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{"datasets_id": 2566, "wiki_id": "Q6041032", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 407} | 2,566 | Q6041032 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 407 | Institutes of National Importance | Institutes of National Importance Institute of National Importance (INI) is a status that may be conferred on a premier public higher education institution in India by an act of Parliament of India, an institution which "serves as a pivotal player in developing highly skilled personnel within the specified region of the country/state". Institutes of National Importance receive special recognition and funding from the Government of India. |
|
{"datasets_id": 2567, "wiki_id": "Q6041183", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 696} | 2,567 | Q6041183 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 696 | Institutional Venture Partners | History | Institutional Venture Partners History While Reid W. Dennis was an analyst at the Fireman's Fund Insurance Company starting in 1952, he started an informal network of screened individual investors (now called angel investors).
In 1974, Dennis founded Institutional Venture Associates (IVA), funded by six institutions such as American Express.
Burton J. McMurtry and David Marquardt, who had been involved with IVA, left and founded Technology Venture Investors, the first investor in Microsoft.
These were some of the first venture capital firms located on Sand Hill Road near Stanford University, within Silicon Valley.
With his personal wealth and that of other partners, Dennis founded Institutional |
{"datasets_id": 2567, "wiki_id": "Q6041183", "sp": 6, "sc": 696, "ep": 6, "ec": 1440} | 2,567 | Q6041183 | 6 | 696 | 6 | 1,440 | Institutional Venture Partners | History | Venture Partners in 1980.
The first IVP fund had $22 million.
In a field that was generally male-dominated, Ruthann Quindlen became a rare female general partner in 1994.
After the burst of the dot-com bubble in 1999, partners from IVP combined with Brentwood Venture Capital formed Redpoint Ventures, which would specialize in later-stage digital media and Internet companies, and Palladium Venture Capital to focus on health science investments.
IVP specializes in venture growth investments, industry rollups, founder liquidity transactions, and select public market investments. It only makes a small number (about 12 to 15) relatively large investments per year.
Its fourteenth fund raised about $1 |
{"datasets_id": 2567, "wiki_id": "Q6041183", "sp": 6, "sc": 1440, "ep": 10, "ec": 669} | 2,567 | Q6041183 | 6 | 1,440 | 10 | 669 | Institutional Venture Partners | History & Investments | billion in June 2012.
Its fifteenth fund raised $1.4 billion in April 2015.
Its sixteenth fund raised $1.5 billion in September 2017. Investments Early investments included ArcSight, Akamai Technologies, AppDynamics, Ask Jeeves, Business.com, Care.com, ComScore, Concur Technologies, Danger, Digital River, Dropbox (Dropbox went public in March of 2018), Foundry Networks, HomeAway, Juniper Networks, Kayak.com, LegalZoom, LifeLock, LSI Corporation, MySQL, Netflix, ngmoco, Polycom, Quigo, RetailMeNot, Seagate Technology, Shazam, Spiceworks, TiVo, Websense, and Zynga.
IVP invested in Twitter in February 2009,
and in Fleetmatics and Marketo in 2010.
In 2013, IVP invested in AppDynamics(Cisco acquired AppDynamics for $3.7 billion in 2017), Ayasdi, Datalogix (Oracle acquired Datalogix for |
{"datasets_id": 2567, "wiki_id": "Q6041183", "sp": 10, "sc": 669, "ep": 10, "ec": 1348} | 2,567 | Q6041183 | 10 | 669 | 10 | 1,348 | Institutional Venture Partners | Investments | $1.2 billion in January 2015)), Dataminr, Dropcam that was later acquired by Nest in 2014,, OnDeck Capital (OnDeck went public in December 2015)), Oportun Pure Storage (Pure Storage went public in October 2015), Snapchat (Snap went public March of 2017), Supercell (Softbank and GungHo acquired a 51% interest in Supercell in October 2013 at a $3.1 billion valuation) and TuneIn.
In 2014, IVP invested in AdRoll, General Assembly (IVP general partner Todd Chaffee joined its board of directors), Indiegogo (as part of the deal, IVP General Partner Jules Maltz joined Indiegogo‘s board of directors), Klarna, Prosper Marketplace, SoundCloud, Threatstream (Anomali), Woven |
{"datasets_id": 2567, "wiki_id": "Q6041183", "sp": 10, "sc": 1348, "ep": 10, "ec": 2054} | 2,567 | Q6041183 | 10 | 1,348 | 10 | 2,054 | Institutional Venture Partners | Investments | Digital, xAd, ZEFR (IVP general partner Dennis Phelps joined ZEFR‘s board of directors), Zendesk (ZEN), Zenefits, and ZipRecruiter.com.
In 2015, IVP invested in AlienVault, App Annie (as part of the deal, IVP General Partner Eric Liaw joined App Annie's board of directors), Casper, Compass, GitHub, NerdWallet (as part of the deal, IVP General Partner Jules Maltz joined NerdWallet‘s Board of Directors), Pindrop (As part of the deal, IVP General Partner Somesh Dash joined Pindrop‘s Board of Directors), Slack, SoFi, SteelBrick (Salesforce acquires Steelbrick in December 2015), Sumo Logic, Tanium, Vessel, and Walker & Company Brands.
In 2016, IVP invested in Checkr,, Cyence,(Guidewire |
{"datasets_id": 2567, "wiki_id": "Q6041183", "sp": 10, "sc": 2054, "ep": 10, "ec": 2723} | 2,567 | Q6041183 | 10 | 2,054 | 10 | 2,723 | Institutional Venture Partners | Investments | Software (GWRE) acquired for $275 million in October 2017. IVP made its initial investment February 2016.), GIPHY Glossier, MuleSoft, (Salesforce acquired MuleSoft for $6.5 billion in March 2018), Qubole, Sauce Labs (As part of the deal, IVP General Partner Sandy Miller joined Sauce Labs Board of Directors), TWYLA, Zerto,
In 2017, IVP invested in Amplitude (As part of the deal, IVP General Partner Somesh Dash joined Amplitude’s Board of Director), Coinbase (As part of the deal, IVP General Partner Tom Loverro joined Coinbase’s Board of Directors), The Player's Tribune , Qadium, Thrive Global, TransferWise.
In 2018, IVP invested in Tala (As part |
{"datasets_id": 2567, "wiki_id": "Q6041183", "sp": 10, "sc": 2723, "ep": 10, "ec": 3347} | 2,567 | Q6041183 | 10 | 2,723 | 10 | 3,347 | Institutional Venture Partners | Investments | of the deal, IVP General Partner Jules Maltz joined Tala’s board of directors), Brex, Crowdstrike, Datadog, Deputy (As part of the deal, IVP General partner Eric Liaw joined the Deputy board of directors), Discord, G2 Crowd, HashiCorp, Hims, Humu (As part of the deal, IVP general partner Somesh Dash joined Humu’s board of directors), KeepTruckin (As part of the deal, IVP General Partner Sandy Miller joined KeepTruckin’s board of directors), Lime, Lulus, (As part of the deal, IVP General Partner Eric Liaw joined Lulus’s Board of Directors) Podium. (As part of the deal, IVP General Partner Sandy Miller joined Podium’s |
{"datasets_id": 2567, "wiki_id": "Q6041183", "sp": 10, "sc": 3347, "ep": 14, "ec": 512} | 2,567 | Q6041183 | 10 | 3,347 | 14 | 512 | Institutional Venture Partners | Investments & Industry recognitions | board of directors), Skydio and UiPath. Industry recognitions In 2014, AlwaysOn named IVP in its Top 25 VC Firms List.
In 2015, GrowthCap named IVP #1 on their Top 25 Growth Equity Firms List. Entrepreneur Magazine named IVP on their VC 100 List.
IVP ranked #2 as the Top VC in Mobile by App Portfolio Downloads by Sensor Tower In addition, IVP was listed as one of the Most Active Bay Area VC Firms Ranked by Number of Deals in 2015 by San Francisco Business Times.
In 2016, PitchBook ranked IVP #2 as The Most Active VC Investor in the U.S.- based |
{"datasets_id": 2567, "wiki_id": "Q6041183", "sp": 14, "sc": 512, "ep": 14, "ec": 683} | 2,567 | Q6041183 | 14 | 512 | 14 | 683 | Institutional Venture Partners | Industry recognitions | Tech Companies That Have Completed an IPO Since the Beginning of 2011.
CB Insights ranked IVP #3 among top investors that are consistently in the top tech exits. |
{"datasets_id": 2568, "wiki_id": "Q462071", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 536} | 2,568 | Q462071 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 536 | Insurance Europe | History | Insurance Europe History Insurance Europe was founded in 1953, as Comité Européen des Assurances (CEA). Its aim was to observe the works of the OECD in Paris. Later, CEA shifted its attention and activities to the European arena, therefore adapting to the power structures resulting from the foundation of the European Community and its more recent evolution into the European Union.
Insurance Europe has grown from 18 members in 1953 to its current 35 national member associations. It changed its name from Comité Européen des Assurances in March 2012. |
{"datasets_id": 2569, "wiki_id": "Q16056354", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 596} | 2,569 | Q16056354 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 596 | Insurance in India | Insurance in India Insurance in India refers to the market for insurance in India which covers both the public and private sector organisations. It is listed in the Constitution of India in the Seventh Schedule as a Union List subject, meaning it can only be legislated by the Central Government only.
