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{"datasets_id": 2456, "wiki_id": "Q5928979", "sp": 10, "sc": 950, "ep": 10, "ec": 1091} | 2,456 | Q5928979 | 10 | 950 | 10 | 1,091 | Hudson Utility Coupe | Features | were able to slide the cargo box out and let the tailgate down. They could also detach the trunk door for the larger products, if necessary. |
{"datasets_id": 2457, "wiki_id": "Q5931019", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 548} | 2,457 | Q5931019 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 548 | Hugh Halsey | Life | Hugh Halsey Life He was the son of Dr. Stephen Halsey, Jr., and Hamutal (Howell) Halsey (ca. 1762-1848). He graduated from Yale College. Then he studied law with Franklin Viele in Waterford, New York, was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Madison County, New York.
He was a member of the New York State Assembly (Suffolk Co.) in 1822 and 1824. He was Surrogate of Suffolk County from 1827 to 1840; and First Judge of the County Court from 1833 to 1847. He was a presidential elector in 1844, voting for James K. Polk and George M. Dallas. Halsey |
{"datasets_id": 2457, "wiki_id": "Q5931019", "sp": 6, "sc": 548, "ep": 6, "ec": 801} | 2,457 | Q5931019 | 6 | 548 | 6 | 801 | Hugh Halsey | Life | was New York State Surveyor General from 1845 until the end of 1847.
He was a member of the New York State Senate (1st D.) in 1854 and 1855, elected on the Hard and Temperance tickets.
He died on May 29, 1858 in Bridgehampton, New York. |
{"datasets_id": 2458, "wiki_id": "Q1634433", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 537} | 2,458 | Q1634433 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 537 | Hugh Lawson White | Early life | Hugh Lawson White Early life White was born in what is now Iredell County, North Carolina (but then part of Rowan County), the eldest son of James White and Mary Lawson White. James, a Revolutionary War veteran, moved his family to the Tennessee frontier in the 1780s, and played an active role in the failed State of Franklin. In 1786, he constructed White's Fort, which would eventually develop into Knoxville, Tennessee. Young Hugh was a sentinel at the fort, and helped manage its small gristmill.
In 1791, White's Fort was chosen as the capital of |
{"datasets_id": 2458, "wiki_id": "Q1634433", "sp": 6, "sc": 537, "ep": 6, "ec": 1211} | 2,458 | Q1634433 | 6 | 537 | 6 | 1,211 | Hugh Lawson White | Early life | the newly created Southwest Territory, and James White's friend, William Blount, was appointed governor of the territory. Hugh Lawson White worked as Blount's personal secretary, and was tutored by early Knoxville minister and educator, Samuel Carrick. In 1793, he fought in the territorial militia under John Sevier during the Cherokee–American wars. Historian J. G. M. Ramsey credited Hugh Lawson White's company with the killing of the Chickamauga Cherokee war chief, King Fisher, and White's granddaughter and biographer, Nancy Scott, stated that White fired the fatal shot.
White studied law in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, under James Hopkins, and was admitted |
{"datasets_id": 2458, "wiki_id": "Q1634433", "sp": 6, "sc": 1211, "ep": 10, "ec": 425} | 2,458 | Q1634433 | 6 | 1,211 | 10 | 425 | Hugh Lawson White | Early life & The judiciary and early political career | to the bar in 1796. Two years later, he married Elizabeth Carrick, the daughter of his mentor, Samuel. The judiciary and early political career In 1801, White was appointed judge of the Superior Court of Tennessee, then the state's highest court. In 1807, he resigned after being elected to the state legislature. He left the state legislature in 1809, following his appointment to the state's Court of Errors and Appeals (which replaced the Superior Court as the highest court). He resigned this position in 1815, when he was elected to the state senate. He served |
{"datasets_id": 2458, "wiki_id": "Q1634433", "sp": 10, "sc": 425, "ep": 14, "ec": 12} | 2,458 | Q1634433 | 10 | 425 | 14 | 12 | Hugh Lawson White | The judiciary and early political career & United States Senate | in the state senate until 1817. As a state legislator, White helped reform the state's land laws, and engineered the passage of an anti-dueling measure.
In 1812, White was named president of the Knoxville branch of the Bank of Tennessee. White was described as a very cautious banker, and his bank was one of the few in the state to survive the Panic of 1819.
In 1821, President James Monroe appointed White to a commission to settle claims against Spain, following the Adams-Onís Treaty in which that nation sold Florida to the United States. United States Senate In 1825, the |
{"datasets_id": 2458, "wiki_id": "Q1634433", "sp": 14, "sc": 12, "ep": 14, "ec": 647} | 2,458 | Q1634433 | 14 | 12 | 14 | 647 | Hugh Lawson White | United States Senate | Tennessee state legislature chose White to replace Andrew Jackson in the United States Senate (Jackson had resigned following his failed run for the presidency in 1824). White spearheaded the Southern states' opposition to sending delegates to the 1826 Congress of Panama, which was a general gathering of various nations in the Western Hemisphere, many of which had declared their independence from Spain and abolished slavery. White argued that if the U.S. attended the congress, it would violate the commitment to neutrality put forth by President Washington decades earlier, and stated that the nation should not get involved in |
{"datasets_id": 2458, "wiki_id": "Q1634433", "sp": 14, "sc": 647, "ep": 14, "ec": 1311} | 2,458 | Q1634433 | 14 | 647 | 14 | 1,311 | Hugh Lawson White | United States Senate | foreign treaties merely for the sake of "gratifying national vanity."
Following Jackson's election to the presidency in 1828, White became one of the Jackson Administration's key congressional allies. White was chairman of the Senate Committee on Indian Affairs, which drew up the Indian Removal Act of 1830, a major initiative of Jackson. The act called for the relocation of the remaining Native American tribes in the southeastern United States to territories west of the Mississippi River, and would culminate in the so-called Trail of Tears.
In an 1836 speech, White described himself as a "strict constructionist," arguing that the federal |
{"datasets_id": 2458, "wiki_id": "Q1634433", "sp": 14, "sc": 1311, "ep": 14, "ec": 1949} | 2,458 | Q1634433 | 14 | 1,311 | 14 | 1,949 | Hugh Lawson White | United States Senate | government could not pass any laws outside its powers specifically stated in the Constitution. Like many Jacksonians, he was a staunch states' rights advocate. He opposed the national bank, and rejected federal funding for internal improvements (which he believed only the states had the power to fund). He also supported Jackson's call for the elimination of the Electoral College, and opposed federal intervention into the issue of slavery.
Like most Southern senators, White opposed the Tariff of 1828, which placed a high tax on goods imported from overseas to protect growing northern industries. White argued that while |
{"datasets_id": 2458, "wiki_id": "Q1634433", "sp": 14, "sc": 1949, "ep": 14, "ec": 2530} | 2,458 | Q1634433 | 14 | 1,949 | 14 | 2,530 | Hugh Lawson White | United States Senate | the federal government had the power to impose tariffs, it should only do so when it benefited the nation as a whole, and not merely one section (i.e., the North) at the expense of another (i.e., the agrarian South, which relied on trade with England). During the resulting Nullification Crisis in late 1832 and early 1833, as the Senate's president pro tempore (the leader of the Senate in the absence of the Vice President), White coordinated negotiations in the interim between the resignation of Vice President John C. Calhoun (December 28, 1832) and the swearing in of Vice |
{"datasets_id": 2458, "wiki_id": "Q1634433", "sp": 14, "sc": 2530, "ep": 18, "ec": 431} | 2,458 | Q1634433 | 14 | 2,530 | 18 | 431 | Hugh Lawson White | United States Senate & 1836 presidential election | President Martin Van Buren (March 4, 1833). Vice President Calhoun's resignation put White next in line to assume the presidency should that office have become vacant. 1836 presidential election Toward the end of Jackson's first term, a rift developed between White and Jackson. In 1831, as Jackson reshuffled his cabinet in the aftermath of the Petticoat affair, White was offered the office of Secretary of War, but turned it down. During the Nullification Crisis in February 1833, White angered Jackson by appointing Delaware senator and Clay ally John M. Clayton to the select committee to consider the Clay compromise. In |
{"datasets_id": 2458, "wiki_id": "Q1634433", "sp": 18, "sc": 431, "ep": 18, "ec": 1049} | 2,458 | Q1634433 | 18 | 431 | 18 | 1,049 | Hugh Lawson White | 1836 presidential election | later speeches, White stated that the Jackson Administration had drifted away from the party's core states' rights principles, and argued that the executive was gaining too much power.
