,000 scale range. Alongside mainstream production for the project sponsors, the Geodat project produced a complete digital map of the world at a scale of 1:1,000,000, MundoCart, in 1985. MundoCart was based on digitisation of paper prints of the United States Defense Mapping Agency's (DMA) Operational Navigation Chart (ONC) 1:1,000,000 scale paper map series, produced by the USA, Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom. ONC charts were designed to meet the needs of pilots and air crews in medium-and low-altitude
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navigation and to support military operational planning, intelligence briefings, and other needs. Some 270 1:1million maps, plus six 1:2million maps for Antarctica, resulted in 30 million data points. MundoCart provided numerous commercial and academic Geographic information system (GIS) users with their first complete vector map of the world. The data was sold, along with a complete set of FORTRAN mapping software, by Petroconsultants (CES), a UK subsidiary of Petroconsultants SA, subsequently sold to IHS in 1996, that sponsored the project. Prior to Geodat, the only complete digital map of the world was World Data Bank 2 (WDB-II), a dataset
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digitized between 1972 and 1977 by the US Department of State's (DoS) Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). WDBII was of variable scale, nominally 1:3,000,000 but digitised from sources ranging from 1:1,000,000 to 1:4,000,000, and of variable quality. WDB-II was released at nominal cost from 1977, but users desired higher resolution and more consistent quality. Until the release of the US Department of Defense's Digital Chart of the World in 1992, and subsequent free issue from 2006, MundoCart was the primary global GIS database for commercial users. Geodat was unusual in the 1980s in that the software was
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often given away free, while data downloads or tapes were charged. Geodat set out a quality management process for digitisation covering acquisition, cataloguing, map stability, transformation algorithms, merging and node coalescing. Geodat also set out a quality standard for comparing digitised maps with source maps, based on using generalisation and interpolation against a maximum orthogonal offset distance. Originally delivered as five large tapes, MundoCart was burned on CD-ROM in 1987. MundoCart was one of the first CD-ROM applications not brought out by the creators, Philips and Sony. In the early releases of MundoCart, a
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CD-ROM reader accompanied each purchase. Production was based from late 1982 to 1991 in Burleigh House, Newmarket Road in Cambridge, England. Coincidentally, Burleigh House had been the former Star Brewery headquarters and the cellars provided good storage facilities for paper maps. At its height, the project employed 30 people, principally programmers and digitisers. Processing was based on hand digitisation using DEC PDP-11 minicomputers alongside digitisation tables. Further processing was done on DEC VAX computers. The computer programs were almost entirely written in FORTRAN, though some PL/1 and assembler programming was used. At the time, scanning
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systems were not suitable for large-scale production, but the project did help design, build and use a laser line-following digitiser, combining a laser photovoltaic feedback system with stepper motors, mounted on a cowboy boot sewing machine chassis from the USA. The effect of the laser line-following digitiser was that the operator felt as if he or she was directing the laser along a "groove" that followed the line being acquired. The Geodat project drew heavily on the experience of the Harvard Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis, founded in 1963 and disbanded in 1991. Unable to purchase the
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Laboratory's software while Harvard University was exploring licensing options, Geodat developed its own software. The Laboratory and Geodat both employed "flat" computer files and streamed processing, instead of hierarchical and direct access processing. Wherever possible, the software operated in FORTRAN processing sequential files to enhance portability among operating systems. Geodat also emulated other Laboratory ideas, most notably the idea of "cycling", using software to resolve disconnected vectors.
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Geoff Cooke (rugby union)
Early career
Geoff Cooke (rugby union) Geoff Cooke OBE (born 11 June 1941) is a former rugby union player, an England Rugby coach and manager of the 1993 British Lions rugby union tour to New Zealand. Early career During his playing career he played mainly as a Centre/Fly Half 1962-72 and captained his Club Bradford RFC and his County, Cumbria. Cooke also attended St. John's College, York now York St John University where he played both rugby union and cricket. He was coach to Bradford RFC 1973 to 1975, coach to Yorkshire Rugby Football Union 1975-9, then Chairman of Selectors from 1980-85.
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Geoff Cooke (rugby union)
Early career & Management & Recent years
He was a North of England selector from 1979-1987. Management Cooke was appointed Manager of the England Rugby Union Team in October 1987 and led the England Rugby team in 49 international matches between 1987 and 1994 including two tours to Australia/Fiji and one to Argentina. Under his leadership, England won successive (1991 and 1992) Grand Slams in the 5 Nations Championship, were runners-up in the 1991 World Cup and winners of the 1993 World Cup Sevens. In 1993 he was made Manager of the British Lions rugby union tour to New Zealand. Recent years In recent years he has been Chief
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Geoff Cooke (rugby union)
Recent years
Executive and Director of Rugby at Bedford Rugby Club guiding them to promotion to the Premiership in 1998 and Chief Executive at Wakefield Rugby Club and Worcester Rugby Club until his retirement from full-time employment in April 2002. Back in the amateur ranks he rejoined his former club, Bradford & Bingley as Director of Rugby, guiding them to promotion to North One in his first season and then taking them straight through in 2003-04 to a second successive promotion to National League Three (North) and also winning the Intermediate Cup at Twickenham. After retiring from active coaching he served as Executive Director
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Geoff Cooke (rugby union)
Recent years & Personal life
of First Division Rugby Limited, the collective organisation of sixteen clubs that competed in National League One of the English Rugby Union Clubs Championship until superseded by the present Championship. Now fully retired he was President and Chairman of the Directors of Bracken Ghyll Golf Club in Addingham, Yorkshire from 2011 to 2013. Personal life He is married to Susan with two sons, Andrew (born 1972) and David (born 1976). He was awarded the O.B.E for services to Rugby Football in June 1992. He has two books (Rugby Union - 1981 EP Sport & Skilful Rugby Union - 1991 A & C
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Geoff Cooke (rugby union)
Personal life
Black) to his name and is the author of numerous articles on sports coaching.
