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{"datasets_id": 2415, "wiki_id": "Q5869635", "sp": 30, "sc": 319, "ep": 30, "ec": 498} | 2,415 | Q5869635 | 30 | 319 | 30 | 498 | History of the Jews in Cincinnati | Businesses | his flair for cooking at the renowned St. Nicolas Hotel. A Cincinnati culinary institution, Kadetz' Kosher, opened in 1901 as the first kosher restaurant west of the Alleghenies. |
{"datasets_id": 2416, "wiki_id": "Q16942566", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 561} | 2,416 | Q16942566 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 561 | History of the firearm | China | History of the firearm China In China, the earliest firearm was the fire lance, a black-powder–filled tube attached to the end of a spear and used as a flamethrower (not to be confused with the Byzantine flamethrower); shrapnel was sometimes placed in the barrel so that it would fly out together with the flames. The earliest known depiction of a gunpowder weapon is the illustration of a fire-lance on a mid-10th century silk banner from Dunhuang. The De'an Shoucheng Lu, an account of the siege of De'an in 1132 during the Jin–Song Wars, records that Song forces used fire-lances against |
{"datasets_id": 2416, "wiki_id": "Q16942566", "sp": 6, "sc": 561, "ep": 6, "ec": 1203} | 2,416 | Q16942566 | 6 | 561 | 6 | 1,203 | History of the firearm | China | the Jurchen.
The proportion of saltpeter in the propellant was increased to maximize its explosive power. To better withstand that explosive power, the paper and bamboo of which fire-lance barrels were originally made came to be replaced with metal. And to take full advantage of that power, the shrapnel came to be replaced by projectiles whose size and shape filled the barrel more closely. With this, the three basic features of the gun emerged: a barrel made of metal, high-nitrate gunpowder, and a projectile which totally occludes the muzzle so that the powder charge exerts its full potential in propellant effect.
The |
{"datasets_id": 2416, "wiki_id": "Q16942566", "sp": 6, "sc": 1203, "ep": 10, "ec": 20} | 2,416 | Q16942566 | 6 | 1,203 | 10 | 20 | History of the firearm | China & Middle East | earliest depiction of a gun is a sculpture from a cave in Sichuan dating to the 12th century of a Chinese figure carrying a vase-shaped bombard with flames and a cannonball coming out of it. The oldest surviving firearm is the Heilongjiang hand cannon dated to 1288, which was discovered at a site in modern-day Acheng District where the History of Yuan records that battles were fought at that time; Li Ting, a military commander of Jurchen descent, led footsoldiers armed with guns in battle to suppress the rebellion of the Christian Mongol Prince Nayan. Middle East Firearms appeared in |
{"datasets_id": 2416, "wiki_id": "Q16942566", "sp": 10, "sc": 20, "ep": 10, "ec": 646} | 2,416 | Q16942566 | 10 | 20 | 10 | 646 | History of the firearm | Middle East | the Middle East between the late 13th century and early 14th century. Ahmad Y. al-Hassan claims that the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260 saw the Mamluks use against the Mongols "the first cannon in history" with gunpowder formula which are almost identical with the ideal composition for explosive gunpowder. However, Iqtidar Alam Khan argues that it was invading Mongols who introduced gunpowder to the Islamic world and cites Mamluk antagonism towards early riflemen in their infantry as an example of how gunpowder weapons were not always met with open acceptance in the Middle East.
The arquebus first appeared in the |
{"datasets_id": 2416, "wiki_id": "Q16942566", "sp": 10, "sc": 646, "ep": 10, "ec": 1254} | 2,416 | Q16942566 | 10 | 646 | 10 | 1,254 | History of the firearm | Middle East | Ottoman Empire at some point between 1394 and the early 15th century. The arquebus was later used in substantial numbers by the Janissaries of the Ottoman army by the mid-15th century. The matchlock arquebus was first used by the Janissary corps of the Ottoman army in the first half of the 15th century, possibly as early as 1394 but certainly by the 1440s.
The musket first appeared in the Ottoman Empire by 1465. In 1598, Chinese writer Zhao Shizhen described Turkish muskets as being superior to European muskets. The Chinese military book Wu Pei Chih (1621) later described Turkish muskets that |
{"datasets_id": 2416, "wiki_id": "Q16942566", "sp": 10, "sc": 1254, "ep": 14, "ec": 437} | 2,416 | Q16942566 | 10 | 1,254 | 14 | 437 | History of the firearm | Middle East & Europe | used a rack-and-pinion mechanism, which was not known to have been used in European or Chinese firearms at the time. Europe One theory of how gunpowder came to Europe is that it made its way along the Silk Road through the Middle East; another is that it was brought to Europe during the Mongol invasion in the first half of the 13th century. English Privy Wardrobe accounts list "ribaldis," a type of cannon, in the 1340s, and siege guns were used by the English at the Siege of Calais (1346–47).
The first mention of firearms in Russia is found in the |
{"datasets_id": 2416, "wiki_id": "Q16942566", "sp": 14, "sc": 437, "ep": 18, "ec": 2} | 2,416 | Q16942566 | 14 | 437 | 18 | 2 | History of the firearm | Europe & Repeating and automatic firearms | Sofiiskii vremennik chronicle, where it is stated that during the 1382 defense of Moscow from Tokhtamysh's Golden Horde, Muscovites used firearms called tyufyaki (Russian: тюфяки), which were of Eastern origin; this word derives from Turkic tüfäk "gun".
Around the late 14th century in Italy, smaller and portable hand-cannons or schioppi were developed, creating in effect the first smoothbore personal firearm. In the late 15th century, the Ottoman Empire used firearms as part of its regular infantry.
The earliest surviving firearm in Europe was found in Otepää, Estonia and it dates to at least as early as 1396. Repeating and automatic firearms A |
{"datasets_id": 2416, "wiki_id": "Q16942566", "sp": 18, "sc": 1, "ep": 18, "ec": 623} | 2,416 | Q16942566 | 18 | 1 | 18 | 623 | History of the firearm | Repeating and automatic firearms | repeating firearm or "repeater" is a firearm that holds more than one cartridge and can be fired more than once between chargings. One example of a repeater is the American Springfield Model 1892–99—also made at the Springfield Armory in Springfield, Massachusetts—which were used during the Spanish–American War. Some repeating firearms require manipulation of a bolt (as in bolt action), lever, or slide to eject the fired cartridge case, draw a fresh cartridge from the magazine, and insert it into the firing chamber, and "cock" (draw to the rear and place under spring tension) the hammer or striker, so that pulling |
{"datasets_id": 2416, "wiki_id": "Q16942566", "sp": 18, "sc": 623, "ep": 18, "ec": 1221} | 2,416 | Q16942566 | 18 | 623 | 18 | 1,221 | History of the firearm | Repeating and automatic firearms | the trigger will fire the weapon. Others use either the firearm's recoil or a small portion of the propellant gas drawn from the barrel, to operate the firearm's mechanism and ready it for the next shot. Such firearms are sometimes called "self-loading," but are more commonly known as semi-automatic, if they fire one shot for every pull of the trigger, or automatic or "full-auto" if they continue to fire until the trigger is released and the magazine is empty.
A revolver is a unique type of firearm in which a rotating cylinder holds a number of cartridges; the cylinder "revolves" to |
{"datasets_id": 2416, "wiki_id": "Q16942566", "sp": 18, "sc": 1221, "ep": 18, "ec": 1859} | 2,416 | Q16942566 | 18 | 1,221 | 18 | 1,859 | History of the firearm | Repeating and automatic firearms | align each "chamber" or "charge hole" with the rear of the barrel, hold the cartridge and contain the pressure (up to 65,000 pounds per square inch or 450 MPa) produced when the cartridge is fired. Thus the cylinder serves as both magazine and firing chambers. There are also "single- shot" and multiple barrel firearms, which hold only one cartridge per barrel and must be reloaded manually between shots.
The earliest repeating firearms were revolvers (revolving rifles were sometimes called "turret guns") and were "single action" in that they could only be fired one way: by manually cocking the mechanism (drawing the hammer |
{"datasets_id": 2416, "wiki_id": "Q16942566", "sp": 18, "sc": 1859, "ep": 18, "ec": 2479} | 2,416 | Q16942566 | 18 | 1,859 | 18 | 2,479 | History of the firearm | Repeating and automatic firearms | to the rear with the thumb) before each shot. This design dates from 1836, with the introduction of the Colt Paterson, or even earlier. Though they are slower to reload and fire than some other types of firearms, single-action revolvers are of a simple, strong design, and are still made, though they are nowadays used more often for hunting than for self-defense. The double-action revolver is a design almost as old as the single action. Some double-action revolvers, called double-action only or D.A.O. revolvers can only be fired using the trigger (e.g., revolvers with bobbed or hidden hammers). Most double-action |
{"datasets_id": 2416, "wiki_id": "Q16942566", "sp": 18, "sc": 2479, "ep": 18, "ec": 3054} | 2,416 | Q16942566 | 18 | 2,479 | 18 | 3,054 | History of the firearm | Repeating and automatic firearms | revolvers can be fired in either of the two ways. One can cock the hammer (the action of which moves levers to rotate the cylinder and align a fresh cartridge with the rear of the barrel), then pull the trigger for each shot ("single-action mode") or one may simply pull the trigger, through a longer, heavier stroke. This causes levers and springs to both rotate the cylinder and draw the hammer to the rear, then release it, firing the cartridge. Firing a double-action revolver in single-action mode tends to be more accurate, because the trigger pull is much shorter and |
{"datasets_id": 2416, "wiki_id": "Q16942566", "sp": 18, "sc": 3054, "ep": 18, "ec": 3668} | 2,416 | Q16942566 | 18 | 3,054 | 18 | 3,668 | History of the firearm | Repeating and automatic firearms | lighter; usually three or four pounds-force (18−22 newtons) of pull is sufficient, instead of the twelve to twenty pounds (50−90 N) required for double-action mode, so the firearm's aim and mobility is less likely to be disturbed by the force of pulling the trigger.