The Tennessee state legislature endorsed White for the presidency in 1835, at the end of Jackson's second term. This angered Jackson, as he had chosen Martin Van Buren as his successor. White stated that no sitting president should choose a successor, arguing that doing so was akin to having a monarchy. In 1836, White left Jackson's party entirely, and decided to run for president as a candidate for the Whig Party led by |
{"datasets_id": 2458, "wiki_id": "Q1634433", "sp": 18, "sc": 1049, "ep": 18, "ec": 1705} | 2,458 | Q1634433 | 18 | 1,049 | 18 | 1,705 | Hugh Lawson White | 1836 presidential election | Henry Clay, which had formed largely from opposition to Jackson but also continued the nationalist agenda of the National Republican Party, although this very contradicting position in regard to White's ideals was not yet determined at that time, as the party was still regionally factionalised.
In the 1836 presidential election, the Whig Party, unable to agree on a candidate, ran four candidates against Van Buren: White, William Henry Harrison, Daniel Webster, and Willie Person Mangum. Jackson actively campaigned against White in Tennessee, and accused him of being a federalist who was opposed to states' rights. In spite of this, White won |
{"datasets_id": 2458, "wiki_id": "Q1634433", "sp": 18, "sc": 1705, "ep": 22, "ec": 447} | 2,458 | Q1634433 | 18 | 1,705 | 22 | 447 | Hugh Lawson White | 1836 presidential election & Later career | Tennessee, as well as Georgia, giving him 26 electoral votes, the third highest total behind Van Buren's 170 and Harrison's 73. Later career By 1837, the relationship between White and Jackson had turned hostile. Jackson was outraged when he learned that White had accused his administration of committing outright fraud, and stated in a letter to Adam Huntsman that White had a "lax code of morals." Jackson allies such as James K. Polk, Felix Grundy, and John Catron, also turned against White, and blamed him for the dispute with Jackson. White stood by his accusations, and blasted |
{"datasets_id": 2458, "wiki_id": "Q1634433", "sp": 22, "sc": 447, "ep": 22, "ec": 1056} | 2,458 | Q1634433 | 22 | 447 | 22 | 1,056 | Hugh Lawson White | Later career | Jackson for making "useless expenditures" of public money, and increasing the power of the presidency.
By the late 1830s, Jackson's allies had gained control of the Tennessee state legislature. After White refused their demand that he vote for the Subtreasury Bill, he was forced to resign on January 13, 1840. Following a large banquet in Washington, White returned to his native Knoxville. His entry into the city was marked by the firing of cannons and the ringing of church bells, as he paraded through the streets on horseback.
Shortly after his return, White fell ill, and he died on |
{"datasets_id": 2458, "wiki_id": "Q1634433", "sp": 22, "sc": 1056, "ep": 26, "ec": 438} | 2,458 | Q1634433 | 22 | 1,056 | 26 | 438 | Hugh Lawson White | Later career & Personality and style | April 10, 1840. A large funeral procession led his casket and riderless horse through the streets of Knoxville. He is interred with his family in the First Presbyterian Church Cemetery. Personality and style White believed strongly in the principles of strict constructionism and a limited federal government, and voted against fellow Jacksonians if he felt their initiatives ran counter to these principles. His independent nature and his stern rectitude earned him the appellation "The Cato of the United States." His congressional colleague, Henry Wise, later wrote that White's "patriotism and firmness" as the Senate's president pro tempore |
{"datasets_id": 2458, "wiki_id": "Q1634433", "sp": 26, "sc": 438, "ep": 26, "ec": 1022} | 2,458 | Q1634433 | 26 | 438 | 26 | 1,022 | Hugh Lawson White | Personality and style | was key to resolving the Nullification Crisis.
White believed that being on the public payroll obligated him to attend every Senate meeting, no matter the issue. Felix Grundy recalled that White once departed Knoxville in the middle of a driving snowstorm to ensure he made it to Washington in time for the Senate's fall session. Senator John Milton Niles later wrote that White was often "the only listener to a dull speech." White prided himself on being the most punctual member of the Senate, and was usually the first senator to arrive at the Capitol on days when the |
{"datasets_id": 2458, "wiki_id": "Q1634433", "sp": 26, "sc": 1022, "ep": 30, "ec": 356} | 2,458 | Q1634433 | 26 | 1,022 | 30 | 356 | Hugh Lawson White | Personality and style & Family and legacy | Senate was in session. Senator Ephraim H. Foster once told a story about waking up well before sunrise one morning, determined to beat White to the Capitol at least once in his career, and arriving only to find White in the committee room analyzing some papers. Family and legacy White's father, James White (1747–1820), was the founder of Knoxville, Tennessee. His brothers-in-law included surveyor Charles McClung (1761–1835), who platted Knoxville in 1791, Judge John Overton (1766–1833), the co-founder of Memphis, Tennessee, and Senator John Williams (1778–1837). White and his first wife, Elizabeth Carrick, had 12 children, two |
{"datasets_id": 2458, "wiki_id": "Q1634433", "sp": 30, "sc": 356, "ep": 30, "ec": 855} | 2,458 | Q1634433 | 30 | 356 | 30 | 855 | Hugh Lawson White | Family and legacy | of whom died in infancy. Between 1825 and 1831, eight of their surviving ten children died of tuberculosis. Their lone surviving son, Samuel (1825–1860), served as mayor of Knoxville in 1857.
White's farm lay just west of Second Creek in Knoxville. In the late 19th century, this became a land development area known as "White's Addition." The area is now part of the University of Tennessee campus and the Fort Sanders neighborhood. White County, Arkansas was also named in his honor. |
{"datasets_id": 2459, "wiki_id": "Q5932489", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 30} | 2,459 | Q5932489 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 30 | Hugh Roberts | Career & Personal life | Hugh Roberts Career He was previously a director of Christie's, an art-business and a fine-arts auction house, and was the head of its Decorative Arts Department. His particular area of expertise is French and English furniture and interior decoration of the 18th and 19th centuries; he has written extensively on these subjects in Royal Collection exhibition catalogues and major journals.
On 20 April 2010, on his retirement as Director of the Royal Collection, Roberts was appointed a Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order. and Surveyor Emeritus of The Queen's Works of Art Personal life Roberts graduated from Corpus |
{"datasets_id": 2459, "wiki_id": "Q5932489", "sp": 10, "sc": 30, "ep": 10, "ec": 202} | 2,459 | Q5932489 | 10 | 30 | 10 | 202 | Hugh Roberts | Personal life | Christi College, Cambridge in 1970. On 13 December 1975, Roberts married The Hon. Jane Stephanie Low, DCVO, a daughter of the 1st Baron Aldington; they have two daughters. |
{"datasets_id": 2460, "wiki_id": "Q5932795", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 627} | 2,460 | Q5932795 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 627 | Hugh Swann | Hugh Swann Hugh Sinclair Swann (11 March 1925 – 13 June 2007), otherwise known as Tim Swann, became the cabinet maker to Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom. His work was inspired by his admiration for Barnsley, Gimson and Russell. He fitted many of the most important of Britain's coin collections including the Fitz-william, Cambridge, the Barber Institute, Birmingham, and the Hunterian Museum, Glasgow. More importantly yet, he supplied the Royal Mint with nearly 80 cabinets to house its complete collection.
His work for Elizabeth II began in 1975 when a complete reorganisation of the Royal coin collection at Windsor Castle |
|
{"datasets_id": 2460, "wiki_id": "Q5932795", "sp": 4, "sc": 627, "ep": 8, "ec": 393} | 2,460 | Q5932795 | 4 | 627 | 8 | 393 | Hugh Swann | Family | was begun. The cabinets were created from specially purchased Honduras mahogany and Indian rosewood. On one occasion a log was delivered to his workshop addressed "Her Majesty the Queen of England, 3 Hexham Road, Heddon-on-the-Wall".