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Geoff Merrick
Career
Geoff Merrick Career Born in Bristol, Merrick played for Bristol City and Caroline Hill in Hong Kong. A cultured defender, his best position was at centre-back, although he was also a capable full-back. Merrick was quick, good in the air and an exceptional reader of the game. These attributes led to at least two attempts from Arsenal to sign him, both of which were rejected by Bristol City. As captain, Merrick was central to Bristol City's promotion to the top flight of English football in 1976. Having been part of this modern high-point for the club, he was unable to arrest its
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Geoff Merrick
Career
subsequent decline as they endured a series of relegations. With financial difficulties accompanying the decline, Merrick became one of the legendary 'Ashton Gate Eight' who saved the club by ripping up their contracts and taking redundancy.
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Geography of Houston
Geography of Houston Houston, the most populous city in the Southern United States, is located along the upper Texas Gulf Coast, approximately 50 miles (80 km) northwest of the Gulf of Mexico at Galveston. The city, which is the ninth-largest in the United States by area, covers 601.7 square miles (1,558 km²), of which 579.4 square miles (1,501 km²), or 96.3%, is land and 22.3 square miles (58 km²), or 3.7%, is water. Houston is located in the Gulf Coastal Plain biome, and its vegetation is classified as temperate grassland. Much of the city was built on marshes, forested land, swamp, or prairie, all of
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Geography of Houston
which can still be seen in surrounding areas. The city's topography is very flat, making flooding a recurring problem for its residents. The city stands about 50 feet (15 m) above sea level—the highest area within city limits being 90 feet (27 m). However, subsidence, caused by extensive groundwater pumping and resource extraction, has caused the elevation to drop 10 feet (3.0 m) or more in certain areas. As a result, the city turned to surface water sources for its municipal supply, creating reservoirs such as Lake Houston and Lake Conroe (of which Houston owns two-thirds interest). Houston has four major bayous passing through the city:
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Geography of Houston
Geology
Buffalo Bayou, which runs into downtown and the Houston Ship Channel; and three of its tributaries: Brays Bayou, which runs along the Texas Medical Center; White Oak Bayou, which runs through the Heights and near the northwest area; and Sims Bayou, which runs through the south of Houston and downtown Houston. The ship channel goes past Galveston and into the Gulf of Mexico. Houston is located 165 miles (266 km) east of Austin, 112 miles (180 km) west of the Louisiana border and 250 miles (400 km) south of Dallas. Geology Houston is largely located within the Northern Humid Gulf Coast Prairies level IV
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Geography of Houston
Geology
ecoregion (34a), a subset of the Western Gulf coastal grasslands level III region as defined by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. This region is generally underlaid by Quaternary-aged sand, silts, and clays (clay, clay loam, or sandy clay loam) and covered by grasslands with occasional clusters of oak trees. The land surface in and around the city of Houston is composed of alternating layers of red, gray, sandy brown, and black organic clay; these strata generally dip to the southeast at a slope of 0.06% (3 feet (0.91 m) of vertical change for every 1 mile (1.6 km) of distance traveled). These
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Geography of Houston
Geology
soils were deposited by tributaries of local waterways, particularly the Brazos and Trinity rivers. There is a considerable contrast in soil composition to the north around Cypress Creek; most of the surface there consists of tan-colored sand with small amounts of gray clay. The north and northwestern regions of Houston and Harris County feature a slightly steeper slope than other parts of the city, with occasional escarpments caused by faulting or erosion. The sedimentary layers underneath Houston ultimately extend down some 60,000 feet (18,000 m), with the oldest beds deposited during the Cretaceous. Between 30,000 feet (9,100 m) and 40,000 feet (12,000 m) below
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Geography of Houston
Geology & Seismic activity
the surface is a layer of salt, the primary source of salt domes which dot the metropolitan area. Since salt is more buoyant than other sediments, it rises to the surface, creating domes and anticlines and causing subsidence due to its removal from its original strata. These structures manage to capture oil and gas as it percolates through the subsurface; Pierce Junction is a notable example of a heavily drilled salt dome oil field in Houston. Seismic activity The Houston region is generally earthquake-free, despite the presence of 86 mapped and historically active surface faults with an aggregate length of
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Geography of Houston
Seismic activity
149 miles (240 km). This includes the Long Point–Eureka Heights fault system which runs through the center of the city. No significant historically recorded earthquakes have occurred in Houston, but researchers do not discount the possibility of such quakes having occurred in the deeper past, nor occurring in the future. Land subsidence has occurred across Greater Houston, primarily due to the pumping of water from subsurface aquifers (see Groundwater section). This subsidence may also be associated with slip along the faults; however, the slippage is slow and not considered an earthquake, in which stationary faults must slip suddenly enough to create
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Geography of Houston
Seismic activity & Rivers
seismic waves. The clay below the surface precludes the buildup of friction that produces ground shaking in earthquakes. As a result, faults generally move at a smooth rate in what is termed fault creep. Rivers Houston, often popularly referred to as the Bayou City, is crossed by a number of slow-moving, swampy rivers, which are essential to draining the region's broad floodplains. The city was founded at the convergence of Buffalo Bayou and White Oak Bayou, a point today known as Allen's Landing. Buffalo Bayou is the longest and largest of the bayous which flow through Houston, following a 53-mile (85 km)
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Geography of Houston
Rivers
route from Katy through Memorial, Rice Military, Downtown, the East End, Denver Harbor, and Channelview before meeting the San Jacinto River at Galveston Bay. The broad eastern stretch of the river, known as the Houston Ship Channel, plays an essential role in the Port of Houston and is home to one of the largest petrochemical refining complexes in the United States. Buffalo Bayou's environs are also home to significant amounts of parkland, including linear parks such as Terry Hershey Park and Buffalo Bayou Park which serve as corridors for walking and bicycling. White Oak Bayou, a major tributary of the Buffalo,
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Geography of Houston
Rivers
has its source in Jersey Village and travels 25 miles (40 km) southeast, through Inwood Forest, Oak Forest, and the Houston Heights. Brays Bayou, another major tributary to the south, originates near Mission Bend and travels 31 miles (50 km) through Alief, Sharpstown, Meyerland, Braeswood Place, the Texas Medical Center, Riverside Terrace, and the East End before meeting Buffalo Bayou at Harrisburg. Two more significant tributaries of Buffalo Bayou flow through parts of Houston outside the Interstate 610 loop. Greens Bayou, which originates in far northwest Houston near Willowbrook, flows for 43 miles (69 km) through Greenspoint and undeveloped areas of northeastern Harris County.