The insurance sector has gone through a number of phases by allowing private companies to solicit insurance and also allowing foreign direct investment. India allowed private companies in insurance sector in 2000, setting a limit on FDI to 26%, which was increased to 49% in 2014. Since the privatisation |
|
{"datasets_id": 2569, "wiki_id": "Q16056354", "sp": 4, "sc": 596, "ep": 8, "ec": 385} | 2,569 | Q16056354 | 4 | 596 | 8 | 385 | Insurance in India | History | in 2001, the largest life-insurance company in India, Life Insurance Corporation of India has seen its market share slowly slipping to private giants like HDFC Life, Exide Life Insurance, ICICI Prudential Life Insurance and SBI Life Insurance Company. History Insurance in this current form has its history dating back to 1818, when Oriental Life Insurance Company was started by Anita Bhavsar in Kolkata to cater to the needs of European community. The pre-independence era in India saw discrimination between the lives of foreigners (English) and Indians with higher premiums being charged for the latter. In 1870, Bombay Mutual Life Assurance |
{"datasets_id": 2569, "wiki_id": "Q16056354", "sp": 8, "sc": 385, "ep": 8, "ec": 1064} | 2,569 | Q16056354 | 8 | 385 | 8 | 1,064 | Insurance in India | History | Society became the first Indian insurer.
At the dawn of the twentieth century, many insurance companies were founded. In the year 1912, the Life Insurance Companies Act and the Provident Fund Act were passed to regulate the insurance business. The Life Insurance Companies Act, 1912 made it necessary that the premium-rate tables and periodical valuations of companies should be certified by an actuary. However, the disparity still existed as discrimination between Indian and foreign companies. The oldest existing insurance company in India is the National Insurance Company, which was founded in 1906, and is still in business.
The Government of India issued |
{"datasets_id": 2569, "wiki_id": "Q16056354", "sp": 8, "sc": 1064, "ep": 8, "ec": 1747} | 2,569 | Q16056354 | 8 | 1,064 | 8 | 1,747 | Insurance in India | History | an Ordinance on 19 January 1956 nationalising the Life Insurance sector and Life Insurance Corporation came into existence in the same year. The Life Insurance Corporation (LIC) absorbed 154 Indian, 16 non-Indian insurers and also 75 provident societies—245 Indian and foreign insurers in all. In 1972 with the General Insurance Business (Nationalisation) Act was passed by the Indian Parliament, and consequently, General Insurance business was nationalized with effect from 1 January 1973. 107 insurers were amalgamated and grouped into four companies, namely National Insurance Company Ltd., the New India Assurance Company Ltd., the Oriental Insurance Company Ltd and the United |
{"datasets_id": 2569, "wiki_id": "Q16056354", "sp": 8, "sc": 1747, "ep": 8, "ec": 2418} | 2,569 | Q16056354 | 8 | 1,747 | 8 | 2,418 | Insurance in India | History | India Insurance Company Ltd. The General Insurance Corporation of India was incorporated as a company in 1971 and it commenced business on 1 January 1973.
The LIC had monopoly till the late 90s when the Insurance sector was reopened to the private sector. Before that, the industry consisted of only two state insurers: Life Insurers (Life Insurance Corporation of India, LIC) and General Insurers (General Insurance Corporation of India, GIC). GIC had four subsidiary companies. With effect from December 2000, these subsidiaries have been de-linked from the parent company and were set up as independent insurance companies: Oriental Insurance Company Limited, |
{"datasets_id": 2569, "wiki_id": "Q16056354", "sp": 8, "sc": 2418, "ep": 12, "ec": 527} | 2,569 | Q16056354 | 8 | 2,418 | 12 | 527 | Insurance in India | History & Industry structure | New India Assurance Company Limited, National Insurance Company Limited and United India Insurance Company. Industry structure By 2012 Indian Insurance is a US$72 billion industry. However, only two million people (0.2% of the total population of 1 billion) are covered under Mediclaim. With more and more private companies in the sector, this situation is expected to change. ECGC, ESIC and AIC provide insurance services for niche markets. So, their scope is limited by legislation but enjoy some special powers.
The majority of Western Countries have state run medical systems so have less need for medical insurance. In the UK, for example, |
{"datasets_id": 2569, "wiki_id": "Q16056354", "sp": 12, "sc": 527, "ep": 16, "ec": 259} | 2,569 | Q16056354 | 12 | 527 | 16 | 259 | Insurance in India | Industry structure & Legal structure | the corporate cover of employees, when added to the individual purchase of coverage gives approximately 11–12% of the population on cover []- due largely to usage of the state financed National Health Service (NHS), whereas in developed nations with a more limited state system, like USA, about 75% of the total population are covered under some insurance scheme. Legal structure The insurance sector went through a full circle of phases from being unregulated to completely regulated and then currently being partly deregulated. It is governed by a number of acts.
The Insurance Act of 1938 was the first legislation governing all |
{"datasets_id": 2569, "wiki_id": "Q16056354", "sp": 16, "sc": 259, "ep": 16, "ec": 962} | 2,569 | Q16056354 | 16 | 259 | 16 | 962 | Insurance in India | Legal structure | forms of insurance to provide strict state control over insurance business. Life insurance in India was completely nationalised on 19 January 1956, through the Life Insurance Corporation Act. All 245 insurance companies operating then in the country were merged into one entity, the Life Insurance Corporation of India.
The General Insurance Business Act of 1972 was enacted to nationalise about 107 general insurance companies then and subsequently merging them into four companies. All the companies were amalgamated into National Insurance, New India Assurance, Oriental Insurance and United India Insurance, which were headquartered in each of the four metropolitan cities.Until 1999, there |
{"datasets_id": 2569, "wiki_id": "Q16056354", "sp": 16, "sc": 962, "ep": 20, "ec": 61} | 2,569 | Q16056354 | 16 | 962 | 20 | 61 | Insurance in India | Legal structure & Authorities | were no private insurance companies in India. The government then introduced the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Act in 1999, thereby de-regulating the insurance sector and allowing private companies. Furthermore, foreign investment was also allowed and capped at 26% holding in the Indian insurance companies.
In 2006, the Actuaries Act was passed by parliament to give the profession statutory status on par with Chartered Accountants, Notaries, Cost & Works Accountants, Advocates, Architects and Company Secretaries.A minimum capital of US$80 million(Rs. 4 billion) is required by legislation to set up an insurance business. Authorities The primary regulator for insurance in India is the Insurance |
{"datasets_id": 2569, "wiki_id": "Q16056354", "sp": 20, "sc": 61, "ep": 20, "ec": 757} | 2,569 | Q16056354 | 20 | 61 | 20 | 757 | Insurance in India | Authorities | Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI) which was established in 1999 under the government legislation called the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Act, 1999.
The industry recognises examinations conducted by the IAI (for 280 actuaries), III (for 2.2 million retail agents, 361 brokers, 175 bancassurers, 125 corporate agents and 29 third-party administrators) and IIISLA (for 8,200 surveyors and loss assessors). There are 9 licensed web aggregators. TAC is the sole data repository for the non-life industry. IBAI gives voice to brokers while GI Council and LI Council are platforms for insurers. AIGIEA, AIIEA, AIIEF, AILICEF, AILIEA, FLICOA, GIEAIA, GIEU |
{"datasets_id": 2569, "wiki_id": "Q16056354", "sp": 20, "sc": 757, "ep": 20, "ec": 888} | 2,569 | Q16056354 | 20 | 757 | 20 | 888 | Insurance in India | Authorities | and NFIFWI cater to the employees of the insurers. In addition, there are a dozen Ombudsman offices to address client grievances. |
{"datasets_id": 2570, "wiki_id": "Q25000404", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 671} | 2,570 | Q25000404 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 671 | Integration TV | Overview | Integration TV Overview Integration TV is known to be the First English Television for the Somali diaspora and covers a wide variety of topics for its predominately Somali viewers, including events in the Somali-Canadian community, positive stories from the Somali diaspora and closely monitors the development and progress of The Federal Republic of Somalia.
Integration Television also aims at connecting, enlightening, and empowering the Somali diaspora around the globe.
Besides producing weekly episodes, the show includes various weekly segments including "Shaah & Sheeko" which translates to "Tea and Talk" in the Somali language. Shaah & Sheeko features Somali guests, |
{"datasets_id": 2570, "wiki_id": "Q25000404", "sp": 6, "sc": 671, "ep": 10, "ec": 428} | 2,570 | Q25000404 | 6 | 671 | 10 | 428 | Integration TV | Overview & Host | discusses topics of interest in the Somali community, and raises awareness on universal social issues.
