Datasets:
community-datasets
/
wiki_snippets

Dataset card Data Studio Files Community
4
_id
stringlengths
77
96
datasets_id
int32
0
1.38M
wiki_id
stringlengths
2
9
start_paragraph
int32
2
1.17k
start_character
int32
0
70.3k
end_paragraph
int32
4
1.18k
end_character
int32
1
70.3k
article_title
stringlengths
1
250
section_title
stringlengths
0
1.12k
passage_text
stringlengths
1
14k
{"datasets_id": 2399, "wiki_id": "Q224156", "sp": 14, "sc": 927, "ep": 14, "ec": 1613}
2,399
Q224156
14
927
14
1,613
Hikikomori
Psychiatric disorders
hikikomori with HPDD or other disorder; furthermore, 10 out of 27 had primary hikikomori. Alan Teo and colleagues conducted detailed diagnostic evaluations of 22 individuals with hikikomori and found that while the majority of cases fulfilled criteria for multiple psychiatric conditions, about 1 in 5 cases were primary hikikomori. According to Michael Zielenziger's book, Shutting Out the Sun: How Japan Created Its Own Lost Generation, the syndrome is more closely related to posttraumatic stress disorder. The author claimed that the hikikomori interviewed for the book had discovered independent thinking and a sense of self that the current Japanese environment could not
{"datasets_id": 2399, "wiki_id": "Q224156", "sp": 14, "sc": 1613, "ep": 18, "ec": 459}
2,399
Q224156
14
1,613
18
459
Hikikomori
Psychiatric disorders & Role of modern technology
accommodate. The syndrome also closely parallels the terms avoidant personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder, schizotypal personality disorder, agoraphobia or social anxiety disorder (also known as "social phobia"). Role of modern technology Although the connection between modern communication technologies, such as the Internet, social media and video games, and the phenomenon is not conclusively established, it is considered at least an exacerbating factor that can deepen and nurture withdrawal. Previous studies of hikikomori in South Korea and Spain found that some of them showed signs of Internet addiction, though researchers do not consider this to be the main issue. However, according to
{"datasets_id": 2399, "wiki_id": "Q224156", "sp": 18, "sc": 459, "ep": 22, "ec": 200}
2,399
Q224156
18
459
22
200
Hikikomori
Role of modern technology & Japanese education system
associate professor of psychiatry at Kyushu University in Fukuoka, Takahiro Kato, video games and social media have reduced the amount of time that people spent outside and in social environments that require direct face to face interaction. The emergence of mobile phones and then smartphones may also have deepened the issue, given that people can continue their addiction to gaming and online surfing anywhere, even in bed. Japanese education system The Japanese education system, like those found in China, Singapore and South Korea, puts great demands upon youth. A multitude of expectations, high emphasis on competition, and the rote memorization
{"datasets_id": 2399, "wiki_id": "Q224156", "sp": 22, "sc": 200, "ep": 22, "ec": 852}
2,399
Q224156
22
200
22
852
Hikikomori
Japanese education system
of facts and figures for the purpose of passing entrance exams into the next tier of education in what could be termed a rigid pass-or-fail ideology, induce a high level of stress. Echoing the traditional Confucian values of society, the educational system is viewed as playing an important part in society's overall productivity and success. In this social frame, students often face significant pressure from parents and the society in general to conform to its dictates and doctrines. These doctrines, while part of modern Japanese society, are increasingly being rejected by Japanese youth in varying ways such as hikikomori, freeter, NEET
{"datasets_id": 2399, "wiki_id": "Q224156", "sp": 22, "sc": 852, "ep": 22, "ec": 1509}
2,399
Q224156
22
852
22
1,509
Hikikomori
Japanese education system
(Not currently engaged in Employment, Education, or Training), and parasite singles. The term "Hodo-Hodo zoku" (the "So-So tribe") applies to younger workers who refuse promotion to minimize stress and maximize free time. Beginning in the 1960s, the pressure on Japanese youth to succeed began successively earlier in their lives, sometimes starting before pre-school, where even toddlers had to compete through an entrance exam for the privilege of attending one of the best pre-schools. This was said to prepare children for the entrance exam of the best kindergarten, which in turn prepared the child for the entrance exam of the best elementary
{"datasets_id": 2399, "wiki_id": "Q224156", "sp": 22, "sc": 1509, "ep": 22, "ec": 2202}
2,399
Q224156
22
1,509
22
2,202
Hikikomori
Japanese education system
school, junior high school, high school, and eventually for their university entrance exam. Many adolescents take one year off after high school to study exclusively for the university entrance exam, and are known as ronin. More prestigious universities have more difficult exams. The most prestigious university with the most difficult exam is the University of Tokyo. Since 1996, the Japanese Ministry of Education has taken steps to address this 'pressure-cooker' educational environment and instill greater creative thought in Japanese youth by significantly relaxing the school schedule from six-day weeks to five-day weeks and dropping two subjects from the daily schedule, with
{"datasets_id": 2399, "wiki_id": "Q224156", "sp": 22, "sc": 2202, "ep": 22, "ec": 2872}
2,399
Q224156
22
2,202
22
2,872
Hikikomori
Japanese education system
new academic curricula more comparable to Western educational models. However, Japanese parents are sending their children to private cram schools, known as juku, to 'make up' for lost time. After graduating from high school or university, Japanese youth also have to face a very difficult job market in Japan, often finding only part-time employment and ending up as freeters with little income, unable to start a family. Another source of pressure is from their co-students, who may harass and bully (ijime) some students for a variety of reasons, including physical appearance, wealth, or educational or athletic performance. Some have been punished
{"datasets_id": 2399, "wiki_id": "Q224156", "sp": 22, "sc": 2872, "ep": 26, "ec": 388}
2,399
Q224156
22
2,872
26
388
Hikikomori
Japanese education system & Japanese financial burden
for bullying or truancy, bringing shame to their families. Refusal to participate in society makes hikikomori an extreme subset of a much larger group of younger Japanese that includes parasite singles and freeters. Japanese financial burden Some organizations such as the non-profit Japanese organization NPO lila have been trying to combat the financial burden the hikikomori phenomenon has had on Japan's economy. The Japanese CD and DVD producer Avex Group produces DVD videos of live-action women staring into a camera to help hikikomori learn to cope with eye contact and long spans of human interaction. The goal is to help
{"datasets_id": 2399, "wiki_id": "Q224156", "sp": 26, "sc": 388, "ep": 26, "ec": 533}
2,399
Q224156
26
388
26
533
Hikikomori
Japanese financial burden
hikikomori reintegrate into society by personal choice, thereby realizing an economic contribution and reducing the financial burden on parents.
{"datasets_id": 2400, "wiki_id": "Q10948640", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 14, "ec": 66}
2,400
Q10948640
2
0
14
66
Hina Khan
Early life & Personal life & Career
Hina Khan Early life Khan was born in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir. She belongs to a family of 4 - her parents, herself and her younger brother Aamir Khan, who is the owner of a travel agency company. She completed her Master of Business Administration (MBA) in 2009 at the CCA School of Management, Gurgaon, Delhi. Personal life Khan is dating Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai's supervising producer Rocky Jaiswal since 2014. She had confirmed on Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 8 that she suffers from asthma. Career Khan made her television debut in 2009, when she starred in Indian
{"datasets_id": 2400, "wiki_id": "Q10948640", "sp": 14, "sc": 66, "ep": 14, "ec": 665}
2,400
Q10948640
14
66
14
665
Hina Khan
Career
soap opera Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai as Akshara. After eight years, she quit the show in 2016 to pursue other projects. In 2017, she joined Colors TV's Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 8 as a contestant where she finished up as the 1st runner up. On 30 September, she entered the Bigg Boss 11 house as a celebrity contestant. She was known for her controversial fights with Shilpa Shinde. She also was known for her controversial statements in the show where she said a lot of comments on Sanjeeda Sheikh, Kishwer Merchant, Karan Wahi, Rithvik Dhanjani, Gauhar Khan and Karan Patel.