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Geography of Houston
Rivers
Sims Bayou, which has its source near Missouri City southwest of Houston, flows for 23 miles (37 km) past Almeda, Sunnyside, South Park, and Manchester. Houston's topography is further defined by a large number of creeks and ditches. Overall, this intricate system of waterways is essential to flood control; Houston is well known as one of the most flood-prone cities in the United States. Since the mid-20th century, the United States Army Corps of Engineers, in cooperation with the city and Harris County Flood Control District, has channelized, paved, widened, and deepened extensive sections of all of the five major bayous specified
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Geography of Houston
Rivers
above, with the notable exception of some parts of the Buffalo near Memorial. The Buffalo Bayou watershed also features two flood control reservoirs, Addicks Reservoir and Barker Reservoir, which retain large amounts of water after extreme rainfall events. Cypress Creek drains a significant portion of northern Harris County. The river flows for 52 miles (84 km) through the suburban areas of Cypress and Spring before joining the San Jacinto River. The creek's watershed, which covers 310 square miles (800 km²), is one of the largest in the county. The Brazos River straddles some of Houston's extreme western and southwestern suburbs, particularly Sugar Land and
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Q5535157
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3,068
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629
Geography of Houston
Rivers & Water bodies
Rosenberg. Water bodies Houston contains few naturally-formed lakes. Lake Houston, an 11,854-acre (4,797-hectare) reservoir located approximately 15 miles (24 km) northeast of Downtown, was created by damming the San Jacinto River in the 1950s to create a dependable, long-term supply of drinking water. The lake is owned and operated by the City of Houston. Besides supplying water to the city, the lake is also a central feature of the Kingwood community and serves as a recreational destination. Galveston Bay is a central feature of the Greater Houston metropolitan area. The bay serves an essential economic role as home of the Houston Ship
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Geography of Houston
Water bodies
Channel and a large fishing industry, and is also an important destination for recreation and coastal wildlife. Covering approximately 600 square miles (1,600 km²), the estuary extends 30 miles (48 km) inland from the coast and has a maximum width of 17 miles (27 km). Important regional communities, including Galveston and Texas City, are located along the bay. While the City of Houston proper does not adjoin the bay, its limits do extend southward to encompass the NASA Johnson Space Center and the community of Clear Lake. Clear Lake, which gives the aforementioned community its name, is a tidal lake with brackish water located
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Geography of Houston
Water bodies & Groundwater
on the western side of Galveston Bay. Covering about 2,000 acres (810 hectares), the lake is fed by Clear Creek and inflow from the bay. Ultimately, the Clear Creek watershed covers an area of 250 square miles (650 km²) encompassing seventeen tributaries. Groundwater Two freshwater aquifers, the Chicot and Evangeline, underlie the Greater Houston area. These aquifers are composed mostly of sand and clay. The Chicot is located above the Evangeline, and a confining layer separates them from the Jasper aquifer below, which is mostly saltwater. A majority of drinking water supply wells in Houston are drilled to depths between 1,000
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Q5535157
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Geography of Houston
Groundwater
feet (300 m) and 2,000 feet (610 m). Extraction of water, oil, and gas from these aquifers has caused land subsidence throughout the Greater Houston region since the early 20th century. Prior to 1942, Houston's municipal water supply was sourced exclusively from groundwater wells. The inception of the petroleum industry at the beginning of the century also led to widespread resource extraction around the city. Surface elevations began to drop with the water table, and by the 1970s, areas around the Houston Ship Channel had subsided up to 7 feet (2.1 m) due to rapid industrialization, prompting the creation of the Harris–Galveston Coastal Subsidence
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Q5535157
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Geography of Houston
Groundwater & Cityscape
District. By the end of the decade, subsidence had intensified to 10 feet (3.0 m) in some parts of east Houston, and 3,200 square miles (8,300 km²) of the region had experienced at least 1 foot (0.30 m) of sinking. The creation of the district, which enforced a transition from ground to surface water consumption, effectively halted subsidence in the most severe areas near the Ship Channel; aquifer recharge has helped water table elevations return to normal. However, in the northwestern region of the city, groundwater levels – and, concurrently, land surface elevations – continue to decline. Cityscape When Houston was established in 1837,
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Geography of Houston
Cityscape
the city's founders—John Kirby Allen and Augustus Chapman Allen—divided it into political geographic districts called "wards." The ward designation is the progenitor of the current-day Houston City Council districts—there are nine in all. Locations in Houston are generally classified as either being inside or outside Interstate 610, known as the "610 Loop" or simply "The Loop". Inside the loop generally encompasses the central business district, and has come to define an urban lifestyle and state of mind. Elizabeth Long, the author of the 2003 book Book Clubs: Women and the Uses of Reading in Everyday Life, wrote that most of the
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683
28
1,292
Geography of Houston
Cityscape
upper middle classes in the 610 Loop live in the southwestern part of the inner city in the areas near Hermann Park, the Houston Museum District, Rice University, and the Texas Medical Center, while some portions of northern Houston and Eastern Houston have been gentrified and also have upper middle classes. The outlying areas of Houston, the airports and the city's suburbs and enclaves are outside the Loop. Another ring road, Beltway 8 (also known simply as the "Beltway" or as the "Sam Houston Tollway"), encircles the city another 5 miles (8 km) farther out. Parts of Beltway 8 are toll roads,
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2,045
Q5535157
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1,292
28
1,917
Geography of Houston
Cityscape
but for most of the route motorists can drive in the adjacent "feeder" or service roads at no charge. Farm to Market Road 1960 (FM 1960) forms a semicircle in northern Houston and is another dividing line. The third ring road, State Highway 99 (also known as the Grand Parkway), is under construction. Long stated that most of the wealthier Houston suburbs are west and north of the central city, while to the southeast the Clear Lake/NASA "[represents] another burgeoning concentration of largely aerospace-related prosperity". Houston, being the largest city in the United States without zoning laws, has grown in
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2,045
Q5535157
28
1,917
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2,568
Geography of Houston
Cityscape
an unusual manner. Rather than a single "downtown" as the center of the city's employment, five additional business districts have grown throughout the inner-city—they are Uptown, Texas Medical Center, Greenway Plaza, Westchase, and Greenspoint. If these business districts were combined, they would form the third-largest downtown in the United States. The city also has the third-largest skyline in the country (after New York City and Chicago), but because it is spread over a few miles, pictures of the city show—for the most part—the main downtown area. The growth of the Greater Houston area has occurred from all directions from the city core.