Integration Television currently airs every weekend on FEVA TV and features its weekly episodes on its YouTube Channel. Host Hodan Nalayeh was a media executive, entrepreneur, and journalist. Nalayeh was born in Las Anod, Somalia in 1976 and immigrated to Edmonton, Alberta in 1984. Nalayeh received a Bachelor of Arts in Communications from University of Windsor. Before founding Integration Television in 2014, Nalayeh has served as a producer and assistant on various shows including So You Think You Can Dance Canada and American Idol. Hodan Nalayeh |
{"datasets_id": 2570, "wiki_id": "Q25000404", "sp": 10, "sc": 428, "ep": 14, "ec": 72} | 2,570 | Q25000404 | 10 | 428 | 14 | 72 | Integration TV | Host & History | and her husband Farid Juma Suleiman were killed during a terrorist attack at Hotel Asasey in Kismayo, Somalia, on July 12, 2019. The attack involved a car bombing and gunfire. Jihadist fundamentalist group Al-Shabaab based in Southern Somalia claimed responsibility for the attack. Nalayeh and Suleiman married in November 2018 in Nairobi, Kenya, according to Nalayeh's sister. Nalayeh was the mother of two sons, and was pregnant when she died. Her sister Dega Nalayeh is a senior vice president private client advisor with U.S. Trust. History Integration TV premiered on March 2, 2014 on City TV. Later in the year, |
{"datasets_id": 2570, "wiki_id": "Q25000404", "sp": 14, "sc": 72, "ep": 18, "ec": 475} | 2,570 | Q25000404 | 14 | 72 | 18 | 475 | Integration TV | History & Guests | the show discontinued airing on City TV and shifted its focus on producing episodes on its YouTube channel.
On May 28, 2015, Nalayeh announced that the show would broadcast its weekly episodes on FEVA TV. Guests The show featured various prominent guests including Ontario Premier Kathleen Wynne, Somalia's Minister of Planning and International Cooperation Abdi Aynte, Somali-Canadian model Ayan Elmi, and renowned American Muslim speaker Nouman Ali Khan.
Integration TV also includes various segments and episodes that displays the progress of the country. On May 24, 2015, Integration TV announced that 18-year old Rashid Abdullahi from the Netherlands was premiering a summer |
{"datasets_id": 2570, "wiki_id": "Q25000404", "sp": 18, "sc": 475, "ep": 22, "ec": 308} | 2,570 | Q25000404 | 18 | 475 | 22 | 308 | Integration TV | Guests & Philanthropy and Community Activism | television series on Integration TV called "My Mogadishu Summer". The show was geared towards shedding a light on the positive development in Mogadishu, the capital of Somalia. The fifteen episode series covered events including the Mogadishu International Book Fair and showcased the youth culture in Somalia. Philanthropy and Community Activism Integration TV creates not only a media platform for Somali Canadians, but works toward remaining active in the community. On June 9, 2014, the Toronto Girls Soccer Association announced that Integration TV was included in their line-up of sponsors. Integration TV was also a sponsor at the 2015 Annual Halal |
{"datasets_id": 2570, "wiki_id": "Q25000404", "sp": 22, "sc": 308, "ep": 22, "ec": 1011} | 2,570 | Q25000404 | 22 | 308 | 22 | 1,011 | Integration TV | Philanthropy and Community Activism | Food Festival that took place in
Mississauga, Ontario.
In addition, Integration TV uses its influential platform to raise awareness for various causes. Nalayeh is the founder of the Somali Refugees Awareness Project, a non-profit organization that advocates for Somali refugees across the world and seeks to help protect and resettle refugees that fled Somalia during the 1990 civil war.
Furthermore, Integration TV also works towards raising awareness and enlightening its viewers on mental health. On May 5, 2015, Integration TV aired an episode that included an interview with Dr. Abdirahman Ali Habeeb, a mental health professional that works with mentally-ill individuals |
{"datasets_id": 2570, "wiki_id": "Q25000404", "sp": 22, "sc": 1011, "ep": 22, "ec": 1276} | 2,570 | Q25000404 | 22 | 1,011 | 22 | 1,276 | Integration TV | Philanthropy and Community Activism | across Somalia. Along with Al Jazeera, Integration TV voiced support in an effort to secure land to build a mental health hospital in the country’s capital. Four months later, the President of Somalia announced that that land would be donated to Dr. Habeebs cause. |
{"datasets_id": 2571, "wiki_id": "Q17152587", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 608} | 2,571 | Q17152587 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 608 | Integrative criminology | The problems | Integrative criminology The problems The conceptual difficulty is to retain the utility of the substance while considering form. The rule should be not to integrate unless there is a measurable benefit. Systems theory believes that isomorphism can be identified in all disciplines, and better understanding will result from finding and using that common material in an integrated theory. But there is a danger of reductionism or of creating mere abstraction in a metatheory where concepts are simply grouped within concepts. This arises from the easily generalised hypotheses about what human nature is, why people conform or do not conform, how |
{"datasets_id": 2571, "wiki_id": "Q17152587", "sp": 6, "sc": 608, "ep": 6, "ec": 1253} | 2,571 | Q17152587 | 6 | 608 | 6 | 1,253 | Integrative criminology | The problems | an individual can be both the cause and consequence of society, and why deviancy is both subjective and diachronic. The temptation is to produce a "General" or "Unified" Theory, bringing all the previously separated strands together, but ignoring the fact that to be separate theories, there must have been methodologically consistent research and analysis. This is also assuming that all theories are partly correct, partly wrong, and none wholly adequate on their own. Since society should be aiming for rationality in its justice and punishment systems, it is important to re-evaluate the concepts of social control, but the intention should |
{"datasets_id": 2571, "wiki_id": "Q17152587", "sp": 6, "sc": 1253, "ep": 6, "ec": 1657} | 2,571 | Q17152587 | 6 | 1,253 | 6 | 1,657 | Integrative criminology | The problems | be to formulate new research to challenge assumptions (e.g. that what integrates society does not have to be the same thing that socialises people) or devise better operationalised hypotheses (e.g. to develop an equivalent scale for the measurement of different rewards and costs) on a more comprehensive basis rather than merely seeking confirmation that one existing theory is more valid than another. |
{"datasets_id": 2572, "wiki_id": "Q6045196", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 353} | 2,572 | Q6045196 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 353 | Interaction model | Variables of Interactivity | Interaction model In the context of e-Learning, interactivity is defined as "the function of input required by the learner while responding to the computer, the analysis of those responses by the computer, and the nature of the action by the computer." Variables of Interactivity There are two variables describing the interactivity of a given lesson: technology affordance and user freedom. Technology affordance, also known as manual operators, is the richness of the communication between the student and the instructor, usually expressed in terms of the input and output channels. User freedom, on the other hand, is a function |
{"datasets_id": 2572, "wiki_id": "Q6045196", "sp": 8, "sc": 353, "ep": 8, "ec": 464} | 2,572 | Q6045196 | 8 | 353 | 8 | 464 | Interaction model | Variables of Interactivity | of the degree of freedom the learning system grants the student in influencing the presentation of the lesson. |
{"datasets_id": 2573, "wiki_id": "Q19810540", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 362} | 2,573 | Q19810540 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 362 | Intercity STC | History | Intercity STC Intercity STC, formerly known as STC (State Transport Corporation) and Vanef STC, is a Ghanaian joint state and privately owned transport company which operates, transport services, courier services, driver training as well as vehicle valuation, maintenance and testing. History The idea of setting up a national bus carrier goes as far as 1909. The Government Transport Department was a governmental entity set up and tasked to look transportation solutions for the then Central Government which was the British colonial administration. On March 9, 1965 a legislative instrument was enacted and this body was mandated to manage a commercial |
{"datasets_id": 2573, "wiki_id": "Q19810540", "sp": 8, "sc": 362, "ep": 12, "ec": 143} | 2,573 | Q19810540 | 8 | 362 | 12 | 143 | Intercity STC | History & Ownership | transportation services in Ghana . A haulage division was set up somewhere in 1968 and handed over to then STC to manage in addition to the passenger segment which they were already handling.In the year 1995 Intercity STC then State Transport became fully incorporated in Ghana to manage the state's transportation. In the year 2000 Intercity STC was taken by a private company Vanef after it had acquired majority shares in the Intercity STC . Ownership Presently Intercity STC is owned by SSNITwhich has majority shares after taking over from VANEF and the Government of Ghana who is the minority |
{"datasets_id": 2573, "wiki_id": "Q19810540", "sp": 12, "sc": 143, "ep": 16, "ec": 423} | 2,573 | Q19810540 | 12 | 143 | 16 | 423 | Intercity STC | Ownership & Routes | shareholder. Routes Intercity STC plies mostly regional capitals in Ghana including, Kumasi, Sunyani, Takoradi, Cape Coast, Bolgatanga and some few major towns or district capitals like Paga, Dormaa Ahenkro and Tarkwa. It also operates International services to some major cities in neighboring countries like Ouagadougou in Burkina Faso, Abidjan in Ivory Coast and Lomé in Togo. Plans were also in place to extend services to Niamey in Niger. |
{"datasets_id": 2574, "wiki_id": "Q3250624", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 581} | 2,574 | Q3250624 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 581 | Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation | The beginnings | Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation The beginnings Inter-Island Broadcasting Corporation was established in October 1959 when DZTV Channel 13 in Manila went its test broadcast. On March 1, 1960 at 6:30pm, DZTV-TV 13 was finally launched and it became as the third television station in the country. Its original location was at the corner of P. Guevarra St. (formerly Little Baguio) in San Juan City from 1960 to 1978. American businessman Dick Baldwin was the station's first owner and programming consisted of mostly foreign programs from CBS and a few local shows. Andrés Soriano, Sr. of San Miguel Corporation, would acquire the |
{"datasets_id": 2574, "wiki_id": "Q3250624", "sp": 6, "sc": 581, "ep": 6, "ec": 1195} | 2,574 | Q3250624 | 6 | 581 | 6 | 1,195 | Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation | The beginnings | network in 1962. Soriano was also a majority owner of the Radio Mindanao Network (RMN) and the Philippine Herald newspaper. Soriano's combined media interests formed the first tri-media organization in the Philippines. As the de facto television arm of the RMN, it partnered with the RMN radio stations for coverages of the general elections of 1969 and 1971. The station had relay transmitters to bring its programs to viewers in Cebu and Davao, with plans to open more in other cities.
