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{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 14, "sc": 2261, "ep": 14, "ec": 2854} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 14 | 2,261 | 14 | 2,854 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | German South Sea Company for Wireless Telegraphy | the wireless station was provided noting that about 100 acres had been acquired by the German Government from native owners. The land was now dealt with as being owned by the Administration. In October 1913, the steamer Ellerlie brought news to Sydney that the Nauru wireless station was completed at the end of last month, and a wireless expert had taken up his residence on the island.
The official commencement of service of the Nauru station was advised as 1 December 1913. The immediate commercial value of the Nauru wireless station was apparent with the receipt in Sydney of a |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 14, "sc": 2854, "ep": 14, "ec": 3483} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 14 | 2,854 | 14 | 3,483 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | German South Sea Company for Wireless Telegraphy | wireless message from Nauru advising that the Norwegian steamer Frithjof was to leave there yesterday for Sydney with a full cargo of phosphates. Proof of the efficient operation of the Nauru wireless station, as well as its strategic value was provided in a note that in November 1913, the German cruiser Nuernberg, when in far eastern waters, succeeded in achieving some remarkable results as regards long distance communication by wireless. Communication with Nauru was established over 5000 nautical miles while the cruiser was in the Bismarck Archipelago. In May 1914 the Nauru wireless station played a part in salvage and |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 14, "sc": 3483, "ep": 18, "ec": 23} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 14 | 3,483 | 18 | 23 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | German South Sea Company for Wireless Telegraphy & World War I | rescue operations of the SS Cairnhill when it snapped a propeller shaft 4 days out from Nauru with a full load of phosphate. The Australian Postmaster-General's Department announced acceptance of telegraphic traffic for Nauru on 21 May 1914. In a press report of 6 June 1914, the arrival of Telefunken's Herman Kaspar in Sydney was announced, stating that he would be departing in about three weeks time to inspect the Nauru station. Australasian Wireless (the Australian Telefunken agent) as now merged with the Marconi company and had strong interest in merchant shipping wireless fitouts. World War I The strategic potential |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 18, "sc": 23, "ep": 18, "ec": 627} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 18 | 23 | 18 | 627 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | World War I | of the wireless station was demonstrated at the outbreak of WW1, when the high power wireless station at Nauru enabled the Germans to take precautionary measures long before the British in the Pacific Islands knew of the true position. Small German steamers were despatched from Nauru, and these carried news of the war to the Germans in the Marshall Islands and the outlying Caroline Islands. The British Induna which was going her usual round in the Marshall Islands and a Japanese steamer were seized by a German warship before the merchant vessels gained any knowledge of the war.
At dawn on |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 18, "sc": 627, "ep": 18, "ec": 1272} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 18 | 627 | 18 | 1,272 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | World War I | 11 September, a landing party of 21 sailors from one of the Australian war ships, under the command of Lieutenant-Commander Bloomfield, Lieutenant Cooper and Engineer-Lieutenant Creswell, and Staff-Surgeon Brennand, who acted as interpreter, effected a landing on the island of Nauru without any opposition. In fact, none was expected, as the island is neither fortified nor garrisoned. Possession was then taken, and two wireless operators were arrested. The wireless station, one of the most powerful in the German Pacific chain, and erected at a cost of £25,000, was destroyed. After the station had been destroyed a cruiser cleared out with |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 18, "sc": 1272, "ep": 18, "ec": 1914} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 18 | 1,272 | 18 | 1,914 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | World War I | the two operators as prisoners.
(Note: "Destroyed" needs further research / explanation. Possibly the mast was left intact but the transmission equipment removed)
An interesting, if unverified, addition to the story was (reported after the conclusion of WW1), that the Germans hid all the essential parts of the wireless plant in a big cave on the island. The entrance to this cave was afterwards closed and hidden with rubbish. Unfortunately, a dog watched their work, and when the Australians landed on the island this animal led them to the concealed cave, where it commenced to dig vigorously. The excited animal was soon |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 18, "sc": 1914, "ep": 18, "ec": 2575} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 18 | 1,914 | 18 | 2,575 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | World War I | assisted by a band of helpers, who uncovered the opening and located the missing parts.
In a publication dated May 1915, "List of Radio Stations of the World" by Frank A. Hart (Chief Inspector, Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company of America) and H. M. Short (Resident Inspector (U.S.A.), Marconi International Marine Communication Co., Ltd.), the coastal wireless station at Nauru is listed under Marshall Islands with Callsign KBN but no technical details. Control is stated as "Operated and controlled by the Deutsche Sudsee-gesellschaft fur drahtlose Telegraphic, A. G., Berlin, Germany." The authors would have been aware that the station was now in |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 18, "sc": 2575, "ep": 18, "ec": 3174} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 18 | 2,575 | 18 | 3,174 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | World War I | possession of Australia, however the US at that stage was still neutral and protocol would likely require pre-War status to be reflected. Australia would not have made use of the German callsign series and it is likely that use of the VKT callsign was implemented soon after the capture.
On 16 January 1915, soon after the recapture of Nauru from the Japanese, The Herald (Melbourne) reported that the Nauru wireless station had been reopened. On 18 January 1915, The Sun provided further detail in that the service is limited at present, and is subject to delays, also that traffic will be |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 18, "sc": 3174, "ep": 22, "ec": 201} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 18 | 3,174 | 22 | 201 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | World War I & Postmaster-General's Department, Australia (1) | confined at present to messages to and from the Commonwealth, no messages being exchanged with ship stations. Despite WW1 continuing to rage in Europe, the situation in the Pacific had stabilised to the point where Australia sought tenders for a regular merchant shipping service including Nauru in February 1915. It was specified that all ships must be equipped with wireless telegraphy. Postmaster-General's Department, Australia (1) In a long report describing life and conditions at Nauru in April 1921, brief reference is made to the ongoing wireless facilities:
Away up on a hill about a mile and a quarter distant from the |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 22, "sc": 201, "ep": 24, "ec": 20} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 22 | 201 | 24 | 20 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | Postmaster-General's Department, Australia (1) & Amalgamated Wireless (A/asia) | Phosphate Co.'s settlement, is the famous Telefunken high-power wireless station, which keeps in daily touch with the world in general. Daily bulletins of war news used to be issued by the officer in charge to residents, free of charge. The chief engineer of the station is another West Australian named Caisley, who worked his way up from a private to the position he now occupies. The wireless mast at Nauru is much about the same height as the one at Applecross, and can be seen by ships at sea for hours before the island itself comes into view. Amalgamated Wireless |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 24, "sc": 20, "ep": 26, "ec": 623} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 24 | 20 | 26 | 623 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | Amalgamated Wireless (A/asia) | (A/asia) A single set of test transmissions using wireless telephony between Nauru and Ocean Island was undertaken in January 1923:
RADIO TELEPHONY. IN USE AT NAURU PROSPHATES FOR 200 YEARS. Talking by wireless telephone, Mr. H. B. Pope, Australian Commissioner on the British Phosphate Commission, was distinctly heard at Nauru Island from Ocean Island, and vice versa, and through receiving sets 1600 miles away. Mr. Pope and Mr. A. F. Ellis, New Zealand's member of the commission, are in Sydney conferring as to development of the phosphate industry. During his last visit to the islands, Mr. Pope was accompanied by Mr. |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 26, "sc": 623, "ep": 26, "ec": 1299} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 26 | 623 | 26 | 1,299 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | Amalgamated Wireless (A/asia) | Hoskines, a special officer sent by courtesy of Amalgamated Wireless, Ltd. They took a wireless telephony set on the Nauru Chief, and found it so successful that the establishment of wireless telephone stations on the two islands is contemplated, radio telephony having proved so much in advance of radio telegraphy.
The News (Hobart) reported in May 1925 upon what is believed to be the first installation of wireless telephony facilities at Nauru:
A half K.W. wireless telephony set recently supplied by Amalgamated Wireless (Australasia) Limited to the British Phosphate Commission at Nauru, is giving exceptionally good results. Reports to hand state that |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 26, "sc": 1299, "ep": 26, "ec": 1917} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 26 | 1,299 | 26 | 1,917 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | Amalgamated Wireless (A/asia) | tests between the set at Nauru and the radio station at Bita Paka (Rabaul). a distance of nearly 900 miles, resulted in good speech both ways during daylight.
