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{"datasets_id": 2412, "wiki_id": "Q25338388", "sp": 36, "sc": 4673, "ep": 36, "ec": 5287} | 2,412 | Q25338388 | 36 | 4,673 | 36 | 5,287 | History of US science fiction and fantasy magazines to 1950 | War years | In 1942 Famous Fantastic Mysteries was sold by Munsey to Popular, who were already the publishers of Astonishing Stories and Super Science Stories. Mary Gnaedinger continued as editor, but the editorial policy changed to exclude reprints of stories that had appeared in magazine form. Booklength work was still reprinted, including G. K. Chesterton's The Man Who Was Thursday and H. G. Wells' The Island of Dr. Moreau. In the event, Famous Fantastic Mysteries was the only one of Popular's science-fiction and fantasy titles to survive the war. Both Astonishing and Super Science Stories ceased publication in |
{"datasets_id": 2412, "wiki_id": "Q25338388", "sp": 36, "sc": 5287, "ep": 36, "ec": 5894} | 2,412 | Q25338388 | 36 | 5,287 | 36 | 5,894 | History of US science fiction and fantasy magazines to 1950 | War years | 1943 when Frederik Pohl, the editor of both titles, enlisted in the army; the publisher was having difficulty obtaining enough paper and decided to close the magazines down. The same year, paper shortages forced John Campbell to choose between Astounding and Unknown, which had already gone to a bimonthly schedule; he decided to keep Astounding on a monthly schedule, and Unknown ceased publication with the October 1943 issue. Astounding switched to digest format the following month; this was a leading indicator for the direction the field would take, though it would be over a decade before the rest |
{"datasets_id": 2412, "wiki_id": "Q25338388", "sp": 36, "sc": 5894, "ep": 40, "ec": 641} | 2,412 | Q25338388 | 36 | 5,894 | 40 | 641 | History of US science fiction and fantasy magazines to 1950 | War years & Post-war | of the field followed suit. Post-war Asimov said that "The dropping of the atom bomb in 1945 made science fiction respectable" to the general public, but only eight US science-fiction or fantasy magazines survived World War II: Astounding Science Fiction, published by Street & Smith; Weird Tales, from Delaney's Short Stories, Inc.; Standard Magazines' Startling Stories and Thrilling Wonder Stories; Ziff-Davis's Amazing Stories and Fantastic Adventures; Popular's Famous Fantastic Mysteries; and Planet Stories, published by Love Romances, Inc. All had been forced to quarterly schedules by the war, except Weird Tales, which was bimonthly, and Astounding, still the leading |
{"datasets_id": 2412, "wiki_id": "Q25338388", "sp": 40, "sc": 641, "ep": 40, "ec": 1228} | 2,412 | Q25338388 | 40 | 641 | 40 | 1,228 | History of US science fiction and fantasy magazines to 1950 | Post-war | science fiction magazine. Campbell continued to find new writers: William Tenn, H. Beam Piper, Arthur C. Clarke and John Christopher all made their first sales to Astounding in the late 1940s, and he published many stories now regarded as classics, including "Vintage Season" by C.L. Moore, "With Folded Hands ..." by Jack Williamson, Children of the Lens by E.E. Smith, and The Players of Null-A by A.E. van Vogt. The pace of invention which had marked the war years for Astounding was now slackening, however, and in Ashley's words the magazine was now "resting on its laurels". In |
{"datasets_id": 2412, "wiki_id": "Q25338388", "sp": 40, "sc": 1228, "ep": 40, "ec": 1868} | 2,412 | Q25338388 | 40 | 1,228 | 40 | 1,868 | History of US science fiction and fantasy magazines to 1950 | Post-war | 1950, Campbell published an article on dianetics by L. Ron Hubbard; this was a psychological theory that would eventually evolve into Scientology, a new religion. Dianetics was denounced as pseudoscience by the medical profession, but to the dismay of many of Astounding's readers it was not until 1951 that Campbell disavowed it.
Sam Merwin, who had taken over from Oscar Friend at Standard Magazines towards the end of the war, abandoned the juvenile approach that had characterized both Startling and Thrilling; he asked Bergey to make his covers more realistic, and started to publish more hard science fiction, including work |
{"datasets_id": 2412, "wiki_id": "Q25338388", "sp": 40, "sc": 1868, "ep": 40, "ec": 2486} | 2,412 | Q25338388 | 40 | 1,868 | 40 | 2,486 | History of US science fiction and fantasy magazines to 1950 | Post-war | by Murray Leinster, George O. Smith, and Hubbard. He bought Jack Vance's first sale, "The World Thinker", which appeared in 1945, and published a good deal of material by Ray Bradbury, including several of his Martian Chronicle stories. Some of the highest-profile names from Campbell's stable of Astounding writers sold to Merwin, including van Vogt, Heinlein, and Sturgeon, whose "The Sky Was Full of Ships" appeared in 1947 and was much praised by readers. Other notable stories include Fredric Brown's What Mad Universe, which appeared in 1948, and Kuttner's Valley of the Flame, one of several science-fantasy |
{"datasets_id": 2412, "wiki_id": "Q25338388", "sp": 40, "sc": 2486, "ep": 40, "ec": 3118} | 2,412 | Q25338388 | 40 | 2,486 | 40 | 3,118 | History of US science fiction and fantasy magazines to 1950 | Post-war | novels he published in Startling. Writers such as John D. MacDonald, Margaret St. Clair, William Tenn, Arthur C. Clarke, James Blish, and Damon Knight all sold to Merwin, and the net effect was a dramatic improvement in the quality of both magazines, to the point where Ashley suggests that by the late 1940s, Thrilling Wonder, in particular, was a serious challenger to Astounding for the leadership of the field.
Planet Stories also improved dramatically by the end of the decade. Several well-known writers, including Blish, Brown, and Knight, published good material in Planet, but the overall improvement was largely |
{"datasets_id": 2412, "wiki_id": "Q25338388", "sp": 40, "sc": 3118, "ep": 40, "ec": 3696} | 2,412 | Q25338388 | 40 | 3,118 | 40 | 3,696 | History of US science fiction and fantasy magazines to 1950 | Post-war | due to the contributions of Bradbury and Leigh Brackett, both of whom set many of their stories on a version of Mars that owed much to the Barsoom of Edgar Rice Burroughs. Brackett, one of Planet's most prolific contributors, developed her style over the 1940s and eventually became the leading exponent of planetary romances. Her series of stories about Eric John Stark, considered by Ashley to be her best work, began in Planet with "Queen of the Martian Catacombs" in the Summer 1949 issue. Bradbury's work for Planet included two of his Martian Chronicles stories, and a |
{"datasets_id": 2412, "wiki_id": "Q25338388", "sp": 40, "sc": 3696, "ep": 40, "ec": 4357} | 2,412 | Q25338388 | 40 | 3,696 | 40 | 4,357 | History of US science fiction and fantasy magazines to 1950 | Post-war | collaboration with Brackett, "Lorelei of the Red Mist", which appeared in 1946. Tim Forest, a historian of the pulps, considers Bradbury's work to be Planet's "most important contribution to the genre". The covers were generally simple action scenes, featuring a helpless damsel threatened by a bug-eyed monster, but according to Clute "the content was far more sophisticated than the covers".
Weird Tales had lost much of its unique flavor with the departure of Farnsworth Wright, but in Ashley's view McIlwraith made the magazine more consistent: "though the issues edited by McIlwraith "seldom attain[ed] Wright's highpoints, they also omitted the |
{"datasets_id": 2412, "wiki_id": "Q25338388", "sp": 40, "sc": 4357, "ep": 40, "ec": 4958} | 2,412 | Q25338388 | 40 | 4,357 | 40 | 4,958 | History of US science fiction and fantasy magazines to 1950 | Post-war | lows". McIlwraith continued to publish some of Weird Tales most popular authors, such as Fredric Brown and Fritz Leiber, but eliminated sword and sorcery fiction, which Robert E. Howard had popularized under Wright with his stories of Conan, Solomon Kane and Bran Mak Morn. August Derleth, who had corresponded with Lovecraft until the latter's death in 1937, continued to send Lovecraft manuscripts to McIlwraith during the 1940s, and at the end of the decade decided to issue a magazine to publicize Arkham House, a publishing venture he had begun in 1939 that reprinted largely from the pages of |
{"datasets_id": 2412, "wiki_id": "Q25338388", "sp": 40, "sc": 4958, "ep": 40, "ec": 5560} | 2,412 | Q25338388 | 40 | 4,958 | 40 | 5,560 | History of US science fiction and fantasy magazines to 1950 | Post-war | Weird Tales. The title was The Arkham Sampler; Derleth intended it to be a more literary magazine than the current crop of science fiction and fantasy pulps. It published both new and reprint material. Some of the stories were of good quality, including work by Robert Bloch and Lord Dunsany, but it closed down after eight quarterly issues for financial reasons.