In between 1970 and 1972, IBC launched its color transmission system named "Vinta Color" named after the vintas from |
{"datasets_id": 2574, "wiki_id": "Q3250624", "sp": 6, "sc": 1195, "ep": 10, "ec": 43} | 2,574 | Q3250624 | 6 | 1,195 | 10 | 43 | Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation | The beginnings & Relaunch and the glory years | Zamboanga, becoming the third network in the Philippines to convert to all-color broadcasts, after ABS-CBN and RPN. In September 1972, then-President Ferdinand Marcos declared a martial law at the entire country, resulting IBC and other television networks (except Kanlaon Broadcasting System which was owned by a Marcos crony, Roberto Benedicto) was forced to shutdown by the government. However a few months later, IBC allowed by the government to return on the air.
ABS-CBN veteran Ben Aniceto became the station manager of DZTV Channel 13 from 1973 to 1976. Relaunch and the glory years On February 1, 1975, during the martial law |
{"datasets_id": 2574, "wiki_id": "Q3250624", "sp": 10, "sc": 43, "ep": 10, "ec": 706} | 2,574 | Q3250624 | 10 | 43 | 10 | 706 | Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation | Relaunch and the glory years | era and the dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos, due to a constitutional limitation prohibiting the ownership of media by non-Filipinos or corporations not 100% Filipino owned, the network was acquired by a Marcos crony named Roberto Benedicto (who also owned Kanlaon Broadcasting System, which later renamed as Radio Philippines Network or RPN and the now defunct Banahaw Broadcasting Corporation or BBC) and was renamed Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation (IBC). IBC would launch an FM station DWKB-FM the same year. Marking the relaunch, the network debuted its vinta logo (which would be used until 1978 in two iterations). In 1976, IBC metamorphosed into |
{"datasets_id": 2574, "wiki_id": "Q3250624", "sp": 10, "sc": 706, "ep": 10, "ec": 1303} | 2,574 | Q3250624 | 10 | 706 | 10 | 1,303 | Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation | Relaunch and the glory years | one of the country's most viewed TV network with its primetime lineup and full length local and foreign films aired on this channel. This catapulted IBC in the number one slot among the four rival networks and also emphasized itself as the birthplace of the golden age of Philippine television, with many top series headlined by hit stars on radio, TV and film. Among its top-rated shows were a film series of Tarzan that starred Johnny Weissmuller, showbiz talk shows See-True and Seeing Stars hosted by Inday Badiday and Joe Quirino respectively, and comedy shows Iskul Bukol, Chicks to Chicks, |
{"datasets_id": 2574, "wiki_id": "Q3250624", "sp": 10, "sc": 1303, "ep": 10, "ec": 1922} | 2,574 | Q3250624 | 10 | 1,303 | 10 | 1,922 | Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation | Relaunch and the glory years | and T.O.D.A.S. (Television's Outrageously Delightful All-Star Show).
Through the blood and sweat of its employees and the income generated from its programs, the network built and finally moved to its present home at the modern Broadcast City, together with its affiliated networks RPN and BBC in July 1978. The complex was a 55,000 square metre tract located at Capitol Hills, Diliman, Quezon City. At the same time, IBC moved its transmitter to San Francisco Del Monte, Quezon City to replace the old transmitter in San Juan. By 1985, however, IBC would become second to RPN, albeit with many great local and |
{"datasets_id": 2574, "wiki_id": "Q3250624", "sp": 10, "sc": 1922, "ep": 14, "ec": 530} | 2,574 | Q3250624 | 10 | 1,922 | 14 | 530 | Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation | Relaunch and the glory years & Post-EDSA Revolution, sequestration, E13, and Pusong Pinoy, Pusong Trese | foreign programs that were popular among viewers. Post-EDSA Revolution, sequestration, E13, and Pusong Pinoy, Pusong Trese After the People Power Revolution which ousted the dictator Ferdinand Marcos and install Corazon Aquino as the new president of the Philippines, IBC, with 20 television stations that time, was sequestered by the Presidential Commission on Good Government for allegedly being part of the crony capitalism under the Marcos regime. A board of administrators was created to run the station. All of the stocks and assets of IBC, and its sister networks RPN-9 and BBC-2 were sequestered by the Presidential Commission on Good Government |
{"datasets_id": 2574, "wiki_id": "Q3250624", "sp": 14, "sc": 530, "ep": 14, "ec": 1168} | 2,574 | Q3250624 | 14 | 530 | 14 | 1,168 | Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation | Post-EDSA Revolution, sequestration, E13, and Pusong Pinoy, Pusong Trese | (PCGG).
When it became a state channel a new logo debuted featuring IBC and 13 on separate circles, a revamp of an earlier logo which debuted in 1978-79. The new slogan "Basta Pinoy sa Trese" was in a circle to commemorate the People Power Revolution.
President Corazon Aquino turned over IBC and RPN to the Government Communications Group and awarded BBC through an executive order to ABS-CBN. When BBC closed down, both IBC and RPN absorbed majority of its displaced employees, thus doubled the operating expenses of the network. Cost of programs went up three-fold. Line-produced shows and co-production ventures with |
{"datasets_id": 2574, "wiki_id": "Q3250624", "sp": 14, "sc": 1168, "ep": 14, "ec": 1771} | 2,574 | Q3250624 | 14 | 1,168 | 14 | 1,771 | Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation | Post-EDSA Revolution, sequestration, E13, and Pusong Pinoy, Pusong Trese | some big film companies like Viva, Regal, and Seiko were favored, aside from their station-produced programs.
The top rated shows of IBC were pirated by rival networks, however it scored a victory when it acquired the then ABS-CBN program "Loveliness" in 1988, starring Alma Moreno. Cost of programs, talent fees and TV rights increased tremendously. IBC could no longer afford to produce its own shows, save for its news and current affairs programming and special events. In 1987, IBC was renamed as E13 and adopted a new slogan, "Life Begins at 13", noted for the butterfly logo in the form |
{"datasets_id": 2574, "wiki_id": "Q3250624", "sp": 14, "sc": 1771, "ep": 18, "ec": 47} | 2,574 | Q3250624 | 14 | 1,771 | 18 | 47 | Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation | Post-EDSA Revolution, sequestration, E13, and Pusong Pinoy, Pusong Trese & Islands TV-13 | of the letter E and the number 13. By then, IBC had struggled to cope with the increased competition from the other networks, particularly from ABS-CBN which skyrocketed to number 1 by 1988.
In 1989, the IBC brand returned after two years. The network adopted a new image at the same year, "Pusong Pinoy, Pusong Trese" (Heart of Filipino, Heart of Thirteen), to recapture the glory days it once had. But because of the sequestration, periodic change of management and the internal problems, the network started to lose the support from its advertisers. Islands TV-13 Islands Broadcast Corporation under Mr. Alfonso |
{"datasets_id": 2574, "wiki_id": "Q3250624", "sp": 18, "sc": 47, "ep": 18, "ec": 613} | 2,574 | Q3250624 | 18 | 47 | 18 | 613 | Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation | Islands TV-13 | Denoga and Mr. Gil Balaguer took over the management and the marketing of IBC 13 (which was branded as Islands TV-13, pronounced on air as Islands TV one-three) in October 1990, at the time when IBC 13 was dead last in the ratings. The new logo features a three triangles and a slogan, The Newest Network adorn on the logo. It was in the later part of its operations that ratings and income suffered due to mismanagement which caused labor unrest. In March 1993, the Makati City RTC issued the court order stopping Islands Broadcast Corporation as the marketing and |
{"datasets_id": 2574, "wiki_id": "Q3250624", "sp": 18, "sc": 613, "ep": 22, "ec": 412} | 2,574 | Q3250624 | 18 | 613 | 22 | 412 | Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation | Islands TV-13 & Return of operations, Pinoy Ang Dating and Vintage Television | sales agent of IBC 13 due to unpaid financial obligations to the network as the contract of Islands expired on February 28, 1993. Return of operations, Pinoy Ang Dating and Vintage Television In October 1992, Islands TV-13 was rebranded back to IBC and became a 100% government owned station by virtue of a compromise agreement between PCGG and Roberto Benedicto. The management and marketing were returned to IBC's board of directors. The programming remained at a standstill in preparation for the launching of a new image of the station.
