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{"datasets_id": 463, "wiki_id": "Q867503", "sp": 14, "sc": 45, "ep": 18, "ec": 445} | 463 | Q867503 | 14 | 45 | 18 | 445 | Amory, Mississippi | Economy & Arts and culture | having one of the better maternal wards in northeast Mississippi. Other business sectors include sports equipment manufacturing, wood pulp processing, and the furniture and textile industries. Arts and culture In honor of its cultural and historical heritage, the city of Amory holds an annual festival each April known as the "Railroad Festival" in Frisco Park in downtown Amory. Among other attractions, the Railroad Festival includes southern foods—such as fried catfish, barbecue, and apple fritters—rides, arts and crafts, and live music, most notably the local band The Gents who have brought fans out for years with their Motown, Blues Brothers and |
{"datasets_id": 463, "wiki_id": "Q867503", "sp": 18, "sc": 445, "ep": 18, "ec": 1068} | 463 | Q867503 | 18 | 445 | 18 | 1,068 | Amory, Mississippi | Arts and culture | classic oldies show. Although the time of year—April—often results in rain during one or more days of the 3-day festival, turnout is generally quite large, with as many as 40,000 visiting the festival over the period of a weekend.
In addition to the annual Railroad Festival, "Entertainment for Education", also known as "Stars Over Mississippi", was an event held in the City of Amory in the past in which a number of celebrities and entertainers hosted a benefit concert to raise funds for local scholarships. Past performers and attendees included Vince Gill, Dolly Parton, Nell Carter, Sandi Patty, Kathie Lee |
{"datasets_id": 463, "wiki_id": "Q867503", "sp": 18, "sc": 1068, "ep": 26, "ec": 268} | 463 | Q867503 | 18 | 1,068 | 26 | 268 | Amory, Mississippi | Arts and culture & Education & Transportation | Gifford, Kathy Ireland, Brad Paisley, Brooks and Dunn, Ray Romano, Tony Danza, Patricia Heaton, Doris Roberts, Whoopi Goldberg, Brad Garrett, and Prince Edward. Education Most of Amory is served by the Amory School District, while a small portion is served by the Monroe County School District. Amory Christian Academy is a private school also located in Amory, MS. Transportation Road transport is served by US 278, Mississippi Highway 6, and Mississippi Highway 25. Rail transport is offered by BNSF Railway, the Alabama and Gulf Coast Railway, and the Mississippian Railway. Ship transport can be accommodated on the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway. |
{"datasets_id": 464, "wiki_id": "Q4748189", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 611} | 464 | Q4748189 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 611 | Amphibious Combat Vehicle | Original requirements | Amphibious Combat Vehicle Original requirements The ACV should have countermeasures able to contend with a full range of direct fire, indirect fire, and land mine threats. Visible and thermal signature reduction technologies will also be utilized. Modular protection can be applied as necessary.
The vehicle must have the capability to transition from water to ground operations without tactical pause. It must be able to maneuver with the M1A1 Abrams in a mechanized task force. It must have the capability to destroy combat vehicles similar to itself. Weapons must have sufficient range to engage targets from a standoff distance. Weapons will apply |
{"datasets_id": 464, "wiki_id": "Q4748189", "sp": 6, "sc": 611, "ep": 10, "ec": 29} | 464 | Q4748189 | 6 | 611 | 10 | 29 | Amphibious Combat Vehicle | Original requirements & Revised requirements | precision fire from a stabilized system. It must provide direct fire support for dismounted infantry in an attack. The Marine Corps identified speed on water as a top requirement, even at the cost of troop carrying capacity.
The ACV must be able to self-deploy from an amphibious assault ship at least 12 miles from shore with 17 Marines aboard. It has to be able to travel 8 knots or faster through seas with waves up to three feet. The vehicle was to be operational between 2020 and 2022, with 573 vehicles planned to be procured. Revised requirements Given the budget environment, |
{"datasets_id": 464, "wiki_id": "Q4748189", "sp": 10, "sc": 29, "ep": 10, "ec": 633} | 464 | Q4748189 | 10 | 29 | 10 | 633 | Amphibious Combat Vehicle | Revised requirements | the ACV program was split into two separate phases. The first phase will consist of several hundred commercial off-the-shelf wheeled armored vehicles each costing $3–$4.5 million. It will rely on connectors to get it from ship-to-shore, like the Landing Craft Air Cushion and Joint High Speed Vessel. Relying on connectors to bring the vehicle to a beach allows the sea base to be located 100 miles from enemy threats. The second phase is the original high water speed effort for a vehicle to self-deploy from ships and travel 13–15 knots on water, each costing $12–$14 million. The less ambitious Phase |
{"datasets_id": 464, "wiki_id": "Q4748189", "sp": 10, "sc": 633, "ep": 10, "ec": 1294} | 464 | Q4748189 | 10 | 633 | 10 | 1,294 | Amphibious Combat Vehicle | Revised requirements | 1 ACV will be fielded in the interim, while research and development will commence to refine the features of the Phase 2 ACV.
The first increment of Phase 1 of procurement will buy wheeled personnel carriers. The second increment of Phase 1 will include mission-role variants like command-and-control and logistics, and weapons variants; these iterations may reintroduce tracks or stay wheeled. ACV 1.1 vehicles will be an operational and commercially available design that is "good enough" to operate. Its water performance will be comparable to the AAV, and will have survivability attributes of an MRAP including high-ground clearance and a V-shaped |
{"datasets_id": 464, "wiki_id": "Q4748189", "sp": 10, "sc": 1294, "ep": 10, "ec": 1938} | 464 | Q4748189 | 10 | 1,294 | 10 | 1,938 | Amphibious Combat Vehicle | Revised requirements | hull, with the ability to drive with a wheel blown off. For the second lot buy (1.2), engineering and design changes will be made to meet roughly half of desired amphibious vehicle fleet size requirements. The last phase of ACV procurement would be purchasing a high-water-speed vehicle, but only if technologies make it achievable without sacrificing armor and weapons.
The ACV 1.1 is to carry 10–13 Marines, have a swim capability similar to the AAV, and have equal or greater mobility to the M1 Abrams tank. Although tracks are traditionally considered better for all-terrain mobility, the Marines believe wheeled vehicle technology |
{"datasets_id": 464, "wiki_id": "Q4748189", "sp": 10, "sc": 1938, "ep": 10, "ec": 2588} | 464 | Q4748189 | 10 | 1,938 | 10 | 2,588 | Amphibious Combat Vehicle | Revised requirements | has advanced enough to enhance survivability and mobility in a 35-ton-class platform; the Marine Personnel Carrier technology demonstrator used "in-line" drive technology that enabled all four wheels on each side to pull together much like the way a track does which, combined with a higher ground clearance and central tire inflation system, substantially closes the maneuverability gap and results in equal or better maneuverability than the M1A1 and better performance over the AAV. Improved technology used to inform requirements to build ACV 1.2 vehicles will later be applied to delivered 1.1 versions to upgrade them to 1.2 standard. Each ACV |
{"datasets_id": 464, "wiki_id": "Q4748189", "sp": 10, "sc": 2588, "ep": 14, "ec": 251} | 464 | Q4748189 | 10 | 2,588 | 14 | 251 | Amphibious Combat Vehicle | Revised requirements & Increments | 1.1 vehicle will have a 3-man crew, and two vehicles will carry a reinforced rifle squad. Armament will consist of an M2 .50-caliber machine gun in a remote weapons station, with the potential to install a stabilized dual-mount M2/Mark 19 grenade launcher turret. Potential water speeds are for a 12 nmi (14 mi; 22 km) ship-to-shore capability at 8 knots. Increments Shortly after the Marine Corps submitted their FY 2015 budget request in February 2014, General Amos decided to postpone development of the ACV and return funding to the Marine Personnel Carrier program. Originally, the Marines planned to buy both the |
{"datasets_id": 464, "wiki_id": "Q4748189", "sp": 14, "sc": 251, "ep": 14, "ec": 858} | 464 | Q4748189 | 14 | 251 | 14 | 858 | Amphibious Combat Vehicle | Increments | ACV and MPC to replace outdated vehicles to complement each other for different missions. During an amphibious assault, a limited number of ACVs would carry the initial landing force from ship to shore and further inland. After the beach was secured, a larger number of MPCs would be landed by landing craft to reinforce the first wave. When budgets tightened, the ACV was taken as the priority and funding was removed from the MPC, with the service figuring they could buy an off-the-shelf wheeled troop transport later when money was available. Technical challenges to the proposed ACV continued to mount |
{"datasets_id": 464, "wiki_id": "Q4748189", "sp": 14, "sc": 858, "ep": 14, "ec": 1462} | 464 | Q4748189 | 14 | 858 | 14 | 1,462 | Amphibious Combat Vehicle | Increments | as funds kept getting constrained, so the decision was made that wheeled APC advancements where significant enough to address needs quicker. Marines still want a high-speed fully amphibious vehicle to move troops from the ocean to a beach with enough armor, mobility, and firepower to fight while on land, which was proposed as ACV Phase 2.