The first successful rapid-fire firearm is the Gatling gun, invented by Richard Jordan Gatling and fielded by the Union forces during the American Civil War in the 1860s. It is operated by a hand crank and rotates multiple barrels. The Gatling gun needs a four-man crew to function and has had many upgrades since its introduction and has |
{"datasets_id": 2416, "wiki_id": "Q16942566", "sp": 18, "sc": 3668, "ep": 18, "ec": 4283} | 2,416 | Q16942566 | 18 | 3,668 | 18 | 4,283 | History of the firearm | Repeating and automatic firearms | been used in many conflicts.
Self-loaders are firearms that use some of the discharge energy to reload the firearm. These are also called semi or full-automatics. These are typically fed from a tube or detachable magazine, sometimes referred to as a "clip" (which denotes a magazine reloading device used in certain rifles, or a retainer for flangeless bullets used in certain revolvers). The world's first self-loading firearm is the Maxim gun, developed by British inventor Sir Hiram Maxim in 1884, capable of firing 600 rounds per minute but requires a team of men to maintain and is not portable by one |
{"datasets_id": 2416, "wiki_id": "Q16942566", "sp": 18, "sc": 4283, "ep": 18, "ec": 4936} | 2,416 | Q16942566 | 18 | 4,283 | 18 | 4,936 | History of the firearm | Repeating and automatic firearms | man. The Maxim gun has been used in a vast number of conflicts.
The world's first successful self-loading rifle is the Mondragón rifle, designed by Mexican general Manuel Mondragón and was the first self-loading firearm able to be operated by a single rifleman, since its debut in 1908 it received few modifications (bipod, 30-round drum magazine) and has been used during the Mexican Revolution (Mexican Army) and World War I (Imperial German Flying Corps).
The world's first submachine gun (a fully automatic firearm which fires pistol cartridges) able to be maneuvered by a single soldier is the MP18.1, invented by Theodor Bergmann. |
{"datasets_id": 2416, "wiki_id": "Q16942566", "sp": 18, "sc": 4936, "ep": 18, "ec": 5556} | 2,416 | Q16942566 | 18 | 4,936 | 18 | 5,556 | History of the firearm | Repeating and automatic firearms | It was introduced into service in 1918 by the German Army during World War I as the primary weapon of the Stosstruppen (assault groups specialized in trench combat). Submachine guns came to prominence during World War II, with millions manufactured. During the war, manufacturers moved away from finely crafted but expensive submachine guns such as the Thompson, in favor of cheaper models that were quicker to manufacture, such as the M3.
The first successful assault rifle was introduced during World War II by the Germans, known as the StG 44, it was the first-ever firearm which bridges the gap between long |
{"datasets_id": 2416, "wiki_id": "Q16942566", "sp": 18, "sc": 5556, "ep": 18, "ec": 6186} | 2,416 | Q16942566 | 18 | 5,556 | 18 | 6,186 | History of the firearm | Repeating and automatic firearms | range rifles, machine guns, and short range submachine guns. The assault rifle was a more powerful and had longer ranges than the submachine gun, yet can be used comfortably in close, urban environments and on fully automatic from the shoulder unlike heavier machine guns and long semi-auto rifles, thanks to its intermediate round and select-fire option (switch from fully automatic to semi-automatic). After World War II ended, the assault rifle concept was adopted by every world power and is still being used to this day.
The battle rifle was a post-World War II development pushed primarily by the United States that |
{"datasets_id": 2416, "wiki_id": "Q16942566", "sp": 18, "sc": 6186, "ep": 18, "ec": 6783} | 2,416 | Q16942566 | 18 | 6,186 | 18 | 6,783 | History of the firearm | Repeating and automatic firearms | desired a select-fire rifle that retained the long range of the M1 Garand (the US service rifle during World War II and the Korean War). Influenced by the US, NATO members adopted battle rifles of their own. In practice, the powerful cartridge of the battle rifle proved to be difficult to control during fully automatic fire and the concept was not further developed.
During World War II, the term assault rifle was coined. However, during the Vietnam era, the M16 was developed. A common misconception of the term "assault rifle" is not properly used. The civilian version of the M16 is |
{"datasets_id": 2416, "wiki_id": "Q16942566", "sp": 18, "sc": 6783, "ep": 18, "ec": 7064} | 2,416 | Q16942566 | 18 | 6,783 | 18 | 7,064 | History of the firearm | Repeating and automatic firearms | known as the AR-15. AR stands for "ArmaLite Rifle," not "Assault Rifle." This is why the term assault rifle is used incorrectly when describing rifles with large-capacity magazines. The AK-47 or "Kalashinkov" became the most widely developed rifle for countries on a global scale. |
{"datasets_id": 2417, "wiki_id": "Q16986335", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 596} | 2,417 | Q16986335 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 596 | History of universities in Scotland | History of universities in Scotland The history of universities in Scotland includes the development of all universities and university colleges in Scotland, between their foundation between the fifteenth century and the present day. Until the fifteenth century, those Scots who wished to attend university had to travel to England, or to the Continent. This situation was transformed by the founding of St John's College, St Andrews in 1418 by Henry Wardlaw, bishop of St. Andrews. St Salvator's College was added to St. Andrews in 1450. The other great bishoprics followed, with the University of Glasgow being founded in 1451 and |
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{"datasets_id": 2417, "wiki_id": "Q16986335", "sp": 4, "sc": 596, "ep": 4, "ec": 1234} | 2,417 | Q16986335 | 4 | 596 | 4 | 1,234 | History of universities in Scotland | King's College, Aberdeen in 1495. Initially, these institutions were designed for the training of clerics, but they would increasingly be used by laymen. International contacts helped integrate Scotland into a wider European scholarly world and would be one of the most important ways in which the new ideas of humanism were brought into Scottish intellectual life in the sixteenth century.
St Leonard's College was founded in St Andrews in 1512 and St John's College as St Mary's College, St Andrews was re-founded in 1538, as a humanist academy for the training of clerics. Public lectures that were established in Edinburgh in |
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{"datasets_id": 2417, "wiki_id": "Q16986335", "sp": 4, "sc": 1234, "ep": 4, "ec": 1884} | 2,417 | Q16986335 | 4 | 1,234 | 4 | 1,884 | History of universities in Scotland | the 1540s would eventually become the University of Edinburgh in 1582. After the Reformation, Scotland's universities underwent reforms associated with Andrew Melville, who was influenced by the anti-Aristotelian Petrus Ramus. In 1617 James IV decreed that the town college of Edinburgh should be known as King James's College. In 1641, the two colleges at Aberdeen were united by decree of Charles I (r. 1625–49), to form the "King Charles University of Aberdeen". Under the Commonwealth (1652–60), the universities saw an improvement in their funding. After the Restoration there was a purge of Presbyterians from the universities, but most of the |
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{"datasets_id": 2417, "wiki_id": "Q16986335", "sp": 4, "sc": 1884, "ep": 4, "ec": 2573} | 2,417 | Q16986335 | 4 | 1,884 | 4 | 2,573 | History of universities in Scotland | intellectual advances of the preceding period were preserved. The colleges at St. Andrews were demerged. The five Scottish university colleges recovered from the disruption of the civil war years and Restoration with a lecture-based curriculum that was able to embrace economics and science, offering a high-quality liberal education to the sons of the nobility and gentry.
In the eighteenth century the universities went from being small and parochial institutions, largely for the training of clergy and lawyers, to major intellectual centres at the forefront of Scottish identity and life, seen as fundamental to democratic principles and the opportunity for social advancement |
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{"datasets_id": 2417, "wiki_id": "Q16986335", "sp": 4, "sc": 2573, "ep": 4, "ec": 3214} | 2,417 | Q16986335 | 4 | 2,573 | 4 | 3,214 | History of universities in Scotland | for the talented. Chairs of medicine were founded at all the university towns. By the 1740s Edinburgh medical school was the major centre of medicine in Europe and was a leading centre in the Atlantic world. Access to Scottish universities was probably more open than in contemporary England, Germany or France. Attendance was less expensive and the student body more representative of society as a whole. The system was flexible and the curriculum became a modern philosophical and scientific one, in keeping with contemporary needs for improvement and progress. Scotland reaped the intellectual benefits of this system in its contribution |
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{"datasets_id": 2417, "wiki_id": "Q16986335", "sp": 4, "sc": 3214, "ep": 4, "ec": 3865} | 2,417 | Q16986335 | 4 | 3,214 | 4 | 3,865 | History of universities in Scotland | to the European Enlightenment. Many of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment were university professors, who developed their ideas in university lectures.
