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{"datasets_id": 625, "wiki_id": "Q2323839", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 130} | 625 | Q2323839 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 130 | Automatic parallelization | Parse & Analyze | Automatic parallelization Parse This is the first stage where the scanner will read the input source files to identify all static and extern usages. Each line in the file will be checked against pre-defined patterns to segregate into tokens. These tokens will be stored in a file which will be used later by the
grammar engine. The grammar engine will check patterns of tokens that match with pre-defined rules to identify variables, loops, controls
statements, functions etc. in the code. Analyze The analyzer is used to identify sections of code that can be executed concurrently. The analyzer uses the static data information |
{"datasets_id": 625, "wiki_id": "Q2323839", "sp": 10, "sc": 130, "ep": 18, "ec": 105} | 625 | Q2323839 | 10 | 130 | 18 | 105 | Automatic parallelization | Analyze & Schedule & Code Generation | provided by the scanner-parser. The analyzer will first find out all the functions that are totally independent of each other and mark them as
individual tasks. Then analyzer finds which tasks are having dependencies. Schedule The scheduler will lists all the tasks and their dependencies on each other in terms of execution and start times. The scheduler will produce optimal schedule in terms of number of processors to be used or the total time of execution for the application. Code Generation The scheduler will generate list of all the tasks and the details of the cores on which they will execute |
{"datasets_id": 625, "wiki_id": "Q2323839", "sp": 18, "sc": 105, "ep": 26, "ec": 173} | 625 | Q2323839 | 18 | 105 | 26 | 173 | Automatic parallelization | Code Generation & Cyclic multi-threading & Example | along with the time that they
will execute for. The code Generator will insert special constructs in the code that will be read during execution by the scheduler. These
constructs will instruct the scheduler on which core a particular task will execute along with the start and end times. Cyclic multi-threading A cyclic multi-threading parallelizing compiler tries to split up a loop so that each iteration can be executed on a separate processor concurrently. Example A loop is called DOALL if all of its iterations, in any given invocation, can be executed concurrently.
The Fortran code below is DOALL, and can be auto-parallelized |
{"datasets_id": 625, "wiki_id": "Q2323839", "sp": 26, "sc": 173, "ep": 26, "ec": 806} | 625 | Q2323839 | 26 | 173 | 26 | 806 | Automatic parallelization | Example | by a compiler because each iteration is independent of the others, and the final result of array z will be correct regardless of the execution order of the other iterations.
do i = 1, n
z(i) = x(i) + y(i)
enddo
There are many pleasingly parallel problems that have such DOALL loops.
For example, when rendering a ray-traced movie,
each frame of the movie can be independently rendered,
and each pixel of a single frame may be independently rendered.
On the other hand, the following code cannot be auto-parallelized, because the value of z(i) depends on the |
{"datasets_id": 625, "wiki_id": "Q2323839", "sp": 26, "sc": 806, "ep": 26, "ec": 1309} | 625 | Q2323839 | 26 | 806 | 26 | 1,309 | Automatic parallelization | Example | result of the previous iteration, z(i - 1).
do i = 2, n
z(i) = z(i - 1)*2
enddo
This does not mean that the code cannot be parallelized. Indeed, it is equivalent to
do i = 2, n
z(i) = z(1)*2**(i - 1)
enddo
However, current parallelizing compilers are not usually capable of bringing out these parallelisms automatically, and it is questionable whether this code would benefit from parallelization in the first place. |
{"datasets_id": 626, "wiki_id": "Q28401860", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 16, "ec": 158} | 626 | Q28401860 | 2 | 0 | 16 | 158 | Automotive Council UK | History & Structure & Function | Automotive Council UK The Automotive Council UK is UK industry-run organisation that oversees the combined strategy of the whole UK automotive industry, in collaboration with the UK government. History It was formed in 2009. Structure It is headquartered in the City of Westminster on Great Peter Street near Channel 4. The council is made from people in the UK government, and chief executives in the automotive industry. Function It produces reports on the UK automotive industry in collaboration with the UK government, mainly the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy. |
{"datasets_id": 627, "wiki_id": "Q18355540", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 518} | 627 | Q18355540 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 518 | Automotive industry in Slovakia | Automotive industry in Slovakia Since 2007, Slovakia has been the world's largest producer of cars per capita, with a total of 1 080 000 in 2018 (1,001,520 in 2017 and 1,040,000 in 2016) cars manufactured alone in a country with 5 million people. With production of more than million cars in 2016, Slovakia was 20th in the list of worldwide car production by country and the 7th largest car producer in the European Union. Car manufacture is the largest industry in Slovakia with a share of 12% on the Slovak GDP in 2013 which was 41% of industrial |
|
{"datasets_id": 627, "wiki_id": "Q18355540", "sp": 4, "sc": 518, "ep": 8, "ec": 394} | 627 | Q18355540 | 4 | 518 | 8 | 394 | Automotive industry in Slovakia | History | production and 26% of Slovakia's export. 80,000 people were employed in the automotive industry in 2014. 1,500 people were employed when Jaguar Land Rover started production in Nitra in 2018. History The "Drndička" was the first automobile to be fully constructed in Slovakia and was constructed by the blacksmith Michal Majer in 1913. He copied a car owned by the Bulgarian King who was at that time travelling through Slovakia. After World War I Slovakia became a part of the newly formed Czechoslovakia. In the Czech part, the industry had been influenced mostly by Germans - see for example |
{"datasets_id": 627, "wiki_id": "Q18355540", "sp": 8, "sc": 394, "ep": 8, "ec": 1024} | 627 | Q18355540 | 8 | 394 | 8 | 1,024 | Automotive industry in Slovakia | History | the dispute about the design of Tatra T97 by Hans Ledwinka vs Volkswagen Beetle design by Ferdinand Porsche, who was also born in Bohemia (now part of the Czech Republic). The long tradition of Czech car production started in 1897, when the first Czech car (Präsident) was produced in the factory in Kopřivnice (Nesselsdorfer Wagenbaufabriksgesellschaft later Tatra), followed by the first lorry in 1898. Škoda Auto (and its predecessors) is the world's fifth oldest company producing cars and has an unbroken history. The first Škoda motorcycle made its debut in 1899 and in 1905 the firm started manufacturing automobiles. Even |
{"datasets_id": 627, "wiki_id": "Q18355540", "sp": 8, "sc": 1024, "ep": 8, "ec": 1698} | 627 | Q18355540 | 8 | 1,024 | 8 | 1,698 | Automotive industry in Slovakia | History | before World War II the automotive industry was a significant and advanced part of the economy of the former Czechoslovakia. Post-war socialist Czechoslovakia restored auto manufacturing with the original brands and became the second largest (after Poland) in the Soviet block outside the USSR. The Czechoslovakian producers Skoda (who produced cars and trolleybuses), Tatra and Avia (who mainly produced trucks and trams), Karosa (buses) Jawa and ČZ (motorcycles) all had their production in the present-day Czech Republic, not in Slovakia. Companies in Slovakia, including Matador Púchov and VSŽ Košice (steel mills), were supplying parts and components to the Czech part |
{"datasets_id": 627, "wiki_id": "Q18355540", "sp": 8, "sc": 1698, "ep": 8, "ec": 2359} | 627 | Q18355540 | 8 | 1,698 | 8 | 2,359 | Automotive industry in Slovakia | History | of the republic but later (from 1971) some final production of Skoda cars was also established in Slovakia as Bratislava Automotive Works (BAZ) and Trnava Automotive Works (TAZ). Some Tatra car production was also moved to Banovce nad Bebravou. However, following the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1993, the Czech Republic inherited most of its auto production capabilities and since then has grown fast through foreign investment. Although Volkswagen bought Skoda's production sites in Slovakia in 1991, it gained full control only in 1999 when Volkswagen Slovakia was established, which was the real beginning of the rapid development of the auto-industry |
{"datasets_id": 627, "wiki_id": "Q18355540", "sp": 8, "sc": 2359, "ep": 20, "ec": 8} | 627 | Q18355540 | 8 | 2,359 | 20 | 8 | Automotive industry in Slovakia | History & Present day & Volkswagens in Bratislava & PSA Peugeot Citroëns in Trnava | in Slovakia. Present day Slovakia is one of the significant European (7th) and World's (20th) automaker, having an annual output of more than 1 million and exports to more than 100 countries. Auto manufacturers in Slovakia, currently include 4 OEM automobile production plants: Volkswagen's in Bratislava, PSA Peugeot Citroën's in Trnava and Kia Motors' Žilina Plant and Jaguar Land Rover in Nitra. There are many other tier suppliers. Volkswagens in Bratislava Small car line: Volkswagen's Up family: Volkswagen up!, Škoda Citigo, SEAT Mii
Regular car line: VW luxury SUVs: Volkswagen Touareg, Audi Q7, Porsche Cayenne PSA Peugeot Citroëns in Trnava Peugeot |
{"datasets_id": 627, "wiki_id": "Q18355540", "sp": 20, "sc": 7, "ep": 32, "ec": 20} | 627 | Q18355540 | 20 | 7 | 32 | 20 | Automotive industry in Slovakia | PSA Peugeot Citroëns in Trnava & Kia Motors' Žilina Plant & K-1 Engineering & Jaguar Land Rover Slovakia | 207 from 2006
Citroën C3 Picasso from middle of 2008
Peugeot 208 (from November 2011) Kia Motors' Žilina Plant Kia Cee'd
Kia Sportage third generation (from 2010) K-1 Engineering K-1 Attack Jaguar Land Rover Slovakia Land Rover Discovery |
{"datasets_id": 628, "wiki_id": "Q16826397", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 669} | 628 | Q16826397 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 669 | Avio Design Swan | Design and development | Avio Design Swan Design and development The aircraft family was designed to comply with the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale microlight category, including the category's maximum gross weight of 450 kg (992 lb). All models feature a cable-braced hang glider-style high-wing, weight-shift controls, a two-seats-in-tandem open cockpit, tricycle landing gear with wheel pants and a single engine in pusher configuration.