{"datasets_id": 2400, "wiki_id": "Q10948640", "sp": 14, "sc": 665, "ep": 14, "ec": 1257}
2,400
Q10948640
14
665
14
1,257
Hina Khan
Career
She became a finalist and first runner up. In late February 2018, she wrapped up the shooting of a Punjabi music video with Sonu Thukral which released in March 2018. On 31 March, it was announced that she has signed on to make her digital debut with Ankoosh Bhatt's short film 'SmartPhone' opposite actor Kunaal Roy Kapur. In July 2018, Hina appeared in a Sonu Thukral's Punjabi music video "Bhasoodi". Few months later, she bagged the role of Komolika, an antagonist in Kasautii Zindagii Kay. In the same year, she signed her debut film Lines opposite actress Farida Jalal which is
{"datasets_id": 2400, "wiki_id": "Q10948640", "sp": 14, "sc": 1257, "ep": 14, "ec": 1860}
2,400
Q10948640
14
1,257
14
1,860
Hina Khan
Career
directed by Hussain Khan and written by Rahat Kazmi and Shakti Singh. On 2 January 2019, she signed another short film Soulmate opposite actor Vivan Bhatena. The film is directed by Pawwan Sharma. In March 2019, she revealed that she has signed her second film "Hacked" with director Vikram Bhatt alongside Rohan Shah. In May 2019, she shot for Rahat Kazmi's short film "Wish List" opposite actor Jitendra Rai. In September, she began shooting for Rahat Kazmi's third film, the Indo-Hollywood’ movie called 'The Country of the Blind' as Gosha. In the same month, she signed a psychological crime drama,
{"datasets_id": 2400, "wiki_id": "Q10948640", "sp": 14, "sc": 1860, "ep": 18, "ec": 484}
2,400
Q10948640
14
1,860
18
484
Hina Khan
Career & Other work and media image
digital series called "Damaged 2". Other work and media image Khan has also appeared as a guest in many serials. Her first guest appearance was in Kayamath in 2009. After that she appeared as a guest in Sapna Babul Ka...Bidaai and Chand Chupa Badal Mein in 2010. In 2011 she appeared as a Guest in Chef Pankaj Ka Zayka a cooking show. In December 2016, Khan made an appearance on Bigg Boss 10 as a panellist to support good friend Rohan Mehra. She was named in the Top 50 Sexiest Asian Women List by Eastern Eye in 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016,
{"datasets_id": 2400, "wiki_id": "Q10948640", "sp": 18, "sc": 484, "ep": 18, "ec": 1046}
2,400
Q10948640
18
484
18
1,046
Hina Khan
Other work and media image
and 2017. In 2014, she was listed eight among the "35 Hottest Actresses In Indian Television" by MensXP.com, an Indian lifestyle website for men. She was included in fourth place on "Television's Top 10 Actresses" list by Rediff. Khan earned the title of Sher Khan in Bigg Boss 11. In November 2017, she was named the most loved contestant on Bigg Boss 11 house by Ormax Media. On 25 December, she was named one of the Top 30 TV Personality of 2017 by Sabras Radio. She was also named the Most Favorite Actress of 2017 by Biz Asia. Including winning the
{"datasets_id": 2400, "wiki_id": "Q10948640", "sp": 18, "sc": 1046, "ep": 18, "ec": 1616}
2,400
Q10948640
18
1,046
18
1,616
Hina Khan
Other work and media image
Pinkvilla's award for the Most Stylish TV Actress of 2017. On 25 January 2018, she won the Most Stylish TV Personality Award at the Hindustan Times Style Awards. On 2 Feb 2018, she debuted as a showstopper on Lakme Fashion Week for the Kolkata-based label Osaa by Adarsh. In the same year, she became the victim of troll for posting the image of her teddy bear named 'Pooh' when saving her co-contestant Luv Tyagi during the task in Bigg Boss. Again, she was trolled for her Dubai photos which she posted on Twitter, but this time, she also replied to trollers.
{"datasets_id": 2400, "wiki_id": "Q10948640", "sp": 18, "sc": 1616, "ep": 18, "ec": 2208}
2,400
Q10948640
18
1,616
18
2,208
Hina Khan
Other work and media image
On 7 March 2018, a day before Women's Day, Hina also received a "Power Woman" award at Power Women Fiesta Awards 2018. In March 2018, she appeared on the magazine cover of Fitlook magazine for March issue. On 2 April, she walked the ramp for Streax Professional in Mumbai for marigold collection. On 21 April, Hina Was awarded "Dada Saheb Phalke Excellence Award" for the Best Entertainer in Reality Show Bigg Boss. On 20 May 2018 in Delhi, the Former Chief Minister of Delhi Smt. Sheila Dikshit awarded her the "Rajiv Gandhi Global Excellence Award". Hina was awarded "Style Diva of
{"datasets_id": 2400, "wiki_id": "Q10948640", "sp": 18, "sc": 2208, "ep": 18, "ec": 2400}
2,400
Q10948640
18
2,208
18
2,400
Hina Khan
Other work and media image
Television Industry" at 11th Gold Awards and "Stylish Personality Of The Year" at Iconic Achievers Awards 2018, held in Mumbai. Hina appeared on the cover of FHM India December 2018 edition.
{"datasets_id": 2401, "wiki_id": "Q462287", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 522}
2,401
Q462287
2
0
6
522
Hind Rostom
Early life and career
Hind Rostom Early life and career Hind Rostom was born in the neighborhood of Moharram Bek, Alexandria, Egypt on November 12, 1929. She was born to an aristocratic Turkish father and an Egyptian mother. She started her career at the age of 16 with the film Azhaar wa Ashwak (Flowers and Thorns). Her first true success was in 1955 when the famous director Hassan Al Imam offered her a role in Banat el Lail (Women of the Night). Her famous films include Ibn Hamidu in 1957, Youssef Chahine's Bab El Hadid (Railway Station) with Farid Shawki in 1958, Salah
{"datasets_id": 2401, "wiki_id": "Q462287", "sp": 6, "sc": 522, "ep": 6, "ec": 1112}
2,401
Q462287
6
522
6
1,112
Hind Rostom
Early life and career
Abu Seif's La Anam (Sleepless) with Faten Hamama, Omar Sharif, and Rushdy Abaza in 1958, Sira' fi al-Nil (Struggle in the Nile) with Omar Sharif and Rushdy Abaza in 1959, and Chafika el Koptia (Chafika the Coptic Girl) in 1963. Rostom was known as the queen of seduction in Egyptian cinema, the "Marilyn Monroe of the East (or of the Egyptian cinema)" She decided to retire acting in 1979 because she wanted the audience to remember her at her best. Rostom once more turned down an offer of one million Egyptian pounds for her biography in December 2002. The offer was made
{"datasets_id": 2401, "wiki_id": "Q462287", "sp": 6, "sc": 1112, "ep": 6, "ec": 1692}
2,401
Q462287
6
1,112
6
1,692
Hind Rostom
Early life and career
by an Egyptian satellite channel to portray her life as a drama series. She was asked to submit a complete history of her past achievements, and work experiences with prominent actors of the past, such as Farid Shawki, Youssef Chahine, Shukri Sarhan, and Shadia. The actress stated that she refused to sell her life as a means of entertainment and felt that her personal life was of her concern and no one else. Rostom made a statement when she turned down belly dancer Fifi Abdo's invitation to attend a party held in Hind Rostom's honour. In 2004, she refused to accept
{"datasets_id": 2401, "wiki_id": "Q462287", "sp": 6, "sc": 1692, "ep": 10, "ec": 18}
2,401
Q462287
6
1,692
10
18
Hind Rostom
Early life and career & Death
Egypt's State Merit Award in Arts, "The award came too late, I'm not placed on the shelf for them to pick me whenever they want, there's only one Hind Rostom in the middle east, and let's consider that the number of my generation star actresses isn't that big enough to ignore us, and also it's not appropriate to honor me after years of honoring people who are less than me, another point is that I also refuse to honor me before Shadia, she'd deserved it and she was a star longtime before me", Rostom commented. Death On August 8, 2011,
{"datasets_id": 2401, "wiki_id": "Q462287", "sp": 10, "sc": 18, "ep": 14, "ec": 58}
2,401
Q462287
10
18
14
58
Hind Rostom
Death & Honours
Rostom died in a hospital in Al-Mohandeseen, Giza due to a heart attack, at the age of 81. Honours On November 12, 2018, Google recognized her with a doodle.
{"datasets_id": 2402, "wiki_id": "Q19896086", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 524}
2,402
Q19896086
2
0
6
524
Hinduism in Samoa
Growth and demographics
Hinduism in Samoa Growth and demographics Hinduism in Samoa began in the late 20th century, though natural disasters have made some of the fewer than 100 Hindus emigrate. Hinduism was not in the 2001 Census, possibly because it did not have any adherents at the time, unlike Muslims (48). Hinduism was added in the 2006 Census, which stated that there were 25 Hindus, 12 being male and 13 female. Due to smaller numbers, the Muslim and Hindu population count was merged in the 2011 Census, with the total now being 38 adherents. The 2011 Census stated that of the 38
{"datasets_id": 2402, "wiki_id": "Q19896086", "sp": 6, "sc": 524, "ep": 6, "ec": 766}
2,402
Q19896086
6
524
6
766
Hinduism in Samoa
Growth and demographics
Muslims/Hindus, 25 were male and 13 female. This gender imbalance, which has inflated the proportion of male to females, may have been a consequence of the 2009 Samoa earthquake and tsunami, when more than 150 people died and many emigrated.
{"datasets_id": 2403, "wiki_id": "Q982147", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 309}
2,403
Q982147
2
0
10
309
Hirokazu Ninomiya
Club career & National team career
Hirokazu Ninomiya Club career Ninomiya was born in Hyogo Prefecture on 22 November 1917. He played for Keio BRB was consisted of his alma mater Keio University players and graduates. He won Emperor's Cup 7 times (1936, 1937, 1939, 1940, 1951, 1952 and 1954). National team career On 16 June 1940, when Ninomiya was a Keio University student, he debuted for Japan national team against Philippines and Japan won the match. This match was the first match since 1936 Summer Olympics and the only match in the 1940s in Japan's International A Match due to World War II. After World War
{"datasets_id": 2403, "wiki_id": "Q982147", "sp": 10, "sc": 309, "ep": 14, "ec": 318}
2,403
Q982147
10
309
14
318
Hirokazu Ninomiya
National team career & Coaching career
II, Japan national team was resumed activities in 1951. Ninomiya played as playing manager at 1951 Asian Games. He also played at 1954 Asian Games. He played 6 games and scored 1 goal for Japan until 1954. Coaching career After World War II, in 1951, player Ninomiya named manager for Japan national team for 1951 Asian Games and he managed 3 matches as playing manager. After 1951 Asian Games, he resigned. On 7 March 2000, Ninomiya died of pneumonia in Tokyo at the age of 82. In 2006, he was selected Japan Football Hall of Fame.