At the beginning of the nineteenth century, Scotland's five university colleges had no entrance exam, students typically entered at ages of 15 or 16, attended for as little as two years, chose which lectures to attend and left without qualifications. The curriculum was dominated by divinity and the law and there was a concerted attempt to modernise the curriculum, particularly by introducing degrees in the physical sciences and the need to reform the system to meet the needs |
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{"datasets_id": 2417, "wiki_id": "Q16986335", "sp": 4, "sc": 3865, "ep": 4, "ec": 4479} | 2,417 | Q16986335 | 4 | 3,865 | 4 | 4,479 | History of universities in Scotland | of the emerging middle classes and the professions. The result of these reforms was a revitalisation of the Scottish university system, which expanded to 6,254 students by the end of the century and produced leading figures in both the arts and sciences. In the first half of the twentieth century Scottish universities fell behind those in England and Europe in terms of participation and investment. After the Robbins Report of 1963 there was a rapid expansion in higher education in Scotland. By the end of the decade the number of Scottish Universities had doubled. New universities included the University of |
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{"datasets_id": 2417, "wiki_id": "Q16986335", "sp": 4, "sc": 4479, "ep": 8, "ec": 251} | 2,417 | Q16986335 | 4 | 4,479 | 8 | 251 | History of universities in Scotland | Background | Dundee, Strathclyde, Heriot-Watt, Stirling. From the 1970s the government preferred to expand higher education in the non-university sector and by the late 1980s roughly half of students in higher education were in colleges. In 1992, under the Further and Higher Education Act 1992, the distinction between universities and colleges was removed, creating new universities at Abertay, Glasgow Caledonian, Napier, Paisley and Robert Gordon. Background From the end of the eleventh century, universities had been founded across Europe, developing as semi-autonomous centres of learning, often teaching theology, mathematics, law and medicine. Until the fifteenth century, those Scots who wished to attend |
{"datasets_id": 2417, "wiki_id": "Q16986335", "sp": 8, "sc": 251, "ep": 8, "ec": 923} | 2,417 | Q16986335 | 8 | 251 | 8 | 923 | History of universities in Scotland | Background | university had to travel to England, to Oxford or Cambridge, or to the Continent. Just over 1,000 students have been identified as doing so between the twelfth century and 1410. Among the destinations Paris was the most important, but also Cologne, Orléans, Wittenberg, Louvain and Vienna.
Among these travelling scholars, the most important intellectual figure was John Duns Scotus (c. 1266–1308), who studied at Oxford, Cambridge and Paris. He probably died at Cologne in 1308, after becoming a major influence on late medieval religious thought. After the outbreak of the Wars of Independence (1296–1357), with occasional exceptions under safe conduct, English |
{"datasets_id": 2417, "wiki_id": "Q16986335", "sp": 8, "sc": 923, "ep": 8, "ec": 1560} | 2,417 | Q16986335 | 8 | 923 | 8 | 1,560 | History of universities in Scotland | Background | universities were closed to Scots and continental universities became more significant. Some Scottish scholars became teachers in continental universities. At Paris, this included John de Rait (died c. 1355) and Walter Wardlaw (died c. 1387) in the 1340s and 1350s, William de Tredbrum in the 1380s and Laurence de Lindores (1372–1437) in the early 1500s. The continued movement to other universities produced a school of Scottish nominalists at Paris in the early sixteenth century, of which John Mair (1467–1550) was the most important figure. He had probably studied at a Scottish grammar school and then Cambridge, before moving to |
{"datasets_id": 2417, "wiki_id": "Q16986335", "sp": 8, "sc": 1560, "ep": 12, "ec": 575} | 2,417 | Q16986335 | 8 | 1,560 | 12 | 575 | History of universities in Scotland | Background & First Scottish universities | Paris where he matriculated in 1493. First Scottish universities This situation was transformed by the founding of St John's College, St Andrews in 1418. Henry Wardlaw, bishop of St. Andrews, petitioned the anti-Pope Benedict XIII during the later stages of the Great Western Schism, when Scotland was one of his few remaining supporters. Wardlaw argued that Scottish scholars in other universities were being persecuted for their loyalty to the anti-Pope. St Salvator's College was added to St. Andrews in 1450. The other great bishoprics followed, with the University of Glasgow being founded in 1451 and King's College, Aberdeen in 1495. |
{"datasets_id": 2417, "wiki_id": "Q16986335", "sp": 12, "sc": 575, "ep": 12, "ec": 1227} | 2,417 | Q16986335 | 12 | 575 | 12 | 1,227 | History of universities in Scotland | First Scottish universities | Both were also papal foundations, by Nicholas V and Alexander VI respectively. St. Andrews was deliberately modelled on Paris, and although Glasgow adopted the statues of the University of Bologna, there, like Aberdeen, there was an increasing Parisian influence, partly because all its early regents had been educated in Paris. Initially, these institutions were designed for the training of clerics, but they would increasingly be used by laymen who began to challenge the clerical monopoly of administrative posts in government and law. They provided only basic degrees. Those wanting to study for the more advanced degrees that were common amongst |
{"datasets_id": 2417, "wiki_id": "Q16986335", "sp": 12, "sc": 1227, "ep": 12, "ec": 1923} | 2,417 | Q16986335 | 12 | 1,227 | 12 | 1,923 | History of universities in Scotland | First Scottish universities | European scholars still needed to go to universities in other countries. As a result, Scottish scholars continued to visit the Continent and returned to English universities after they reopened to Scots in the late fifteenth century.
By the fifteenth century, beginning in northern Italy, universities had become strongly influenced by humanist thinking. This put an emphasis on classical authors, questioning some of the accepted certainties of established thinking and manifesting itself in the teaching of new subjects, particularly through the medium of the Greek language. However, in this period, Scottish universities largely had a Latin curriculum, designed for the clergy, civil |
{"datasets_id": 2417, "wiki_id": "Q16986335", "sp": 12, "sc": 1923, "ep": 12, "ec": 2523} | 2,417 | Q16986335 | 12 | 1,923 | 12 | 2,523 | History of universities in Scotland | First Scottish universities | and common lawyers. They did not teach the Greek that was fundamental to the new humanist scholarship, focusing on metaphysics and putting a largely unquestioning faith in the works of Aristotle, whose authority would be challenged in the Renaissance. Towards the end of the fifteenth century, a humanist influence was becoming more evident. A major figure was Archibald Whitelaw, a teacher at St. Andrews and Cologne who later became a tutor to the young James III and served as royal secretary from 1462 to 1493. By 1497, the humanist and historian Hector Boece, born in Dundee and who had studied |
{"datasets_id": 2417, "wiki_id": "Q16986335", "sp": 12, "sc": 2523, "ep": 16, "ec": 19} | 2,417 | Q16986335 | 12 | 2,523 | 16 | 19 | History of universities in Scotland | First Scottish universities & Renaissance | at Paris, returned to become the first principal at the new university of Aberdeen. In 1518 Mair returned to Scotland to become principal of the University of Glasgow. He transferred to St. Andrews in 1523 and in 1533 he was made Provost of St Salvator's College. While in Scotland his students included John Knox and George Buchanan. These international contacts helped integrate Scotland into a wider European scholarly world and would be one of the most important ways in which the new ideas of humanism were brought into Scottish intellectual life in the sixteenth century. Renaissance The civic values of |
{"datasets_id": 2417, "wiki_id": "Q16986335", "sp": 16, "sc": 19, "ep": 16, "ec": 609} | 2,417 | Q16986335 | 16 | 19 | 16 | 609 | History of universities in Scotland | Renaissance | humanism, which stressed the importance of order and morality, began to have a major impact on education and would become dominant in universities and schools by the end of the sixteenth century. By 1497 the humanist and historian Hector Boece, born in Dundee and who had studied at Paris, returned to become the first principal at the new university of Aberdeen. Another major figure was Archibald Whitelaw, a teacher at St. Andrews and Cologne who later became a tutor to the young James III and served as royal secretary from 1462 to 1493. King's College Aberdeen was refounded in 1515. |
