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{"datasets_id": 1261, "wiki_id": "Q5162954", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 17} | 1,261 | Q5162954 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 17 | Conservation designation | United States of America | Conservation designation United States of America Wildlands Project |
{"datasets_id": 1262, "wiki_id": "Q4390843", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 414} | 1,262 | Q4390843 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 414 | Conservation genetics | Genetic diversity & Importance of genetic diversity | Conservation genetics Genetic diversity Genetic diversity is the variability of genes in a species. A number of means can express the level of genetic diversity: observed heterozygosity, expected heterozygosity, the mean number of alleles per locus, or the percentage of polymorphic loci. Importance of genetic diversity Genetic diversity determines the potential fitness of a population and ultimately its long-term persistence, because genes encode phenotypic information. Extinction risk has been associated with low genetic diversity and several researchers have documented reduced fitness in populations with low genetic diversity. For example, low heterozigosity has been associated with low juvenile survival, reduced population |
{"datasets_id": 1262, "wiki_id": "Q4390843", "sp": 10, "sc": 414, "ep": 10, "ec": 1140} | 1,262 | Q4390843 | 10 | 414 | 10 | 1,140 | Conservation genetics | Importance of genetic diversity | growth, low body size, and diminished adult lifespan.
Heterozygosity, a fundamental measurement of genetic diversity in population genetics, plays an important role in determining the chance of a population surviving environmental change, novel pathogens not previously encountered, as well as the average fitness of a population over successive generations. Heterozygosity is also deeply connected, in population genetics theory, to population size (which itself clearly has a fundamental importance to conservation). All things being equal, small populations will be less heterozygous - across their whole genomes - than comparable, but larger, populations. This lower heterozygosity (i.e. low genetic diversity) |
{"datasets_id": 1262, "wiki_id": "Q4390843", "sp": 10, "sc": 1140, "ep": 10, "ec": 1818} | 1,262 | Q4390843 | 10 | 1,140 | 10 | 1,818 | Conservation genetics | Importance of genetic diversity | renders small populations more susceptible to the challenges mentioned above.
In a small population, over successive generations and without gene flow, the probability of mating with close relatives becomes very high, leading to inbreeding depression - a reduction in fitness of the population. The reduced fitness of the offspring of closely-related individuals is fundamentally tied to the concept of heterozygosity, as the offspring of these kinds of pairings are, by necessity, less heterozygous (more homozygous) across their whole genomes than outbred individuals. A diploid individual with the same maternal and paternal grandfather, for example, will have a |
{"datasets_id": 1262, "wiki_id": "Q4390843", "sp": 10, "sc": 1818, "ep": 10, "ec": 2500} | 1,262 | Q4390843 | 10 | 1,818 | 10 | 2,500 | Conservation genetics | Importance of genetic diversity | much higher chance of being homozygous at any loci inherited from the paternal copies of each of their parents' genomes than would an individual with unrelated maternal and paternal grandfathers (each diploid individual inherits one copy of their genome from their mother and one from their father).
High homozygosity (low heterozygosity) reduces fitness because it exposes the phenotypic effects of recessive alleles at homozygous sites. Selection can favour the maintenance of alleles which reduce the fitness of homozygotes, the textbook example being the sickle-cell beta-globin allele, which is maintained at high frequencies in populations where malaria is endemic |
{"datasets_id": 1262, "wiki_id": "Q4390843", "sp": 10, "sc": 2500, "ep": 10, "ec": 3189} | 1,262 | Q4390843 | 10 | 2,500 | 10 | 3,189 | Conservation genetics | Importance of genetic diversity | due to the highly adaptive heterozygous phenotype (resistance to the malarial parasite, Plasmodium falciparum).
Low genetic diversity also reduces the opportunities for chromosomal crossover during meiosis to create new combinations of alleles on chromosomes, effectively increasing the average length of unrecombined tracts of chromosomes inherited from parents. This in turn reduces the efficacy of selection, across successive generations, to remove fitness-reducing alleles and promote fitness-enhancing allelels from a population. (A simple hypothetical example would be two adjacent genes - A and B - on the same chromosome in an individual. If the allele at A promotes |
{"datasets_id": 1262, "wiki_id": "Q4390843", "sp": 10, "sc": 3189, "ep": 10, "ec": 3815} | 1,262 | Q4390843 | 10 | 3,189 | 10 | 3,815 | Conservation genetics | Importance of genetic diversity | fitness "one point", while the allele at B reduces fitness "one point", but the two genes are inherited together, then selection can't favour the allele at A while penalising the allele at B - the fitness balance is "zero points". Recombination can swap out alternative alleles at A and B, allowing selection to promote the optimal alleles to the optimal frequencies in the population - but only if there are alternative alleles to choose between!)