{"datasets_id": 2404, "wiki_id": "Q16729839", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 534}
2,404
Q16729839
2
0
6
534
Hiroki Hayashi
Biography
Hiroki Hayashi Biography Hayashi got started in animation on ThunderCats and Silverhawks. He joined AIC when he was 21 years old. His first anime was Gall Force in 1987. In 1988 he worked on the storyboard for the fourth OVA episode of Bubblegum Crisis, along with Masaki Kajishima. His first directed title was Sol Bianca of which he would also be credited for the original concept in the second OVA. In his interview with AIC, he said that Sol Bianca was originally a game production proposal when it was brought to AIC; he thought it would make a good OVA,
{"datasets_id": 2404, "wiki_id": "Q16729839", "sp": 6, "sc": 534, "ep": 6, "ec": 1130}
2,404
Q16729839
6
534
6
1,130
Hiroki Hayashi
Biography
and created the story base for the series. His breakout title was with Kajishima as director and co-creator of the Tenchi Muyo! Ryo-Ohki OVA series. They wanted to create a series much like Gall Force and Bubblegum Crisis where there were many guys with one girl and vice versa, but with more comedy than Bubblegum Crisis since the latter was rather serious. Bubblegum's Mackey was the prototype for Tenchi but he would become the main character in contrast to the girls in Bubblegum. He and Kajishima also created Ryoko as an inspiration from I Dream of Jeannie. Following the first OVA
{"datasets_id": 2404, "wiki_id": "Q16729839", "sp": 6, "sc": 1130, "ep": 6, "ec": 1701}
2,404
Q16729839
6
1,130
6
1,701
Hiroki Hayashi
Biography
series, he left the second series to the producers. Hayashi's next major production was the first El-Hazard OVA series. In his AIC interview, he said that he wanted to carefully produce it, learning from his experience from Tenchi Muyo!. He was influenced by the sci-fi novel A Princess of Mars and used some of those ideas towards El-Hazard. He was later asked to work on the 3rd OVA series but declined as he thought it was best if the series ended at its peak and sequels would end up as average as those in the of Mars series. Hayashi was inspired to
{"datasets_id": 2404, "wiki_id": "Q16729839", "sp": 6, "sc": 1701, "ep": 6, "ec": 2274}
2,404
Q16729839
6
1,701
6
2,274
Hiroki Hayashi
Biography
create Black Heaven after hanging out with his friend at a 24-hour udon restaurant where he noticed many middle-aged businessmen and their interest and enthusiasm over the Lupin the 3rd film. He also enjoyed music and was inspired by a pub owner who gave up his dream of being a pro guitar player to do his business. The title character was inspired by a manga called Shooting Star Manager in which that character used to play guitar when he was young and now just takes the commuter train a lot. At Sakura-Con 2001, he previewed his anime series Magical Play. The
{"datasets_id": 2404, "wiki_id": "Q16729839", "sp": 6, "sc": 2274, "ep": 6, "ec": 2807}
2,404
Q16729839
6
2,274
6
2,807
Hiroki Hayashi
Biography
series was his first 3D animation project, which he worked with CG director Mitsutaka Iguchi. In his AIC interview, he said that it started as some experimental CG work, but he thought it would be better to present it as a story, and so he developed that. In the series, Padudu's companion Uokichi double as a food supply; Hayashi said that he got that idea from a comic book he was reading in a waiting room about an alien who was so devoted to his master that he used his own body as food. He was also the lead director on
{"datasets_id": 2404, "wiki_id": "Q16729839", "sp": 6, "sc": 2807, "ep": 6, "ec": 2923}
2,404
Q16729839
6
2,807
6
2,923
Hiroki Hayashi
Biography
other Pioneer titles such as Bubblegum Crisis Tokyo 2040 TV series, Battle Athletes, and Battle Programmer Shirase.
{"datasets_id": 2405, "wiki_id": "Q725845", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 66}
2,405
Q725845
2
0
10
66
Histidinemia
Presentation & Molecular characteristics
Histidinemia Presentation Histidinemia is considered benign as most patients remain asymptomatic, early correlational evidence from the first decade of histidinemia research lead to the theory that histidinemia was associated with multiple developmental symptoms including hyperactivity, speech impediment, developmental delay, learning difficulties, and sometimes mental retardation. However, these claims were later deemed coincidental as a large subpopulation of infants that tested positive for histidinemia were found to have normal IQ and speech characteristics; as such histidinemia has since been reclassified as a benign inborn error of metabolism. Molecular characteristics Histidinemia occurs as the result of an inborn error of metabolism
{"datasets_id": 2405, "wiki_id": "Q725845", "sp": 10, "sc": 66, "ep": 14, "ec": 231}
2,405
Q725845
10
66
14
231
Histidinemia
Molecular characteristics & Diagnosis
that may result in either an inactive or a severely reduced Histidine ammonia-lyase enzyme activity. The gene that encodes for Histidine ammonia-lyase (HAL) spans a roughly 25 kb and consists of 21 exons located at the 12q22-q24.1 position of human chromosome 12. There are 8 mutations currently associated with autosomal recessive histidinemia, that include: four missense mutations, two exonic polymorphisms and two intronic polymorphisms. Diagnosis Histidenemia is characterized by increased levels of histidine, histamine and imidazole in blood, urine and cerebrospinal fluid. This also results in decreased levels of the metabolite urocanic acid in blood, urine, and skin cells.
{"datasets_id": 2405, "wiki_id": "Q725845", "sp": 14, "sc": 231, "ep": 18, "ec": 74}
2,405
Q725845
14
231
18
74
Histidinemia
Diagnosis & Treatment
In Japan, neonatal screening was previously performed on infants within 1 month of birth; infants demonstrating a blood histidine level of 6 mg/dl or more underwent careful testing as suspected histidinemia cases. A typical characteristic of histidinemia is an increase in the blood histidine levels from normal levels (70-120 μM) to an elevated level (290-1420 μM). Further testing includes: observing histidine as well as imidazolepyruvic acid metabolites in the urine. However, neonatal urine testing has been discontinued in most places, with the exception of Quebec. Treatment It has been suggested that a possible method of treatment for histidinemia
{"datasets_id": 2405, "wiki_id": "Q725845", "sp": 18, "sc": 74, "ep": 22, "ec": 312}
2,405
Q725845
18
74
22
312
Histidinemia
Treatment & Prevalence
is through the adoption of a diet that is low in histidine intake. However, the requirement for such dietary restrictions is typically unnecessary for 99% of all cases of histidinemia. Prevalence Histidinemia is a rare autosomal recessive disorder. However, histidinemia is considered the most prevalent inborn error of metabolism with a reported incidence of 1:8600 (Quebec); 1:180,000 (New York) and 1:9600 (Japan); and an average of 1:12,000 observed in the neonatal screening of over 20 million newborns.