It was on May 27, 1994 when IBC launched its new slogan |
{"datasets_id": 2574, "wiki_id": "Q3250624", "sp": 22, "sc": 412, "ep": 22, "ec": 1136} | 2,574 | Q3250624 | 22 | 412 | 22 | 1,136 | Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation | Return of operations, Pinoy Ang Dating and Vintage Television | "Pinoy Ang Dating" (Filipino for "Filipino styled") with a Filipino-like visually enticing music video featuring Grace Nono, an innovation in terms of station identification. Despite limited resources, programming improved but the battle for audience share continued. Advertisers became more responsive to marketing efforts. The following year, IBC began to broadcast its programs nationwide via "Nationwide Satellite Broadcast". Soon after, IBC landed 4th place in primetime ratings.
In 1996, Vintage Enterprises transferred to IBC as part of the launching of Vintage Television (VTV), a primetime block that aired on IBC with PBA, Blow by Blow and other Vintage Sports-produced programs after moving from |
{"datasets_id": 2574, "wiki_id": "Q3250624", "sp": 22, "sc": 1136, "ep": 22, "ec": 1810} | 2,574 | Q3250624 | 22 | 1,136 | 22 | 1,810 | Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation | Return of operations, Pinoy Ang Dating and Vintage Television | another government-owned station, People's Television Network (PTV). The block helped IBC-13 land third in the primetime ratings, mainly credited to the airing of the PBA games. Later in the year 2000, Viva Entertainment's subsidiary Viva Television acquired Vintage Enterprises (including VTV on IBC block) from the Velez family and changed its name to Viva TV, a primetime sports and entertainment block on IBC which continued until 2002. Rehabilitation of the transmitter and other technical facilities where initiated in the network's flagship and provincial stations.
In 2001, IBC scored a major victory with the top-rated Philippine franchise of Who Wants to |
{"datasets_id": 2574, "wiki_id": "Q3250624", "sp": 22, "sc": 1810, "ep": 22, "ec": 2404} | 2,574 | Q3250624 | 22 | 1,810 | 22 | 2,404 | Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation | Return of operations, Pinoy Ang Dating and Vintage Television | Be a Millionaire?, which triggered the game show craze that was followed by ABS-CBN's own game show Game KNB?
However, in early 2003, Viva TV on IBC was ended after Viva decided not to renew a blocktime agreement with IBC due to high blocktime costs and low ratings. Despite this, the grand finals of Star for a Night, its last Viva TV-produced program was aired on IBC on March 1, 2003. At the same time, IBC also installed a new Harris 60-kilowatt transmitter for clearer TV reception, and utilized the services of the APSTAR 1 Satellite for a broader international reach.
On |
{"datasets_id": 2574, "wiki_id": "Q3250624", "sp": 22, "sc": 2404, "ep": 26, "ec": 29} | 2,574 | Q3250624 | 22 | 2,404 | 26 | 29 | Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation | Return of operations, Pinoy Ang Dating and Vintage Television & Abandonment and privatization | January 1, 2002, IBC launched its new logo and its new slogan "New Face, New Attitude" with a new station ID.
On December 12, 2003, IBC launched again its new logo and its new slogan "Ang Bagong Pilipino" (The New Filipino) with a freestyle station ID.
In late 2007, IBC inked a deal with the Makisig Network, led by Hermie Esguerra, as a primetime block-timer of IBC. However, Makisig Network's programs were not aired due to questions on the propriety of the terms and conditions of the agreement. Said agreement expired in October 2008. Abandonment and privatization After four decades of serving |
{"datasets_id": 2574, "wiki_id": "Q3250624", "sp": 26, "sc": 29, "ep": 26, "ec": 680} | 2,574 | Q3250624 | 26 | 29 | 26 | 680 | Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation | Abandonment and privatization | the network's dominance and entertainment programing, IBC-13's studios and facilities are abandoned due to negligence and their network's mismanagement. Their studio equipment, cameras, lighting and props are useless, dilapidated and very old. Cash and budgets were cut short and they cannot afford to utilize radio-TV operations. Their programming and airtime were lost after suffering from a network war in the late 1980s and the 1990s and many employees lost their jobs. The network suffered more than 800 million pesos worth of backwages to its employees, some of them are old-timers or those who worked in the network since the 1980s.
At |
{"datasets_id": 2574, "wiki_id": "Q3250624", "sp": 26, "sc": 680, "ep": 26, "ec": 1331} | 2,574 | Q3250624 | 26 | 680 | 26 | 1,331 | Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation | Abandonment and privatization | present, IBC 13 has 200 regular employees as of 2016, while 29 of those are talents or in a "contractual basis", particularly from the news and public affairs and production.
The management tried to revive the ill-fated network but it failed thereafter over a span of 30 years and five Philipppine presidents (Corazon Aquino, Fidel Ramos, Joseph Estrada, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, and Benigno Aquino III).
There were many plans to sell and privatize IBC and RPN. TV network ABS-CBN was planning to buy the network's blocktime to address signal problems and mimic the former's programs. However, ABS-CBN could not join the privatization |
{"datasets_id": 2574, "wiki_id": "Q3250624", "sp": 26, "sc": 1331, "ep": 28, "ec": 44} | 2,574 | Q3250624 | 26 | 1,331 | 28 | 44 | Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation | Abandonment and privatization & AKTV, privatization bids and property issues | bid due to ownership regulations.
In 2011, IBC has entered into a joint venture agreement with Prime Realty, an affiliate of R-II Builders Group of Reghis Romero Jr. The agreement called for the development of 3.5 hectares of Broadcast City. With this joint venture agreement with a private business enterprise, the Aquino administration expressed its desire to privatize both RPN and IBC and retain the People's Television (PTV) as a sole-mandated government TV network. It was also announced that conglomerate San Miguel Corporation will join the government-sponsored bidding for the privatization of RPN and IBC. AKTV, privatization bids and property issues |
{"datasets_id": 2574, "wiki_id": "Q3250624", "sp": 30, "sc": 0, "ep": 30, "ec": 584} | 2,574 | Q3250624 | 30 | 0 | 30 | 584 | Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation | AKTV, privatization bids and property issues | IBC signed a blocktime agreement with TV5's sports division Sports5 to air live sports coverage via its sports programming block AKTV. It was launched last June 5, 2011, with the AKTV Run held outside SM Mall of Asia in Bay City, Pasay. At the same day, IBC launched a new logo and slogan "Where the Action Is" to reflect the change.
In April 11, 2013, MediaQuest chairman Manny Pangilinan announced that AKTV will no longer be renew the blocktime agreement in May due to high costs and poor ratings, and there has been doubts about the future of the network.
In 2012, |
{"datasets_id": 2574, "wiki_id": "Q3250624", "sp": 30, "sc": 584, "ep": 30, "ec": 1214} | 2,574 | Q3250624 | 30 | 584 | 30 | 1,214 | Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation | AKTV, privatization bids and property issues | in pursuant to AO No. 26, IBC handed over its archives to Film Development Council of the Philippines (FDCP) for its restoration.
IBC recently signed a memorandum of agreement with the Asian Television Content Corporation under Engr. Reynaldo Sanchez as the major blocktimer of the station. ATC @ IBC primetime block with newest programs premiered last June 2, 2014. However, on August 31, 2014, programs under the ATC @ IBC 13 block suddenly no longer aired on the network, possibly due to poor ratings and lack of advertisers' support.
PCOO Secretary Herminio Coloma, Jr. said in a Senate budget hearing for the |
{"datasets_id": 2574, "wiki_id": "Q3250624", "sp": 30, "sc": 1214, "ep": 30, "ec": 1883} | 2,574 | Q3250624 | 30 | 1,214 | 30 | 1,883 | Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation | AKTV, privatization bids and property issues | PCOO last September 3, 2014 that the network will be fully privatized before President Aquino stepping down in the office in 2016 and keeping PTV-4 as the sole government TV network. Process of the privatization will be managed by the Governance Commission for Government-Owned or -Controlled Corporations through the Development Bank of the Philippines. Business tycoon Manny V. Pangilinan is one of the possible bidders for the privatization in which TV5 (a media company under PLDT's MediaQuest Holdings through ABC Development Corporation), despite expiration of blocktime agreement in 2013 (AKTV), is still using IBC's Broadcast City facilities for sports events, |
{"datasets_id": 2574, "wiki_id": "Q3250624", "sp": 30, "sc": 1883, "ep": 30, "ec": 2527} | 2,574 | Q3250624 | 30 | 1,883 | 30 | 2,527 | Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation | AKTV, privatization bids and property issues | including its 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup coverage. However, MediaQuest also could not join the privatization bid due to ownership rules and regulations that MediaQuest owns TV5 and AksyonTV.
On June 2, 2015, the Philippine Crusader for Justice (PCJ), led by Joe Villanueva, filed a petition to the Supreme Court of the Philippines to nullify the joint venture agreement between IBC and Primestate/R-II Builders for the development of 3.5 hectares of Broadcast City, after the Office of the Ombudsman found the contract to be disadvantageous to the government. The Ombudsman filed a graft case in 2013 against former IBC executives |
{"datasets_id": 2574, "wiki_id": "Q3250624", "sp": 30, "sc": 2527, "ep": 30, "ec": 3254} | 2,574 | Q3250624 | 30 | 2,527 | 30 | 3,254 | Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation | AKTV, privatization bids and property issues | and Primestate.