The fundamental connection between genetic diversity and population size in population genetics theory can be clearly seen in the classic population genetics measure |
{"datasets_id": 1262, "wiki_id": "Q4390843", "sp": 10, "sc": 3815, "ep": 10, "ec": 4420} | 1,262 | Q4390843 | 10 | 3,815 | 10 | 4,420 | Conservation genetics | Importance of genetic diversity | of genetic diversity, the Watterson estimator, in which genetic diversity is measured as a function of effective population size and mutation rate. Given the relationship between population size, mutation rate, and genetic diversity, it is clearly important to recognise populations at risk of losing genetic diversity before problems arise as a result of the loss of that genetic diversity. Once lost, genetic diversity can only be restored by mutation and gene flow. If a species is already on the brink of extinction there will likely be no populations to use to restore diversity by gene flow, and |
{"datasets_id": 1262, "wiki_id": "Q4390843", "sp": 10, "sc": 4420, "ep": 14, "ec": 395} | 1,262 | Q4390843 | 10 | 4,420 | 14 | 395 | Conservation genetics | Importance of genetic diversity & Applications | any given population will (by definition) be small and therefore diversity will accumulate in that population by mutation much more slowly than it would in a comparable, but bigger, population (since there are fewer individuals whose genomes are mutating in a smaller population than a bigger population). Applications These techniques have wide ranging applications. One application of these specific molecular techniques is in defining species and sub-species of salmonids. Hybridization is an especially important issue in salmonids and this has wide ranging conservation, political, social and economic implications. In Cutthroat Trout mtDNA and alloenzyme analysis, hybridization between native and non-native |
{"datasets_id": 1262, "wiki_id": "Q4390843", "sp": 14, "sc": 395, "ep": 14, "ec": 853} | 1,262 | Q4390843 | 14 | 395 | 14 | 853 | Conservation genetics | Applications | species was shown to be one of the major factors contributing to the decline in their populations. This led to efforts to remove some hybridized populations so native populations could breed more readily. Cases like these impact everything from the economy of local fishermen to larger companies, such as timber. Specific molecular techniques led to a closer analysis of taxonomic relationships, which is one factor that can lead to extinctions if unclear. |
{"datasets_id": 1263, "wiki_id": "Q380559", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 689} | 1,263 | Q380559 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 689 | Consolidated financial statement | Goodwill arising on consolidation | Consolidated financial statement Goodwill arising on consolidation Goodwill is treated as an intangible asset in the consolidated statement of financial position. It arises in cases, where the cost of purchase of shares is not equal to their par value. For example, if a company buys shares of another company worth $40,000 for $60,000, we conclude that there is a goodwill worth or $20,000.
Proforma for calculating goodwill is as follows :
Goodwill
Fair value of consideration transferred
Plus fair value of non-controlled interest at acquisition
Less ordinary share capital of subsidiary company
Less share premium of subsidiary company
Less retained earnings of subsidiary company at acquisition |
{"datasets_id": 1263, "wiki_id": "Q380559", "sp": 6, "sc": 689, "ep": 14, "ec": 113} | 1,263 | Q380559 | 6 | 689 | 14 | 113 | Consolidated financial statement | Goodwill arising on consolidation & Non-controlled interest & Intra-group trading | date
Less fair value adjustments at acquisition date Non-controlled interest If the parent company does not buy 100% of shares of the subsidiary company, there is a proportion of the net assets that is owned by the external company. This proportion that is related to outside investors is called the non-controlling interest (NCI).
The proforma for calculating the NCI is as follows:
Non-controlling interest
Fair value of NCI at acquisition date
Plus NCI's share of post-acquisition retained earnings or other reserves Intra-group trading In a group of companies, they can have trade relations with each other. For example, company A buys goods for one |
{"datasets_id": 1263, "wiki_id": "Q380559", "sp": 14, "sc": 113, "ep": 14, "ec": 400} | 1,263 | Q380559 | 14 | 113 | 14 | 400 | Consolidated financial statement | Intra-group trading | price and sells them to another company inside the group for another price. Thus, company A has earned some revenue from selling, but the group as a whole didn't make any profit out of that transaction. Until those goods are sold to an outsider company, the group has unrealised profit. |
{"datasets_id": 1264, "wiki_id": "Q12725532", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 598} | 1,264 | Q12725532 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 598 | Constantin Hamangiu | Constantin Hamangiu Constantin N. Hamangiu (December 31, 1869–January 7, 1932) was a Romanian jurist.
Born in Bârlad, he graduated with a law degree from the University of Bucharest, after which he entered the magistracy. Hamangiu became a circuit judge in Bucharest in early 1894, and a substitute prosecutor at the Vâlcea County tribunal later that year. In 1895, he was appointed prosecutor at the Covurlui County tribunal. From 1902 to 1905, he was chief prosecutor of the Ilfov County tribunal. From 1905 to 1908, he was a prosecutor at the Iași appeals court. Hamangiu was then moved to Galați and raised |
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{"datasets_id": 1264, "wiki_id": "Q12725532", "sp": 4, "sc": 598, "ep": 4, "ec": 1195} | 1,264 | Q12725532 | 4 | 598 | 4 | 1,195 | Constantin Hamangiu | to the rank of adviser. He then served at the Craiova appeals court until 1915, when he resigned from the magistracy.
In 1918, Hamangiu was named general secretary in the Justice Ministry. That autumn, he became an adviser at the High Court of Cassation and Justice, a post he retained until his death. As such, he sponsored the printing of important law volumes; Hamangiu was an expert on civil law. In 1930, he was elected an honorary member of the Romanian Academy, an institution to which he made significant donations. In April 1931, he was named Justice Minister in the technocratic |
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{"datasets_id": 1264, "wiki_id": "Q12725532", "sp": 4, "sc": 1195, "ep": 4, "ec": 1332} | 1,264 | Q12725532 | 4 | 1,195 | 4 | 1,332 | Constantin Hamangiu | cabinet of Nicolae Iorga. Soon after, he was elected to the Assembly of Deputies. He died the following January, while still a minister. |
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{"datasets_id": 1265, "wiki_id": "Q5163746", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 688} | 1,265 | Q5163746 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 688 | Constantin Mimi | Biography | Constantin Mimi Biography He graduated from Odessa State University and SupAgro (Montpellier).
When the February Revolution happened in Petrograd in 1917, the governor of Bessarabia Governorate stepped down and passed his legal powers to Constantin Mimi, the President of the Gubernial Zemstvo, which was named the Commissar of the Provisional Government in Bessarabia, with Vladimir Criste his deputy. Similar procedures took place in all regions of the Russian Empire: the chiefs of the Tsarist administrations passed their legal powers to the chiefs of the County and Governorate Zemstvos, which were then called County/Governorate Commissars.
On 20 July [O.S. 2 July] 1917, Constantin Mimi, the |
{"datasets_id": 1265, "wiki_id": "Q5163746", "sp": 6, "sc": 688, "ep": 6, "ec": 1369} | 1,265 | Q5163746 | 6 | 688 | 6 | 1,369 | Constantin Mimi | Biography | official Commissar of the Russian Provisional Government (of Kerenski) in Chişinău, gathered delegates of all major political, national, professional and administrative organizations to a "delegation" to protest and reject the pretensions of the Ukrainian Central Rada to annex Bessarabia.