{"datasets_id": 2417, "wiki_id": "Q16986335", "sp": 16, "sc": 609, "ep": 16, "ec": 1210} | 2,417 | Q16986335 | 16 | 609 | 16 | 1,210 | History of universities in Scotland | Renaissance | In addition to the basic arts curriculum it offered theology, civil and canon law and medicine. St Leonard's College was founded in Aberdeen in 1511 by Archbishop Alexander Stewart. John Douglas led the refoundation of St John's College as St Mary's College, St Andrews in 1538, as a humanist academy for the training of clerics, with a stress on biblical study. Robert Reid, Abbot of Kinloss and later Bishop of Orkney, was responsible in the 1520s and 1530s for bringing the Italian humanist Giovanni Ferrario to teach at Kinloss Abbey, where he established an impressive library and wrote works of |
{"datasets_id": 2417, "wiki_id": "Q16986335", "sp": 16, "sc": 1210, "ep": 20, "ec": 322} | 2,417 | Q16986335 | 16 | 1,210 | 20 | 322 | History of universities in Scotland | Renaissance & Reformation | Scottish history and biography. Reid was also instrumental in organising the public lectures that were established in Edinburgh in the 1540s on law, Greek, Latin and philosophy, under the patronage of the queen consort Mary of Guise. These developed into the "Tounis College" of the city, which would eventually become the University of Edinburgh. Reformation In the mid-sixteenth century, Scotland underwent a Protestant Reformation that rejected Papal authority and many aspects of Catholic theology and practice. It created a predominately Calvinist national church, known as the kirk, which was strongly Presbyterian in outlook, severely reducing the powers of bishops, although |
{"datasets_id": 2417, "wiki_id": "Q16986335", "sp": 20, "sc": 322, "ep": 20, "ec": 998} | 2,417 | Q16986335 | 20 | 322 | 20 | 998 | History of universities in Scotland | Reformation | not initially abolishing them. After the Reformation, Scotland's universities underwent a series of reforms associated with Andrew Melville, who returned from Geneva to become principal of the University of Glasgow in 1574. A distinguished linguist, philosopher and poet, he had trained in Paris and studied law at Poitiers, before moving to Geneva and developing an interest in Protestant theology. Influenced by the anti-Aristotelian Petrus Ramus, he placed an emphasis on simplified logic and elevated languages and sciences to the same status as philosophy, allowing accepted ideas in all areas to be challenged. He introduced new specialist teaching staff, replacing the |
{"datasets_id": 2417, "wiki_id": "Q16986335", "sp": 20, "sc": 998, "ep": 20, "ec": 1618} | 2,417 | Q16986335 | 20 | 998 | 20 | 1,618 | History of universities in Scotland | Reformation | system of "regenting", where one tutor took the students through the entire arts curriculum. Metaphysics were abandoned and Greek became compulsory in the first year followed by Aramaic, Syriac and Hebrew, launching a new fashion for ancient and biblical languages. Enrollment rates at the University of Glasgow had been declining before his arrival, but students now began to arrive in large numbers. He assisted in the reconstruction of Marischal College, Aberdeen, founded as a second university college in the city in 1593 by George Keith, 5th Earl Marischal, and, to do for St Andrews what he had done for Glasgow, |
{"datasets_id": 2417, "wiki_id": "Q16986335", "sp": 20, "sc": 1618, "ep": 24, "ec": 259} | 2,417 | Q16986335 | 20 | 1,618 | 24 | 259 | History of universities in Scotland | Reformation & Seventeenth century | he was appointed Principal of St Mary's College, St Andrews in 1580. The "Tounis College" established in the mid-sixteenth century became the University of Edinburgh in 1582. Melville's reforms produced a revitalisation of all Scottish universities, which were now providing a quality of education equal to the most esteemed higher education institutions anywhere in Europe. Seventeenth century King James IV's major contribution to the universities was to combat militant Presbyterianism by insisting that the catechism God and the King must be read in the schools and universities. He also decreed, in 1617, that the town college of Edinburgh should be |
{"datasets_id": 2417, "wiki_id": "Q16986335", "sp": 24, "sc": 259, "ep": 24, "ec": 880} | 2,417 | Q16986335 | 24 | 259 | 24 | 880 | History of universities in Scotland | Seventeenth century | known as King James's College. In 1641, the two colleges at Aberdeen were united by decree of Charles I (r. 1625–49), to form the "King Charles University of Aberdeen". Under the Commonwealth (1652–60), the universities saw an improvement in their funding, as they were given income from deaneries, defunct bishoprics and the excise, allowing the completion of buildings including the college in the High Street in Glasgow. They were still largely seen as training schools for clergy, and came under the control of the hard line Protesters, who were generally favoured by the regime because of their greater antipathy to |
{"datasets_id": 2417, "wiki_id": "Q16986335", "sp": 24, "sc": 880, "ep": 24, "ec": 1552} | 2,417 | Q16986335 | 24 | 880 | 24 | 1,552 | History of universities in Scotland | Seventeenth century | royalism, with leading protester Patrick Gillespie being made Principal at Glasgow in 1652. After the Restoration there was a purge of Presbyterians from the universities, but most of the intellectual advances of the preceding period were preserved. There was considerable mistrust between the two colleges in Aberdeen, which was sufficient to produce an armed riot over the poaching of students in 1659. The two institutions were formally demerged by the Rescissory Act 1661.
The five Scottish university colleges recovered from the disruption of the civil war years and Restoration with a lecture-based curriculum that was able to embrace economics and science, |
{"datasets_id": 2417, "wiki_id": "Q16986335", "sp": 24, "sc": 1552, "ep": 24, "ec": 2153} | 2,417 | Q16986335 | 24 | 1,552 | 24 | 2,153 | History of universities in Scotland | Seventeenth century | offering a high-quality liberal education to the sons of the nobility and gentry. All saw the establishment or re-establishment of chairs of mathematics. The first was at Marshall College in 1613. A university chair was added at St. Andrews in 1668, at Edinburgh in 1674 and at Glasgow in 1691. The chair at Glasgow was first taken by the polymath George Sinclair, who had been deposed from his position in philosophy for his Presbyterianism in 1666, but was able to return after the Glorious Revolution marked a move against episcopalianism. A further chair would be added at King's College Aberdeen |
{"datasets_id": 2417, "wiki_id": "Q16986335", "sp": 24, "sc": 2153, "ep": 28, "ec": 173} | 2,417 | Q16986335 | 24 | 2,153 | 28 | 173 | History of universities in Scotland | Seventeenth century & Eighteenth century | in 1703. Astronomy was facilitated by the building of observatories at St. Andrews (c. 1677) and at King's College (1675) and Marischal College (1694) in Aberdeen. Robert Sibbald was appointed as the first Professor of Medicine at Edinburgh and he co-founded the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh in 1681. These developments helped the universities to become major centres of medical education and would put Scotland at the forefront of Enlightenment thinking. Eighteenth century In the eighteenth century the universities went from being small and parochial institutions, largely for the training of clergy and lawyers, to major intellectual centres at |
{"datasets_id": 2417, "wiki_id": "Q16986335", "sp": 28, "sc": 173, "ep": 28, "ec": 796} | 2,417 | Q16986335 | 28 | 173 | 28 | 796 | History of universities in Scotland | Eighteenth century | the forefront of Scottish identity and life, seen as fundamental to democratic principles and the opportunity for social advancement for the talented. Chairs of medicine were founded at Marsichial College (1700), Glasgow (1713), St. Andrews (1722) and a chair of chemistry and medicine at Edinburgh (1713). It was Edinburgh's medical school, founded in 1732, that came to dominate. By the 1740s it had displaced Leiden as the major centre of medicine in Europe and was a leading centre in the Atlantic world. The universities still had their difficulties. The economic down turn in the mid-century forced the closure of St |
{"datasets_id": 2417, "wiki_id": "Q16986335", "sp": 28, "sc": 796, "ep": 28, "ec": 1436} | 2,417 | Q16986335 | 28 | 796 | 28 | 1,436 | History of universities in Scotland | Eighteenth century | Leonard's College in St Andrews, whose properties and staff were merged into St Salvator's College to form the United College of St Salvator and St Leonard.
Access to Scottish universities was probably more socially open than in contemporary England, Germany or France. Attendance was less expensive and the student body more representative of society as a whole. Humbler students were aided by a system of bursaries established for the training of the clergy. In this period residence became divorced from the colleges and students were able to live much more cheaply and largely unsupervised, at home, with friends or in lodgings |
{"datasets_id": 2417, "wiki_id": "Q16986335", "sp": 28, "sc": 1436, "ep": 28, "ec": 2117} | 2,417 | Q16986335 | 28 | 1,436 | 28 | 2,117 | History of universities in Scotland | Eighteenth century | in the university towns. The system was flexible and the curriculum became a modern philosophical and scientific one, in keeping with contemporary needs for improvement and progress. Scotland reaped the intellectual benefits of this system in its contribution to the European Enlightenment.