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Geology of Hertfordshire
The Cretaceous
Geology of Hertfordshire The geology of Hertfordshire describes the rocks of the English county of Hertfordshire which are a northern part of the great shallow syncline known as the London Basin. The beds dip in a south-easterly direction towards the syncline's lowest point roughly under the River Thames. The most important formations are the Cretaceous chalks, which are exposed as the high ground in the north and west of the county, and the Cenozoic rocks made up of the Paleocene age Reading beds and Eocene age London Clay that occupies the remaining southern part. The Cretaceous On the northern boundary
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2,046
Q5535364
8
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8
637
Geology of Hertfordshire
The Cretaceous
and just inside the county, at the foot of the chalk Chiltern Hills, near Tring and Ashwell, there is a small strip of exposed Cretaceous Gault Clay and Upper Greensand. At 100 million years old, these are the oldest rocks in the county. Rocks get progressively younger as one moves in a south easterly direction through the county. The lowest layer of the chalk is the Chalk Marl, which, with the Totternhoe Clunch Stone above it, lies at the base of the Chiltern Hills escarpment. This is visible as a terrace projecting north-westwards, near Whipsnade and Ivinghoe. Above these beds, the Lower
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Q5535364
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637
8
1,253
Geology of Hertfordshire
The Cretaceous
and Middle Chalk, without flints, rise up sharply to form the steepest part of the Dunstable Downs, which are the easterly continuation of the Chiltern Hills. Next comes the Chalk Rock, which, being a hard bed, caps the hilltops by Boxmoor, Apsley End and near Baldock. The Upper Chalk slopes southward towards the Paleogene boundary to the south. All the chalk was deposited between 100 million and 66 million years ago when the area was at the bottom of a shallow sea and some distance from the nearest land. The chalk is often covered by a clay-with-flints deposit, which is formed of the
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2,046
Q5535364
8
1,253
12
558
Geology of Hertfordshire
The Cretaceous & The Cenozoic
weathered remnants of Cenozoic rocks and chalk. The Cenozoic The Palaeocene Reading beds consist of mottled and yellow clays and sands, the latter are frequently hardened into masses made up of pebbles in a siliceous cement, known locally as Hertfordshire puddingstone. Examples of Reading Beds outliers occur in what are otherwise chalky areas at St Albans, Ayot Green, Burnham Green, Micklefield Green, Sarratt, and Bedmond. The Reading Beds were laid down about 60 million years ago when the area was a river estuary receiving river sediment from land to the west. The London Clay is a stiff, blue clay that
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2,046
Q5535364
12
558
16
308
Geology of Hertfordshire
The Cenozoic & The Ice Age
weathers to brown and rests nearly everywhere upon the Reading beds. It represents the time 55 to 40 million years ago when Hertfordshire was once again under a deeper sea but was near enough to land to receive fine mud deposits. The Ice Age About 478,000 to 424,000 years ago during the ice age period known as the Anglian Stage, glaciers approached from the North Sea and reached as far south-west as Bricket Wood. Glacial gravels and boulder clays cover a great deal of the whole area to the north east of the county and the Upper Chalk itself has
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2,046
Q5535364
16
308
16
879
Geology of Hertfordshire
The Ice Age
been disturbed at Reed and Barley by glaciation. Prior to the ice ages the River Thames followed a path through the southern part of Hertfordshire, running from the area of modern Staines up the valley of the Colne to Hatfield and then eastward across Essex originally towards the primeval Rhine but later down the valley of the modern River Lea. This path was blocked by a mass of ice near Hatfield and a lake ponded up to the west of this around St Albans. Waters eventually overflowed near Staines to cut the path of the modern Thames through central London.
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2,046
Q5535364
16
879
16
1,482
Geology of Hertfordshire
The Ice Age
When the ice retreated about 400,000 years ago the river bed along the new route followed the lower path and so the river remained on its present-day course. The flow in the Colne valley reversed, now flowing south as a tributary into the modern Thames. Superficial gravel deposits from the primordial Thames, are found throughout the Vale of St. Albans. At the retreat of the glaciers, wind blown powdered rock known as loess was deposited over the whole county, forming thin layers under a metre thick. This reddish clay is easily formed into bricks at the lowish temperatures attainable in a
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Q5535364
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1,482
16
1,672
Geology of Hertfordshire
The Ice Age
wood fired kiln and gained the name brickearth. It gave rise to rural brick making industries scattered throughout the county. It also makes for fine, easily cultivated and fertile soils.
