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{"datasets_id": 2408, "wiki_id": "Q16191415", "sp": 42, "sc": 343, "ep": 42, "ec": 951} | 2,408 | Q16191415 | 42 | 343 | 42 | 951 | History of Maui | Simon and Thomas Metcalfe | village and kidnapped several Hawaiians who told him that people from the village of Olowalu were responsible. Metcalfe moved his ship to Olowalu only to discover the village under a kapu for three days while the local chief celebrated a family occasion. As soon as the three days were over canoes from Olowalu flocked toward Metcalfe's ship to trade. Metcalfe, feigning peaceful intentions, waved the canoes around to his ship's landward side and then ordered broadsides of ball and shot fired at point-blank range, which blasted the vessels to pieces. About one hundred Hawaiians were killed and several |
{"datasets_id": 2408, "wiki_id": "Q16191415", "sp": 42, "sc": 951, "ep": 42, "ec": 1585} | 2,408 | Q16191415 | 42 | 951 | 42 | 1,585 | History of Maui | Simon and Thomas Metcalfe | hundred wounded.
Metcalfe then sailed to Hawaii and, at Kealakekua Bay, began what seemed to be friendly intercourse with the natives. Around the same time Metcalfe's son, Thomas Humphrey Metcalfe, arrived in the Hawaiian Islands, at Kawaihae Bay, in command of the Fair American, a small schooner owned by his father. His voyage to the Hawaiian Islands had been delayed because the Fair American and its crew had been seized by the Spanish Navy during the Nootka Crisis. The younger Metcalfe's vessel was captured by Chief Kameʻeiamoku, who had been insulted and flogged by Simon Metcalfe earlier that year. Kameʻeiamoku had |
{"datasets_id": 2408, "wiki_id": "Q16191415", "sp": 42, "sc": 1585, "ep": 46, "ec": 81} | 2,408 | Q16191415 | 42 | 1,585 | 46 | 81 | History of Maui | Simon and Thomas Metcalfe & Sandalwood | vowed to exact revenge on whatever ship next came his way, and by chance that ship turned out to be the Fair American. Thomas Metcalfe and the entire crew were killed except for Isaac Davis, who Kameʻeiamoku sent as a captive to Kamehameha along with guns and cannons taken from the Fair American. Another American from Simon Metcalfe's ship, John Young, was also captured to prevent Metcalfe from hearing about his son's murder. The two Americans, Young and Davis, commanded the cannons at the bloody battle of Kepaniwai. Sandalwood The first trading encounters with Europeans were independent businessmen on ships |
{"datasets_id": 2408, "wiki_id": "Q16191415", "sp": 46, "sc": 81, "ep": 50, "ec": 181} | 2,408 | Q16191415 | 46 | 81 | 50 | 181 | History of Maui | Sandalwood & Whaling | trading goods with China. Hawaiians had little with which to purchase goods except for foods and livestock, until the traders found Hawaiian sandalwood trees, that were valuable in China for incense. King Kamehameha tightly controlled contact with foreigners and centralized the sandalwood trade under his personal oversight in 1805. The resource was limited, however, and by the 1830s sandalwood became so scarce that logging stopped. Whaling Whaling ships plied the Pacific along the coast of Peru and Japan as early as 1818. Hawaii sat directly between the two. Lahaina and Honolulu became the main Pacific ports for the |
{"datasets_id": 2408, "wiki_id": "Q16191415", "sp": 50, "sc": 181, "ep": 50, "ec": 802} | 2,408 | Q16191415 | 50 | 181 | 50 | 802 | History of Maui | Whaling | north Pacific whaling fleet. Since Lahaina had no real harbor, ships anchored in the Lahaina Roads off Maui's southwest coast for shore leave. By 1824 more than 100 ships visited Lahaina a year. As Hawaii's capital, it quickly drew enterprising immigrants who opened taverns, brothels, inns, and shops. Hawaiians paddled out to the ships to trade fresh fruit and produce for trinket trade goods such a beads, mirrors, metal implements, and cloth. At its height in the 1850s more than 400 whaling ships a year visited Lahaina.
Whaling ships tended to stay several weeks rather than days which explains complaints |
{"datasets_id": 2408, "wiki_id": "Q16191415", "sp": 50, "sc": 802, "ep": 54, "ec": 200} | 2,408 | Q16191415 | 50 | 802 | 54 | 200 | History of Maui | Whaling & Destruction of traditional life | about the drinking and prostitution in the town at that time. Whaling declined steeply at the end of the 19th century as kerosene and electricity replaced whale oil for lighting.
Hawaiians also began to plant many types of crops which were introduced to the islands: coffee, potatoes, sugarcane from which rum could be distilled, pineapples and rice. Sailors were introduced to the art of tattoos. Destruction of traditional life The introduction of outsiders began the erosion of the class, kapu and religious systems. Even before Christian missionaries arrived in force, the system was weakened by decades of civil war among the |
{"datasets_id": 2408, "wiki_id": "Q16191415", "sp": 54, "sc": 200, "ep": 54, "ec": 865} | 2,408 | Q16191415 | 54 | 200 | 54 | 865 | History of Maui | Destruction of traditional life | island chiefs, foreign residents who did not fit into the system, and the introduction of new ideas about society, religion and government. The kapu system, human sacrifice and caste system in the islands appalled European visitors who condemned the entire culture. The rulers of Maui were influenced by visitors and the religious and social system was further weakened. Ultimately, the aliʻi themselves ended the kapu and traditional religion. They could not foresee that by doing so they had weakened the foundations of their own power.
Hawaiians were exposed to the Europeans' communicable diseases, including enteric, viral, and venereal infections. A |
{"datasets_id": 2408, "wiki_id": "Q16191415", "sp": 54, "sc": 865, "ep": 62, "ec": 30} | 2,408 | Q16191415 | 54 | 865 | 62 | 30 | History of Maui | Destruction of traditional life & The new religion & Early missionaries | series of epidemics, killed up to 95% of the residents, destroying the social and cultural fabric of traditional Hawaiian life. The new religion When Kamehameha I died in 1819, Queen Kaʻahumanu declared herself a co-ruler with his son Kamehameha II. She challenged many of the conventions of Hawaiian society, ending the kapu system. Heiau were destroyed, images burned or broken, and priests chased away. This threw the religious life of Hawaiians into confusion. Within two years the first Christian missionaries appeared, just as Hawaiians lost confidence in their traditional religion and social system. Early missionaries The first Christian missionary |
{"datasets_id": 2408, "wiki_id": "Q16191415", "sp": 62, "sc": 30, "ep": 62, "ec": 659} | 2,408 | Q16191415 | 62 | 30 | 62 | 659 | History of Maui | Early missionaries | arrived on Maui from New England in 1821 when a Dr. Holman built a house in Lahaina and taught with some success, later moving to Honolulu. The missionaries developed a written version of the Hawaiian Language. Among others, Hiram Bingham I employed Latin letters that approximated Hawaiian sounds in English. The only exception was the ʻokina, a glottal stop, which precedes some vowels in many Hawaiian words. The result was a twelve letter alphabet with additional vowel combinations. The first literature in Hawaiian was printed in 1822. By 1826 the final version had evolved by simplifying interchangeable letters b/p, k/t, |
{"datasets_id": 2408, "wiki_id": "Q16191415", "sp": 62, "sc": 659, "ep": 62, "ec": 1328} | 2,408 | Q16191415 | 62 | 659 | 62 | 1,328 | History of Maui | Early missionaries | l/r, v/w and eliminating several letter used only in writing foreign words. Hawaiians learned to read rapidly in their own language.
In late May 1823 Reverends William Richards and Charles Stewart and their wives from the Congregational and Presbyterian American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM) opened a mission at Lāhainā at the invitation of Queen Kaʻahumanu. Richards was permitted to build a stone house on the present site of Campbell Park in downtown Lahaina. He gradually left missionary service and became a legal advisor, diplomatic envoy and Hawaiian Minister of Education. He drew up Hawaii's first constitution. Stewart remained |
{"datasets_id": 2408, "wiki_id": "Q16191415", "sp": 62, "sc": 1328, "ep": 62, "ec": 1913} | 2,408 | Q16191415 | 62 | 1,328 | 62 | 1,913 | History of Maui | Early missionaries | in the islands for two and a half years, but when his wife became ill, he returned to New England. He kept a journal of his experiences which has become an important source for the time period. Betsy Stockton, an emancipated slave, came with the Stewarts and began to teach ordinary Hawaiians. Her efforts resulted in the first classes for commoners on Maui and by the time she left in 1825 with the Stewarts, she had taught 8,000 Hawaiians. The missionaries set up a printing shop and began printing bibles and educational materials which supplied schools throughout the islands. The |
{"datasets_id": 2408, "wiki_id": "Q16191415", "sp": 62, "sc": 1913, "ep": 62, "ec": 2584} | 2,408 | Q16191415 | 62 | 1,913 | 62 | 2,584 | History of Maui | Early missionaries | first stone church was built in 1828 at Lahaina called Waiola Church. The churchyard there contains the remains of many early foreigners and Hawaiians, among them, Queen Keōpūolani, the first royalty converted to Christianity, and Queen Kaʻahumanu. In 1831 the Lahainaluna Mission School, later Lahainaluna Seminary was established, publishing Hawaiian language bibles, and educational materials.