He made the crosier and pectoral cross for Bishop Leonard Family Brother-in-law to Monsignor Graham Leonard former Bishop of London
Brother to Michael Swann, Baron Swann former chairman of the BBC
Nephew to Brigadier Vivian Dykes Chief Combined Secretary British Joint Staff Mission Washington 1942
Stepson to Sir Sydney Castle Roberts Secretary of Cambridge University Press, author and Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 589} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 589 | Hugo W. Koehler | Early life and family history | Hugo W. Koehler Early life and family history Hugo W. Koehler was born on July 19, 1886, in St. Louis, Missouri, and named after a paternal uncle. His father, Oscar C. Koehler (1857–1902), was a first-generation German-American and second-generation St. Louis and Davenport, Iowa brewer and entrepreneur. Although it was privately rumored for much of his life that Hugo was the illegitimate son of Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria, who is generally believed to have died with his teenage mistress, Baroness Mary Vetsera, in a murder-suicide pact in January 1889 (the "Mayerling incident"), no corroborating evidence of this ancestry has |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 6, "sc": 589, "ep": 6, "ec": 1190} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 6 | 589 | 6 | 1,190 | Hugo W. Koehler | Early life and family history | been established. The speculation was fueled by a few factors: 1) Koehler, who was reputed to be the "wealthiest officer" in the American navy in the 1920s, was apparently the beneficiary of a substantial trust fund. It was further speculated that this trust had been established by the Habsburgs with approval of the Holy See when Hugo Koehler was a child, to provide for his support and maintenance; 2) As a child, Hugo made several European visits with his paternal grandfather, Heinrich (Henry) Koehler, Sr.] (1828-1909), where he was introduced to aristocracy and elites; and 3) Koehler had the |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 6, "sc": 1190, "ep": 6, "ec": 1777} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 6 | 1,190 | 6 | 1,777 | Hugo W. Koehler | Early life and family history | distinctive Habsburg chin.
Ironically, in 1945, The New York Times published a story that a German lithographer by the name of "Hugo Koehler", following his death at the age of 93, was revealed to be Archduke Johann Salvator of Austria, son of Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany and a member of the Imperial Austrian Habsburg family. Johann had been a witness to the tragic events at Mayerling in 1889. Rudolf, unsatisfied in his marriage to Stephanie, daughter of Leopold II of Belgium had found romance with Mary, the younger daughter of a Hungarian earl. Taking her along on |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 6, "sc": 1777, "ep": 6, "ec": 2351} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 6 | 1,777 | 6 | 2,351 | Hugo W. Koehler | Early life and family history | a party to his hunting lodge at Mayerling, the young woman soon became excessively animated and sought to interject herself into court politics and intrigue. Rudolf snubbed her for this, and in a fit of rage, the 17-year old baroness smashed a bottle of champagne over Rudolf's head, killing him. Hearing the fracas and then a gunshot, Johann and other revelers on a nearby balcony, rushed into the salon to discover that Rudolf's valet had avenged his master's death with a single, fatal gunshot to Mary Vetsera. The event was immediately covered-up, and the story of a |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 6, "sc": 2351, "ep": 6, "ec": 2953} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 6 | 2,351 | 6 | 2,953 | Hugo W. Koehler | Early life and family history | murder-suicide was fabricated. Enemies of both Rudolf and Johann, began spreading innuendo that Johann was implicated in Rudolf's death. When Emperor Franz Joseph questioned the young archduke about these rumors in 1889, Johan became furious and broke his sword over his knee. Tearing the epaulets and decorations off his uniform, Johann threw them at the feet of the emperor, and renounced his right to the throne until such time as he might be cleared of the false accusations. The Emperor, indignant at Johan's actions, sentenced him to lose his princely rights and succession for twenty years. |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 6, "sc": 2953, "ep": 6, "ec": 3541} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 6 | 2,953 | 6 | 3,541 | Hugo W. Koehler | Early life and family history | Johan then left the country and assumed his new life and the name "John Orth". Orth and his wife, an actress, were believed lost at sea in a shipwreck off Cape Horn in 1890 and were declared dead in absentia in 1911. The 1945 story of Johan's (Orth's) survival has not been established as true.
Koehler's grandfather, Heinrich, was born in the state of Hesse in Germany. A master-brewer trained at Mainz, he had immigrated to America at the age of twenty-one, quickly making his way to St. Louis, where German-Americans accounted for nearly one-third the population of 78,000 in |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 6, "sc": 3541, "ep": 6, "ec": 4123} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 6 | 3,541 | 6 | 4,123 | Hugo W. Koehler | Early life and family history | 1850. Working his way up to foreman at the Lemp brewery, by 1851 Koehler had saved enough capital to start his own brewery, and moved 225 miles upriver on the Mississippi to Fort Madison, Iowa, where he purchased a small, but established brewery and introduced lager beer to the surrounding area. Around 1863, Heinrich, who now went by "Henry", leased his brewery to his father-in-law, and moved back to St. Louis where he bought a partnership interest in the Excelsior Brewery from his younger brother, Casper (1835–1910). By then the city's population had swelled to more than |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 6, "sc": 4123, "ep": 6, "ec": 4733} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 6 | 4,123 | 6 | 4,733 | Hugo W. Koehler | Early life and family history | 300,000 and the brothers aimed to increase beer production and sell to the thousands of Federal troops stationed in the city environs. While the brewery flourished, the brothers' relationship did not. In 1871, Henry sold his interest to Casper and moved his family upriver to Davenport, Iowa. Davenport was then part of the Tri-cities metropolitan area, including the neighboring riverfront cities of Moline and Rock Island, Illinois. A year later, he bought the established Arsenal Brewery with his brother-in-law, Rudolph Lange. The business was also known as Koehler and Lange, after its owners. With |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 6, "sc": 4733, "ep": 6, "ec": 5397} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 6 | 4,733 | 6 | 5,397 | Hugo W. Koehler | Early life and family history | a growing, largely Germanic immigrant population that regarded beer as a staple, Davenport had cheaper operating costs than St. Louis, including river and rail transportation with caves along the river where the beer could be stored. The area proved ideal to expand the business. Weathering obstacles, including the rising Temperance Movement, in 1884 the partners were industry forerunners when they introduced a non-alcoholic beer, called Mumm, derived from a German word meaning disguise or mask.
In 1875, seventeen-year old Oscar Koehler, the oldest of Henry's seven children, obtained a passport to study in Germany. After completing studies at the |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 6, "sc": 5397, "ep": 6, "ec": 5989} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 6 | 5,397 | 6 | 5,989 | Hugo W. Koehler | Early life and family history | Academy of Brewing in Worms, he entered the University of Leipzig where he obtained a doctorate in chemistry four years later. Returning to America, he was exceptionally trained for the brewing industry. After a brief stint at his father's brewery in Davenport, Oscar moved to St. Louis where he became secretary of the Henry Koehler Brewing Assoc., a business his father established in 1880. The following year, Oscar was joined by his younger brother, Henry Jr. (1863–1912), and by 1883 the business was sold to the St. Louis Brewing Assoc. As that business was winding down, the Koehler |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 6, "sc": 5989, "ep": 6, "ec": 6607} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 6 | 5,989 | 6 | 6,607 | Hugo W. Koehler | Early life and family history | brothers were setting up their successor business, "The Sect Wine Company", which Oscar and his father had started preparing for in 1880 on a stock offering of $135,000 ($3.4 mil. in 2010). With the stated purpose "to deal in nothing but strictly pure wines, recognizing that he who appreciates a fair article will willingly pay a fair price to obtain it", the business occupied a two-story distillery and winery of 80,000 square feet at 2814-24 South Seventh Street in St. Louis. Production of the company's signature champagne "Koehler's Sect" and its still wines was overseen by experienced winemakers from Rheims, |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 6, "sc": 6607, "ep": 6, "ec": 7278} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 6 | 6,607 | 6 | 7,278 | Hugo W. Koehler | Early life and family history | France, and marketed by a staff of travelling salesmen.