The Marine Corps plan to modernize its amphibious invasion force has three parts: upgrade 390 AAVs; buy 600 troop transports as part of ACV Phase 1; and do research for an ACV 2.0 "high-water-speed" option. Upgrades to the AAV will be added to around 392 |
{"datasets_id": 464, "wiki_id": "Q4748189", "sp": 14, "sc": 1462, "ep": 14, "ec": 2108} | 464 | Q4748189 | 14 | 1,462 | 14 | 2,108 | Amphibious Combat Vehicle | Increments | vehicles (carrying one Marine brigade) out of the fleet of 1,062, including "limited survivability upgrades" of blast-resistant seats, additional armor, and a new transmission. Having AAVs self-deploy directly from ships is quicker than loading vehicles onto a connector, but long-range anti-ship missiles will force future amphibious invasion forces to stay between 25–75 mi (40–121 km) from shore. A high-speed connector can make that trip in 1–3 hours, while an AAV on water would take 15 hours to travel that distance. The Phase 1 ACV will be 200 modified versions of an existing U.S. or foreign armored vehicle to enter service around 2020. |
{"datasets_id": 464, "wiki_id": "Q4748189", "sp": 14, "sc": 2108, "ep": 14, "ec": 2705} | 464 | Q4748189 | 14 | 2,108 | 14 | 2,705 | Amphibious Combat Vehicle | Increments | It will have limited amphibious capabilities to cross rivers and coastal inlets and be carried on a landing craft miles from shore, which will deploy it 5 mi (8.0 km) from the shoreline to swim the rest of the way. Seaborne requirements are likely for operation in sea state 3, against modest winds and 2 ft (0.61 m)-high waves, taking about one hour. ACV 1.1 will likely have a higher swim standard than the previous MPC. ACV 1.2 is to buy an additional 400 amphibious vehicles in multiple variants including troop transport, command, and fire support. A Phase 1 ACV that can self-deploy without |
{"datasets_id": 464, "wiki_id": "Q4748189", "sp": 14, "sc": 2705, "ep": 14, "ec": 3321} | 464 | Q4748189 | 14 | 2,705 | 14 | 3,321 | Amphibious Combat Vehicle | Increments | a landing craft would have an advantage, but that capability is not a requirement. ACV 2.0 is research for a new amphibious vehicle, a new fast landing craft for the ACV 1, or some undecided alternative. Aside from wartime amphibious assaults, the Marine Corps has other needs for amphibious vehicles. In relief operations during the 2010 Haiti earthquake, there was no combat but ships could not dock in the country's damaged ports, and helicopter could not move the amount of cargo necessary, so AAVs were relied upon to transport supplies ashore.
A critique of the ACV effort authored by retired infantry |
{"datasets_id": 464, "wiki_id": "Q4748189", "sp": 14, "sc": 3321, "ep": 14, "ec": 3930} | 464 | Q4748189 | 14 | 3,321 | 14 | 3,930 | Amphibious Combat Vehicle | Increments | officers and armor experts and published by Marine Corps Times in June 2014 were critical of developing a new amphibious personnel carrier. Due to the proliferation of anti-ship missiles, Navy ships will have to remain some 100 miles from a landing area. The critique claimed that an armored ACV would swim too slowly through the water and that the Marines would be relying on the Navy for the use of connectors to travel from the stand-off distance, despite the fact that no connectors currently exist to transport a mid-sized landing force. It recommended scrapping the ACV, modifying current Light Armored |
{"datasets_id": 464, "wiki_id": "Q4748189", "sp": 14, "sc": 3930, "ep": 14, "ec": 4537} | 464 | Q4748189 | 14 | 3,930 | 14 | 4,537 | Amphibious Combat Vehicle | Increments | Vehicles, and emphasizing procurement of the CH-53K King Stallion to transport them. In response, General Amos defended the program and his decision to re-focus its priority from speed on water to ground performance. Since the mid-2000s, MRAP vehicles set a new standard for combat vehicle armor protection. With the ACV actually fighting on land, ruggedness and survivability are main features, so using a lighter and less-armored vehicle is not feasible. To transport them, Amos has suggested modifying Navy Joint High Speed Vessels with a ramp to deploy the ACV; a JHSV with a ramp can carry up to 30 of |
{"datasets_id": 464, "wiki_id": "Q4748189", "sp": 14, "sc": 4537, "ep": 14, "ec": 5179} | 464 | Q4748189 | 14 | 4,537 | 14 | 5,179 | Amphibious Combat Vehicle | Increments | the vehicles, go from the fleet to the coast at 50 mph, and drop them off to swim the rest of the way to shore. Assistance could be provided by DARPA and the Office of Naval Research to add more technologies and capabilities to existing or future connectors.
On 11 July 2014, General Dynamics was awarded a contract extension to continue work on determining the best option for developing an affordable, survivable, and high water speed ACV platform. The effort includes analyzing the flexibility and modularity of requirements, concept refinement, and experimentation planning to help the Marine Corps understand risks and determine |
{"datasets_id": 464, "wiki_id": "Q4748189", "sp": 14, "sc": 5179, "ep": 14, "ec": 5836} | 464 | Q4748189 | 14 | 5,179 | 14 | 5,836 | Amphibious Combat Vehicle | Increments | the best approach for ACV development.
Amphibious Combat Vehicle developments are incorporated into the Marine Corps' Expeditionary Force 21 future amphibious assault strategy, which rely on launching 65–100 miles from shore in small landing teams to exploit gaps in enemy defenses, rather than previous methods of deploying a large contingent across a beach in a major assault. A future Marine expeditionary brigade operation would require 400 AAVs and 700 ACVs distributed through a series of naval connectors over a series of phases; due to the smaller vehicle manning capabilities of the ACV, fleet size would need to increase by one-quarter to |
{"datasets_id": 464, "wiki_id": "Q4748189", "sp": 14, "sc": 5836, "ep": 14, "ec": 6483} | 464 | Q4748189 | 14 | 5,836 | 14 | 6,483 | Amphibious Combat Vehicle | Increments | one-third to move one company. About 400 AAVs will be upgraded with MRAP-level protection features including enhanced underbelly armor, seating, fueling systems, and fire protection, which will begin deliveries in 2019; AAVs will still be part of the initial wave, while ACVs arrive in subsequent waves. ACV 1.1 includes the four competitors of the previous Marine Personnel Carrier program and their entries, as well as a fifth unnamed company. Results of ACV 1.1 vehicles will be used to generate requirements for ACV 1.2, an enhanced capability version of the original vehicle with potentially greater speed or carrying capacity, and available |
{"datasets_id": 464, "wiki_id": "Q4748189", "sp": 14, "sc": 6483, "ep": 14, "ec": 7110} | 464 | Q4748189 | 14 | 6,483 | 14 | 7,110 | Amphibious Combat Vehicle | Increments | in probable mission variants. The ACVs will mainly be deployed using naval connectors to get from ship to shore, as will JLTVs, which the Marines will begin buying 5,500 of in 2015 as part of their wheeled vehicle modernization strategy. ACV Phase 2 is a planning construct to develop a high-speed, independently deploying vehicle, but there are several other options including creating two vehicles, another wheeled or tracked vehicle, and another high-speed naval connector. If ACV Phase 2 becomes infeasible, the Marine Corps fallback plan is the ACV 1.3, with a 600-vehicle buy to replace the AAV fleet.
An RFP for |
{"datasets_id": 464, "wiki_id": "Q4748189", "sp": 14, "sc": 7110, "ep": 14, "ec": 7683} | 464 | Q4748189 | 14 | 7,110 | 14 | 7,683 | Amphibious Combat Vehicle | Increments | ACV 1.1 was issued in November 2014. Even though the Marine Corps has spent $3.5 billion on four failed high-water speed amphibious vehicles over the past 25 years, such a vehicle is still a requirement for the Corps. Creating a vehicle that can travel on water at 25 knots is technically feasible, but it requires tradeoffs to be made survivability and lethality. Three possibilities are being explored to create a vehicle that can balance required capabilities for ACV Phase 2. One is to upgrade the ACV Phase 1 vehicle or another existing vehicle to have high-water |
{"datasets_id": 464, "wiki_id": "Q4748189", "sp": 14, "sc": 7683, "ep": 14, "ec": 8291} | 464 | Q4748189 | 14 | 7,683 | 14 | 8,291 | Amphibious Combat Vehicle | Increments | speed. Another is the desired creation of an entirely new "clean sheet" design. If neither of those paths can develop technologies for a vehicle, the last effort involves further development of ship-to-shore connectors to bring vehicles ashore. The ONR, industry, and Navy personnel are exploring these possibilities and are to report their findings by 2025.
In March 2015, the Marines revealed that the separate ACV 1.1 and 1.2 increments may be merged into a single vehicle. Given that the winner of phase 1.1 will likely be awarded the 1.2 contract, industry is already planning to make their |
{"datasets_id": 464, "wiki_id": "Q4748189", "sp": 14, "sc": 8291, "ep": 14, "ec": 8947} | 464 | Q4748189 | 14 | 8,291 | 14 | 8,947 | Amphibious Combat Vehicle | Increments | submissions meet the later requirements early. The main differences between the phases is the 1.2's greater self-deploying capability and more seating capacity. Merging the two phases to meet higher requirements earlier could speed up the acquisition timeline and drive down price, since the quantities for both would be bought in bulk. The Marines released the final RFP for ACV 1.1 on 26 March 2015.
In July 2015, Lockheed Martin revealed it had ended its association with Finnish company Patria on their previous collaborative Havoc offering for the program. Lockheed unveiled their new ACV offering in September 2015.