{"datasets_id": 2406, "wiki_id": "Q1363789", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 207}
2,406
Q1363789
2
0
8
207
Historiography of early Islam
Epigraphy
Historiography of early Islam The historiography of early Islam refers to the historiogaphic study of the early history of Islam during the 7th century, from Muhammad's first revelations in 610 until the disintegration of the Rashidun Caliphate in 661, and arguably throughout the 8th century and the duration of the Umayyad Caliphate, terminating in the incipient Islamic Golden Age around the beginning of the 9th century. Epigraphy Analysis of a sandstone inscription found in 2008, determined that it reads: "In the name of Allah/ I, Zuhayr, wrote (this) at the time 'Umar died/year four/And twenty." It is worthwhile pointing out
{"datasets_id": 2406, "wiki_id": "Q1363789", "sp": 8, "sc": 207, "ep": 12, "ec": 211}
2,406
Q1363789
8
207
12
211
Historiography of early Islam
Epigraphy & Science of biography, science of hadith, and Isnad
that caliph Umar bin al-Khattāb died on the last night of the month of Dhūl-Hijjah of the year 23 AH, and was buried next day on the first day of Muharram of the new year 24 AH, corresponding to 644 CE. Thus the date mentioned in the inscription (above) conforms to the established and known date of the death of ʿUmar bin al-Khattāb. Science of biography, science of hadith, and Isnad Muslim historical traditions first began developing from the earlier 7th century with the reconstruction of Muhammad's life following his death. Because narratives regarding Muhammad and his companions came from
{"datasets_id": 2406, "wiki_id": "Q1363789", "sp": 12, "sc": 211, "ep": 12, "ec": 862}
2,406
Q1363789
12
211
12
862
Historiography of early Islam
Science of biography, science of hadith, and Isnad
various sources, it was necessary to verify which sources were more reliable. In order to evaluate these sources, various methodologies were developed, such as the "science of biography", "science of hadith" and "Isnad" (chain of transmission). These methodologies were later applied to other historical figures in the Muslim world. Ilm ar-Rijal (Arabic) is the "science of biography" especially as practiced in Islam, where it was first applied to the sira, the life of the prophet of Islam, Muhammad, and then the lives of the four Rightly Guided Caliphs who expanded Islamic dominance rapidly. Since validating the sayings of Muhammad is a
{"datasets_id": 2406, "wiki_id": "Q1363789", "sp": 12, "sc": 862, "ep": 12, "ec": 1541}
2,406
Q1363789
12
862
12
1,541
Historiography of early Islam
Science of biography, science of hadith, and Isnad
major study ("Isnad"), accurate biography has always been of great interest to Muslim biographers, who accordingly attempted to sort out facts from accusations, bias from evidence, etc. The earliest surviving Islamic biography is Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah, written in the 8th century, but known to us only from later quotes and recensions (9th–10th century). The "science of hadith" is the process that Muslim scholars use to evaluate hadith. The classification of Hadith into Sahih (sound), Hasan (good) and Da'if (weak) was firmly established by Ali ibn al-Madini (161–234 AH). Later, al-Madini's student Muhammad al-Bukhari (810–870) authored a collection that he
{"datasets_id": 2406, "wiki_id": "Q1363789", "sp": 12, "sc": 1541, "ep": 12, "ec": 2206}
2,406
Q1363789
12
1,541
12
2,206
Historiography of early Islam
Science of biography, science of hadith, and Isnad
believed contained only Sahih hadith, which is now known as the Sahih Bukhari. Al-Bukhari's historical methods of testing hadiths and isnads is seen as the beginning of the method of citation and a precursor to the scientific method. I. A. Ahmad writes: The vagueness of ancient historians about their sources stands in stark contrast to the insistence that scholars such as Bukhari and Muslim manifested in knowing every member in a chain of transmission and examining their reliability. They published their findings, which were then subjected to additional scrutiny by future scholars for consistency with each other and the Qur'an. Other famous
{"datasets_id": 2406, "wiki_id": "Q1363789", "sp": 12, "sc": 2206, "ep": 16, "ec": 352}
2,406
Q1363789
12
2,206
16
352
Historiography of early Islam
Science of biography, science of hadith, and Isnad & Historiography, cultural history, and philosophy of history
Muslim historians who studied the science of biography or science of hadith included Urwah ibn Zubayr (died 712), Wahb ibn Munabbih (died 728), Ibn Ishaq (died 761), al-Waqidi (745–822), Ibn Hisham (died 834), al-Maqrizi (1364–1442), and Ibn Hajar Asqalani (1372–1449), among others. Historiography, cultural history, and philosophy of history The first detailed studies on the subject of historiography itself and the first critiques on historical methods appeared in the works of the Arab Muslim historian and historiographer Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406), who is regarded as the father of historiography, cultural history, and the philosophy of history, especially for his historiographical writings
{"datasets_id": 2406, "wiki_id": "Q1363789", "sp": 16, "sc": 352, "ep": 16, "ec": 1058}
2,406
Q1363789
16
352
16
1,058
Historiography of early Islam
Historiography, cultural history, and philosophy of history
in the Muqaddimah (Latinized as Prolegomena) and Kitab al-Ibar (Book of Advice). His Muqaddimah also laid the groundwork for the observation of the role of state, communication, propaganda and systematic bias in history, and he discussed the rise and fall of civilizations. Franz Rosenthal wrote in the History of Muslim Historiography: "Muslim historiography has at all times been united by the closest ties with the general development of scholarship in Islam, and the position of historical knowledge in MusIim education has exercised a decisive influence upon the intellectual level of historicai writing....The Muslims achieved a definite advance beyond previous historical writing in
{"datasets_id": 2406, "wiki_id": "Q1363789", "sp": 16, "sc": 1058, "ep": 16, "ec": 1773}
2,406
Q1363789
16
1,058
16
1,773
Historiography of early Islam
Historiography, cultural history, and philosophy of history
the sociology — sociological understanding of history and the systematisation of historiography. The development of modern historical writing seems to have gained considerably in speed and substance through the utilization of a Muslim Literature which enabled western historians, from the seventeenth century on, to see a large section of the world through foreign eyes. The Muslim historiography helped indirectly and modestly to shape present day historical thinking." In the Muqaddimah, Ibn Khaldun warned of seven mistakes that he thought that historians regularly committed. In this criticism, he approached the past as strange and in need of interpretation. The originality of Ibn Khaldun was
{"datasets_id": 2406, "wiki_id": "Q1363789", "sp": 16, "sc": 1773, "ep": 16, "ec": 2392}
2,406
Q1363789
16
1,773
16
2,392
Historiography of early Islam
Historiography, cultural history, and philosophy of history
to claim that the cultural difference of another age must govern the evaluation of relevant historical material, to distinguish the principles according to which it might be possible to attempt the evaluation, and lastly, to feel the need for experience, in addition to rational principles, in order to assess a culture of the past. Ibn Khaldun often criticized "idle superstition and uncritical acceptance of historical data." As a result, he introduced a scientific method to the study of history, which was considered something "new to his age", and he often referred to it as his "new science", now associated with
{"datasets_id": 2406, "wiki_id": "Q1363789", "sp": 16, "sc": 2392, "ep": 20, "ec": 357}
2,406
Q1363789
16
2,392
20
357
Historiography of early Islam
Historiography, cultural history, and philosophy of history & World history
historiography. His historical method also laid the groundwork for the observation of the role of state, communication, propaganda and systematic bias in history, and he is thus considered to be the "father of historiography" or the "father of the philosophy of history". World history Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari (838–923) is known for writing a detailed and comprehensive chronicle of Mediterranean and Middle Eastern history in his History of the Prophets and Kings in 915. Abu al-Hasan 'Alī al-Mas'ūdī (896–956), known as the "Herodotus of the Arabs", was the first to combine history and scientific geography in a large-scale work, Muruj
{"datasets_id": 2406, "wiki_id": "Q1363789", "sp": 20, "sc": 357, "ep": 20, "ec": 955}
2,406
Q1363789
20
357
20
955
Historiography of early Islam
World history
adh-dhahab wa ma'adin al-jawahir (The Meadows of Gold and Mines of Gems), a book on world history. Until the 10th century, history most often meant political and military history, but this was not so with Persian historian Biruni (973–1048). In his Kitab fi Tahqiq ma l'il-Hind (Researches on India), he did not record political and military history in any detail, but wrote more on India's cultural, scientific, social and religious history. Along with his Researches on India, Biruni discussed more on his idea of history in his chronological work The Chronology of the Ancient Nations.