The aircraft is made from bolted-together aluminum tubing, with its double surface wing covered in Dacron sailcloth. Typical wings used have a 9.5 to 10.2 m (31.2 to 33.5 ft) span wing, are supported by a single tube-type kingpost and use an "A" frame weight-shift control bar. |
{"datasets_id": 628, "wiki_id": "Q16826397", "sp": 6, "sc": 669, "ep": 6, "ec": 845} | 628 | Q16826397 | 6 | 669 | 6 | 845 | Avio Design Swan | Design and development | The standard powerplant is the twin cylinder, air-cooled, two-stroke, dual-ignition 64 hp (48 kW) Rotax 582 engine. Options do not include the 80 hp (60 kW) Rotax 912 engine. |
{"datasets_id": 629, "wiki_id": "Q3301393", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 318} | 629 | Q3301393 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 318 | Avoca, Wisconsin | Geography & 2010 census | Avoca, Wisconsin Geography Avoca is located at 43°11′2″N 90°19′31″W (43.183853, -90.325388).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 2.44 square miles (6.32 km²), of which, 2.31 square miles (5.98 km²) of it is land and 0.13 square miles (0.34 km²) is water. 2010 census As of the census of 2010, there were 637 people, 261 households, and 169 families residing in the village. The population density was 275.8 inhabitants per square mile (106.5/km²). There were 347 housing units at an average density of 150.2 per square mile (58.0/km²). The racial makeup of the village was 96.4% White, |
{"datasets_id": 629, "wiki_id": "Q3301393", "sp": 10, "sc": 318, "ep": 10, "ec": 905} | 629 | Q3301393 | 10 | 318 | 10 | 905 | Avoca, Wisconsin | 2010 census | 0.3% African American, 1.7% Asian, 0.5% from other races, and 1.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.9% of the population.
There were 261 households of which 32.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.7% were married couples living together, 10.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 35.2% were non-families. 28.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 |
{"datasets_id": 629, "wiki_id": "Q3301393", "sp": 10, "sc": 905, "ep": 14, "ec": 190} | 629 | Q3301393 | 10 | 905 | 14 | 190 | Avoca, Wisconsin | 2010 census & 2000 census | and the average family size was 2.95.
The median age in the village was 39.4 years. 24.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.8% were from 25 to 44; 25.5% were from 45 to 64; and 16.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 50.5% male and 49.5% female. 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 608 people, 257 households, and 159 families residing in the village. The population density was 267.8 people per square mile (103.4/km²). There were 328 |
{"datasets_id": 629, "wiki_id": "Q3301393", "sp": 14, "sc": 190, "ep": 14, "ec": 793} | 629 | Q3301393 | 14 | 190 | 14 | 793 | Avoca, Wisconsin | 2000 census | housing units at an average density of 144.5 per square mile (55.8/km²). The racial makeup of the village was 98.19% White, 0.16% Native American, 1.15% Asian, 0.16% from other races, and 0.33% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.49% of the population.
There were 257 households out of which 29.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.2% were married couples living together, 13.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.1% were non-families. 32.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 15.6% had someone living alone who |
{"datasets_id": 629, "wiki_id": "Q3301393", "sp": 14, "sc": 793, "ep": 14, "ec": 1323} | 629 | Q3301393 | 14 | 793 | 14 | 1,323 | Avoca, Wisconsin | 2000 census | was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.99.
In the village, the population was spread out with 25.2% under the age of 18, 7.9% from 18 to 24, 27.6% from 25 to 44, 22.5% from 45 to 64, and 16.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.8 males.
The median income for a household in the village was $28,625, and the median income for |
{"datasets_id": 629, "wiki_id": "Q3301393", "sp": 14, "sc": 1323, "ep": 14, "ec": 1615} | 629 | Q3301393 | 14 | 1,323 | 14 | 1,615 | Avoca, Wisconsin | 2000 census | a family was $31,786. Males had a median income of $25,795 versus $21,750 for females. The per capita income for the village was $16,758. About 12.2% of families and 17.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.9% of those under age 18 and 14.6% of those age 65 or over. |
{"datasets_id": 630, "wiki_id": "Q2090004", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 140} | 630 | Q2090004 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 140 | Avondale Estates, Georgia | History & Geography | Avondale Estates, Georgia History In the 1890s, lots were sold in the area, which was known as Ingleside.
Avondale Estates was founded in 1924 by George Francis Willis, a patent medicine magnate, who purchased the entire village of Ingleside to create a planned community. The city was named after Stratford-upon-Avon, England, birthplace of Shakespeare. Downtown buildings were designed in a Tudor style to reinforce this image, as were many of the houses in the city. The city incorporated in 1927. Geography Avondale Estates is located at 33°46′15″N 84°15′54″W (33.770905, -84.264894). The city is entirely underlain by granite, and clay-rich soil |
{"datasets_id": 630, "wiki_id": "Q2090004", "sp": 10, "sc": 140, "ep": 14, "ec": 357} | 630 | Q2090004 | 10 | 140 | 14 | 357 | Avondale Estates, Georgia | Geography & Business and entertainment | developed on it. Some of this granite can be seen outcropped along the shore of Lake Avondale.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.1 square miles (2.8 km²), of which 0.88% is water. Business and entertainment The mostly Tudor-style downtown area of Avondale Estates, known as the commercial district, is home to a variety of businesses including antique and consignment stores. Pizza, Mexican fare, southern comfort food, a soda fountain/diner and Chicago style hot dogs are some of the restaurant fare options within the city limits. The city is the location of the |
{"datasets_id": 630, "wiki_id": "Q2090004", "sp": 14, "sc": 357, "ep": 18, "ec": 46} | 630 | Q2090004 | 14 | 357 | 18 | 46 | Avondale Estates, Georgia | Business and entertainment & Government and infrastructure | first Waffle House, which opened its doors Labor Day weekend of 1955. Waffle House operates a museum at the original location today, and a separate restaurant elsewhere in the city.
A selection of art galleries and studios are located in an area of the city known as the Rail Arts District. Little Tree Art Studios located on Franklin Street, is a warehouse that includes multiple artist studios and a music rehearsal space.
The movie, “Instant Family” (2018), starring Mark Wahlberg and produced by Wahlberg, was filmed in Avondale. Government and infrastructure The city is governed by a mayor and a board of |
{"datasets_id": 630, "wiki_id": "Q2090004", "sp": 18, "sc": 46, "ep": 22, "ec": 40} | 630 | Q2090004 | 18 | 46 | 22 | 40 | Avondale Estates, Georgia | Government and infrastructure & Education | commissioners. Avondale Estates also has a city manager and other administrative positions. The city uses the DeKalb County Fire Service for fire and EMS calls, but provides its own police service.
The Avondale Estates Police Department (AEPD) has approximately 15 members providing around the clock coverage. Officers drive Dodge Chargers equipped with PIT bumpers, LED lights, in-car computers with e-tickets, and digital video cameras. City Court is held multiple times a month.
The Georgia Department of Juvenile Justice has its headquarters in Avondale Estates.
The United States Postal Service operates the Avondale Estates Post Office. Education Avondale Estates is served by the DeKalb |
{"datasets_id": 630, "wiki_id": "Q2090004", "sp": 22, "sc": 40, "ep": 22, "ec": 719} | 630 | Q2090004 | 22 | 40 | 22 | 719 | Avondale Estates, Georgia | Education | County School System.
Avondale Elementary School is in the city limits. Druid Hills Middle School, and Druid Hills High School serve the community.
Avondale Middle School and Avondale High School, formerly adjacent to the city limits and serving the city, closed at the end of May 2011, and the students were distributed to neighboring schools. The campus is now used exclusively by the magnet school DeKalb School of the Arts.