It should be noted that this facility was not administratively part of the existing Coastal Radio station VKT (a public traffic facility), but rather a private operation, solely for the use of the British Phosphate Commission with the licence being held by the Administrator of Nauru. It is not known whether the two facilities were co-located with VKT.
There were few English language stations to listen to at night on Nauru and the wireless |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 26, "sc": 1917, "ep": 26, "ec": 2531} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 26 | 1,917 | 26 | 2,531 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | Amalgamated Wireless (A/asia) | officers would have appreciated the strong new signals from 4QG Brisbane when it increased power from 500 watts to 5 kW in March 1926:
For Wireless Fans. 4QG. MORE EXCELLENT REPORTS. ON NEW POWER RESULTS. During the weekend further reports of reception from the new station (4QG) came to hand from many parts of Australia. So heavy was the mail received that it was found necessary to employ the full clerical staff on Saturday and Sunday, acknowledging by card the various telegrams and letters. Sunday's full programme was transmitted on high power, and was the first daylight test from the new station. |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 26, "sc": 2531, "ep": 26, "ec": 3171} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 26 | 2,531 | 26 | 3,171 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | Amalgamated Wireless (A/asia) | Yesterday telegrams from the north and western portions of Queensland reported excellent results, and from Sydney and Melbourne clear reception was also reported. As reported in yesterday's "Standard," the wireless officer of steamer Makambo, which at the time was off the New Hebrides, radiogramed station 4QG on Sunday night, to the effect that he was receiving the band concert very clearly, and at great volume, on a single valve set. The radio station at Nauru also wirelessed a report yesterday stating that 4QG was being received at maximum strength.
In October 1926, the RAAF was anticipating major growth in aerial traffic |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 26, "sc": 3171, "ep": 26, "ec": 3787} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 26 | 3,171 | 26 | 3,787 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | Amalgamated Wireless (A/asia) | in the Australian territories of the SW Pacific. A full survey of all facilities was undertaken by Group-captain Williams and his staff with a view to assisting with aeronautical navigation:
AID TO AVIATION. The survey of the mandated territory now being made by Group-captain Williams and staff of the Royal Australian Air Force, directs attention to the advantage of wireless to aviation, and the important part it is bound to play in the development of aerial services in the immediate future. As a matter of fact, wireless forms the only means of communication between many of the islands of the Pacific |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 26, "sc": 3787, "ep": 26, "ec": 4420} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 26 | 3,787 | 26 | 4,420 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | Amalgamated Wireless (A/asia) | now under the suzerainty of Australia and the outside world. There are in all seventeen commercial and four private wireless stations in the islands adjacent to the Australian coast. In the Australian mandated territory of New Guinea there are seven radio stations controlled and operated by Amalgamated Wireless (Australasia), Limited. These are situated at Rabaul, Morobe, Madang, Aitape, Manus, Kavieng, and Kieta. There are two stations in the British Solomon islands, one at Tulagi and the other at Ocean Island, both of which are operated under the control of the British High Commissioner at Suva. The station in the mandated |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 26, "sc": 4420, "ep": 26, "ec": 5031} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 26 | 4,420 | 26 | 5,031 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | Amalgamated Wireless (A/asia) | island of Nauru is controlled by the Administrator of Nauru, who also controls a private station on that island. The Japanese Government controls radio stations at the following points in the Japanese mandated territory of the Caroline Islands:— Truk, Ponape, Jaluit, Saipan, Yap, Paloa, and Angaur Island. A private radio station at Roviana is operated by Rev. Mr. Goldie, of the Solomon Islands Methodist Mission. A private station at Tarawa is operated by Burns, Philp, and Co., Ltd.; and one at Vanikoro is operated by the San Cristobal Estates, Tulagi. The station at Rabaul ranks as a high power station, |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 26, "sc": 5031, "ep": 26, "ec": 5659} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 26 | 5,031 | 26 | 5,659 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | Amalgamated Wireless (A/asia) | and it receives and transmits all the traffic between Australia and the north and west Pacific Islands, including those of the British Solomons and the mandated territory of Japan in the Caroline Islands. This station was originally erected by Germany, and was captured by the Australians in 1914 under romantic and exciting circumstances. It has been remodelled on the lines of the stations controlled by Amalgamated Wireless, Limited, and is capable of handling almost continuous news and commercial traffic. It will thus be seen that Captain Williams will not be out of touch with headquarters at Melbourne during the period |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 26, "sc": 5659, "ep": 26, "ec": 6320} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 26 | 5,659 | 26 | 6,320 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | Amalgamated Wireless (A/asia) | of his survey unless there should be a mishap to his wireless apparatus. His trip will do much to emphasise the commercial importance of radio in the development of the resources of the Pacific islands, as well as the more remote portions of the Australian continent.
This report makes clear the two distinct lines of control for the public traffic coastal station VKT and the BPC's private traffic station.
Wireless telephony was used in smaller vessels due to its lesser requirements for operating skill, illustrated by the March 1935 report in the Labor Daily (Sydney):
The British Phosphate Commissioners' new motor vessel Triaster, |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 26, "sc": 6320, "ep": 26, "ec": 6966} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 26 | 6,320 | 26 | 6,966 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | Amalgamated Wireless (A/asia) | which has started on her maiden voyage to Australia, was in touch, by short wave radio, with the Sydney station of Amalgamated Wireless yesterday from the Bay of Biscay. In view of the circumstances of the phosphate trade, the Triaster has been fitted with facilities for wireless telephony which enables the captain to communicate with his offices at Nauru and Ocean Island.
In May 1935, following the "King's Speech," the Nauruan branch of the Royal Empire Society participated in an empire-wide expression of loyalty, whereby all Society branches despatched messages gathered together by the Sydney coastal station VIS which were then |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 26, "sc": 6966, "ep": 26, "ec": 7567} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 26 | 6,966 | 26 | 7,567 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | Amalgamated Wireless (A/asia) | forwarded in facsimile form by the Beam Wireless station and delivered in the United Kingdom:
LOYALTY. JUBILEE ADDRESS. EMPIRE CIRCLE. WONDER OF RADIO. BEFORE its transmission to London by Beam Wireless in facsimile early this morning, the Royal Empire Society's Jubilee address to the King had already circled the Empire — a snowball of goodwill gathering loyal greetings as it travelled. It was a message from an Empire, linked not only by the common bonds of kinship, but by the wonders of modern communication — a message that united East and West, the old world and the new, in a tribute |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 26, "sc": 7567, "ep": 26, "ec": 8158} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 26 | 7,567 | 26 | 8,158 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | Amalgamated Wireless (A/asia) | of loyalty to the British Throne. From Sydney to Rabaul, to Hongkong and the East, to Alexandria via India, to Durban and London, and back to Sydney via New Zealand, the message had flashed, returning by picturegram transmission to London this morning. From the New South Wales branch of the Royal Empire Society the idea of the "Around the Empire" message — a striking commentary on the advance made in Empire communication during the King's reign — originated. A message was prepared, with the signature of the president (Sir Hugh Denison) attached, and by means of radio, cable and other |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 26, "sc": 8158, "ep": 26, "ec": 8821} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 26 | 8,158 | 26 | 8,821 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | Amalgamated Wireless (A/asia) | means of communication was started out on its long journey round the world. Endorsed By Empire At each Empire centre where the message was received it was endorsed by the following representatives of the Royal Empire Society:— Dr. W. N. Robertson (Brisbane), Sir James W. Barrett (Melbourne), Sir Henry S. Newland (Adelaide), Gordon Thomas (Rabaul), Hon. Sir H. E. Pollock (Hongkong), G. A. Bambridge (Madras), J. A. Tarbat (Colombo), Lieutenant-Colonel J. B. Barron (Alexandria), J. R. T. Cramp-ton (Durban), Professor Sir Augustus Bartolo (Malta), Arthur O. Carrara (Gibraltar), Sir Archibald Weigall, K.C.M.G. (Chairman of the council, London), W. Tees Curren |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 26, "sc": 8821, "ep": 26, "ec": 9469} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 26 | 8,821 | 26 | 9,469 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | Amalgamated Wireless (A/asia) | (Montreal), G. Kingsley-Roth (Suva), Professor F. P. Worley (Auckland) , A. E. Flower (Christchurch), Rupert C. Garsia (Nauru). On reaching Sydney again, the messages were assembled and transmitted by Beam Wireless in facsimile to Buckingham Palace. The message reads as follows:— May it please Your Majesty, the fellows of the Royal Empire Society, assembled in their respective domiciles throughout Your Majesty's Empire, pray Your Majesty to accept this expression of their deep affection and unswerving loyalty. They rejoice with all your subjects on the occasion of Your Majesty's Silver Jubilee, and pray that you may long reign over us. The |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 26, "sc": 9469, "ep": 26, "ec": 10042} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 26 | 9,469 | 26 | 10,042 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | Amalgamated Wireless (A/asia) | invisible bonds of kinship which bind the people of the Empire as one family in common allegiance to the Crown have been knit closer by the development of wireless, which has progressed during Your Majesty's reign to the extent of enabling your subjects, wherever they may be, to hear Your Majesty's voice. When this telegram, originating in the southern seas on the sixth day of May, 1935, will have reached Your Majesty it will have been transmitted around the Empire and will have been endorsed on behalf of the fellows by a representative of the society in each of the |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 26, "sc": 10042, "ep": 26, "ec": 10726} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 26 | 10,042 | 26 | 10,726 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | Amalgamated Wireless (A/asia) | places named hereunder, the messages having been assembled and transmitted from Australia to England by Beam Wireless facsimile. Ever Your Majesty's faithful subjects nineteen thirty-five. The success of the experiment was made possible by the cooperation with the society with the deputy-general manager of A.W.A. (Mr. L. A. Hooke), who supervised the technical arrangements. The telegrams and facsimile transmission were sent by courtesy of Amalgamated Wireless (Australasia), Ltd., and Cable and Wireless, Ltd.