At Ziff-Davis, Fantastic Adventures continued as it had during the war, with an occasional noteworthy story such as "Largo", by Theodore Sturgeon, and "I'll Dream of You" by Charles F. Myers. Both Fantastic Adventures and its |
{"datasets_id": 2412, "wiki_id": "Q25338388", "sp": 40, "sc": 5560, "ep": 40, "ec": 6147} | 2,412 | Q25338388 | 40 | 5,560 | 40 | 6,147 | History of US science fiction and fantasy magazines to 1950 | Post-war | sister magazine, Amazing Stories, were able to return to monthly publication by late 1947 because of the "Shaver Mystery", a series of stories by Richard Shaver. In the March 1945 issue of Amazing Palmer published a story by Shaver called "I Remember Lemuria". The story, about prehistoric civilizations, was presented by Palmer as a mixture of truth and fiction, and the result was a dramatic boost to Amazing's circulation. Palmer ran a new Shaver story in every issue, culminating in a special issue in June 1947 devoted entirely to the Shaver Mystery. Amazing soon drew ridicule |
{"datasets_id": 2412, "wiki_id": "Q25338388", "sp": 40, "sc": 6147, "ep": 40, "ec": 6771} | 2,412 | Q25338388 | 40 | 6,147 | 40 | 6,771 | History of US science fiction and fantasy magazines to 1950 | Post-war | for these stories and William Ziff ordered Palmer to limit the amount of Shaver-related material in the magazine; Palmer complied, but his interest (and possibly belief) in this sort of material was now significant, and he soon began planning to leave Ziff-Davis. In 1947 he formed Clark Publications, launching Fate the following year, and in 1949 he resigned from Ziff-Davis to edit that and other magazines.
In March 1948, Fantastic Novels reappeared; it had been published by Munsey as a reprint companion to Famous Fantastic Mysteries, now owned by Popular, and it took on the same role in its new incarnation. |
{"datasets_id": 2412, "wiki_id": "Q25338388", "sp": 40, "sc": 6771, "ep": 40, "ec": 7407} | 2,412 | Q25338388 | 40 | 6,771 | 40 | 7,407 | History of US science fiction and fantasy magazines to 1950 | Post-war | Gnaedinger, the editor, was a fan of Abraham Merritt's work, and the first three issues of the new version included stories by Merritt. Reprints of old classics such as George Allan England's The Flying Legion and Garrett P. Serviss's The Second Deluge constituted most of Fantastic Novels' contents, with some more recent material such as Earth's Last Citadel, by Kuttner and Moore, which had only previously appeared as a serial in Argosy in 1943.
Mainstream magazines began publishing science fiction after the war. Heinlein amazed fans and fellow writers when, Asimov recalled in 1969, "an undiluted science fiction story |
{"datasets_id": 2412, "wiki_id": "Q25338388", "sp": 40, "sc": 7407, "ep": 44, "ec": 380} | 2,412 | Q25338388 | 40 | 7,407 | 44 | 380 | History of US science fiction and fantasy magazines to 1950 | Post-war & Beginning of the digest era | of his" appeared in The Saturday Evening Post. Small science-fiction magazines often lost experienced authors to mass-market publications like Playboy so did not benefit, Asimov said, "from the field's new-won respectability". Beginning of the digest era Street & Smith, one of the longest established and most respected magazine publishers, shut down all their pulps in the summer of 1949. The pulps were dying, largely as a result of the success of pocketbooks, and Street & Smith decided to concentrate on their slick magazines. The only survivor of Street & Smith's pulp titles was the digest-format Astounding Science Fiction. By |
{"datasets_id": 2412, "wiki_id": "Q25338388", "sp": 44, "sc": 380, "ep": 44, "ec": 1012} | 2,412 | Q25338388 | 44 | 380 | 44 | 1,012 | History of US science fiction and fantasy magazines to 1950 | Beginning of the digest era | the end of 1955, Fantastic Adventures, Famous Fantastic Mysteries, Thrilling Wonder, Startling Stories, Planet Stories, Weird Tales, and Fantastic Story Quarterly had all ceased publication. Despite the pulps' decline, a few new magazines did appear in pulp format at the end of the 1940s, though these were all short-lived, and several of them focused on reprints rather than new material.
One of the first new post-war titles was Fantasy Book, which appeared in 1947. It was the work of William Crawford, a specialty publisher, and varied between pulp and digest sizes. Crawford ran into problems with distribution and |
{"datasets_id": 2412, "wiki_id": "Q25338388", "sp": 44, "sc": 1012, "ep": 44, "ec": 1669} | 2,412 | Q25338388 | 44 | 1,012 | 44 | 1,669 | History of US science fiction and fantasy magazines to 1950 | Beginning of the digest era | production, and the magazine was never regular, but he produced eight issues over the next four years that included some worthwhile material, most notably Cordwainer Smith's first story, "Scanners Live in Vain", in the January 1950 issue.
Popular had added Fantastic Novels as a companion to Famous Fantastic Mysteries in 1948; the following year it launched A. Merritt's Fantasy Magazine, in an attempt to cash in on Merritt's popularity, and Captain Zero, a science-fictional hero pulp. Both were failures, lasting only five and three issues, respectively. Standard's Startling Stories and Thrilling Wonder, both well-regarded by the end of the |
{"datasets_id": 2412, "wiki_id": "Q25338388", "sp": 44, "sc": 1669, "ep": 44, "ec": 2271} | 2,412 | Q25338388 | 44 | 1,669 | 44 | 2,271 | History of US science fiction and fantasy magazines to 1950 | Beginning of the digest era | decade, were joined in 1950 by two reprint magazines. One was Fantastic Story Quarterly, which was intended to carry reprints that were too long to run in Startling's "Hall of Fame" department. This was initially a financial success, and Standard decided to add another title, Wonder Story Annual. Both titles survived into the mid-1950s. Two exceptions to the reprint rule were Future Science Fiction, which Silberkleit brought back as a bimonthly pulp in May 1950, still edited by Lowndes, and Out of This World Adventures, also in pulp format, which combined science-fiction material with a few |
{"datasets_id": 2412, "wiki_id": "Q25338388", "sp": 44, "sc": 2271, "ep": 44, "ec": 2823} | 2,412 | Q25338388 | 44 | 2,271 | 44 | 2,823 | History of US science fiction and fantasy magazines to 1950 | Beginning of the digest era | pages of comics. The publisher, Avon, also launched a romance magazine and a western magazine with the same format, but the experiment was a failure and Out of This World Adventures only lasted for two issues, dated July and December 1950. At the end of 1950 Marvel Science Stories reappeared as the Goodman brothers saw a new boom in science fiction magazines getting under way; it began as a pulp, but changed to a digest the following year. The fiction was of higher quality than in the first incarnation of the magazine, but it lasted less than |
{"datasets_id": 2412, "wiki_id": "Q25338388", "sp": 44, "sc": 2823, "ep": 44, "ec": 3417} | 2,412 | Q25338388 | 44 | 2,823 | 44 | 3,417 | History of US science fiction and fantasy magazines to 1950 | Beginning of the digest era | two years.
Although Astounding had been in digest format since 1943, few new digest magazines had been launched since then. One of the first into the fray was Other Worlds, Raymond Palmer's first new science fiction magazine since he had left Ziff-Davis. It appeared in November 1949, and was bimonthly for the first year. Palmer acquired stories by Ray Bradbury, A.E. van Vogt, and Raymond F. Jones, but the overall quality was not high; Ashley characterizes the magazine as "good, but not quite good enough". Howard Browne took over from Palmer as editor of Amazing and Fantastic |
{"datasets_id": 2412, "wiki_id": "Q25338388", "sp": 44, "sc": 3417, "ep": 44, "ec": 4041} | 2,412 | Q25338388 | 44 | 3,417 | 44 | 4,041 | History of US science fiction and fantasy magazines to 1950 | Beginning of the digest era | Adventures, and made strides in improving the quality of both magazines, though much of his impact only became visible after 1950.
In December 1949, Lawrence Spivak, the editor of Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine, launched The Magazine of Fantasy as a fantasy companion, in digest format. The editors were Anthony Boucher, a well-regarded mystery writer who wrote some science fiction, and J. Francis McComas. It was retitled The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction with the following issue, and four more quarterly issues appeared in 1950. The contents were of the same standard as the fiction that appeared in |
{"datasets_id": 2412, "wiki_id": "Q25338388", "sp": 44, "sc": 4041, "ep": 44, "ec": 4659} | 2,412 | Q25338388 | 44 | 4,041 | 44 | 4,659 | History of US science fiction and fantasy magazines to 1950 | Beginning of the digest era | slick magazines of the day, and it was soon successful. In October 1950 the first issue of Galaxy Science Fiction appeared, edited by H.L. Gold, also in digest format; it too did well, and in the 1950s both magazines became very highly regarded, supplanting Astounding as the leading science-fiction magazines.
Three more magazines began publication in 1950, all in digest format. The first was Fantasy Fiction, which produced two issues. It included some respectable reprinted material from 1930s issues of Argosy, but none of the new stories were memorable. In October 1950, Raymond Palmer, who had left |
{"datasets_id": 2412, "wiki_id": "Q25338388", "sp": 44, "sc": 4659, "ep": 44, "ec": 5233} | 2,412 | Q25338388 | 44 | 4,659 | 44 | 5,233 | History of US science fiction and fantasy magazines to 1950 | Beginning of the digest era | Ziff-Davis to become a publisher in his own right, launched Imagination. A serious accident in the summer forced him to turn most of the editing work over to Bea Mahaffey, and after two issues he sold the magazine to William Hamling, who kept it going until 1958. The final magazine of the decade was Worlds Beyond, edited by Damon Knight, which appeared in December 1950, and lasted for three monthly issues; the publisher, Hillman Periodicals, decided to scrap the magazine only days after the first issue went on sale. All three issues featured quality work, and many |
{"datasets_id": 2412, "wiki_id": "Q25338388", "sp": 44, "sc": 5233, "ep": 44, "ec": 5919} | 2,412 | Q25338388 | 44 | 5,233 | 44 | 5,919 | History of US science fiction and fantasy magazines to 1950 | Beginning of the digest era | of the stories have been reprinted frequently; Willam Tenn's "Null-P" and C.M. Kornbluth's "The Mindworm" being perhaps the best-known. Knight included material by non-genre writers such as Graham Greene and Rudyard Kipling, along with genre names such as Katherine MacLean and Lester del Rey. Ashley suggests that had Knight been allowed to continue, the magazine would have been a significant contribution to 1950s science fiction.