Many of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment were university professors, who developed their ideas in university lectures. The first major philosopher of the Scottish Enlightenment was Francis Hutcheson (1694–1746), who held the Chair of Philosophy at the University of Glasgow from 1729 to 1746. He was a moral philosopher who produced alternatives to the ideas of Thomas |
{"datasets_id": 2417, "wiki_id": "Q16986335", "sp": 28, "sc": 2117, "ep": 28, "ec": 2768} | 2,417 | Q16986335 | 28 | 2,117 | 28 | 2,768 | History of universities in Scotland | Eighteenth century | Hobbes. One of his major contributions to world thought was the utilitarian and consequentialist principle that virtue is that which provides, "the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers". Much of what is incorporated in the scientific method (the nature of knowledge, evidence, experience, and causation) and some modern attitudes towards the relationship between science and religion were developed by his protégés David Hume (1711–76) and Adam Smith (1723–90). Hugh Blair (1718–1800) was a minister of the Church of Scotland and held the Chair of Rhetoric and Belles Lettres at the University of Edinburgh. He produced an edition of the works |
{"datasets_id": 2417, "wiki_id": "Q16986335", "sp": 28, "sc": 2768, "ep": 28, "ec": 3415} | 2,417 | Q16986335 | 28 | 2,768 | 28 | 3,415 | History of universities in Scotland | Eighteenth century | of Shakespeare and is best known for Sermons (1777–1801), a five-volume endorsement of practical Christian morality, and Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres (1783), an essay on literary composition, which was to have a major impact on the work of Adam Smith. He was also one of the figures who first drew the Ossian cycle of James Macpherson to public attention.
Hume became a major figure in the sceptical philosophical and empiricist traditions of philosophy. His scepticism prevented him from obtaining chairs at Glasgow and Edinburgh. He and other Scottish Enlightenment thinkers developed what he called a 'science of man', which |
{"datasets_id": 2417, "wiki_id": "Q16986335", "sp": 28, "sc": 3415, "ep": 28, "ec": 4079} | 2,417 | Q16986335 | 28 | 3,415 | 28 | 4,079 | History of universities in Scotland | Eighteenth century | was expressed historically in works by authors including James Burnett, Adam Ferguson, John Millar and William Robertson, all of whom merged a scientific study of how humans behave in ancient and primitive cultures with a strong awareness of the determining forces of modernity. Indeed, modern sociology largely originated from this movement. Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations (1776) is considered to be the first work of modern economics. It had an immediate impact on British economic policy and still frames twenty-first century discussions on globalisation and tariffs. The focus of the Scottish Enlightenment ranged from intellectual and economic matters to |
{"datasets_id": 2417, "wiki_id": "Q16986335", "sp": 28, "sc": 4079, "ep": 32, "ec": 444} | 2,417 | Q16986335 | 28 | 4,079 | 32 | 444 | History of universities in Scotland | Eighteenth century & Nineteenth century | the specifically scientific as in the work of William Cullen, physician and chemist, James Anderson, an agronomist, Joseph Black, physicist and chemist, and James Hutton, the first modern geologist. Nineteenth century At the beginning of the nineteenth century, Scotland's five university colleges had about 3,000 students between them. They had no entrance exam, students typically entered at ages of 15 or 16, attended for as little as two years, chose which lectures to attend and left without qualifications. Although Scottish universities had gained a formidable reputation in the eighteenth century, the curriculum was dominated by divinity and the law and |
{"datasets_id": 2417, "wiki_id": "Q16986335", "sp": 32, "sc": 444, "ep": 32, "ec": 1092} | 2,417 | Q16986335 | 32 | 444 | 32 | 1,092 | History of universities in Scotland | Nineteenth century | there was a concerted attempt to modernise the curriculum, particularly by introducing degrees in the physical sciences and the need to reform the system to meet the needs of the emerging middle classes and the professions. The result was two commissions of inquiry in 1826 and 1876 and reforming acts of parliament in 1858 and 1889.
The curriculum and system of graduation were reformed. Entrance examinations that were equivalent to the School Leaving Certificate were introduced and average ages of entry rose to 17 or 18. Standard patterns of graduation in the arts curriculum offered three-year ordinary and four-year honours degrees. |
{"datasets_id": 2417, "wiki_id": "Q16986335", "sp": 32, "sc": 1092, "ep": 32, "ec": 1735} | 2,417 | Q16986335 | 32 | 1,092 | 32 | 1,735 | History of universities in Scotland | Nineteenth century | There was resistance among professors, particularly among chairs of divinity and classics, to the introduction of new subjects, especially the physical sciences. The crown established Regius chairs, all in the sciences, including medicine, chemistry, natural history and botany. The chair of Engineering at Glasgow was the first of its kind in the world. By the 1870s the physical sciences were well established in Scottish universities, whereas in England the battle to modernise the curriculum would not be complete until the end of the century. The new separate science faculties were able to move away from the compulsory Latin, Greek and |
{"datasets_id": 2417, "wiki_id": "Q16986335", "sp": 32, "sc": 1735, "ep": 32, "ec": 2377} | 2,417 | Q16986335 | 32 | 1,735 | 32 | 2,377 | History of universities in Scotland | Nineteenth century | philosophy of the old MA curriculum. Under the commissions, all the universities were restructured. They were given Courts, which included external members and who oversaw the finances of the institution. Students' Representative Councils were founded in 1884 and ratified under the 1889 act. Under this act new arts subjects were established, with chairs in Modern History, French, German and Political Economy.
The University of St Andrews was at a low point in its fortunes in the early part of the century. It was restructured by commissioners appointed under the 1858 act and began a revival. It pioneered the admission of women |
{"datasets_id": 2417, "wiki_id": "Q16986335", "sp": 32, "sc": 2377, "ep": 32, "ec": 2984} | 2,417 | Q16986335 | 32 | 2,377 | 32 | 2,984 | History of universities in Scotland | Nineteenth century | to Scottish universities, creating the Lady Literate in Arts (LLA) in 1882, which proved highly popular. From 1892 Scottish universities could all admit and graduate women, with St Andrews the first to do so, and the numbers of women at Scottish universities steadily increased from this point until the early twentieth century. A new college of St Andrews was opened in the thriving burgh of Dundee in 1883, allowing the university to teach sciences and open a medical school. The University of Glasgow became a leader in British higher education by providing the educational needs of youth from the urban |
{"datasets_id": 2417, "wiki_id": "Q16986335", "sp": 32, "sc": 2984, "ep": 32, "ec": 3571} | 2,417 | Q16986335 | 32 | 2,984 | 32 | 3,571 | History of universities in Scotland | Nineteenth century | and commercial classes. It moved from the city centre to a new set of grand neo-Gothic buildings, paid for largely by public subscription, at Gilmorehill in 1870. The two colleges at Aberdeen were considered too small to be viable and they were restructured as the University of Aberdeen in 1860. Marischal College was rebuilt in the Gothic style from 1900. Unlike the other Medieval and ecclesiastical foundations, because the University of Edinburgh was a civic college it was relatively poor. In 1858 it was taken out of the care of the city and established on a similar basis to the |
{"datasets_id": 2417, "wiki_id": "Q16986335", "sp": 32, "sc": 3571, "ep": 32, "ec": 4226} | 2,417 | Q16986335 | 32 | 3,571 | 32 | 4,226 | History of universities in Scotland | Nineteenth century | other ancient universities.
The result of these reforms was a revitalisation of the Scottish university system, which expanded to 6,254 students by the end of the century and produced leading figures in both the arts and sciences. The chair of Engineering at Glasgow became highly distinguished under its second incumbent William John Macquorn Rankine (1820–72), who held the position from 1859 to 1872 and became the leading figure in heat engines and founder president of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland. Thomas Thomson (1773–1852) was the first Professor of Chemistry at Glasgow and in 1831 founded the Shuttle Street |
{"datasets_id": 2417, "wiki_id": "Q16986335", "sp": 32, "sc": 4226, "ep": 32, "ec": 4906} | 2,417 | Q16986335 | 32 | 4,226 | 32 | 4,906 | History of universities in Scotland | Nineteenth century | laboratories, perhaps the first of their kind in the world. His students founded practical chemistry at Aberdeen soon after. William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin was appointed to the chair of natural philosophy at Glasgow aged only 22. His work included the mathematical analysis of electricity and formulation of the first and second laws of thermodynamics. By 1870 Kelvin and Rankine had made Glasgow the leading centre of science and engineering education and investigation in Britain.