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Geology of Somalia
Geology of Somalia The geology of Somalia is built on more than 700 million year old igneous and metamorphic crystalline basement rock, which outcrops at some places in northern Somalia. These ancient units are covered in thick layers of sedimentary rock formed in the last 200 million years and influenced by the rifting apart of the Somali Plate and the Arabian Plate. The geology of Somaliland, the de facto independent country in northern Somalia, is to some degree better studied than that of Somalia as a whole. Instability related to the Somali Civil War and previous political upheaval has limited
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2,047
Q54857835
4
586
12
289
Geology of Somalia
Stratigraphy & Geologic History & Proterozoic
geologic research in places while heightening the importance of groundwater resources for vulnerable populations. Stratigraphy & Geologic History The oldest rock units in Somalia date back over 700 million years to the Proterozoic, forming the crystalline basement rock of northern Somalia. Many rock units date to the Mesozoic and the current Cenozoic eons. Proterozoic Northern Somalia preserves the best examples of Proterozoic rocks. As basement rocks, they form a composite terrane, with younger rocks in the east and older rocks in the west. The older rocks pre-date the Pan-African orogeny and were affected by both igneous and metamorphic activity 840,
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2,047
Q54857835
12
289
12
949
Geology of Somalia
Proterozoic
800 to 760 and 720 million years ago. The early geology of Somalia is divided into four major events. The Qabri Bahar Complex formed in the Paleoproterozoic through the Mesoproterozoic with mafic and granitoid units, as well as rocks metamorphosed to granulite grade (part of the concept of metamorphic facies). Some geologists propose that the Qabri Bahar complex may preserve rocks from before the Pan-African orogeny. Major Event II, more than 700 million years ago, marked deformation, partial melting (also known as anataxis and rocks metamorphosed up to amphibolite grade. Major Event III happened 700 to 640 million years ago, bringing
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2,047
Q54857835
12
949
12
1,640
Geology of Somalia
Proterozoic
crustal thinning and extension, mafic volcanism in the Abdulkadir complex and Mait complex, regional heating, metamorphism and the emplacement of gabbro and syenite through the thinned crust. Major Event IV continued for 100 million years, from 600 to 500 million years ago, spanning into the Paleozoic Era of the Phanerozoic Eon. Granites were emplaced and the deposition of the low-grade, metasedimentary Inda Ad sequence occurred, followed by more deformation and regional heating. The sequence of events in Somalia in the Proterozoic are correlated with the Arabian-Nubian Shield to the north, which experienced igneous activity related to subduction and witnessed the formation
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2,047
Q54857835
12
1,640
16
572
Geology of Somalia
Proterozoic & Mesozoic (251-66 million years ago)
of marginal basins and island arcs. Mesozoic (251-66 million years ago) In the Early Jurassic, the supercontinent Gondwana, which included Africa, began to break apart. The marine transgression of the Tethys Ocean flooded large parts of East Africa and Arabia and new sedimentary rock units were deposited. In the west of Somalia, the Cretaceous at the end of the Mesozoic brought crustal upwarping, which is preserved in the Yesomma Sandstone. Two major sedimentary basins began to form in Somalia during the Mesozoic, the Somali Coastal Basin and the Luuq-Mandera Basin, both filled with up to five kilometers of sedimentary rock. The
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2,047
Q54857835
16
572
16
1,208
Geology of Somalia
Mesozoic (251-66 million years ago)
basins formed due to the movements of India, Madagascar and East Africa and the opening of the Indian Ocean. Research on the basins came out of geophysical surveys in search of oil. Much of the seven kilometers of sedimentary rock in the Somali Coastal Basin was laid down in Jurassic and Cretaceous. In the Luuq-Mandera Basin, oil exploration found Late Triassic to Early Jurassic clastic sediments, evaporite and carbonate deposits, overlain by shales from the Tethys marine transgression. The Late Jurassic through the Cretaceous left marl and ammonite fossils, from an open sea environment, followed by shales and belemnite fossils
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2,047
Q54857835
16
1,208
16
1,878
Geology of Somalia
Mesozoic (251-66 million years ago)
from an epicontinental sea. The two basins are separated by the Bur Region, where crystalline basement rock from the Proterozoic comes close to the surface. In the Bur Region, basement rock only outcrops as a few small hills. Even though the region covers 30,000 square kilometers, most basement rock remains hidden by one to 30 meters of recently eroded and unconsolidated sediments. Geologic research has found that there are two rock units in the Bur Region, the Olontole Complex and Dinsor Complex. The Olontole Complex includes gneiss, migmatite, granulite facies amphibolite and quartzite, cross-cut by bodies of granitoid rock. The Dinsor Complex
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2,047
Q54857835
16
1,878
20
455
Geology of Somalia
Mesozoic (251-66 million years ago) & Cenozoic (66 million years ago-present)
consists of metapsammite and metapelite, migmatite, iron-rich quartzite and marble. Rubidium-strontium dating indicates that the young granites and granitoids date to the Paleozoic. Cenozoic (66 million years ago-present) Sedimentation continued in the Cenozoic. Deposition of the Yesomma Sandstone continued until another regional marine transgression in the Middle Eocene. The opening of the Gulf of Aden and the uplift of the Somali Plateau created brackish basins, which filled with marine deposits in the Miocene and Oligocene. Outcrops of these rock units are limited to a few coastal areas in Somalia, but rapid faulting created offshore basins with up to two kilometers
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2,047
Q54857835
20
455
24
306
Geology of Somalia
Cenozoic (66 million years ago-present) & Cenozoic Tectonic Evolution (23 million years-present)
of sediments from the late Cenozoic. Both the Luuq-Mandera Basin and the Somali Coastal Basin continued to fill with a mix of clastic sediments, marl and carbonates. Since the Late Cretaceous, uplift in these basins created lake depressions and formed the Jubba valley. Cenozoic Tectonic Evolution (23 million years-present) The formation of the Somali Plate began 60 million years ago and accelerated at the end of the Oligocene, approximately 23 million years ago. As the Arabian Plate and Somali Plate rifted apart, forming the Gulf of Aden through sea floor spreading in the Late Miocene, magma intruded between the two plates.
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Geology of Somalia
Hydrogeology
Hydrogeology At least 287 springs have been found in northern Somalia, where they are more common in karst aquifers. Ninety-five percent of Somalis get their drinking water from aquifers, although poor quality water often means that boreholes go abandoned. The Eocene Karkar limestone, Auradu limestone and Taalex limestone are important karstic aquifers in Somaliland and Puntland, along with thick, unconsolidated sediment aquifers up to 100 meters thick formed in the past 2.5 million years of the Quaternary in wadi locations throughout the county. Fractured Pleistocene basalt flows, particularly near Las Dhure and Agabar have potential as aquifers. The Yesomma Sandstone in
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2,047
Q54857835
28
675
32
351
Geology of Somalia
Hydrogeology & Natural resource geology
northern Somalia is a high productivity aquifer, but sandstones in the south remain poorly studied for groundwater potential. Fourteen water utilities serve towns in Somaliland and Puntland, although at least 750,000 people on the outskirts of Hargeisa lack piped water. Natural resource geology Mining is not a significant part of the economy of Somalia,with little extraction aside from sand, gravel and stone for construction. Small amounts of gypsum, limestone, sea salt and sepiolite were mined during the instability brought on by the ongoing Somali Civil War, although the conflict halted oil exploration which had taken place in the 1980s.