On 2 July 1937, the Nauru coastal radio station VKT was the second last station to hear aviatrix Amelia Earhart and aviation navigator Fred Noonan on their final |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 26, "sc": 10726, "ep": 26, "ec": 11310} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 26 | 10,726 | 26 | 11,310 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | Amalgamated Wireless (A/asia) | attempt to cross the Pacific, before the plane disappeared in the vicinity of Howland Island:
Their one year old plane was a modified version of the new Lockheed Electra 10E. The shiny body was formed from a new aluminum alloy, the two wings were painted a strong red, and the identification number NR16020 was screened in bold black lettering under the left wing, on top of the right wing, and also upon the tail. This trustworthy plane had been almost completely readied for the long haul flight on Thursday, and now on Friday morning the two aviators attended to the final |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 26, "sc": 11310, "ep": 26, "ec": 11937} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 26 | 11,310 | 26 | 11,937 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | Amalgamated Wireless (A/asia) | last minute preparations. The two major items of radio equipment aboard the Electra were a standard 12 volt aircraft transmitter and a separate receiver, both manufactured by Western Electric. The three channel transmitter, model number WE13C, was rated at 50 watts, and it was factory adjusted for use on 500 kHz, 3105 kHz and 6210 kHz, for communication in both voice and Morse Code. The official American callsign was KHAQQ. The aircraft receiver, model WE20B, was a regular 4 band aircraft receiver, for reception on longwave, mediumwave, tropical shortwave and international shortwave. The main antenna was a V doublet on |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 26, "sc": 11937, "ep": 26, "ec": 12491} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 26 | 11,937 | 26 | 12,491 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | Amalgamated Wireless (A/asia) | top of the plane, with stubby masts above the fuselage and on top of the twin tails. Another main antenna was a long trailing wire underneath the plane that needed to be unrolled and deployed when in use. However, it appears that this antenna had been removed before their departure from Lae, either accidentally or intentionally. . . . At 10:30 GMT during the dark hours of the Pacific night, that is 10-1/2 hours out from Lae, Amelia radioed that she saw the lights of a ship, which happened to be the Myrtlebank, en route from Auckland New Zealand to |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 26, "sc": 12491, "ep": 26, "ec": 13158} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 26 | 12,491 | 26 | 13,158 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | Amalgamated Wireless (A/asia) | the isolated island of Nauru. Communication station VKT on Nauru heard the call and responded, but apparently Amelia never heard this confirmation call.
The Daily Commercial News and Shipping List (Sydney) in a prophetic call for development of a Nauru emergency evacuation plan, made disparaging reference to the current state of the wireless station (noting that the plan sought only to address the European community on the island):
NAURU. Nauru Island is a mandated territory, the mandate of which is divided between Great Britain, Australia and New Zealand. Since the mandate went into effect it has practically been controlled by the Australian |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 26, "sc": 13158, "ep": 26, "ec": 13761} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 26 | 13,158 | 26 | 13,761 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | Amalgamated Wireless (A/asia) | Government, neither of the other mandatory parties interfering. Replying to a question in the House of Representatives yesterday, a question placed by the Deputy Leader of the Opposition, Mr. Forde, the Prime Minister stated that plans were being formulated to protect the inhabitants of the island of Nauru, in the event of an emergency. It can well be understood that this small community would be in serious danger of being cut off, captured, bombarded, bombed or other incidents of war, with little hope of relief at that distance and with only a very imperfect wireless station on the island, kept |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 26, "sc": 13761, "ep": 30, "ec": 336} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 26 | 13,761 | 30 | 336 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | Amalgamated Wireless (A/asia) & World War II | going only by the careful nursing of the wireless operator attached to it. Plans, therefore, for the evacuation, any how of the women and children, from the island should be a matter of some consideration to the higher authorities responsible for the mandate. World War II On 8 December 1940, the Nauruan wireless station kept Australian authorities informed of the shelling of a merchant ship with visual reports from the island:
SHELLING SEEN FROM SHORE. Mr. Hughes summarised the reports as follows:— "On Sunday morning last a vessel was sighted on fire shortly after daylight. She was a few miles |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 30, "sc": 336, "ep": 30, "ec": 905} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 30 | 336 | 30 | 905 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | World War II | off shore, awaiting favourable weather to proceed into port to load. Visibility was bad at the time, and shortly after she was seen the vessel was obscured from the shore. In spite of a careful watch being kept, nothing further was seen until the afternoon, when the weather cleared, and a ship was seen to be on fire some distance from the land. Another vessel was in her vicinity, and was apparently firing on her. Both vessels disappeared from view shortly afterwards. A number of other vessels was known to be in the vicinity of the island the unfavourable weather |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 30, "sc": 905, "ep": 30, "ec": 1498} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 30 | 905 | 30 | 1,498 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | World War II | having caused an unusual concentration of shipping awaiting an opportunity to proceed to loading berths. On receipt of the reports from Nauru, all shipping in the area was instructed to disperse and make for other ports." NO REPORTS FROM OTHER SHIPS "Since the incidents seen from Nauru on Sunday, no further ships have been sighted from the island, which has been in continuous wireless communication with the mainland. This, however, was to be expected in view of the instructions to shipping to give the island a wide berth. The fact that nothing has been heard from the ships concerned is |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 30, "sc": 1498, "ep": 30, "ec": 2115} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 30 | 1,498 | 30 | 2,115 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | World War II | not necessarily of significance, as they would not use their wireless for fear of giving their positions away to any possible enemy. Information is likely to be received from them when they reach another port. Such information is now awaited."
Within a week of the reported shelling it was confirmed that all 5 merchant vessels that had been in the immediate vicinity of the island of Nauru at the time of the shelling, were lost, either sunk or captured.
The wireless station played a role (if passive one) in the first German attack on Nauru:
HOW RAIDER ATTACKED NAURU. Made Signal, "Do Not |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 30, "sc": 2115, "ep": 30, "ec": 2687} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 30 | 2,115 | 30 | 2,687 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | World War II | Use Wireless" SYDNEY, December 28.— In a statement this afternoon Mr. Hughes said, "Later reports from Nauru describing the attack on the island on the morning of December 27 state that an enemy raider bearing a Japanese name arrived off the island shortly before daybreak and signalled the island by name with a Morse lamp. "The enemy then signalled Nauru, 'Do not use your wireless or I shall shoot the mast down. I am going to shoot at the phosphate loading jetties in order to save the destruction of human life and property.' "The instruction not to use the wireless |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 30, "sc": 2687, "ep": 30, "ec": 3292} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 30 | 2,687 | 30 | 3,292 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | World War II | was complied with and at 6.40 a.m., Nauru local time, the raider opened fire on the essential potash store and loading gear, the cantilever loading jetty, all the oil storage tanks and cantilever shore storage.