At Edinburgh, major figures included David Brewster (1781–1868), who made contributions to the science of optics and to the development of photography. Fleeming Jenkin (1833–85) was the |
{"datasets_id": 2417, "wiki_id": "Q16986335", "sp": 32, "sc": 4906, "ep": 32, "ec": 5610} | 2,417 | Q16986335 | 32 | 4,906 | 32 | 5,610 | History of universities in Scotland | Nineteenth century | first professor of engineering at the university and among wide interests helped develop ocean telegraphs and mechanical drawing. In medicine Joseph Lister (1827–1912) and his student William Macewen (1848–1924), pioneered antiseptic surgery. The University of Edinburgh was also a major supplier of surgeons for the Royal Navy, and Robert Jameson (1774–1854), Professor of Natural History at Edinburgh, ensured that a large number of these were surgeon-naturalists, who were vital in the Humboldtian and imperial enterprise of investigating nature throughout the world. Major figures to emerge from Scottish universities in the science of humanity included the philosopher Edward Caird (1835–1908), the |
{"datasets_id": 2417, "wiki_id": "Q16986335", "sp": 32, "sc": 5610, "ep": 36, "ec": 479} | 2,417 | Q16986335 | 32 | 5,610 | 36 | 479 | History of universities in Scotland | Nineteenth century & Twentieth century to the present | anthropologist James George Frazer (1854–1941) and the sociologist and urban planner Patrick Geddes (1854–1932). Twentieth century to the present From 1901 large numbers of students received bursaries from the Carnegie Trust. By 1913 there were 7,776 students in Scottish universities. Of these 1,751 (23 per cent) were women. By the mid-1920s it had risen to a third. It then fell to 25–7 per cent in the 1930s as opportunities in school teaching, virtually the only careers outlet for female graduates in arts and sciences, decreased. No woman was appointed to a Scottish professorship until after 1945. The fall in numbers |
{"datasets_id": 2417, "wiki_id": "Q16986335", "sp": 36, "sc": 479, "ep": 36, "ec": 1105} | 2,417 | Q16986335 | 36 | 479 | 36 | 1,105 | History of universities in Scotland | Twentieth century to the present | was most acute among women students, but it was part of a general trend. In the first half of the twentieth century Scottish universities fell behind those in England and Europe in terms of participation and investment. The decline of traditional industries between the wars undermined recruitment to subjects in which Scotland had been traditionally strong, such as science and engineering. English universities increased the numbers of students registered between 1924 and 1927 by 19 per cent, but in Scotland the number of full-time students fell from 10,400 in 1924 to 9,900 in 1937. In the same period, while expenditure |
{"datasets_id": 2417, "wiki_id": "Q16986335", "sp": 36, "sc": 1105, "ep": 36, "ec": 1751} | 2,417 | Q16986335 | 36 | 1,105 | 36 | 1,751 | History of universities in Scotland | Twentieth century to the present | in English universities rose by 90 per cent, in Scotland the increase was less than a third of that figure.
Before the First World War relationships between male and female students tended to be very formal, but in the inter-war years there was an increase in social activities, such as dance halls, cinemas, cafes and public houses. From the 1920s much drunken and high spirited activity was diverted into the annual charity gala or rag. Male centred activities included the Student's Union, Rugby Club and Officers' Training Corps. Women had their own unions and athletics clubs. Universities remained largely non-residential, although |
{"datasets_id": 2417, "wiki_id": "Q16986335", "sp": 36, "sc": 1751, "ep": 36, "ec": 2401} | 2,417 | Q16986335 | 36 | 1,751 | 36 | 2,401 | History of universities in Scotland | Twentieth century to the present | a few women's halls of residence were created, most not owned by the universities.
After the Robbins Report of 1963 there was a rapid expansion in higher education in Scotland. By the end of the decade the number of Scottish Universities had doubled. The University of Dundee was demerged from St. Andrews, Strathclyde and Heriot-Watt developing from technical colleges and the Stirling was begun as a completely new university on a greenfield site in 1966. From the 1970s the government preferred to expand higher education in the non-university sector of educational and technical colleges, which were cheaper because they undertook little |
{"datasets_id": 2417, "wiki_id": "Q16986335", "sp": 36, "sc": 2401, "ep": 36, "ec": 3045} | 2,417 | Q16986335 | 36 | 2,401 | 36 | 3,045 | History of universities in Scotland | Twentieth century to the present | research. By the late 1980s roughly half of students in higher education were in colleges. In 1992, under the Further and Higher Education Act 1992, the distinction between universities and colleges was removed. This created new universities at Abertay, Glasgow Caledonian, Napier, Paisley and Robert Gordon. Despite the expansion the number of male students experienced a downturn in growth from 1971 to 1990. The growth in female student numbers was much larger and continued until, by 1999 and 2000, the numbers of women students exceeded male students for the first time.
After devolution, in 1999 the new Scottish Executive set up |
{"datasets_id": 2417, "wiki_id": "Q16986335", "sp": 36, "sc": 3045, "ep": 36, "ec": 3713} | 2,417 | Q16986335 | 36 | 3,045 | 36 | 3,713 | History of universities in Scotland | Twentieth century to the present | an Education Department and an Enterprise, Transport and Lifelong Learning Department, which together took over its functions. One of the major diversions from practice in England, possible because of devolution, was the abolition of student tuition fees in 1999, instead retaining a system of means-tested student grants. In 2001 the University of the Highlands and Islands was created by a federation of 13 colleges and research institutions in the Highlands and Islands in 2001 and which gained full university status in 2011.
In 2008–09, approximately 231,000 students studied at universities or institutes of higher education in Scotland, of which 56 per |
{"datasets_id": 2417, "wiki_id": "Q16986335", "sp": 36, "sc": 3713, "ep": 36, "ec": 3752} | 2,417 | Q16986335 | 36 | 3,713 | 36 | 3,752 | History of universities in Scotland | Twentieth century to the present | cent were female and 44 per cent male. |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 548} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 548 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | Nauru - political overview | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru Nauru - political overview During the wireless era, the island country of Nauru saw a variety of colonial rulers. It was annexed by Germany in 1888 and incorporated into her Marshall Islands protectorate. Following the outbreak of World War I, the island was captured by Australian troops in 1914. The Nauru Island Agreement made in 1919 between the governments of the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand provided for the administration of the island and for working of the phosphate deposits by an intergovernmental British Phosphate Commission (BPC). The terms of the |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 6, "sc": 548, "ep": 10, "ec": 41} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 6 | 548 | 10 | 41 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | Nauru - political overview & Pacific Islands Radio Telegraph Company proposal | League of Nations Mandate were drawn up in 1920, but it was not till 1923, the League of Nations gave Australia a trustee mandate over Nauru, with the United Kingdom and New Zealand as co-trustees. Japanese troops occupied Nauru in mid-1942. The Japanese garrison surrendered to Australian troops in September 1945. In 1947, a trusteeship was established by the United Nations, with Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom as trustees. Nauru became self-governing in January 1966, and following a two-year constitutional convention it became independent in 1968. Pacific Islands Radio Telegraph Company proposal The earliest reference to the possibility |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 10, "sc": 41, "ep": 10, "ec": 669} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 10 | 41 | 10 | 669 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | Pacific Islands Radio Telegraph Company proposal | of a wireless station at Nauru is September 1908, when an English syndicate by the name of Pacific Islands Radio Telegraph Company proposed the establishment of a wide chain of stations across the South Pacific:
LINKING THE PACIFIC. COMPLETE WIRELESS SERVICE. A VALUABLE SCHEME. BENEFIT TO SHIPPING. In the cable news yesterday was an item to the effect that the "New 'York Herald" announced that a plan was taking shape to link the important islands of the Pacific by wireless telegraphy. This referred, no doubt, to the scheme proposed by the Pacific Islands Radio Telegraph Company, an English syndicate, whereby not |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 10, "sc": 669, "ep": 10, "ec": 1302} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 10 | 669 | 10 | 1,302 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | Pacific Islands Radio Telegraph Company proposal | only would the wireless system be installed on the various islands, but connection would also be made between Australia and New Zealand. The company has been working on the scheme for some months, and it is understood that their suggestions are meeting with the favourable consideration of the various Governments concerned. It is intended to thoroughly cover Oceania. Every island or group of importance will be provided with a radio-telegraphic station. The exact location of all these stations has not yet been disclosed, but it is known definitely that among the points selected are Fiji, Samoa, New Hebrides, Solomon, Marshall, |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 10, "sc": 1302, "ep": 10, "ec": 1926} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 10 | 1,302 | 10 | 1,926 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | Pacific Islands Radio Telegraph Company proposal | Caroline, Gilbert, Fanning, Sandwich, Tahiti, Tonga, and New Guinea. It is also on the cards that the Pacific Phosphates Company will have the installation carried out on their possessions. Ocean and Pleasant Islands. The promoters of the scheme are meeting with every encouragement, and by the end of the year it is anticipated that a start will be made with active preparations for installing the service. The company is to maintain communication, and for so doing is asking the various Governments controlling the places to be benefited, to support the service. It is understood that the Fijian authorities have proposed |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 10, "sc": 1926, "ep": 10, "ec": 2523} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 10 | 1,926 | 10 | 2,523 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | Pacific Islands Radio Telegraph Company proposal | to pay a large sum for the installation of the service on the principal islands under their jurisdiction. Other islands have agreed to co-operate with the company, but nothing has yet been decided with regard to the two most important centres, Australia and New Zealand, without which the scheme would be incomplete. The matter has been considered by the Governments of the Commonwealth and the Dominion, and it is an open secret that the proposal has been favourably received. The question will be placed before the Federal Parliament when it meets, and should the scheme be approved of, and New |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 10, "sc": 2523, "ep": 10, "ec": 3082} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 10 | 2,523 | 10 | 3,082 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | Pacific Islands Radio Telegraph Company proposal | Zealand be willing, no time will be lost in getting on with the work of linking up the scattered groups. It has been decided to make Suva the head-quarters in the Pacific, and from there the messages will be flashed on to Australia and New Zealand. In the Pacific the scheme is being strongly supported, as it is well known that there is little chance of a cable service between the scattered islands being installed. Traders recognise