The Peasants Congress, which took place in October 1917, voted Constantin Mimi out and Ion Inculeţ as the new Commissar. This move was planned by Alexander Kerenski, who sent Inculeţ, an associate professor at the University of Petrograd, to Bessarabia to take hold of the situation. As soon as the Peasants Congress, which had no legal power, voted, Kerenski formally replaced Mimi |
{"datasets_id": 1265, "wiki_id": "Q5163746", "sp": 6, "sc": 1369, "ep": 6, "ec": 1527} | 1,265 | Q5163746 | 6 | 1,369 | 6 | 1,527 | Constantin Mimi | Biography | with Inculeţ.
After the Union of Bessarabia with Romania, Constantin Mimi moved to Bucharest and became the director of the National Bank of Romania. |
{"datasets_id": 1266, "wiki_id": "Q216980", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 667} | 1,266 | Q216980 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 667 | Constantine P. Cavafy | Work | Constantine P. Cavafy Work Cavafy was instrumental in the revival and recognition of Greek poetry both at home and abroad. His poems are, typically, concise but intimate evocations of real or literary figures and milieux that have played roles in Greek culture. Uncertainty about the future, sensual pleasures, the moral character and psychology of individuals, homosexuality, and a fatalistic existential nostalgia are some of the defining themes.
Besides his subjects, unconventional for the time, his poems also exhibit a skilled and versatile craftsmanship, which is extremely difficult to translate. Cavafy was a perfectionist, obsessively refining every single line of his poetry. |
{"datasets_id": 1266, "wiki_id": "Q216980", "sp": 6, "sc": 667, "ep": 6, "ec": 1306} | 1,266 | Q216980 | 6 | 667 | 6 | 1,306 | Constantine P. Cavafy | Work | His mature style was a free iambic form, free in the sense that verses rarely rhyme and are usually from 10 to 17 syllables. In his poems, the presence of rhyme usually implies irony.
Cavafy drew his themes from personal experience, along with a deep and wide knowledge of history, especially of the Hellenistic era. Many of his poems are pseudo-historical, or seemingly historical, or accurately but quirkily historical.
One of Cavafy's most important works is his 1904 poem Waiting for the Barbarians. The poem begins by describing a city-state in decline, whose population and legislators are waiting for the arrival of |
{"datasets_id": 1266, "wiki_id": "Q216980", "sp": 6, "sc": 1306, "ep": 6, "ec": 1879} | 1,266 | Q216980 | 6 | 1,306 | 6 | 1,879 | Constantine P. Cavafy | Work | the barbarians. When night falls, the barbarians have not arrived. The poem ends: "What is to become of us without barbarians? Those people were a solution of a sort."
In 1911, Cavafy wrote "Ithaca", inspired by the Homeric return journey of Odysseus to his home island, as depicted in the Odyssey. The poem's theme is that enjoyment of the journey of life, and the increasing maturity of the soul as that journey continues, are all the traveler can ask for. To Homer, and to the Greeks in general, not the island, but the idea of Ithaca is important. Life is also |
{"datasets_id": 1266, "wiki_id": "Q216980", "sp": 6, "sc": 1879, "ep": 6, "ec": 2508} | 1,266 | Q216980 | 6 | 1,879 | 6 | 2,508 | Constantine P. Cavafy | Work | a journey, and everyone has to face difficulties like Odysseus, when he returned from Troy. When you reach Ithaca, you have gained so much experience from the voyage, that it is not very important if you reached your goals (e.g. Odysseus returned all alone). Ithaca cannot give you riches, but she gave you the beautiful journey.
Almost all of Cavafy's work was in Greek; yet, his poetry remained unrecognized and underestimated in Greece, until after the publication of the first anthology in 1935 by Heracles Apostolidis (father of Renos Apostolidis). His unique style and language (which was a mixture of Katharevousa |
{"datasets_id": 1266, "wiki_id": "Q216980", "sp": 6, "sc": 2508, "ep": 10, "ec": 163} | 1,266 | Q216980 | 6 | 2,508 | 10 | 163 | Constantine P. Cavafy | Work & Historical poems | and Demotic Greek) had brought him under the criticism of Kostis Palamas, the greatest poet of his era in mainland Greece, and his followers, who were in favour of the purest form of Demotic Greek.
He is known for his prosaic use of metaphors, his brilliant use of historical imagery, and his aesthetic perfectionism. These attributes, amongst others, have assured him an enduring place in the literary pantheon of the Western World. Historical poems Cavafy has written over a dozen historical poems about famous historical figures and regular people. He was mainly inspired by the Hellenistic era with Alexandria |
{"datasets_id": 1266, "wiki_id": "Q216980", "sp": 10, "sc": 163, "ep": 10, "ec": 786} | 1,266 | Q216980 | 10 | 163 | 10 | 786 | Constantine P. Cavafy | Historical poems | at primary focus. Other poems originate from Helleno-romaic antiquity and the Byzantine era. Mythological references are also present. The periods chosen are mostly of decline and decadence (e.g. Trojans); his heroes facing the final end. His historical poems include: The Glory of the Ptolemies, In Sparta, Come, O King of Lacedaemonians, The First Step, In the Year 200 B.C., If Only They Had Seen to It, The Displeasure of Seleucid, Theodotus, Alexandrian Kings, In Alexandria, 31 B.C., The God Forsakes Antony, In a Township of Asia Minor, Caesarion, The Potentate from Western Libya, Of the Hebrews (A.D. 50), Tomb of |
{"datasets_id": 1266, "wiki_id": "Q216980", "sp": 10, "sc": 786, "ep": 14, "ec": 212} | 1,266 | Q216980 | 10 | 786 | 14 | 212 | Constantine P. Cavafy | Historical poems & Sensual poems | Eurion, Tomb of Lanes, Myres: Alexandrian A.D. 340, Perilous Things, From the School of the Renowned Philosopher, A Priest of the Serapeum, Kleitos' Illness, If Dead Indeed, In the Month of Athyr, Tomb of Ignatius, From Ammones Who Died Aged 29 in 610, Aemilianus Monae, Alexandrian, A.D. 628-655, In Church, Morning Sea (a few poems about Alexandria were left unfinished due to his death). Sensual poems The sensual poems are filled with the lyricism and emotion of same-sex love; inspired by recollection and remembrance. The past and former actions, sometimes along with the vision for the future underlie the muse |
{"datasets_id": 1266, "wiki_id": "Q216980", "sp": 14, "sc": 212, "ep": 18, "ec": 587} | 1,266 | Q216980 | 14 | 212 | 18 | 587 | Constantine P. Cavafy | Sensual poems & Philosophical poems | of Cavafy in writing these poems. Philosophical poems Also called instructive poems, they are divided into poems with consultations to poets, and poems that deal with other situations such as closure (for example, "The walls"), debt (for example, "Thermopylae"), and human dignity (for example, "The God Abandons Antony").