The Koehler's expansion into the winemaking business, particularly the popular "Koehler's Sect", enhanced both their wealth and prestige in the St. Louis business community. Their marriages and social activities further solidified their elite standing. In 1885, Oscar married Mathilda Lange (1866–1947), daughter of William Lange, president of the National Bank of St. Louis. In 1888, two years after his marriage to Mathilda, Oscar joined the Germania Club, an exclusive club open only to St. Louis residents who had graduated from German universities. Oscar was one of only sixty-one members. |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 6, "sc": 7278, "ep": 6, "ec": 7852} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 6 | 7,278 | 6 | 7,852 | Hugo W. Koehler | Early life and family history | In 1897, Henry Jr. married the California actress Margaret Craven in a San Francisco society wedding that was publicized in the New York and Los Angeles Times, the former writing that Craven had married "Henry Koehler, a rich brewer of St. Louis" and the latter reporting that "Miss Craven is a professional actress and is noted for her beauty. The groom is 35 years old and a millionaire." Oscar and Henry Koehler, Jr., remained in the wine business until 1890. In 1887, they were joined by their younger brother, Hugo (1868–1939), who had originally moved to the city to |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 6, "sc": 7852, "ep": 6, "ec": 8486} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 6 | 7,852 | 6 | 8,486 | Hugo W. Koehler | Early life and family history | attend St. Louis Medical College. In January 1890, the brothers began their most successful venture in the series of business ventures that ultimately amassed them millions of dollars, when they organized the American Brewing Company (A.B.C.) with $300,000 ($7.42 million in 2010) in capital. Constructed on the site of the Sect Wine Company and other Koehler businesses on South Seventh Street in St. Louis, the huge plant was praised for its architectural design and function, employing the latest in brewing technology including the largest copper brew kettles ever made. As with their champagne and wines, the Koehler's mission |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 6, "sc": 8486, "ep": 6, "ec": 9182} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 6 | 8,486 | 6 | 9,182 | Hugo W. Koehler | Early life and family history | statement was "to produce beers of the highest class only, and to obtain patronage by furnishing only such an article." Before long, the Koehlers' beer, particularly their A.B.C. Bohemian was available through wholesale distributors (typically German-Americans) in locations as far away as Albuquerque, New Mexico, and Birmingham, Alabama. Ultimately, the brewery expanded into foreign distribution, including Egypt, the Philippines and Japan, before closing in 1940, never recovering from the negative business impact caused by Prohibition.
In 1894, Oscar left the American Brewing Company and St. Louis, to move back to Davenport, where he took over his father's interest in |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 6, "sc": 9182, "ep": 6, "ec": 9828} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 6 | 9,182 | 6 | 9,828 | Hugo W. Koehler | Early life and family history | the Arsenal Brewery (Koehler and Lange). The change was prompted by Henry's decision to take an extended trip to Europe, where he stayed for two years. In 1895, Oscar commissioned the architect Friedrich Clausen to construct a 5-bedroom, 3,700 sq. ft. Queen Anne residence at 817 W. 7th Street, overlooking the bluffs of the Mississippi River on Davenport's Gold Coast. Young Hugo lived his childhood and adolescence with wealth and privilege. The oldest of six children (Elise (1887-1971), Herbert (1888-1945), Otillie (1894- 1975), Eda (1900-1958), and Hildegarde (1901-1926)), his childhood memories were of preferential treatment over his |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 6, "sc": 9828, "ep": 6, "ec": 10437} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 6 | 9,828 | 6 | 10,437 | Hugo W. Koehler | Early life and family history | brother and sisters. Never being disciplined and having the best pony and cart, engendered the notion in Hugo that he was "different". A prankster in his youth, he delighted in trying the limits of his grandfather's patience. A wine collector, Henry would organize wine-tasting dinners for his friends, who were asked to identify the wine and vintage after trying it. Once, Hugo decided to substitute inferior wines, believing his grandfather and his friends could not tell the difference. Hiding behind the curtains, Hugo was surprised to see his grandfather's reaction on sampling the wine, as he rose to |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 6, "sc": 10437, "ep": 6, "ec": 11051} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 6 | 10,437 | 6 | 11,051 | Hugo W. Koehler | Early life and family history | apologize to his guests that there "must have been some mistake". When the boy confessed to the deceit later, his grandfather was more hurt than angry. For him, there were certain lines that no gentleman would cross. Hugo journeyed to England with his grandfather, where he was introduced to the human physiologist John Scott Haldane, statesman-naturalist Lord Grey of Fallodon and Empress Elisabeth. In Austria, the boy was introduced to the court of Emperor Franz Josef. As Koehler put it years later, "After all that, water pistols were not very interesting."
On one European summer vacation, Henry |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 6, "sc": 11051, "ep": 6, "ec": 11658} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 6 | 11,051 | 6 | 11,658 | Hugo W. Koehler | Early life and family history | asked the youth what he might do with his life. Hugo responded that he would like to be a philosopher, or a Jesuit or a naval officer. His grandfather responded that the boy was already somewhat of a philosopher and observed that for his grandson, the Roman Catholic priesthood would involve "more disadvantages than advantages." He concluded, "if you want to be a naval officer, you will have to get some education first, for the Naval Academy gives you only a training."
Following the consolidation trend in the brewing industry, in October 1894, Hugo's father, Oscar, merged the Arsenal Brewery |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 6, "sc": 11658, "ep": 6, "ec": 12272} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 6 | 11,658 | 6 | 12,272 | Hugo W. Koehler | Early life and family history | with four other breweries into a single firm, Davenport Malting Company, becoming president of the new concern. The economy of scale enabled the firm to bar outside competition that could not compete with the low production costs. In 1895, the company built a new brewery with modern equipment and expansive storage facilities on the site of the former Lehrkind Brewery on West Second Street. Its product line included Davenport Malt Standard (keg beer), Muenchener (both keg and bottled), and Pale Export (bottled). Strong sales of Pale Export and the Muenchener beers provided the revenue for the addition of a |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 6, "sc": 12272, "ep": 6, "ec": 12867} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 6 | 12,272 | 6 | 12,867 | Hugo W. Koehler | Early life and family history | state-of-the-art ice plant in 1896. In the spring of 1897, the company expanded its plant again, adding a new racking room, wash house, and hop storage area. By 1898 sales were so strong that the company increased its capital stock from $50,000 to $150,000 ($1.36 million to $4.07 million in 2010) that provided the funding for a malt house. The Davenport Malting Company was the second largest in the state of Iowa, employing sixty men and with fifteen distribution agencies scattered throughout the state. The plant had a capacity of 100,000 barrels, reportedly selling over 50,000 barrels |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 6, "sc": 12867, "ep": 10, "ec": 70} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 6 | 12,867 | 10 | 70 | Hugo W. Koehler | Early life and family history & Harvard and Annapolis | in 1899. Unfortunately, Oscar Koehler did not live to see the success of the brewery continue into the 20th century, largely due to his effort. After months of declining health, in 1902 he died at St. Louis, where he had gone for treatment of Bright's Disease, a form of kidney failure. Following his father's death, fifteen-year old Hugo's education was undertaken by his grandfather, Henry, who sent the boy to the prestigious Phillips Exeter Academy in New Hampshire for his senior year in 1902. Harvard and Annapolis Koehler attended Harvard College for his freshman and sophomore years, |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 10, "sc": 70, "ep": 10, "ec": 655} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 10 | 70 | 10 | 655 | Hugo W. Koehler | Harvard and Annapolis | before entering the United States Naval Academy in 1905. In the summer between Harvard and Annapolis, Koehler gave a preview of his brazen ability to bluff that would serve him well in war-ravaged Germany and Russia fifteen years later. Hungry and broke, he and three friends drove to New York city from Cambridge, Massachusetts, after changing three tires along the way. Arriving in the city, Koehler suggested a trip to the theater. Marching up to the ticket window, he barked, "I say, gimmi mi tickets." The ticket-man politely asked "What name?" and Koehler gave his last name. |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 10, "sc": 655, "ep": 10, "ec": 1225} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 10 | 655 | 10 | 1,225 | Hugo W. Koehler | Harvard and Annapolis | Knowing the ticket-man would not find any tickets under "Koehler" and that the ticket agencies were closed, Koehler fumed, "call Tyson and see about it." Koehler's ploy worked, and the ticket agent offered them choice tickets that Koehler condescendingly took. Coming out of the theater later and still famished, the group headed up Fifth Avenue and bumped into one of Koehler's best friends who staked them for a meal. "We paid for the tickets the next day, for we thought we might want to work the same game again." Koehler wrote in a letter shortly after arriving |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 10, "sc": 1225, "ep": 10, "ec": 1751} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 10 | 1,225 | 10 | 1,751 | Hugo W. Koehler | Harvard and Annapolis | at Annapolis, "Everybody in town, officers, professors, and 'cits', (fellow midshipmen) thinks it most extraordinary that I should go into the Academy ... they say that for a man who has tasted life at Harvard, it is a mighty hard thing to buckle down to the exact routine [and] discipline... in practice here [but] I am going to do my very best here, to make up for my past, and to do something for my future and for the future of the ones I love." What in the eighteen-year old Koehler's past he felt that he had to make up |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 10, "sc": 1751, "ep": 10, "ec": 2317} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 10 | 1,751 | 10 | 2,317 | Hugo W. Koehler | Harvard and Annapolis | for is unclear. The stories of his arrival at Annapolis vary only in their "outrageousness": that he arrived with a horse and valet; another recounts a horse and cook. While at the Academy, he maintained a pied a terre with a steward, where hot food was always available to all comers. He was known for his success as a ladies' man, often sending American Beauty roses to the objects of his affection. At Annapolis, Koehler qualified as a rifle expert shot in 1908, the highest level, and was awarded the Navy Sharpshooter's Badge. Somewhat presciently, the page |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 10, "sc": 2317, "ep": 10, "ec": 2902} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 10 | 2,317 | 10 | 2,902 | Hugo W. Koehler | Harvard and Annapolis | entry for Koehler in the Naval Academy annual Lucky Bag contains two quotes from Shakespeare that were placed by the editors and intended to capture his essence, "The glass of fashion and the mold of form, the observed of all observers", and "I am not in the roll of common men." The yearbook editors' words are equally descriptive, "A capable, conceited man who cannot be bluffed." During the winter before Koehler graduated from Annapolis, his grandfather passed away. Before he died, Henry revealed the purported secret of Hugo's birth. He told Hugo that his father was not Oscar |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 10, "sc": 2902, "ep": 10, "ec": 3487} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 10 | 2,902 | 10 | 3,487 | Hugo W. Koehler | Harvard and Annapolis | Koehler, but Rudolph, crown prince of Austria. There is no record of how Hugo responded to this shocking disclosure. But for the rest of his life, Koehler searched for some proof of this. He revealed the story to only his closest confidants, and speculated that the truth was locked in the archives of the Vatican, that could not be opened for 99-years, until 1987, long after his death.