Doubleday, Simon & Schuster, and other large, mainstream companies began publishing science-fiction books around 1950. They issued fixups and collections of magazine fiction, but also original stories; authors no longer only had magazines as |
{"datasets_id": 2412, "wiki_id": "Q25338388", "sp": 44, "sc": 5919, "ep": 44, "ec": 5927} | 2,412 | Q25338388 | 44 | 5,919 | 44 | 5,927 | History of US science fiction and fantasy magazines to 1950 | Beginning of the digest era | buyers. |
{"datasets_id": 2413, "wiki_id": "Q1707324", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 27} | 2,413 | Q1707324 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 27 | History of skiing | Etymology | History of skiing Skiing, or traveling over snow on skis, has a history of at least eight millennia. The earliest archaeological examples of skis were found in Russia and date to 6000 BCE. Although modern skiing has evolved from beginnings in Scandinavia, 5000-year-old wall paintings suggest use of skis in the Xinjiang region of what is now China. Originally purely utilitarian, starting in the mid-1800s skiing became a popular recreational activity and sport, becoming practiced in snow-covered regions worldwide, and providing a market for the development of ski resorts and their related communities. Etymology The word ski comes from the |
{"datasets_id": 2413, "wiki_id": "Q1707324", "sp": 8, "sc": 27, "ep": 8, "ec": 575} | 2,413 | Q1707324 | 8 | 27 | 8 | 575 | History of skiing | Etymology | Old Norse word skíð which means "cleft wood", "stick of wood" or "ski". In Old Norse common phrases describing skiing were fara á skíðum (to travel, move fast on skis), renna (to move swiftly) and skríða á skíðum (to stride on skis). Norwegian and Swedish do not form a verb from the noun. Other languages make a verb form out of the noun, such as to ski in English, skier in French, esquiar in Spanish and Portuguese, sciare in Italian, skiën in Dutch, or schilaufen (as above also Ski laufen or Ski fahren) in German. Finnish has its own ancient |
{"datasets_id": 2413, "wiki_id": "Q1707324", "sp": 8, "sc": 575, "ep": 12, "ec": 264} | 2,413 | Q1707324 | 8 | 575 | 12 | 264 | History of skiing | Etymology & Early archaeological evidence | words for skis and skiing: "ski" is suksi and "skiing" is hiihtää. The Sami also have their own words for "skis" and "skiing": for example, the Lule Sami word for "ski" is sabek and skis are called sabega. The Sami use cuoigat for the verb "to ski" (the term may date back to 10,000 years before present). Early archaeological evidence The oldest information about skiing is based on archaeological evidence. Two regions present the earliest evidence of skis and their use: the Altaic region of modern China where 5000-year-old paintings suggest the aboriginal use of skis, and northern Russia, where |
{"datasets_id": 2413, "wiki_id": "Q1707324", "sp": 12, "sc": 264, "ep": 16, "ec": 421} | 2,413 | Q1707324 | 12 | 264 | 16 | 421 | History of skiing | Early archaeological evidence & Rock carvings | the oldest fragments of ski-like objects, dating from about 6300–5000 BCE were found about 1,200 km northeast of Moscow at Lake Sindor. Rock carvings The earliest Scandinavian examples of skiing date to 3000 or 4000 BCE with primitive carvings, presumably about the same age or slightly younger than the White Sea and Lake Onega carvings. An image of a skier holding a single pole or an ax with both hands, is found in Rødøy in the Nordland region of Norway. The Rødøy carving shows skis of equal length. A rock carving at Alta, Norway, from about 1000 or 500 BCE depicts |
{"datasets_id": 2413, "wiki_id": "Q1707324", "sp": 16, "sc": 421, "ep": 20, "ec": 63} | 2,413 | Q1707324 | 16 | 421 | 20 | 63 | History of skiing | Rock carvings & Ski samples | a skier seemingly about to shoot with bow and arrow, with skis positioned in an angle (rather than parallel) to offer good support. Rock drawings in Norway dated at 4000 BC depict a man on skis holding a stick. At Zalavrouga, near the White Sea in Russia, rock carvings were discovered in 1926 and dated to 2000 or 2500 BCE. One of the Zalavrouga carvings depicts hunting of big game with hunters on equal length skis. The hunters apparently used their bow and spear as poles. Ski samples The first primitive Scandinavian ski was found in a peat bog in |
{"datasets_id": 2413, "wiki_id": "Q1707324", "sp": 20, "sc": 63, "ep": 20, "ec": 637} | 2,413 | Q1707324 | 20 | 63 | 20 | 637 | History of skiing | Ski samples | Hoting in Jämtland County in Sweden which dates back to 4500 or 2500 BCE. In 1938 a ski was found from Salla, Finland that has been dated back to 3245 BCE. Noted examples are the Kalvträskskidan ski, found in Sweden and dated to 3300 BCE, and the Vefsn Nordland ski, found in Norway and dated to 3200 BCE. There are some 20 findings of ancient, well-preserved skis in drained bogs in Norway, indicating that skis have been widely used in Norway, particularly Northern Norway, since prehistoric times. Skis have also been uncovered in ancient graves. In 2014, a ski complete |
{"datasets_id": 2413, "wiki_id": "Q1707324", "sp": 20, "sc": 637, "ep": 20, "ec": 1232} | 2,413 | Q1707324 | 20 | 637 | 20 | 1,232 | History of skiing | Ski samples | with leather bindings, emerged from a glacier in Reinheimen mountains, Norway. The binding is at a small elevated area in the middle of the 172 cm long and 14,5 cm wide ski. According to the report the ski is some 1300 years old. A large number of organic artifacts have been well preserved for several thousand years by the stable glaciers of Oppland county and emerge when glaciers recede. A ski excavated in Greenland is dated to 1010. Based on findings in the Nordic countries and elsewhere, researchers have identified at least 3 main types: arctic, southern and central Nordic. The arctic |
{"datasets_id": 2413, "wiki_id": "Q1707324", "sp": 20, "sc": 1232, "ep": 24, "ec": 98} | 2,413 | Q1707324 | 20 | 1,232 | 24 | 98 | History of skiing | Ski samples & Skis | type was short and covered with fur, and used from northern Japan in the east to Ob river in the west. The Sami people probably brought this type to the Nordic region. The southern type had one short and one long ski, and was used in forest areas of Southern Scandinavia and the Baltic countries. The central Nordic type also had one short with fur (the andor) and one long, and was used in large parts of Norway, Sweden and Finland. Skis Asymmetrical skis were used at least in northern Finland and Sweden up until the 1930s. On one leg |
{"datasets_id": 2413, "wiki_id": "Q1707324", "sp": 24, "sc": 98, "ep": 24, "ec": 631} | 2,413 | Q1707324 | 24 | 98 | 24 | 631 | History of skiing | Skis | the skier wore a long straight non-arching ski for sliding, and on the other a shorter ski for kicking. The bottom of the short ski was either plain or covered with animal skin to aid this use, while the long ski supporting the weight of the skier was treated with animal fat in similar manner to modern ski waxing. Early record of this type of skis survives in works of Olaus Magnus. He associates them to Sami people and gives Sami names of savek and golos for the plain and skinned short ski. Finnish names for these are lyly and |
{"datasets_id": 2413, "wiki_id": "Q1707324", "sp": 24, "sc": 631, "ep": 24, "ec": 1228} | 2,413 | Q1707324 | 24 | 631 | 24 | 1,228 | History of skiing | Skis | kalhu for long and short ski.
The seal hunters at the Gulf of Bothnia had developed a special long ski to sneak into shooting distance to the seals' breathing holes, though the ski was useful in moving in the packed ice in general and was made specially long, 3–4 meters, to protect against cracks in the ice. This is called skredstång in Swedish.
Around 1850 artisans in Telemark, Norway invent the cambered ski. This ski arches up in the middle, under the binding, which distributes the skier's weight more evenly across the length of the ski. Earlier plank-style skis had to be |
{"datasets_id": 2413, "wiki_id": "Q1707324", "sp": 24, "sc": 1228, "ep": 24, "ec": 1829} | 2,413 | Q1707324 | 24 | 1,228 | 24 | 1,829 | History of skiing | Skis | thick enough not to bow downward and sink in the snow under the skier's weight. Norheim's ski was also the first with a sidecut that narrowed the ski underfoot while the tip and tail remained wider. This enabled the ski to flex and turn more easily.
In 1950 Howard Head introduced the Head Standard, constructed by sandwiching aluminum alloy around a plywood core. The design included steel edges (invented in 1928 in Austria,) and the exterior surfaces were made of phenol formaldehyde resin which could hold wax. This hugely successful ski was unique at the time in having been designed for |
{"datasets_id": 2413, "wiki_id": "Q1707324", "sp": 24, "sc": 1829, "ep": 24, "ec": 2453} | 2,413 | Q1707324 | 24 | 1,829 | 24 | 2,453 | History of skiing | Skis | the recreational market, rather than for racing.
1962: a fibreglass ski, Kneissl's White Star, was used by Karl Schranz to win two gold medals at the FIS Alpine World Ski Championships. By the late '60s fibreglass had mostly replaced aluminum.