The poem "Thermopylae" reminds us of the famous battle of Thermopylae where the 300 Spartans and their allies fought against the greater numbers of Persians, although they knew that they would be defeated. There are some principles in our lives that we should live by, and Thermopylae is the ground of duty. We |
{"datasets_id": 1266, "wiki_id": "Q216980", "sp": 18, "sc": 587, "ep": 18, "ec": 1232} | 1,266 | Q216980 | 18 | 587 | 18 | 1,232 | Constantine P. Cavafy | Philosophical poems | stay there fighting although we know that there is the potential for failure. (At the end the traitor Ephialtes will appear, leading the Persians through the secret trail).
In another poem, "In the Year 200 B.C.", he comments the historical epigram “Alexander, son of Philip, and the Greeks, except of Lacedaemonians,...”, from the donation of Alexander to Athens after the Battle of the Granicus. Cavafy praises the Hellenistic era and idea, so condemning the closed-mind and localistic ideas about Hellenism. However, in other poems, his stance is amphisimic and not clear between the Classical ideal and the Hellenistic era (which is |
{"datasets_id": 1266, "wiki_id": "Q216980", "sp": 18, "sc": 1232, "ep": 22, "ec": 211} | 1,266 | Q216980 | 18 | 1,232 | 22 | 211 | Constantine P. Cavafy | Philosophical poems & Museum | sometimes described with a tone of decadence). Museum Cavafy's Alexandria apartment has since been converted into a museum. The museum holds several of Cavafy's sketches and original manuscripts as well as containing several pictures and portraits of and by Cavafy. |
{"datasets_id": 1267, "wiki_id": "Q5164302", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 555} | 1,267 | Q5164302 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 555 | Constitutional Reform Association of Hong Kong | History | Constitutional Reform Association of Hong Kong History It was first launched in a well-attended meeting at the Theatre Royal on 3 May 1917 by the Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce. It submitted a proposal of introducing unofficial majority in the Legislative Council of Hong Kong to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom through member of parliament Colonel John Ward but was rejected by the Colonial Office.
On 9 January 1919, a resolution was passed at its public meeting for an unofficial majority in the Legislative Council, and for seven members elected, one each by the Hong Kong General |
{"datasets_id": 1267, "wiki_id": "Q5164302", "sp": 6, "sc": 555, "ep": 6, "ec": 1005} | 1,267 | Q5164302 | 6 | 555 | 6 | 1,005 | Constitutional Reform Association of Hong Kong | History | Chamber of Commerce, the Justices of Peace, the Chinese Chamber of Commerce and four (one Portuguese and three British) by British subjects on the jurors list.
Governor Reginald Stubbs commented the Association in 1920 as a "farcical body", when the Association consisted of a few dozen persons, most of whom took no part in the proceedings and appeared to be moribund. By October 1923, the Constitutional Reform Association ceased to exist. |
{"datasets_id": 1268, "wiki_id": "Q5165388", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 574} | 1,268 | Q5165388 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 574 | Continued Silence EP | Release and promotion | Continued Silence EP Release and promotion To promote the album, the band performed at SXSW 2012 and toured the United States with Australian group The Jezabels. Their more than fifteen SXSW performances included the broadcast mtvU Woodie Awards Festival as well as the FILTER party, Rachael Ray's party, and The Roxy's party. They also performed at Basilica Block Party, Summerfest, Bunbury Music Festival 2012, Live 105's BFD 2012 and Firefly Music Festival 2012. They also performed at Chicago's Riot Fest 2012. iTunes featured the EP on its "Rising Stars of Alt Rock" in addition to featuring track "It's Time" on |
{"datasets_id": 1268, "wiki_id": "Q5165388", "sp": 6, "sc": 574, "ep": 14, "ec": 62} | 1,268 | Q5165388 | 6 | 574 | 14 | 62 | Continued Silence EP | Release and promotion & Singles & Critical reception | its $0.69 "Alt Rock Hits" beginning April 30, 2012. Singles "It's Time" became the first single from the EP and began receiving airplay on February 20, 2012. The track "Radioactive" also both received airplay and charted on the Billboard Hot 100. The official music video for "It's Time" debuted on all MTV affiliates on April 17, 2012. Imagine Dragons were the MTV PUSH Artist of the Week of April 16, 2012.