Under the terms of Oscar Koehler's will, the Koehler residence on Seventh Street passed to his wife, Mathilda Koehler, with the remainder of the estate held in trust by the executors, who |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 10, "sc": 3487, "ep": 10, "ec": 4085} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 10 | 3,487 | 10 | 4,085 | Hugo W. Koehler | Harvard and Annapolis | were to invest the money and pay the interest to Mathilda, on a semi-annual basis for the rest of her life. Following her death, the remaining trust was to be divided equally among the children when they came of age. This would not explain the mysterious "Austrian trust" with Hugo Koehler as beneficiary, or the inexplicable source of income that gave him the reputation as the "richest officer" in the U.S. Navy. "[K]oehler seemed to possess a beneficent parachute that popped open precisely when he needed it."
Koehler had been taught to speak German and French, along with English. He |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 10, "sc": 4085, "ep": 10, "ec": 4696} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 10 | 4,085 | 10 | 4,696 | Hugo W. Koehler | Harvard and Annapolis | spoke British English with a slight German accent, from his Midwest roots. During his four-years at Annapolis, Koehler's performance varied wildly. In May 1908, he ranked 12th in seamanship, 16th in the three separate categories of math, mechanics, and ordinance; 93rd in efficiency; and 161st in marine engines. He had probably enjoyed the bumps along the road to 215 demerits. One time, he and his roommate, future rear admiral Ernest Ludolph Gunther (1887–1948) fought so savagely they both ended up in the hospital. Amazingly, the Lucky Bag reported, Gunther "managed to room with Hugo for four years and |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 10, "sc": 4696, "ep": 14, "ec": 481} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 10 | 4,696 | 14 | 481 | Hugo W. Koehler | Harvard and Annapolis & Yangtze Patrol | still maintains his equilibrium of mind." Ultimately, Koehler finished in the exact middle of his class. Yangtze Patrol Koehler graduated from the Naval Academy in June 1909 and as a passed midshipman was attached to the armored cruiser USS New York (ACR-2) on October 29 of that year. During his time aboard, New York made two cruises to the Mediterranean Sea and steamed to the Philippines. New York was renamed Saratoga in February 1911. In August, he was attached to the gunboat USS Villalobos (PG-42) which was assigned to the Yangtze River Patrol in China "on the broad principle of extending |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 14, "sc": 481, "ep": 14, "ec": 1135} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 14 | 481 | 14 | 1,135 | Hugo W. Koehler | Yangtze Patrol | American protection to wherever this country's nationals resided for Gold, Glory or Gospel," observed Koehler. Fifty years later, Villalobos was the inspiration for the fictional USS San Pablo in Richard McKenna's novel and later movie, "The Sand Pebbles". But in 1911 when Koehler shipped aboard, it was only months before the "Last Emperor", Pu-Yi abdicated the throne in January 1912. Before joining Villalobos, Koehler visited the battlefields of Port Arthur, where Russia had battled Japan six years earlier in the Russo-Japanese War. In Villalobos's logbook for October 11, 1911, Koehler wrote, "At 0800 Mids. H.W. Koehler, U.S. Navy, boarded the |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 14, "sc": 1135, "ep": 14, "ec": 1765} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 14 | 1,135 | 14 | 1,765 | Hugo W. Koehler | Yangtze Patrol | Chinese gunboat to obtain further information regarding the situation at Wuchang... Wuchang... was entirely in the hands of rebels and there was no possibility of communication with the American residents." Two days later, the log continues, "Midshipman Koehler attended a conference of the consular body at which the Japanese rear admiral Reijiro Kawashima presided, the meeting having been called to consider communications of the rebel commander in chief, in which he stated the aims of the rebel party, and offered to send troops to protect the foreign concessions. The offer was not accepted... at 1815 sent ashore two Colt |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 14, "sc": 1765, "ep": 14, "ec": 2365} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 14 | 1,765 | 14 | 2,365 | Hugo W. Koehler | Yangtze Patrol | automatic guns to American consulate in order to facilitate landing of armed party.... Incendiary fires in Wuchang throughout the night."
By mid-November, the Yangtze and all of China was in control of the rebels and "the gun-boaters could get back to the normal routine of golf, billiards, tennis and light conversation." Koehler was promoted to ensign on March 28, 1912 to date from June 5, 1911. Koehler was equally at-ease and engaging with the unwashed masses as he was with the aristocracy of his time. He wrote to his mother about a "wonderful tiger hunting expedition" in Mongolia |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 14, "sc": 2365, "ep": 14, "ec": 3026} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 14 | 2,365 | 14 | 3,026 | Hugo W. Koehler | Yangtze Patrol | that he made in November 1912 when he was on leave. The twenty-six year old ensign was already accepted as an equal by the likes of his hunting partners: Prince Pappenheim, first cousin to King Edward VII; Baron Cottu, financier of the Canton-Hankow-Peking railway and Count Riccardo Fabbricotti, "the best looking man in Europe, the wildest and greatest rake", married to Theodore Roosevelt's cousin, Cornelia Roosevelt Scovel. Koehler described Fabbricotti's wife as "perfectly lovely, adores him and understands him not at all", which could equally describe the woman Koehler married fifteen years later.
Koehler was detached from Villalobos and to |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 14, "sc": 3026, "ep": 14, "ec": 3604} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 14 | 3,026 | 14 | 3,604 | Hugo W. Koehler | Yangtze Patrol | Saratoga (ex- USS New York), the Asiatic Fleet flagship, on January 2, 1913, Commander Henry A. Wiley, commanding. Koehler was already coveting the billet of naval attaché to Moscow, when he was assigned as translator for an extended tour of Asian ports by Rear Admiral Reginald F. Nicholson, Commander in Chief, Asiatic Fleet (CINCAF), including Saigon, the French port and Tsingtao, the German port. As Koehler wrote, "I have been studying hard, for I intend to learn Russian. So many of my friends are Russian, and I like the Russians, so ... you see I am still thinking of |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 14, "sc": 3604, "ep": 14, "ec": 4211} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 14 | 3,604 | 14 | 4,211 | Hugo W. Koehler | Yangtze Patrol | my billet as attaché."