"The mooring gear, store and other phosphate buildings were shelled at close range but the mooring buoys were destroyed by pompom fire. The oil fuel tanks were still burning last night. The wireless station, however, remains intact as also does the power station. Private houses were not fired on. "It is now stated by Nauru that the raider hoisted the Nazi flag before opening fire." |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 30, "sc": 3292, "ep": 30, "ec": 3937} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 30 | 3,292 | 30 | 3,937 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | World War II | Mr. Hughes added that this confirmed the suspicion that the raider got within safe range and ascertained that no war ships were in the vicinity before revealing its identity.
In April 1941, following the release of a New Zealand report into merchant shipping losses made allegations against the Nauran wireless officers, but shortly thereafter greatly moderated the charges:
HUGHES' SPY CHARGE. From Our Special Representative. CANBERRA, Wednesday. "The suggestion that spies are not at Nauru is one which, in view of all that has come and gone, I cannot entertain," said the Minister for the Navy (Mr. W. M. Hughes) to-day. The |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 30, "sc": 3937, "ep": 30, "ec": 4554} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 30 | 3,937 | 30 | 4,554 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | World War II | Minister's statement was inspired by the report of the Royal Commission which inquired in New Zealand into the sinking of the Holmwood, Rangitane, Komata and the Vinni, and the Commission's criticism of the "inexplicable failure of the Nauru Island authorities to issue a warning." Earlier today Mr. Hughes had said that when the wholesale sinkings of merchant ships occurred off Nauru last December, there were on the island some spies, traitors, or paid agents of Germany or of whatever Power was responsible for the sinkings. This, he said, was the only explanation for the failure of the Nauru Island authorities |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 30, "sc": 4554, "ep": 30, "ec": 5142} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 30 | 4,554 | 30 | 5,142 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | World War II | to give warning of the approach of a ship using the Japanese flag as a disguise. "We have made inquiries, and that is the only explanation," he declared. Later this afternoon Mr. Hughes made the following statement:— "Sound And Loyal" "The inquiry which I mentioned this morning was made by an officer of the Navy Department who was sent to Nauru for the purpose. He interrogated various people concerned. "The result was that he could discover nothing to suggest that anything was wrong with the wireless people at Nauru. "But it was conceivable, according to the report, that a leakage |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 30, "sc": 5142, "ep": 30, "ec": 5759} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 30 | 5,142 | 30 | 5,759 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | World War II | of information arose out of messages sent by Bentley's code on behalf of the Phosphate Commission. This would be enough to indicate what shipping movements were going on. "Then, again, the issue of meteorological reports to the effect that westerly winds were blowing would indicate that ships were lying off the island. "Our inquiries go to show that the personnel of the wireless station was competent, sound and loyal. "Message Delayed" "Further, as to whether the people were negligent in not keeping watch for signals, the report of the Triadic's distress signal was actually heard at Ocean island. The operator |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 30, "sc": 5759, "ep": 30, "ec": 6312} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 30 | 5,759 | 30 | 6,312 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | World War II | on watch at the time seems to have been incompetent, since he took no steps to broadcast this message immediately. "It was not until an hour later that he attempted to pass on a garbled version of the message to Suva radio. This is confirmed by the New Zealand officer who investigated the matter." Mr. Hughes said he thought it right to supplement this report by repeating what the captain of the Rangitane had said to him during his recent visit to Australia. When the captain on the raider intimated to the captain of the Rangitane that he was going |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 30, "sc": 6312, "ep": 30, "ec": 6886} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 30 | 6,312 | 30 | 6,886 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | World War II | to Nauru again, the captain of the Rangitane expressed the opinion that the cruisers would have been warned, and that the raider would be running into trouble. The captain of the raider said, "Oh, that is all right. Everything has been fixed." "The captain of the Rangitane took that to mean that effective warnings of the former visit of the raider had not been broadcast," Mr. Hughes said. "Greatly Impressed" "I know nothing of the thing myself, but I was greatly impressed with what the captain of the Rangitane said. "He was a man of excellent reputation in command of |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 30, "sc": 6886, "ep": 30, "ec": 7447} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 30 | 6,886 | 30 | 7,447 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | World War II | a ship of 17,000 tons, and I could not but believe that he was repeating what he had heard the captain of the raider say." Asked how this information affected his statement made earlier today in which he referred to spies, traitors and paid agents at Nauru, Mr. Hughes said: "I expressed my opinion. It would appear that the suspicions I entertained in regard to the negligence or incompetence of the wireless operators at Nauru are not confirmed. I spoke at the time as I felt, but that there has been negligence — although in another quarter, at Ocean Island |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 30, "sc": 7447, "ep": 30, "ec": 8028} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 30 | 7,447 | 30 | 8,028 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | World War II | — has been abundantly proved." "But what about the spies you mentioned?" he was asked. "If you ask me that," said Mr. Hughes, "I will ask you, 'Where is there a country where spies are not to be found working tirelessly in the interests of our great enemy?' " "The suggestion that spies are not at Nauru is one which, in view of all that has come and gone, I cannot entertain."
A few days later the professional Radio Employees' Institute expressed clear support for the reputation of the radio officer of the Nauru coastal radio station:
RADIO MEN FIRM IN LOYALTY |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 30, "sc": 8028, "ep": 30, "ec": 8638} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 30 | 8,028 | 30 | 8,638 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | World War II | Mr. L. A. McPherson, general secretary of the Professional Radio Employees' Institute, writes:— "The governing council of the Professional Radio Employee' Institute of Australasia has considered a Press report of a statement made by the Minister for the Navy (Mr. Hughes) in regard to the sinkings of merchant vessels which occurred off Nauru in December last. It was felt that the reference to the radio staff at Nauru constituted a most unjust attack on a member of this institute, and might well lead the public to suspect the loyalty of professional men engaged in providing services, which in the present |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 30, "sc": 8638, "ep": 30, "ec": 9262} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 30 | 8,638 | 30 | 9,262 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | World War II | emergency are of special importance and involve the strictest confidence and discretion." "At this meeting," Mr. McPherson said, "the following resolution was carried unanimously:— "That this Council views with deep concern and resentment the reported statement of the Minister for the Navy (Mr. W. M. Hughes) that 'spies, traitors or paid agents were either in charge of the Nauru wireless or in a position to influence personnel.' This statement places a member of the Institute under suspicion of treachery, and we consider that, in justice to this man whose loyalty has been impugned, and in justice to other members of |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 30, "sc": 9262, "ep": 30, "ec": 9868} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 30 | 9,262 | 30 | 9,868 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | World War II | the Institute who, on land, sea and in the air, are performing services of great national importance, Mr. Hughes should either withdraw his statement or announce that he has been misquoted, and that no stigma attaches to the officer in charge of Nauru radio station." STAFF EXONERATED "Mr. Hughes has since indicated that the report of the naval officer who conducted an investigation at Nauru completely exonerated the radio station staff. He did little, however, to make amends for the injury to the reputation of a thoroughly trustworthy officer. "I shall be pleased if you will publish this letter for |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 30, "sc": 9868, "ep": 30, "ec": 10461} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 30 | 9,868 | 30 | 10,461 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | World War II | the information of those members of the public who have been misled by the earlier report."
The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbour and Hawaii of 8 December 1941, that immediately brought the United States into WW2, is well known. But in the hours immediately following there were numerous other attacks across the Pacific and south-east Asia. Nauru itself was bombed at this time. On 9 December 1941, the New Zealand Government reported that Nauru had been bombed for a second time. On 10 December 1941, Nauru was bombed for a third time by a single aircraft, according to a BBC report. |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 30, "sc": 10461, "ep": 30, "ec": 11053} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 30 | 10,461 | 30 | 11,053 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | World War II | A fourth bombing raid was reported summarily with a prophetic reference to possibility of Japanese occupation:
FOUR AIR ATTACKS ON NAURU. Four separate raids have been made on Nauru Island by Japanese aeroplanes, according to official advices received in Melbourne. These may be based in the mandated Caroline Islands about 300 miles distant. First raid was made on Monday when one of the attackers was reported to be a 4-engined bomber. The second was made by one plane, the third by 2, and the fourth on Thursday by 3 planes. Extent of the damage has not been disclosed and no loss |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 30, "sc": 11053, "ep": 30, "ec": 11670} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 30 | 11,053 | 30 | 11,670 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | World War II | of life has been reported.
Because of the repeated attacks it is feared that an effort may be made by Japanese to take possession of the island although no information has been received of any attempt to make a landing.