In 2008, local parents began organizing formal efforts through the Avondale Education Association, a local grass-roots non-profit organization that was founded in October 2003, to create a charter school that would achieve the |
{"datasets_id": 630, "wiki_id": "Q2090004", "sp": 22, "sc": 719, "ep": 22, "ec": 1192} | 630 | Q2090004 | 22 | 719 | 22 | 1,192 | Avondale Estates, Georgia | Education | standards required by law, while establishing an elementary school that reflected the values of the community. Their proposal was initially rejected by the Dekalb County School Board, but it was subsequently selected by the Georgia Charter Schools Commission as one of a small number of schools to be chartered directly by the State of Georgia. The school, Museum School of Avondale Estates, opened in 2010, and Avondale Estates therefore lies within its attendance zone. |
{"datasets_id": 631, "wiki_id": "Q538968", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 615} | 631 | Q538968 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 615 | Avro York | Origins | Avro York Origins During 1941, Avro elected to begin development of a new civil-orientated transport aircraft. In the midst of an uncertain stage of the Second World War, Britain's aircraft industry was preoccupied by urgent wartime demands, not only to produce military aircraft, but to design increasingly capable models as well. The company's decision to embark on this venture was considered to be ambitious, especially as the development project operated with no official backing early on. The project may well have been influenced by a shortage of transport aircraft, as well as by the formation of the British Overseas Airways |
{"datasets_id": 631, "wiki_id": "Q538968", "sp": 6, "sc": 615, "ep": 6, "ec": 1261} | 631 | Q538968 | 6 | 615 | 6 | 1,261 | Avro York | Origins | Corporation (BOAC), in 1940, to run all of the nation's overseas civil air routes. However, according to aviation author Donald Hannah, there was little incentive and few materials available for the construction of transport aircraft, it was impossible to predict when the war would end and, thus, when large-scale demand for civil aircraft would return.
Roy Chadwick, Avro's chief designer, had foreseen a need for a transport aircraft that was powered by four engines and would be capable of flying for long distances. The design, which was designated as the Type 685, had its origins in the company's then-newly developed four-engined |
{"datasets_id": 631, "wiki_id": "Q538968", "sp": 6, "sc": 1261, "ep": 6, "ec": 1948} | 631 | Q538968 | 6 | 1,261 | 6 | 1,948 | Avro York | Origins | bomber, the Avro Lancaster, which had only made its first flight earlier that year. The Type 685 paired various elements of the Lancaster, such as its wings, tail assembly and undercarriage and Rolls-Royce Merlin engines, with a new square-section fuselage that provided double the internal capacity of the Lancaster. The two aircraft also substantially differed in external appearance.
In February 1942, Chadwick submitted his drawings to Avro's experimental department. Within five months, the company refined the design and had quickly assembled an initial prototype. On 5 July 1942, the York prototype, LV626, conducted its maiden flight from Ringway Airport, Manchester. It |
{"datasets_id": 631, "wiki_id": "Q538968", "sp": 6, "sc": 1948, "ep": 6, "ec": 2607} | 631 | Q538968 | 6 | 1,948 | 6 | 2,607 | Avro York | Origins | had initially been fitted with the twin fins and rudders of the Lancaster but the increased fuselage side area forward of the wing compared to the Lancaster necessitated fitting a third central fin to retain adequate control and directional stability; the third fin was fitted as standard on subsequent production aircraft. Flight trials of LV626 were quickly transferred to RAF Boscombe Down. In response to the prototype's favourable performance during trials, the Air Ministry issued an order for three more prototypes of various configurations to be built along with an initial production batch under Specification C.1/42, part of Operational Requirement |
{"datasets_id": 631, "wiki_id": "Q538968", "sp": 6, "sc": 2607, "ep": 6, "ec": 3257} | 631 | Q538968 | 6 | 2,607 | 6 | 3,257 | Avro York | Origins | OR.113 for a new transport aircraft.
The prototypes were used to test various adaptions and potential roles for the aircraft. LV626, the first prototype, was rebuilt to the C.II standard, the principal modification of which was the installation of Bristol Hercules VI radial engines in place of the Merlins; it was later decided to standardise on the Merlin engine, leaving this as the sole Hercules-powered York. The fourth prototype, LV639, was furnished as a paratroop transport, complete with ventral dropping doors. However, flight testing found that the York was unsuited to this role, due to the slipstream wash drawing the parachutes |
{"datasets_id": 631, "wiki_id": "Q538968", "sp": 6, "sc": 3257, "ep": 10, "ec": 560} | 631 | Q538968 | 6 | 3,257 | 10 | 560 | Avro York | Origins & Production | towards the non-retracting tailwheel, posing an entanglement risk. Production Production of the York proved difficult to speed up, due to shortages of key materials. Moreover, Avro was also obligated to place a high priority on the manufacturing and refinement of the Lancaster. Officials had also judged that there was no requirement for large numbers of Yorks at that time. By the end of 1943, only the four prototypes and three production aircraft had been manufactured, but production was scheduled to rise to three aircraft per month throughout 1944. Early production Yorks were principally used as a VIP transport aircraft; notably, |
{"datasets_id": 631, "wiki_id": "Q538968", "sp": 10, "sc": 560, "ep": 10, "ec": 1250} | 631 | Q538968 | 10 | 560 | 10 | 1,250 | Avro York | Production | the third prototype, LV633 being luxuriously fitted out and becoming the personal transport of Winston Churchill.
On 25 March 1943, RAF Transport Command had been formed, which soon established a clear requirement for the strengthening of Britain's air transport forces; the York became the first British aircraft to be used in quantity by Transport Command. The first RAF production order consisted of 200 aircraft; while a further 100 were ordered under a second order placed shortly after. Throughout 1944, the majority of Yorks produced were passenger transport aircraft, a batch of both pure freighters and combined passenger/freighter-configured Yorks were also manufactured. |
{"datasets_id": 631, "wiki_id": "Q538968", "sp": 10, "sc": 1250, "ep": 10, "ec": 1883} | 631 | Q538968 | 10 | 1,250 | 10 | 1,883 | Avro York | Production | Several early production aircraft intended for RAF service were instead diverted to BOAC, who had otherwise received little in the way of similar aircraft prior to delivery of the first York in April 1944.
Initial assembly and testing of production Yorks, which were principally destined for service with the Royal Air Force (RAF) at that time, was performed at Ringway, reaching its peak in 1945; these activities later being transferred to facilities in Yeadon, Leeds and Woodford, Cheshire, where work was undertaken at a slower pace. Only eight aircraft of the second order for 100 aircraft were produced; in April 1948, |
{"datasets_id": 631, "wiki_id": "Q538968", "sp": 10, "sc": 1883, "ep": 14, "ec": 218} | 631 | Q538968 | 10 | 1,883 | 14 | 218 | Avro York | Production & Design | the final York, PE108, was completed.
Abroad, a single pattern aircraft was completed by Victory Aircraft in Canada; however, no further orders were received. Victory had tooled up for the manufacture of 30 aircraft and had built parts for five aircraft, but, ultimately, only one would be completed around the time that the war came to an end. This aircraft would later be purchased by Skyways Ltd. Design The Avro York is a high-wing cantilever monoplane using an all-metal construction, bearing many similarities to the Lancaster from which it was derived. The wings use a two-spar structure, which internally housed seven |
{"datasets_id": 631, "wiki_id": "Q538968", "sp": 14, "sc": 218, "ep": 14, "ec": 934} | 631 | Q538968 | 14 | 218 | 14 | 934 | Avro York | Design | fuel tanks containing 2,478 gallons between the spars. The outboard panels of the wings are tapered on both edges and are furnished with detachable tips. The wings feature all-metal hydraulically-actuated split trailing edge flaps and carry the four Rolls-Royce Merlin engines in four underslung nacelles attached to the front wing spar. Each engine drives a three-bladed constant-speed fully feathering metal propeller, manufactured by de Havilland Hydromatic. The fuselage is of a semi-monocoque construction complete with a flush-rivetted skin, and was built in five separate sections.
In a typical passenger configuration, the York could accommodate a 21-seat three-abreast arrangement split between the |
{"datasets_id": 631, "wiki_id": "Q538968", "sp": 14, "sc": 934, "ep": 18, "ec": 184} | 631 | Q538968 | 14 | 934 | 18 | 184 | Avro York | Design & Military | fore and aft cabins; the main entrance door along with cloakrooms and lavatory were set between the two cabins, a kitchen and baggage hold was located at the rear of the cabin. Emergency exits were present in the ceiling of each cabin. Passengers were subjected to very noisy conditions due to the aircraft's engines. From a pilot's perspective, the York typically proved to be reasonably pleasant to fly. Military In 1945, No. 511 Squadron became the first squadron to be fully equipped with Yorks; eventually a total of ten squadrons of RAF Transport Command were wholly or partially equipped with |
{"datasets_id": 631, "wiki_id": "Q538968", "sp": 18, "sc": 184, "ep": 18, "ec": 795} | 631 | Q538968 | 18 | 184 | 18 | 795 | Avro York | Military | the York. In military service, the York was used on all of the trunk routes operated by Transport Command, such as the critical England–India route. Overall, 208 Yorks were manufactured for the RAF.