On January 26, 1914, Ensign Koehler was given command of the USS Piscataqua, a fleet tug based at Olongapo Naval Station, Philippine Islands. Under him were three other ensigns and forty enlisted men. At one point during his command, Congress failed to pass a naval budget appropriation and Koehler paid the men on his ship and several others from his own pocket. As another eccentricity, Koehler kept a menagerie on his ship. Tragically, his pet boa constrictor swallowed his small spotted deer. Both died when the deer's sharp hooves pierced the snake's side. During the |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 14, "sc": 4211, "ep": 14, "ec": 4838} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 14 | 4,211 | 14 | 4,838 | Hugo W. Koehler | Yangtze Patrol | week of June 1–6, 1914, Lt. Cdr. Lewis Coxe, commanding the Naval Station at Olangapo, ordered Koehler to tow a naval coal barge that Koehler subsequently deemed unseaworthy after his ship started the tow and discovered the barge was taking on water. Koehler returned to port; however, Coxe insisted that he carry out the order. Koehler did, the barge and its $10,000 cargo capsized, Coxe was court-martialed, found guilty of neglect of duty and culpable inefficiency, and Koehler was exonerated. On June 5, 1914, Koehler was promoted to lieutenant (junior grade). That September, Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels quoted |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 14, "sc": 4838, "ep": 14, "ec": 5430} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 14 | 4,838 | 14 | 5,430 | Hugo W. Koehler | Yangtze Patrol | Koehler's commanding officer and said, "This Koehler is very adaptable and possesses a military spirit unusual in one of his rank. At the same time he has produced a smart ship, a contented crew, and the ship in general and the engine room are the cleanest I have ever seen."
Koehler detached from Piscataqua in June 1915, and returned to the Continental United States aboard the SS Chiyo Maru from Yokohama via Honolulu to San Francisco, and listed on the manifest as "Capt. H.W. Koehler". Before sailing from Japan, Koehler used his Germanic looks and "Kaiser Willie" mustache to |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 14, "sc": 5430, "ep": 14, "ec": 6065} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 14 | 5,430 | 14 | 6,065 | Hugo W. Koehler | Yangtze Patrol | bait the Japanese into arresting him as a suspected German spy. With no ID card, commonplace for the time, Koehler spent several days in a Japanese jail, happy to learn what the Japanese were interested in, until the U.S. naval attaché, received a cabled description of Koehler from Washington. More than fifteen years before Japanese imperialism blighted Asia, Koehler wrote, "with Japan and things Japanese... I detest them more each day". Returning to the receiving ship at the Brooklyn Navy Yard, Koehler was briefly attached to the battleship USS Michigan (BB-27) with the Atlantic Fleet from September 16, until October 5, 1915, |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 14, "sc": 6065, "ep": 18, "ec": 324} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 14 | 6,065 | 18 | 324 | Hugo W. Koehler | Yangtze Patrol & World War One | when he was attached to her sister ship USS South Carolina (BB-26). During this time South Carolina operated on the East Coast of the United States, spending summers in maneuvers off Newport, Rhode Island and winters in the Caribbean. World War One Following the United States entry into World War I, Koehler was promoted to lieutenant on June 5, 1917. He detached from South Carolina to serve as an aide to Captain Arthur J. Hepburn, Commander of the Submarine Chaser Division at the New London Navy Yard in Connecticut on January 30, 1918. While in New London he shared |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 18, "sc": 324, "ep": 18, "ec": 923} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 18 | 324 | 18 | 923 | Hugo W. Koehler | World War One | an apartment with Lieutenant (j.g.) Harold S. "Mike" Vanderbilt whose family fortune stemmed from the New York Central Railroad. When Vanderbilt left Koehler a note which appointed him "official furniture mover for the house we are about to lease. /s/ H.S. Vanderbilt", Koehler, not to be outdone, replied with a note which described an incident in which Roman political philosopher Cicero was appointed as garbage remover of Rome by his enemies in order to discredit and discourage him. Quoting Cicero's reply to his malefactors, "If the office will not bring me honor, I will bring honor to the |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 18, "sc": 923, "ep": 18, "ec": 1537} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 18 | 923 | 18 | 1,537 | Hugo W. Koehler | World War One | office," Koehler quipped, "Rome was very badly in need of a garbage collector. Cicero became the most efficient garbage collector that Rome had ever known, and as a result Cicero was made consul and his fame has descended down through the generations. /s/ Hugo W. Koehler"
On June 15, 1918, Koehler followed Captain Hepburn when he was ordered to Europe to take command of the Submarine Chaser Division for the Irish Sea headquartered in Queenstown, Ireland. Koehler was promoted to temporary lieutenant commander on July 1, 1918, and given command of a detachment of submarine chasers. Vanderbilt, who |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 18, "sc": 1537, "ep": 18, "ec": 2144} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 18 | 1,537 | 18 | 2,144 | Hugo W. Koehler | World War One | arranged for Koehler's entry into the upper crust British society, was also ordered to Queenstown. Koehler remained lifelong friends with Vanderbilt, and good-naturedly described his chum as the "boy navigator". Recalling the trans-Atlantic passage to Ireland, Koehler noted that Vanderbilt carried around a sextant "everywhere, and even slept with it I have no doubt... However, he really did take a sight on the way over, and I am creditably informed (by no less person than himself) that the sight actually showed our position as somewhere in the North Atlantic, and not on the top of a mountain, as is |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 18, "sc": 2144, "ep": 18, "ec": 2736} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 18 | 2,144 | 18 | 2,736 | Hugo W. Koehler | World War One | sometimes the case with boy navigators. But at any rate, the captain of the ship did not take his advice too seriously and so we arrived safely." Unlike 1915 Japan, 1918 Ireland welcomed Koehler's Germanic appearance, because it implied anti-Britain, a mistaken assumption that was far from Koehler's actual, lifelong anglophilia. One lieutenant remembered him as "a very Teutonic-looking man and we knew that he went to Sinn Fein meetings, but just who he pretended to be we never knew." Mike Vanderbilt, who rented a mansion with Koehler in Queenstown, watched as he "left the table and |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 18, "sc": 2736, "ep": 18, "ec": 3310} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 18 | 2,736 | 18 | 3,310 | Hugo W. Koehler | World War One | a few moments later, I saw him sneaking out the front door in civilian clothes, made up to be ever more Germanic than usual." Sinn Féin meetings were off limits to U.S. personnel. Koehler spent considerable energy and time to study "both sides of the Irish question." He concluded, "But my sympathies are wavering and are now all for the British... But how to satisfy a people split into factions, each faction demanding something different.... The Home Rule has its stronghold in the South and is solidly Catholic. The Ulsterites or North Irish party, almost as solidly |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 18, "sc": 3310, "ep": 18, "ec": 3883} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 18 | 3,310 | 18 | 3,883 | Hugo W. Koehler | World War One | Protestant, are opposed to Home Rule for the simple reason they realize the minute the South Irish party takes charge, all industries of Ireland—about 95% of which are in the north—will shortly be taxed out of existence.... I have never yet been able to discover just what the Sinn Feiners want, nor has anybody else.... Taxes here are much less than in England. Irish per capita representation in Parliament is greater than that of any other country in England. Food is plentiful. There are no food restrictions and the English supply them with more food than they give |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 18, "sc": 3883, "ep": 18, "ec": 4421} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 18 | 3,883 | 18 | 4,421 | Hugo W. Koehler | World War One | their own people. And yet they have a hymn of hate for the British no less venomous than the German hymn... The great point of difference between the English and the Irish is after all the English have no sense of humor and the Irish have the keenest sense of humor in the world. It is this difference that makes it impossible for Englishmen to understand Irishmen, and it is an axiom that one must first understand those whom one would govern.... One of the most dangerous symptoms lies in the fact that the whole Sinn Féin movement is |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 18, "sc": 4421, "ep": 18, "ec": 4979} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 18 | 4,421 | 18 | 4,979 | Hugo W. Koehler | World War One | tinged with the idea of martyrdom, and it seems to derive considerable strength just from the fact of its hopelessness. The only parallel I have ever seen was in the Southern Philippines, where native priests told the Moros that the greatest good that could come of them would be to kill a heathen American and be shot down in turn, for only then would the gods transport them to Seventh Heaven. Irishmen are rapidly getting the same sort of fanaticism and openly declare that they neither fear nor would they regret being shot down for their cause, since |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 18, "sc": 4979, "ep": 18, "ec": 5515} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 18 | 4,979 | 18 | 5,515 | Hugo W. Koehler | World War One | every Irishman shot down by the police or soldiery means a distinct gain for Ireland, because 20 men will be inspired by the example of the one who has fallen.... So hurrah for Ireland and the Irish, say I! It's the devil of a country to live in or work in but a fine place to play in. And the Irish? I love them as friends and playmates, but oh! how I'd hate to have them as compatriots or relations."