In October 2017 |
{"datasets_id": 464, "wiki_id": "Q4748189", "sp": 14, "sc": 8947, "ep": 14, "ec": 9586} | 464 | Q4748189 | 14 | 8,947 | 14 | 9,586 | Amphibious Combat Vehicle | Increments | deputy Marine commandant Lt. Gen. Brian Beaudreault stated “We have to find a solution to getting Marines to shore, from over the horizon, at something greater than seven knots (8 mph),” the swimming speed of the existing Amphibious Assault Vehicle (AAV) and its Amphibious Combat Vehicle (ACV) replacement. Continuing, he said “we must find a high-water-speed vehicle on the surface. We must.”
The deputy commandant's statements seemly contradict the phased approach to having a non-self deploying vehicle in the ACV 1.1 and then a fully amphibious vehicle in ACV 1.2. The question remains if the Marines are still interested in |
{"datasets_id": 464, "wiki_id": "Q4748189", "sp": 14, "sc": 9586, "ep": 14, "ec": 10202} | 464 | Q4748189 | 14 | 9,586 | 14 | 10,202 | Amphibious Combat Vehicle | Increments | procuring a high speed connector vehicle after merging ACV 1.1 and 1.2.
In May 2018 a former Marine officer, Jeff Groom, published an article concerning the Amphibious Combat Vehicle. Both BAE System's and SAIC's ACV 1.1 test vehicles could self-deploy and swim from a ship in contradiction to General Dunford's testimony in March 2015. However there is apparently no longer a need for speed on water as both test vehicles move through the water at 7 knots using traditional water propellers, the same speed as the legacy 1970s AAV. The article questioned the acquisition decision of a vehicle that swims at |
{"datasets_id": 464, "wiki_id": "Q4748189", "sp": 14, "sc": 10202, "ep": 18, "ec": 545} | 464 | Q4748189 | 14 | 10,202 | 18 | 545 | Amphibious Combat Vehicle | Increments & EMD phase | the same speed as the vehicle it replaces, carries fewer troops, and is more expensive. EMD phase On 24 November 2015, the Marines selected the BAE Systems SuperAV and SAIC Terrex to move on to the engineering and manufacturing development phase of the ACV 1.1 program, beating out Lockheed Martin, General Dynamics, and Advanced Defense Vehicle Systems. The Marine Corps valued swim operations, land operations, carrying capability, and force protection equally in the selection process, but the two winners were chosen for emphasis focused on amphibious swim capability, since the ACV is "fundamentally an amphibious vehicle." Each company |
{"datasets_id": 464, "wiki_id": "Q4748189", "sp": 18, "sc": 545, "ep": 26, "ec": 57} | 464 | Q4748189 | 18 | 545 | 26 | 57 | Amphibious Combat Vehicle | EMD phase & Selection and contract & Variants | was awarded a contract to build 16 vehicles by late 2016, 13 initially and three more when funding becomes available, with testing beginning in early 2017 and lasting one year. A winner is planned to be selected in 2018 to build 204 vehicles, with the first entering service in 2020 and all delivered by 2023. Selection and contract In June 2018, the BAE design was selected, with an initial order or 30 ACVs.
In June 2019 BAE Systems and Iveco were awarded a contract to develop Command and 30mm gun armed variants. Variants The variants include the Squad Maneuver/Fighting Vehicle, |
{"datasets_id": 464, "wiki_id": "Q4748189", "sp": 26, "sc": 57, "ep": 26, "ec": 132} | 464 | Q4748189 | 26 | 57 | 26 | 132 | Amphibious Combat Vehicle | Variants | the Command and Control Vehicle, and the Recovery and Maintenance Vehicle. |
{"datasets_id": 465, "wiki_id": "Q3124", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 243} | 465 | Q3124 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 243 | Amphitheatre of the Three Gauls | Expansion | Amphitheatre of the Three Gauls The Amphitheatre of the Three Gauls (French: Amphithéâtre des Trois Gaules) of Lugdunum (Lyon) was part of the federal sanctuary of the three Gauls dedicated to the cult of Rome and Augustus celebrated by the 60 Gallic tribes when they gathered at Lugdunum. In 1961, it was classified as a monument historique. Expansion The amphitheatre was expanded at the start of the 2nd century, according to J. Guey by C. Julius Celse, procurator of Gallia Lugdunensis from 130 to 136. Two galleries were added around the old amphitheatre, raising its width from 25 metres to |
{"datasets_id": 465, "wiki_id": "Q3124", "sp": 8, "sc": 243, "ep": 12, "ec": 107} | 465 | Q3124 | 8 | 243 | 12 | 107 | Amphitheatre of the Three Gauls | Expansion & Rediscovery | 105 metres and its capacity to about 20,000 seats (though this was still modest compared to the amphitheatres at Nîmes and Arles). In so doing it made it a building open to the whole population of Lugdunum and its environs. Historians identify the building as the site of Saints Blandina and Pothinus's martyrdoms as part of the persecution in 177 and a post in the middle of the arena commemorates this event and Pope John-Paul II's visit to Lyon in 1986. Rediscovery A 16th century plan of Lyon indicates the survival to that date of some arches (probably substructures) and |
{"datasets_id": 465, "wiki_id": "Q3124", "sp": 12, "sc": 107, "ep": 12, "ec": 682} | 465 | Q3124 | 12 | 107 | 12 | 682 | Amphitheatre of the Three Gauls | Rediscovery | a hollow (the arena) known as "Corbeille de la Déserte". The first excavations between 1818 and 1820 revealed the perimeter of the arena before re-covering it, allowing urban expansion in the 19th century to destroy the south half of the amphitheatre remains. From 1956 serious excavations were begun, followed by 1966/67, 1971/72 and 1976/78 campaigns, leading to the exposed remains on show today. The modest remains which had survived (the supporting walls for half of the amphitheatre's superstructure) were integrated into the Jardin des Plantes and opened to visitors. |
{"datasets_id": 466, "wiki_id": "Q25346419", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 592} | 466 | Q25346419 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 592 | Ampronix | History | Ampronix History Ampronix was founded in 1982 by CEO Nausser Fathollahi as a service and repair organization. In the late 1980s, the company began to distribute and resell for a number of reputable brands, such as Barco, GE Healthcare, Panasonic, Siemens, Sony, and Toshiba.
In 2000, Ampronix launched its research and development department, which made the company an OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) of medical imaging equipment.
In 2016, the medical imaging company acquired two product lines from Perkins Healthcare Technologies, the Perkins scan converter and medical DVD recorder. |
{"datasets_id": 467, "wiki_id": "Q4748636", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 94} | 467 | Q4748636 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 94 | Amresco | Background | Amresco Amresco was the new name given to "Financial Resource Management, Inc.", a subsidiary of the NCNB Texas National Bank in 1992.
The subsidiary was created by North Carolina National Bank in 1990 to hold and service the $11 billion portfolio of the failed Dallas-based "First Republic Bank Corporation" that North Carolina National Bank acquired in 1988 from the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. Prior to the creation of this subsidiary, the activities for which FRMI/Amresco was responsible were conducted in the North Carolina National Bank's name. Background North Carolina National Bank was the winning bidder among several competing money center banks |
{"datasets_id": 467, "wiki_id": "Q4748636", "sp": 8, "sc": 94, "ep": 8, "ec": 701} | 467 | Q4748636 | 8 | 94 | 8 | 701 | Amresco | Background | for FRBC, the largest banking organization in Texas. Part of the agreement between North Carolina National Bank and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation was that North Carolina National Bank would not bear losses from the substandard assets of the failed FRBC banks, a typical arrangement when the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation found a buyer for a failed institution. The volume of these assets was so great that Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation did not have the manpower to take them over in their traditional way. On the other hand, FRBC already had a large corps of employees who had |
{"datasets_id": 467, "wiki_id": "Q4748636", "sp": 8, "sc": 701, "ep": 8, "ec": 1358} | 467 | Q4748636 | 8 | 701 | 8 | 1,358 | Amresco | Background | been working these assets with considerable expertise. These now became North Carolina National Bank employees. In addition, many more employees from the failed institutions would be repositioned to work these sub-par assets and to collect on them for the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. North Carolina National Bank would earn fees on the collections.
This group was not as efficient as it had been prior to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation's control and the new bank's name suffered. Eventually the "workout group", as this subunit was called, was spun off into a separate subsidiary called Financial Resource Management, Inc., |
{"datasets_id": 467, "wiki_id": "Q4748636", "sp": 8, "sc": 1358, "ep": 8, "ec": 2029} | 467 | Q4748636 | 8 | 1,358 | 8 | 2,029 | Amresco | Background | and later, renamed Amresco (for "American Resources Company").
North Carolina National Bank merged with another east coast bank, C&S/Sovran Corp. in 1992. Realizing the beating the NCNB letters had taken in Texas (which represented roughly half of the old NCNB's holdings), the merged entity was called NationsBank. NationsBank eventually acquired Bank of America and adopted this institution's name as its own.
In 1993, Amresco was entirely spun off from the company. Amresco had also won some Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation and Resolution Trust Corporation contracts to manage the assets of the failed savings and loan institutions. |
{"datasets_id": 467, "wiki_id": "Q4748636", "sp": 8, "sc": 2029, "ep": 8, "ec": 2663} | 467 | Q4748636 | 8 | 2,029 | 8 | 2,663 | Amresco | Background | Its big plan, however, was to market itself to client banks — institutions which had not failed — to provide collection services for them.