During the Berlin Airlift, RAF Yorks from seven different squadrons flew over 58,000 sorties to provide the city with vital supplies between 1948 and 1949. In total, in excess of 1,000,000 tons was carried by the York fleet; the type had borne close to half of the British contribution, alongside other aircraft such as the Douglas Dakota and Handley Page Hastings. Following the end of the Airlift, the |
{"datasets_id": 631, "wiki_id": "Q538968", "sp": 18, "sc": 795, "ep": 22, "ec": 248} | 631 | Q538968 | 18 | 795 | 22 | 248 | Avro York | Military & Civilian | RAF retired much of their York fleet; around 40 of these were sold onto civilian operators while many others were scrapped due to the onset of corrosion. During the 1950s, numerous military contracts were issued to civilian York operators.
In 1954, the French Aéronavale procured five Yorks from the British Air Ministry and operated the type at Le Bourget for around a year. Civilian On 21 February 1944, the first civilian York (G-AGJA), initially built for the RAF as MW103, received its airworthiness certificate, thus clearing its delivery shortly thereafter to the British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC). On 22 April 1944, |
{"datasets_id": 631, "wiki_id": "Q538968", "sp": 22, "sc": 248, "ep": 22, "ec": 889} | 631 | Q538968 | 22 | 248 | 22 | 889 | Avro York | Civilian | the York inaugurated an initial UK-Morocco-Cairo route. Following the diversion of the first five RAF production Yorks to BOAC, it was decided to allocate a further 60 to the airline but in fact only 25 more were delivered to BOAC. Early BOAC operations were conducted in close collaboration with No. 216 Group RAF; this led to some early Yorks bearing a confusing combination of both civilian registrations and military external markings.
Flights were soon established to Johannesburg, South Africa, in conjunction with South African Airways; Yorks assigned to this route outfitted with a total of 12 sleeping berths in addition to |
{"datasets_id": 631, "wiki_id": "Q538968", "sp": 22, "sc": 889, "ep": 22, "ec": 1535} | 631 | Q538968 | 22 | 889 | 22 | 1,535 | Avro York | Civilian | passenger seating due to the journey time. The majority of BOAC's York fleet were fully furnished passenger airliners or as combi passenger-cargo aircraft.
In the post-war years, BOAC expanded their use of the York considerably, such as on their Cairo to Durban service, which had previously been operated by Shorts flying boats. Other airlines also adopted the type, such as its use by British South American Airways (BSAAC) on their routes to the Caribbean and South America, prior to their merger into BOAC in September 1949.
On 7 October 1952, BOAC withdrew their Yorks from passenger services, retaining the type for freight |
{"datasets_id": 631, "wiki_id": "Q538968", "sp": 22, "sc": 1535, "ep": 22, "ec": 2177} | 631 | Q538968 | 22 | 1,535 | 22 | 2,177 | Avro York | Civilian | operations. BOAC's Yorks continued to operate freight schedules until November 1957 when the last example was withdrawn. After disposal by BOAC and BSAAC, their York fleets were purchased by several UK independent airlines and operated on both passenger and freight flights; these service often included long-distance trooping flights to Jamaica and other UK garrisons. The largest York operator out of the independents was Skyways. In 1964, the last Yorks were retired from service by Skyways and Dan Air.
When the Distant Early Warning Line (Dew Line) was being constructed in Canada in the late 1950s, the York was introduced as a |
{"datasets_id": 631, "wiki_id": "Q538968", "sp": 22, "sc": 2177, "ep": 26, "ec": 398} | 631 | Q538968 | 22 | 2,177 | 26 | 398 | Avro York | Civilian & VIP service | freighter by Associated Airways to support the initiative, these being used later in ordinary airline service. At least one of the Yorks, CF-HAS, was retained, and was in service with Transair as late as 1961. VIP service The Avro York was, like its Lancaster and Lincoln stablemates, a versatile aircraft. One of the prototypes, LV633, Ascalon, was custom-built as the personal transport and flying conference room for Prime Minister Winston Churchill. Ascalon was to be fitted with a special pressurised "egg" so that VIP passengers could be carried without their having to use an oxygen mask. Made of aluminium alloy, |
{"datasets_id": 631, "wiki_id": "Q538968", "sp": 26, "sc": 398, "ep": 26, "ec": 1041} | 631 | Q538968 | 26 | 398 | 26 | 1,041 | Avro York | VIP service | the enclosure had eight perspex windows to reduce claustrophobia. It also had a telephone, an instrument panel, drinking facilities and an ashtray with room for cigars, a thermos flask, newspapers and books. Testing at RAE Farnborough found the "egg" to work satisfactorily. Avro said it was too busy with the new Lancaster IV (Avro Lincoln) work so it was never installed in Ascalon. It was considered for installation in the successor aircraft, a Douglas C-54B but the contractor Armstrong Whitworth decided it was impractical and the project was shelved. The whereabouts of "Churchill's Egg" is not known.
MW140, Endeavour, flew to |
{"datasets_id": 631, "wiki_id": "Q538968", "sp": 26, "sc": 1041, "ep": 26, "ec": 1651} | 631 | Q538968 | 26 | 1,041 | 26 | 1,651 | Avro York | VIP service | Australia in 1945 to become the personal aircraft of the Duke of Gloucester, Australia's Governor-General. It was operated by the Governor-General's Flight from 1945 to 1947; it was the Royal Australian Air Force's only York. Another York, MW102 was fitted out as a "flying office" for the use of the Viceroy of India and C-in-C South East Asia Command, Lord Mountbatten. During its first major overhaul by Avro at Manchester (Ringway) in 1945, the aircraft was repainted a light duck egg green, a shade intended to cool down the aeroplane, instead of its former normal camouflage colour scheme. South African |
{"datasets_id": 631, "wiki_id": "Q538968", "sp": 26, "sc": 1651, "ep": 30, "ec": 138} | 631 | Q538968 | 26 | 1,651 | 30 | 138 | Avro York | VIP service & Survivors | leader Jan Smuts also used a York as his personal transport. Air Chief Marshal Sir Trafford Leigh-Mallory was killed on 14 November 1944, while flying to his new posting in Ceylon to take command of Allied air operations in the Pacific, when York MW126 struck a ridge in the French Alps in a blizzard, 30 miles (48 km) south of Grenoble, France. His wife Dora and eight aircrew also died. The wreckage was found by a villager in June 1945. Survivors Media related to Avro York museum aircraft at Wikimedia Commons
While there are no flying examples of the Avro |
{"datasets_id": 631, "wiki_id": "Q538968", "sp": 30, "sc": 138, "ep": 30, "ec": 734} | 631 | Q538968 | 30 | 138 | 30 | 734 | Avro York | Survivors | York, there are two complete examples on display. Currently at the RAF Museum Cosford Collection is Avro 685 York C1, TS 798 (cn 1223) which was initially intended for the RAF as TS798, but quickly passed to BOAC as G-AGNV and later to Skyways. It was previously preserved at Skyfame (Staverton), Brize Norton and Shawbury.
Another example on public display is held at the Imperial War Museum Duxford: Avro 685 York C1, G-ANTK is an ex-Dan Air London aircraft. This airframe was built at Yeadon, near Leeds, in January 1946 and entered RAF service with 242 Squadron as MW232 that August. |
{"datasets_id": 631, "wiki_id": "Q538968", "sp": 30, "sc": 734, "ep": 30, "ec": 1279} | 631 | Q538968 | 30 | 734 | 30 | 1,279 | Avro York | Survivors | It joined the fleet of Allied aircraft engaged in the Berlin Airlift and in May 1947, the York moved to 511 Squadron at Lyneham, where it served until May 1950 when it was used by Fairey Aviation for flight refuelling research. It then retired to 12 Maintenance Unit at Kirkbride for storage prior to disposal. In July 1954, MW232 became G-ANTK with Dan Air and it was used for freight work until its retirement in May 1964. It was ferried to Lasham Airfield and used as a bunk house by the local Air Scouts until 1974. The Dan Air preservation |
{"datasets_id": 631, "wiki_id": "Q538968", "sp": 30, "sc": 1279, "ep": 30, "ec": 1611} | 631 | Q538968 | 30 | 1,279 | 30 | 1,611 | Avro York | Survivors | group took it over and began to restore the aircraft in their spare time. In the mid-1980s, Dan Air realised the impracticality of the restoration work being undertaken and began negotiations with the Duxford Aviation Society. In May 1986, the aircraft was dismantled and on 23 May made its journey to Duxford on seven low-loaders. |
{"datasets_id": 632, "wiki_id": "Q4829709", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 594} | 632 | Q4829709 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 594 | Awake Zion | Summary | Awake Zion Summary In Awake Zion Monica Haim travels from Manhattan to Jamaica to Israel, to interview Rastafarians and Rabbis whose explanations of themselves sound strikingly similar.