All the newspaper reports of the day were silent as to the target of the bombing raids, but it later became clear that the focus had been on the wireless station itself and that the station had been destroyed:
Japanese forces launched simultaneous attacks against US, Australian, British and Dutch forces, on 8 December 1941 (7 December in the w:western hemisphere). That |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 30, "sc": 11670, "ep": 30, "ec": 12274} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 30 | 11,670 | 30 | 12,274 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | World War II | same day, a Japanese surveillance aircraft was sighted above Nauru. The first attack took place on 9 December; three planes flying from the w:Marshall Islands bombed the wireless station at Nauru, but failed to cause any damage. The Nauruans, warned by observers on Ocean Island 350 kilometres (189 nmi; 217 mi) to the east, managed to seek shelter before the attack. The following day, another plane made a second attempt on the radio station. The third day, four planes made a low-altitude strike and finally destroyed it. During these three days, 51 bombs were dropped on or close to the station. The |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 30, "sc": 12274, "ep": 30, "ec": 12924} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 30 | 12,274 | 30 | 12,924 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | World War II | governor of the island, Lieutenant-Colonel Frederick Chalmers, sent a message to w:Canberra stating that he thought the Japanese had not destroyed phosphate production facilities because they intended to occupy the island for its resources. All maritime contact with the rest of the world was interrupted.
It is interesting to note that there do not appear to have been any contemporaneous Australian newspaper reports of the occupation on Nauru by Japanese forces:
Operation RY was the name given by the Japanese to their plan to invade and occupy Nauru and Ocean Island. The operation was originally set to be executed in May 1942, |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 30, "sc": 12924, "ep": 30, "ec": 13564} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 30 | 12,924 | 30 | 13,564 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | World War II | immediately following Operation MO (the invasion of New Guinea and the Solomon Islands), and before Operation MI (the attack on Midway).
The first attempt to occupy Nauru began on 11 May, when an Imperial Japanese invasion force consisting of a cruiser, two mine-layers and two destroyers, with Special Naval Landing Force units, under the command of Rear Admiral Shima Kiyohide, departed Rabaul. The task force was attacked by the United States Navy submarine S-42, leading to the loss of the minelayer Okinoshima. Attempts by the rest of the task force to continue with the operation were called off after Japanese reconnaissance |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 30, "sc": 13564, "ep": 30, "ec": 14201} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 30 | 13,564 | 30 | 14,201 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | World War II | aircraft sighted the American aircraft carriers USS Enterprise and Hornet heading towards Nauru.
A second invasion force departed Truk on 26 August, and three days later, a company of the 43rd Guard Force (Palau) conducted an unopposed landing on Nauru and assumed occupation duties. They were joined by the 5th Special Base Force company, which departed Makin on September 15 and arrived at Nauru two days later. By October 1942, there were 11 officers and 249 enlisted Japanese soldiers on Nauru. On 7 March 1943, Captain Takenao Takenouchi arrived to take command of the garrison (known as 67 Naval Guard Force); he, |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 30, "sc": 14201, "ep": 34, "ec": 141} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 30 | 14,201 | 34 | 141 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | World War II & Postmaster-General's Department, Australia (2) | however, was ill and bed-ridden throughout his tenure, and command was effectively held by Lt. Hiromi Nakayama, who had led the initial landing force. On 13 July, Captain Hisayuki Soeda arrived to replace Takenouchi as commander of 67 Naval Guard Force, a position he held until the end of the war.
The re-establishment of wireless communication facilities would have been a major focus of the occupying force, particularly in view of the ultimate size of the contingent. Postmaster-General's Department, Australia (2) Immediately following the surrender of the Japanese forces on Nauru on 15 September 1945, Australia re-established civil administration and a |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 34, "sc": 141, "ep": 38, "ec": 116} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 34 | 141 | 38 | 116 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | Postmaster-General's Department, Australia (2) & Independence | radio station (likely a temporary facility) was placed into service. In a brief statement, in The Argus (Melbourne) of 23 November 1945, the essential resumption of a wireless telegraphy service to Nauru was announced, noting that messages will be accepted at the Beam Wireless office or at any telegraph office. In August 1946, communication between Australia and Nauru was again extended with the provision of a radio-telephone service which was being run in conjunction with Amalgamated Wireless (Australasia), Limited. Independence It is likely that the radio-telephony facilities on the island, from at least the 1950s, were also used to broadcast |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 38, "sc": 116, "ep": 38, "ec": 702} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 38 | 116 | 38 | 702 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | Independence | news and information to residents of the island when the station was not required for commercial traffic. A low power AM radio broadcasting station is stated to have been established at Nauru at the time of independence in 1968, however it is believed that the station had been in operation for several years prior to that. Frequency allocated was 1320 kHz, but this was changed in 1978 to 1323 kHz to accord with the 1975 Geneva Plan with 9 kHz spacing. In more recent years the AM radio operation has been closed down and operation now continues only on the FM radio band.
On |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 38, "sc": 702, "ep": 38, "ec": 1301} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 38 | 702 | 38 | 1,301 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | Independence | 2 April 2007, a new FM radio service "Radio Pasifik Nauru, Triple 9 FM" was established at Nauru, it was funded by a grant from the Fiji-based University of the South Pacific. It is a sister station to USP’s main student and community radio station, Radio Pasifik, Triple 8 FM, located at the Laucala Campus in Suva, Fiji. Linda Austin, Media Resource Coordinator at the USP Media Centre and Alamanda Lauti, USP campus director in Nauru initiated the project. The proposed radio station initially broadcast recorded lectures and tutorials in courses with high enrolment. The station used a 30-watt |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 38, "sc": 1301, "ep": 38, "ec": 1926} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 38 | 1,301 | 38 | 1,926 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | Independence | FM "radio in a suitcase" designed by the Commonwealth of Learning and Wantok Enterprises of Canada. The radio station uses a solar power system with capacity for 6 hours daily. The programmes at the commencement of service of the station were to include speeches from government and civil dignitaries and those relating to matters of particular local importance. But these had to be postponed when a Tsunami warning was received in relation to the earthquake and tsunami in the Solomon Islands. Radio Pasifik Nauru immediately switched into emergency mode and commenced to broadcast whether information and advice to locals |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 38, "sc": 1926, "ep": 38, "ec": 1949} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 38 | 1,926 | 38 | 1,949 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | Independence | on Tsunami protection. |
{"datasets_id": 2419, "wiki_id": "Q11481719", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 46} | 2,419 | Q11481719 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 46 | Hitachinaka Road | Route description & History | Hitachinaka Road Route description As of April 2014 the fare on the tolled section is 100 yen for cars and 160 yen for large trucks and buses. Tolls are collected at 2 stations at Hitachinaka Interchange. Through traffic to and from the Higashi-Mito Road pay at a toll gate on the main route (managed by East Nippon Expressway Company), while traffic leaving and entering the Hitachinaka Road via the interchange use separate toll booths on the entrance/exit ramps (these toll booths do not accept ETC). The speed limit is 80 km/h. History Construction on the toll road was completed on |
{"datasets_id": 2419, "wiki_id": "Q11481719", "sp": 10, "sc": 46, "ep": 10, "ec": 255} | 2,419 | Q11481719 | 10 | 46 | 10 | 255 | Hitachinaka Road | History | 22 July 1999. ETC collection systems were installed at the transition point of the toll road to Higashi-Mito Road In April 2014 tolls on large trucks increased by 10 yen to 160 yen for usage of the toll road. |
{"datasets_id": 2420, "wiki_id": "Q5871945", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 571} | 2,420 | Q5871945 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 571 | Hither Green TMD | Motive Power Depot | Hither Green TMD Motive Power Depot A modern concrete-fabricated motive power depot was opened by the Southern Railway on 10 September 1933 to service its new marshalling yard at Hither Green. Facilities included a coal stage line and a turntable. It was principally as a freight depot with, responsible for cross-London transfer freights and received a batch of SR W class 2-6-4 tank engines for this purpose.
During the 1950s the depot also began to acquire a number of diesel shunters of the 08 and 09 classes It ceased to service steam locomotives in October 1961, but the buildings continued in |
{"datasets_id": 2420, "wiki_id": "Q5871945", "sp": 6, "sc": 571, "ep": 10, "ec": 575} | 2,420 | Q5871945 | 6 | 571 | 10 | 575 | Hither Green TMD | Motive Power Depot & Traction maintenance depot | use to service diesel locomotives. Traction maintenance depot The buildings became a Traction maintenance depot. Half of the original engine shed was demolished in 1993, but the remains were modernized with the original locomotive turntable still in existence.