{"datasets_id": 2407, "wiki_id": "Q22329623", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 568}
2,407
Q22329623
2
0
6
568
History of California High-Speed Rail
Early history
History of California High-Speed Rail Early history Governor Jerry Brown has long been an advocate of a high-speed rail system for California. In his first two terms as governor (1975–1983) he signed legislation into law for the study of a high-speed rail system. In 1992 in his run for the Presidency the United States he continued to show his support for it. Then, in 1993 the Intercity High-Speed Rail Commission was created to conduct studies and prepare plans. At the federal level, in 1992 the San Francisco–Los Angeles rail corridor was proposed in the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act as
{"datasets_id": 2407, "wiki_id": "Q22329623", "sp": 6, "sc": 568, "ep": 6, "ec": 1197}
2,407
Q22329623
6
568
6
1,197
History of California High-Speed Rail
Early history
one of five high speed rail corridors. In 1996 the California High-Speed Rail Authority (CHSRA), was established to begin formal planning in preparation for a ballot measure in 1998 or 2000. The ballot measure was originally scheduled to be put before voters in the 2004 general election; however, the state legislature voted twice to move it back, first to 2006, and finally to 2008 when 53% of voters approved the issuing of $9 billion in bonds for high speed rail in Proposition 1A. The U.S. Congress enacted the Passenger Rail Investment and Improvement Act of 2008 (PRIIA), which among other things required
{"datasets_id": 2407, "wiki_id": "Q22329623", "sp": 6, "sc": 1197, "ep": 10, "ec": 240}
2,407
Q22329623
6
1,197
10
240
History of California High-Speed Rail
Early history & Cost estimates
the states to develop passenger rail plans. In May 2013, the California DOT released its 2013 State Rail Plan. This helped provide a new perspective that viewed the HSR project as the backbone of a statewide rail modernization plan. This has been used by the Authority in allocating funds to other state rail systems that support passenger rail goals and feed into the HSR system. Cost estimates The cost of the San Francisco-to-Anaheim route was originally estimated in 2008 at $33 billion (in 2006 dollars; would be about $65 billion in year-of-expenditure (YOE) dollars). Upon further investigation, however, the Authority determined
{"datasets_id": 2407, "wiki_id": "Q22329623", "sp": 10, "sc": 240, "ep": 10, "ec": 829}
2,407
Q22329623
10
240
10
829
History of California High-Speed Rail
Cost estimates
that a route using exclusive trackage along its entire length would be extremely expensive (estimated at over $96 billion (YOE)), so they saw a need to share track in the metropolitan areas of the San Francisco Peninsula and the LA Basin. Thus, their perspective changed from a stand-alone High Speed Rail (HSR) system to one where HSR would share commuter rails (a "blended" system) to both save money and improve all passenger rail needs. (Note that the 2012 Revised Business Plan listed a new estimate for a Full Build option for a cumulative cost of $91.4 billion (YOE) and completion
{"datasets_id": 2407, "wiki_id": "Q22329623", "sp": 10, "sc": 829, "ep": 14, "ec": 279}
2,407
Q22329623
10
829
14
279
History of California High-Speed Rail
Cost estimates & Proposition 1A Bond funds
date of 2033.) The Revised 2012 Business Plan listed new estimates (in cumulative year-of-expenditure costs) for the new blended system: Initial Operating System in 2021 for a total of $31.3 billion, Bay to Basin in 2026 for a total of $51.2 billion, and Phase 1 Blended in 2028 for a total of $68.4 billion. Proposition 1A Bond funds On November 4, 2008, California voters approved Proposition 1A, a measure to construct the initial segment of the network. The measure authorized $9.95 billion in bond sales for the construction of the core segment between San Francisco and Los Angeles/Anaheim, and an additional
{"datasets_id": 2407, "wiki_id": "Q22329623", "sp": 14, "sc": 279, "ep": 18, "ec": 527}
2,407
Q22329623
14
279
18
527
History of California High-Speed Rail
Proposition 1A Bond funds & Federal funds
$950 million for improvements on local railroad systems, which will serve as feeder systems to the planned high-speed rail system. Federal funds On October 2, 2009, Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger unveiled California's official application for ARRA (the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009) high-speed rail stimulus funding. The total amount of the application was $4.7 billion, representing more than half of the federal $8 billion allocated for high-speed rail. On January 28, 2010, the White House announced that California would receive $2.35 billion of its request, of which $2.25 billion was allocated specifically for California High Speed Rail, while the
{"datasets_id": 2407, "wiki_id": "Q22329623", "sp": 18, "sc": 527, "ep": 18, "ec": 1200}
2,407
Q22329623
18
527
18
1,200
History of California High-Speed Rail
Federal funds
rest was designated for conventional rail improvements. On October 28, 2010, the federal government awarded the Authority a further $900 million for passenger rail improvements, including $715 million specifically for the high-speed rail project, but with the requirement that it be used for the Central Valley segments from Merced to Fresno, or Fresno-to-Bakersfield. On December 9, 2010, the federal Department of Transportation reallocated $1.2 billion in high-speed rail funding from states that had rejected it. Of this, $624 million was redirected to the Authority for use on the Initial Construction Section. On May 9, 2011, the federal Department of Transportation
{"datasets_id": 2407, "wiki_id": "Q22329623", "sp": 18, "sc": 1200, "ep": 22, "ec": 400}
2,407
Q22329623
18
1,200
22
400
History of California High-Speed Rail
Federal funds & Construction funding
reallocated an additional $2 billion in federal high-speed rail funding from Florida, which had rejected it. The DOT awarded $300 million to the Authority for a 20-mile (32 km) extension from Merced north to the Chowchilla Wye. Construction funding On July 6, 2012, the California legislature approved construction of high-speed system, and Governor Brown signed the bill on July 18. The funding approved includes $4.5 billion in bonds previously approved by voters, which, in turn, freed up $3.2 billion in federal funding that would otherwise have expired after July 6. $2.6 billion was allocated to build the Initial Construction Segment. Funding
{"datasets_id": 2407, "wiki_id": "Q22329623", "sp": 22, "sc": 400, "ep": 26, "ec": 384}
2,407
Q22329623
22
400
26
384
History of California High-Speed Rail
Construction funding & Cap-and-Trade funds
was also to be used for several "bookend" and connectivity projects designed to integrate the future high-speed rail system with existing local and regional rail lines. The plan estimates final cost at Year-Of-Expenditure (YOE) $68 billion for Phase 1. Cap-and-Trade funds In June 2014 state legislators and Governor Jerry Brown agreed on apportioning the state's annual cap-and-trade funds so that 25% goes to high speed rail (under the authority of CHSRA) and 15% goes to other transportation projects by other agencies. The 9 quarterly cap-and-trade auctions between Nov. 2012 and Feb. 2015 showed a generally increasing auction settlement price (ranging
{"datasets_id": 2407, "wiki_id": "Q22329623", "sp": 26, "sc": 384, "ep": 26, "ec": 1013}
2,407
Q22329623
26
384
26
1,013
History of California High-Speed Rail
Cap-and-Trade funds
from $10.00 per unit to $12.10 per unit), and totaling $969 million. The state's Legislative Analyst's Office estimated that cap-and-trade income in 2015 and 2016 could total $3.7 billion, of which $925 million would be allocated to HSR. Thus, the HSR share could be half a billion (or more) each year. This will provide a significant ongoing annual income stream for the project which is independent of legislative funding battles and grant applications. For 2014 and 2015, the cap-and-trade funds allocated to HSR amounted to $750 million. In addition, the Authority can take an additional $400 million as "repayment
{"datasets_id": 2407, "wiki_id": "Q22329623", "sp": 26, "sc": 1013, "ep": 30, "ec": 534}
2,407
Q22329623
26
1,013
30
534
History of California High-Speed Rail
Cap-and-Trade funds & Future funding
of a loan that Brown's fiscal 2013-14 general fund budget borrowed from cap-and-trade revenues." Future funding Dan Richard, Chairman of the CHSRA, has said that he believes that with the cap-and-trade funds the Authority will be able to have sufficient funds to complete the project. However, the costs of major segments, such as Pacheco Pass, the Tehachapi Pass, and crossing through the San Gabriel Mountains (via the Santa Clarita Valley or under the Angeles National Forest) are not yet known, and could have significant budgetary impacts, especially if cost savings from design-build innovations are not realized. His optimism still assumes
{"datasets_id": 2407, "wiki_id": "Q22329623", "sp": 30, "sc": 534, "ep": 34, "ec": 238}
2,407
Q22329623
30
534
34
238
History of California High-Speed Rail
Future funding & Private sector interest
that there will be significant private enterprise contributions to the project. There is also no question, though, that additional funds from the state and federal governments would make completing the project easier than it is at present. Phase 2 funding might also require that. A summary (as of 5/4/2015) of the Authority's funding plan is on their website Private sector interest In mid-2015 the CHSRA put out a request for Expressions of Interest from the private sector in financing, constructing, and operating the California HSR system. On Sept. 30, 2015 they released the names of 30 major and international firms
{"datasets_id": 2407, "wiki_id": "Q22329623", "sp": 34, "sc": 238, "ep": 38, "ec": 436}
2,407
Q22329623
34
238
38
436
History of California High-Speed Rail
Private sector interest & Initial approvals
who expressed interest in doing so. They were from all around the world, including major players in large construction projects, high-speed rail manufacturers, and HSR system operators. Europe, China, and Japan were represented. Initial approvals On December 2, 2010, the Authority Board of Directors voted to begin construction on the first section of the system from Madera to Fresno, known as the Initial Construction Segment (ICS). Five "construction packages" are currently being planned for this section. With the Design-Build contractual system the Authority is using, the contractor will be responsible for the final construction design elements, following the guidelines and
{"datasets_id": 2407, "wiki_id": "Q22329623", "sp": 38, "sc": 436, "ep": 38, "ec": 1092}
2,407
Q22329623
38
436
38
1,092
History of California High-Speed Rail
Initial approvals
specifications of the contract. The intent of this (as explained by Dan Richard, chair of the Authority) is to minimize last minute design change orders arising during the construction process (which tend to add to expenses and slow construction). On December 20, 2010, due to the infusion of an additional $616 million in federal funds reallocated from states that canceled their high-speed rail plans, the initial segment of construction was extended to Bakersfield. Another $300 million was reallocated on May 9, 2011, extending the funded portion north to the future Chowchilla Wye (where trains can be turned). In September 2012, the