In Awake Zion music is the link between the two cultures, and it was at a reggae concert that Haim, a young Jewish woman, first saw a connection between Jews and Rastas. "I distinctly remember sitting on a hilltop in the Pacific Northwest surrounded by smiles and dreadlocks and sweat and sun," Haim says, "the bass from the sound system echoing in my solar plexus while small gentle breezes swept past me leaving aural |
{"datasets_id": 632, "wiki_id": "Q4829709", "sp": 6, "sc": 594, "ep": 6, "ec": 1211} | 632 | Q4829709 | 6 | 594 | 6 | 1,211 | Awake Zion | Summary | trails of hemp and lavender."
At one point, Haim interviews Super Dane, an African American DJ who is part of the reggae scene in Brooklyn who is shocked by Matisyahu—a Hasidic reggae artist from White Plains NY. "It blew my mind," Super Dane exclaims, "because I pass Jewish people every day and I thought they couldn't relate to my life. I thought they couldn't listen to my music." The film also features Jamaica-born, Israeli rapper Yehoshua Sofer.
The documentary raises questions that undermine a traditional approach to the Old Testament. "Did King Solomon have dreadlocks too?" Haim asks a |
{"datasets_id": 632, "wiki_id": "Q4829709", "sp": 6, "sc": 1211, "ep": 10, "ec": 12} | 632 | Q4829709 | 6 | 1,211 | 10 | 12 | Awake Zion | Summary & Response | Rasta. He smiles slowly and nods. Haim then turns to the Old Testament and finds that in Numbers 6:5 it's written of Nazirites, "all the days of his vow of Naziriteship there shall no razor come upon his head." Later a rasta says, "the first plant to grow on King Solomon's grave was herb," and in Ezekiel 34:29 it is written, regarding King Solomon, "I will give them a place that is known for its good crops. They will no longer experience hunger in the land, and they will no longer suffer the insults of other nations." Response Most reviews |
{"datasets_id": 632, "wiki_id": "Q4829709", "sp": 10, "sc": 12, "ep": 10, "ec": 275} | 632 | Q4829709 | 10 | 12 | 10 | 275 | Awake Zion | Response | of Awake Zion point to the documentary's social conscience, in trying to bridge a gap between two seemingly different cultures. Instead of being overly scholarly, Haim is said to have adapted a "gently irreverent" tone, which is full of enthusiasm and amusement. |
{"datasets_id": 633, "wiki_id": "Q4829711", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 564} | 633 | Q4829711 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 564 | Awake and Sing! | Summary and characters | Awake and Sing! Summary and characters The play is set in The Bronx borough of New York City, New York, in 1933. It concerns the impoverished Berger family, who all live under one roof, and their conflicts as the parents scheme to manipulate their children's relationships to their own ends, while their children strive for their own dreams.
The audience is introduced to a unique family. The matriarch of the family, Bessie, had high hopes and dreams for her family; however, despite her hopefulness, her largest fear is that her family will lose their home and all their possessions. This fear |
{"datasets_id": 633, "wiki_id": "Q4829711", "sp": 6, "sc": 564, "ep": 6, "ec": 1179} | 633 | Q4829711 | 6 | 564 | 6 | 1,179 | Awake and Sing! | Summary and characters | stems from a woman down the street who had this exact thing happen to her.
The household consists of extended family such as Bessie's father, Jacob, her husband Myron, and their son Ralph, 21, and spinster daughter Hennie, 26. To top it all off, in order to ease the financial burden on the family, the Bergers have taken in an immigrant boarder, named Sam.
Besides the desire for financial stability, there are other problems that the Bergers face, such as Hennie's unwanted pregnancy. To avoid this burden on the family, Bessie insists on the marriage between Hennie and the new immigrant boarder |
{"datasets_id": 633, "wiki_id": "Q4829711", "sp": 6, "sc": 1179, "ep": 6, "ec": 1781} | 633 | Q4829711 | 6 | 1,179 | 6 | 1,781 | Awake and Sing! | Summary and characters | in order to save her family's reputation and her daughter's life. Hennie has no love for Sam. The family has very different views on the arranged marriage between Hennie and Sam. For example, Ralph, a more philosophical character of the play, is not in agreement with his mother's decision. Ralph very much resembles his grandfather who is an idealist. The Berger house is therefore divided into idealists and realists, much like society as a whole.
In a turn of events, Jacob commits suicide after making Ralph the beneficiary of his life insurance policy, in hopes that this will give Ralph |
{"datasets_id": 633, "wiki_id": "Q4829711", "sp": 6, "sc": 1781, "ep": 6, "ec": 2370} | 633 | Q4829711 | 6 | 1,781 | 6 | 2,370 | Awake and Sing! | Summary and characters | the freedom for which he yearns.
Themes
Odets brings to the table the issues of the importance of appearances in relation to respectability in society - how we appear to society is how we improve and gain status - as well as the contrasting worlds of idealism and realism. Odets also presents the contrasting of materialistic ideals and the importance of money in society. Through his writing, he zooms in on the economic burden that is placed on society and how it affects the lives of humans and the way they live their lives. He also shows how values can become blurred |
{"datasets_id": 633, "wiki_id": "Q4829711", "sp": 6, "sc": 2370, "ep": 10, "ec": 611} | 633 | Q4829711 | 6 | 2,370 | 10 | 611 | Awake and Sing! | Summary and characters & Productions | and perceptions can change with experience. Productions The play premiered on Broadway at the Belasco Theatre on February 19, 1935, running for 184 performances before closing on July 27, 1935; it returned two months later on September 9 for an additional 24 performances through September 28, 1935. Directed by Harold Clurman, the cast starred Luther Adler (Moe Axelrod), Stella Adler (Bessie Berger), Morris Carnovsky (Jacob), John Garfield (Ralph Berger) and Sanford Meisner (Sam Feinschreiber).
It was revived in 1961 at the Teatro Oficina, São Paulo, Brazil.
It was revived off-Broadway in 1970, 1979, 1993 and 1995. It was revived on Broadway in |
{"datasets_id": 633, "wiki_id": "Q4829711", "sp": 10, "sc": 611, "ep": 10, "ec": 1252} | 633 | Q4829711 | 10 | 611 | 10 | 1,252 | Awake and Sing! | Productions | 1938, 1939, 1984 and 2006.
A Lincoln Center Theater production on Broadway at the Belasco Theatre, opening on April 17, 2006, and closing on June 25, 2006 after 80 performances and 27 previews, won the Tony Award for Best Revival of a Play. Directed by Bartlett Sher, the cast featured Ben Gazzara (Jacob), Zoë Wanamaker (Bessie), Mark Ruffalo (Moe), Pablo Schreiber (Ralph), and Lauren Ambrose (Hennie). Gazzara and Ruffalo repeated their roles (with Sher directing) in a 2010 L.A. Theatre Works recording of the play that also starred Jane Kaczmarek.
Directed by Robert Hopkins and Norman Lloyd, Awake and Sing, premiered |
{"datasets_id": 633, "wiki_id": "Q4829711", "sp": 10, "sc": 1252, "ep": 10, "ec": 1917} | 633 | Q4829711 | 10 | 1,252 | 10 | 1,917 | Awake and Sing! | Productions | on PBS March 6, 1972. This film production of the play featured Walter Matthau (Moe), Ruth Storey (Bessie), Felicia Farr (Hennie), Robert Lipton (Ralph), Leo Fuchs (Jacob), Milton Selzer (Myron), Martin Ritt (Uncle Morty), Ron Rifkin (Sam), and John Myhers (Schlosser).
It was produced at the Oregon Shakespeare Festival in Ashland, Oregon, in 1996.
In 2006, Arena Stage in Washington, D.C. produced the show with the director (and Arena's founding artistic director) Zelda Fichandler in a production featuring Robert Prosky as Jacob, and featuring the adoption of Yiddish in the script that conforms to Odets's earlier version of the play, titled |
{"datasets_id": 633, "wiki_id": "Q4829711", "sp": 10, "sc": 1917, "ep": 10, "ec": 2542} | 633 | Q4829711 | 10 | 1,917 | 10 | 2,542 | Awake and Sing! | Productions | "I Got the Blues."
Following its American success in revivals, the play was staged in London at the Off West End Almeida Theatre, from August 31, 2007, through October 20, 2007. Directed by Michael Attenborough, the cast featured Stockard Channing as Bessie.
The play opened in Toronto, Ontario, on June 6, 2009, for a two-month run at the Soulpepper Theatre Company.
The National Asian American Theatre Company in New York produced the play from August to September 2013 at the SoHo Walker Space. It won an Obie Award for Mia Katigbak as Bessie Berger. It is currently playing at the New York Public |
{"datasets_id": 633, "wiki_id": "Q4829711", "sp": 10, "sc": 2542, "ep": 10, "ec": 3192} | 633 | Q4829711 | 10 | 2,542 | 10 | 3,192 | Awake and Sing! | Productions | Theatre as part of National Asian American Theatre Company's 25th Anniversary.
In 2014, a production at the Olney Theatre Center for the Arts in Olney, Maryland was directed by Serge Seiden and featured Rick Foucheux as Jacob and Naomi Jacobsen as Bessie Berger. Also in 2014, a production at Boston's Huntington Theater Company, was directed by Melia Bensussen.