In 1982 the depot became part of Railfreight. It became part of English Welsh & Scottish Railway (EWS) in February 1996. The former British Rail Civil Mechanical & Electrical Engineering department (CM&EE), which had been based here since 1991, became part of Balfour Beatty. A new structure for housing Balfour Beatty's maintenance stock was opened in December 1997. |
{"datasets_id": 2421, "wiki_id": "Q151691", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 637} | 2,421 | Q151691 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 637 | Hjalmar Schacht | Early life and career | Hjalmar Schacht Early life and career Schacht was born in Tingleff, Schleswig-Holstein, Prussia, German Empire (now in Denmark) to William Leonhard Ludwig Maximillian Schacht and baroness Constanze Justine Sophie von Eggers, a native of Denmark. His parents, who had spent years in the United States, originally decided on the name Horace Greeley Schacht, in honor of the American journalist Horace Greeley. However, they yielded to the insistence of the Schacht family grandmother, who firmly believed the child's given name should be Danish. After completing his abitur at the Gelehrtenschule des Johanneums, Schacht studied medicine, philology and political science at the |
{"datasets_id": 2421, "wiki_id": "Q151691", "sp": 6, "sc": 637, "ep": 6, "ec": 1215} | 2,421 | Q151691 | 6 | 637 | 6 | 1,215 | Hjalmar Schacht | Early life and career | Universities of Munich, Leipzig, Berlin, Paris and Kiel before earning a doctorate at Kiel in 1899 – his thesis was on mercantilism.
He joined the Dresdner Bank in 1903. In 1905, while on a business trip to the United States with board members of the Dresdner Bank, Schacht met the famous American banker J. P. Morgan, as well as U.S. president Theodore Roosevelt. He became deputy director of the Dresdner Bank from 1908 to 1915. He was then a board member of the German National Bank for the next seven years, until 1922, and after its merger with the Darmstädter und |
{"datasets_id": 2421, "wiki_id": "Q151691", "sp": 6, "sc": 1215, "ep": 6, "ec": 1900} | 2,421 | Q151691 | 6 | 1,215 | 6 | 1,900 | Hjalmar Schacht | Early life and career | Nationalbank (Danatbank), a board member of the Danatbank.
Schacht was a freemason, having joined the lodge Urania zur Unsterblichkeit in 1908.
During the First World War, Schacht was assigned to the staff of General Karl von Lumm (1864–1930), the Banking Commissioner for Occupied Belgium, to organize the financing of Germany's purchases in Belgium. He was summarily dismissed by General von Lumm when it was discovered that he had used his previous employer, the Dresdner Bank, to channel the note remittances for nearly 500 million francs of Belgian national bonds destined to pay for the requisitions.
After Schacht's dismissal from public service, he had |
{"datasets_id": 2421, "wiki_id": "Q151691", "sp": 6, "sc": 1900, "ep": 10, "ec": 326} | 2,421 | Q151691 | 6 | 1,900 | 10 | 326 | Hjalmar Schacht | Early life and career & Rise to President of the Reichsbank | another brief stint at the Dresdner Bank, and then various positions at other banks. In 1923, Schacht applied and was rejected for the position of head of the Reichsbank, largely as a result of his dismissal from Lumm's service. Rise to President of the Reichsbank Despite the blemish on his record, in November 1923, Schacht became currency commissioner for the Weimar Republic and participated in the introduction of the Rentenmark, a new currency the value of which was based on a mortgage on all of the properties in Germany. Germany entered into a brief period where it had two separate |
{"datasets_id": 2421, "wiki_id": "Q151691", "sp": 10, "sc": 326, "ep": 10, "ec": 1019} | 2,421 | Q151691 | 10 | 326 | 10 | 1,019 | Hjalmar Schacht | Rise to President of the Reichsbank | currencies: the Reichsmark managed by Rudolf Havenstein, President of the Reichsbank, and the newly created Rentenmark managed by Schacht.
After his economic policies helped battle German hyperinflation and stabilize the German mark (Helferich Plan), Schacht was appointed president of the Reichsbank at the requests of president Friedrich Ebert and Chancellor Gustav Stresemann.
In 1926, Schacht provided funds for the formation of IG Farben. He collaborated with other prominent economists to form the 1929 Young Plan to modify the way that war reparations were paid after Germany's economy was destabilizing under the Dawes Plan. In December 1929, he caused the fall of the |
{"datasets_id": 2421, "wiki_id": "Q151691", "sp": 10, "sc": 1019, "ep": 12, "ec": 11} | 2,421 | Q151691 | 10 | 1,019 | 12 | 11 | Hjalmar Schacht | Rise to President of the Reichsbank & Resistance activities | Finance Minister Rudolf Hilferding by imposing upon the government his conditions for obtaining a loan. After modifications by Hermann Müller's government to the Young Plan during the Second Conference of The Hague (January 1930), he resigned as Reichsbank president on 7 March 1930. During 1930, Schacht campaigned against the war reparations requirement in the United States.
Schacht became a friend of the Governor of the Bank of England, Montagu Norman, both men belonging to the Anglo-German Fellowship and the Bank for International Settlements. Norman was so close to the Schacht family that he was godfather to one of Schacht's grandchildren. Resistance |
{"datasets_id": 2421, "wiki_id": "Q151691", "sp": 12, "sc": 10, "ep": 14, "ec": 610} | 2,421 | Q151691 | 12 | 10 | 14 | 610 | Hjalmar Schacht | Resistance activities | activities Schacht was said to be in contact with the German resistance as early as 1934, though at that time he still believed the Nazi regime would follow his policies. By 1938, he was disillusioned, and was an active participant in the plans for a coup d'état against Hitler if he started a war against Czechoslovakia. Goerdeler, his colleague in 1935–36, was the civilian leader of resistance to Hitler. Schacht talked frequently with Hans Gisevius, another resistance figure; when resistance organizer Theodor Strünck's house (a frequent meeting place) was bombed out, Schacht allowed Strünck and his wife to live in |
{"datasets_id": 2421, "wiki_id": "Q151691", "sp": 14, "sc": 610, "ep": 14, "ec": 1221} | 2,421 | Q151691 | 14 | 610 | 14 | 1,221 | Hjalmar Schacht | Resistance activities | a villa he owned. However, Schacht had remained in the government and, after 1941, Schacht took no active part in any resistance.
Still, at Schacht's denazification trial (subsequent to his acquittal at Nuremberg) it was declared by a judge that "None of the civilians in the resistance did more or could have done more than Schacht actually did."
After the attempt on Hitler's life on 20 July 1944, Schacht was arrested on 23 July. He was sent to Ravensbrück, then to Flossenbürg, and finally to Dachau. In late April 1945 he and about 140 other prominent inmates of Dachau were transferred to |
{"datasets_id": 2421, "wiki_id": "Q151691", "sp": 14, "sc": 1221, "ep": 18, "ec": 430} | 2,421 | Q151691 | 14 | 1,221 | 18 | 430 | Hjalmar Schacht | Resistance activities & After the war | Tyrol by the SS, which left them there. They were liberated by the Fifth U.S. Army on 5 May 1945 in Niederdorf, South Tyrol, Dolomites, Italy. After the war Schacht had supported Hitler's gaining power, and had been an important official of the Nazi regime. Thus he was arrested by the Allies in 1945. He was put on trial at Nuremberg for "conspiracy" and "crimes against peace" (planning and waging wars of aggression), but not war crimes or crimes against humanity.
Schacht pleaded not guilty to these charges. He cited in his defense that he had lost all official power before |
{"datasets_id": 2421, "wiki_id": "Q151691", "sp": 18, "sc": 430, "ep": 18, "ec": 1051} | 2,421 | Q151691 | 18 | 430 | 18 | 1,051 | Hjalmar Schacht | After the war | the war even began, that he had been in contact with Resistance leaders like Hans Gisevius throughout the war, and that he had been arrested and imprisoned in a concentration camp himself.
His defenders argued that he was just a patriot, trying to make the German economy strong. Furthermore, Schacht was not a member of the NSDAP and shared very little of their ideology. The British judges favored acquittal, while the Soviet judges wanted to convict. The British prevailed and Schacht was acquitted. However, at a West German denazification trial, Schacht was sentenced to eight years hard labor. He was freed |
{"datasets_id": 2421, "wiki_id": "Q151691", "sp": 18, "sc": 1051, "ep": 18, "ec": 1685} | 2,421 | Q151691 | 18 | 1,051 | 18 | 1,685 | Hjalmar Schacht | After the war | on appeal in 1948.