In 1975 the torsion box ski construction design is patented. The patent is referenced by Kästle, Salomon, Rottefella, and Madshus, but in fact torsion box skis became common beginning in 1962 with the introduction of the Dynamic VR7 and VR17 race skis. In 1993 Elan introduced the Elan SCX. These introduced a new ski geometry, common today, with a much wider tip |
{"datasets_id": 2413, "wiki_id": "Q1707324", "sp": 24, "sc": 2453, "ep": 28, "ec": 241} | 2,413 | Q1707324 | 24 | 2,453 | 28 | 241 | History of skiing | Skis & Bindings | and tail than waist. When tipped onto their edges, they bend into a curved shape and carve a turn. Other companies quickly followed suit, and it was realized in retrospect that "It turns out that everything we thought we knew for forty years was wrong." The modern Twin-tip ski was introduced by Line in 1995. Bindings In the early days of skiing the binding was also similar to those of a contemporary snowshoe, generally consisting of a leather strap fastened over the toe of the boot. In the 1800s, skiing evolved into a sport and the toe strap was replaced |
{"datasets_id": 2413, "wiki_id": "Q1707324", "sp": 28, "sc": 241, "ep": 28, "ec": 816} | 2,413 | Q1707324 | 28 | 241 | 28 | 816 | History of skiing | Bindings | by a metal clip under the toe. This provided much greater grip on the boot, allowing the ski to be pushed sideways. The heel strap also changed over time; in order to allow a greater range of motion, a spring was added to allow the strap to lengthen when the boot was rotated up off the ski.
This buckled strap was later replaced by a metal cable. The cable binding remained in use, and even increased in popularity, throughout this period as cross-country skiing developed into a major sport of its own. Change eventually came though the evolution of the Rottefella |
{"datasets_id": 2413, "wiki_id": "Q1707324", "sp": 28, "sc": 816, "ep": 28, "ec": 1370} | 2,413 | Q1707324 | 28 | 816 | 28 | 1,370 | History of skiing | Bindings | binding, first introduced in 1927. The original Rottefella eliminated the heel strap, which held the boot forward in the binding, by drilling small holes in the sole of the boot which fit into pins in the toe piece. This was standardized as the 3-pin system, which was widespread by the 1970s. It has now generally been replaced by the NNN system.
The introduction of ski lifts in 1908 led to an evolution of skiing as a sport. In the past, skiers would have to ski or walk up the hills they intended to ski down. With the lift, the skiers could |
{"datasets_id": 2413, "wiki_id": "Q1707324", "sp": 28, "sc": 1370, "ep": 32, "ec": 138} | 2,413 | Q1707324 | 28 | 1,370 | 32 | 138 | History of skiing | Bindings & Boots | leave their skis on, and would be skiing downhill all the time. The need to unclip the heel for cross-country use was eliminated, at least at resorts with lifts. As lifts became more common, especially with the introduction of the chairlift in 1936, the ski world split into cross-country and downhill, a split that remains to this day.
In 1937 Hjalmar Hvam broke his leg skiing, and while recuperating from surgery, invented the Saf-Ski toe binding. Boots Ski boots were leather winter boots, held to the ski with leather straps. As skiing became more specialized, so too did ski boots, leading |
{"datasets_id": 2413, "wiki_id": "Q1707324", "sp": 32, "sc": 138, "ep": 32, "ec": 781} | 2,413 | Q1707324 | 32 | 138 | 32 | 781 | History of skiing | Boots | to the splitting of designs between those for alpine skiing and cross-country skiing.
Modern skiing developed as an all-round sport with uphill, downhill and cross-country portions. The introduction of the cable binding started a parallel evolution of binding and boot. Boots with the sole extended rearward to produce a flange for the cable to firmly latch became common, as did designs with semi-circular indentations on the heel for the same purpose.
With the introduction of ski lifts, the need for skiing to get to the top of the hill was eliminated, and a much stiffer design was preferred, providing better control over |
{"datasets_id": 2413, "wiki_id": "Q1707324", "sp": 32, "sc": 781, "ep": 36, "ec": 572} | 2,413 | Q1707324 | 32 | 781 | 36 | 572 | History of skiing | Boots & Glide and grip | the ski when sliding downhill. Glide and grip Johannes Scheffer in Argentoratensis Lapponiæ (History of Lapland) in 1673 probably gave the first recorded instruction for ski wax application He advised skiers to use pine tar pitch and rosin. Ski waxing was also documented in 1761.
1934 saw limited production of solid aluminum skis in France. Wax does not stick to aluminum, so the base under the foot included grips to prevent backsliding, a precursor of modern fish scale waxless skis. In 1970 waxless Nordic skis were made with fishscale bases. Klister, a sticky material, which provides grip on snow of all |
{"datasets_id": 2413, "wiki_id": "Q1707324", "sp": 36, "sc": 572, "ep": 40, "ec": 97} | 2,413 | Q1707324 | 36 | 572 | 40 | 97 | History of skiing | Glide and grip & Poles | temperatures that has become coarse-grained as a result of multiple freeze-thaw cycles or wind packing, was invented and patented in 1913 by Peter Østbye. Recent advancements in wax have been the use of surfactants, introduced in 1974 by Hertel Wax, and fluorocarbons, introduced in 1986, to increase water and dirt repellency and increase glide. Many companies, including Swix, Toko, Holmenkol, Briko, and Maplus are dedicated to ski wax production and have developed a range of products to cover various conditions. Poles Early skiers used one long pole or spear. The first depiction of a skier with two ski poles dates |
{"datasets_id": 2413, "wiki_id": "Q1707324", "sp": 40, "sc": 97, "ep": 40, "ec": 200} | 2,413 | Q1707324 | 40 | 97 | 40 | 200 | History of skiing | Poles | to 1741. In 1959 Ed Scott introduced the large-diameter, tapered shaft, lightweight aluminum ski pole. |
{"datasets_id": 2414, "wiki_id": "Q5869405", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 580} | 2,414 | Q5869405 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 580 | History of the European Coal and Steel Community (1945–1957) | Beginnings of cooperation | History of the European Coal and Steel Community (1945–1957) Beginnings of cooperation The Second World War from 1939 to 1945 saw an unprecedented human and economic cost, in which Europe was affected particularly severely through the totality of modern warfare and large scale massacres such as the Holocaust. Once again, there was a widespread desire amongst European governments to ensure it could never happen again, particularly with the war giving the world nuclear weapons and two ideologically opposed superpowers. (See: Cold War)
In 1946, war-time British Prime Minister Winston Churchill spoke at the University of Zurich on "The tragedy of Europe"; |
{"datasets_id": 2414, "wiki_id": "Q5869405", "sp": 6, "sc": 580, "ep": 6, "ec": 1172} | 2,414 | Q5869405 | 6 | 580 | 6 | 1,172 | History of the European Coal and Steel Community (1945–1957) | Beginnings of cooperation | in which he called for a "United States of Europe", to be created on a regional level while strengthening the UN. He described the first step to a "USE" as a "Council of Europe". London would, in 1949, be the location for the signing of the Treaty of London, establishing the separate entity of the Council of Europe.
In 1948, the Congress of Europe was convened in the Hague, under Winston Churchill's chairmanship, by the European unification movements. It was the first time all the movements had come together under one roof and attracted a myriad of statesmen including many who |
{"datasets_id": 2414, "wiki_id": "Q5869405", "sp": 6, "sc": 1172, "ep": 6, "ec": 1810} | 2,414 | Q5869405 | 6 | 1,172 | 6 | 1,810 | History of the European Coal and Steel Community (1945–1957) | Beginnings of cooperation | would later become known as founding fathers of the European Union. The congress discussed the formation of a new Council of Europe and led to the establishment of the European Movement and the College of Europe, however it exposed a division between unionist (opposed to a loss of sovereignty) and federalist (desiring a federal Europe) supporters. This unionist-federalist divide was reflected in the establishment of the Council of Europe in 1949. The Council was designed with two main political bodies, one composed of governments, the other of national members of parliament. Based in Strasbourg, it is an organisation dealing with |
{"datasets_id": 2414, "wiki_id": "Q5869405", "sp": 6, "sc": 1810, "ep": 6, "ec": 2431} | 2,414 | Q5869405 | 6 | 1,810 | 6 | 2,431 | History of the European Coal and Steel Community (1945–1957) | Beginnings of cooperation | democracy and human rights issues (today covering nearly every European state).
With the start of the Cold War, the Treaty of Brussels was signed in 1948. It expanded upon the Dunkirk Treaty which was a military pact between France and the United Kingdom who were concerned about the threat from the USSR following the communist take over in Czechoslovakia. The new treaty included the Benelux countries and was to promote cooperation not only in the military matters but in economic, social and cultural spheres. These roles however were rapidly taken over by other organisations. In 1954 it would be amended by |
{"datasets_id": 2414, "wiki_id": "Q5869405", "sp": 6, "sc": 2431, "ep": 6, "ec": 3062} | 2,414 | Q5869405 | 6 | 2,431 | 6 | 3,062 | History of the European Coal and Steel Community (1945–1957) | Beginnings of cooperation | the Paris Agreements which created the Western European Union which would take on European defence and be merged into the EU in later decades. However the signatories of the Brussels treaty quickly realised their common defence was not enough against the USSR. However wider solidarity, such as that seen over the Berlin Blockade in 1949, was seen to provide sufficient deterrent. Hence in 1949 the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation was created. It expanded the Brussels treaty members to include Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Norway, Portugal as well as Canada and most notably the United States. Military integration in NATO sped up |
{"datasets_id": 2414, "wiki_id": "Q5869405", "sp": 6, "sc": 3062, "ep": 6, "ec": 3679} | 2,414 | Q5869405 | 6 | 3,062 | 6 | 3,679 | History of the European Coal and Steel Community (1945–1957) | Beginnings of cooperation | following the first Soviet atomic bomb test and the start of the Korean War which prompted a desire for the inclusion of West Germany.