The early missionaries came into direct conflict with whalers when they attempted to keep sailors out of the bawdy houses and to stop Hawaiian women from visiting the ships. In 1825 a crew attempted to demolish Richards' house for his efforts to keep Hawaiians and |
{"datasets_id": 2408, "wiki_id": "Q16191415", "sp": 62, "sc": 2584, "ep": 66, "ec": 168} | 2,408 | Q16191415 | 62 | 2,584 | 66 | 168 | History of Maui | Early missionaries & Spread of Christianity | Americans apart. A small fort was built at Lahaina after a whaling ship, John Palmer fired its cannon after an altercation with missionaries about women visiting ships. Reconstructed remains of the fort can still be seen. The missionaries both altered and preserved the native culture. The new religious teachings and strict Victorian ideas altered many aspects of Maui's culture while their literacy efforts preserved native history and language for posterity. Spread of Christianity In the early 1830s a second wave of missionaries arrived and established churches in other parts of Maui. A congregation was established at Wailuku sometime before 1831 |
{"datasets_id": 2408, "wiki_id": "Q16191415", "sp": 66, "sc": 168, "ep": 66, "ec": 737} | 2,408 | Q16191415 | 66 | 168 | 66 | 737 | History of Maui | Spread of Christianity | by Pastors Jonathan Green and Reuben Tinker. The minutes of the ABCFM gives an insight into the swift conversion of Hawaiians: "Until recently the chiefs have been regarded as something more than mortal. So when the chiefs are motivated by the Holy Ghost to embrace Christianity, their advice to join it has the force of law. So if told to attend or study, they did so." Pastors reported attendance at Wailuku on Sundays of 3,000 by 1832. By 1870 Hawaiian churches had been established in 13 locations throughout Maui and all of them with Hawaiian pastors trained at |
{"datasets_id": 2408, "wiki_id": "Q16191415", "sp": 66, "sc": 737, "ep": 70, "ec": 96} | 2,408 | Q16191415 | 66 | 737 | 70 | 96 | History of Maui | Spread of Christianity & 18th century | the Lahainaluna Seminary. The missionaries taught Hawaiians and began writing the islands' history, which until then existed only as oral accounts.
Missionaries believed they were "civilizing" Hawaiians. They tried to help Hawaiians become literate in their own language and English, and decrease drunkenness, sexual promiscuity, infanticide (exposing disabled children), gambling, theft, and murder. They attempted to replace Hawaiians' own religion with basic Protestant Christianity. They also introduced American notions about customs involving clothing, food, language, entertainment, education, hygiene and economy. 18th century In 1750 the last eruption on Mount Haleakala may have occurred from two vents on the south flank |
{"datasets_id": 2408, "wiki_id": "Q16191415", "sp": 70, "sc": 96, "ep": 70, "ec": 720} | 2,408 | Q16191415 | 70 | 96 | 70 | 720 | History of Maui | 18th century | at Keoneʻoʻio above La Perouse Bay. It caused the abandonment of several villages at Keoneʻoʻio.
After insulting Kamehameha I, Princess Kaukoʻoluaole was ordered to be sacrificed at Pihana after the defeat of Kalanikupule in 1790. Poloahilani, a foster-sister of the princess, was sent to be sacrificed in the princess' place; the last time the heiau was used for that purpose. (Pihana was ordered destroyed in 1819 as part of a campaign against the old religion upon the death of Kamehameha I.) Near Pihana was a warrior training camp at Kauahea.
Also in 1790 Kamehameha I set about to wrest control of the |
{"datasets_id": 2408, "wiki_id": "Q16191415", "sp": 70, "sc": 720, "ep": 70, "ec": 1334} | 2,408 | Q16191415 | 70 | 720 | 70 | 1,334 | History of Maui | 18th century | islands from Kahekili. With about 1,200 warriors and cannons and guns taken from Metcalf, Kamehameha invaded. He defeated Prince Kalanikupule in the Iao Valley west of Wailuku. The name of the battle denotes the "damming of the stream" by the bodies of the warriors killed. Kalanikupule and his chiefs escaped by climbing the pali and escaping to Oahu.
Kamehameha gained ultimate control of Maui in 1794 when he defeated King Kalanikupule's army at the battle of Nu'uanu on Oahu. Kalanikupule was sacrificed to Kamehameha's war god at Papaenena heiau, built by Kahekili at the base of Diamond Head above |
{"datasets_id": 2408, "wiki_id": "Q16191415", "sp": 70, "sc": 1334, "ep": 74, "ec": 273} | 2,408 | Q16191415 | 70 | 1,334 | 74 | 273 | History of Maui | 18th century & 19th century | Waikiki. With his death the Kingdom of Maui ended. In 1798 Kamehameha began a brick palace in European fashion as his capitol, but Queen Kaʻahumnu refused to live in it when it was completed in 1802. Successive rulers lived there until the 1840s when the king and his advisors began to spend more time in Honolulu. 19th century When the people of Maui came into contact with diseases for which they had no immunity and no effective treatment, they began to die in vast numbers. Smallpox, measles, influenza, tuberculosis, cholera, typhus, typhoid fever and sexually transmitted diseases decimated the |
{"datasets_id": 2408, "wiki_id": "Q16191415", "sp": 74, "sc": 273, "ep": 78, "ec": 407} | 2,408 | Q16191415 | 74 | 273 | 78 | 407 | History of Maui | 19th century & Catholicism | population. Estimates range from 30% to 50% of the population died within a generation. The effect was catastrophic on the culture of Maui. The Hawaiian social system fell apart and outsiders filled the power vacuum. Catholicism Father Aubert of the Congregation of Mary and Jesus arrived in Lahaina in 1846 to establish the first Catholic parish on Maui. He and his early congregants faced opposition from the Protestant missionaries, but the welcoming attitude of Hawaiians son replaced initial hostility. Father Aubert's first meeting places were open air and under thatched roofs. An adobe church, Maria Lanikula (Victorious Saint |
{"datasets_id": 2408, "wiki_id": "Q16191415", "sp": 78, "sc": 407, "ep": 82, "ec": 402} | 2,408 | Q16191415 | 78 | 407 | 82 | 402 | History of Maui | Catholicism & Leprosy | Mary) was built in downtown Lahaina.
In 1882 Father Beissel arrived at Makawao. In 1894 he completed the Holy Ghost Mission Catholic Church at Kula, serving a growing Portuguese population of cane workers. Leprosy In 1860 and 1861 church leaders on Maui noticed a significant increase in leprosy (Hansen's Disease) cases. Citizens became alarmed at what they thought might be an epidemic. A doctor in Hana told the Board of Health that in Canada and the patients were isolated from the general population, provided with food and clothing until they recovered or died. In 1864 Dr. William Hillebrand suggested a place |
{"datasets_id": 2408, "wiki_id": "Q16191415", "sp": 82, "sc": 402, "ep": 82, "ec": 1022} | 2,408 | Q16191415 | 82 | 402 | 82 | 1,022 | History of Maui | Leprosy | such as a box canyon be found where lepers could be quarantined. A hospital at Kalihi on Oahu was used as a gathering place where those infected presented themselves for inspection. Those with leprosy were quarantined. Kalihi was only a temporary solution.
Property was purchased on the isolated north coast of Molokaʻi at Kalaupapa where lepers would have no outside contact. By December 1865 the "Leper Colony" was ready. Once the colony was established, those determined to have leprosy were forced to move there. Kalihi initially sent 104 people to the island. This was complicated because ships could not |
{"datasets_id": 2408, "wiki_id": "Q16191415", "sp": 82, "sc": 1022, "ep": 82, "ec": 1649} | 2,408 | Q16191415 | 82 | 1,022 | 82 | 1,649 | History of Maui | Leprosy | get close to the beach. Patients were initially shuttled to shore by whaleboats, which was dangerous and terrifying to infectees who had already suffered separation by force from friends and families. Eventually, they were forced over the side at gunpoint to swim through the surf. Patients were marched across the peninsula to Kalawao where they found huts and tiny cottages purchased for them in near ruin.
Father Joseph Damien became the pastor of the leper colony, working from St. Philomena Catholic Church, until his death in 1893. Father Damien saw the difficulty of those afflicted by leprosy and was called to |
{"datasets_id": 2408, "wiki_id": "Q16191415", "sp": 82, "sc": 1649, "ep": 82, "ec": 2204} | 2,408 | Q16191415 | 82 | 1,649 | 82 | 2,204 | History of Maui | Leprosy | help them even though he was aware of the diseases communicability. He traveled regularly back to other island to report his work at Kalaupapa to the Catholic Diocese of Hawaii and miraculously did not catch leprosy for decades. Eventually, however, the signs of leprosy were spotted by the Diocese during one of his reports and he returned to Kalaupapa permanently. He provided the colony with support of all kinds until his death of leprosy a year later. His kindness and love will be remembered by the people of Hawaii for all time. His acts have |
{"datasets_id": 2408, "wiki_id": "Q16191415", "sp": 82, "sc": 2204, "ep": 88, "ec": 6} | 2,408 | Q16191415 | 82 | 2,204 | 88 | 6 | History of Maui | Leprosy & Great Mahele land redistribution & Sugar cane | recently been recognized by the Catholic Church and he has become canonized Saint Damien. The courage and service of his life and work among those suffering from Hansen's disease have inspired Hawaiians and others for generations. Great Mahele land redistribution By 1848 land rights had become so hopelessly confused that a land redistribution scheme, known as the Great Mahele, was established. Most Hawaiians lost their hereditary land rights. Sugar interests bought land and changed the economy of the island completely. Many native Hawaiians went to work in the cane fields instead of their own family small holdings. Sugar |
{"datasets_id": 2408, "wiki_id": "Q16191415", "sp": 88, "sc": 5, "ep": 90, "ec": 649} | 2,408 | Q16191415 | 88 | 5 | 90 | 649 | History of Maui | Sugar cane | cane By the 1840s sugarcane production had gained a foothold via what became known as the plantation system. Descendants of the old missionary families went into various businesses and used their close connections to Hawaiian royalty to arrange special concessions, including land ownership. Early planters tried to make a profit with small holdings; larger companies consolidated plantations.