In January 2016, President Benigno Aquino III, through the Governance Commission for Government-owned and -controlled corporation (GCG) appoved the planned privatization of IBC. The privatization will be undergo public bidding with an estimated floor price of 10 billion pesos. The proceeds of the bidding will be for the increase of state-owned PTV-4's capital to upgrade and modernize their broadcast capabilities. The Development Bank of the Philippines will be the financial adviser for the privatization. Incoming PCOO secretary Martin Andanar has already forwarded the privatization plan to President Rodrigo Duterte's executive secretary Salvador Medialdea. Andanar will also coordinate with the |
{"datasets_id": 2574, "wiki_id": "Q3250624", "sp": 30, "sc": 3254, "ep": 30, "ec": 3884} | 2,574 | Q3250624 | 30 | 3,254 | 30 | 3,884 | Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation | AKTV, privatization bids and property issues | GCG before the start of the bidding.
The privatization process of IBC was commenced in October 2016. As of December 2016, five groups have already showed their interest to join the bidding process. These are Ramon Ang of San Miguel Corporation and the groups of former IBC president (and current RMN President/CEO) Eric Canoy and former Ilocos Sur governor Chavit Singson, Dennis Uy of Phoenix Petroleum and William Lima, a businessman from Davao.
In March 2017, IBC operated on a low powered signal but it continues its broadcast on cable and satellite providers. In October 2017, IBC began its test broadcast on |
{"datasets_id": 2574, "wiki_id": "Q3250624", "sp": 30, "sc": 3884, "ep": 34, "ec": 600} | 2,574 | Q3250624 | 30 | 3,884 | 34 | 600 | Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation | AKTV, privatization bids and property issues & Relaunch and recent developments | digital terrestrial television. Relaunch and recent developments Since late 2018, IBC began to revitalize its infrastructure and its content. By December of the same year, the network transferred its studios and offices to its new building at Capitol Hills Drive corner Zuzuarregui Street, Barangay Matandang Balara, Quezon City to give way for the conversion of Broadcast City, their home for 40 years, into Larossa condominium complex; while re-upgrading its Roosevelt Avenue analog transmitter for the Mega Manila area.
On February 11, 2019, IBC announced a major revamp of its programming, the first since the ATC@IBC block in 2014. It includes archives |
{"datasets_id": 2574, "wiki_id": "Q3250624", "sp": 34, "sc": 600, "ep": 34, "ec": 947} | 2,574 | Q3250624 | 34 | 600 | 34 | 947 | Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation | Relaunch and recent developments | of IBC's popular entertainment and cultural shows, introduction of documentary and current affairs programs airing from sister station People's Television Network, and other entertainment and sports content from SMAC Television Productions and ATC, among others.
IBC also got two new slogans namely, "Iconic.Bold.Chill" and "Kaibigan Mo!" |
{"datasets_id": 2575, "wiki_id": "Q16919419", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 244} | 2,575 | Q16919419 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 244 | Intermontane Trench | Intermontane Trench The Intermontane Trench was an ancient oceanic trench during the Triassic. The trench was probably 600 to 800 miles long, parallel to the west coast of North America. The ocean that the trench was located in was called the Slide Mountain Ocean. |
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{"datasets_id": 2576, "wiki_id": "Q870081", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 15} | 2,576 | Q870081 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 15 | International Hockey Federation | History & Recognition and awards | International Hockey Federation History FIH was founded on 7 January 1924 in Paris by Paul Léautey, who became the first president, in response to field hockey's omission from the programme of the 1924 Summer Olympics. First members complete to join the seven founding members were Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, France, Hungary, Spain and Switzerland.
In 1982, the FIH merged with the International Federation of Women's Hockey Associations (IFWHA), which had been founded in 1927 by Australia, Denmark, England, Ireland, Scotland, South Africa, the United States and Wales.
The organisation is based in Lausanne, Switzerland since 2005, having moved from Brussels, Belgium. Recognition and |
{"datasets_id": 2576, "wiki_id": "Q870081", "sp": 8, "sc": 15, "ep": 10, "ec": 312} | 2,576 | Q870081 | 8 | 15 | 10 | 312 | International Hockey Federation | Recognition and awards | awards The Player of the Year Awards have been given annually since 1998 for men and women, while the young category was added in 2001 to honour the best performances for junior players (under 21).
Another award, the "Honorary Award", was given to people who have made outstanding contributions to field hockey. |
{"datasets_id": 2577, "wiki_id": "Q60752973", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 646} | 2,577 | Q60752973 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 646 | International Medical Travel Journal | International Medical Travel Journal The International Medical Travel Journal was established in 2007 with a focus on medical tourism. It runs a biweekly newsletter.
Keith Pollard is the Editor in Chief and features as a speaker at medical tourism conferences. He is also executive chairman of the health care research firm LaingBuisson International, and is featured at the Medical Travel Summits organised by LaingBuisson International. The conference in Athens in May 2018 was organised in conjunction with Elitour, the Greek Medical Tourism Council.
It runs annual Medical Travel Awards. Mahathir Mohamad, Prime Minister of Malaysia cited them among the "global |
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{"datasets_id": 2577, "wiki_id": "Q60752973", "sp": 4, "sc": 646, "ep": 4, "ec": 696} | 2,577 | Q60752973 | 4 | 646 | 4 | 696 | International Medical Travel Journal | accolades" National Heart Institute had received. |
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{"datasets_id": 2578, "wiki_id": "Q18746480", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 668} | 2,578 | Q18746480 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 668 | International Studio & Curatorial Program | International Studio & Curatorial Program International Studio & Curatorial Program (ISCP) is a contemporary art institution that runs an international residency program and related exhibitions and events based in Brooklyn, New York. ISCP's exhibitions, talks, screenings and lectures generally focus on introducing New York audiences to work produced by international artists. The residency program has hosted more than 2,000 artists and curators from 62 countries, including the United States.
The International Studio Program (ISP) was founded in 1994 in TriBeCa, Lower Manhattan. The governments of Sweden, Denmark, France, Spain, Portugal, Finland, Poland, and the Asian Cultural Council joined |
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{"datasets_id": 2578, "wiki_id": "Q18746480", "sp": 4, "sc": 668, "ep": 4, "ec": 1128} | 2,578 | Q18746480 | 4 | 668 | 4 | 1,128 | International Studio & Curatorial Program | the initiative shortly thereafter. In 1999, the organization added curatorial residencies, and became the International Studio & Curatorial Program (ISCP) with the Trust for Mutual Understanding sponsoring a curator from Czech Republic. In 2001, ISCP relocated to Hell’s Kitchen, Manhattan and in 2008, ISCP moved to East Williamsburg, Brooklyn and increased its capacity to 35 studios. ISCP’s programs are currently housed in a former factory built in 1901. |
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{"datasets_id": 2579, "wiki_id": "Q841115", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 598} | 2,579 | Q841115 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 598 | Interstate 94 in North Dakota | Route description | Interstate 94 in North Dakota Route description Eastbound, the route enters from Montana at Beach and passes Dickinson, Bismarck, Jamestown, Valley City, and West Fargo before entering Fargo, where it exits the state at the Red River and continues into Minnesota, southeast to Minneapolis.
The route passes to the south of Theodore Roosevelt National Park's southern unit; access to the northern unit is by US Highway 85 (US 85) north from Belfield. Eastbound, I-94 changes time zones at the Stark–Morton county line southwest of Hebron. Mountain time (UTC−7) is observed in Stark County (and west) and Central time (UTC−6) in the rest of |
{"datasets_id": 2579, "wiki_id": "Q841115", "sp": 6, "sc": 598, "ep": 6, "ec": 1166} | 2,579 | Q841115 | 6 | 598 | 6 | 1,166 | Interstate 94 in North Dakota | Route description | the state.
The speed limit on I-94 is 75 miles per hour (121 km/h) in rural areas. Between exits 152 and 159 in the Bismarck-Mandan area, the speed limit is 60 miles per hour (97 km/h). In the West Fargo-Fargo area, the speed limit is 65 miles per hour (105 km/h) between exits 346 and 347, and 55 miles per hour (89 km/h) from exit 347 to the Red River of the North.
I-94 has two lanes in each direction through most of the state, expanding briefly to three lanes in each direction in the Bismarck–Mandan area (from exit 155 to 156) and in Fargo from |
{"datasets_id": 2579, "wiki_id": "Q841115", "sp": 6, "sc": 1166, "ep": 10, "ec": 534} | 2,579 | Q841115 | 6 | 1,166 | 10 | 534 | Interstate 94 in North Dakota | Route description & Points of interest | 45th Street (exit 348) to the Red River. Points of interest The route enters at Beach and passes through the Badlands near Medora near and the south unit of Theodore Roosevelt National Park. A public rest area about seven miles (11 km) east of Medora provides an awe-inspiring view, especially at sunset, and an opportunity to hike through some of the scenery on the Painted Canyon Trail. Further east, I-94 provides access to the north unit of the national park, then passes through the cities of Dickinson, Mandan/Bismarck, Jamestown, and Valley City on the way to West Fargo and Fargo, where |
{"datasets_id": 2579, "wiki_id": "Q841115", "sp": 10, "sc": 534, "ep": 10, "ec": 1135} | 2,579 | Q841115 | 10 | 534 | 10 | 1,135 | Interstate 94 in North Dakota | Points of interest | it leaves the state and crosses into Minnesota.