The song "Round and Round" was featured as "Song of the Week" and thus a free download on iTunes. Critical reception Continued Silence was praised by music critics. Jason Bracelin |
{"datasets_id": 1268, "wiki_id": "Q5165388", "sp": 14, "sc": 62, "ep": 18, "ec": 27} | 1,268 | Q5165388 | 14 | 62 | 18 | 27 | Continued Silence EP | Critical reception & Commercial performance | of the Las Vegas Review Journal and Spin wrote, "'Silence' builds on the Dragons' climactic, dance floor-worthy swagger, with supersized, arms-in-the-air choruses and a buoyant groove amplified by the introduction of sub-hip-hop beats". Cincinnati CityBeat wrote "A quick spin through Continued Silence...is like panning in a creek bedded with gold nuggets; glints of Coldplay, Everclear, Train and any number of other chart-topping Pop icons, but with a discernibly beat-driven Indie edge. As epic as Homerian poetry set to a U2 soundtrack and as intimate as a candlelight dinner in the Nevada desert." Commercial performance The EP reached number 40 on |
{"datasets_id": 1268, "wiki_id": "Q5165388", "sp": 18, "sc": 27, "ep": 18, "ec": 101} | 1,268 | Q5165388 | 18 | 27 | 18 | 101 | Continued Silence EP | Commercial performance | the Billboard 200 and number 1 on the Billboard Heatseekers Albums chart. |
{"datasets_id": 1269, "wiki_id": "Q530266", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 574} | 1,269 | Q530266 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 574 | Control (Janet Jackson album) | Background | Control (Janet Jackson album) Background Joseph Jackson, patriarch of the Jackson family of musicians, was known for managing the careers of all nine of his children; most notably, the successful career of The Jackson 5. After arranging a recording contract with A&M in 1982 for a then 16-year-old Janet, he oversaw the entire production of her debut album, Janet Jackson, and its follow-up, Dream Street (1984); the latter of which was written and produced by her brothers Marlon and Michael, and Jesse Johnson. Best known as a television actress, she was initially reluctant to begin a recording career. She said, |
{"datasets_id": 1269, "wiki_id": "Q530266", "sp": 6, "sc": 574, "ep": 6, "ec": 1192} | 1,269 | Q530266 | 6 | 574 | 6 | 1,192 | Control (Janet Jackson album) | Background | "I was coming off of a TV show that I absolutely hated doing, Fame. I didn't want to do [the first record, Janet Jackson]. I wanted to go to college. But I did it for my father ..." and elaborated that she was often in conflict with her producers. Amidst her professional struggles, she rebelled against her family's wishes by marrying James DeBarge of the family recording group DeBarge in 1984. The Jacksons disapproved of the relationship, citing DeBarge's immaturity and substance abuse. Jackson left her husband in January 1985 and was granted an annulment later that year.
Jackson subsequently fired her |
{"datasets_id": 1269, "wiki_id": "Q530266", "sp": 6, "sc": 1192, "ep": 6, "ec": 1759} | 1,269 | Q530266 | 6 | 1,192 | 6 | 1,759 | Control (Janet Jackson album) | Background | father as her manager and employed John McClain, then A&M Records' senior vice president of artists and repertoire and general manager. Commenting on the decision, she stated, "I just wanted to get out of the house, get out from under my father, which was one of the most difficult things that I had to do, telling him that I didn't want to work with him again." Joseph Jackson resented John McClain for what he saw as an underhanded attempt to steal his daughter's career out from under him, stating, "I've worked hard for my family. The problem comes, though, when |
{"datasets_id": 1269, "wiki_id": "Q530266", "sp": 6, "sc": 1759, "ep": 10, "ec": 160} | 1,269 | Q530266 | 6 | 1,759 | 10 | 160 | Control (Janet Jackson album) | Background & Album cover | others come in behind you and try to steal them away. The wheels have already been set for Janet Jackson. Anyone who jumps on now will be getting a free ride." McClain responded by saying "I'm not trying to pimp Janet Jackson or steal her away from her father." He subsequently introduced her to the songwriting/production duo of James "Jimmy Jam" Harris III and Terry Lewis, former Prince associates and ex-members of The Time. Album cover Fashion photographer and illustrator Tony Viramontes created the stylized cover for the new album and the singles Nasty and Control. Jackson said of Viramontes, |
{"datasets_id": 1269, "wiki_id": "Q530266", "sp": 10, "sc": 160, "ep": 10, "ec": 743} | 1,269 | Q530266 | 10 | 160 | 10 | 743 | Control (Janet Jackson album) | Album cover | "He was very creative, and I believe one day his work will be iconic. He was such a joy to work with. I miss him." Author Dean Rhys Morgan in Bold, Beautiful and Damned: The World of Fashion Illustrator Tony Viramontes discusses how Jackson was "transformed from a former child star into an assured fashion forward figure with her trendsetting big hair and severe all black ensemble. Until this point, Jackson had been more a reflection than pioneer, more interpreter than innovator. This album was all about Janet and who she wanted to be." Alexander Fury wrote in The Independent, |
{"datasets_id": 1269, "wiki_id": "Q530266", "sp": 10, "sc": 743, "ep": 14, "ec": 487} | 1,269 | Q530266 | 10 | 743 | 14 | 487 | Control (Janet Jackson album) | Album cover & Release and promotion | "the artwork created with Eighties illustrator Tony Viramontes for Control stands the test of time." Release and promotion Although A&M did not consider a full concert tour to promote Jackson's album, the label funded a three-week promotional tour across the United States in 13 cities following its release. In addition to the studio release, a remix album, Control: The Remixes, was released in select countries in November, 1987. Jackson's lyrical expression has been noted as one of the key elements of the album's success. Author Dave Marsh in The Heart of Rock & Soul: The 1001 Greatest Singles Ever Made |
{"datasets_id": 1269, "wiki_id": "Q530266", "sp": 14, "sc": 487, "ep": 14, "ec": 1147} | 1,269 | Q530266 | 14 | 487 | 14 | 1,147 | Control (Janet Jackson album) | Release and promotion | (1999) comments: "Certainly, Janet must have written her own lyrics, which went after men—in particular, not very well disguised stand-ins for her father and former husband—more venomously than another guy would have dared. Control, the resulting album, was one of the best-sellers of 1986–1987, producing five hit singles."