Alexander and Baldwin (A&B) at Pāʻia was an early success. The Alexander and Baldwin plantation at Pāʻia stretched as far west as the ancient landing site where Kamehameha's war fleet landed in 1790. The plantation needed a port facility so a dock was |
{"datasets_id": 2408, "wiki_id": "Q16191415", "sp": 90, "sc": 649, "ep": 94, "ec": 505} | 2,408 | Q16191415 | 90 | 649 | 94 | 505 | History of Maui | Sugar cane & Immigrant workers | built.
Kuau was a seaport one mile northeast of Paia. Kuau Bay and Kuau Cove lie offshore. Immigrant workers Since there weren't enough native workers to cultivated the acreage, planters began importing Asian contract workers. The plan was for workers to stay for a period of time and then return home. The first workers came from China, arriving in 1852. To counter the tightly organized Chinese workers, thousands of Japanese laborers came to Maui starting in 1868. Koreans followed in 1903, and Filipinos in 1909. Between 1878 and 1911, nearly 16,000 Portuguese people immigrated to Maui. They came mostly from |
{"datasets_id": 2408, "wiki_id": "Q16191415", "sp": 94, "sc": 505, "ep": 94, "ec": 1180} | 2,408 | Q16191415 | 94 | 505 | 94 | 1,180 | History of Maui | Immigrant workers | the Madeira and Azores Islands of Portugal, and included many entire families.
Conditions on the plantations were terrible and the system ensured that workers always owed more than they had earned at the end of the season. Workers were more like indentured servants than contract laborers. About half the contract laborers returned to their homelands; the rest stayed to live on the islands. These immigrants forever altered the food, language, customs, and population of Maui. The imposition of the plantation system effectively disenfranchised the remaining native population of Maui. Foreign corporations and local bosses became the power behind the government of |
{"datasets_id": 2408, "wiki_id": "Q16191415", "sp": 94, "sc": 1180, "ep": 98, "ec": 556} | 2,408 | Q16191415 | 94 | 1,180 | 98 | 556 | History of Maui | Immigrant workers & Water | the Kingdom of Hawaii. Water In 1876 A&B Sugar Company decided to bring water from the north side of Maui to the arid south central plain. They had a lease from the government of Hawaii on the condition that the ditch be built within two years. The East Maui Irrigation System still controls water from the slopes of Haleakala. This stimulated a competitor, Claus Spreckels owner of the Hawaiian Commercial and Sugar Company (HC&S). Spreckels received a second lease to any water not captured by A&B. A third competitor, Maui Agricultural Company (MA) expanded alongside the others. |
{"datasets_id": 2408, "wiki_id": "Q16191415", "sp": 98, "sc": 556, "ep": 98, "ec": 1174} | 2,408 | Q16191415 | 98 | 556 | 98 | 1,174 | History of Maui | Water | A sugar mill at Hamakuapoko (near Paia) was built in 1879 to process Maui's increasing amounts of cane.
In 1878 the need for improved transportation from sugarcane plantations to the port at Kahului caused Thomas Hobron to build Maui's first narrow gauge railroad. Operation commenced in July 1879 between the tiny landing at Kahului and Wailuku; it was formally named the Kahului Railroad in 1881. K.R.R. added passenger service and was extended to Pāʻia in 1884 where a new mill was to be built. Hobron was named postmaster and obtained the government contract for carrying mail to the plantations and towns |
{"datasets_id": 2408, "wiki_id": "Q16191415", "sp": 98, "sc": 1174, "ep": 102, "ec": 561} | 2,408 | Q16191415 | 98 | 1,174 | 102 | 561 | History of Maui | Water & Pineapple | it serviced. Pineapple In 1889 David and Henry Perrine Baldwin purchased land in west Maui at Honolua and Honokohau adding to property they already owned at Haiʻku in east Maui. They planted pineapple as an experimental crop in 1890. Pineapples did very well as a plantation crop and additional acreages were planted resulting in the founding of Haiʻku Fruit and Packing Company in 1903. Henry Baldwin did so well that he formed the Maui Pineapple Company. The ranch at Honolua had tried a variety of crops and added pineapple at the suggestion of ranch manager David T. Fleming. The |
{"datasets_id": 2408, "wiki_id": "Q16191415", "sp": 102, "sc": 561, "ep": 106, "ec": 490} | 2,408 | Q16191415 | 102 | 561 | 106 | 490 | History of Maui | Pineapple & Government | operations were so successful that by 1933 over 22,000 acres (89 km²) of pineapple were under production. Government In 1845 Kamehameha III moved his capital from Lahaina to Honolulu. Honolulu was increasingly the hub of business and transport in the islands and it had a fine harbor, which Lahaina lacked. Once sailors in Honolulu began to be prosecuted for drunken or disorderly behavior, the whaling fleet and moored off Lahaina at times 100 ships at a time.
Queen Liliʻuokalani ruled Maui and the other islands until the 1893 Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii. One year later, the Republic of |
{"datasets_id": 2408, "wiki_id": "Q16191415", "sp": 106, "sc": 490, "ep": 114, "ec": 208} | 2,408 | Q16191415 | 106 | 490 | 114 | 208 | History of Maui | Government & 20th century & Agriculture | Hawaii was founded. In 1898 the United States annexed the Hawaiian islands naming them the Territory of Hawaii. 20th century Bubonic plague stopped Kahului's development as Maui's main port in 1900. The shanty-town was deliberately burned to the ground to destroy the rats which carried the disease. The port was quickly rebuilt and a rubble stone breakwater was constructed to improve the harbor in 1884. Agriculture Sugar cane was grown on Maui's west coast in the area between Kāʻanapali and Lahaina. A short line narrow-gauge railroad, the Lahaina Kāʻanapali and Pacific Railroad (L.K.&P. R.R. brought cane to the Pioneer |
{"datasets_id": 2408, "wiki_id": "Q16191415", "sp": 114, "sc": 208, "ep": 114, "ec": 829} | 2,408 | Q16191415 | 114 | 208 | 114 | 829 | History of Maui | Agriculture | sugar mill at Lahaina. The railroad closed in the 1950s when trucks were introduced.
HC&S built one of the world's largest sugar mills in 1901 at Puunene. MA built its own sugar mill at Paia in 1906. The next decades brought explosive growth in the sugar industry. The key to cane's growth was water. Sugar companies purchased water rights. Maui Agricultural Company built the Waihee Ditch in cooperation with Wailuku Sugar. The new Wailoa Ditch brought additional east Maui water to the plantations. Companies also began to drill deep water wells. MA also began pineapple plantation farming as an experiment and |
{"datasets_id": 2408, "wiki_id": "Q16191415", "sp": 114, "sc": 829, "ep": 114, "ec": 1460} | 2,408 | Q16191415 | 114 | 829 | 114 | 1,460 | History of Maui | Agriculture | it eventually became Maui Pineapple Company. In west Maui the Honolua Ditch was reconstructed to the Pioneer sugar mill in Lahaina, supervised by David T. Fleming. In 1913 K.R.R. built a railroad as far as Ha{okina after "a"}iku{kahako over final "u"} and Pa{okina after "a"}uwela over an enormous trestle across the Ma {kahako over the "a"}liko Gulch, which was the highest trestle ever constructed in the islands at 230 feet (70 m).
In 1948 Maui Agricultural Company and HC&S merged under the name HC&S forming the largest sugar production company in the islands. HC&S began to make significant changes to its operations |
{"datasets_id": 2408, "wiki_id": "Q16191415", "sp": 114, "sc": 1460, "ep": 118, "ec": 578} | 2,408 | Q16191415 | 114 | 1,460 | 118 | 578 | History of Maui | Agriculture & Government | including the replacing of the narrow-gauge railway it had owned since 1899 with trucks. Government Maui County was established by the territorial legislature in 1905, including the islands of Maui, Lanai, Molokini (uninhabited), Kahoʻolawe (uninhabited), and part of Molokaʻi, with the county seat at Wailuku.
In 1916 Prince Jonah Kuhio, Hawaii's territorial delegate in the U.S. Congress, achieved passage of an act establishing Hawaii National Park, which included the summit of Haleakala. The first permanent ranger was assigned in 1935. The next year improvements were made to the road to the summit. Civilian Conservation Corps and Work Project Authority funds and |
{"datasets_id": 2408, "wiki_id": "Q16191415", "sp": 118, "sc": 578, "ep": 118, "ec": 1224} | 2,408 | Q16191415 | 118 | 578 | 118 | 1,224 | History of Maui | Government | workers constructed the first visitor center.
The Vibora Luviminda trade union conducted the last ethnically based labor strike in the Hawaiian Islands against four Maui sugarcane plantations in 1937. The union demanded higher wages and dismissal of five foremen. Manuel Fagel and nine other strike leaders were arrested and charged with kidnapping a worker. Fagel spent four months in jail while the strike continued. After 85 days on strike, the workers won a 15% increase in wages, but no contract was signed.
In 1960 Haleakala National Park was separated from Hawaii Volcanoes National Park and expanded in 1969. The entire |
{"datasets_id": 2408, "wiki_id": "Q16191415", "sp": 118, "sc": 1224, "ep": 122, "ec": 507} | 2,408 | Q16191415 | 118 | 1,224 | 122 | 507 | History of Maui | Government & Air transport | mountain was declared a federal wilderness area thereby protecting its unique character in perpetuity. Air transport Maui's first airport was built at Maʻalaea in 1927 on land the legislature purchased from HC&S. Regular air service began in November 1929 for amphibious planes. Dirt runways were completed with convict labor in 1930, but were useless in wet weather. By 1936 the location and condition of the runway at Maalaea had become inadequate for the larger planes which were introduced by Inter-Island Airlines. In 1938 the Maalaea airport was condemned by the Federal Bureau of Air Commerce for its close proximity |
{"datasets_id": 2408, "wiki_id": "Q16191415", "sp": 122, "sc": 507, "ep": 124, "ec": 6} | 2,408 | Q16191415 | 122 | 507 | 124 | 6 | History of Maui | Air transport & World War II | to the mountains of west Maui. Maui's only airport continued operations, but only for small aircraft.