The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation considered this a conflict of interest, however, and as long as the FRBC contract was still a primary source of activity, the client bank's plan was stuck in neutral. The "Resolution Trust Corporation Completion Act" of 1993 (1993 RTC Act) effectively gave the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation control of all savings institutions as well, and a virtual monopoly on loan workout contracts. Amresco saw a serious decline in employee morale |
{"datasets_id": 467, "wiki_id": "Q4748636", "sp": 8, "sc": 2663, "ep": 12, "ec": 54} | 467 | Q4748636 | 8 | 2,663 | 12 | 54 | Amresco | Background & Mortgage origination and servicing | as its future looked grim. The name, NCNB, became the butt of many jokes, such as standing for "No Cash for No Body", "Nobody Cares, Nobody Bothers", and employees were even beginning to rumble that it meant "No Compensation, No Benefits". Former bankers whose careers had been built on contentious activities such as collections, bankruptcies and litigation had little skill at such things as marketing for new clients, and frankly, the decimation of the southwestern economy of the late 1980s and early 1990s was finally coming to end. Mortgage origination and servicing Amresco transitioned into mortgage and commercial loan |
{"datasets_id": 467, "wiki_id": "Q4748636", "sp": 12, "sc": 54, "ep": 12, "ec": 594} | 467 | Q4748636 | 12 | 54 | 12 | 594 | Amresco | Mortgage origination and servicing | servicing, although it still lists debtor-in-possession (bankruptcy) financing among its services.
Later in 1998, when the collections business began to slow, Amresco grew into the business of buying and securitizing subprime mortgages and commercial loans. After the Russian bond default and the collapse of Long Term Capital Management Amresco found itself unable to economically sell these assets. It took three years but ultimately Amresco went the way of so many of its own clients and it too defaulted on its remaining debt. |
{"datasets_id": 468, "wiki_id": "Q23048085", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 606} | 468 | Q23048085 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 606 | Amro River Protected Landscape | Description | Amro River Protected Landscape Description The Amro River Protected Landscape encompasses an area of 6,471.08 hectares (15,990.4 acres) in the northern Auroran municipalities of Casiguran and Dilasag. It extends along the Amro River from its headwaters near the irrigation dam built by the National Irrigation Administration (NIA) in the Sierra Madre mountain range to its foothills near the coast of Casiguran. The river is the third largest watershed area in Aurora after those of the Cabatangan–Malupa and Diteki rivers. It has a total drainage impact area of 7,190 hectares (17,800 acres) and empties into the Casiguran Bay.
The park is |
{"datasets_id": 468, "wiki_id": "Q23048085", "sp": 6, "sc": 606, "ep": 10, "ec": 113} | 468 | Q23048085 | 6 | 606 | 10 | 113 | Amro River Protected Landscape | Description & Wildlife | located in a forest-covered portion of the Sierra Madre with elevations of between 500 metres (1,600 ft) and 1,900 metres (6,200 ft) above sea level. It is about 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) north from the poblacion of Casiguran and some 100 kilometres (62 mi) from the provincial capital of Baler. A hydroelectric power plant project with a capacity of 3 megawatts was recently awarded to Alternergy Viento Partners Corp., a renewable energy company, and will be built along the river within the protected area. Wildlife The park is known to be inhabited by a diverse wildlife species such as the water monitor, Philippine long-tailed |
{"datasets_id": 468, "wiki_id": "Q23048085", "sp": 10, "sc": 113, "ep": 10, "ec": 496} | 468 | Q23048085 | 10 | 113 | 10 | 496 | Amro River Protected Landscape | Wildlife | macaque, Philippine deer, Philippine pygmy woodpecker, Philippine kingfisher and Brahminy kite. Its forest harbors an important flora consisting predominantly of dipterocarp tree species such as Shorea polysperma (tanguile), Shorea squamata (mayapis), Shorea contorta (white lauan), Shorea negrosensis (red lauan), Parashorea malaanonan (bagtikan), and Syzigium nilidium (makaasim). |
{"datasets_id": 469, "wiki_id": "Q4749755", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 471} | 469 | Q4749755 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 471 | An American Daughter | Production history | An American Daughter An American Daughter is a play written by Wendy Wasserstein. The play takes place in a living room in Georgetown, Washington, D.C. Production history An American Daughter opened under the New Play Workshop Series at Seattle Repertory Theatre in June 1996. Directed by Daniel J. Sullivan (then-Artistic Director), the cast featured Meryl Streep, Julianne Moore, Penny Fuller, Adam Arkin, and Liev Schreiber.
The play premiered in a Lincoln Center Theater production on Broadway at the Cort Theatre on April 13, 1997 and closed on June 29, 1997 after 89 performances and 27 previews. Directed by Daniel J. Sullivan, |
{"datasets_id": 469, "wiki_id": "Q4749755", "sp": 8, "sc": 471, "ep": 8, "ec": 1108} | 469 | Q4749755 | 8 | 471 | 8 | 1,108 | An American Daughter | Production history | the cast featured Kate Nelligan (as Lyssa Dent Hughes), Elizabeth Marvel, Lynne Thigpen (as Judith B. Kaufman), Penny Fuller, and Hal Holbrook. There were also recorded voices of several real-life "Television/Radio Personalities" such as Charlie Rose. Lynne Thigpen won the 1997 Tony Award, Best Featured Actress in a Play.
A benefit reading of the play took place on May 8, 2017 at the Second Stage Theatre's Tony Kiser Theatre (New York City). Directed by Christine Lahti, the cast featured Keri Russell, Hugh Dancy, Jonathan Groff, Victor Garber, Julie White, Raúl Esparza, Zoe Kazan and Quincy Tyler Bernstine. The reading |
{"datasets_id": 469, "wiki_id": "Q4749755", "sp": 8, "sc": 1108, "ep": 16, "ec": 87} | 469 | Q4749755 | 8 | 1,108 | 16 | 87 | An American Daughter | Production history & Plot & Critical response | benefited She Should Run. Plot Dr. Lyssa Dent Hughes is nominated to be the Surgeon General of the United States and appears to be a certainty. She is the daughter of a senator. However, during an interview, she mentions that she had never been on a jury and, discussing her dead mother, describes her as "an ordinary Indiana housewife who made icebox cakes and pimiento cheese canapés."
Her nomination is now in doubt, with her friend, Judith B. Kaufman, an African American Jewish physician, lending support. Critical response New York Times critic Ben Brantley wrote: "Themes (big themes), relationships (deep and |
{"datasets_id": 469, "wiki_id": "Q4749755", "sp": 16, "sc": 87, "ep": 20, "ec": 79} | 469 | Q4749755 | 16 | 87 | 20 | 79 | An American Daughter | Critical response & Film adaptation | confusing ones), plot complications (of the melodramatic variety) are piled to the toppling point, most of them never satisfactorily defined. Neither Dan Sullivan's chipper, keep-it-moving direction nor Ms. Wasserstein's justly famed ear for dialogue and bone-deep sense of craft can conceal the feeling that she doesn't know entirely where she's heading or how to get there." Film adaptation The play was made as a TV film released in June 2000, starring Christine Lahti. |
{"datasets_id": 470, "wiki_id": "Q4749872", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 532} | 470 | Q4749872 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 532 | An Early Frost | Storyline | An Early Frost Storyline Michael Pierson, a successful lawyer, suffers a bad coughing jag at work and is rushed to the hospital. There he learns from a doctor that he has been exposed to HIV. At home, he receives another piece of disturbing news: his lover, Peter (D. W. Moffett), confesses that he had sex outside the relationship because Michael is a workaholic and is living in the closet. Michael, in a rage, throws Peter out of the house. He then travels to his parents' home to inform them that he is gay and has AIDS.
Michael's father, Nick |
{"datasets_id": 470, "wiki_id": "Q4749872", "sp": 6, "sc": 532, "ep": 6, "ec": 1105} | 470 | Q4749872 | 6 | 532 | 6 | 1,105 | An Early Frost | Storyline | (Ben Gazzara), is a lumber company owner, and his wife, Kate (Gena Rowlands), is a former concert pianist, housewife, and grandmother. The couple's daughter, Susan (Sydney Walsh) is married and has a child. Nick reacts angrily to the news, while Kate attempts to adapt to the situation. Nick initially refuses to speak to Michael for a day before breaking silence by saying, "I never thought the day would come when you'd be in front of me and I wouldn't know who you are." Susan, who is pregnant, refuses to see Michael, saying that she "can't take that chance," and Nick |
{"datasets_id": 470, "wiki_id": "Q4749872", "sp": 6, "sc": 1105, "ep": 6, "ec": 1723} | 470 | Q4749872 | 6 | 1,105 | 6 | 1,723 | An Early Frost | Storyline | explodes when Michael tries to kiss Kate. Kate remembers reading in a magazine article that HIV is not transmitted through casual contact and tries to get the rest of the family to accept Michael (Gena Rowlands also taped a public service announcement about HIV transmission). Michael eventually winds up in the hospital (after paramedics who are called to his parents' house refuse to transport him to the hospital) and meets a fellow patient named Victor (John Glover), a flamboyant homosexual with AIDS. The film depicts Victor's death and shows a nurse throwing Victor's few possessions into a garbage bag because |
{"datasets_id": 470, "wiki_id": "Q4749872", "sp": 6, "sc": 1723, "ep": 10, "ec": 38} | 470 | Q4749872 | 6 | 1,723 | 10 | 38 | An Early Frost | Storyline & Development | she fears that the items could be contaminated.