{"datasets_id": 2048, "wiki_id": "Q108791", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 630}
2,048
Q108791
2
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4
630
Georg Bartisch
Georg Bartisch Georg Bartisch (1535–1607) was a German physician who was a native of Königsbrück, Saxonia. At the age of thirteen he began his medical career as an apprentice to a barber surgeon, and for a considerable portion of his life Bartisch was an itinerant surgeon who plied his trade throughout Saxony, Silesia, and Bohemia. He eventually settled down in Dresden, and in 1588 became court oculist to Duke Augustus I of Saxony. Although Bartisch was not academically trained, he was considered a highly skilled practitioner of ocular medicine and surgery. He is credited for producing the first Renaissance manuscript on
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2,048
Q108791
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630
4
1,144
Georg Bartisch
ophthalmic disorders and eye surgery, "Ophthalmodouleia Das ist Augendienst". It was published in 1583, and discussed ocular diseases, surgical techniques and instruments, and contained an ophthalmic atlas of 92 woodcuts depicting diseases of the eye. Bartisch is also remembered for his work in lithotomy for the removal of urinary calculi. Despite his skill as a surgeon, Bartisch was a superstitious individual, as he believed that magic, astrology and witchcraft played a significant part in medicine.
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2,049
Q1140806
2
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8
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Georg Heinrich Crola
Life
Georg Heinrich Crola Georg Heinrich Crola (6 June 1804, Dresden - 6 May 1879, Ilsenburg am Harz) was a German landscape painter in the mid-19th century. He specialized in the representation of the German forest. Life Georg Heinrich Crola was born in Dresden in 1804, the son of the merchant Croll. Difficult domestic conditions forced his parents to send the four year-old Georg Heinrich to live in the family of his maternal grandfather, who was a painter at the Royal Porcelain Factory and an art teacher at the state boarding school of Meissen. His grandfather, recognising his artistic talent, introduced
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2,049
Q1140806
8
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8
967
Georg Heinrich Crola
Life
him in Dresden to the painters Johann Christian Klengel, Johann David Schubert and Johann Gottfried Jentzsch who took charge of his education. After the death of his grandfather in 1822 he lived for a while a wandering life. Around this time he also changed his family name from Croll to Crola so as to avoid conscription by the Saxon government. Around 1823 he was back in Dresden where he made a living from painting boxes. He succeeded in capturing the attention of Caspar David Friedrich and Johan Christian Dahl who assisted him in his studies. His talent was
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2,049
Q1140806
8
967
8
1,557
Georg Heinrich Crola
Life
also recognised by Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha who gave him commissions to paint landscapes and castles in Gotha. He used the opportunity to paint many landscapes of the Gotha region. Crola went to Munich in 1830, where he studied the old masters as well as the neighboring landscapes. He traveled later to northern Germany where he got to know work of the Düsseldorf school of painting. He later visited Berlin where he met his future bride Elise (Elisabeth) Concordia, daughter of a banker and an amateur painter herself. The couple got married in 1840 in
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2,049
Q1140806
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1,557
8
1,771
Georg Heinrich Crola
Life
Ilsenburg and the couple settled there. The pair founded a school for romantic landscape painters. From that time onwards the surrounding low mountains became Crola's most important source of inspiration.
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2,050
Q214246
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Georg Schories
Georg Schories Georg Schories (George Shories) (9 January 1874, Berlin – 2 December 1934, Berlin) was a German chess master. Born in Berlin, he travelled first to Paris, then England, where for many years he, as George Shories, made his home. During World War I, Georg Schories suffered internment, then returned to Germany. He won at Canterbury 1903, and drew a match with Paul Saladin Leonhardt (2 : 2) at London 1904. Schories earned his master title in Barmen 1905 (B tournament), where he tied for first and defeated Savielly Tartakower in their play-off match (2.5 : 1.5). He tied for 9-10th at
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2,050
Q214246
4
611
4
1,218
Georg Schories
Scheveningen 1905 (Frank James Marshall won). He won the amateur competition ahead of Hector William Shoosmith in the Ostend 1907 chess tournament (B tournament), then played less successfully in the General Masters' tournament. He won at Tunbridge Wells 1908, shared 1st with Victor Wahltuch at Blackpool 1907, shared 1st with Frederick Yates at Blackpool 1910, but lost the play-off match (0 : 4), took 2nd behind Yates at Bromley 1910, tied for 3rd-5th at Oxford 1910, and won at Glasgow 1911. Towards the end of 1912, he and John O'Hanlon played a series of 19 friendly games (+11 –7 =1) while
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Georg Schories
Shories was on a visit to the north of Ireland. In May 1914, he won at Belfast with 10½ out of 11. He won at Chester 1914. After the war, he tied for 5-7th at Hamburg 1921 (the 21st DSB Congress, Ehrhardt Post won), tied for 3rd-4th at Kiel 1922, took 3rd at Wiesbaden 1925 (Quadrangular, Max Euwe won), and took 2nd, behind Berthold Koch, at Berlin 1929. His last tournament was at Bad Pyrmont 1933 (the 1st German Championship, Efim Bogoljubow won) in which he was the oldest participating master, and took 15th place.