{"datasets_id": 2407, "wiki_id": "Q22329623", "sp": 38, "sc": 1092, "ep": 38, "ec": 1818}
2,407
Q22329623
38
1,092
38
1,818
History of California High-Speed Rail
Initial approvals
Obama administration gave California's high-speed rail project the green light to streamline the permitting process for the 114-mile (183 km) section of the project which starts just north of Fresno in Madera County and runs south to Bakersfield. On August 12, 2014 the federal Surface Transportation Board approved the HSR route from Fresno to Bakersfield. This was the final approval needed before beginning construction. Also, on December 15, 2014 the federal Surface Transportation Board determined (using well-understood preemption rules) that its approval of the HSR project in August "categorically preexempts" lawsuits filed under the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA). This cleared the last
{"datasets_id": 2407, "wiki_id": "Q22329623", "sp": 38, "sc": 1818, "ep": 38, "ec": 2444}
2,407
Q22329623
38
1,818
38
2,444
History of California High-Speed Rail
Initial approvals
obstacle before construction could begin. However, this supposition is still being tested in the California courts in a similar case, Friends of Eel River v. North Coast Railroad Authority. On June 10, 2015 the Authority authorized a "Rail Delivery Partner" contract to be negotiated and signed by the CEO, valued at up to $700 million, for services through 2022. This is a successor to the support provided by the current Project Management Team contract. The RDP will provide engineering and management services to see the project from a planning mode into a construction mode. The RDP partnership under the lead of
{"datasets_id": 2407, "wiki_id": "Q22329623", "sp": 38, "sc": 2444, "ep": 42, "ec": 371}
2,407
Q22329623
38
2,444
42
371
History of California High-Speed Rail
Initial approvals & Awarding of Construction Packages
Parsons Brinckerhoff includes Network Rail Consulting (the international consulting arm of the UK rail authority) and LeighFisher (a global management firm with extensive experience in infrastructure and advisory services). The other partnership competing was under Bechtel Infrastructure Corporation. Awarding of Construction Packages CP1. On August 20, 2013, the joint venture of Tutor Perini/Zachry/Parsons executed a design-build contract for the initial Madera to Fresno segment, about 29 miles (47 km) long. The contract is valued at approximately $985 million, plus an additional $53 million in provisional sums. Construction was originally expected to begin in 2013, but has been delayed by the slow
{"datasets_id": 2407, "wiki_id": "Q22329623", "sp": 42, "sc": 371, "ep": 42, "ec": 1008}
2,407
Q22329623
42
371
42
1,008
History of California High-Speed Rail
Awarding of Construction Packages
pace of property acquisition. CP2-3. Dragados of Spain, with Flatiron West of San Marcos, and Jacobs Engineering of Oakland, won the bid for the second design-build construction package on December 11, 2014. Dragados/Flatiron/Jacobs submitted a bid of $1,234,567,890 to design and build the 65-mile (105 km) stretch from the south end of Fresno to near the Tulare-Kings county line and was deemed the "apparent best value" bidder by the Authority. (The Authority contacted the bidder to be sure that the peculiar proposal amount was correct, which it was.) The winning bid came well below the range of $1.5 billion to $2 billion
{"datasets_id": 2407, "wiki_id": "Q22329623", "sp": 42, "sc": 1008, "ep": 42, "ec": 1721}
2,407
Q22329623
42
1,008
42
1,721
History of California High-Speed Rail
Awarding of Construction Packages
that was forecast by engineers and consultants working for the rail authority due to their innovative plan for cutting-and-filling instead of more expensive construction alternatives. CP4. Five construction teams competed for this 22-mile (35.4 km) segment. This section was estimated to cost $400–500 million. In January 2016 the apparent best value bid of $347.5 million (about $50 to $150 less than the estimated cost) was received from California Rail Builders(a consortium led by Ferrovial Agroman US Corp, an American subsidiary of Spain's Ferrovial S.A., also including Eurostudios, a Spanish engineering firm, and Othon Inc., a Houston-based engineering and environmental consulting company). The
{"datasets_id": 2407, "wiki_id": "Q22329623", "sp": 42, "sc": 1721, "ep": 42, "ec": 2360}
2,407
Q22329623
42
1,721
42
2,360
History of California High-Speed Rail
Awarding of Construction Packages
California Rail Builders bid was $347.5 million. The contract awarded includes an additional $107 million for utility relocation costs for electric, gas and communication lines. This package was shortened by about 8 miles (13 km) to a length of 22 miles (35 km) due to disputes with the cities of Bakersfield and Shafter. The construction segment now ends on the north side of Shafter due to the need to negotiate routes through Shafter and northern Bakersfield. The agreement between the cities and the Authority gives the parties until January 2016 to come up with the new alignment. The Bakersfield Californian reported on Aug.
{"datasets_id": 2407, "wiki_id": "Q22329623", "sp": 42, "sc": 2360, "ep": 42, "ec": 2977}
2,407
Q22329623
42
2,360
42
2,977
History of California High-Speed Rail
Awarding of Construction Packages
4, 2015 that an alternate route called the LGA (locally generated alignment) had been developed which is 1.5 miles (2.4 km) shorter, demolishes fewer buildings and few (or no) homes, and might cost less. It will be presented for public comment later in August, and won't be presented to the Authority until 2016. Formal acceptance will also have to wait until all the environmental studies have been completed. Project and Construction Management for this phase was awarded to HNTB Corporation on October 6, 2015. HNTB could receive up to $30 million over 5 years for work performed under the contract. CP5.
{"datasets_id": 2407, "wiki_id": "Q22329623", "sp": 42, "sc": 2977, "ep": 42, "ec": 3620}
2,407
Q22329623
42
2,977
42
3,620
History of California High-Speed Rail
Awarding of Construction Packages
Not yet specified. It will be specified later. Additional construction. Another package will be needed to reach from Poplar Avenue down into Bakersfield proper, and another package will be needed to reach from Madera up to the Chowchilla Wye. These are both part of the ICS, but not yet included in the current construction plans. Other construction elements also remain to be determined ... the precise right-of-way for other parts of the ICS (initial construction segment) and station plans. Note, the track-laying and electric power installation will also be in a future contract. Other facilities. A large parcel will be
{"datasets_id": 2407, "wiki_id": "Q22329623", "sp": 42, "sc": 3620, "ep": 46, "ec": 243}
2,407
Q22329623
42
3,620
46
243
History of California High-Speed Rail
Awarding of Construction Packages & Initial construction
needed for a rail yard, train sheds, machine shops, and other buildings for work on the tracks and trainsets. The counties of Fresno, Madera, Merced, Kings, and Kern all have expressed some interest in being selected for the site, since it is expected to provide up to 1500 good paying jobs. It is expected that a site will be selected sometime in early 2016. Initial construction A groundbreaking ceremony was hosted in Fresno on January 6, 2015 to mark the commencement of sustained construction activities. The Fresno River Viaduct in Madera County, California is the first permanent structure constructed as part
{"datasets_id": 2407, "wiki_id": "Q22329623", "sp": 46, "sc": 243, "ep": 46, "ec": 865}
2,407
Q22329623
46
243
46
865
History of California High-Speed Rail
Initial construction
of California High-Speed Rail. Construction began in June 2015 and was expected to take eight to twelve months. A number of connectivity and "bookend" projects are underway in the San Francisco and Los Angeles metro areas. Also, the Authority is proposing that land owned by the Bob Hope Airport in Burbank be used for the HSR station. They note that it would be the only station in the LA Basin providing connections between high-speed rail, air travel, commuter rail, and have nearby freeway access. On August 7, 2015, a Request for Qualifications (RFQ) for the San Francisco to Chowchilla Wye sections
{"datasets_id": 2407, "wiki_id": "Q22329623", "sp": 46, "sc": 865, "ep": 46, "ec": 1496}
2,407
Q22329623
46
865
46
1,496
History of California High-Speed Rail
Initial construction
was let for completion of two environmental reports, plus preliminary design services, for these two segments. This will require approximately three years. The effect of property acquisition delays has created some serious concerns, and there is a September 30, 2017, deadline to spend the federal stimulus money of nearly $4 billion. The Construction Package 1 contract was signed in August 2013, yet not all the property necessary has been acquired in a timely manner, which has seriously slowed down the work. In March 2015, the contractor, Tutor Perini, sought additional funds due to the added expense of delays. As
{"datasets_id": 2407, "wiki_id": "Q22329623", "sp": 46, "sc": 1496, "ep": 46, "ec": 2119}
2,407
Q22329623
46
1,496
46
2,119
History of California High-Speed Rail
Initial construction
of June 2015, about 260 properties had been acquired of the nearly 1,100 needed (in whole or in part) for the first two construction sections. Since December 2013, 259 resolutions of necessity have been adopted by the state's Public Works Board, the necessary step before issuing eminent domain resolutions and acquiring the land through litigation. By July 2015, the pace of acquisition was clearly speeding up with the increasing pace at which the state adopted its eminent domain resolutions. In early 2014, rail officials had hoped to break ground on the first 29-mile segment of track in the Central Valley in
{"datasets_id": 2407, "wiki_id": "Q22329623", "sp": 46, "sc": 2119, "ep": 50, "ec": 544}
2,407
Q22329623
46
2,119
50
544
History of California High-Speed Rail
Initial construction & Proposition 1A compliance
the summer of 2019. Proposition 1A compliance The lawsuit John Tos, Aaron Fukuda, and the Kings County Board of Supervisors v. California High-Speed Rail Authority was first filed in late 2011. On November 25, 2013 Sacramento County Superior Court Judge Michael Kenny issued two rulings in this lawsuit concerning the release of funding from the passage of Proposition 1A. First, the state did not have a valid financing plan, and he ordered the Authority to rescind its business plan and create a new one. Second, he also ruled that the state had not properly approved the sale of bonds to
{"datasets_id": 2407, "wiki_id": "Q22329623", "sp": 50, "sc": 544, "ep": 50, "ec": 1207}
2,407
Q22329623
50
544
50
1,207
History of California High-Speed Rail
Proposition 1A compliance