In the same year as the Brussels treaty, Sweden plans for a Scandinavian defence union (of Sweden, Denmark and Norway) which would be neutral in regards to the proposed NATO. However, due to pressure from the United States, Norway and Denmark joined NATO and the plans collapsed. Although a "‘Scandinavian joint committee for economic cooperation" was established which led to a customs union under the Nordic Council which held its first meeting in 1953. Similar economic |
{"datasets_id": 2414, "wiki_id": "Q5869405", "sp": 6, "sc": 3679, "ep": 10, "ec": 50} | 2,414 | Q5869405 | 6 | 3,679 | 10 | 50 | History of the European Coal and Steel Community (1945–1957) | Beginnings of cooperation & Coal and Steel | activity was taking place between the Benelux countries. The Benelux Customs Union became operative between Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg. During the war, the three governments in exile signed a customs convention between their countries. This followed a monetary agreement which fixed their currencies against each other. This integration would lead to an economic union and the countries cooperating in foreign affairs as the union was out of a desire to strengthen their position as small states. However the Benelux became a precursor and provided ground for later European integration. Coal and Steel Robert Schuman, as Prime Minister of France 1947-8 |
{"datasets_id": 2414, "wiki_id": "Q5869405", "sp": 10, "sc": 50, "ep": 10, "ec": 692} | 2,414 | Q5869405 | 10 | 50 | 10 | 692 | History of the European Coal and Steel Community (1945–1957) | Coal and Steel | and Foreign Minister 1948–53 gradually but completely changed the Gaullist policy in Europe which aimed at weakening Germany and permanently taking over part of its borderlands. He gained increasing support for this policy both in the French Assembly and with European public opinion but it was fiercely opposed both by Gaullists and by Communists, and inside other parties including his own.
On 9 May 1950, the French Foreign Minister Robert Schuman (on the basis of a text prepared by Schuman's colleagues Paul Reuter and Bernard Clappier working with Jean Monnet, Pierre Uri and Etienne Hirsch) made his Schuman declaration at the |
{"datasets_id": 2414, "wiki_id": "Q5869405", "sp": 10, "sc": 692, "ep": 10, "ec": 1289} | 2,414 | Q5869405 | 10 | 692 | 10 | 1,289 | History of the European Coal and Steel Community (1945–1957) | Coal and Steel | Quai d'Orsay,. He proposed that: "Franco-German production of coal and steel as a whole be placed under a common High Authority, within the framework of an organisation open to the participation of the other countries of Europe." Such an act was intended to help economic growth and cement peace between France and Germany, who had previously been longtime enemies. Coal and steel were particular symbolic as they were the resources necessary to wage war. It would also be a first step to a "European federation".
It is no longer a question of vain words but of a bold act, a constructive |
{"datasets_id": 2414, "wiki_id": "Q5869405", "sp": 10, "sc": 1289, "ep": 10, "ec": 1915} | 2,414 | Q5869405 | 10 | 1,289 | 10 | 1,915 | History of the European Coal and Steel Community (1945–1957) | Coal and Steel | act. France has acted and the consequences of its action can be immense. We hope they will be. France has acted primarily for peace and to give peace a real chance.
For this it is necessary that Europe should exist. Five years, almost to the day, after the unconditional surrender of Germany, France is accomplishing the first decisive act for European construction and is associating Germany with this. Conditions in Europe are going to be entirely changed because of it. This transformation will facilitate other action which has been impossible until this day.
Europe will be born from this, a Europe which |
{"datasets_id": 2414, "wiki_id": "Q5869405", "sp": 10, "sc": 1915, "ep": 10, "ec": 2580} | 2,414 | Q5869405 | 10 | 1,915 | 10 | 2,580 | History of the European Coal and Steel Community (1945–1957) | Coal and Steel | is solidly united and constructed around a strong framework. It will be a Europe where the standard of living will rise by grouping together production and expanding markets, thus encouraging the lowering of prices.
In this Europe, the Ruhr, the Saar and the French industrial basins will work together for common goals and their progress will be followed by observers from the United Nations. All Europeans without distinction, whether from east or west, and all the overseas territories, especially Africa, which awaits development and prosperity from this old continent, will gain benefits from their labour of peace. Schuman Declaration
By the |
{"datasets_id": 2414, "wiki_id": "Q5869405", "sp": 10, "sc": 2580, "ep": 10, "ec": 3233} | 2,414 | Q5869405 | 10 | 2,580 | 10 | 3,233 | History of the European Coal and Steel Community (1945–1957) | Coal and Steel | signature of this Treaty, the participating Parties give proof of their determination to create the first supranational institution and that thus they are laying the true foundation of an organised Europe. This Europe remains open to all nations. We profoundly hope that other nations will join us in our common endeavour.
— Europe Declaration signed on 18 April 1951 at the Treaty of Paris by Konrad Adenauer (West Germany), Paul van Zeeland, Joseph Meurice (Belgium) Robert Schuman (France) Count Sforza (Italy) Joseph Bech (Luxembourg) and Dirk Stikker, J. R. M. van den Brink (The Netherlands).
The declaration led to the Treaty of |
{"datasets_id": 2414, "wiki_id": "Q5869405", "sp": 10, "sc": 3233, "ep": 10, "ec": 3895} | 2,414 | Q5869405 | 10 | 3,233 | 10 | 3,895 | History of the European Coal and Steel Community (1945–1957) | Coal and Steel | Paris (1951) forming the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), it was formed by "the inner six": France, Italy, the Benelux countries (Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg) together with West Germany. The United Kingdom refused to participate due to a rejection of supranational authority. The common market was opened on 10 February 1953 for coal, and on 1 May 1953 for steel.
During the existence of the ECSC, steel production would improve and increase fourfold. Coal production however would decline but its technology, safety and environmental quality would improve. ECSC helped deal with crises in the industry and ensured balanced development |
{"datasets_id": 2414, "wiki_id": "Q5869405", "sp": 10, "sc": 3895, "ep": 14, "ec": 371} | 2,414 | Q5869405 | 10 | 3,895 | 14 | 371 | History of the European Coal and Steel Community (1945–1957) | Coal and Steel & First institutions | and distribution of resources. However the treaty, unlike its successors, was designed to expire after 50 years. Therefore, the Community ceased to exist on 2002-07-23 with all its activities and finances being transferred to the European Community. First institutions With the treaty of Paris, the first institutions were created. At its centre was the High Authority (what is now the European Commission), the first ever supranational body which served as the Community's executive, the first president of which was Jean Monnet. The President was elected by the eight other members he presided over. The nine members were appointed by the |
{"datasets_id": 2414, "wiki_id": "Q5869405", "sp": 14, "sc": 371, "ep": 14, "ec": 994} | 2,414 | Q5869405 | 14 | 371 | 14 | 994 | History of the European Coal and Steel Community (1945–1957) | First institutions | member states (two for the larger three states, one for the smaller three) but they did not represent their member states, rather the common interest.
The member states' governments were represented by the Council of Ministers, the Presidency of which rotated between each state every three months in alphabetical order. It was added at the request of smaller states, fearing undue influence from the High Authority. Its task was to harmonise the work of national governments with the acts of the High Authority, as well as issue opinions on the work of the Authority when needed. Hence, unlike the modern Council, |
{"datasets_id": 2414, "wiki_id": "Q5869405", "sp": 14, "sc": 994, "ep": 14, "ec": 1626} | 2,414 | Q5869405 | 14 | 994 | 14 | 1,626 | History of the European Coal and Steel Community (1945–1957) | First institutions | this body had limited powers as issues relating only to coal and steel were in the Authority's domain, whereas the Council only had to give its consent to decisions outside coal and steel. As a whole, it only scrutinised and advised the executive which was independent.
The Common Assembly, what is now the European Parliament, was composed of 78 representatives. The Assembly exercised supervisory powers over the executive. The representatives were to be national MPs elected by their Parliaments to the Assembly, or directly elected. Though in practice it was the former as there was no requirement until the Treaties of |
{"datasets_id": 2414, "wiki_id": "Q5869405", "sp": 14, "sc": 1626, "ep": 14, "ec": 2244} | 2,414 | Q5869405 | 14 | 1,626 | 14 | 2,244 | History of the European Coal and Steel Community (1945–1957) | First institutions | Rome and no election until 1979. However, to emphasise that the chamber was not to be that of a traditional international organisation, whereby it would be composed of representatives of national governments, the Treaty of Paris used the term "representatives of the peoples". The Assembly was not originally mentioned in the Schuman Declaration but put forward by Jean Monnet on the second day of treaty negotiations. It was still hoped that the Assembly of the Council of Europe would be the active body and the supranational Community would be inserted inside as one of the Council's institutions. The assembly was |
{"datasets_id": 2414, "wiki_id": "Q5869405", "sp": 14, "sc": 2244, "ep": 14, "ec": 2887} | 2,414 | Q5869405 | 14 | 2,244 | 14 | 2,887 | History of the European Coal and Steel Community (1945–1957) | First institutions | intended as a democratic counter-weight and check to the High Authority. It had formal powers to sack the High Authority, following investigation of abuse.
The Court of Justice was to ensure the observation of ECSC law along with the interpretation and application of the Treaty. The Court was composed of seven judges, appointed by common accord of the national governments for six years. There were no requirements that the judges had to be of a certain nationality, simply that they be qualified and that their independence be beyond doubt. The Court was assisted by two Advocates General.