WPA funds paid for a survey for a new airport in 1936 at Puʻunene, but lack of funds prevented its construction until 1938 when it opened with one paved runway and others unpaved. A small US Navy facility opened at the airport for military use.
After the end of World War II the military decommissioned the naval air station at Kahului, so it could support commercial aviation. In 1952 Congress turned Puʻunene airport over to the Territory and transferred all civilian air functions to Kahului. World |
{"datasets_id": 2408, "wiki_id": "Q16191415", "sp": 124, "sc": 5, "ep": 126, "ec": 590} | 2,408 | Q16191415 | 124 | 5 | 126 | 590 | History of Maui | World War II | War II After Japan's attack on December 7, 1941, all airfields in the islands were militarized. The military determined that the airport at Puʻunene was unsatisfactory and condemned land to build a new Naval Air Station in 1942. Puʻunene was also expanded as the war continued.
Maui was involved in the Pacific Theater of World War II as a staging center, training base, and for rest and relaxation. At 1943-44 peak, the number of troops stationed on Maui exceeded 100,000. The main base of the 4th Marine Division was in Haiku. Beaches (e.g., in Kīhei) were used for practice landings and |
{"datasets_id": 2408, "wiki_id": "Q16191415", "sp": 126, "sc": 590, "ep": 134, "ec": 62} | 2,408 | Q16191415 | 126 | 590 | 134 | 62 | History of Maui | World War II & Tourism & Pop culture | training in marine demolition and sabotage. MA converted its lime kiln facility to a cement plant for the duration of the war. Thousands of former G.I.'s settled on the islands. Those who did not settle returned as tourists, which became the foundation of Maui's modern economy. Tourism Maui's first resort hotel, Hotel Hana, opened in 1946. In 1961 Maui's first planned resort community opened at Kāʻanapali on what had been part of the old pineapple plantation belonging to the Maui Pineapple Company on Maui's west coast. Pop culture In 1969 the first hippies arrived and settled in south Maui at |
{"datasets_id": 2408, "wiki_id": "Q16191415", "sp": 134, "sc": 62, "ep": 134, "ec": 613} | 2,408 | Q16191415 | 134 | 62 | 134 | 613 | History of Maui | Pop culture | Oneloa Beach. They introduced marijuana culture and established Maui's reputation for the best marijuana. Other 'hippie' communities were established near Pāʻia and on the slopes of Haleakala. They were not well received, and confrontations with authorities resulted in arrests and protests. Property ostensibly owned by Elizabeth Taylor on the north shore of Kauai became a naked hippy beach tree-house settlement. (There is an independent documentary called Taylor Camp filmed during the era.) It was destroyed by the authorities in the mid-70's. |
{"datasets_id": 2409, "wiki_id": "Q28162648", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 12, "ec": 57} | 2,409 | Q28162648 | 2 | 0 | 12 | 57 | History of Stanford University | Origins and early years (1885–1906) & Physical layout | History of Stanford University This is the history of Stanford University. Origins and early years (1885–1906) The university officially opened on October 1, 1891 to 555 students. On the university's opening day, Founding President David Starr Jordan (1851–1931) said to Stanford's Pioneer Class: "[Stanford] is hallowed by no traditions; it is hampered by none. Its finger posts all point forward." However, much preceded the opening and continued for several years until the death of the last Founder, Jane Stanford, in 1905 and the destruction of the 1906 earthquake. Physical layout The Stanfords chose their country estate, Palo Alto Stock |
{"datasets_id": 2409, "wiki_id": "Q28162648", "sp": 12, "sc": 57, "ep": 12, "ec": 700} | 2,409 | Q28162648 | 12 | 57 | 12 | 700 | History of Stanford University | Physical layout | Farm, in northern Santa Clara County as the site of the university, so that the University is often called "the Farm" to this day.
The campus master plan (1886–1914) was designed by Frederick Law Olmsted and later his sons. The Main Quad was designed by Charles Allerton Coolidge and his colleagues, and by Leland Stanford himself. The cornerstone was laid on May 14, 1887, which would have been Leland Stanford Junior's nineteenth birthday.
In the summer of 1886, when the campus was first being planned, Stanford brought the president of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Francis Amasa Walker, and the Boston landscape |
{"datasets_id": 2409, "wiki_id": "Q28162648", "sp": 12, "sc": 700, "ep": 12, "ec": 1384} | 2,409 | Q28162648 | 12 | 700 | 12 | 1,384 | History of Stanford University | Physical layout | architect Frederick Law Olmsted westward for consultations. Olmsted worked out the general concept for the campus and its buildings, rejecting a hillside site in favor of the more practical flatlands.
The Boston firm of Shepley, Rutan, and Coolidge were hired in the Autumn and Charles Allerton Coolidge then developed this concept in the style of his late mentor, Henry Hobson Richardson. The Richardsonian Romanesque style, characterized by rectangular stone buildings linked by arcades of half-circle arches, was merged with the Californian Mission Revival style desired by the Stanfords. However, by 1889, Leland Stanford severed the connection with Olmsted and Coolidge |
{"datasets_id": 2409, "wiki_id": "Q28162648", "sp": 12, "sc": 1384, "ep": 16, "ec": 364} | 2,409 | Q28162648 | 12 | 1,384 | 16 | 364 | History of Stanford University | Physical layout & Early faculty and administration | and their work was continued by others.
The red tile roofs and solid sandstone masonry are distinctly Californian in appearance, and most of the more recent campus buildings have followed the Quad's pattern of buff-colored walls, red roofs, and arcades, giving Stanford its distinctive style. Early faculty and administration In Spring 1891, the Stanfords offered the presidency of their new university to the president of Cornell University, Andrew White, but he declined and recommended David Starr Jordan, the 40-year-old president of Indiana University Bloomington. Jordan's educational philosophy was a good fit with the Stanfords' vision of a non-sectarian, co-educational school with |
{"datasets_id": 2409, "wiki_id": "Q28162648", "sp": 16, "sc": 364, "ep": 16, "ec": 1026} | 2,409 | Q28162648 | 16 | 364 | 16 | 1,026 | History of Stanford University | Early faculty and administration | a liberal arts curriculum, and he accepted the offer. Jordan arrived at Stanford in June 1891 and began recruiting faculty for the university's planned October opening. With such a short time frame he drew heavily on his own acquaintance in academia; of the fifteen original professors, most came either from Indiana University or his alma mater Cornell. The 1891 founding professors included Robert Allardice in mathematics, Douglas Houghton Campbell in botany, Charles Henry Gilbert in zoology, George Elliott Howard in history, Oliver Peebles Jenkins in physiology and histology, Charles David Marx in civil engineering, Fernando Sanford in physics, and John |
{"datasets_id": 2409, "wiki_id": "Q28162648", "sp": 16, "sc": 1026, "ep": 16, "ec": 1721} | 2,409 | Q28162648 | 16 | 1,026 | 16 | 1,721 | History of Stanford University | Early faculty and administration | Maxson Stillman in chemistry. The total initial teaching staff numbered about 35 including instructors and lecturers. For the second (1892–93) school year, Jordan added 29 additional professors including Frank Angell (psychology), Leander M. Hoskins (mechanical engineering), William Henry Hudson (English), Walter Miller (classics), George C. Price (zoology), and Arly B. Show (history). Most of these two founding groups of professors remained at Stanford until their retirement and were referred to as the "Old Guard".
Edward Alsworth Ross gained fame as a founding father of American sociology; in 1900 Jane Stanford fired him for radicalism and racism, unleashing a major academic |
{"datasets_id": 2409, "wiki_id": "Q28162648", "sp": 16, "sc": 1721, "ep": 20, "ec": 623} | 2,409 | Q28162648 | 16 | 1,721 | 20 | 623 | History of Stanford University | Early faculty and administration & Early finances | freedom case. Early finances When Leland Stanford died in 1893, the continued existence of the university was in jeopardy. A $15 million government lawsuit against Stanford's estate, combined with the Panic of 1893, made it extremely difficult to meet expenses. Most of the Board of Trustees advised that the University be closed temporarily until finances could be sorted out. However, Jane Stanford insisted that the university remain in operation. When the lawsuit was finally dropped in 1895, a university holiday was declared. Stanford alumnus George E. Crothers became a close adviser to Jane Stanford following his graduation from Stanford's law |
{"datasets_id": 2409, "wiki_id": "Q28162648", "sp": 20, "sc": 623, "ep": 20, "ec": 1280} | 2,409 | Q28162648 | 20 | 623 | 20 | 1,280 | History of Stanford University | Early finances | school in 1896. Working with his brother Thomas (also a Stanford graduate and a lawyer), Crothers identified and corrected numerous major legal defects in the terms of the university's founding grant and successfully lobbied for an amendment to the California state constitution granting Stanford an exemption from taxation on its educational property—a change which allowed Jane Stanford to donate her stock holdings to the university.
Jane Stanford's actions were sometimes eccentric. In 1897, she directed the board of trustees "that the students be taught that everyone born on earth has a soul germ, and that on its development depends much in |
{"datasets_id": 2409, "wiki_id": "Q28162648", "sp": 20, "sc": 1280, "ep": 20, "ec": 1936} | 2,409 | Q28162648 | 20 | 1,280 | 20 | 1,936 | History of Stanford University | Early finances | life here and everything in Life Eternal". She forbade students from sketching nude models in life-drawing class, banned automobiles from campus, and did not allow a hospital to be constructed so that people would not form an impression that Stanford was unhealthy. Between 1899 and 1905, she spent $3 million on a grand construction scheme building lavish memorials to the Stanford family, while university faculty and self-supporting students were living in poverty. On the other hand, in 1899, Jane Stanford authorized university trustees to have her jewelry collection auctioned off to support Stanford University, and in 1908 the trustees established |
{"datasets_id": 2409, "wiki_id": "Q28162648", "sp": 20, "sc": 1936, "ep": 20, "ec": 2547} | 2,409 | Q28162648 | 20 | 1,936 | 20 | 2,547 | History of Stanford University | Early finances | the "Jewel Fund", which was initially valued at $500,000. The collection included a precious gold Patek Philippe pocket watch which was given to Jane Stanford from Leland Stanford in 1868 as a New Year's gift, and in 2005 the watch was sent back to the university from Pierre Schwob who purchased the watch from Pennsylvania jeweler William Paul.