finance the project. The Brown administration sought an expedited appellate court hearing, but that was denied. However, on July 31, 2014, the 3rd District Court of Appeals three-judge panel reversed the lower court ruling and ordered Judge Kenney to vacate his decision. The final ruling was that the requirements for the financing plan, environmental clearances, and construction plans did not need to be secured for the entire project before construction began, but only for each construction segment. Finally, in October 2014, the state Supreme Court refused to hear an appeal of this decision. However, Judge Kenny split the aforementioned case into
{"datasets_id": 2407, "wiki_id": "Q22329623", "sp": 50, "sc": 1207, "ep": 50, "ec": 1819}
2,407
Q22329623
50
1,207
50
1,819
History of California High-Speed Rail
Proposition 1A compliance
two parts, and the second part was continued to Feb. 11, 2016. The issues to be decided concerned other Proposition 1A legal requirements: (1) Can the train travel from Los Angeles (Union Station) to San Francisco (Transbay Terminal) in two hours and 40 minutes? (2) Will the train require an operational subsidy? (3) Does the new "blended system" approach meet the definition of high-speed rail in Proposition 1A? On Mar. 8, 2016 Judge Kenny ruled the issues raised were "not ripe for review". The plaintiffs raised compelling questions, but the Authority hasn't yet submitted its funding plan, and the project
{"datasets_id": 2407, "wiki_id": "Q22329623", "sp": 50, "sc": 1819, "ep": 50, "ec": 2406}
2,407
Q22329623
50
1,819
50
2,406
History of California High-Speed Rail
Proposition 1A compliance
is still too much in flux. Thus, this case was ended, however, there is a possibility of further action on these issues in the future. Also, on June 5, 2015 the Kings County Grand Jury released a report critical of the Kings County Board of Supervisors in pursuing this lawsuit. Three specific objections were noted: (1) no public hearings were held before litigation was started so public sentiment was not obtained, (2) grants that would have benefited the public were denied because the Board did not want to show any support for the HSR project, and (3) no county land would
{"datasets_id": 2407, "wiki_id": "Q22329623", "sp": 50, "sc": 2406, "ep": 54, "ec": 487}
2,407
Q22329623
50
2,406
54
487
History of California High-Speed Rail
Proposition 1A compliance & Other problems and lawsuits
be affected by the project (except for road crossings), so the county was pursuing this suit for the benefit of individual property owners and not the public. Other problems and lawsuits The lawsuit Kings County, Kern County, the First Free Will Baptist Church of Bakersfield, Dignity Health in Bakersfield, and the City of Shafter v. California High-Speed Rail Authority concerns the environmental certification and route selection of the Fresno to Bakersfield segment. In TRANSDEF (Transportation Solutions Defense and Education Fund) v. the California Air Resources Board, the Authority is named as an affected party because it is the beneficiary of cap-and-trade
{"datasets_id": 2407, "wiki_id": "Q22329623", "sp": 54, "sc": 487, "ep": 54, "ec": 1191}
2,407
Q22329623
54
487
54
1,191
History of California High-Speed Rail
Other problems and lawsuits
fund allocations that are being challenged in the suit. In Kings County, the Kings County Farm Bureau, Citizens for California High-Speed Rail Accountability, the Bay Area-based Community Coalition on High-Speed Rail, California Rail Foundation and TRANSDEF v. Surface Transportation Board, the litigants are challenging in the federal Ninth Circuit Court a ruling made in 2014 by the Surface Transportation Board that federal environmental laws trump state environmental laws. The Authority is intervening in this suit, and the outcome will directly affect the Authority. Friends of Eel River vs. North Coast Railroad Authority is a lawsuit held before the California Supreme Court, and
{"datasets_id": 2407, "wiki_id": "Q22329623", "sp": 54, "sc": 1191, "ep": 54, "ec": 1879}
2,407
Q22329623
54
1,191
54
1,879
History of California High-Speed Rail
Other problems and lawsuits
is similar to the Surface Transportation Board suit regarding the federal decision trumping the California Environmental Quality Act. Two state appellate courts have issued conflicting decisions on this issue. The Authority is filing a friend of the court brief, and the outcome will directly affect the Authority. In December 2011 Legislative Analyst's Office published a report indicating that the incremental development path outlined by CHSRA may not be legal. According to the State Analyst, "Proposition 1A identifies certain requirements that must be met prior to requesting an appropriation of bond proceeds for construction. These include identifying for a corridor, or
{"datasets_id": 2407, "wiki_id": "Q22329623", "sp": 54, "sc": 1879, "ep": 54, "ec": 2537}
2,407
Q22329623
54
1,879
54
2,537
History of California High-Speed Rail
Other problems and lawsuits
a usable segment thereof, all sources of committed funds, the anticipated time of receipt of those funds, and completing all project-level environmental clearances for that segment. Our review finds that the funding plan only identifies committed funding for the ICS (San Joaquin Valley segment), which is not a usable segment, and therefore does not meet the requirements of Proposition 1A. In addition, the HSRA has not yet completed all environmental clearances for any usable segment and will not likely receive all of these approvals prior to the expected 2012 date of initiating construction." However, initial concerns regarding the projects legality
{"datasets_id": 2407, "wiki_id": "Q22329623", "sp": 54, "sc": 2537, "ep": 58, "ec": 481}
2,407
Q22329623
54
2,537
58
481
History of California High-Speed Rail
Other problems and lawsuits & "Dam Train"
were resolved. "Dam Train" In May 2015, Fresno City Councilman Steve Brandau used $3,000 of his campaign funds to put up billboards along state route 99 proposing that some of the rail funding be used to provide more water to farmers, such as the construction of the Temperance Flat Dam. The words "Dam" and "Train" appear in large bold letters on the billboards. While some officials agree with Brandau, others like Fresno County Supervisor Henry Perea says they need both water and transportation.
{"datasets_id": 2408, "wiki_id": "Q16191415", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 514}
2,408
Q16191415
2
0
6
514
History of Maui
Legend
History of Maui Legend According to legends, the hero, Māui, lived at Kaʻuiki, across the bay from Hana. He caught the islands of Hawaii on a fishing trip with his magical fishing hook, but failed to pull them all together when his brothers quit paddling the canoe in which they were voyaging, so the islands were left spread apart from each other. Māui was later persuaded by his grandmother to slow the sun down, so she could grow more food and dry her tapa cloth. Māui agreed to help, so he stood on the summit of Mount Haleakala and
{"datasets_id": 2408, "wiki_id": "Q16191415", "sp": 6, "sc": 514, "ep": 6, "ec": 1128}
2,408
Q16191415
6
514
6
1,128
History of Maui
Legend
lassoed the sun's ray legs and broke them off one by one, threatening to kill him if he didn't slow down. The sun obliged. Maui legends include the magical deeds of the Menehune. Scholars disagree as to the origin of Menehune stories. One theory is that the stories were borrowed from European brownie and pixie stories told by sailors or settlers. Another theory is that the Menehune actually were the descendants of Hawaii's earliest settlers from the Marquesas who were pushed into the forest by Tahitian newcomers. The Tahitian word 'manahune' refers to low-class workers who did the most menial tasks
{"datasets_id": 2408, "wiki_id": "Q16191415", "sp": 6, "sc": 1128, "ep": 10, "ec": 250}
2,408
Q16191415
6
1,128
10
250
History of Maui
Legend & Early settlement
which, the theory goes, the second-class original settlers were forced to perform. In time the Menehune became legendary and were given magical powers to help the helpless and to punish evil actions. A third possible explanation is that the Menehune were later, non-Tahitian immigrants who were not permitted to live with or intermarry with descendants of Tahitians. Early settlement Polynesians settled the island of Maui in at least three gradual waves; the earliest possibly from the Marquesas sometime before 450 AD., then others from the Marquesas about 450 AD., and lastly settlers from Tahiti from 700 AD. The Tahitian arrivals
{"datasets_id": 2408, "wiki_id": "Q16191415", "sp": 10, "sc": 250, "ep": 10, "ec": 903}
2,408
Q16191415
10
250
10
903
History of Maui
Early settlement
introduced the core pieces of Hawaiian traditional culture: language, economic activities, the hereditary class system, land tenure, religion, and customs such as the strict kapu system that affected all aspects of life. Hawaiian oral tradition lists an unbroken chain of twenty-five rulers (the Moʻi of Maui) beginning with Paumakua the first Ali'i Nui of Maui. Maui's oldest known temple enclosures (heiaus) are at Halekiʻi and Pihana from about 1200. The structures were, according to legend, built by the Menehune in a single night from stones on Paukukalo Beach. More likely they began as small structures and were expanded as the prestige
{"datasets_id": 2408, "wiki_id": "Q16191415", "sp": 10, "sc": 903, "ep": 14, "ec": 337}
2,408
Q16191415
10
903
14
337
History of Maui
Early settlement & Chiefdoms
of the Wailuku grew. The last additions were thought to have been made by King Kahekili. Pihana, also called Pihanakilani and Piʻihana, was a luakini where human sacrifice was carried out. According to accounts written by outsiders, victims were most often kapu breakers or war captives. Chiefdoms Until the 15th century Maui comprised three chiefdoms: Wailuku, Lele (Lahaina), and Hana. Eventually all of West Maui was consolidated at Wailuku, with Hana remaining an independent chieftaincy. West Maui and East Maui permanently merged about 1550 when King Pi'ilani married the daughter of Hoʻolae, the 6th Aliʻi Nui of Hana. From that
{"datasets_id": 2408, "wiki_id": "Q16191415", "sp": 14, "sc": 337, "ep": 18, "ec": 44}
2,408
Q16191415
14
337
18
44
History of Maui
Chiefdoms & Heiau and other structures
time until conquest Maui was ruled by a single joint royal family (Hawaiian: aliʻi). Piʻilani and his successors were known for the peace and prosperity that followed. They constructed a highway that circled the island along its coast; remnants of which still exist. They also built the island's and Hawaii's largest temple enclosure. Today it is called Pi'ilanihale, built on an older temple site from about 1294. It is about 40 feet (12 m) high and 300 feet (91 m) long. Other heiau were constructed at Olowalu and Waianapanapa. Heiau and other structures Many ancient structures on Maui are named in
{"datasets_id": 2408, "wiki_id": "Q16191415", "sp": 18, "sc": 44, "ep": 18, "ec": 618}
2,408
Q16191415
18
44
18
618
History of Maui
Heiau and other structures
story but no longer survive. There was a fort at Ka'uiki Head at Hana which was the scene of several battles between chiefdoms on Maui or invasions from Hawaii. The last battle occurred when King Kahekili fought off a Hawaiian raid in the 1780s. On a small island at the tip of Kaʻuiki Head a huge statue of Kawalakii was erected by King Umi of Hana to frighten off would-be invaders. The Hauola Stone in Lahaina Harbor was believed to have healing qualities; it is still there. Extensive archaeological research has been undertaken at Kahikinui on Maui's southeast coast.