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Georg Treu
Life
Georg Treu Georg Treu (29 March 1843 (OS), St.Petersburg - 5 October 1921, Dresden) was a Classical archaeologist and curator of the sculpture collection at the Albertinum. Life He began as a theology student at the University of Dorpat, then took up archaeology at the Humboldt University of Berlin. In 1866, he became a research assistant in the antiquities collection at the Hermitage Museum and received his PhD in 1874 from the University of Göttingen. He returned to Berlin, where he became a lecturer at the University and Assistant Director for the Berlin State Museums. During the excavations in Olympia from
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Georg Treu
Life
1875 to 1881, he was appointed temporary manager. In 1882, he was appointed to replace Hermann Theodor Hettner as curator of the sculpture collection at the Albertinum and served in this position until 1915. He worked to expand the collection, acquiring vases and works in terracotta as well as sculptures. When the Cabinet of Curiosities belonging to the former Electorate of Saxony was broken up, he took the opportunity to integrate Renaissance and Baroque sculptures into the collection. Several works were acquired through his contacts with contemporary artists such as Auguste Rodin, Constantin Meunier and Max Klinger, adding a modern
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Georg Treu
Life
perspective. In 1891, he opened a collection of casts, which served as a model when Ivan Vladimirovich Tsvetayev established the Pushkin Museum. Finally, in 1900, he opened the Sammlung Treus (Treu's Collection) to document the history of sculpture. In addition to his duties at the Albertinum, he taught at the Dresden Academy of Fine Arts and the Royal Saxon Polytechnic, where he also managed the art collection. He received an honorary doctorate from the University of Aberdeen in 1906 and one from the Polytechnic in 1913. His grave in the Johannisfriedhof is decorated with a relief by the sculptor Robert Diez. The
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Georg Treu
Life
area between the Albertinum and the Art Academy was named the Georg-Treu-Platz in his honor.
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George B. Terrell
George B. Terrell George Butler Terrell (December 5, 1862 – April 18, 1947) was a U.S. Representative from Texas. Born in Alto, Texas, Terrell attended the public schools, Sam Houston Teachers' College in Huntsville, Texas, and Baylor University in Waco, Texas. He taught school in Cherokee County, Texas from 1886 to 1903. Terrell served as member of the State teachers' examining board in 1897 and 1902, and of the State textbook commission in 1903. He engaged in agricultural pursuits and raised stock near Alto, in 1903. Terrell served as member of the Texas House of Representatives from 1898 to 1902, again from 1906 to 1912,
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George B. Terrell
and twice more from 1916 to 1920 and from 1930 to 1932. Terrell was elected Commissioner of Agriculture in 1920, and served by reelection until 1931. Terrell was elected at-large as a Democrat to the Seventy-third Congress (March 4, 1933 – January 3, 1935). He was decided not to run for reelection in 1934. Terrell returned to his farm and resided in Alto until his death on April 18, 1947. He was interred in the Old Palestine Cemetery.
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George Bardanes
Life
George Bardanes George Bardanes (Greek: Γεώργιος Βαρδάνης, died. ca. 1240) was a Byzantine churchman and theologian from Athens. A pupil of Michael Choniates, he later became bishop of Corfu and played a major role in the rivalry between the Epirote Church and the Ecumenical Patriarchate, exiled in the Empire of Nicaea. Life Bardanes was born in Athens some time in the late 12th century. He came under the tutelage of the city's archbishop, Michael Choniates, under whom he received his education. When Athens was captured by the Crusaders in 1205, Bardanes followed his master to his exile on Keos, serving as
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George Bardanes
Life
his secretary (hypomnematographos and chartophylax). In 1214 he went to the capital of the Latin Empire, Constantinople, to represent Choniates in the discussions between Greek Orthodox prelates and the Papal representative, Cardinal Pelagius of Albano. By 1218 he was serving in the bishopric of Grevena as chartophylax. By this time he had established a friendship and correspondence with another prominent cleric, the Metropolitan of Naupaktos John Apokaukos, and through the latter's intercession, was appointed in 1219 as Metropolitan of Corfu by the ruler of Epirus, Theodore Komnenos Doukas. From this position Bardanes, along with Apokaukos and the Archbishop of Ohrid Demetrios
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George Bardanes
Life
Chomatenos, became one of the leading proponents of political and ecclesiastical independence of Epirus from the Empire of Nicaea, where the exiled Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople resided after the city had fallen to the Crusaders. In 1228, Bardanes authored the letter of the Epirote clergy to Patriarch Germanus II which effected a schism between the two Churches that lasted until 1233, when again it fell to Bardanes to compose the letter that ended it. In 1235/6, the ruler of Thessalonica Manuel Komnenos Doukas sent Bardanes to Italy, as an envoy to Frederick II Hohenstaufen and Pope Gregory IX, but he fell
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George Bardanes
Life
ill at Otranto and was unable to carry out his mission. He died in ca. 1240.
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George Bull (journalist)
Education & Journalism & Translations
George Bull (journalist) Education Bull attended Wimbledon College before reading History of Art at Brasenose College, Oxford. Journalism Bull worked for the Financial Times, McGraw-Hill World News and for the Director magazine, of which he was Editor-in-Chief until 1984. He was appointed Director of the Anglo-Japanese Economic Institute in 1986. He was a director of Central Banking Publications and the founder and publisher of the quarterly publications Inside Japan and International Minds. Translations He translated six volumes for the Penguin Classics series: Benvenuto Cellini's Autobiography, The Book of the Courtier by Castiglione, Lives of the Artists by Vasari (two
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George Bull (journalist)
Translations & Authorship & Honours
volumes), The Prince by Machiavelli (1961), and Pietro Aretino's Selected Letters. His translation of The Prince, though discontinued by Penguin, continues to be praised as the "most stylistically elegant" in English. He was also Consultant Editor to the Penguin Business Series. Authorship His other books include Vatican Politics; Bid for Power (with Anthony Vice), a history of take-over bids; Renaissance Italy, a book for children; Venice: The Most Triumphant City; Inside the Vatican and Michelangelo; A Biography. Honours Bull was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 1981 and a Vice-President of the British-Italian Society in 1994. He
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George Bull (journalist)
Honours
was awarded an OBE in 1990. George Bull was made Knight Commander of the Order of St Gregory in 1999, and was awarded the Order of the Sacred Treasure, Gold rays with Neck Ribbon (Japan) in 1999.