In 1901, she transferred $30 million in assets, nearly all her remaining wealth, to the university; upon her death in 1905, she left the university nearly $4 million of her remaining $7 million. In total, the Stanfords donated around $40 million in assets |
{"datasets_id": 2409, "wiki_id": "Q28162648", "sp": 20, "sc": 2547, "ep": 24, "ec": 566} | 2,409 | Q28162648 | 20 | 2,547 | 24 | 566 | History of Stanford University | Early finances & Post-founders (1906–1941) | to the university, over $1 billion in 2010 dollars. Post-founders (1906–1941) The year after Jane Stanford's death, the 1906 San Francisco earthquake damaged parts of the campus and caused new financial and structural problems, though only two people on campus were killed. Some of the early construction, especially from the second phase between Leland Stanford's death in 1893 and Jane Stanford's death in 1905, was destroyed by the earthquake. The university retains the Quad, part of the Museum, the old Chemistry Building (now, after extensive remodeling, the Sapp Center for Science Teaching and Learning), and Encina Hall (then the men's |
{"datasets_id": 2409, "wiki_id": "Q28162648", "sp": 24, "sc": 566, "ep": 24, "ec": 1232} | 2,409 | Q28162648 | 24 | 566 | 24 | 1,232 | History of Stanford University | Post-founders (1906–1941) | undergraduate dormitory). The earthquake destroyed parts of the Main Quad, including the original iteration of Memorial Church and the gate that first marked the entrance of the school, as well as a partially built main library. Rebuilding on a somewhat less grandiose scale began immediately.
In 1908 the university acquired the already existing Cooper Medical College in San Francisco and it became the Stanford University Department (later School) of Medicine though it remained in San Francisco until the late 1950s. For the full story see History of Stanford Medicine.
Jordan, the first president, stepped down in 1913 and was succeeded for two |
{"datasets_id": 2409, "wiki_id": "Q28162648", "sp": 24, "sc": 1232, "ep": 24, "ec": 1843} | 2,409 | Q28162648 | 24 | 1,232 | 24 | 1,843 | History of Stanford University | Post-founders (1906–1941) | years by John Casper Branner. Branner was followed by Ray Lyman Wilbur, who was president from 1916 until 1943, except when he took leave to serve as Secretary of the Interior under President Herbert Hoover. Hoover along with his wife, Lou Henry Hoover, were among the first graduates of Stanford. Herbert Hoover was also a trustee of the university. The house they had built on campus as their own residence, Lou Henry Hoover House, became the University president's house after the death of Lou Henry Hoover in 1944.
In 1916 Stanford psychology professor Lewis Terman created a revised version of the |
{"datasets_id": 2409, "wiki_id": "Q28162648", "sp": 24, "sc": 1843, "ep": 28, "ec": 166} | 2,409 | Q28162648 | 24 | 1,843 | 28 | 166 | History of Stanford University | Post-founders (1906–1941) & World War II and late 20th century | Binet-Simon Scale for measuring intelligence, which became known as the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales. Terman also helped to popularize the term intelligence quotient or "IQ" for describing the results of such a test, and coined the word "gifted" to describe high-scoring individuals. The Stanford-Binet system, now in its fifth edition, remains in widespread use as a measure of general intelligence for both adults and children. World War II and late 20th century After Ray Lyman Wilbur retired in 1943 in the midst of World War II, Donald Tresidder, president of the Board of Trustees, took over as president until his unexpected |
{"datasets_id": 2409, "wiki_id": "Q28162648", "sp": 28, "sc": 166, "ep": 28, "ec": 785} | 2,409 | Q28162648 | 28 | 166 | 28 | 785 | History of Stanford University | World War II and late 20th century | death in early 1948. In 1949 Wallace Sterling became president (1949–1968) and he oversaw the rise of Stanford from a regional university to one of the most prestigious universities in the United States. He was succeeded by Kenneth Pitzer from Rice University who lasted only 19 months, having stepped in just as the university entered its most tumultuous period of student protests. Richard Lyman, former provost, was president from 1971 until 1980; Donald Kennedy also a former provost was president from 1980 until 1992, when he resigned during the midst of a controversy over finances with the U.S. Government. The |
{"datasets_id": 2409, "wiki_id": "Q28162648", "sp": 28, "sc": 785, "ep": 32, "ec": 415} | 2,409 | Q28162648 | 28 | 785 | 32 | 415 | History of Stanford University | World War II and late 20th century & High tech and the rise of Silicon Valley | Board of Trustees brought in an outsider, Gerhard Casper, from the University of Chicago who was president until 2000.
From 1970 until 2011, Stanford lacked a Reserve Officer Training Corps program. High tech and the rise of Silicon Valley During the 1940s and 1950s, Frederick Terman, as dean of engineering and later as provost, encouraged faculty and graduates to start their own companies. He is credited with nurturing Hewlett-Packard, Varian Associates, and other high-tech firms, until what would become Silicon Valley grew up around the Stanford campus. Terman is often called "the father of Silicon Valley." Terman encouraged William B. Shockley, |
{"datasets_id": 2409, "wiki_id": "Q28162648", "sp": 32, "sc": 415, "ep": 36, "ec": 356} | 2,409 | Q28162648 | 32 | 415 | 36 | 356 | History of Stanford University | High tech and the rise of Silicon Valley & Biology | co-inventor of the transistor, to return to his hometown of Palo Alto. In 1956 he established the Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory. Unhappy employees from Shockley's company formed Fairchild Semiconductor and other companies (and key employees) eventually spun off from Fairchild to found new companies, including Intel. Biology The biological sciences department evolved rapidly from 1946 to 1972 as its research focus changed, due to the Cold War and other historically significant conditions external to academia. Stanford science went through three phases of experimental direction during that time. In the early 1950s the department remained fixed in the classical independent and |
{"datasets_id": 2409, "wiki_id": "Q28162648", "sp": 36, "sc": 356, "ep": 40, "ec": 244} | 2,409 | Q28162648 | 36 | 356 | 40 | 244 | History of Stanford University | Biology & Physics | self-directed research mode, shunning interdisciplinary collaboration and excessive government funding. Between the 1950s and mid-1960s biological research shifted focus to the molecular level. Then, from the late 1960s onward, Stanford's goal became applying research and findings toward humanistic ends. Each phase was preempted by larger social issues, such as the escalation of the Cold War, the launch of Sputnik, and public concern over medical abuses. Physics From 1962 through 1970, negotiations took place between the Cambridge Electron Accelerator Laboratory (shared by Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology), the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (founded in 1962), and the US Atomic |
{"datasets_id": 2409, "wiki_id": "Q28162648", "sp": 40, "sc": 244, "ep": 40, "ec": 916} | 2,409 | Q28162648 | 40 | 244 | 40 | 916 | History of Stanford University | Physics | Energy Commission over the proposed 1970 construction of the Stanford Positron Electron Asymmetric Ring (SPEAR). It would be the first US electron-positron colliding beam storage ring. Paris (2001) explores the competition and cooperation between the two university laboratories and presents diagrams of the proposed facilities, charts detailing location factors, and the parameters of different project proposals between 1967 and 1970. Several rings were built in Europe during the five years that it took to obtain funding for the project, but the extensive project revisions resulted in a superior design that was quickly constructed and paved the way for Nobel Prizes |
{"datasets_id": 2409, "wiki_id": "Q28162648", "sp": 40, "sc": 916, "ep": 44, "ec": 179} | 2,409 | Q28162648 | 40 | 916 | 44 | 179 | History of Stanford University | Physics & Stanford prison experiment | in 1976 for Burton Richter and in 1995 for Martin Perl.
From 1955 to 1985, solid state technology research and development at Stanford University followed three waves of industrial innovation made possible by support from private corporations, mainly Bell Telephone Laboratories, Shockley Semiconductor, Fairchild Semiconductor, and Xerox PARC. In 1969 the Stanford Research Institute operated one of the four original nodes that comprised ARPANET, predecessor to the Internet. Stanford prison experiment In the summer of 1971 a Stanford psychology professor, Philip Zimbardo, conducted a study of the psychological effects of becoming a prisoner or prison guard which is known as the |
{"datasets_id": 2409, "wiki_id": "Q28162648", "sp": 44, "sc": 179, "ep": 48, "ec": 285} | 2,409 | Q28162648 | 44 | 179 | 48 | 285 | History of Stanford University | Stanford prison experiment & Civil rights | Stanford prison experiment. The experiment, which was funded by the Office of Naval Research, surprised the professor by the authoritarian and brutal reaction of the "guards" and the passive acceptance of abuse by the "prisoners". The experiment was criticized as unethical and was a partial cause of the development of ethical guidelines for experiments involving human subjects. Civil rights Though Stanford has never officially prohibited the admission of Black students, people of Asian descent, or Native Americans, it did not treat them equally with those considered as White. Discrimination also existed against non-Christians. (The first Black graduate was Ernest Houston |
{"datasets_id": 2409, "wiki_id": "Q28162648", "sp": 48, "sc": 285, "ep": 48, "ec": 965} | 2,409 | Q28162648 | 48 | 285 | 48 | 965 | History of Stanford University | Civil rights | Johnson in 1895 who received a degree in economics.)