In 2015, the Public Theater with National Asian-American Theatre Company presented a production with a cast completely of Asian descent under the direction of Stephen Brown-Fried. It was led by Mia Katigbak and received a Drama League nomination for Outstanding Revival. |
{"datasets_id": 634, "wiki_id": "Q16155003", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 301} | 634 | Q16155003 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 301 | Axe Cop (TV series) | Plot & Development | Axe Cop (TV series) Plot Similar to the webcomic, the series features the eponymous police officer, his partner Flute Cop, and their allies Sockarang, Gray Diamond, Liborg, Bat Warthog Man, and Wexter as they fight various "bad guys" and avoid getting into conflict with the Normal Police. Development Axe Cop is a popular webcomic that was created by Ethan Nicolle and his young brother Malachai (five years old at the time of its creation). In playing with Malachai, Ethan found that his brother had a vivid and disjointed imagination, and developed the comic by taking the stories that Malachai told, |
{"datasets_id": 634, "wiki_id": "Q16155003", "sp": 10, "sc": 301, "ep": 10, "ec": 930} | 634 | Q16155003 | 10 | 301 | 10 | 930 | Axe Cop (TV series) | Development | refining the story to some point without losing Malachai's inventiveness, and drawing the comic around it. The webcomic became very popular, leading to publishing deals with Dark Horse Comics for larger comic-book-sized stories.
The development of the Axe Cop series started from a conversation that Nick Offerman had with the ADHD producer Nick Weidenfeld some years before the program's debut. Offerman talked with Weidenfeld about the Axe Cop comic and stated that if a show was to be made from it, Offerman wanted to participate. Weidenfeld took the idea to Phil Lord and Chris Miller, also fans of the webcomic, and |
{"datasets_id": 634, "wiki_id": "Q16155003", "sp": 10, "sc": 930, "ep": 10, "ec": 1531} | 634 | Q16155003 | 10 | 930 | 10 | 1,531 | Axe Cop (TV series) | Development | they asked Weidenfeld to lead the project, stating that it "has to be emotional", in Weidenfeld's words. As Lord and Miller were working on 21 Jump Street at the time, they suggested Weidenfeld turn to Judah Miller for directional help. Weidenfeld and Miller arranged for a retreat along with writers Dave Jeser & Matt Silverstein, voice actors Ken Marino, Patton Oswalt, and Offerman, and the comic creator Ethan Nicolle, where the group discussed their favorite parts of the comic and how to translate it into a show, keeping all the moments that are "100-percent pure Malachai". As they started to |
{"datasets_id": 634, "wiki_id": "Q16155003", "sp": 10, "sc": 1531, "ep": 10, "ec": 2020} | 634 | Q16155003 | 10 | 1,531 | 10 | 2,020 | Axe Cop (TV series) | Development | write some of the show's plots, they found themselves with narrative dead ends; Ethan used these moments to contact Malachai, explain the story so far and have Malachai provide the missing narrative. Malachai also provided additional advice during the animation process for the shorts when he visited the studios, such as insisting that Zombie Island be set in space, a tangent that the writers and animators quickly agreed with for its illogical humorous value and included in the short. |
{"datasets_id": 635, "wiki_id": "Q24919", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 555} | 635 | Q24919 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 555 | Axe bow | Axe bow The axe bow is a wave-piercing type of a ship's bow, characterised by a vertical stem and a relatively long and narrow entry (front hull). The forefoot is deep and the freeboard relatively high, with little flare, so that the bow profile resembles an axe. The bow cuts through the water, and is less affected by passing through waves than a bow with more flare, making this bow type much less susceptible to pitching. Because the deep forefoot does not generally rise above the water level, it is less susceptible to slamming. The axe bow moves the centre |
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{"datasets_id": 635, "wiki_id": "Q24919", "sp": 4, "sc": 555, "ep": 8, "ec": 17} | 635 | Q24919 | 4 | 555 | 8 | 17 | Axe bow | Ax-Box | of lateral area forwards and the vessel may need considerably more rudder motion to hold its course, and this increases with the wave steepness.
A vertical prow is not unique; they were common in the early steam era. The innovation of the axe bow is combined with a lengthened bow of the ship. This concept was developed in the Netherlands by Lex Keuning of Delft University of Technology, Damen Shipyards Group, Marin (Maritime Research Institute Netherlands), the Royal Netherlands Sea Rescue Institution, the Royal Netherlands Navy, Damen Schelde Naval Shipbuilding and the United States Coast Guard. Ax-Box This is a bulbous |
{"datasets_id": 635, "wiki_id": "Q24919", "sp": 8, "sc": 17, "ep": 12, "ec": 295} | 635 | Q24919 | 8 | 17 | 12 | 295 | Axe bow | Ax-Box & LEADGE-bow | bow with a wave-deflecting axe-shape at the top of the prow. It was developed by NKK of Japan, and first noted in the early 2000s. It offers an advantage of several percent in added resistance by incident waves over the ordinary bow shape. LEADGE-bow The LEADGE (or LEAding eDGE) bow is a non-bulbous bow that fills in between the bulb and the Ax to form a straight and vertical bow, slightly higher than normal prow to ensure wave deflection. It was first described by K, Hirota et al. in 2005. It offers an advantage of about 5% over the Ax-box |
{"datasets_id": 635, "wiki_id": "Q24919", "sp": 12, "sc": 295, "ep": 12, "ec": 584} | 635 | Q24919 | 12 | 295 | 12 | 584 | Axe bow | LEADGE-bow | and a further similar amount over the ordinary bow from incident wave resistance.
This bow has been adopted for the intended Royal New Zealand Navy replenishment ship (replacing HMNZS Endeavour (A11) in 2020), in what is called the "Enviroship" design by Hyundai Heavy Industries. |
{"datasets_id": 636, "wiki_id": "Q3631315", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 532} | 636 | Q3631315 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 532 | Axe to Fall | Writing and recording | Axe to Fall Writing and recording Converge began writing Axe to Fall in November 2008. With Jacob Bannon, Kurt Ballou and Nate Newton all living within a half a mile of each other in Boston, and Ben Koller living a couple hours away in Brooklyn, Converge could easily practice for weeks at a time. Though most songs originated from a guitar or bass riff from Ballou or Newton, all members had equal input on the writing process, with each member proposing different songs. Vocalist Bannon wrote a few songs for Axe to Fall, but were scrapped because they were slower |
{"datasets_id": 636, "wiki_id": "Q3631315", "sp": 6, "sc": 532, "ep": 6, "ec": 1149} | 636 | Q3631315 | 6 | 532 | 6 | 1,149 | Axe to Fall | Writing and recording | than the rest of the songs, and did not fit the energy of the album.
Following a short tour in March 2009 with Ceremony, Coliseum, Pulling Teeth, Rise and Fall, Converge entered the studio to begin recording in May 2009. During this short tour, the band debuted a few new songs live, and footage could be seen online. The album was self-produced by Converge's guitar player, Kurt Ballou, in his own GodCity Studios located in Massachusetts. Ballou has produced and co-produced several Converge albums. Throughout the recording process, the band updated their fans via Twitter of their progress in the studio. |
{"datasets_id": 636, "wiki_id": "Q3631315", "sp": 8, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 648} | 636 | Q3631315 | 8 | 0 | 10 | 648 | Axe to Fall | Guest collaboration | Guest collaboration While creating Axe to Fall, Converge tried to challenge themselves creatively as artists. Ballou stated that with each new Converge album, he "always [wants] to create a new listening experience" and continued with the concept of "pushing [themselves] forward and not repeating [themselves]." Lead singer Jacob Bannon stated, "We appreciate our past albums, but we're very much about forward movement and challenging ourselves musically and expressing ourselves emotionally." Bannon has stated that he felt that the main artistic difference between Axe to Fall and previous albums was the large number of guest musicians included on the record. Axe |
{"datasets_id": 636, "wiki_id": "Q3631315", "sp": 10, "sc": 648, "ep": 10, "ec": 1227} | 636 | Q3631315 | 10 | 648 | 10 | 1,227 | Axe to Fall | Guest collaboration | to Fall features various members from Cave In, Neurosis, and Genghis Tron among others. Most of the guest musicians already had an existing relationship with one or more band members of Converge prior to recording, or the band had "admired in some way." Converge had previously thought of the idea of creating a collaborative album with many guest artists for a number of years, but the band felt that the "time to execute it [had] never been there." Bannon has stated that working with a number of different artists was difficult and something the band was not used to, however |
{"datasets_id": 636, "wiki_id": "Q3631315", "sp": 10, "sc": 1227, "ep": 10, "ec": 1875} | 636 | Q3631315 | 10 | 1,227 | 10 | 1,875 | Axe to Fall | Guest collaboration | the finished product was "an extremely focused album."