Finally, there was a Consultative |
{"datasets_id": 2414, "wiki_id": "Q5869405", "sp": 14, "sc": 2887, "ep": 14, "ec": 3564} | 2,414 | Q5869405 | 14 | 2,887 | 14 | 3,564 | History of the European Coal and Steel Community (1945–1957) | First institutions | Committee (what is now the Economic and Social Committee) which had between 30 and 50 members, equally divided between producers, workers, consumers and dealers in the coal and steel sector. This grouping provided a chamber of professional associations for civil society and was in permanent dialogue with the High Authority on policy and proposals for legislation. Its Opinions were necessary before such action could take place. The threefold division of its members prevented any one group, whether business, labour or consumers, from dominating proceedings, as majority voting was required. Its existence curtailed the activity of lobbyists acting to influence governments |
{"datasets_id": 2414, "wiki_id": "Q5869405", "sp": 14, "sc": 3564, "ep": 18, "ec": 26} | 2,414 | Q5869405 | 14 | 3,564 | 18 | 26 | History of the European Coal and Steel Community (1945–1957) | First institutions & Provisional seats | on such policy. The Consultative Committee had an important action in controlling the budget and expenditures, drawn from the first European tax on coal and steel producers. The Community money was spent on re-employment and social housing activities within the sectors concerned.
Members were appointed for two years and were not bound by any mandate or instruction of the organisations which appointed them. The Committee had a plenary assembly, bureau and a president. The High Authority was obliged to consult the committee in certain cases where it was appropriate and to keep it informed. Provisional seats The treaty however made no |
{"datasets_id": 2414, "wiki_id": "Q5869405", "sp": 18, "sc": 26, "ep": 18, "ec": 654} | 2,414 | Q5869405 | 18 | 26 | 18 | 654 | History of the European Coal and Steel Community (1945–1957) | Provisional seats | decision on where to base the institutions of the new community. The treaties allowed for the seat(s) to be decided by common accord of governments yet at a conference of the ECSC members on 23 July 1952 no permanent seat was decided. The seat was contested with Liège, Luxembourg, Strasbourg and Turin all considered. While Saarbrücken had a status as a "European city", the ongoing dispute over Saarland made it a problematic choice. Brussels would have been accepted at the time, but divisions within the then-unstable Belgian government ruled that option out.
To break the deadlock, Joseph Bech, then Prime Minister |
{"datasets_id": 2414, "wiki_id": "Q5869405", "sp": 18, "sc": 654, "ep": 22, "ec": 65} | 2,414 | Q5869405 | 18 | 654 | 22 | 65 | History of the European Coal and Steel Community (1945–1957) | Provisional seats & The Europeanisation of the Saarland | of Luxembourg, proposed that Luxembourg be made the provisional seat of the institutions until a permanent agreement was reached. However, it was decided that the Common Assembly, which became the Parliament, should instead be based in Strasbourg—the Council of Europe (CoE) was already based there, in the House of Europe. The chamber of the CoE's Parliamentary Assembly could also serve the Common Assembly, and they did so until 1999, when a new complex of buildings was built across the river from the Palace. The Europeanisation of the Saarland France had broken off the coal-rich Saar from Germany and made it |
{"datasets_id": 2414, "wiki_id": "Q5869405", "sp": 22, "sc": 65, "ep": 22, "ec": 742} | 2,414 | Q5869405 | 22 | 65 | 22 | 742 | History of the European Coal and Steel Community (1945–1957) | The Europeanisation of the Saarland | into a protectorate, economically integrated with France and nominally politically independent although its security and foreign policy was dictated from France. In addition, France maintained a High Commissioner in the Saar with wide-ranging powers. Parties advocating a return of the Saar to Germany were banned, with the consequence that West Germany did not recognise the democratic legality of the Saar government. In view of continued conflict between Germany and France over the future of the Saarland efforts were made by the other Western European nations to find a solution to the potentially dangerous problem. Placed under increasing international pressure, France |
{"datasets_id": 2414, "wiki_id": "Q5869405", "sp": 22, "sc": 742, "ep": 22, "ec": 1347} | 2,414 | Q5869405 | 22 | 742 | 22 | 1,347 | History of the European Coal and Steel Community (1945–1957) | The Europeanisation of the Saarland | finally agreed to a compromise. The Saar territory was to be Europeanised under the context of the Western European Union. France and Germany agreed in the Paris Agreements that until a peace treaty was signed with Germany, the Saar area would be governed under a "statute" that was to be supervised by a European Commissioner who in turn would be responsible to the Council of Ministers of the Western European Union. The Saarland would however have to remain in economic union with France.
Despite the endorsement of the statute by West Germany, the Saarlanders rejected it in a referendum by a |
{"datasets_id": 2414, "wiki_id": "Q5869405", "sp": 22, "sc": 1347, "ep": 22, "ec": 1979} | 2,414 | Q5869405 | 22 | 1,347 | 22 | 1,979 | History of the European Coal and Steel Community (1945–1957) | The Europeanisation of the Saarland | 67.7% majority. Despite French pre-referendum assertions that a no to the statute would simply result in the Saarland remaining in its previous status as a French-controlled territory, the claim of the "no" campaign group that it would lead to unification with West Germany turned out to be correct. The Saarland was politically reintegrated with West Germany on 1 January 1957, but economic reintegration took many additional years. In return for agreeing to return the Saar France demanded and gained the following concessions: France was permitted to extract coal from the Warndt coal deposit until 1981. Germany had to agree to |
{"datasets_id": 2414, "wiki_id": "Q5869405", "sp": 22, "sc": 1979, "ep": 26, "ec": 278} | 2,414 | Q5869405 | 22 | 1,979 | 26 | 278 | History of the European Coal and Steel Community (1945–1957) | The Europeanisation of the Saarland & Development of new Communities | the channelisation of the Moselle. This reduced French freight costs in the Lorraine steel industry. Germany had to agree to the teaching of French as the first foreign language in schools in the Saarland. Although no longer binding, the agreement is still in the main followed. Development of new Communities Following on the heels of the creation of the ECSC, the European Defence Community (EDC) was drawn up and signed on 27 May 1952. It would combine national armies and allow West Germany to rearm under the control of the new Community. However, in 1954, the treaty was rejected by |
{"datasets_id": 2414, "wiki_id": "Q5869405", "sp": 26, "sc": 278, "ep": 26, "ec": 882} | 2,414 | Q5869405 | 26 | 278 | 26 | 882 | History of the European Coal and Steel Community (1945–1957) | Development of new Communities | the French National Assembly. The rejection also derailed further plans for a European Political Community, being drawn up by members of the Common Assembly which would have created a federation to ensure democratic control over the future European army. In response to the rejection of the EDC, Jean Monnet resigned as President of the High Authority and began work on new integration efforts in the field of the economy. In 1955, the Council of Europe adopted an emblem for all Europe, twelve golden stars in a circle upon a blue field. It would later be adopted by the European Communities
In |
{"datasets_id": 2414, "wiki_id": "Q5869405", "sp": 26, "sc": 882, "ep": 26, "ec": 1454} | 2,414 | Q5869405 | 26 | 882 | 26 | 1,454 | History of the European Coal and Steel Community (1945–1957) | Development of new Communities | 1956, the Egyptian government under Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalised the Suez canal and closing it to Israeli traffic, sparking the Suez Crisis. This was in response to the withdrawal of funding for the Aswan Dam by the UK and United States due to Egypt's ties to the Soviet Union. The canal was owned by the UK and French investors and had been a neutral zone under British control. The nationalisation and closure to Israeli traffic prompted a military response by the UK, France and Israel, a move opposed by the United States. It was a military success but a political |
{"datasets_id": 2414, "wiki_id": "Q5869405", "sp": 26, "sc": 1454, "ep": 26, "ec": 2050} | 2,414 | Q5869405 | 26 | 1,454 | 26 | 2,050 | History of the European Coal and Steel Community (1945–1957) | Development of new Communities | disaster for the UK and France. The UK in particular saw it could not operate alone, instead turning to the US, and it also prompted the next British Prime Minister, Harold Macmillan, to look towards joining the European Community. Equally France saw its future with the Community but opposed British entry, with then French President Charles de Gaulle stating he would veto British entry out of a fear it would lead to US domination.
As a result of the crisis, the Common Assembly proposed extending the powers of the ECSC to cover other sources of energy. However Jean Monnet desired a |
{"datasets_id": 2414, "wiki_id": "Q5869405", "sp": 26, "sc": 2050, "ep": 26, "ec": 2640} | 2,414 | Q5869405 | 26 | 2,050 | 26 | 2,640 | History of the European Coal and Steel Community (1945–1957) | Development of new Communities | separate community to cover nuclear power and Louis Armand was put in charge of a study into the prospects of nuclear energy use in Europe. The report concluded further nuclear development was needed to fill the deficit left by the exhaustion of coal deposits and to reduce dependence on oil producers. However the Benelux states and Germany were also keen on creating a general common market, although it was opposed by France due to its protectionism and Jean Monnet thought it too large and difficult a task. In the end, Monnet proposed the creating of both, as separate communities, to |
{"datasets_id": 2414, "wiki_id": "Q5869405", "sp": 26, "sc": 2640, "ep": 26, "ec": 3288} | 2,414 | Q5869405 | 26 | 2,640 | 26 | 3,288 | History of the European Coal and Steel Community (1945–1957) | Development of new Communities | reconcile both groups.
As a result of the Messina Conference of 1955, Paul-Henri Spaak was appointed as chairman of a preparatory committee (Spaak Committee) charged with the preparation of a report on the creation of a common European market.