{"datasets_id": 2408, "wiki_id": "Q16191415", "sp": 18, "sc": 618, "ep": 18, "ec": 1280}
2,408
Q16191415
18
618
18
1,280
History of Maui
Heiau and other structures
Several heiau have been located, as well as villages, and fields. Heiau in the Wailuku area include: Keahuku, Olokua, Olopia, Malena, Pohakuokahi, Lelemako, Kawelowelo, Kaulupala, Palamnaihiki, and Oloolokalani. There were at least three additional heiau between Kahului Harbor and Wailuku. There is a partially collapsed heiau at Keoneʻoʻio (La Perouse Bay.) In several parts of the island small shrines were set up, usually a single or cluster of standing stones where fishermen could pray and give offerings. Rarely walled canoe 'sheds' are still preserved. The Ke'anae Peninsula's taro field system is a prehistoric field system still in use. Maui
{"datasets_id": 2408, "wiki_id": "Q16191415", "sp": 18, "sc": 1280, "ep": 22, "ec": 63}
2,408
Q16191415
18
1,280
22
63
History of Maui
Heiau and other structures & Land tenure
has several petroglyph sites that have been variously interpreted as ancestral voyages, historic events, and religious stories. One of the best remaining sites is in the cliffs above Olowalu. Nearby Maʻalea had an extensive panel which was destroyed by a developer. Kaupo has little 'footprints' across a lava flow said to be the prints of Menehune. The Kula area has several sites on private land. There are some at Nuʻu as well. Unfortunately, vandalism to these sites has led to their closure or limited access to permit holders. Land tenure Hawaiians developed a complex and effective land tenure system.
{"datasets_id": 2408, "wiki_id": "Q16191415", "sp": 22, "sc": 63, "ep": 22, "ec": 695}
2,408
Q16191415
22
63
22
695
History of Maui
Land tenure
The island of Maui was divided into twelve districts (Hawaiian: moku). with Lanaʻi, Molokaʻi, Kahoʻolawe constituted their own districts or were subdivided into many other districts. Each district was ruled from earliest times by a family and later by a chief's family. Each moku was divided into many community units (Hawaiian: ahupuaʻa) which ran from the top of the mountain to the ocean in a roughly triangular shape ruled by subchiefs. Boundaries were natural features such as streams, rock outcrops, or forest. Each community unit was subdivided into extended family units (Hawaiian: ʻili) that also ran from the mountains to
{"datasets_id": 2408, "wiki_id": "Q16191415", "sp": 22, "sc": 695, "ep": 26, "ec": 156}
2,408
Q16191415
22
695
26
156
History of Maui
Land tenure & Kapu society
the ocean, so each family had access to mountain forests, uplands, coast plains for farming, and ocean. Each district had a sanctuary (Hawaiian: puʻuhonua) to escape vengeance or penalty. Maui's sanctuary was located at Kukuipuka on Maui's west side near Waiheʻe. After fleeing there, making restitution and waiting a period of time, the offender could return home. During warfare, women, children, and elders could go there and not be harmed. Kapu society The social system was called the kapu system. According to legend the system was brought to the islands from Tahiti by the priest Paʻao perhaps as early as
{"datasets_id": 2408, "wiki_id": "Q16191415", "sp": 26, "sc": 156, "ep": 26, "ec": 794}
2,408
Q16191415
26
156
26
794
History of Maui
Kapu society
1300. The kapu system was rooted in the class system and religious practice. People were born into one of four ranks. At the top were the aliʻi. Next were the kahuna, those of priestly rank who conducted religious ritual ceremonies, served as spiritual advisers, and healers. The third rank were makaʻaina, the commoners who worked the farms, built canoes, gathered wood, fished and performed labor. The fourth rank, kauwa or outcasts, were outside the system and lived outside the community much like 'untouchables' in traditional Hindu society. There were three main kapu (rule) types: fixed kapu, flexible kapu, and temporary
{"datasets_id": 2408, "wiki_id": "Q16191415", "sp": 26, "sc": 794, "ep": 26, "ec": 1363}
2,408
Q16191415
26
794
26
1,363
History of Maui
Kapu society
kapu. Examples of fixed kapu were the complete separation of men and women at meals and that menstruating women had to live outside the household. Other fixed kapu related to the aliʻi which set them apart from commoners and maintained their status in a society with few material possessions. Flexible kapu could be altered by the local chief. For example, certain kinds of fish could not be caught at certain times of the year. Temporary kapus were invoked for a period of days. For example, following a funeral, no one could fish for a period of time. The effect was
{"datasets_id": 2408, "wiki_id": "Q16191415", "sp": 26, "sc": 1363, "ep": 30, "ec": 275}
2,408
Q16191415
26
1,363
30
275
History of Maui
Kapu society & Unification of the islands
to maintain order in the community. Kapu also conserved the environment by protecting plants and wildlife from overuse. The end result of the kapu system was to preserve the mana or sacredness of the totality of the environment which would bring about peace, harmony and stability. Kapu breakers disrupted the mana and jeopardized the entire community. Unification of the islands Kamehameha I (Hawaiian pronunciation: [kəmehəˈmɛhə]; ca. 1758 – May 8, 1819), also known as Kamehameha the Great, conquered the Hawaiian Islands and formally established the Kingdom of Hawaii in 1810. By developing alliances with the major Pacific colonial powers, Kamehameha
{"datasets_id": 2408, "wiki_id": "Q16191415", "sp": 30, "sc": 275, "ep": 34, "ec": 271}
2,408
Q16191415
30
275
34
271
History of Maui
Unification of the islands & Castaways
preserved Hawaii's independence under his rule. Kamehameha is remembered for many reasons and one is the Kanawai Mamalahoe, the "Law of the Splintered Paddle", which protects human rights of non-combatants in times of battle. Kamehameha's full Hawaiian name is Kalani Paiʻea Wohi o Kaleikini Kealiʻikui Kamehameha o ʻIolani i Kaiwikapu kaui Ka Liholiho Kūnuiākea. Castaways Oral tradition indicates that castaways, most likely Spanish, shipwrecked on the islands sometime between 1521 and 1530. Versions of this story are found on Hawaiʻi, Kauaʻi, and Maui. In the Maui version several white men and a woman were shipwrecked during the reign of
{"datasets_id": 2408, "wiki_id": "Q16191415", "sp": 34, "sc": 271, "ep": 38, "ec": 144}
2,408
Q16191415
34
271
38
144
History of Maui
Castaways & Captain Cook
King Kakaalaneo at Kiwi near Waihee. The captain's Hawaiian name was Kukanaloa. The men married, had families, and became ancestors of some of the chiefs. Spanish ships sailed between Asia and Mexico or South America regularly. Analysis of documents purporting to record a 'discovery' of Hawaii by Manuel Gaetan in 1555 show that whatever islands he noted in his log were too far east to have been any of Hawaii's main islands. Captain Cook On November 26, 1778, Captain James Cook became the first European explorer to see Maui. Cook never set foot on the island because he was unable
{"datasets_id": 2408, "wiki_id": "Q16191415", "sp": 38, "sc": 144, "ep": 42, "ec": 343}
2,408
Q16191415
38
144
42
343
History of Maui
Captain Cook & Simon and Thomas Metcalfe
to find a suitable landing. The first European to visit Maui was the French admiral Jean-François de Galaup, comte de La Pérouse, who landed on the shores of what is now known as La Perouse Bay on May 29, 1786. Simon and Thomas Metcalfe In 1790 an American maritime fur trader, Simon Metcalfe, anchored his ship, the Eleanora south of Lahaina. During the night, a Hawaiian named Kaopuiki and several accomplices killed a guard and cut the ships's cutter loose and ran it ashore. The next morning when the incident was discovered, Captain Metcalfe fired his cannon into the closest