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George Champagné
Background
George Champagné Canon Rev. George Champagné (c. 1751 – 26 October 1828) was an Anglican clergyman who was Canon of Windsor from 1802–28. Background Champagné was born into a family of French Huguenot exiles who established themselves in Ireland. He was the eldest son of the Very Rev. Arthur de Robillard Champagné, Dean of Clonmacnoise, and Marianne Hamon, daughter of Colonel Isaac Hamon. His paternal great-grandfather, the Chevalier Josias de Robillard, Seigneur de Champagné de Torxé, Saintonge, fled France after the 1685 Edict of Fontainebleau for Holland, where he joined William of Orange's army. He married Marie de la Rochefoucauld of
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George Champagné
Background
the noble house of the same name. Their daughter Susanne married Henri de la Motte-Fouqué, baron de Saint-Seurin et de Tonnay-Boutonne, and was mother of Heinrich August de la Motte Fouqué. Their eldest son, Josias de Robillard, Champagné's grandfather, distinguished himself at a young age in service of Major-General Isaac de Monceau de la Melonière, who commanded a regiment of exiles in William's army during the Irish campaigns. He married Lady Jane Forbes, daughter of Arthur Forbes, 2nd Earl of Granard, and settled in Portarlington, County Laois. Champagné had three brothers: Lt.-Gen. Forbes Champagné; Rev. Arthur Champagné, vicar of Castlelyons; and
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George Champagné
Background & Career
Gen. Sir Josiah Champagné. He had six sisters included Jane, who married the Earl of Uxbridge, Henrietta, wife of Sir Erasmus Dixon Borrowes, 6th Baronet; and Marianne, wife of Sir Charles des Voeux, 1st Baronet. Career Champagné was educated at Trinity College, Dublin receiving his M.A. in the spring of 1773. He served as the Vicar of Stoke, Warwickshire (1777–1785), the Vicar of Nuneaton (1785–1802), and the Vicar of Twickenham (1802–18). Champagné was appointed to the third stall in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle in 1802, a position he held until 1828. In 1818, he gave the Dean and Canons some shares
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George Champagné
Career
in the South Sea Company to be used as an endowment to purchase clothes or books amongst the pupils of the National School at Windsor. The endowment is still awarded and is known as known as the Champagne Gift.
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George Dorris
Early life and education
George Dorris George Dorris (born August 3, 1930) is a dance historian, educator, editor, and writer. As managing editor of Dance Chronicle for thirty years, he laid foundations and established standards for dance scholarship not only in the United States but in many other countries of the world. In 2007, he was honored with a lifetime membership in the Society of Dance History Scholars and by the award for Outstanding Service to Dance Research presented by the Congress on Research in Dance. Early life and education George Edward Dorris was born into a prominent family in Eugene, Oregon, the son
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George Dorris
Early life and education
of Benjamin Fultz Dorris and Klysta (Cornet) Dorris. In 1892, his great-uncle George Dorris had purchased a farm in Springfield, about five miles for Eugene, and had experimented with various crops before establishing a hazelnut orchard in 1905. The mild weather, abundance of rain, and well-drained soil of the Willamette Valley provided ideal conditions for growing nut trees. Over the next fifty years the Dorris Ranch, as the farm was known, was enlarged, as Ben Dorris joined his uncle and developed the property to some seventy-five acres with a nursery and thousands of trees. Young George Dorris was not, however,
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George Dorris
Early life and education
interested in a career in the nut industry, being more attracted to languages and literature than to agriculture. Accordingly, after graduation from high school in 1948, he studied Spanish and English literature at the University of Oregon in Eugene. Upon receiving his bachelor of arts degree a year early, he spent a year working in San Francisco, where he had opportunities to attend concerts, plays, and performances of opera and ballet. Thereafter, he enrolled in the graduate school of Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, to pursue his studies in Restoration and eighteenth-century English literature. In his second year he was awarded
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George Dorris
Early life and education & Academic career
a university fellowship that paid his tuition and living expenses, and in 1955 he was awarded a Fulbright Scholarship for study in Italy. After some months there, he returned to Northwestern as a graduate assistant in the Department of English. While finishing his doctoral dissertation on poet, librettist, and translator Paolo Antonio Rolli (1687-1765) and the Italian circle in London, he took his first teaching jobs and was finally awarded a doctoral degree in 1962. Academic career Before completing his dissertation, Dorris began his professional career as an instructor of English literature at Duke University in North Carolina (1957-1960). He
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George Dorris
Academic career
then moved on to Rutgers University in New Jersey (1960-1962), the University of the Pacific and its constituent Raymond College in California (1962-1964), and to Queen's College of the City University of New York (1964-1967). The remainder of his teaching career (1967-1998) was spent at York College, also a component of the City University of New York. There he rose from assistant professor to associate professor of English literature, teaching courses in Restoration and eighteenth-century drama, poetry, and prose as well as occasional courses in criticism and dance history. In February 1965, after attending a performance of New York City Ballet,
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George Dorris
Academic career
Dorris had the good fortune to meet the poet Jack Anderson, who was then working at Dance Magazine. Dorris had long been interested in dance, having seen programs presented by American Ballet Theater, Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo, the Royal Ballet of London, and the Martha Graham Dance Company. His interest in dance history increased upon meeting Anderson, who, along with their friend George Jackson, was also writing for the English magazine Ballet Today. In his academic field, Dorris had found that there was "not much new to say about John Dryden or Alexander Pope," but he came to realize
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George Dorris
Academic career & Avocation as dance historian
that "there were enormous areas of dance just waiting to be discovered." Avocation as dance historian Following the lead of Anderson and Jackson, Dorris soon began contributing occasional reviews of dance performances to Ballet Today. Then, at a party in 1966, he met Arlene Croce, who had recently founded a magazine called Ballet Review, and he joined the ranks of its early contributors, thus beginning a long, distinguished career as a dance historian. He was encouraged in his endeavors by Selma Jeanne Cohen, a leading light in dance scholarship, who became a lifelong mentor and friend. Beginning in 1967, Dorris