Through North Dakota, I-94 travels nearly due east-west, generally following both the railroad route and the former route of US 10 (called "The Old Red Trail" or "The National Parks Trail"), where its eastern terminus is at exit 343 in West Fargo.
The highway intersects with the Enchanted Highway 11 miles (18 km) east of Dickinson at exit 72. At New Salem, it passes Salem Sue, a 38-foot-high (12 m) sculpture of a Holstein cow that is clearly visible on the south side of the highway; the road to Sue allows a vantage point to view a |
{"datasets_id": 2579, "wiki_id": "Q841115", "sp": 10, "sc": 1135, "ep": 10, "ec": 1745} | 2,579 | Q841115 | 10 | 1,135 | 10 | 1,745 | Interstate 94 in North Dakota | Points of interest | panoramic landscape. Between Mandan and Bismarck, I-94 crosses the Missouri River with a view of the Northern Pacific (now BNSF) Railroad Bridge to the south. At Steele, it passes the world's largest sculpture of a Sandhill crane, 40 feet (12 m) tall and named "Sandy", on the south side of I-94, just east of exit 200. At Jamestown, it passes the world's largest sculpture of a buffalo (actually bison) named "Dakota Thunder," 28 feet (8.5 m) in height and on the north of the highway.
At approximately mile marker 275 on the westbound lanes between Jamestown and Valley City, the highway crosses the |
{"datasets_id": 2579, "wiki_id": "Q841115", "sp": 10, "sc": 1745, "ep": 10, "ec": 2360} | 2,579 | Q841115 | 10 | 1,745 | 10 | 2,360 | Interstate 94 in North Dakota | Points of interest | Laurentian Continental Divide, at an elevation of 1,490 feet (454 m) above sea level. The rivers that are west of this divide flow south into the Atlantic Ocean from the Gulf of Mexico, while the rivers that are east of the divide flow north into Hudson Bay. The James River, that flows through Jamestown, feeds into the Atlantic Ocean, while the Sheyenne River, that flows through Valley City (36 miles (58 km) east of Jamestown), feeds into Hudson Bay.
In Fargo, a well-known yet unnamed pedestrian bridge crosses over I-94; opened 43 years ago in 1976, in time for the United States' bicentennial. While |
{"datasets_id": 2579, "wiki_id": "Q841115", "sp": 10, "sc": 2360, "ep": 14, "ec": 418} | 2,579 | Q841115 | 10 | 2,360 | 14 | 418 | Interstate 94 in North Dakota | Points of interest & History | providing a unique crossing for the surrounding neighborhoods, it serves as a landmark for commuters and travelers. Westbound, it is one of the first North Dakota landmarks visible from the highway. History Through the state, I-94 follows the route once taken by US 10 west from Fargo. This route was originally called "The Old Red Trail". Prairie Public Television in North Dakota produced a documentary about US Highway 10 and the building of I-94 through the state.
I-94 roughly follows the route of the former Northern Pacific Railway mainline (now a BNSF Railway route) across North Dakota. Many of the towns and |
{"datasets_id": 2579, "wiki_id": "Q841115", "sp": 14, "sc": 418, "ep": 14, "ec": 706} | 2,579 | Q841115 | 14 | 418 | 14 | 706 | Interstate 94 in North Dakota | History | cities that I-94 serves first grew as railroad towns in the 19th and early 20th centuries.
The first section of I-94 completed with Interstate funds (under the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956) was a 12-mile (19 km) section between Jamestown and Valley City, North Dakota in 1958. |
{"datasets_id": 2580, "wiki_id": "Q6059912", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 583} | 2,580 | Q6059912 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 583 | Inventory Locator Service | History | Inventory Locator Service History In 1985, Williams and his four partners became concerned that ILS might be vulnerable to competition and urged selling the company while it was profitable. The other partners agreed to sell and Ryder System, Inc purchased ILS. Ryder was a major player in the aircraft parts and service business, but kept ILS operations separate.
In 1988, ILS moved to a new location in Memphis, Tennessee. A switch in business conduct occurred due to the introduction of DOS software to PC users. Its first Windows software followed in 1994.
ILS introduced Internet access to its |
{"datasets_id": 2580, "wiki_id": "Q6059912", "sp": 6, "sc": 583, "ep": 6, "ec": 1232} | 2,580 | Q6059912 | 6 | 583 | 6 | 1,232 | Inventory Locator Service | History | database in 1999-2000. In 2001, ILS was changed from a Tennessee corporation to a Delaware limited liability company. It was seeing record usage while other dot-coms folded in the collapse of the Internet bubble. It had about 6,000 subscribers at the time, and was succeeding in the face of new competition from start-ups, airlines, and OEMs.
On September 16, 2019, Hearst’s Camp Systems International Agrees to Acquire Inventory Locator Service (ILS) from the Boeing Company. The announcement was made by CAMP President and CEO Vibby Gottemukkala. Pending regulatory approval, ILS, headquartered in Memphis, Tennessee, will become part |
{"datasets_id": 2580, "wiki_id": "Q6059912", "sp": 6, "sc": 1232, "ep": 10, "ec": 604} | 2,580 | Q6059912 | 6 | 1,232 | 10 | 604 | Inventory Locator Service | History & Acquisitions | of CAMP. Terms of the transaction were not disclosed. Acquisitions In 1983, Ryder acquired some aviation companies, including Aviation Sales Co. Inc. and its subsidiary General Hydraulics Corporation, of Florida, an aircraft leasing firm and spare parts firm. Aviall, an aviation solutions provider, was bought by Ryder in 1985.
In 1993, there was a spin-off of Ryder's aviation businesses, including Aviall. Aviall, Inc., became incorporated in 1993 as an independent global provider of new aviation parts, supply chain management, and other related value-added services to the aerospace aftermarket. Aviall, Inc. also became the parent company to both Aviall |
{"datasets_id": 2580, "wiki_id": "Q6059912", "sp": 10, "sc": 604, "ep": 14, "ec": 532} | 2,580 | Q6059912 | 10 | 604 | 14 | 532 | Inventory Locator Service | Acquisitions & Services | Services, Inc. and ILS. Later in 2006, Aviall, Inc. was acquired by The Boeing Company. Services ILS serves as a data warehouse where information from the FAA and other similar organizations is captured. Data captured includes PMA data, Airworthiness Directives, Maintenance, Repair and Operations (MRO) Services and Unapproved Parts. ILS services clients in the aviation, defense and marine industries with its business-to-business electronic marketplace. Ultimately, ILS offers an electronic marketplace for buying and selling within those industries, and provides aftermarket information on supply, demand, and pricing data. |
{"datasets_id": 2581, "wiki_id": "Q6060779", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 42} | 2,581 | Q6060779 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 42 | Investment Company Institute | History & ICI Global | Investment Company Institute History Following the stock market crash of 1929 that presaged the Great Depression, Congress passed a series of acts related to securities and financial regulation. One of these, the Investment Company Act of 1940, clearly defined the responsibilities of investment companies. This same year, what would become ICI was established in New York as the National Committee of Investment Companies, an organization to aid in the administration of the act. It became the National Association of Investment Companies (NAIC) in 1941, and then the Investment Company Institute in 1961. ICI Global In 2011, ICI expanded internationally with |
{"datasets_id": 2581, "wiki_id": "Q6060779", "sp": 10, "sc": 42, "ep": 14, "ec": 260} | 2,581 | Q6060779 | 10 | 42 | 14 | 260 | Investment Company Institute | ICI Global & Role in regulation and education | the launch of the London-based ICI Global, which seeks to advance the common interests and promote public understanding of issues related to international funds, managers and investors, including both regulated U.S. and non-U.S. based funds publicly offered to investors worldwide. In 2013, ICI Global expanded into Asian markets with the opening of an office in Hong Kong. Role in regulation and education As an association made up of U.S. investment companies, including mutual funds, closed-end funds, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), and unit investment trusts (UITs), ICI seeks to encourage adherence to high ethical standards among its members to gain public trust |
{"datasets_id": 2581, "wiki_id": "Q6060779", "sp": 14, "sc": 260, "ep": 14, "ec": 942} | 2,581 | Q6060779 | 14 | 260 | 14 | 942 | Investment Company Institute | Role in regulation and education | and confidence. It advocates for meaningful disclosure for investors from funds and provides investor education. It also provides data and commentary to the SEC to advise its regulatory process, and submits official comment letters and briefs in response to proposals around new financial regulations as well as legal decisions.