the necessity of a faster means of communication than they now possess, and once the system is started it will not be long |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 10, "sc": 3082, "ep": 10, "ec": 3686} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 10 | 3,082 | 10 | 3,686 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | Pacific Islands Radio Telegraph Company proposal | before every island of importance is connected. In addition to the scheme proving most valuable from a commercial point of view, it will be of considerable assistance to meteorologists in forecasting the weather, as daily reports can be sent from the outlying parts giving warning of sudden changes, which will enable traders and others to prepare for the hurricanes which prove so disastrous in the islands. Then, again, it is claimed that the system will prove of valuable assistance in the matter of defence, as with stations scattered all over the Pacific, a hostile fleet will have little chance of |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 10, "sc": 3686, "ep": 10, "ec": 4270} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 10 | 3,686 | 10 | 4,270 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | Pacific Islands Radio Telegraph Company proposal | getting close to Australia without being seen. Apart from the increased convenience to be derived from a radio service through the islands, such an installation will be of financial benefit to the Commonwealth. It is intended to transmit all messages received at Fiji from the other islands to Sydney and New Zealand by means of the Pacific Company's cable. This will materially increase the earnings of that body and the Federal Government will not be called upon to make up such a large deficiency as it does at present. It is not intended to utilise the radio service between Fiji |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 10, "sc": 4270, "ep": 10, "ec": 4880} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 10 | 4,270 | 10 | 4,880 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | Pacific Islands Radio Telegraph Company proposal | and Australia except as an emergency, as once a cable is installed the wireless system cannot profitably compete with it. However, a wireless station will be put in close proximity to the cable station, and should the latter service be interrupted by any means, communication can be maintained with the new system. Another important feature of the scheme is its value to the shipping industry. With radio stations scattered about the Pacific Ocean and on the Australian and New Zealand coasts, the shipping companies will be able to install apparatus on their boats, and thus be able to maintain communication |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 10, "sc": 4880, "ep": 10, "ec": 5497} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 10 | 4,880 | 10 | 5,497 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | Pacific Islands Radio Telegraph Company proposal | con-stantly with the shore. In fact, negotiations have been carried on between the Union Steamship Company and the Pacific Islands Radio Telegraphic Company with regard to the installation of the service on their liners, and it is understood that directly the island scheme is settled, all the New Zealand and island boats will be fitted with apparatus. This would prove of considerable convenience to shipping people, besides being a safeguard against such accidents as might easily befall a vessel drifting about disabled, as the Hawea did last month. The system of wireless telegraphy to be used in linking up the |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 10, "sc": 5497, "ep": 10, "ec": 6067} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 10 | 5,497 | 10 | 6,067 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | Pacific Islands Radio Telegraph Company proposal | islands is the Poulson. This is the latest invention, being an arc system instead of a spark. The company originally used the De Forest idea, but as it found the Poulson to be much more reliable and less expensive, it altered all its stations, and installed the Danish invention. The system has been found to be thoroughly efficient. Several lines of steamers are fitted with it, and messages have been received from a distance of 2500 miles. A thoroughly competent operator can send as many as a hundred words a minute through the air, but the average sending speed is |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 10, "sc": 6067, "ep": 10, "ec": 6674} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 10 | 6,067 | 10 | 6,674 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | Pacific Islands Radio Telegraph Company proposal | 30 words a minute.
The loss of the Aeon in September 1908 was just one of many shipping losses in the maritime history of the Pacific, but the extraordinarily long time before the loss could be confirmed was used as leverage to progress the proposal of the Pacific Islands Radio Telegraph Company. Further support to the Pacific Islands Radio Telegraph Company proposal was offered in October 1908 by the Bureau of Manufacturers of the United States. It was noted that of the proposed capital of £70,000 the owners of the phosphate deposits on Ocean and Pleasant Islands have subscribed £10,000 and |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 10, "sc": 6674, "ep": 10, "ec": 7374} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 10 | 6,674 | 10 | 7,374 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | Pacific Islands Radio Telegraph Company proposal | that it has not yet been decided where the main office of the proposed company will be.
Despite a clear disposition by the Australian Government for a Postmaster-General's Department controlled and operated network of coastal stations, the Government came out, at least in principle, in favour of the Pacific Islands Radio Telegraph Company scheme:
LINKING THE PACIFIC. WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY SCHEME. COMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENT APPROVES. An important scheme for linking Australia and New Zealand with many of the principal islands of the Pacific has received the preliminary approval of the Commonwealth Prime Minister, and negotiations are now proceeding between Mr. Deakin and Sir Joseph |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 10, "sc": 7374, "ep": 10, "ec": 7971} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 10 | 7,374 | 10 | 7,971 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | Pacific Islands Radio Telegraph Company proposal | Ward with the object of defining formally the relations of the two Governments and the business men who are backing the project. The scheme is the child of an English syndicate, the Pacific Islands Radio Telegraph Company, whose representative, Mr. Hamilton, had several interviews with Mr. Deakin when he was in Melbourne a few months ago. The plans of the syndicate are comprehensive, and are said to be viewed with favor by the imperial authorities, as well as by the two Australasian Governments. Every importaunt island or group in Oceania is to be linked with Australia and New Zealand, and |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 10, "sc": 7971, "ep": 10, "ec": 8613} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 10 | 7,971 | 10 | 8,613 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | Pacific Islands Radio Telegraph Company proposal | the location of radio-telegraphic stations at the principal strategic and commercial centres is already under discussion. It is definitely known that among the islands selected are Fiji, the New Hebrides, the Marshalls, Samoa, the Solomons, the Carolines, the Gilberts, Sandwich, Tonga, Fanning Island, Tahiti, Papua. It is also said to be probable that the Pacific Phosphates Company will have an installation of plant at their depots on Ocean and Pleasant islands. It is further stated that the Government of Fiji has promised to pay a large sum for sub-installations at the small islands under its jurisdiction. The British authorities in |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 10, "sc": 8613, "ep": 10, "ec": 9225} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 10 | 8,613 | 10 | 9,225 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | Pacific Islands Radio Telegraph Company proposal | other islands have promised similar co-operation. So sanguine are the promoters of success that when certain negotiations in London are complete they propose to make arrangements for the installations to be made early in January, 1909. It has been decided to make Suva the head quarters in the Pacific, and to join the Oceanic wireless services with the cable service of the Pacific Cable Board. Communications have passed between the Union Steamship Company and the syndicate, and it was announced last week in New Zealand that directly the islands scheme is settled all the company's boats will be fitted with |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 10, "sc": 9225, "ep": 10, "ec": 9890} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 10 | 9,225 | 10 | 9,890 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | Pacific Islands Radio Telegraph Company proposal | wireless apparatus. The New Zealand Government is pressing for an extension of the scheme, so as to embrace the establishment of stations on the Auckland and Chatham Islands. The Australian Prime Minister, when seen on Thursday, said that he was generally favorable to the scheme, but the details had yet to be fully discussed. He had written to Sir Joseph Ward on the matter and expected an answer by any mail.
The formation of the Pacific-Radio Telegraph Company was announced in February 1909:
AUSTRALIA AND THE ISLANDS. WIRELESS COMMUNICATION. A COMPANY FORMED. LONDON, Wednesday Afternoon.— The Pacific-Radio Telegraph Company has been formed, |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 10, "sc": 9890, "ep": 10, "ec": 10522} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 10 | 9,890 | 10 | 10,522 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | Pacific Islands Radio Telegraph Company proposal | with a registered capital of £60,000, to provide inter-communication between the islands in the Pacific and Australia and New Zealand. The "Western Electrician," of Chicago, recently said, with reference to the movement to connect groups of islands in the Pacific by a system of radiotelegraphy:— "It is proposed to include in this system Australia, New Zealand, and the Fiji group, as well as the New Hebrides, the Solomon, Samoan, Cook, Society, and Mar-quesas Islands, and the phosphate islands of Ocean, Pleasant, and Makatea. "It is expected that the various Governments having possessions in the South Pacific will aid in the |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 10, "sc": 10522, "ep": 10, "ec": 11125} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 10 | 10,522 | 10 | 11,125 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | Pacific Islands Radio Telegraph Company proposal | establishment of the proposed system. Negotiations have already proceeded so far that the success of the efforts seems to be almost assured, says Mr. J. D. Dreher, the United States Consul in Tahiti. As the nearest available ocean-cable office to Tahiti is at Auckland, 2250 miles away, from which a steamship arrives at Papeete once every 28 days, and a direct communication by steamship with San Francisco, 3658 miles distant, is had once in every 36 days, it will be understood how deeply interested the French colony of Tahiti and its dependencies are in the complete success of these negotiations. |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 10, "sc": 11125, "ep": 10, "ec": 11759} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 10 | 11,125 | 10 | 11,759 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | Pacific Islands Radio Telegraph Company proposal | "The name of the proposed company is the Pacific Islands Radio-Telegraph Company. Of the proposed capital, of 340,000 dollars, the owners of the phosphate deposits on Ocean and Pleasant Islands have subscribed about one-seventh. In this radial system there will probably be 10 or 12 circles, the largest having a radius of 1250 miles, and requiring for each station an engine of 60 horse-power. It has not yet been decided where the main office of the proposed company, will be."