Jesus Garber, then-director of A&M's black music marketing and promotion, noted that in addition to crossover promotion from black to pop music charts, music video was utilized to launch Jackson into super stardom. Eric Henderson of Slant Magazine credits the release of Control as "the birth of Janet the music video star, as |
{"datasets_id": 1269, "wiki_id": "Q530266", "sp": 14, "sc": 1147, "ep": 14, "ec": 1783} | 1,269 | Q530266 | 14 | 1,147 | 14 | 1,783 | Control (Janet Jackson album) | Release and promotion | six of the nine tracks were turned into popular videos that all but announced her as queen of the production dance number." Henderson commented that Jackson's dancing ability, trained by a then-unknown Paula Abdul, only served to propel her into further stardom. Charlie Minor, then-senior vice president of promotion for A&M stated: "The images completed the image of Janet Jackson with the buyer ... They gave her a face, dance, action identity with the songs, and a visual image of her as a rock 'n' roll star." Jonathan Cohen of Billboard magazine commented "[Jackson's] accessible sound and spectacularly choreographed videos were |
{"datasets_id": 1269, "wiki_id": "Q530266", "sp": 14, "sc": 1783, "ep": 18, "ec": 319} | 1,269 | Q530266 | 14 | 1,783 | 18 | 319 | Control (Janet Jackson album) | Release and promotion & Commercial performance | irresistible to MTV, and helped the channel evolve from rock programming to a broader, beat-driven musical mix." The video for "Nasty" received three nominations for the fifth annual 1987 MTV Video Music Awards, winning Best Choreography for Paula Abdul. Commercial performance Control debuted at number 84 on the Billboard 200 on March 8, 1986 and at number 26 on the Top R&B/Black Albums on March 1, 1986. After twenty weeks, it topped the Billboard 200 and the Top R&B/Black Albums chart, selling 250,000 copies in a single week, a record for an album by a female artist. The Recording Industry |
{"datasets_id": 1269, "wiki_id": "Q530266", "sp": 18, "sc": 319, "ep": 18, "ec": 935} | 1,269 | Q530266 | 18 | 319 | 18 | 935 | Control (Janet Jackson album) | Commercial performance | Association of America (RIAA) first certified Control gold in April, 1986, denoting 500,000 units shipped within the United States. Two months later, in June, 1986, the album was RIAA certified platinum, denoting 1 million units shipped. Three years later, Control was RIAA certified fivefold platinum in October, 1989. By 1990, Control had sold 5 million copies in the United States and as of December 2009, the album has sold 496,000 copies in the U.S. since 1991 according to Nielsen SoundScan, which does not count albums sold through clubs like the BMG Music, where she sold 883,000. Combined, it has sold over |
{"datasets_id": 1269, "wiki_id": "Q530266", "sp": 18, "sc": 935, "ep": 18, "ec": 1529} | 1,269 | Q530266 | 18 | 935 | 18 | 1,529 | Control (Janet Jackson album) | Commercial performance | 6,379,000 copies in the U.S. Since its debut, Control has sold over 10 million copies worldwide.
The album's lead single, "What Have You Done for Me Lately", peaked at number four on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart and at number one on the Hot Black Singles chart. The single was certified gold by the RIAA in November, 1990. The song was compared favorably to similar recordings of female empowerment released by black women, such as "New Attitude" by Patti LaBelle, "Better Be Good to Me" by Tina Turner and "Sisters Are Doin' It for Themselves" by Aretha Franklin. Oprah Winfrey |
{"datasets_id": 1269, "wiki_id": "Q530266", "sp": 18, "sc": 1529, "ep": 18, "ec": 2106} | 1,269 | Q530266 | 18 | 1,529 | 18 | 2,106 | Control (Janet Jackson album) | Commercial performance | commented: "What you're seeing in all the areas of arts and entertainment is black women internalizing the idea of black power and pride ... Black women started listening to their inner cues, rather than society or even the black community's idea of what they are supposed to be and can be." "Nasty", the album's second single, beat "What Have You Done for Me Lately" by one position, peaking at number three on the Hot 100 and at number one on the Hot Black Singles chart. It was certified gold in November, 1990. Critic Jon Bream noted "the songwriters have slyly juxtaposed |
{"datasets_id": 1269, "wiki_id": "Q530266", "sp": 18, "sc": 2106, "ep": 18, "ec": 2686} | 1,269 | Q530266 | 18 | 2,106 | 18 | 2,686 | Control (Janet Jackson album) | Commercial performance | a nasty-sounding groove and the repetition of the word 'nasty' with a subtle antinasty message."
"When I Think of You" reached number one on the Hot 100, becoming Jackson's first single to top the chart, and was certified gold in November, 1990. The album's fourth single and title track, "Control", reached its peak position at number five on the Hot 100 and at number one on the Hot Black Singles chart, later certified gold by the RIAA in November, 1990. "Let's Wait Awhile" reached the number two position on the Hot 100 and number one on the Hot Black Singles chart. |
{"datasets_id": 1269, "wiki_id": "Q530266", "sp": 18, "sc": 2686, "ep": 18, "ec": 3278} | 1,269 | Q530266 | 18 | 2,686 | 18 | 3,278 | Control (Janet Jackson album) | Commercial performance | Clarence Page of the Chicago Tribune commented in a similar vein to "Nasty", the ballad "throw[s] cold water on the passions of young love 'before we go too far'." Unlike its predecessors, "The Pleasure Principle" did not reach within the top five of the Hot 100, instead peaking at number fourteen. It did, however, become Jackson's fifth number one single on the Hot Black Singles chart. Each of the album's singles excluding "Let's Wait Awhile" peaked within the top five of the Billboard Club Play Singles. "Funny How Time Flies (When You're Having Fun)" was not released as a commercial |
{"datasets_id": 1269, "wiki_id": "Q530266", "sp": 18, "sc": 3278, "ep": 22, "ec": 548} | 1,269 | Q530266 | 18 | 3,278 | 22 | 548 | Control (Janet Jackson album) | Commercial performance & Legacy | single in the United States. Abroad, it peaked at number 59 on the UK Singles Chart. Legacy Control is widely considered to be the breakthrough in Jackson's career, establishing her independence and dominance in the realm of popular music. In The Sex Revolts: Gender, Rebellion, and Rock'n'roll (1996) author Simon Reynolds wrote that "Janet Jackson became a superstar with the immaculately designed soft-core feminism of Control." Jet magazine commented that although the Jackson family's musical legacy had given her an opportunity to tap into an international audience, Control was the turning point at which "her career took off and she |
{"datasets_id": 1269, "wiki_id": "Q530266", "sp": 22, "sc": 548, "ep": 22, "ec": 1182} | 1,269 | Q530266 | 22 | 548 | 22 | 1,182 | Control (Janet Jackson album) | Legacy | became a bona fide superstar. Control showcased Janet as a person who was firmly and finally in control of her own life." Dennis Hunt of the Los Angeles Times wrote: "Previously, she had recorded two unsophisticated, kiddie soul albums. If you listened carefully to that kid stuff, there was a grown-up singer there somewhere struggling to get out. [Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis] liberated the real Janet Jackson."