Though writing did not officially begin until November 2008, work on some songs from Axe to Fall began four to five years earlier. In 2004, Converge collaborated with Cave In and recorded some songs together. The material from these recording sessions, dubbed the "Verge In" sessions, was never released and the project later dissolved. The instrumental parts that Cave In contributed to "Effigy" were from the original recordings in 2004. Converge took the parts they contributed to the project to create the foundation for what would become "Cruel Bloom" and "Wretched World." While |
{"datasets_id": 636, "wiki_id": "Q3631315", "sp": 10, "sc": 1875, "ep": 14, "ec": 9} | 636 | Q3631315 | 10 | 1,875 | 14 | 9 | Axe to Fall | Guest collaboration & Release and promotion | producing Board Up the House, Ballou gave Genghis Tron a rough mix of "Wretched World" to contribute their talents. According to Ballou, Genghis Tron "embellished it and created a whole new melodic structure on top of the song that we would've never come up with." Brad Fickeisen from The Red Chord also later added his own drum track to "Wretched World". Much of the song "Plagues" from No Heroes also originated from the Verge In sessions. With the release of Axe to Fall, everything Converge contributed to the sessions has been released in some form. Release and promotion In August |
{"datasets_id": 636, "wiki_id": "Q3631315", "sp": 14, "sc": 9, "ep": 14, "ec": 558} | 636 | Q3631315 | 14 | 9 | 14 | 558 | Axe to Fall | Release and promotion | 2009, two months prior to the release of Axe to Fall, Converge made the opening track "Dark Horse" available for streaming and as a free download. It can also be found on the soundtrack for the horror movie Saw VI and is featured as downloadable content on Rock Band 2 via the Rock Band Network. The song was noted for being one of the few tracks lacking guest musicians, and was also met with a very positive reaction from reviewers. The title track, "Axe to Fall," was also made available for free download in September 2009. The entire album was |
{"datasets_id": 636, "wiki_id": "Q3631315", "sp": 14, "sc": 558, "ep": 18, "ec": 218} | 636 | Q3631315 | 14 | 558 | 18 | 218 | Axe to Fall | Release and promotion & Artwork | available for streaming one week before the official release date on Converge's MySpace page. Axe to Fall was released in the US through Epitaph Records on October 20, 2009, in digital and CD formats. The vinyl edition of the album was released through Jacob Bannon's own independent record label, Deathwish Inc, shortly after the release of the CD version. Artwork The artwork for the cover and liner note booklet of Axe to Fall was designed and created by Jacob Bannon. The booklet features a different piece of artwork for each song on the album. Bannon tried to create images that |
{"datasets_id": 636, "wiki_id": "Q3631315", "sp": 18, "sc": 218, "ep": 18, "ec": 785} | 636 | Q3631315 | 18 | 218 | 18 | 785 | Axe to Fall | Artwork | "encapsulated some of the emotion of each song" in contrast to more literal imagery, such as avoiding an axe literally falling for the song "Axe to Fall." He also experimented with a technique where a single image would be repeated within a frame, but the copies would be distressed or slightly different. This could be seen in the cover art where a single image of a woman's profile was broken down within the repetition, and some of the copies showed the woman's teeth through her cheek. Bannon stated that for the cover art, he "just wanted to have something that |
{"datasets_id": 636, "wiki_id": "Q3631315", "sp": 18, "sc": 785, "ep": 22, "ec": 310} | 636 | Q3631315 | 18 | 785 | 22 | 310 | Axe to Fall | Artwork & "Axe to Fall" music video | felt timeless and sort of embodied the whole emotional gamut of the record, something that was explosive and powerful but also something that felt poetic and soft at the same time. It could look violent and beautiful at the same time." "Axe to Fall" music video A music video was directed by Craig Murray for the album's title track and was released in October 2009. The short video (1:40 in duration) shows a man and a woman strapped to a machine, a television that gives birth to a bio-mechanical creature and several disturbing clips in between. The video features stop |
{"datasets_id": 636, "wiki_id": "Q3631315", "sp": 22, "sc": 310, "ep": 22, "ec": 921} | 636 | Q3631315 | 22 | 310 | 22 | 921 | Axe to Fall | "Axe to Fall" music video | motion animation influenced by horror films and has been referred to as "terrifying," "seizure-inducing," "nightmarish," "excruciating" and "gross" by various sources. It was filmed in Ronda, Spain with the intent of making "a film in which we see a cycle. This cycle will study an idea of new creation without pleasure and the art of numbing for progression." Murray was inspired and influenced by artists Chris Cunningham, Gaspar Noé, Nine Inch Nails and the films Ringu, A Clockwork Orange and Hardware while making the music video. On November 7, the "Axe to Fall" video debuted on MTV2's heavy metal music |
{"datasets_id": 636, "wiki_id": "Q3631315", "sp": 22, "sc": 921, "ep": 26, "ec": 575} | 636 | Q3631315 | 22 | 921 | 26 | 575 | Axe to Fall | "Axe to Fall" music video & Touring | program, Headbangers Ball. Touring Converge's first tour in support of Axe to Fall was the Metalocalypse tour in late 2009 sponsored by Cartoon Network's Adult Swim. Alongside High on Fire, Converge held an opening slot for co-headliners Mastodon and Dethklok. Axe to Fall was released midway through the tour. Converge's first headlining tour in support of the album took place starting in April 2010, with Coalesce, Harvey Milk, Gaza, Lewd Acts and Black Breath. The first week of the tour also featured Thursday and Touche Amore. Converge began the European leg of their world tour in July 2010 with Kylesa, |
{"datasets_id": 636, "wiki_id": "Q3631315", "sp": 26, "sc": 575, "ep": 30, "ec": 383} | 636 | Q3631315 | 26 | 575 | 30 | 383 | Axe to Fall | Touring & Musical style and theme | Gaza and Kvelertak. For this tour, the band released a limited-edition 7-inch vinyl single called "On My Shield" which was recorded between the US and European legs. Musical style and theme Converge took their music in a more progressive direction with Axe to Fall. Kurt Ballou noted that drummer Ben Koller had been listening to more progressive rock over the last few years, and that he tried to complement this sound on the guitar. He went on to say that he was getting the "more straightforward, raw punk aggression out in a yet-to be named hardcore side project that I |
{"datasets_id": 636, "wiki_id": "Q3631315", "sp": 30, "sc": 383, "ep": 30, "ec": 964} | 636 | Q3631315 | 30 | 383 | 30 | 964 | Axe to Fall | Musical style and theme | started. So that leaves me free to get weird and progressive with Converge." Ballou considers the band's previous three albums (Jane Doe, You Fail Me and No Heroes) to be a trilogy in regards to their sound, and hoped to push their musical boundaries on Axe to Fall. The tracks on the album have been noted to range from "drone-and-pummel" to atmospheric. Jacob Bannon believes this album is "not about being as loud and vicious as possible." Feeling that 40–50 minutes of metallic hardcore can be difficult to listen to for some, Converge used softer tracks, or "slow jams," such |
{"datasets_id": 636, "wiki_id": "Q3631315", "sp": 30, "sc": 964, "ep": 30, "ec": 1539} | 636 | Q3631315 | 30 | 964 | 30 | 1,539 | Axe to Fall | Musical style and theme | as "Damages" and "Wretched World" to take the listener "to some other places."