Afterwards, Michael returns home and discovers Peter came to visit, and the two quickly reconcile. Peter asks Michael to go back home with him, but Michael insists that he cannot. As he continues to struggle coping with his diagnosis, Michael attempts suicide by carbon monoxide poisoning, but is stopped by Nick. The two argue and Nick insists that Michael keep fighting. The film ends with Michael taking a taxi cab back to Chicago, as a news report briefly mentions the Soviet submarine K-431 incident. Development The teleplay for the film by Ron Cowen |
{"datasets_id": 470, "wiki_id": "Q4749872", "sp": 10, "sc": 38, "ep": 14, "ec": 398} | 470 | Q4749872 | 10 | 38 | 14 | 398 | An Early Frost | Development & Reviews, awards, and aftermath | and Daniel Lipman spent two years in development and underwent at least thirteen rewrites before the Standards and Practices division at the network accepted it for airing. Reviews, awards, and aftermath Tom Shales of The Washington Post called An Early Frost "the most important TV movie of the year."
The film was number one in the Nielsen ratings during the night it aired, garnering a 23.3 share and watched by 34 million people (the film outperformed a San Francisco 49ers-Denver Broncos game broadcast on ABC and a Cagney & Lacey episode on CBS). The film was nominated for 14 Emmy Awards |
{"datasets_id": 470, "wiki_id": "Q4749872", "sp": 14, "sc": 398, "ep": 14, "ec": 1007} | 470 | Q4749872 | 14 | 398 | 14 | 1,007 | An Early Frost | Reviews, awards, and aftermath | and won three, including Outstanding Writing For a Movie or Miniseries for Cowen and Lipman for their teleplay. Gena Rowlands, Ben Gazzara, Aidan Quinn, Sylvia Sidney and John Glover were all nominated for their performances, as was John Erman for his direction. The film was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Television movie and won Sylvia Sidney the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Series, Miniseries or a TV Movie. It also won the Peabody Award. The network, however, lost $500,000 in revenue because advertisers were leery about sponsoring the film. The film conveyed the |
{"datasets_id": 470, "wiki_id": "Q4749872", "sp": 14, "sc": 1007, "ep": 14, "ec": 1627} | 470 | Q4749872 | 14 | 1,007 | 14 | 1,627 | An Early Frost | Reviews, awards, and aftermath | prejudices surrounding HIV/AIDS at the time and the then common limited understanding by the general public of the methods of transmission and likelihood of infection.
While the three major networks generally shied away from airing programming with similar themes until 1988, in the weeks following the broadcast of An Early Frost, episodes of St. Elsewhere, Mr. Belvedere, and Hotel dealt with AIDS issues, and in July 1986, Showtime broadcast the AIDS film As Is. The film paved the way for later TV and feature films dealing with the topic of AIDS, including Go Toward the Light (1988); The Littlest Victims |
{"datasets_id": 470, "wiki_id": "Q4749872", "sp": 14, "sc": 1627, "ep": 14, "ec": 1746} | 470 | Q4749872 | 14 | 1,627 | 14 | 1,746 | An Early Frost | Reviews, awards, and aftermath | and The Ryan White Story (both 1989); Longtime Companion (1990); And the Band Played On; and Philadelphia (both 1993). |
{"datasets_id": 471, "wiki_id": "Q16729151", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 161} | 471 | Q16729151 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 161 | Ananda Galappatti | Ananda Galappatti Ananda Galappatti is a medical anthropologist and practitioner in the field of mental health in Sri Lanka. He received the Ramon Magsaysay Award for his efforts. |
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{"datasets_id": 472, "wiki_id": "Q487272", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 574} | 472 | Q487272 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 574 | Anat Atzmon | Biography | Anat Atzmon Biography Atzmon was born and raised in Tel Aviv. She is the daughter of the theater actor Shmulik Atzmon. In her childhood her father exposed her to the Yiddish culture. Atzmon studied at the Aleph High School of Arts Tel Aviv (תיכון א' לאמנויות תל אביב). In 1976 Atzmon was drafted and she subsequently served in the IDF theater. After her military service Atzmon learned to act in the Tel Aviv University. Atzmon became widely famous in Israel during 1978, when she played the main character of Nili in Boaz Davidson's cult youth film Lemon Popsicle.
Following the enormous |
{"datasets_id": 472, "wiki_id": "Q487272", "sp": 6, "sc": 574, "ep": 6, "ec": 1123} | 472 | Q487272 | 6 | 574 | 6 | 1,123 | Anat Atzmon | Biography | success of Lemon Popsicle and the publicity given to Atzmon, in 1979 she starred in Avi Nesher's film Dizengoff 99. This film also won a phenomenal success and evidently also become an Israeli cult film. In 1981 Atzmon played in the film The Vulture and in 1982 in she played in Yaky Yosha's film Dead End Street. In 1984 Atzmon starred in Evidence of Rape and Yaky Yosha's film Summertime Blues. In 1986 Atzmon played alongside her father in the film Pact of Love and later on in Moshe Mizrahi's film Stolen Love. In 1988 Atzmon played in the film |
{"datasets_id": 472, "wiki_id": "Q487272", "sp": 6, "sc": 1123, "ep": 6, "ec": 1725} | 472 | Q487272 | 6 | 1,123 | 6 | 1,725 | Anat Atzmon | Biography | Shock of the Battle.
In 1989, Atzmon began her singing career when she released her first album "Bachalom" (בחלום), which included a song which she performed that same year in the Kdam Eurovision song contest and which ended up in fourth place.
In 1992, Atzmon played in the films Double Edge and the Spirit of Angels. In the same year, Atzmon competed for the second time in the Kdam Eurovision song contest with the song "HaTikva" (התקווה). Atzmon eventually lost to Dafna Dekel and filed a lawsuit against Dekel because Dekel's song "Ze Rak Sport" (זה רק ספורט), which was chosen to |
{"datasets_id": 472, "wiki_id": "Q487272", "sp": 6, "sc": 1725, "ep": 6, "ec": 2340} | 472 | Q487272 | 6 | 1,725 | 6 | 2,340 | Anat Atzmon | Biography | represent Israel in the Eurovision Song Contest, exceeded the required playtime in 17 seconds. Nevertheless, Atzmon lost the suit, and Dekel shortened her song to the required 3 minutes. During the same year Atzmon released her second album "Lila Kar VeDmut Alma ... " (לילה כר ודמות עלמה...), the album was a commercial failure.
In 1997, Atzmon played in the film Mossad and in 1999 she played in the films Frank Sinatra is Dead and Seven Days in Elul (שבעה ימים באלול). During 1999 Atzmon also published her first children's book called Moni Shmanmoni VeChanut Hamamtakim (מוני שמנמוני וחנות הממתקים). In |
{"datasets_id": 472, "wiki_id": "Q487272", "sp": 6, "sc": 2340, "ep": 10, "ec": 8} | 472 | Q487272 | 6 | 2,340 | 10 | 8 | Anat Atzmon | Biography & Private life | 2001 Atzmon played in the Israeli telenovela City Tower as Orit.
Through the years Atzmon also had a theatrical career. Atzmon played among others in the Be'er Sheva Theater and at the Beit Lessin Theater. At 1998, after her father opened the Yiddishpiel theater in Tel Aviv, Atzmon played in various Yiddish plays in the theater. Atzmon also played in the play Chapter Two in the Hacameri theater.
During the 2000s, she released various singles from her upcoming third album.
In 2008, Atzmon played in the musical drama "Danny Hollywood" alongside Ran Danker in which she played Danker's mother. Private life In 1989, |
{"datasets_id": 472, "wiki_id": "Q487272", "sp": 10, "sc": 8, "ep": 10, "ec": 255} | 472 | Q487272 | 10 | 8 | 10 | 255 | Anat Atzmon | Private life | Atzmon married actor Dan Turgeman. The couple had two children, Liam and Elad, and eventually divorced in 2003. Afterwards, Atzmon had a long relationship with actor Sharon Alexander. Now she is the partner of singer and musician Danny Sanderson. |
{"datasets_id": 473, "wiki_id": "Q2073509", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 586} | 473 | Q2073509 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 586 | Anatropi | Album background | Anatropi Album background After gaining exposure on the talent show "Dream Show" in 2006, Kostas Martakis soon was signed by Sony BMG Greece and also teamed up with manager Elias Psinakis, who was also a judge on "Dream Show" and had previously managed Sakis Rouvas for 15 years. Soon after, Martakis released his first EP titled "Panta Mazi" (Always together) which contained four tracks off the album.
Released only July 20, 2007 by Sony BMG Greece, Anatropi was Kostas Martakis debut album, following his debut EP "Panta Mazi". Anatropi contained a number of hits including the title track, as well as |
{"datasets_id": 473, "wiki_id": "Q2073509", "sp": 6, "sc": 586, "ep": 6, "ec": 1137} | 473 | Q2073509 | 6 | 586 | 6 | 1,137 | Anatropi | Album background | "Nai", "Gi`afto Hirokrotiste Tin", and "As' Tous Na Lene".