Lyrically, Jackson's album is said to exhibit a "politically driven feminist" message, as stated by Lilly Goren in You've Come A Long Way, Baby: Women, Politics, and Popular Culture (2009). Musically, according to |
{"datasets_id": 1269, "wiki_id": "Q530266", "sp": 22, "sc": 1182, "ep": 22, "ec": 1747} | 1,269 | Q530266 | 22 | 1,182 | 22 | 1,747 | Control (Janet Jackson album) | Legacy | Rickey Vincent, author of Funk: The Music, The People, and The Rhythm of The One (1996), Jam and Lewis's collaboration with her is said to be one of the high points of the 1980s, as they redefined dance music by mixing a youthful sound with industrial-strength beats. As documented by musicologist Richard J. Ripani, author of The New Blue Music: Changes in Rhythm & Blues, 1950–1999 (2006), Control is regarded as one of the most influential albums in the history of rhythm and blues and the first album to bridge the gap between R&B and rap music. Its success in |
{"datasets_id": 1269, "wiki_id": "Q530266", "sp": 22, "sc": 1747, "ep": 22, "ec": 2343} | 1,269 | Q530266 | 22 | 1,747 | 22 | 2,343 | Control (Janet Jackson album) | Legacy | both the mainstream R&B and pop music charts "led to the incorporation of many of the stylistic traits of rap over the next few years, and Janet Jackson was to continue to be one of the leaders in that development." Furthermore, the album's second single "Nasty" has been credited with influencing the new jack swing genre, pioneered by Teddy Riley. The New Rolling Stone Album Guide (2004) wrote that the album impacted popular music with a "blockbuster momentum all its own", while Eric Henderson of Slant Magazine noted Control "was every bit the hit machine that her brother's Thriller was." |
{"datasets_id": 1269, "wiki_id": "Q530266", "sp": 22, "sc": 2343, "ep": 22, "ec": 2981} | 1,269 | Q530266 | 22 | 2,343 | 22 | 2,981 | Control (Janet Jackson album) | Legacy | Steve Morse of The Boston Globe commented: "All things considered, 1986 was a stellar year for the black female vocalist—the best, in fact, since the disco era of a decade back ... Black music crossed over to the pop charts in dramatic fashion, with Whitney Houston, Patti LaBelle and Janet Jackson each having No. 1 albums."
In addition to stepping out of the Jackson family shadow, Control established Jackson as one of the preeminent female artists of popular music, rivaling fellow pop star Madonna, as critics began to acknowledge their influence on the record industry and younger artists. Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular |
{"datasets_id": 1269, "wiki_id": "Q530266", "sp": 22, "sc": 2981, "ep": 22, "ec": 3541} | 1,269 | Q530266 | 22 | 2,981 | 22 | 3,541 | Control (Janet Jackson album) | Legacy | Music of the World Volume 8: Genres: North America (2012) documents that both women redefined house music, repackaging it "as part of a global metropolitan pop aesthetic." With regard to marketing singles, Paul Grein of Billboard reported: "10 or 20 years ago you would have had two singles from an album at the most. Now we're in an era where Madonna is on her fifth single from the album True Blue and Janet Jackson is on her sixth from the LP Control." Jackson subsequently became the first female artist to produce six top 40 hits on the Billboard Hot 100 |
{"datasets_id": 1269, "wiki_id": "Q530266", "sp": 22, "sc": 3541, "ep": 22, "ec": 4187} | 1,269 | Q530266 | 22 | 3,541 | 22 | 4,187 | Control (Janet Jackson album) | Legacy | from a single album. Los Angeles Times writer Paul Grein wrote a segment titled "The influence of Madonna and Janet Jackson", reporting Debbie Gibson's manager Doug Breitbart claimed "Madonna has brought back a really strong, melodic component to pop music", while Teen Beat editor Maggie Murphy remarked "Janet Jackson may have started this more than anyone else." Anthony DeCurtis, author of Present Tense: Rock & Roll and Culture (1992) wrote that "Madonna and Janet Jackson have produced videos that explore the female gaze," and described Jackson's music video for "Nasty" as feminist theory on film that deconstructs the objectification of |
{"datasets_id": 1269, "wiki_id": "Q530266", "sp": 22, "sc": 4187, "ep": 22, "ec": 4828} | 1,269 | Q530266 | 22 | 4,187 | 22 | 4,828 | Control (Janet Jackson album) | Legacy | women. The New Rolling Stone Album Guide (2004) documented that within two years of the release of Control, "a new crop of female singers (such as Paula Abdul and Karyn White) were charged with imitating Janet." Anthony DeCurtis of Rolling Stone remarked: "Control—with its quintuple-platinum sales and string of hit singles—established" a then-twenty-year-old Jackson "as one of the most popular recording artists in the world." The Guardian described the album's release as one of the 50 key events in the history of R&B and hip hop.