In 1957 the Board of Trustees adopted a policy stating:
"The University is opposed to discriminatory racial and religious clauses and practices. Insofar as such clauses or practices presently exist, the University will work actively with student groups to eliminate them at the earliest possible date"
Though this was relatively easy for the housing the university directly controlled, it had to work with the fraternities which invite their own membership (no sororities existed on campus at this time). In 1960, the Alpha Tau Omega chapter had its national charter revoked after refusing to |
{"datasets_id": 2409, "wiki_id": "Q28162648", "sp": 48, "sc": 965, "ep": 48, "ec": 1640} | 2,409 | Q28162648 | 48 | 965 | 48 | 1,640 | History of Stanford University | Civil rights | retract the pledging of four Jewish students.
And in 1962 Sigma Nu (Beta Chi chapter) seceded from the national organization over the national organization's continuing refusal to drop bans on "Negros and Orientals".
As of late 1962 only the Kappa Alpha fraternity still officially discriminated due the national organization's rules. However, in April 1965 the local Sigma Chi chapter pledged Kenneth M. Washington and was suspended allegedly for violating rules on rituals.
Though Sigma Chi officially had removed its no whites policy in 1961 it had then instituted requirements that all members had to be approved by a national committee and that |
{"datasets_id": 2409, "wiki_id": "Q28162648", "sp": 48, "sc": 1640, "ep": 48, "ec": 2329} | 2,409 | Q28162648 | 48 | 1,640 | 48 | 2,329 | History of Stanford University | Civil rights | pledges be socially acceptable to other members anywhere. President Sterling then sent a letter to the presidents of all universities with Sigma Chi chapters supporting the local chapter and pointing out that University recognition of racially discriminatory groups could violate the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The suspension continued until Kenneth Washington's poor grades required him to resign anyway from the chapter. In November 1966 the Stanford chapter unanimously severed ties with the national fraternity.
The university started actively recruiting minorities in the 1960s. The minorities started organizing and "in five years, students founded the six major community |
{"datasets_id": 2409, "wiki_id": "Q28162648", "sp": 48, "sc": 2329, "ep": 52, "ec": 384} | 2,409 | Q28162648 | 48 | 2,329 | 52 | 384 | History of Stanford University | Civil rights & Government expenses controversy | organizations: the Black Student Union (BSU) in 1967, the Asian American Students’ Association (AASA) and the Movimiento Estudiantil Chicano de Aztlan (MEChA) in 1969, the Stanford American Indian Organization (SAIO) in 1970, the Gay People's Union in 1971 and the Women's Collective in 1972." Government expenses controversy In the early 1990s, Stanford was investigated by the U.S. government over allegations that the university had inappropriately billed the government several million dollars for housing, personal expenses, travel, entertainment, fundraising and other activities unrelated to research, including a yacht and an elaborate wedding ceremony. The scandal eventually led to the resignation of |
{"datasets_id": 2409, "wiki_id": "Q28162648", "sp": 52, "sc": 384, "ep": 56, "ec": 351} | 2,409 | Q28162648 | 52 | 384 | 56 | 351 | History of Stanford University | Government expenses controversy & 21st century | Stanford President Donald Kennedy in 1992. In an agreement with the Office of Naval Research, Stanford refunded $1.35 million to the government for billing which occurred in the years 1981 and 1992. Additionally, the government reduced Stanford's annual research budget by $23 million in the year following the settlement. 21st century John L. Hennessy was appointed the 10th President of the University in October 2000 and under him the university has expanded. In 2012, Stanford opened the Stanford Center at Peking University, an almost 400,000-square-foot (37,000 m²), three-story research center in the Peking University campus. Stanford became the first American university to have |
{"datasets_id": 2409, "wiki_id": "Q28162648", "sp": 56, "sc": 351, "ep": 56, "ec": 1054} | 2,409 | Q28162648 | 56 | 351 | 56 | 1,054 | History of Stanford University | 21st century | its own building on a major Chinese university campus.
During Hennessy's tenure the Stanford in Washington Program created the Stanford in Washington Art Gallery in Woodley Park, Washington, D.C., and the Stanford in Florence program moved to Palazzo Capponi, a 15th-century Renaissance palace. The university completed the James H. Clark Center for interdisciplinary research in engineering and medicine in 2003, named for benefactor, co-founder of Netscape, Silicon Graphics and WebMD, and former professor of electrical engineering James H. Clark. The Science and Engineering Quadrangle (SEQ) was also created, master plan by Bora Architects (then called Boora Architects) and landscaped by |
{"datasets_id": 2409, "wiki_id": "Q28162648", "sp": 56, "sc": 1054, "ep": 56, "ec": 1705} | 2,409 | Q28162648 | 56 | 1,054 | 56 | 1,705 | History of Stanford University | 21st century | Laurie Olin. Buildings completed include Shriram Center for Bioengineering & Chemical Engineering in 2014 (named for Ram Shriram and his wife), the Jen-Hsun Huang Engineering Center in 2010, Jerry Yang and Akiko Yamazaki Environment and Energy Building (generally known as Y2E2) in 2008, and the James and Anna Marie Spilker Engineering and Applied Sciences Building in 2012.
Undergraduate admission also became more selective; the acceptance rate dropped from 13% for the class of 2004 to 4.69% for the class of 2020, the lowest admit rate in University history.
In June 2015 Hennessy announced he would step down in September 2016 |
{"datasets_id": 2409, "wiki_id": "Q28162648", "sp": 56, "sc": 1705, "ep": 56, "ec": 2329} | 2,409 | Q28162648 | 56 | 1,705 | 56 | 2,329 | History of Stanford University | 21st century | to return to teaching and research. He was succeeded by Marc Tessier-Lavigne, who had previously served as president of the Rockefeller University.
In fall 2015, Poets & Quants, a blog that covers MBA programs around the world, made public a wrongful termination suit filed by James A. Phills against Stanford; Phills alleged his firing was driven by the affair that his estranged wife, Deborah H. Gruenfeld, was having with Garth Saloner, the dean of the business school, apparently with the knowledge of Stanford's provost, John Etchemendy. The matter led to resignation of Saloner in 2015 and was covered by The |
{"datasets_id": 2409, "wiki_id": "Q28162648", "sp": 56, "sc": 2329, "ep": 56, "ec": 2746} | 2,409 | Q28162648 | 56 | 2,329 | 56 | 2,746 | History of Stanford University | 21st century | New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, and Bloomberg. In May 2016 the school announced that Jonathan Levin would replace Saloner commencing that September.
In December 2017, an MBA student studying a February 2017 data breach, discovered that the university secretly ranked fellowship applicants on their potential value to the university, rather than the university's publicly stated method of by need. |
{"datasets_id": 2410, "wiki_id": "Q3290518", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 554} | 2,410 | Q3290518 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 554 | History of Sweden (1523–1611) | Establishment of the Vasa dynasty | History of Sweden (1523–1611) Establishment of the Vasa dynasty In 1520, Stockholm was taken by Christian II of Denmark and became the scene of the Stockholm Bloodbath. By 1521, Gustav Eriksson, a nobleman and relative of Sten Sture the Elder, managed to gather troops from Dalarna in north-west Sweden and help from Lübeck, with the purpose of defeating the Danes. In August 1521, his men elected him their monarch. The Swedish War of Liberation started, and would last until the capture of Stockholm, in June 1523. Gustav Vasa then consolidated his rule against claims from Denmark.
Tax reforms took place in |
{"datasets_id": 2410, "wiki_id": "Q3290518", "sp": 6, "sc": 554, "ep": 6, "ec": 1165} | 2,410 | Q3290518 | 6 | 554 | 6 | 1,165 | History of Sweden (1523–1611) | Establishment of the Vasa dynasty | 1538 and 1558, whereby multiple complex taxes on independent farmers were simplified and standardised throughout the district; tax assessments per farm were adjusted to reflect ability to pay. Crown tax revenues increased, but more importantly the new system was perceived as fairer and more acceptable. A war with Luebeck in 1535 resulted in the expulsion of the Hanseatic traders, who previously had had a monopoly of foreign trade. With its own businessmen in charge Sweden's economic strength grew rapidly, and by 1544 Gustavus had support from 60% of the farmlands in all of Sweden. Sweden now built the |
{"datasets_id": 2410, "wiki_id": "Q3290518", "sp": 6, "sc": 1165, "ep": 6, "ec": 1817} | 2,410 | Q3290518 | 6 | 1,165 | 6 | 1,817 | History of Sweden (1523–1611) | Establishment of the Vasa dynasty | first modern army in Europe, supported by a sophisticated tax system and government bureaucracy. Gustavus proclaimed the Swedish crown hereditary in his family, the house of Vasa. It ruled Sweden (1523–1654) and Poland (1587–1668).
After Gustav's death, his oldest son Eric XIV ascended the throne. His regency was marked by Sweden's entrance into the Livonian War and the Northern Seven Years' War, and the mutual relation between his developing mental disorder and the opposition with the aristocracy, leading to the Sture Murders (1567) and the imprisonment of his brother John (III), who was married to Catherine Jagiellonica, the sister |
{"datasets_id": 2410, "wiki_id": "Q3290518", "sp": 6, "sc": 1817, "ep": 10, "ec": 320} | 2,410 | Q3290518 | 6 | 1,817 | 10 | 320 | History of Sweden (1523–1611) | Establishment of the Vasa dynasty & Reformation | of Sigismund II of Poland. A magnates' uprising led by John led to Erik's deposition and the kingship of John, followed by the regency of John's son Sigismund. Sigismund however was not able to defend the throne against Gustav's youngest son Charles (IX) Reformation Shortly after seizing power in 1523, Gustav Vasa addressed the Pope in Rome with a request for the confirmation of Johannes Magnus as new archbishop of Sweden, in the place of Gustav Trolle who had been formally deposed by the Riksdag of the Estates due to his involvement with the Danes. The pope initially refused, but |
{"datasets_id": 2410, "wiki_id": "Q3290518", "sp": 10, "sc": 320, "ep": 10, "ec": 934} | 2,410 | Q3290518 | 10 | 320 | 10 | 934 | History of Sweden (1523–1611) | Reformation | gave his approval a year later. Magnus then was in a position between the reformation friendly king and the Catholic bishops. He was sent on a diplomatic mission to Russia in 1526 while the king continued the reformation. Magnus travelled down to Rome and was consecrated in 1533, but never returned home.