Following Martakis' participation in the national final to represent Greece in the Eurovision Song Contest 2008, the album was re-released as Anatropi: Special Edition on March 20, 2008. The special edition included the gold "Always and Forever" CD-Single as a bonus.
Due to Martakis' service in the Hellenic Navy in the second half of 2008, Anatropi was re-released by the end of December 2008 as Anatropi: Deluxe Edition containing 5 new songs instead of an all new album. |
{"datasets_id": 474, "wiki_id": "Q4753395", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 544} | 474 | Q4753395 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 544 | And This Is Our Music | Missing tracks | And This Is Our Music Missing tracks "The Wrong Way" and "The Right Way" appear only on the original pressing of the album. These tracks consist of short answering machine messages left for band leader Anton Newcombe. The first is left by Newcombe's obviously distraught friend, and the second is a far more consoling message from The Out Crowd's Sarah Jane. Permission was never granted to use these from the parties that left the messages, and due to this reason they were removed from subsequent versions of the album and do not appear on the version available for download from |
{"datasets_id": 474, "wiki_id": "Q4753395", "sp": 6, "sc": 544, "ep": 6, "ec": 737} | 474 | Q4753395 | 6 | 544 | 6 | 737 | And This Is Our Music | Missing tracks | the band's website, though they do appear on the digital version available from Amazon and iTunes. The edition on the website also contains different mixes and different vocals on some tracks. |
{"datasets_id": 475, "wiki_id": "Q19864197", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 661} | 475 | Q19864197 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 661 | Anderson Creek (Pennsylvania) | Anderson Creek (Pennsylvania) Anderson Creek is a 23.6-mile-long (38.0 km) tributary of the West Branch Susquehanna River in Clearfield County, Pennsylvania, in the United States.
The upstream portion of the Anderson Creek Watershed is a PA DCNR Conservation Area, and falls from Rockton Mountain, along Interstate I-80 in Clearfield County, Pennsylvania. Anderson Creek is classified as a Class II-III+ whitewater stream and defines the Eastern Continental Divide. Brown Springs, in the Moshannon State Forest, near Rockton, Pennsylvania, is a put-in for kayaking to the West Branch Susquehanna River at Bridgeport, Pennsylvania. The vertical drop of Anderson Creek is 1450 ft. to |
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{"datasets_id": 475, "wiki_id": "Q19864197", "sp": 4, "sc": 661, "ep": 10, "ec": 26} | 475 | Q19864197 | 4 | 661 | 10 | 26 | Anderson Creek (Pennsylvania) | Great Shamokin Path & Bilger's Rocks Prehistoric Site | 1175 ft. "Anderson is a stream of considerable size, and in a region not so well supplied with raftable waters as this, might be well classed among rivers." Great Shamokin Path The Anderson Creek corridor is part of the Great Shamokin Path from the native village Shamokin, on the Susquehanna River, to Kittanning, Pennsylvania, on the Allegheny River. The path ascended the steep Anderson Creek Gorge several miles, then it turned west at what is now known as Chestnut Grove, Bloom Township, Clearfield County, Pennsylvania, and then on to The Big Spring near Luthersburg, Brady Township, Pennsylvania. Bilger's Rocks Prehistoric |
{"datasets_id": 475, "wiki_id": "Q19864197", "sp": 10, "sc": 26, "ep": 12, "ec": 665} | 475 | Q19864197 | 10 | 26 | 12 | 665 | Anderson Creek (Pennsylvania) | Bilger's Rocks Prehistoric Site | Site The Anderson Creek corridor is the location of the Bilger's Rocks prehistoric McFate Culture site. During the latter portion of the Late Woodland Period (A.D. 1000–1580) groups belonging to the McFate culture inhabited portions of along the Allegheny Front in north central Pennsylvania. The site is in Bloom Township, Clearfield County, Pennsylvania, near the town of Grampian, Pennsylvania.
The Bilger’s Rocks Association owns and cares for the 175-acre tract and conducts educational programs for visitors. McFate sites have been located in Clearfield and Elk counties. A McFate site near Du Bois, Pennsylvania, the Hickory Kingdom "Kalgren site", was a |
{"datasets_id": 475, "wiki_id": "Q19864197", "sp": 12, "sc": 665, "ep": 18, "ec": 14} | 475 | Q19864197 | 12 | 665 | 18 | 14 | Anderson Creek (Pennsylvania) | Bilger's Rocks Prehistoric Site & Early native peoples & The French and Indian War | stockaded fort on a projecting point of the Eastern Continental Divide and close to trail systems. Early native peoples Artifacts from the Curwensville, Pennsylvania, area demonstrate that various groups of Native Americans occupied the confluence of Anderson Creek and West Susquehanna Branch over a 10,000-year period. From AD 1000 to AD 1600, at least half a dozen groups lived in the vicinity of the Anderson Creek; the Clemson Island, Owasco, Shenks Ferry, Monongahela, and McFate or Black Minquas who were the last tribal entity to occupy the corridor. The Senecas from northern Pennsylvania wiped them out about 1650. The French and |
{"datasets_id": 475, "wiki_id": "Q19864197", "sp": 18, "sc": 14, "ep": 20, "ec": 575} | 475 | Q19864197 | 18 | 14 | 20 | 575 | Anderson Creek (Pennsylvania) | The French and Indian War | Indian War During the French and Indian War in 1757–1758, several hundred French and Indian troops traveled the Great Shamokin Path in an effort to destroy Fort Augusta, the main stronghold of the English at the junction of the east and west branches of the Susquehanna River. This army was gathered from the French posts at Duquesne, Kittanning, Venango and Le Boeuf and assembled at the mouth of Anderson Creek. Here, crude boats, rafts and bateau were constructed for passage down the Susquehanna River for the proposed attack. They dragged along with them two small brass cannon, |
{"datasets_id": 475, "wiki_id": "Q19864197", "sp": 20, "sc": 575, "ep": 24, "ec": 229} | 475 | Q19864197 | 20 | 575 | 24 | 229 | Anderson Creek (Pennsylvania) | The French and Indian War & Moravian expeditions | but after reconnoitering found the distance too great for the guns to shoot from the hill opposite the fort. The defense at Fort Augusta was strong enough to resist attack by storming or by siege, and the attack was abandoned. A British defeat at Fort Augusta could have altered the history of the course of the French and Indian War. Moravian expeditions The Anderson Creek corridor is part of the Great Shamokin Path from the native village Shamokin, on the Susquehanna River, to Kittanning, Pennsylvania, on the Allegheny River. The Anderson Creek area was known by Native Americans |
{"datasets_id": 475, "wiki_id": "Q19864197", "sp": 24, "sc": 229, "ep": 24, "ec": 838} | 475 | Q19864197 | 24 | 229 | 24 | 838 | Anderson Creek (Pennsylvania) | Moravian expeditions | as "the place where there is a mountain halfway on the other side". Native Americans recognized that Anderson Creek was the boundary between two river systems, the Susquehanna River and the Ohio River. For several decades in the early 18th century, the villages of Shamokin and Kittanning were two of the most important Native American villages in Pennsylvania. Perhaps the path's best known use was by Moravian Bishop John Ettwein and his group of some 200 Lenape and Mohican Christians in 1772. They traveled west along the path from their village of Friedenshütten (Cabins of Peace) near modern Wyalusing |
{"datasets_id": 475, "wiki_id": "Q19864197", "sp": 24, "sc": 838, "ep": 24, "ec": 1505} | 475 | Q19864197 | 24 | 838 | 24 | 1,505 | Anderson Creek (Pennsylvania) | Moravian expeditions | on the North Branch Susquehanna River to their new village of Friedensstadt on the Beaver River in southwestern Pennsylvania.