In 1950, Juan Yarur Lolas, the Palestinian-born founder of the Banco de Crédito e Inversiones and president of the Arab colony in Santiago, Chile, tried to hire Schacht as a "financial adviser" in conjunction with the German colony. However, the plan fell through when it became news.
In 1953, Schacht started a bank, Deutsche Außenhandelsbank Schacht & Co., which he led until 1963. He also gave advice on economics and finance to heads of state of developing countries, in particular the Non-Aligned countries; however, some of his suggestions were opposed, one of which was in the Philippines by |
{"datasets_id": 2421, "wiki_id": "Q151691", "sp": 18, "sc": 1685, "ep": 18, "ec": 2391} | 2,421 | Q151691 | 18 | 1,685 | 18 | 2,391 | Hjalmar Schacht | After the war | the former Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas head Miguel Cuaderno, who firmly rebuffed Schacht, stating that his monetary schemes were hardly appropriate for an economy needing capital investment in basic industry and infrastructure.
Indirectly resulting from his founding of the bank, Schacht was the plaintiff in a foundational case in German law on the "general right of personality". A magazine published an article criticizing Schacht, containing several incorrect statements. Schacht first requested that the magazine publish a correction, and when the magazine refused, sued the publisher for violation of his personality rights. The district court found the publisher both civilly and criminally |
{"datasets_id": 2421, "wiki_id": "Q151691", "sp": 18, "sc": 2391, "ep": 18, "ec": 2603} | 2,421 | Q151691 | 18 | 2,391 | 18 | 2,603 | Hjalmar Schacht | After the war | liable; on appeal, the appellate court reversed the criminal conviction, but found that the publisher had violated Schacht's general right of personality.
Schacht died in Munich, Germany, on 3 June 1970. |
{"datasets_id": 2422, "wiki_id": "Q5874740", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 526} | 2,422 | Q5874740 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 526 | Hobart R. Gay | Early military career | Hobart R. Gay Early military career He was first commissioned into the Army Reserve as a 2nd lieutenant following his graduation from Knox College in 1917. On October 26, 1917, Gay was commissioned into the Regular Army. He was promoted to 1st lieutenant on October 26, 1917, and captain in July 1920. In his early career, he was a cavalry officer. As a captain, he tutored author Robert A. Heinlein in equitation and musketry. He transferred to the Quartermaster Corps June 11, 1934, and was promoted to major on August 1, 1935. He was promoted to lieutenant |
{"datasets_id": 2422, "wiki_id": "Q5874740", "sp": 6, "sc": 526, "ep": 10, "ec": 474} | 2,422 | Q5874740 | 6 | 526 | 10 | 474 | Hobart R. Gay | Early military career & World War II | colonel on August 18, 1940, and colonel on December 24, 1941. World War II General Gay was awarded the Silver Star in December 1942 for gallantry in action on November 8, 1942, at Casablanca. He was chief of staff of the I Armored Corps, commanded by General George S. Patton, in North Africa at the time. Gay would continue to serve as Patton's chief of staff until Patton's death in December 1945.
Gay was promoted to brigadier general on June 24, 1943. In the Sicily campaign he was assigned to the U.S. Seventh Army as chief of staff. |
{"datasets_id": 2422, "wiki_id": "Q5874740", "sp": 10, "sc": 474, "ep": 10, "ec": 1042} | 2,422 | Q5874740 | 10 | 474 | 10 | 1,042 | Hobart R. Gay | World War II | He became chief of staff, Third Army, in February 1944. In this capacity, Gay was a key member of Patton's command staff during the Third Army's drive into Germany following the Normandy invasion.
When Patton took command of the U.S. Fifteenth Army in October 1945, Gay was again his chief of staff. He and Patton went pheasant hunting on December 9, 1945. Patton and Gay were seated in the back seat of the staff car, en route to the hunting lodge. There was a traffic accident, during which Patton sustained spinal injuries which later cost him his life. |
{"datasets_id": 2422, "wiki_id": "Q5874740", "sp": 10, "sc": 1042, "ep": 14, "ec": 552} | 2,422 | Q5874740 | 10 | 1,042 | 14 | 552 | Hobart R. Gay | World War II & Post-World War II Europe | General Gay was uninjured. Post-World War II Europe After Patton's death, Gay assumed command of Fifteenth Army in January 1946 for a period of one month. He then became commander of the U.S. 1st Armored Division until its return to the United States later in 1946. He then assumed command of the Second Constabulary Brigade. He served in Europe until 1947, when he returned to the United States.
Gay returned to the United States and commanded the Military District of Washington until September 1949. During his command of the district, General John J. Pershing died at Walter Reed Army Medical |
{"datasets_id": 2422, "wiki_id": "Q5874740", "sp": 14, "sc": 552, "ep": 18, "ec": 433} | 2,422 | Q5874740 | 14 | 552 | 18 | 433 | Hobart R. Gay | Post-World War II Europe & Korean War | Center on July 15, 1948. In accordance with tradition, General Gay coordinated arrangements for Pershing's funeral ceremonies as the representative of the U.S. President. Korean War In September 1949, Gay took command of the 1st Cavalry Division in Osaka, Japan. He brought the 1st Cavalry to Korea, where it was in action on July 19, 1950, joining in the general South Korean-U.S. retreat before the North Korean invasion force.
Over three days in late July, the division's 7th Cavalry Regiment and U.S. warplanes killed a large number of South Korean refugees at No Gun Ri, an event first confirmed by The |
{"datasets_id": 2422, "wiki_id": "Q5874740", "sp": 18, "sc": 433, "ep": 18, "ec": 1009} | 2,422 | Q5874740 | 18 | 433 | 18 | 1,009 | Hobart R. Gay | Korean War | Associated Press in 1999 and later acknowledged in a U.S. Army investigation. The South Korean government in 2005 certified the names of 163 No Gun Ri dead and missing and 55 wounded, and said many more likely were killed. On July 26, the day the No Gun Ri killings began, Gay told rear-echelon reporters he was sure most refugees fleeing south were North Korean infiltrators. Two days earlier, word had been sent from his operations staff to fire on all refugees trying to cross U.S. lines. Gay later described refugees as "fair game," and the U.S. ambassador in South Korea |
{"datasets_id": 2422, "wiki_id": "Q5874740", "sp": 18, "sc": 1009, "ep": 18, "ec": 1630} | 2,422 | Q5874740 | 18 | 1,009 | 18 | 1,630 | Hobart R. Gay | Korean War | said such a policy had been adopted theater-wide. On August 4, 1950, after U.S. forces withdrew across the Naktong River, Gay ordered the blowing of the Waegwan bridge, killing hundreds of refugees trying to cross.
His 1st Cavalry Division then played a crucial, costly role in the successful last-ditch defense of the Pusan Perimeter, and joined in the breakout of U.S. and South Korean units headed north in September in conjunction with the landing of U.S. forces at Inchon. Gay's troops then led the strike across the 38th Parallel and into Pyongyang, capturing the North Korean capital on October 19–20. Two |
{"datasets_id": 2422, "wiki_id": "Q5874740", "sp": 18, "sc": 1630, "ep": 18, "ec": 2231} | 2,422 | Q5874740 | 18 | 1,630 | 18 | 2,231 | Hobart R. Gay | Korean War | weeks later, his 8th Cavalry Regiment was hit hard by newly arriving Chinese Communist forces at Unsan, north of Pyongyang, with one battalion left trapped when Gay's rescue efforts were ordered halted by his superior, I Corps commander Major General Frank W. Milburn. The Chinese drove the 1st Cavalry Division and other U.S. forces from North Korea in December, and in early 1951 Gay, along with other top officers in Korea, was relieved of his command.
Gay was appointed deputy commander of the U.S. Fourth Army in February 1951. In July 1952 he was appointed commander of U.S. VI Corps at |
{"datasets_id": 2422, "wiki_id": "Q5874740", "sp": 18, "sc": 2231, "ep": 26, "ec": 65} | 2,422 | Q5874740 | 18 | 2,231 | 26 | 65 | Hobart R. Gay | Korean War & Post Korean War & Retirement | Camp Atterbury, Indiana and in April, 1953 made commanding general of U.S. III Corps at Fort MacArthur, California. He moved to Fort Hood in Texas when the III Corps was reassigned there. Post Korean War In September 1954 General Gay was made commander of U.S. Fifth Army in Chicago, Illinois. He was nominated by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in October 1954 for promotion to Lieutenant General (temporary).