Meanwhile, Gustav suppressed all Catholic printing-presses in 1526 and took two-thirds of the Church's tithes for the payment of the national debt (owed to the German soldiers who helped him to the throne). In 1529, he summoned to a church meeting in Örebro. Without formally breaking with Rome, all |
{"datasets_id": 2410, "wiki_id": "Q3290518", "sp": 10, "sc": 934, "ep": 10, "ec": 1604} | 2,410 | Q3290518 | 10 | 934 | 10 | 1,604 | History of Sweden (1523–1611) | Reformation | Catholic rituals were declared as merely symbolic, although still retained. The Catholic support was still strong around the country, and Gustav preferred to move slow by first spreading education of the Reformation.
The final step was taken in 1531, when Gustav Vasa announced Laurentius Petri as the new archbishop of Uppsala and Sweden. Laurentius and his brother Olaus, and Mikael Agricola in Österland (today's Finland), wrote and printed Lutheran texts throughout the next decades. The opposition was still strong, and neither Gustav nor his successor Eric XIV dared making radical reforms. A complete Lutheran church ordinance was not presented until the |
{"datasets_id": 2410, "wiki_id": "Q3290518", "sp": 10, "sc": 1604, "ep": 16, "ec": 34} | 2,410 | Q3290518 | 10 | 1,604 | 16 | 34 | History of Sweden (1523–1611) | Reformation & Peasant risings & Attempts of Catholic reunification | Swedish Church Ordinance 1571, defined in the Riksdag in 1591, with a statement of faith finalized by the Uppsala Synod in 1593. Peasant risings Gustav had to face half-dozen peasant risings between 1525 and 1543, ending when the Dacke War was crushed. In all these rebellions the religious issue figured largely, though the increasing fiscal burdens were undoubtedly grievous, and the peasants had their particular grievances besides. The wholesale seizure and degradation of Church property outraged them, and they formally protested against the introduction of "Luthery." They insisted on the restoration of the ancient Catholic customs. Attempts of Catholic reunification |
{"datasets_id": 2410, "wiki_id": "Q3290518", "sp": 18, "sc": 0, "ep": 18, "ec": 582} | 2,410 | Q3290518 | 18 | 0 | 18 | 582 | History of Sweden (1523–1611) | Attempts of Catholic reunification | Under Eric XIV the Reformation in Sweden proceeded on the same lines as during the reign of his father, retaining all the old Catholic customs not considered contrary to Scripture. After 1544, when the Council of Trent had formally declared the Bible and tradition to be equally authoritative sources of all Christian doctrine, the contrast between the old and the new teaching became more obvious; and in many countries a middle party arose which aimed at a compromise by going back to the Church of the Fathers. King John III of Sweden, the most learned of the Vasas, and somewhat |
{"datasets_id": 2410, "wiki_id": "Q3290518", "sp": 18, "sc": 582, "ep": 18, "ec": 1213} | 2,410 | Q3290518 | 18 | 582 | 18 | 1,213 | History of Sweden (1523–1611) | Attempts of Catholic reunification | of a theological expert, was largely influenced by these middle views. As soon as he had mounted the throne he took measures to bring the Church of Sweden back to "the primitive Apostolic Church and the Swedish Catholic faith"; and, in 1574, persuaded a synod, assembled at Stockholm, to adopt certain articles framed by himself. In February 1575 a new Church ordinance, approximating still more closely to the patristic Church, was presented to another synod and accepted, but very unwillingly. In 1576 a new liturgy was issued on the model of the Roman missal, but with considerable modifications.
Despite the opposition |
{"datasets_id": 2410, "wiki_id": "Q3290518", "sp": 18, "sc": 1213, "ep": 18, "ec": 1840} | 2,410 | Q3290518 | 18 | 1,213 | 18 | 1,840 | History of Sweden (1523–1611) | Attempts of Catholic reunification | of Duke Charles and the ultra-Protestants, these measures were adopted by the Riksdag of the Estates in 1577. They greatly encouraged the Catholic party in Europe, and John III was ultimately persuaded to send an embassy to Rome to open negotiations for the reunion of the Swedish Church with the Holy See. But though the Jesuit Antonio Possevino was sent to Stockholm to complete John's conversion, John would only consent to embrace Catholicism under certain conditions which were never fulfilled, and the only result of all these subterraneous negotiations was to incense the Protestants still more against the new liturgy, |
{"datasets_id": 2410, "wiki_id": "Q3290518", "sp": 18, "sc": 1840, "ep": 22, "ec": 42} | 2,410 | Q3290518 | 18 | 1,840 | 22 | 42 | History of Sweden (1523–1611) | Attempts of Catholic reunification & Sigismund's reaction | the use of which by every congregation in the realm without exception was, nevertheless, decreed by the Riksdag of 1582.
During this period Duke Charles and his Protestant friends were clearly outnumbered by the promoters of the middle way (via media). Nevertheless, immediately after King John's death, the Uppsala Synod, summoned by Duke Charles, rejected the new liturgy and drew up an anti-Catholic confession of faith, March 5, 1593. Holy Scripture and the three primitive creeds were declared to be the true foundations of Christian faith, and the Augsburg confession was adopted. Sigismund's reaction When Sigismund found out about the Uppsala |
{"datasets_id": 2410, "wiki_id": "Q3290518", "sp": 22, "sc": 42, "ep": 22, "ec": 637} | 2,410 | Q3290518 | 22 | 42 | 22 | 637 | History of Sweden (1523–1611) | Sigismund's reaction | Synod 1593, he considered it an infringement of his prerogative. On his arrival in Sweden he initially tried to gain time by confirming what had been done; but the aggressiveness of the Protestant faction and the persistence of Duke Charles made civil war inevitable. At the Battle of Stångebro on September 25, 1598, the struggle was decided in favour of Charles and Protestantism. Sigismund fled from Sweden, never to return, and on March 19, 1600, the Riksdag of Linköping proclaimed the duke king under the title of Charles IX of Sweden. Sigismund and his line of posterity were declared to |
{"datasets_id": 2410, "wiki_id": "Q3290518", "sp": 22, "sc": 637, "ep": 26, "ec": 467} | 2,410 | Q3290518 | 22 | 637 | 26 | 467 | History of Sweden (1523–1611) | Sigismund's reaction & Foreign affairs | have forfeited the Swedish crown, and was from then on to pass to the male heirs of Charles. Foreign affairs Sweden had little independent foreign interaction while it was committed to the Kalmar Union, and Gustav earliest reign aimed at little more than self-preservation. As he was in debt to merchant of Lübeck, he used aid of Denmark to free himself from this deal by a truce of August 28, 1537. Thereby, Sweden for the first time in its history became the mistress of its own waters. But hegemony of Denmark was indisputable, and Gustav regarded them with suspicion. When |
{"datasets_id": 2410, "wiki_id": "Q3290518", "sp": 26, "sc": 467, "ep": 30, "ec": 12} | 2,410 | Q3290518 | 26 | 467 | 30 | 12 | History of Sweden (1523–1611) | Foreign affairs & First involvements | Sweden broke away from the Kalmar Union, Denmark and Norway entered into their own union, (see Denmark–Norway), and the Danish king Christian III continued to carry the Swedish insignia of three crowns in his coat of arms, indicating a supposed claim of sovereignty.
Also offensive was the attitude of Sweden's eastern neighbor Russia, with whom the Swedish king was nervously anxious to stand on good terms. Gustav attributed to Ivan IV of Russia, whose resources he unduly magnified, the design of establishing a universal monarchy round the Baltic sea, and waged an inconclusive war against him in 1554–1557. First involvements Ultimately, |
{"datasets_id": 2410, "wiki_id": "Q3290518", "sp": 30, "sc": 11, "ep": 30, "ec": 650} | 2,410 | Q3290518 | 30 | 11 | 30 | 650 | History of Sweden (1523–1611) | First involvements | Sweden departed from its neutrality and laid the foundations of its later overseas empire. In the last year of Gustav's life, 1560, the ancient Livonian Order, had by the secularization of the latter order into the dukedom of Prussia, 1525, had become isolated between hostile Slavonians. The situation became critical in 1558–1560, when floods of Muscovites poured over the land, threatening the whole province with destruction.
In his despair, the last master of the order Gotthard von Kettler, appealed to his civilized neighbours to save him. Eric became ruler by October 1560, and already later that year he engaged Sweden in |
{"datasets_id": 2410, "wiki_id": "Q3290518", "sp": 30, "sc": 650, "ep": 30, "ec": 1252} | 2,410 | Q3290518 | 30 | 650 | 30 | 1,252 | History of Sweden (1523–1611) | First involvements | the Livonian War. By March 1561, the city council of Reval surrendered to Sweden, and became the outpost for further Swedish conquests in the area. From the moment, Sweden was forced to continue on a policy of combat and aggrandisement, because a retreat would have meant the ruin of its Baltic trade.