ICI’s research department includes economists and research analysts who collect and disseminate data on all types of registered investment companies; in 2016 they released more than 300 statistical reports examining various aspects of the industry, as well as 19 research and policy publications. In addition, ICI aims to promote the interests |
{"datasets_id": 2581, "wiki_id": "Q6060779", "sp": 14, "sc": 942, "ep": 18, "ec": 391} | 2,581 | Q6060779 | 14 | 942 | 18 | 391 | Investment Company Institute | Role in regulation and education & Political role | of directors, stockholders and investment counselors as well as the investment funds themselves. The organization has two continuing professional education programs, including a Continuing Professional Education (CPE) program for Certified Public Accountants and a Continuing Legal Education (CLE) program for attorneys. Political role ICI lobbies on behalf of investment companies, working closely with policymakers and regulators through outreach efforts involving economic and legal analysis, sometimes advocating directly to the public on issues important to its members. It also donates to federal candidates through its political action committee, ICI PAC, having donated $1,939,002 for the 2016 PAC cycle, with 34% going |
{"datasets_id": 2581, "wiki_id": "Q6060779", "sp": 18, "sc": 391, "ep": 22, "ec": 618} | 2,581 | Q6060779 | 18 | 391 | 22 | 618 | Investment Company Institute | Political role & Membership | to Democrats and 66% to Republicans In 2016, ICI spent $4,962,719 on lobbying. Membership ICI membership is open to Securities and Exchange Commission-registered investment companies (mutual funds, closed-end funds, ETFs, and UITs), their investment advisers, and underwriters, as well as investment managers sponsoring regulated funds offered to investors in jurisdictions worldwide. As of June 2018, ICI membership included 9,115 mutual funds, 562 closed-end funds, 1,643 exchange-traded funds (ETFs), and as of December 2017, 3,580 unit investment trusts (UITs). ICI’s members manage total assets of US$21.9 trillion in the United States, serving more than 100 million US shareholders, and US$6.6 trillion |
{"datasets_id": 2581, "wiki_id": "Q6060779", "sp": 22, "sc": 618, "ep": 22, "ec": 652} | 2,581 | Q6060779 | 22 | 618 | 22 | 652 | Investment Company Institute | Membership | in assets in other jurisdictions. |
{"datasets_id": 2582, "wiki_id": "Q19874629", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 134} | 2,582 | Q19874629 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 134 | Investors Mutual Limited | History & Funds | Investors Mutual Limited History In May 1998, Investors Mutual Limited was established as a specialist Australian equities manager, based in Sydney.
In August 2001, Treasury Group, an ASX listed fund manager holding company acquired a 50% stake of Investors Mutual Limited from Anton Tagliaferro. At the start of 2010, IML absorbed Cannae and its then managing director, Hugh Giddy and two other analysts who joined the investment team with IML.
In October 2017, Natixis Global Asset Management acquired 50% of IML. Funds Currently IML has seven funds available to invest in directly, or through many leading Master Trust and Wrap services.
In June |
{"datasets_id": 2582, "wiki_id": "Q19874629", "sp": 10, "sc": 134, "ep": 10, "ec": 863} | 2,582 | Q19874629 | 10 | 134 | 10 | 863 | Investors Mutual Limited | Funds | 1998, IML launched two wholesale funds, the Australian Share Fund and Australian Smaller Companies Fund; two more were introduced in May 2002, the All Industrials Share Fund and the mid-cap Future Leaders Fund.
In December 1999, IML allied with a subsidiary of Bendigo Bank, Sandhurst Trustees Limited: IML manages exclusively, under a long-term investment management agreement, the retail Sandhurst Industrial Share Fund and Sandhurst Future Leaders Fund, offered to investors by Sandhurst Trustees.
In November 2004, IML launched a diversified equity fund, the Value & Income Fund, whose international component was managed by Global Value Investors, a special international equities manager.
Access to |
{"datasets_id": 2582, "wiki_id": "Q19874629", "sp": 10, "sc": 863, "ep": 10, "ec": 1529} | 2,582 | Q19874629 | 10 | 863 | 10 | 1,529 | Investors Mutual Limited | Funds | all the above-mentioned funds was allowed to non-platform investors with a $25,000 minimum investment amount in May 2006 with the launch of the Sandhurst Professional Series of Funds.
In February 2007, IML launched a new fund, the Small Cap Fund, through which investors are provided a conservative investment vehicle to access Small Cap companies in Australian and New Zealand markets.
September 2010 saw the launch of the IML Concentrated Australian Share Fund, a large cap offering with a more concentrated portfolio, managed by Hugh Giddy.
In January 2011 the Value & Income Fund was relaunched as the IML Equity Income Fund, an actively |
{"datasets_id": 2582, "wiki_id": "Q19874629", "sp": 10, "sc": 1529, "ep": 10, "ec": 2184} | 2,582 | Q19874629 | 10 | 1,529 | 10 | 2,184 | Investors Mutual Limited | Funds | managed portfolio of high-yielding shares, hybrids and options aiming to provide quarterly tax effective income.
On 22 August 2014, IML established QV Equities Limited (ACN: 169 154 858, ASX code: QVE), a listed investment company whose primary objective is to give investors the opportunity to invest in a diversified, carefully selected portfolio of quality entities outside of the S&P/ASX 20 Index. Anton Tagliaferro from Investors Mutual sits on the Board of QVE and together with Simon Conn is responsible for investing QVE's portfolio. The initial IPO in August 2014 raised just over $180 million, with the subsequent exercise of options in |
{"datasets_id": 2582, "wiki_id": "Q19874629", "sp": 10, "sc": 2184, "ep": 10, "ec": 2331} | 2,582 | Q19874629 | 10 | 2,184 | 10 | 2,331 | Investors Mutual Limited | Funds | March 2015 as well as a capital raising in 2017 and capital growth of the portfolio now taking the size of the QVE portfolio to over $300 million. |
{"datasets_id": 2583, "wiki_id": "Q56291272", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 263} | 2,583 | Q56291272 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 263 | Inwire | Recording | Inwire Recording The album features guest appearances by Christopher Thorn of Blind Melon on the song Tired of Listening and Who Said? and both Kevin Martin and Scott Mercado of Candlebox; both on the song Worms as well as Scott Mercado additionally performing on the song Helen. |
{"datasets_id": 2584, "wiki_id": "Q637901", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 253} | 2,584 | Q637901 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 253 | Inzai | Geography & History | Inzai Geography Inzai is located in the important area of northern Chiba Prefecture connecting Tokyo and Narita. Besides Tone River that flows in the north, Teganuma Lake that lies in the north-west, Imba Lake that lies in the south-east of the city, the city is also surrounded by natural environment such as natural forest. History The area of Inzai has been inhabited since the Japanese Paleolithic period, with some stone tools having been found in Kikaribyo that were used by people during that time. During the Edo period, the village of Kioroshi developed as a port at the bank of |
{"datasets_id": 2584, "wiki_id": "Q637901", "sp": 10, "sc": 253, "ep": 10, "ec": 829} | 2,584 | Q637901 | 10 | 253 | 10 | 829 | Inzai | History | Tone River.
After the Meiji Restoration, on April 1, 1889, the town of Kioroshi, and the villages of Omori, Taisha, Funoho, Rokugo, Munakata, Hongo and Eiji were founded. The Meiji Era is also the golden age for steam ships in Tone River sailing from Tokyo to Chōshi. Taisha was raised to town status on March 1, 1913 and renamed Omori Town. In 1942, a pilot training center was built in Sofuke. This place was hit by Allied air raids in World War II. After the war the training center was abandoned.
On December 1, 1954, the town of Inzai was founded through |
{"datasets_id": 2584, "wiki_id": "Q637901", "sp": 10, "sc": 829, "ep": 14, "ec": 140} | 2,584 | Q637901 | 10 | 829 | 14 | 140 | Inzai | History & Education | the merger of the towns of Kioroshi and Taisha, and the villages of Eiji and Funaho. At the time the population was about 11,000.
The development of the Chiba New Town project and the Hokusō Line considerably boosted the development of Inzai from the mid-1980s. Inzai was elevated to city status on April 1, 1996.
On March 23, 2010, Inzai absorbed the villages of Inba and Motono (both from Inba District) to create the new and expanded city of Inzai. Education There are thirteen public elementary schools, six public junior high schools, one senior high school, and two private universities in Inzai. |
{"datasets_id": 2584, "wiki_id": "Q637901", "sp": 14, "sc": 140, "ep": 14, "ec": 214} | 2,584 | Q637901 | 14 | 140 | 14 | 214 | Inzai | Education | Inba High School is operated by the Chiba Prefectural Board of Education. |
{"datasets_id": 2585, "wiki_id": "Q6063767", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 413} | 2,585 | Q6063767 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 413 | Ionospheric absorption | Description | Ionospheric absorption Ionospheric absorption (or ISAB) is the scientific name for absorption occurring as a result of the interaction between various types of electromagnetic waves and the free electrons in the ionosphere, which can interfere with radio transmissions. Description Ionosphere absorption is of critical importance when radio networks, telecommunication systems or interlinked radio systems are being planned, particularly when trying to determine propagation conditions.
The ionosphere can be described as an area of the atmosphere in which radio waves on shortwave bands are refracted or reflected back to earth. As a result of this reflection, which is often key in the |
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