Writing to his mother, Koehler described as "murder" the roughness of patrols on the Irish Sea, the constant smell of diesel |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 18, "sc": 5515, "ep": 18, "ec": 6119} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 18 | 5,515 | 18 | 6,119 | Hugo W. Koehler | World War One | and twenty-four hours of "drifting patrol", without engines so as to avoid detection by German submarines. The subchasers could determine the direction of a submarine, but not the distance, so they operated in a line of three, each independently determining the direction, with the three lines then plotted on a chart. The point of intersection was the location of the sub, which would have moved on by then, necessitating a new trilateration when they reached the last known point, and in that manner "like a hare and hound chase" the subchasers worked in unison with patrol aircraft launched from four |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 18, "sc": 6119, "ep": 18, "ec": 6732} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 18 | 6,119 | 18 | 6,732 | Hugo W. Koehler | World War One | airfields on the Irish Coast, that transmitted the location as soon as a wake or sub was sighted. "This cooperation of aircraft with subchasers multiplied the usefulness of both, as subchasers became the ears for the aircraft and aircraft became the eyes for the subchasers," Koehler observed.
He was awarded the Navy Cross in 1920, for his World War I duty, with the following citation: "The Navy Cross is presented to Hugo W. Koehler, Lieutenant Commander, U.S. Navy, for distinguished services in the line of his profession for duty in connection with preparation of submarine chasers for duty in the |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 18, "sc": 6732, "ep": 22, "ec": 456} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 18 | 6,732 | 22 | 456 | Hugo W. Koehler | World War One & Post Armistice England | war zone and subsequently their operation in the Irish Sea and off the coast of Ireland." Post Armistice England After the Armistice was signed on November 11, 1918, Koehler was detached to the staff of Admiral William S. Sims, commanding U.S. Naval forces in Europe, with headquarters in London. The two months that Koehler spent on Sims' staff were far removed from the rough seas and fumes of the subchasers. "I have landed among the very smart and fashionable and the diplomatic set," he wrote his mother, "many of whom I already knew officially: and on the other |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 22, "sc": 456, "ep": 22, "ec": 1000} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 22 | 456 | 22 | 1,000 | Hugo W. Koehler | Post Armistice England | hand through Lady Scott (wife of Captain Scott who discovered the South Pole), whom I have known a long time, I see a great deal of men like Bernard Shaw, Arnold Bennett and James Barrie, so I don't get too narrow in my ideas about things English. Mike Vanderbilt's sister, the Duchess of Marlborough, has been chaperoning me very carefully and on two occasions has had me all but married without consulting either me or the lucky girl! Rumors of this may reach you, but you are not to take them seriously. Of course, I always take all lovely |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 22, "sc": 1000, "ep": 22, "ec": 1679} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 22 | 1,000 | 22 | 1,679 | Hugo W. Koehler | Post Armistice England | women seriously--" Koehler spent Christmas 1918 at the baronial, English manor "Cranmore", as the guest of Lady Muriel Paget with a party of thirty-seven "diverse personalities" including Arthur Balfour, former, conservative British Prime Minister, Barrie, author of Peter Pan and Lord Herbert John Gladstone, liberal British statesman, member of Parliament and first governor general and high commissioner for South Africa. Gladstone, the son of "The Grand Old Man", Prime Minister William Gladstone, remained a close-friend of Koehler for fifteen years, and circumspectly countenanced an ongoing affair of similar duration between his much younger wife, Dolly, and Koehler. |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 22, "sc": 1679, "ep": 22, "ec": 2251} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 22 | 1,679 | 22 | 2,251 | Hugo W. Koehler | Post Armistice England | Over the years of their friendship that lasted until Gladstone's death, his salutations evolved from, "My dear Commander", to "My dear Hugo", to "My dear Old Fellow", to "Dear Old Boy". In a letter to Mathilda, Koehler described the festivities, "One evening at dinner, James Barrie was told to construct the most wonderful play he had ever written. He did so the following morning; in the afternoon the play was rehearsed, and in the evening it was produced in seven acts, a tremendous success. It was wonderfully clever, for most of the actors had simply to act their |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 22, "sc": 2251, "ep": 22, "ec": 2792} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 22 | 2,251 | 22 | 2,792 | Hugo W. Koehler | Post Armistice England | own characters. Mr. Balfour took the part of a Foreign Minister; Lord Gladstone took the part of a Colonial Governor (he had just been Governor of South Africa) and I was a dashing (sic!) young naval officer. The result was a screaming farce. We were there five days and were idle not a solitary moment. Almost every day we had a football game in which everybody took part, men, women and children, and indeed it was a lesson in poise to see the splendid way in which the most dignified old statesmen and haughty dowagers dashed about and |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 22, "sc": 2792, "ep": 22, "ec": 3404} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 22 | 2,792 | 22 | 3,404 | Hugo W. Koehler | Post Armistice England | scrambled in the mud."
The day after Christmas, Koehler returned to Cranmore from a partridge shoot and was captivated by the dinner guests seated on either side of him, the daughters of Thomas Thynne, 5th Marquess of Bath. Recognizing that "two beautiful women at the same time are always a difficulty", Koehler "at once" made the "dreadful decision" and between Lady Emma Margery Thynne (1893–1980) and Lady Alice Kathleen Violet Thynne (1891–1977), chose Emma as the object of his pursuit. The following day, Koehler, was scheduled to go to Maiden Bradley to hunt with Sir Edward Seymour, 16th Duke |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 22, "sc": 3404, "ep": 22, "ec": 3947} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 22 | 3,404 | 22 | 3,947 | Hugo W. Koehler | Post Armistice England | of Somerset. He devised a scheme with the cooperation of his hostess, Lady Paget. Returning from the hunting trip, they would have a tire "puncture" in front of Longleat, the ancestral home of the Marquess of Bath. The enterprising Koehler would present himself at the door and further sojourn with Emma would be his. Koehler showed Balfour and the duke the note of his plan he had scribbled to Lady Paget. They "roared" and asked Koehler what he was going to do about it. "Get them of course", was the response to more laughter. The duke |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 22, "sc": 3947, "ep": 22, "ec": 4478} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 22 | 3,947 | 22 | 4,478 | Hugo W. Koehler | Post Armistice England | and Koehler made a wager, his gun for the duke's greatcoat, that Koehler would not succeed. Koehler executed his plan, and "lifting the enormous knocker, [to] beat a bold tattoo on a door about the size of the gates of St. Peter's," he was ushered into Longleat. Only then did he discover that while he was hunting, Emma had sent word to Cranmore inviting him to spend the weekend at Longleat, and so his suitcase had been packed and put in his car unbeknownst to him. "At any rate I have the duke's greatcoat. Since then all my |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 22, "sc": 4478, "ep": 22, "ec": 5042} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 22 | 4,478 | 22 | 5,042 | Hugo W. Koehler | Post Armistice England | weekends save one, when I went back to the old duke, have been spent at Longleat".
While he lost Emma to William Compton, 6th Marquess of Northampton, who married her in 1921, Koehler reflected in a letter to his mother dated February 5, 1919, while embarked on HMS Comus for the northern Scotland anchorage, Scapa Flow, "I shall grieve as much as any Englishman when the old order changes, for I cannot help thinking that when all the land is cut up into small farms and the great estates pass out of existence, England will lose a lot more than she will |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 22, "sc": 5042, "ep": 22, "ec": 5597} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 22 | 5,042 | 22 | 5,597 | Hugo W. Koehler | Post Armistice England | gain by any improvement that may come from men working their own farms instead of being tenants. For instance, Longleat comprises some 68,000 acres. Of course, that seems a tremendous big corner of a small country like England for one man to own. But no one will ever provide for that land and all the people on it as carefully as have the Thynnes for many generations. It takes 68,000 acres to support it. And those aristocrats of England, they deserve well of their country- they've poured out their blood and their treasure unsparingly in this war. |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 22, "sc": 5597, "ep": 22, "ec": 6163} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 22 | 5,597 | 22 | 6,163 | Hugo W. Koehler | Post Armistice England | Take the Thynnes, for example. Every one of them did splendidly: The oldest son, Viscount Weymouth (2nd Lt. John Alexander Thynne, 1895–1916), went to France the first week of the war, distinguished himself, and was killed in action a week after he got the Victoria Cross. And the girls saw their job and did it. It was necessary that women, who had never worked before, should go into factories. The quickest way to bring about so revolutionary a change was to make it fashionable. So these girls, with the proudest blood in England in their veins, promptly took |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 22, "sc": 6163, "ep": 22, "ec": 6743} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 22 | 6,163 | 22 | 6,743 | Hugo W. Koehler | Post Armistice England | jobs in a munition factory. They stuck at it, and for long hours each day, for month upon month, they worked at their lathes with a thousand other men and girls about them. In the meantime, their mother, the Marchioness of Bath, converted her home into a hospital and ran it herself, having asked the government for nothing but medicines- she provided doctors and nurses and all else. So bravo for them, I say! They saw their duty and did it."