Erik XIV also obstructed Danish plans to conquer Estonia, and added the insignia of Norway and Denmark to his own coat of arms. Lübeck, upset over obstacles of trade that Erik had introduced to hinder the Russian trade and withdrawn trade privileges, joined Denmark in a war alliance. Poland |
{"datasets_id": 2410, "wiki_id": "Q3290518", "sp": 30, "sc": 1252, "ep": 34, "ec": 531} | 2,410 | Q3290518 | 30 | 1,252 | 34 | 531 | History of Sweden (1523–1611) | First involvements & Deepening involvements | soon joined, wanting control of the Baltic trade. Deepening involvements At Bornholm, on May 30, 1563, the Danish fleet fired on the Swedish navy. A battle arose that ended with Danish defeat. German royal emissaries were sent to negotiate a peace, but at the meeting place of Rostock no Swedes appeared. On August 13, 1563, war was declared in Stockholm by emissaries from Denmark and Lübeck. The so-called Northern Seven Years' War commenced, with exhausting assault on land and water. Eric undaunted continued the war until his insanity in 1567 halted the Swedish warfare. He was dethroned in 1568 and |
{"datasets_id": 2410, "wiki_id": "Q3290518", "sp": 34, "sc": 531, "ep": 34, "ec": 1160} | 2,410 | Q3290518 | 34 | 531 | 34 | 1,160 | History of Sweden (1523–1611) | Deepening involvements | replaced by John, who made peace attempts, which were eventually successful by the Treaty of Stettin in 1570.
John then entered an anti-Russian league with Stephen Báthory of Poland in 1578. The war between Russia and Sweden for the possession of Estonia and Livonia (1571–1577) had been uninterruptedly disastrous to Sweden, and, in the beginning of 1577, a countless Russian host sat down before Reval.
With the help of Bathory, however, the scales soon turned in the opposite direction. Six months after his humiliating peace with the Polish monarch, Ivan IV was glad to conclude a truce with Sweden also on a |
{"datasets_id": 2410, "wiki_id": "Q3290518", "sp": 34, "sc": 1160, "ep": 38, "ec": 367} | 2,410 | Q3290518 | 34 | 1,160 | 38 | 367 | History of Sweden (1523–1611) | Deepening involvements & Sigismund and Polish relations | uti possidetis basis at Plussa, on August 5, 1582. The war was resumed by Russians as soon as the truce expired, leading to the Treaty of Tyavzino, far less advantageous for Sweden. Sigismund and Polish relations Duke Sigismund of Sweden, the son of John III, was brought up by his mother in the Catholic religion. On August 19, 1587, he was elected king of Poland. Sixteen days later the Articles of Kalmar, signed by John and Sigismund, regulated the future relations between the two countries when, in process of time, Sigismund should succeed his father as king of Sweden. The |
{"datasets_id": 2410, "wiki_id": "Q3290518", "sp": 38, "sc": 367, "ep": 38, "ec": 927} | 2,410 | Q3290518 | 38 | 367 | 38 | 927 | History of Sweden (1523–1611) | Sigismund and Polish relations | Articles of two kingdoms were to be in perpetual alliance, but each of them was to retain its own laws and customs. Sweden was also to enjoy its religion, subject to such changes as the Privy Council might make; but neither pope nor council was to claim or exercise the right of releasing Sigismund from his obligations to his Swedish subjects. During Sigismund's absence from Sweden that realm was to be ruled by seven Swedes, six elected by the king and one by his uncle Duke Charles of Södermanland, the leader of the Swedish Protestants. No new tax was to |
{"datasets_id": 2410, "wiki_id": "Q3290518", "sp": 38, "sc": 927, "ep": 38, "ec": 1181} | 2,410 | Q3290518 | 38 | 927 | 38 | 1,181 | History of Sweden (1523–1611) | Sigismund and Polish relations | be levied in Sweden during the king's absence, but Sweden was never to be administered from Poland. Any necessary alterations in these articles were only to be made with the common consent of the king, Duke Charles, the Estates and the gentry of Sweden. |
{"datasets_id": 2411, "wiki_id": "Q5866759", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 609} | 2,411 | Q5866759 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 609 | History of Sweden (1991–present) | The Bildt Era | History of Sweden (1991–present) The Bildt Era In response to the perceived failure of the Social Democrats to handle the economy and in protest over what was seen as outdated socialist policies (state-run monopolies in for example television, radio, telephone services & hospital care), newly formed reformist-populist party Ny demokrati made a successful surprise push for the Riksdag in the 1991 elections, enabling a new centre-right government to be formed. Under the leadership of Carl Bildt, the new government was determined to profile itself as anti-socialist and cosmopolitan, with the aim of initiating many reforms. Blaming some of the excesses |
{"datasets_id": 2411, "wiki_id": "Q5866759", "sp": 6, "sc": 609, "ep": 6, "ec": 1275} | 2,411 | Q5866759 | 6 | 609 | 6 | 1,275 | History of Sweden (1991–present) | The Bildt Era | of the Nordic model for the economic crisis, it wanted to initiate reforms and started dismantling of state-run monopolies, lowering of taxes, reshaping and internationalization of higher education, and laid the foundation for Sweden's subsequent entry into the European Union.
However, the new government had inherited the most serious economic crisis seen in fifty years, which meant that instead of focusing on reforms, it had to spend almost its entire period in office (1991–1994) in crisis management mode. Consumer prices went up, house prices down and unemployment rocketed. In late 1992, under the pressure of a flurry of financial speculation that |
{"datasets_id": 2411, "wiki_id": "Q5866759", "sp": 6, "sc": 1275, "ep": 6, "ec": 1866} | 2,411 | Q5866759 | 6 | 1,275 | 6 | 1,866 | History of Sweden (1991–present) | The Bildt Era | shook several European currencies at this time, the Riksbank briefly raised its target rate to 500% in an effort to defend the fixed exchange rate of the Swedish krona, but it had to be set free against other currencies, and immediately dropped about 15% against the US Dollar. During 1991 and 1992, the housing bubble that had built up during the 80s deflated, leaving many banks nearly insolvent, leading to the Swedish banking rescue, where the government had to guarantee all deposits in the nation's 114 banks and some nationalized at a cost of 64 billion SEK.
The drain on the |
{"datasets_id": 2411, "wiki_id": "Q5866759", "sp": 6, "sc": 1866, "ep": 6, "ec": 2477} | 2,411 | Q5866759 | 6 | 1,866 | 6 | 2,477 | History of Sweden (1991–present) | The Bildt Era | state treasury from 1992 and onward, was overwhelming and the current account deficit and national debt surged. To solve this, bipartisan agreements were soon reached with the Social Democrats on measures to combat the crisis, but with even these agreements, the hard conditions and deep economic recession were to last throughout the nineties. Because of this, the Bildt Cabinet is by many regarded as largely a failure, not only because the recession meant it was unable to do the reforms it set out to do, disenfranchising its core voters, but also because it wasn't seen as handling the crisis effectively, |
{"datasets_id": 2411, "wiki_id": "Q5866759", "sp": 6, "sc": 2477, "ep": 6, "ec": 3132} | 2,411 | Q5866759 | 6 | 2,477 | 6 | 3,132 | History of Sweden (1991–present) | The Bildt Era | while making some obvious mistakes (such as the costly defence of the krona), sending swing voters into the arms of the opposition.
While the lasting policy impact was limited, with notable exceptions such as the introduction of commercial TV/Radio and school vouchers, the most profound impact of the Bildt era was that most people came to associate a non-Social Democrat run country with recession and general misery (a picture also skilfully painted in the next three general elections by the Social Democrats), thereby effectively locking out the center-right parties from cabinet positions for the next twelve years. In recent years however, |
{"datasets_id": 2411, "wiki_id": "Q5866759", "sp": 6, "sc": 3132, "ep": 10, "ec": 429} | 2,411 | Q5866759 | 6 | 3,132 | 10 | 429 | History of Sweden (1991–present) | The Bildt Era & The Persson Era | the Bildt government reputation has been restored to some degree, not least through the international praise given for the model way it in handled the bank bailouts. The Persson Era The 1994 elections restored Ingvar Carlsson's Social democratic minority government. During the interregnum after the election, the car and passenger ferry M/S Estonia was lost in the Baltic Sea on September 28, killing 852 people, most Swedish, in one of the worst maritime disasters in modern history. One of the few positive events during the time was Sweden's surprise run at the FIFA World Cup 1994, which earned Team Sweden |
{"datasets_id": 2411, "wiki_id": "Q5866759", "sp": 10, "sc": 429, "ep": 10, "ec": 1075} | 2,411 | Q5866759 | 10 | 429 | 10 | 1,075 | History of Sweden (1991–present) | The Persson Era | a bronze medal. Göran Persson was appointed finance minister and saddled with the difficult task of balancing the budget by aggressively cutting social programs and benefits, something most Swedes initially intensely resented, but an achievement for which he eventually came to be respected. After Carlsson's retirement in 1996, Persson replaced him, and remained in power until he lost the 2006 elections.
Sweden entered the European Union in 1995 after a consultative referendum the previous year. The entry into the EU in some ways turned a page in Swedish history and could be seen as signifying the end of Swedish exceptionality and |
{"datasets_id": 2411, "wiki_id": "Q5866759", "sp": 10, "sc": 1075, "ep": 10, "ec": 1707} | 2,411 | Q5866759 | 10 | 1,075 | 10 | 1,707 | History of Sweden (1991–present) | The Persson Era | neutrality. Twentieth century Sweden often took an insular view and kept Europe and what was going on "on the continent" at an arm's length. EU membership challenged this, but a majority of the electorate is still eurosceptic, and it is unlikely that a referendum at any other time but in conjunction with a very severe recession would have yielded a positive result. The Oresund Bridge between Malmö and Copenhagen, Denmark, opened in 2000, is sometimes seen as a symbol of Sweden's stronger ties to continental Europe.
During the late 1990s, the Swedish Armed Forces were severely downsized, with enlistment decreasing to |
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