The Spaak Report drawn up by the Spaak Committee provided the basis for further progress and was accepted at the Venice Conference (29 and 30 May 1956) where the decision was taken to organize an Intergovernmental Conference. The report formed the cornerstone of the Intergovernmental Conference on the Common Market and Euratom at Val Duchesse in 1956. The outcome of the conference was |
{"datasets_id": 2414, "wiki_id": "Q5869405", "sp": 26, "sc": 3288, "ep": 26, "ec": 3886} | 2,414 | Q5869405 | 26 | 3,288 | 26 | 3,886 | History of the European Coal and Steel Community (1945–1957) | Development of new Communities | that new communities would share the Common Assembly (now Parliamentary Assembly) with the ECSC, as it would with the Court of Justice. However they would not share the ECSC's Council of High Authority. The two new High Authorities would be called Commissions, this was due to a reduction in their powers. France was reluctant to agree to more supranational powers and hence the new Commissions would only have basic powers and important decisions would have to be approved by the Council, which now adopted majority voting. Thus, on 25 March 1957, the Treaties of Rome were signed. They came into |
{"datasets_id": 2414, "wiki_id": "Q5869405", "sp": 26, "sc": 3886, "ep": 26, "ec": 4299} | 2,414 | Q5869405 | 26 | 3,886 | 26 | 4,299 | History of the European Coal and Steel Community (1945–1957) | Development of new Communities | force on 1958-01-01 establishing the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom). The latter body fostered co-operation in the nuclear field, at the time a very popular area, and the EEC was to create a full customs union between members. Louis Armand became the first President of Euratom Commission and Walter Hallstein became the first President of the EEC Commission. |
{"datasets_id": 2415, "wiki_id": "Q5869635", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 550} | 2,415 | Q5869635 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 550 | History of the Jews in Cincinnati | Arrival of British Jews | History of the Jews in Cincinnati Arrival of British Jews The first known Jew who settled in Cincinnati was Joseph Jonas, an English emigrant who arrived in the city via Philadelphia in 1817. Jonas, a young man, decided to leave his home in Exeter, England, with the avowed intention of settling in Cincinnati. Friends in Philadelphia originally endeavored to dissuade him from going to a place so isolated from all association with his coreligionists. However, Jonas reassured them that he would succeed. For the first two years, he was the only Jew in the Midwestern town.
In 1819, Jonas was joined |
{"datasets_id": 2415, "wiki_id": "Q5869635", "sp": 6, "sc": 550, "ep": 6, "ec": 1183} | 2,415 | Q5869635 | 6 | 550 | 6 | 1,183 | History of the Jews in Cincinnati | Arrival of British Jews | by three others, Lewis Cohen of London, Barnet Levi of Liverpool, and Jonas Levy of Exeter. On the High Holidays in the autumn of 1819, these four men, together with David Israel Johnson of Brookville, Indiana (a frontier trading-station), conducted the first Jewish service west of the Appalachians. Similar services were held for the next three years. Newcomers continued to arrive, the early settlers being mostly Jews from England.
The first Jewish child born in Cincinnati, Frederick A. Johnson (June 2, 1821), was the son of the above-mentioned David Israel Johnson and his wife, Eliza. This couple, also English, had |
{"datasets_id": 2415, "wiki_id": "Q5869635", "sp": 6, "sc": 1183, "ep": 6, "ec": 1730} | 2,415 | Q5869635 | 6 | 1,183 | 6 | 1,730 | History of the Jews in Cincinnati | Arrival of British Jews | removed to Cincinnati from Brookville, where they had first settled. The first couple to be married were Morris Symonds and Rebekah Hyams, whose wedding was celebrated on September 15, 1824. The first death in the community was that of Benjamin Leib (or Lape) in 1821. This man, who had not been known as a Jew, when he felt death to be approaching, asked that three of the Jewish residents of the town be called. He disclosed to them that he was a Jew. He had taken a Gentile spouse who was Noachide, and had reared his children as Noahides, but |
{"datasets_id": 2415, "wiki_id": "Q5869635", "sp": 6, "sc": 1730, "ep": 6, "ec": 2267} | 2,415 | Q5869635 | 6 | 1,730 | 6 | 2,267 | History of the Jews in Cincinnati | Arrival of British Jews | he begged to be buried as a Jew. There was no Jewish burial-ground in the town. The few Jews living in the city at once proceeded to acquire a small plot of ground to be used as a cemetery and buried him there. This plot, which was afterward enlarged and is known as the Old Jewish Cemetery, was used as the cemetery of the Jewish community until the year 1849, after the cholera epidemic. At present this cemetery (oldest west of the Alleghenies) is situated in the heart of the city, on Chestnut Street near Central Avenue, in the Old |
{"datasets_id": 2415, "wiki_id": "Q5869635", "sp": 6, "sc": 2267, "ep": 10, "ec": 590} | 2,415 | Q5869635 | 6 | 2,267 | 10 | 590 | History of the Jews in Cincinnati | Arrival of British Jews & Birth of Jewish institutions | West End. Birth of Jewish institutions There were not enough settlers to form a congregation until the year 1824, when the number of Jewish inhabitants of the town had reached about twenty. On January 4 of that year a preliminary meeting was held to consider the advisability of organizing a congregation. Two weeks later, on January 18, the Congregation Bene Israel was formally organized; those in attendance were Solomon Buckingham, David I. Johnson, Joseph Jonas, Samuel Jonas, Jonas Levy, Morris Moses, Phineas Moses, Simeon Moses, Solomon Moses, and Morris Symonds. On January 8, 1830, the Ohio General Assembly granted the |
{"datasets_id": 2415, "wiki_id": "Q5869635", "sp": 10, "sc": 590, "ep": 10, "ec": 1231} | 2,415 | Q5869635 | 10 | 590 | 10 | 1,231 | History of the Jews in Cincinnati | Birth of Jewish institutions | congregation a charter whereby it was incorporated under the laws of the state.
For twelve years, the congregation worshiped in a room rented for the purpose, but during all this time the small congregation was seeking to secure a permanent home. Appeals were made to Jewish congregations in various parts of the country. Philadelphia, Charleston, and New Orleans lent their assistance. Contributions were even received from Portsmouth, England, from where a number of Cincinnatians had emigrated, and from Barbados in the West Indies. On June 11, 1835, the cornerstone of the first synagogue was laid, and on September 9, 1836, the |
{"datasets_id": 2415, "wiki_id": "Q5869635", "sp": 10, "sc": 1231, "ep": 10, "ec": 1885} | 2,415 | Q5869635 | 10 | 1,231 | 10 | 1,885 | History of the Jews in Cincinnati | Birth of Jewish institutions | synagogue was dedicated with appropriate ceremonies. The members of the congregation had conducted the services up to this time. The first official reader was Joseph Samuels. He served a very short time, and was succeeded by Henry Harris, who was followed in 1838 by Hart Judah.
The first benevolent association in Cincinnati was organized in 1838 with Phineas Moses as president: its object was to assist needy coreligionists. The first religious school was established in 1842, Mrs. Louisa Symonds becoming its first superintendent. This school was short-lived. In 1845, a Talmud Torah school was established, which gave way the following year |
{"datasets_id": 2415, "wiki_id": "Q5869635", "sp": 10, "sc": 1885, "ep": 14, "ec": 8} | 2,415 | Q5869635 | 10 | 1,885 | 14 | 8 | History of the Jews in Cincinnati | Birth of Jewish institutions & Rabbi Isaac Wise | to the Hebrew Institute, established by James K. Gutheim. This also flourished but a short time; when Gutheim departed for New Orleans, the institute closed.
During the 1830s, quite a number of German Jews arrived in the city. On September 19, 1841, the B'nai Yeshurun congregation was organized by the Germans, and was incorporated under the laws of the state February 28, 1842. The first reader was Simon Bamberger. In 1847, James K. Gutheim was elected lecturer and reader of the congregation. He served till 1848, and was succeeded by H. A. Henry and A. Rosenfeld. Rabbi Isaac Wise In April |
{"datasets_id": 2415, "wiki_id": "Q5869635", "sp": 14, "sc": 8, "ep": 14, "ec": 659} | 2,415 | Q5869635 | 14 | 8 | 14 | 659 | History of the Jews in Cincinnati | Rabbi Isaac Wise | 1854, Isaac Mayer Wise became the first rabbi of the B'ne Yeshurun congregation. In that same year, Wise's brother-in-law, Edward Bloch, followed him to Cincinnati, collaborating on the production side of the The Israelite and eventually founding what at the time was the largest Jewish publisher in the country, Bloch Publishing Company.
The efforts of these men, aided by Max Lilienthal, who was hired by B'ne Israel the following year, and Jacob Ezekiel, who moved to Cincinnati in 1868 to assist Wise with his college project, made Cincinnati the intellectual capital of American Judaism. The first association of American synagogues, the |
{"datasets_id": 2415, "wiki_id": "Q5869635", "sp": 14, "sc": 659, "ep": 14, "ec": 1304} | 2,415 | Q5869635 | 14 | 659 | 14 | 1,304 | History of the Jews in Cincinnati | Rabbi Isaac Wise | Union of American Hebrew Congregations, was born in Cincinnati in 1873. The first Jewish institute of higher education, the Hebrew Union College, opened in 1875, followed by the Hebrew Sabbath-School Union in 1886 and the Central Conference of American Rabbis in 1889. Manischevitz, the first to automate matzoh baking, opened in 1888.
The Israelite began publication in 1854. After The Occident gave up in 1861 trying to replace the weekly Asmonean (ceased in 1858)
and returned to its monthly format, until 1875, when The Jewish Week appeared, The Israelite was the only Jewish weekly in the country. Like the Forverts later, |
{"datasets_id": 2415, "wiki_id": "Q5869635", "sp": 14, "sc": 1304, "ep": 14, "ec": 1936} | 2,415 | Q5869635 | 14 | 1,304 | 14 | 1,936 | History of the Jews in Cincinnati | Rabbi Isaac Wise | it published fiction and essays as well as news. Its only intellectual competitor, the monthly Occident, ceased in 1869. With its supplement in German, Die Deborah, The Israelite was the only bilingual Jewish publication in the United States.