Hobart R. Gay's career in the U.S. Army ended in 1955 as the Commanding General, Anti-aircraft and Guided Missile Center, Fort Bliss, Texas. Retirement Following retirement, Gay became superintendent of the New Mexico |
{"datasets_id": 2422, "wiki_id": "Q5874740", "sp": 26, "sc": 65, "ep": 26, "ec": 173} | 2,422 | Q5874740 | 26 | 65 | 26 | 173 | Hobart R. Gay | Retirement | Military Institute.
He died in El Paso, Texas and was interred at the Fort Bliss National Cemetery. |
{"datasets_id": 2423, "wiki_id": "Q14705584", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 302} | 2,423 | Q14705584 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 302 | Hobb Lake | Recreation | Hobb Lake Hobb Lake (also called Bates Sawmill Pond) is a major reservoir located in Winslow Township, New Jersey. It was once open for public swimming and was called "The Lake of the Four Fountains". It is formed by the Pump Branch, a tributary of Albertson Brook. Recreation Fishing is a popular activity at Hobb Lake. Great Times Day Camp, situated on Hobb Lake, is one of Southern New Jersey's popular summer camps. Camp Haluwasa, an older and still popular Christian children's camp and retreat, is located directly adjacent with its own 60 acres of lake waters, fed by Hobb |
{"datasets_id": 2423, "wiki_id": "Q14705584", "sp": 8, "sc": 302, "ep": 8, "ec": 308} | 2,423 | Q14705584 | 8 | 302 | 8 | 308 | Hobb Lake | Recreation | Lake. |
{"datasets_id": 2424, "wiki_id": "Q585712", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 442} | 2,424 | Q585712 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 442 | Hoche (Paris Métro) | Location & History | Hoche (Paris Métro) Location The station is located in Pantin under Avenue Jean-Lolive at Rue Hoche and Rue du Pré-Saint-Gervais. History The station was opened on 12 October 1942 during the extension of the line to the Eglise de Pantin station. It is located under Avenue Jean-Lolive at the intersection with Rue Hoche to which it owes its name. It pays homage to General Lazare Hoche (1768-1797) who, at the age of 25, commanded the Army of the Moselle with which he drove the Austrians back to Wœrth, cleared Landau and Alsace. The platform in the direction of Bobigny presents |
{"datasets_id": 2424, "wiki_id": "Q585712", "sp": 10, "sc": 442, "ep": 14, "ec": 43} | 2,424 | Q585712 | 10 | 442 | 14 | 43 | Hoche (Paris Métro) | History & Access | in a display case, a bust of Lazare Hoche and images evoking the life of this General of the Revolution.
In 2018 it saw 5,185,130 travelers, which placed it at the 87th position of metro stations for attendence.
For more than ten years until 2018, the name of the station on the walls of the platforms were written in Parisine font on thin plates covering the original names in faience. They were re-continued, a feature that the station shares with Filles du Calvaire on Line 8 and Porte des Lilas on Line 11. Access The station has two entrances on both sides |
{"datasets_id": 2424, "wiki_id": "Q585712", "sp": 14, "sc": 43, "ep": 18, "ec": 522} | 2,424 | Q585712 | 14 | 43 | 18 | 522 | Hoche (Paris Métro) | Access & Platforms | of Avenue Jean-Lolive, west of the intersection with Hoche Street. Platforms Hoche is a standard configuration station with two platforms separated by subway tracks under an elliptical vault. It has white and rounded lighting bands in the Gaudin style of the metro revival of the 2000s and white beveled ceramic tiles cover the walls, vault, tympan's and outlets of the corridors.The platforms are equipped with benches made of slats and the name of the station is inscribed in faience, in the style of the original CMP. It is therefore decorated in a style identical to that applied to the majority |
{"datasets_id": 2424, "wiki_id": "Q585712", "sp": 18, "sc": 522, "ep": 22, "ec": 131} | 2,424 | Q585712 | 18 | 522 | 22 | 131 | Hoche (Paris Métro) | Platforms & Bus connections | of Paris metro stations. Only the advertising frames are special: in brown faience and with simple patterns, they are surmounted by the letter M. These same frames are only present in seven other stations of the Paris metro. Bus connections The station is served by Lines 151, 170 and 330 of the RATP Bus Network and by lines N13, N41 and N45 of the Noctilien bus network. |
{"datasets_id": 2425, "wiki_id": "Q3489530", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 594} | 2,425 | Q3489530 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 594 | Hockey card | Hockey card A hockey card is a type of trading card typically printed on some sort of card stock, featuring one or more ice hockey players or other hockey-related editorial and are typically found in countries such as Canada, the United States, Finland and Sweden where hockey is a popular sport and there are professional leagues. The obverse side normally features an image of the subject with identifying information such as name and team. The reverse can feature statistics, biographical information, or as many early cards did, advertising. There is no fixed size or shape of hockey cards, running the |
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{"datasets_id": 2425, "wiki_id": "Q3489530", "sp": 4, "sc": 594, "ep": 8, "ec": 438} | 2,425 | Q3489530 | 4 | 594 | 8 | 438 | Hockey card | History | gamut from rectangular to circular, however modern North American cards have typically standardized on a 2.5 by 3.5 inch (6.35 cm by 8.89 cm) rectangular format. History The first hockey cards were included in cigarette packages from 1910 to 1913, manufactured by Imperial Tobacco Canada for the inaugural NHL season. There were a total of 36 cards in the set, each one featured an illustration of a player. After World War I, only one more cigarette set was issued, during the 1924-25 season by Champ's Cigarettes. NHL player Billy Coutu's biography includes an example of one of the 40 cards issued at that |
{"datasets_id": 2425, "wiki_id": "Q3489530", "sp": 8, "sc": 438, "ep": 8, "ec": 1120} | 2,425 | Q3489530 | 8 | 438 | 8 | 1,120 | Hockey card | History | time.
During the 1920s, some hockey cards were printed by food and candy companies, such as Paulin's Candy, Maple Crispette, Crescent, Holland Creameries and La Patrie.
Through to 1941, O-Pee-Chee printed hockey cards, stopping production for World War II. Presumably, the 1941 involvement of the US in the war affected the hockey card market, since Canada had been in the war since 1939.
Hockey cards next appeared during 1951-52, issued by Shirriff Desserts, York Peanut Butter and Post Cereal. Toronto's Parkhurst Products began printing cards in 1951, followed by Brooklyn's Topps Chewing Gum in 1954-1955. O-Pee-Chee and Topps did not produce cards for |
{"datasets_id": 2425, "wiki_id": "Q3489530", "sp": 8, "sc": 1120, "ep": 12, "ec": 245} | 2,425 | Q3489530 | 8 | 1,120 | 12 | 245 | Hockey card | History & Post lockout hockey cards (2005-present) | the 1955-56 season but returned for 1957-58. Other companies to manufacture hockey cards include Pinnacle, Pacific, Pro Set, Upper Deck, In The Game, Panini, Score, and various early 1990's manufacturers (7th Inning Sketch, Classic, etc). Esso briefly issued stamp-sized hockey cards on soft paper in the early 1970s in return for gas purchases. Post lockout hockey cards (2005-present) After the National Hockey League lockout that wiped out the 2004-05 NHL season, the hockey card market changed dramatically. Prior to the lockout, Upper Deck, Pacific, Topps and In The Game Trading Cards were all licensed by the NHL and NHLPA to |
{"datasets_id": 2425, "wiki_id": "Q3489530", "sp": 12, "sc": 245, "ep": 12, "ec": 820} | 2,425 | Q3489530 | 12 | 245 | 12 | 820 | Hockey card | Post lockout hockey cards (2005-present) | produce trading cards featuring NHL players and logos. After the lockout, Upper Deck emerged with an exclusive contract from both parties. Upper Deck paid $25 million over 5 years for this deal with the PA. Without licensing, Topps simply did not produce hockey cards. Pacific went out of business, its last set was produced just prior to the NHL lockout. In The Game continued to produce hockey cards without NHL and NHLPA licensing. They signed current and retired NHL players to individual contracts, allowing the use of their likenesses and autographs. In The Game |
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