Unlike previous Converge releases, the songs on Axe to Fall do not have a central and consistent lyrical theme throughout the record. Each song was meant to be a "standalone song" about Bannon's life between this album and No Heroes. Bannon has said that he uses his lyrics and Converge to "vent about things in a healthy way so I'm not a person that walks around with a lot of negative energy." The opening track, "Dark Horse," was written about the passing of a close friend of Bannon, |
{"datasets_id": 636, "wiki_id": "Q3631315", "sp": 30, "sc": 1539, "ep": 34, "ec": 476} | 636 | Q3631315 | 30 | 1,539 | 34 | 476 | Axe to Fall | Musical style and theme & Charts and sales | and how he died while trying to succeed as the "underdog". Charts and sales Axe to Fall debuted at number 74 on the Billboard 200 with 7,400 copies sold, becoming Converge's highest charting album in the US at that time. That chart high was surpassed by 2012's All We Love We Leave Behind. It also became the first Converge album to not appear on the Billboard Top Heatseekers albums, which ranks the top 50 albums released by bands that have never charted higher that 100 on the Billboard 200. By November 4, 2009, the album had sold 10,487 units. Axe |
{"datasets_id": 636, "wiki_id": "Q3631315", "sp": 34, "sc": 476, "ep": 34, "ec": 709} | 636 | Q3631315 | 34 | 476 | 34 | 709 | Axe to Fall | Charts and sales | to Fall also appeared in Canada's Chart Magazine, a weekly chart that compiles airplay data from various Canadian campus radio stations, and peaked at number 42 on their "Top 50" album chart and number 1 on their "Metal/Punk" chart. |
{"datasets_id": 637, "wiki_id": "Q4830270", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 499} | 637 | Q4830270 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 499 | Axel Gabriel Sjöström | Biography | Axel Gabriel Sjöström Axel Gabriel Sjöström (16 August 1794 – 11 December 1846) was a Finnish educator and poet. Biography He was born in Janakkala, and became professor of Greek Literature at the Imperial Alexander University in Helsinki in 1833. He married Margareta Sofia Helsberg in 1828. During his lifetime a few of his poems earned him a high, but short-lived, reputation in Finnish literary circles. Aside from original poetry, Sjöström also did translations from Greek (Homer, Euripides, Anacreon, Theocritus, and Johan Paulinus-Lillienstedt's Magnus Principatus Finlandia) and German (Goethe and Romantic poets). |
{"datasets_id": 638, "wiki_id": "Q98372", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 179} | 638 | Q98372 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 179 | Axel Köhler | Early life & Singing career | Axel Köhler Early life Axel Köhler studied violin pedagogy and singing at the Carl Maria von Weber Academy of Music in Dresden. In 1987 he made his singing debut as Eustazio in Peter Konwitschny's production of Rinaldo. A number of demanding countertenor roles followed, especially in Handel's operas, as Köhler guested at international festivals and concerts, and in compact disc, radio and opera productions. Singing career Since 1984, Köhler has belonged to the ensemble Halle an der Saale, first as a baritone and later as a countertenor. In 1995, Köhler sang at the Royal Opera House in London at the |
{"datasets_id": 638, "wiki_id": "Q98372", "sp": 10, "sc": 179, "ep": 10, "ec": 755} | 638 | Q98372 | 10 | 179 | 10 | 755 | Axel Köhler | Singing career | premiere of Arianna by Alexander Goehr. In 1998 he took over the title role in the world premiere of Farinelli by Siegfried Matthus. In 2001, he played the devil in Detlev Glanert's comic opera Scherz, Satire, Ironie und tiefere Bedeutung at its premiere. He sang the role of Ajib in L'Upupa by Hans Werner Henze in 2003 at the Salzburg Festival premiere. In 2006, Köhler designed the title role in Cantor – Die Vermessung des Unendlichen by Ingomar Grünauer, a world premiere in which he sang as a baritone.
In 2005, Köhler sang at the Semper Opera in Dresden in the |
{"datasets_id": 638, "wiki_id": "Q98372", "sp": 10, "sc": 755, "ep": 10, "ec": 1341} | 638 | Q98372 | 10 | 755 | 10 | 1,341 | Axel Köhler | Singing career | role of Poro in Johann Adolf Hasse's opera Cleofide. He sang with the Bavarian State Opera for Poppea and Rinaldo, the Hamburg State Opera for Poppea. He also sang in Monteverdi's L'Orfeo in the part of La Speranza and the Polinesso in Handel's Ariodante. In 2011, he appeared as The Roasted Swan in Carl Orff's Carmina Burana. From 2007 to 2010, he appeared as Artemis in Hans Werner Henze's Phaedra in Berlin, Brussels, Vienna, Frankfurt and London. Subsequently he played the part of Trasimede in Handel's Alceste at the Leipzig Opera. He also sang on the Dresden Theatre Barge, the |
{"datasets_id": 638, "wiki_id": "Q98372", "sp": 10, "sc": 1341, "ep": 14, "ec": 318} | 638 | Q98372 | 10 | 1,341 | 14 | 318 | Axel Köhler | Singing career & Directing career | Opera Hall and at the Rheingau Music Festival in the cabaret program Greife wacker nach der Sünde.
As a concert singer, Köhler worked with early music ensembles and conductors René Jacobs, Marcus Creed and Howard Arman. Köhler has released four solo CDs on the Capriccio and Berlin Classics labels. Directing career Since 2000, Axel Koehler also worked as a director. He made his debut with Monteverdi's L'Incoronazione di Poppea, and in 2001 followed with Handel's Rodrigo. In 2005 he followed with A Midsummer Night's Dream by Benjamin Britten. Koehler's staging of Handel's opera Teseo was performed in 2003 in Germany, Switzerland |
{"datasets_id": 638, "wiki_id": "Q98372", "sp": 14, "sc": 318, "ep": 14, "ec": 956} | 638 | Q98372 | 14 | 318 | 14 | 956 | Axel Köhler | Directing career | and England.
In 2006, he staged opera air productions of Amadigi in Dresden and Alceste in Halle. In 2007 he brought Tom Johnson's Riemannoper to the stage of the basement theater of the Leipzig Opera House, and at the Mecklenburg State Theatre Schwerin, he directed Mozart's Don Giovanni. In 2008 he presented at the Dresden State Operetta's production of Mozart's Magic Flute. For the Chamber Opera Schloss Rheinsberg, he produced a White Lady by François Adrien Boieldieu. As a co-production of the Academy of Music and drama in Dresden, he brought Monteverdi's Poppea to the stage.
In 2009, Koehler staged Argenore by |
{"datasets_id": 638, "wiki_id": "Q98372", "sp": 14, "sc": 956, "ep": 14, "ec": 1587} | 638 | Q98372 | 14 | 956 | 14 | 1,587 | Axel Köhler | Directing career | Wilhelmine of Bayreuth at the Margravial Opera House, Lehár's The Land of Smiles on the outdoor stage at Augsburg and Mozart's Magic Flute at the Innsbruck State Theatre. In 2010, these were followed by productions of Emmerich Kálmán's Countess Maritza at the Dresden State Operetta, Abraham's The Flower of Hawaii and Verdi's Macbeth at the Halle Opera House. In 2011, he produced Emmerich Kálmán's Countess Maritza and Telemann's The Patience of Socrates at the State Theatre of Gärtnerplatz, Munich. In 2012, Axel Köhler was invited by the Opera director of the Semperoper, Eytan Pessen, to direct numerous productions. In 2012 |
{"datasets_id": 638, "wiki_id": "Q98372", "sp": 14, "sc": 1587, "ep": 18, "ec": 154} | 638 | Q98372 | 14 | 1,587 | 18 | 154 | Axel Köhler | Directing career & Awards | Köhler produced "Schwanda the Bagpiper” by Jaromír Weinberger and Domenico Sarro Dorina e Nibbio at the Semperoper in Dresden. In the 2013-2014 season he will direct Bizet's Carmen and Martini's L'impresario delle Canarie there. Awards Axel Köhler was honored in 1994 for his performances with the Handel Festival Prize. In 1998, he received the 1999 Prize of the Critics' Berliner Zeitung. |
{"datasets_id": 639, "wiki_id": "Q4830657", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 104} | 639 | Q4830657 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 104 | Axminster Monastery | Axminster Monastery Axminster Monastery was a monastery in Devon, England. Cyneheard the Ætheling was buried in the minster. |
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{"datasets_id": 640, "wiki_id": "Q4831921", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 651} | 640 | Q4831921 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 651 | Ayyavazhi rituals | Vegetarianism | Ayyavazhi rituals Vegetarianism The practice of vegetarianism is one of the important facts among the followers of Ayyavazhi, seeming to have originated along with Thuvayal Thavasu. Some followers adopted partial vegetarianism. Today, vegetarianism is being strictly practised in one form or another by a section of the followers of Ayyavazhi as one of their religious observances. In particular, most of the Panividaiyalars (one who performs Panividai) of Pathis and Nizhal Thangals strictly follow Vegetarianism.
The vegetarianism is also activated and highly motivated by the narration of myth in Akilam. Five of the most serious non-vegetarian devils are converted into |
{"datasets_id": 640, "wiki_id": "Q4831921", "sp": 6, "sc": 651, "ep": 10, "ec": 203} | 640 | Q4831921 | 6 | 651 | 10 | 203 | Ayyavazhi rituals | Vegetarianism & Muthirikkinaru and Muthiri patham | pure and vegetarian god-heads as Sivayis or Garuda for serving Vaikundar throughout the incarnation. Arul Nool too teaches one should be vegetarian to a high degree, or otherwise at least partially, especially during the reading of scriptures and during festivals and when practising rituals.
Also the Thuvayal Thavasu teaches one not only to be vegetarian, but also how to diet or control food-intake. Muthirikkinaru and Muthiri patham Akilattirattu mentions a well, situated near the place where Ayya Vaikundar undertook the tavam, and the prevalence of certain ritual practices around it. The well, situated at present at a distance of a |
{"datasets_id": 640, "wiki_id": "Q4831921", "sp": 10, "sc": 203, "ep": 10, "ec": 852} | 640 | Q4831921 | 10 | 203 | 10 | 852 | Ayyavazhi rituals | Muthirikkinaru and Muthiri patham | furlong to the west of the main pathi (temple) at Swamithoppe, is the historical well.
Akilattirattu speaks of "the eighteen castes assembling in one place, and bathing from the same well". This refers to the prevalence of a seemingly innocuous practice of the people, gathered around Ayya Vaikundar, bathing together from the water of this well. People of different castes bathe together at this well, mindless of their social differences.
Physical closeness was necessitated mainly because of the smallness of the well. Besides bathing, they drank this water as a cure for their illnesses. They cooked their food with this water, |
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