The importance of Cincinnati for American Judaism at the time is somewhat obscured by subsequent developments. What happened in Cincinnati is thought of now as the birth of Reform Judaism in America, but at the time it was not so viewed. This was American Judaism, full stop. These were the only Jewish institutions. Wise was creating a Union of American Hebrew Congregations, not |
{"datasets_id": 2415, "wiki_id": "Q5869635", "sp": 14, "sc": 1936, "ep": 14, "ec": 2524} | 2,415 | Q5869635 | 14 | 1,936 | 14 | 2,524 | History of the Jews in Cincinnati | Rabbi Isaac Wise | the Union for Reform Judaism it later became. The first project of this "union" was the creation of the Hebrew Union College. It was no secret that there were more reform-minded rabbis and other more conservative rabbis, but they were all rabbis. American Judaism was not yet split into subgroupings (Reform, Conservative, etc.), nor was there a feeling that eventually it would be. To the contrary, Rabbi Wise wanted and worked for unity.
The deaths of Joseph Ezekiel in 1899 and Rabbi Wise in 1900 mark the end of the period. Bloch Publishing moved to New York City in 1901. In |
{"datasets_id": 2415, "wiki_id": "Q5869635", "sp": 14, "sc": 2524, "ep": 18, "ec": 108} | 2,415 | Q5869635 | 14 | 2,524 | 18 | 108 | History of the Jews in Cincinnati | Rabbi Isaac Wise & The Plum Street Temple | 1951, the UAHC (now called the Union for Reform Judaism) moved its headquarters to the demographic center of American Jewry in New York City. Under pressure from the great wave of Jewish immigrants from eastern Europe, where Jewish reform was almost unknown, Reform Judaism became much less audacious than it had been in Cincinnati in the 2nd half of the 19th century, when it was still reform and not Reform Judaism. And Jewish unity was gone, apparently for good. The Plum Street Temple In 1866, the congregation built the architecturally notable Plum Street Temple, as the Isaac M. Wise Temple. |
{"datasets_id": 2415, "wiki_id": "Q5869635", "sp": 18, "sc": 108, "ep": 22, "ec": 99} | 2,415 | Q5869635 | 18 | 108 | 22 | 99 | History of the Jews in Cincinnati | The Plum Street Temple & Educational work | Dr. Lilienthal died in office April 5, 1882. He was succeeded as rabbi of the Congregation B'ne Israel by Raphael Benjamin, who served till November 1888, when David Philipson, took charge of the congregation. Dr. Wise served as rabbi of the B'ne Yeshurun congregation till the day of his death, March 26, 1900, being succeeded by his associate, Louis Grossman. Dr. Grossman had been preceded as associate rabbi by Rabbi Charles S. Levi, who served from September 1889 to September 1898. Educational work The other congregations of the city, which continued to adhere to Orthodoxy, were the Adath Israel, |
{"datasets_id": 2415, "wiki_id": "Q5869635", "sp": 22, "sc": 99, "ep": 22, "ec": 743} | 2,415 | Q5869635 | 22 | 99 | 22 | 743 | History of the Jews in Cincinnati | Educational work | organized in 1847; the Ahabath Achim, organized in 1848; and the Sherith Israel, organized in 1855. There were also a number of smaller congregations. Each of these congregations conducted its own religious school, and there were also two free religious schools; one holding its sessions in the schoolrooms of the Mound Street Temple (B'ne Israel), and the other, conducted under the auspices of the local branch of the Council of Jewish Women, meeting at the Jewish Settlement. One of these congregations enjoys the distinction of having petitioned overseas halakhic authority Rabbi Naftali Zvi Yehuda Berlin regarding the appropriate manner |
{"datasets_id": 2415, "wiki_id": "Q5869635", "sp": 22, "sc": 743, "ep": 22, "ec": 1386} | 2,415 | Q5869635 | 22 | 743 | 22 | 1,386 | History of the Jews in Cincinnati | Educational work | in which to inaugurate a Torah scroll in the synagogue. [R. Berlin's response is published in his She'elot Uteshuvot Meshiv Davar, I, no. 16, and possesses practical halakhic ramifications until today, as explained by Rabbi J. David Bleich in the latter's Contemporary Halakhic Problems V, p. 386.]
A large Talmud Torah school was conducted by the Talmud Torah Association on Barr Street. Night classes for various English and industrial branches of study were a feature of the work of the Jewish Settlement. The Jewish Kitchen Garden Association conducted a large school for girls in the building of the United Jewish Charities every |
{"datasets_id": 2415, "wiki_id": "Q5869635", "sp": 22, "sc": 1386, "ep": 22, "ec": 2103} | 2,415 | Q5869635 | 22 | 1,386 | 22 | 2,103 | History of the Jews in Cincinnati | Educational work | Sunday morning, where instruction is given in dressmaking, millinery, housekeeping, cooking, stenography, typewriting, and allied subjects. An industrial school for girls was conducted during the summer months in the vestry-rooms of the Plum street temple (B'ne Yeshurun), and one for boys during the school year in the Ohio Mechanics Institute building. There was a training-school for nurses in connection with the Jewish Hospital.
The Jewish charities of Cincinnati were exceptionally well organized. All the relief and educational agencies joined their forces in April 1896, and formed the United Jewish Charities. This body comprised the following federated societies: Hebrew General Relief Association, |
{"datasets_id": 2415, "wiki_id": "Q5869635", "sp": 22, "sc": 2103, "ep": 22, "ec": 2754} | 2,415 | Q5869635 | 22 | 2,103 | 22 | 2,754 | History of the Jews in Cincinnati | Educational work | Jewish Ladies’ Sewing Society, Jewish Foster Home, Jewish Kitchen Garden Association, Boys’ Industrial School, Girls’ Industrial School, and Society for the Relief of Jewish Sick Poor. The United Charities also granted an annual subvention to the Denver Hospital for Consumptives and to the local Jewish Settlement Association. The seat of the National Jewish Charities is also in Cincinnati, where the national organization was called into being in May 1899. Besides the United Jewish Charities, Cincinnati supported the Jewish Hospital and the Home for the Jewish Aged and Infirm, and was one of the largest contributors to the Jewish Orphan Asylum |
{"datasets_id": 2415, "wiki_id": "Q5869635", "sp": 22, "sc": 2754, "ep": 22, "ec": 3378} | 2,415 | Q5869635 | 22 | 2,754 | 22 | 3,378 | History of the Jews in Cincinnati | Educational work | at Cleveland.
The Jews of Cincinnati participated actively in civic life and filled many local positions of trust, as well as state, judicial, and governmental offices. Henry Mack, Charles Fleischmann, James Brown, and Alfred M. Cohen were elected members of the State Senate, and Joseph Jonas, Jacob Wolf, Daniel Wolf, and Harry M. Hoffheimer served in the State House of Representatives. Jacob Shroder was judge of the court of common pleas for a number of years, and Frederick S. Spiegel held the same position as of 1902. Julius Fleischmann was the mayor of the city. Nathaniel Newburgh was appointed appraiser |
{"datasets_id": 2415, "wiki_id": "Q5869635", "sp": 22, "sc": 3378, "ep": 26, "ec": 104} | 2,415 | Q5869635 | 22 | 3,378 | 26 | 104 | History of the Jews in Cincinnati | Educational work & Newspapers | of merchandise by President Cleveland during his first administration, and Bernhard Bettmann was collector of internal revenue since 1897. Lewis S. Rosenstiel, a grandson of Frederick A. Johnson—the first Jew born in the city, was the founder and chairman of Schenley Industries and was the nation’s largest distiller for half of the twentieth-century.
In 1900, the estimated Jewish population of the city stood around 15,000, in a total population of 325,902.
By 2008, the estimated Jewish population of the Cincinnati metropolitan area stood around 27,000. Newspapers The second Jewish newspaper in the United States was the English-language The Israelite, established in |
{"datasets_id": 2415, "wiki_id": "Q5869635", "sp": 26, "sc": 104, "ep": 26, "ec": 705} | 2,415 | Q5869635 | 26 | 104 | 26 | 705 | History of the Jews in Cincinnati | Newspapers | Cincinnati in 1854. (The first was the Asmonean.) It was founded by Rabbi Wise and (after its initial issues, which were published by Charles F. Schmidt), it began to be published by Edward Bloch with the issue of July 27, 1855. Rabbi Wise also founded (and Bloch published) the German-language Die Deborah in 1855. The Israelite was renamed The American Israelite in 1874. Rabbi Wise’s son Leo Wise took over as its publisher from 1883–1884, and then he did so again, permanently, in 1888. The American Israelite still exists and is the longest-running Jewish newspaper in the United States. Another |
{"datasets_id": 2415, "wiki_id": "Q5869635", "sp": 26, "sc": 705, "ep": 30, "ec": 319} | 2,415 | Q5869635 | 26 | 705 | 30 | 319 | History of the Jews in Cincinnati | Newspapers & Businesses | newspaper, The Sabbath Visitor, established 1874, was discontinued in 1892.
The "Every Friday" newspaper was an Anglo-Jewish newspaper of Jewish affairs, founded and published by Mr. Samuel M. Schmidt in the Cincinnati area between 1927 through 1965. It was considered by most to be a newspaper for the Orthodox Jews in Cincinnati and surrounding areas. Businesses The B. Manischewitz Company, LLC was founded by Rabbi Dov Behr Manischewitz, in Cincinnati in 1888. Their original product, the square matzah, revolutionized matzoh making. Previously matzot were hand rolled and trimmed.
In the late 1800s Jewish Russian immigrant David Kadetz settled in Cincinnati, and offered |
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