The private travel diary of the Rev. Johann Roth, a Moravian Church missionary among the Indians in the American East, describes his journey along the Anderson Creek corridor in the summer of 1772. In this account of his day-by-day progress, the Rev. Roth mentions a number of Delaware (or Lenni Lenape) Indian names for Pennsylvania. Roth mentions a night camp in a region which the Indians called "Wachtschunglelawi awossijaje." These are really three words, Wachtschiink leldwi awossijaje: wachtsch[u], 'a hill, mountain'; -iink, |
{"datasets_id": 475, "wiki_id": "Q19864197", "sp": 24, "sc": 1505, "ep": 28, "ec": 157} | 475 | Q19864197 | 24 | 1,505 | 28 | 157 | Anderson Creek (Pennsylvania) | Moravian expeditions & The Mead brothers and French Creek | locative suffix, 'place where'; leldwi, 'halfway, in the middle'; awossijaje, 'over, over there, beyond, on the other side, behind.' This makes the three words signify, 'place where there is a mountain halfway on the other side'; or, rather, 'where there is a mountain halfway between the one side and the other.' That is, 'a divide' between two river systems; in this case, between the Susquehanna River and the Ohio River. The Mead brothers and French Creek In his report to Governor Robert Dinwiddie, George Washington made reference to a beautiful rolling country, suitable for settlement, that he had found along |
{"datasets_id": 475, "wiki_id": "Q19864197", "sp": 28, "sc": 157, "ep": 32, "ec": 17} | 475 | Q19864197 | 28 | 157 | 32 | 17 | Anderson Creek (Pennsylvania) | The Mead brothers and French Creek & War of 1812 | the waters of French Creek. In 1788, brothers John and David Mead were ready to investigate Washington's story, and left Fort Augusta, now Sunbury, Pennsylvania, to explore the far west. They journeyed up mouth of Anderson Creek and turned at Coal Hill towards camp site and crossroads at The Big Spring. From there, they continued northwest on the Goschgoschink Path to the Venango Path and the waters of French Creek. On May 12, 1788, the Mead brothers founded Meadville, Pennsylvania, at the confluence of Cussewago Creek and French Creek. War of 1812 During the War of |
{"datasets_id": 475, "wiki_id": "Q19864197", "sp": 32, "sc": 17, "ep": 32, "ec": 689} | 475 | Q19864197 | 32 | 17 | 32 | 689 | Anderson Creek (Pennsylvania) | War of 1812 | 1812, Major William McClelland departed Fort Loudoun, near Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, on March 4, 1814 and marched a division of troops numbering two hundred and twenty-one privates, three captains. five lieutenants and two ensigns along Anderson Creek to meet the Goschgoschink Path, later known as Mead's Path, at The Big Spring, Brady Township, Pennsylvania. These soldiers with their wagon train of equipment and cannon camped at Thunderbird Spring (Old State Road), just east of Kiwanis Trail, and near the Jefferson–Clearfield County Line. The march from Fort Loudoun to Erie took twenty-eight days. Major William McClelland's division relieved American forces at |
{"datasets_id": 475, "wiki_id": "Q19864197", "sp": 32, "sc": 689, "ep": 36, "ec": 508} | 475 | Q19864197 | 32 | 689 | 36 | 508 | Anderson Creek (Pennsylvania) | War of 1812 & Underground Railroad | Lake Erie and later gave a good account of themselves at the Battle of Chippewa and Battle of Lundy’s Lane. Underground Railroad The various paths, river routes and safe waypoints that escaped slaves and their guides used in their journey northwards towards freedom are collectively known as the Underground Railroad. In western Pennsylvania, routes began at the Maryland–Pennsylvania border and traveled through Bedford, Pennsylvania, where the route split and converged at the Great Shamokin Path at the mouth of Anderson Creek. From there, the route led to The Big Spring near Luthersburg, Pennsylvania, and thence on Meade's Path to |
{"datasets_id": 475, "wiki_id": "Q19864197", "sp": 36, "sc": 508, "ep": 40, "ec": 232} | 475 | Q19864197 | 36 | 508 | 40 | 232 | Anderson Creek (Pennsylvania) | Underground Railroad & Anderson Creek corridor | the Venango Path, Lake Erie and onward to Canada. Quaker settlers living along the Great Shamokin Path in Clearfield County did what they could to assist escaped slaves. The natural topography and terrain of the Eastern Continental Divide provided excellent cover and access to the zigzagging, sometimes backtracking, and myriad alternative routes that were needed to ensure the secrecy of the "Railroad." Anderson Creek corridor The historic Anderson Creek corridor was later used for railroad passenger travel and commercial transportation of logs, coal and stone. Early settlers established logging mills and villages along Anderson Creek, and a railroad from |
{"datasets_id": 475, "wiki_id": "Q19864197", "sp": 40, "sc": 232, "ep": 40, "ec": 833} | 475 | Q19864197 | 40 | 232 | 40 | 833 | Anderson Creek (Pennsylvania) | Anderson Creek corridor | Du Bois, Pennsylvania, to Curwensville, Pennsylvania, was completed in 1893. The settlement of Home Camp, Union Township, was once a thriving logging town with saw mills, splash dams and boarding houses for lumbermen. Water was sufficient for floating logs to the West Branch Susquehanna River. The last log drive on Anderson Creek was in 1901. The area is also rich in history from more recent times. During the Golden Age of railroading, passengers and freight rolled along this route, taking students to school and soldiers to war. Millions of tons of coal were pulled along this route, and stone |
{"datasets_id": 475, "wiki_id": "Q19864197", "sp": 40, "sc": 833, "ep": 44, "ec": 119} | 475 | Q19864197 | 40 | 833 | 44 | 119 | Anderson Creek (Pennsylvania) | Anderson Creek corridor & The Bickford Railroad Line | quarried for bridges and buildings throughout the East. Clay was also extracted, with brickyards all along the tracks. Raftsmen plied the Susquehanna, riding logs to market hundreds of miles downstream. The resources help fuel the industrial might of the nation. This trail today is a resource as precious as the coal, timber, stone, and clay carried on the rails along this corridor.
Recently, the Anderson Creek corridor has been considered as a venue for environmental and recreational tourism. The Bickford Railroad Line In 1881, the shipping interests of the Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburgh Railway became eager to have an eastern outlet |
{"datasets_id": 475, "wiki_id": "Q19864197", "sp": 44, "sc": 119, "ep": 44, "ec": 723} | 475 | Q19864197 | 44 | 119 | 44 | 723 | Anderson Creek (Pennsylvania) | The Bickford Railroad Line | and what is known as the Clearfield & Mahoning Railroad Company obtained a charter from the State and built a line from C. & M. Junction in Brady Township, Pennsylvania, by way of Luthersburg and Curwensville, to Clearfield, Pennsylvania. The first construction work was started in June 1892, and the first passenger train over this road was run on the first day of June 1893. The line is 17.4 miles long and is named after the Bickford junction west of Curwensville. The Bickford Line traveled along the Eastern Continental Divide bounding Anderson Creek from Rockton, Union Township, Pennsylvania, |
{"datasets_id": 475, "wiki_id": "Q19864197", "sp": 44, "sc": 723, "ep": 48, "ec": 147} | 475 | Q19864197 | 44 | 723 | 48 | 147 | Anderson Creek (Pennsylvania) | The Bickford Railroad Line & Du Bois Reservoir | to the West Branch Susquehanna River at Bridgeport, Pennsylvania. The line is no longer active and the rails have been removed. The last passenger train ride on the Bickford Line from Du Bois to Clearfield was on June 15, 1954, and hundreds of local residents enjoyed the historic journey. The railroad tracks have been removed and the ownership of the right-of-way is uncertain. The old rail line is popular with ATV enthusiasts. Du Bois Reservoir The Du Bois Reservoir in Union Township, Clearfield County, consists of 210 acres, has a listed capacity of 615 million gallons and is located near |
{"datasets_id": 475, "wiki_id": "Q19864197", "sp": 48, "sc": 147, "ep": 52, "ec": 240} | 475 | Q19864197 | 48 | 147 | 52 | 240 | Anderson Creek (Pennsylvania) | Du Bois Reservoir & Village of Rockton | the headwaters of Anderson Creek. The reservoir is a PA DCNR Conservation Area and serves as the water supply for the City of Du Bois. The Du Bois Reservoir is also known as the Anderson Creek Reservoir. The dam at Du Bois Reservoir controls the flow of water from the headwaters of Anderson Creek. Village of Rockton Rockton is a village in Union Township, Clearfield County, resting along Anderson Creek near Brown Springs in the Moshannon State Forest. Rockton gets its name from a time when the stagecoach came over the mountain from Clearfield with the |
{"datasets_id": 475, "wiki_id": "Q19864197", "sp": 52, "sc": 240, "ep": 52, "ec": 832} | 475 | Q19864197 | 52 | 240 | 52 | 832 | Anderson Creek (Pennsylvania) | Village of Rockton | mail, and passengers would argue about the weight of a large rock. Rockton had its own school, weekly newspaper, several stores, three churches, a number of mills, both grist and lumber, and an emergency landing field for air mail pilots. Farms did well in the shelter of the surrounding mountains.
Rockton was divided in two, upper and lower. What is known as Rockton today was begun through lumbering by people such as John Brubaker. In 1885, Jason E. Kirk and David W. Kirk built a steam-powered feed mill.
Lower Rockton began in 1837 with a saw mill and grist mill built |
{"datasets_id": 475, "wiki_id": "Q19864197", "sp": 52, "sc": 832, "ep": 52, "ec": 1434} | 475 | Q19864197 | 52 | 832 | 52 | 1,434 | Anderson Creek (Pennsylvania) | Village of Rockton | by Jason Kirk and Jeremiah Moore. It sits along Anderson Creek as did the wool mill of William Johnson. The Kirk mill was designed to provide adequate height and space at the front of the building for men and horse-drawn wagons to load and unload products.
Rockton once had rail service on the Bickford Line from Du Bois to Clearfield. The Buffalo, Rochester & Pittsburgh Rockton Station built in 1898 was dismantled in the 1970s and is now in Kane, Pennsylvania.
The greatest disaster for Rockton was a tornado on September 14, 1945, beginning in the Coal Hill area of Brady Township. |
{"datasets_id": 475, "wiki_id": "Q19864197", "sp": 52, "sc": 1434, "ep": 56, "ec": 94} | 475 | Q19864197 | 52 | 1,434 | 56 | 94 | Anderson Creek (Pennsylvania) | Village of Rockton & David S. Ammerman Trail | Many buildings were destroyed with the Hollopeter Poultry Farm receiving most of the damage. The William Irwin house was moved several inches off of its foundation and a barn demolished. The storm cleared a path approximately 100 feet wide and eight miles long. After the storm crossed Anderson Creek and moved up Montgomery Run, it dispersed. No one was injured.