Koehler's commanding officer at Queenstown, Captain Hepburn attended the December 18, 1918 meeting that organized the Allied |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 22, "sc": 6743, "ep": 24, "ec": 31} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 22 | 6,743 | 24 | 31 | Hugo W. Koehler | Post Armistice England & Post war intelligence gathering | Naval Armistice Commission. When Hepburn returned to the U.S. in early 1919, Koehler was attached as translator for Vice Admiral Samuel S. Robison, the ranking American representative on the commission. For one month there were dinner parties every night and on weekends at Longleat, before the commission headed to Scapa Flow in early February 1919, where nearly 80 ships of the German High Seas Fleet had been interned while awaiting disposition through peace treaty negotiations. From Scapa Flow the commission headed to various German ports to assess the condition of German warships and merchantmen. Post war intelligence gathering |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 26, "sc": 0, "ep": 26, "ec": 612} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 26 | 0 | 26 | 612 | Hugo W. Koehler | Post war intelligence gathering | The most interesting period of Koehler's life was during the four years immediately following the First World War. His naval assignments brought him to Germany, France, Russia and Poland. He had a front row seat during the Russian Civil War, as second-in-command to Rear Admiral Newton A. McCully's nine-man, Mission to South Russia for the U.S. State Department. Koehler was often in disguise and sometimes engaged in combat between the warring factions, that would doubtless have brought him the swift execution accorded a spy if he had been captured. By embedding himself in the conflict, Koehler was able to |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 26, "sc": 612, "ep": 26, "ec": 1286} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 26 | 612 | 26 | 1,286 | Hugo W. Koehler | Post war intelligence gathering | report on the rapidly-changing developments with a unique perspective. He travelled in Crimea and the Ukraine, where he obtained an insightful understanding of the military and political conflicts and the dire economic conditions. Koehler met many of the major military figures of both the Bolshevik and White Russian factions, including General Anton Denikin, Lt. General Alexander Kutepov and General (Baron) Pyotr Wrangel, notably taking part in Wrangel's raid into Taurida, where Koehler narrowly escaped capture at Melitopol. He was awarded three of the small number of Russian Imperial military decorations that were distributed during this time and also recommended |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 26, "sc": 1286, "ep": 30, "ec": 497} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 26 | 1,286 | 30 | 497 | Hugo W. Koehler | Post war intelligence gathering & Germany | for award of the Distinguished Service Medal by his commanding officer, Rear Admiral McCully. Germany The Germany that Koehler observed in early 1919 was a defeated and bitter nation. The losers of the killing fields and forests in France were poor and demoralized, beset by a vengeful France plundering from the west and bolshevism looming from the east. Germans were outraged by what they saw as the "Versailles diktat", as a German "Red Soldiers" League fought and defeated a reactionary Freikorps of ex-soldiers that for a time threatened a Bolshevik revolution in Germany. The Kiel mutiny of |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 30, "sc": 497, "ep": 30, "ec": 1108} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 30 | 497 | 30 | 1,108 | Hugo W. Koehler | Germany | German sailors at the beginning of November 1918 had been the death knell of the German empire, bringing about the Armistice a couple weeks later. Koehler's instincts were aristocratic but his impulses were proletarian. During his initial six week inspection tour of various German port cities and towns, beginning with Wilhelmshaven and on to Hamburg, Bremen and Kiel, he observed conditions of both the German capital ships and the general population. "We found the German ships all in a frightful state, both as regards cleanliness and preservation. They had evidently been hastily put out of commission |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 30, "sc": 1108, "ep": 30, "ec": 1716} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 30 | 1,108 | 30 | 1,716 | Hugo W. Koehler | Germany | for there was no one on board... The ships that were in commission, as for example the new light cruiser Koenigsberg were also in hopeless condition, although they had large crews on board... As this rabble came out on deck, where we were patiently waiting, the men crowded around us so it was necessary to ask the captain to have them withdraw sufficiently to allow us breathing space... The men moved slowly away and sulked and muttered. We also inspected the destroyers, submarines and the aircraft station. Conditions were everywhere alike: everything unspeakably filthy, no work being done, everything |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 30, "sc": 1716, "ep": 30, "ec": 2272} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 30 | 1,716 | 30 | 2,272 | Hugo W. Koehler | Germany | going to rack and ruin..." In his report to Admiral Sims, Koehler wrote, "The one sure thing about the German navy is that it is finished-finished far more effectively than if every officer and man and ship had been sunk. With the exception of U-Boat men, the navy and everyone in it is in disgrace. The U-Boat men were loyal throughout the whole revolution, and are loyal to the central government today, but even they appear ashamed of the navy for many of them wear soldier uniforms. Hardly anywhere does anyone see a sailor in uniform. So thoroughly |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 30, "sc": 2272, "ep": 30, "ec": 2855} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 30 | 2,272 | 30 | 2,855 | Hugo W. Koehler | Germany | is the shame of the navy felt that the blue uniform is considered almost a badge of disgrace, and except for the uniforms of men of the few ships still in commission one never sees any blue, although the streets are crowded with men in the forest gray of the infantry." At Wilhelmshaven, he put in "a good many hours" reading newspapers, handbills and political pamphlets distributed by the "Workmen's Council", the Socialists and the civil government, with titles such as, "Tirpitz the Grave Digger of the German Navy". Koehler saw the outcries of the masses expressed in placards |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 30, "sc": 2855, "ep": 30, "ec": 3403} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 30 | 2,855 | 30 | 3,403 | Hugo W. Koehler | Germany | that read, "We have a right to something besides work." "We have a right to bread." "Labor, which alone produces wealth, alone has the right to wealth." "No more profit."
"I asked the people about the Kaiser (Wilhelm II), the sum of all their answers was that the Kaiser today, even if not openly popular, nevertheless has a greater hold on the respect and affections of the Germans as a whole than has any other in the Empire. The crown prince is not popular. They say the Kaiser was badly advised, but that after all, no man in Germany |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 30, "sc": 3403, "ep": 30, "ec": 3904} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 30 | 3,403 | 30 | 3,904 | Hugo W. Koehler | Germany | has the interests of Germany so close at heart or worked so hard or tirelessly as did the Kaiser. Another idea which is also very widespread is that the great general staff which he reared so carefully became a car of Juggernaut and rolled over him. They all agree that he was weak about the use of gas. They say that he forbade the use of gas, but was later overruled by the militarists. No one thinks that the use of gas was wrong, though quite a number think it was very foolish to start off on |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 30, "sc": 3904, "ep": 30, "ec": 4472} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 30 | 3,904 | 30 | 4,472 | Hugo W. Koehler | Germany | a small scale. They argue that if the Kaiser had allowed the use of gas on a tremendous scale, as the general staff wanted to at the beginning, they would have won the war before the allies could have provided themselves with gas masks. It is also said that the kaiser opposed air raids on undefended towns in England, but was overruled by the general staff. I have heard a great many bitter criticisms of the German chemists who could not discover a nonflammable gas for Zeppelins, while American chemists did."
Koehler assessed the two needs of Germany in |
{"datasets_id": 2461, "wiki_id": "Q28737277", "sp": 30, "sc": 4472, "ep": 30, "ec": 5030} | 2,461 | Q28737277 | 30 | 4,472 | 30 | 5,030 | Hugo W. Koehler | Germany | the few months following the Armistice: food and raw materials. Food to keep her poor people from suffering and actual starvation within weeks, since they had no money to purchase food at profiteer prices, and to keep her workmen out of bolshevism. Raw materials were needed partly for the same reason, to block bolshevism and to help Germany to regain her place in the commercial world and also to repay the enormous war debt saddled on her by the Kaiser and his military advisors. "The Germans are not starved yet, but they are pretty hungry. One sees a |
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