Further detail of the proposal emerged in March 1909:
LINKING THE ISLANDS. The "Wireless" Scheme, STATIONS TO BE FITTED UP. It transpires |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 10, "sc": 11759, "ep": 10, "ec": 12381} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 10 | 11,759 | 10 | 12,381 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | Pacific Islands Radio Telegraph Company proposal | that the scheme for linking up the islands of the Pacific by wireless telegraph is that of an English syndicate — the Pacific Islands Radio Telegraph Co. Every important island in the South Pacific is to be linked with Australia and New Zealand, and the location of the radio telegraph station at the principal strategic and commercial centres is already under discussion. Among the islands selected are Fiji, the New Hebrides, Marshalls, Samoa, the Solomons, Carolines, Gilberts, Sandwich, Tonga, Fanning Island, Tahiti, and Papua. It is also said to be probable that the Pacific Phosphates Co. will have an installation |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 10, "sc": 12381, "ep": 10, "ec": 12986} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 10 | 12,381 | 10 | 12,986 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | Pacific Islands Radio Telegraph Company proposal | of plant at their depots on Ocean and Pleasant Islands. It is further stated that the Government of Fiji has promised to pay a large sum for subinstallation at the small islands under its jurisdiction, and that the British authorities in the other islands have promised similar co-operation. When certain negotiations in London are complete, the promoters propose to make arrangements for the installation to be made early in January, 1903 [sic, 1913?]. It has been decided to make Suva the headquarters in the Pacific, and to join the Oceanic wireless service with the cable service of the Pacific Cable |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 10, "sc": 12986, "ep": 10, "ec": 13613} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 10 | 12,986 | 10 | 13,613 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | Pacific Islands Radio Telegraph Company proposal | Board.
The details of the proposal and its backers were more fully fleshed out in a report of August 1909:
LINKING UP THE PACIFIC. THE WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY SCHEME. Brief reference was made in "The Age" yesterday to a scheme for linking up the South Pacific Islands by wireless telegraphy, Mr. J. T. Hamilton, the representative of the Anglo-Australian syndicate, which, by the way, is backed by Earl Crawford, Sir James Mills, Sir Sidney Hutchison, Colonel James Burns and Mr. J. T. Rundle, is now in Melbourne, and called on several Federal Ministers with the object of placing his plans before them. Ministers |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 10, "sc": 13613, "ep": 10, "ec": 14212} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 10 | 13,613 | 10 | 14,212 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | Pacific Islands Radio Telegraph Company proposal | are, on general principles, sympathetic, but until the budget statement is delivered on Thursday it is impossible to say how far sympathy is to be supported by action. In its earlier stages the scheme as a whole was watched with interest by the Federal Government, though of course no promises of aid were given. The syndicate has behind it a capital of about £60,000, but it is understood that unless the Australian, New Zealand, German and French Governments interested in the South Pacific Islands extend to its pioneer work some form of assistance its operations will be severely restricted, if |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 10, "sc": 14212, "ep": 10, "ec": 14961} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 10 | 14,212 | 10 | 14,961 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | Pacific Islands Radio Telegraph Company proposal | not rendered altogether impossible. The scheme put forward for linking up the islands include groups of wireless telegraph stations arranged as follows:— GROUP I.— Proposed Long Distance Stations: Ocean Island, Levuka (Fiji). GROUP II.— Government Stations: Pleasant Island, Tahiti, Raratonga, Tonga, Vila (New Hebrides). GROUP III.— (Other Government stations, not essential to present scheme, but desirable from the point of view of certain Governments): Port Moresby, Samarai, Southport (Queensland), Doubtless Bay (New Zealand). GROUP IV.— Supplementary Stations: Norfolk Island, Lord Howe Island, Vaya, Pago Pago, Jaluit (Marshall Islands), Tarawa (Gilbert Islands), Herbertshohe (German New Guinea), Ponape, Gavutu (Solomon Islands). Although |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 10, "sc": 14961, "ep": 10, "ec": 15559} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 10 | 14,961 | 10 | 15,559 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | Pacific Islands Radio Telegraph Company proposal | in due course the project is expected to pay its way on commercial lines, it commends itself to many members of the Federal Parliament on grounds which are far removed from considerations of cash profit and loss. Under present conditions a hostile fleet could hide amongst the South Pacific Islands for months waiting for a chance to descend upon Australia, and the Commonwealth would have no means of learning of the fleet's existence. To link the islands by cable will be impracticable for a generation. To do so by wireless telegraph installations is a matter of a few months.
There was |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 10, "sc": 15559, "ep": 10, "ec": 16191} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 10 | 15,559 | 10 | 16,191 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | Pacific Islands Radio Telegraph Company proposal | apparent progress with the proposal of the Pacific-Radio Telegraph Company in September 1909:
WIRELESS IN POLYNESIA. Steps are being taken to install the wireless system in Polynesia. News was received by the Canadian mail steamer Marama that Mr. Arundel, one of the directors of the Pacific Radio and Electric Company, recently visited Honolulu in connection with the scheme, and extended an offer to Mr. S. A. Phelps, at present wireless operator, on board the mail steamer Alameda, to go to Ocean Island, Pleasant Island, and the Fijis, and install wireless outfits. Mr. Phelps will probably go to Vancouver and take the |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 10, "sc": 16191, "ep": 10, "ec": 16807} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 10 | 16,191 | 10 | 16,807 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | Pacific Islands Radio Telegraph Company proposal | Canadian Pacific line to Fiji, where he will establish his headquarters, and within a few months the dots on the map which are now geographical mysteries to the junior class in geography will become as much within the ken of civilised countries as Sydney. Mr. Phelps is one of the most prominent among the wireless operators of the United Wireless Company. Several months ago he broke the long distance record for ship's wireless communication, talking with the Mariposa over several thousand miles of ocean. He will have complete charge of the proposed island wireless system, and will superintend the installation |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 10, "sc": 16807, "ep": 14, "ec": 511} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 10 | 16,807 | 14 | 511 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | Pacific Islands Radio Telegraph Company proposal & German South Sea Company for Wireless Telegraphy | of the various instruments in the various stations. German South Sea Company for Wireless Telegraphy In late July 1912, there were preliminary reports of plans for a chain of high power coastal stations in the German Pacific territories. It was stated that the German Government had granted a concession to the Telefunken Company and the German and Netherlands Telegraph Company for the installation and working of four large coastal wireless stations on the Telefunken system for the purpose of linking up the German possessions in the Pacific. The network was to include two stations in New Guinea and one each |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 14, "sc": 511, "ep": 14, "ec": 1062} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 14 | 511 | 14 | 1,062 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | German South Sea Company for Wireless Telegraphy | at Samoa and Island of Nauru. More details of the new chain of coastal stations were revealed in September 1912, with each of these stations to be fitted with a heavy iron tower 394 ft. in height and a power installation of at least 120 h.p. In lieu of a second station in New Guinea, the fourth station was to be at Yap (Caroline Islands) which was already connected to the German and Netherlands cable station there. A company was to be formed to work the stations, and several engineers of the Telefunken Company were to visit Rabaul and Yap at an |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 14, "sc": 1062, "ep": 14, "ec": 1665} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 14 | 1,062 | 14 | 1,665 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | German South Sea Company for Wireless Telegraphy | early date. It was expected that the first two stations would be ready by April 1, 1913. Again in September 1912, when further details of the German proposal were revealed in the British Press, unfavourable comparisons were drawn with the costs and conditions of Marconi's Imperial Wireless Telegraph Scheme. These comparisons extended to questions in the English House of Commons. A Berlin report in the "Times" stated that a driver for the establishment of the network was the then need to use cable lines in foreign hands.
In October 1912, it was reported a quantity of gear for the station |
{"datasets_id": 2418, "wiki_id": "Q55647888", "sp": 14, "sc": 1665, "ep": 14, "ec": 2261} | 2,418 | Q55647888 | 14 | 1,665 | 14 | 2,261 | History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru | German South Sea Company for Wireless Telegraphy | at Nauru, had been shipped by the steamer Australian Transport, which sailed from Sydney today direct for the islands. A December 1912 The Sun noted that a company called the German South Sea Company for Wireless Telegraphy had been formed with a capital of 3,250,000 dollars for the German Pacific network. The company had obtained a concession for twenty years from the Imperial Post Office, which was to be represented in the company by a commissary. In the 1924 Australian report to the Permanent Mandates Commission of the League of Nations, detail as to the earlier acquisition of land for |
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