Today, Rockton has a post office, one church, St. John’s Lutheran, an auto repair shop, and a fire department. David S. Ammerman Trail Once known as the Clearfield and Grampian Trail, in 2011, the name was changed to the David S. |
{"datasets_id": 475, "wiki_id": "Q19864197", "sp": 56, "sc": 94, "ep": 60, "ec": 230} | 475 | Q19864197 | 56 | 94 | 60 | 230 | Anderson Creek (Pennsylvania) | David S. Ammerman Trail & Anderson Creek Watershed Association | Ammerman Trail in memory of the man who championed turning the abandoned rail corridor into a recreational trail. The David S. Ammerman Trail traverses Anderson Creek in Curwensville, Pennsylvania, and connects to Grampian, Pennsylvania, and Clearfield, Pennsylvania. Anderson Creek Watershed Association The Anderson Creek Watershed Association has partnered projects with the Western Pennsylvania Conservancy Watershed Restoration Project. Clearfield County has more acreage affected by abandoned mines than any county in the state. |
{"datasets_id": 476, "wiki_id": "Q4754238", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 572} | 476 | Q4754238 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 572 | Anderson v. Mt. Clemens Pottery Co. | Background | Anderson v. Mt. Clemens Pottery Co. Background The United States Congress passed the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) in 1938. Section 7(a) of the Act defined working time, and required employers to pay overtime wages under certain circumstances. Section 11(c) of the Act requires employers to keep accurate records regarding time on the job. Section 16(b) of the Act enables employees to sue to recover lost wages.
About 1,200 workers at the Mt. Clemens Pottery Co. facility in Mount Clemens, Michigan, were employed at a large, 8-acre (32,000 m²) facility. The plant was nearly a quarter-mile in length. The |
{"datasets_id": 476, "wiki_id": "Q4754238", "sp": 6, "sc": 572, "ep": 6, "ec": 1186} | 476 | Q4754238 | 6 | 572 | 6 | 1,186 | Anderson v. Mt. Clemens Pottery Co. | Background | employees' entrance was in the northeast corner.
Employees were given 14 minutes between each shift to punch the time clock, walk to their respective workbench and prepare for work. It took a minimum of eight minutes for all the employees to get by the time clock. The estimated walking time for employees ranged from 30 seconds to three minutes, but some workers needed as many as eight minutes to reach their workbenches. Upon arriving at their workbench, employees were required to put on aprons or overalls, removed shirts, tape or grease arms, put on finger cots, prepare equipment, turn on switches, |
{"datasets_id": 476, "wiki_id": "Q4754238", "sp": 6, "sc": 1186, "ep": 6, "ec": 1837} | 476 | Q4754238 | 6 | 1,186 | 6 | 1,837 | Anderson v. Mt. Clemens Pottery Co. | Background | open windows, and/or assemble or sharpen tools. Such preparatory activities consumed three to four minutes.
Working time was calculated by the employer based on the time cards punched by the clocks. The employer deducted walking and preparatory time from the time cards based on the punched time and assumptions about how long prep work and walking would take on average.
Seven employees and their labor union (represented by Edward Lamb) brought a class action suit under Section 16(b) of the FLSA alleging that the employer's calculations did not accurately reflect the time actually worked and that they were deprived of the proper |
{"datasets_id": 476, "wiki_id": "Q4754238", "sp": 6, "sc": 1837, "ep": 14, "ec": 12} | 476 | Q4754238 | 6 | 1,837 | 14 | 12 | Anderson v. Mt. Clemens Pottery Co. | Background & Special master's findings & District court's ruling | amount of overtime compensation. Special master's findings The district court appointed a special master to investigate the case. The special master recommended that the case be dismissed because the employees did not establish by a preponderance of evidence a violation of the Act. The special master concluded that walking time was not traditionally held to be compensable working time in the industry, that the employees had produced no reliable evidence to determine how much time they had lost, and that the employees had not shown that they were forced to wait until starting time. District court's ruling The district |
{"datasets_id": 476, "wiki_id": "Q4754238", "sp": 14, "sc": 12, "ep": 18, "ec": 122} | 476 | Q4754238 | 14 | 12 | 18 | 122 | Anderson v. Mt. Clemens Pottery Co. | District court's ruling & Court of appeals' ruling | court agreed, with one exception. The court found that the vast majority of employees were ready for work approximately five minutes before the start of work and that it seemed unreasonable that employees would not begin work as they were paid by piece rate. The court fashioned a formula for computing which employees were forced to wait. The district court then entered a judgment against Mt. Clemens Pottery Co. in the amount of $2,415.74. Court of appeals' ruling The Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the district court in part, and overruled the district court in part. The court |
{"datasets_id": 476, "wiki_id": "Q4754238", "sp": 18, "sc": 122, "ep": 22, "ec": 71} | 476 | Q4754238 | 18 | 122 | 22 | 71 | Anderson v. Mt. Clemens Pottery Co. | Court of appeals' ruling & Holding | of appeals upheld the district court and special master by concluding that the employees' claims were not supported by the evidence. However, the court of appeals ruled the district court had erred by assuming that work would begin before the official start of working time. The court of appeals further held that the burden rested upon the employees to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that they did not receive the wages to which they were entitled.
The workers appealed to the Supreme Court, which granted certiorari. Holding Justice Frank Murphy issued the opinion of the Court. The majority held |
{"datasets_id": 476, "wiki_id": "Q4754238", "sp": 22, "sc": 71, "ep": 22, "ec": 662} | 476 | Q4754238 | 22 | 71 | 22 | 662 | Anderson v. Mt. Clemens Pottery Co. | Holding | that the court of appeals and the special master had imposed an improper standard of proof on the employees. Section 11(c) of the Act imposed upon the employer, not the worker, the duty to keep proper records of wages, hours and other conditions and practices of employment. Where the employer has failed to keep accurate or adequate records, Justice Murphy argued, the law does not deny recovery on the ground that the employee is unable to prove the precise extent of uncompensated work. Such a ruling, Murphy noted, would create a strong disincentive for employers to keep any records at |
{"datasets_id": 476, "wiki_id": "Q4754238", "sp": 22, "sc": 662, "ep": 22, "ec": 1290} | 476 | Q4754238 | 22 | 662 | 22 | 1,290 | Anderson v. Mt. Clemens Pottery Co. | Holding | all and shift the burden back onto the employee. Thus, Murphy concluded that "an employee has carried out his burden if he proves that he has in fact performed work for which he was improperly compensated and if he produces sufficient evidence to show the amount and extent of that work as a matter of just and reasonable inference."
The employer may rebut such claims by producing accurate and adequate records that document the actual work performed. In the absence of such rebutting evidence, the court may award damages to the employee, even though the award is only approximate.
Justice Murphy subsequently |
{"datasets_id": 476, "wiki_id": "Q4754238", "sp": 22, "sc": 1290, "ep": 22, "ec": 1829} | 476 | Q4754238 | 22 | 1,290 | 22 | 1,829 | Anderson v. Mt. Clemens Pottery Co. | Holding | turned to the facts of the case. On the basis of the factual record, which proved decisive in the case, the court found that work had, in fact, begun and ended at the scheduled hours and that the employees had no basis for a claim in this regard. The court did not find that the time clock evidence was reliable. "[Time] clocks do not necessarily record the actual time worked by employees," Murphy wrote. Since it took eight minutes for an entire shift to punch in, it would be unfair to credit the first worker in line for eight minutes |
{"datasets_id": 476, "wiki_id": "Q4754238", "sp": 22, "sc": 1829, "ep": 22, "ec": 2451} | 476 | Q4754238 | 22 | 1,829 | 22 | 2,451 | Anderson v. Mt. Clemens Pottery Co. | Holding | of work, and the time clocks did not show the time at which employees were compelled to be on the premises or at their workbenches.
But the majority held that the employer required workers to be on the premises prior and subsequent to the scheduled working hours. Some of this time was clearly spent on work such as preparatory activities such as putting on aprons, sharpening tools and turning on machinery.
Murphy dismissed arguments against vagueness in determining the compensatory award by advocating a de minimis approach. Did the district court need to determine, down to the second, how much time |
{"datasets_id": 476, "wiki_id": "Q4754238", "sp": 22, "sc": 2451, "ep": 22, "ec": 3070} | 476 | Q4754238 | 22 | 2,451 | 22 | 3,070 | Anderson v. Mt. Clemens Pottery Co. | Holding | was spent working? He though not: "Split-second absurdities are not justified by the actualities of working conditions or by the policy of the Fair Labor Standards Act." Murphy reasoned, however, that the evidence clearly showed that workers did spend a "substantial measure" of time engaged in prep work. This time could be gauged under a de minimis rule, and a satisfactory award fashioned.
The majority remanded the case to the district court and ordered that the court determine how much time (on average) was spent walking and how much time doing preparatory activities and to fashion an award based only |
{"datasets_id": 476, "wiki_id": "Q4754238", "sp": 22, "sc": 3070, "ep": 26, "ec": 599} | 476 | Q4754238 | 22 | 3,070 | 26 | 599 | Anderson v. Mt. Clemens Pottery Co. | Holding & Dissent | the amount of time engaged in preparatory activity. Dissent Justice Harold Hitz Burton dissented, joined by Justice Felix Frankfurter. Justice Burton argued that Rule 53(e)(2) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure required the court to accept the special master's findings of fact unless clearly erroneous. Burton pointed out that the majority had accepted the special master's findings of fact. How, then, could the court reject the master's findings regarding prep time?
Burton also observed that, under the majority's de minimis rule, the employees would receive no award. Burton noted that employees had admitted that as little as one minute was |
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