Upon the 30th anniversary of the album's release, Julian Kimble of Billboard magazine wrote: "In |
{"datasets_id": 1269, "wiki_id": "Q530266", "sp": 22, "sc": 4828, "ep": 22, "ec": 5472} | 1,269 | Q530266 | 22 | 4,828 | 22 | 5,472 | Control (Janet Jackson album) | Legacy | hindsight, Control is both evolutionary and revolutionary. As Jackson’s first album to land atop the Billboard 200, it marked professional and personal breakthroughs. Distancing herself from the immense Jackson family shadow, she created one of the most influential projects across contemporary R&B and pop music. And not only was Jackson’s maiden voyage with producers Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis at the forefront of R&B, pop and hip-hop’s intersection, it birthed a novel sound in the process." MTV's Meaghan Garvey asserted "it’s hard to overstate the significance of Control, whether in terms of the pop landscape, the evolution of the music |
{"datasets_id": 1269, "wiki_id": "Q530266", "sp": 22, "sc": 5472, "ep": 22, "ec": 6051} | 1,269 | Q530266 | 22 | 5,472 | 22 | 6,051 | Control (Janet Jackson album) | Legacy | video as a vessel for promotion and expression, or Top 40 feminist anthems." She also argued "it’s important to note that Control’s self-actualization anthems were expressions of black female pride. Control spawned a whopping six videos—great ones, at that—which played an immeasurable role in the shift toward visible black pop." Gerrick D. Kennedy of Los Angeles Times wrote that Jackson's continued influence is evident in the careers of Rihanna, Beyoncé, Ciara, FKA Twigs and Tinashe in that "all of them take cues from Jackson's blueprint. And all that began with Control." |
{"datasets_id": 1270, "wiki_id": "Q17986649", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 636} | 1,270 | Q17986649 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 636 | Convair 106 Skycoach | Design and development | Convair 106 Skycoach Design and development The Model 106 was a four-seat cabin aircraft with a pusher engine, fixed spatted tricycle undercarriage and twin tail booms flanking the propeller. The three passengers and pilot sat in a cabin in the fuselage nacelle, which also housed the pusher 230 hp (170 kW) Franklin 6A8-225-B8 six-cylinder horizontally-opposed piston engine, driving a cooling fan and pusher propeller.
Flight testing was carried out at San Diego, but performance was found to be unexceptional, comparing very poorly to the contemporary Beechcraft Bonanza, which could cruise at 165 mph (143 kn; 266 km/h) on only 165 hp (123 kW). With a maximum speed of |
{"datasets_id": 1270, "wiki_id": "Q17986649", "sp": 6, "sc": 636, "ep": 6, "ec": 807} | 1,270 | Q17986649 | 6 | 636 | 6 | 807 | Convair 106 Skycoach | Design and development | only 142 mph (123 kn; 229 km/h) the Model 106 was hopelessly outclassed and Convair abandoned development, scrapping the sole prototype, (regn. NX40004, msn. 1), in 1947. |
{"datasets_id": 1271, "wiki_id": "Q5167170", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 356} | 1,271 | Q5167170 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 356 | Cooks Brook, Nova Scotia | Cooks Brook, Nova Scotia Cooks Brook is a small community found in the Southwest Branch Musquodoboit of the Musquodoboit Valley in Nova Scotia, Canada. Cooks Brook is located along the Halifax Regional Municipality/Colchester County border. This small rural community is the home of the Scotia Mine (Zinc and Lead), Wee Delivery (Landscaping Materials) and Mount Traber Bible Camp. |
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{"datasets_id": 1272, "wiki_id": "Q5167173", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 176} | 1,272 | Q5167173 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 176 | Cooks Brook Beach | Cooks Brook Beach Cooks Brook Beach is a Town of Eastham beach on the bay side of Cape Cod, in North Eastham, Massachusetts. It is located at the end of Steele Road, which is off Massasoit Road. |
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{"datasets_id": 1273, "wiki_id": "Q30612297", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 279} | 1,273 | Q30612297 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 279 | Cool Down | Background & Chart performance | Cool Down Background In an interview of Inside Showbiz, he revealed that he's been wanting to write and produce songs based on his own taste and experiences. James also spent many hours and days in the studio, perfecting the songs in his upcoming album, Palm Dreams. Chart performance "Cool Down" was a massive success, it peaked #1 on Pinoy MYX Countdown for 14 weeks. It also peaked #1 on MYX Hit Chart for 11 weeks. Marked as "Cool Down", is the longest stayed at number 1 spot on Pinoy MYX Countdown.
"Cool Down" also peaked on top spot on Magic 89.9's |
{"datasets_id": 1273, "wiki_id": "Q30612297", "sp": 10, "sc": 279, "ep": 14, "ec": 457} | 1,273 | Q30612297 | 10 | 279 | 14 | 457 | Cool Down | Chart performance & Music video | Magic Pop 30 on July 22, 2017, as well on 99.5 Play FM's Playlist on August 11, 2017. Music video The music video was released on 16 June 2017, same day of the release of song in Spotify Philippines and in iTunes. The video premiered 6:00 PM in a cable channel MYX and after the release of the video, it was uploaded on VIVA's channel in YouTube. On July 31, 2017, the official music video for "Cool Down" reached 1 million views on YouTube.
It was filmed by Deej Fabian, a photographer and videographer, in Coco Plantation in Baler, Aurora around |
{"datasets_id": 1273, "wiki_id": "Q30612297", "sp": 14, "sc": 457, "ep": 14, "ec": 547} | 1,273 | Q30612297 | 14 | 457 | 14 | 547 | Cool Down | Music video | in June 2017, and the video features a backdrop that is doubly irresistible and inviting. |
{"datasets_id": 1274, "wiki_id": "Q3564136", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 615} | 1,274 | Q3564136 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 615 | Copenhagen City Bikes | Copenhagen City Bikes Copenhagen City Bikes or Bycykler København was the bicycle sharing system of Copenhagen, Denmark. Launched in 1995 with 1,000 cycles, the project was the world's first organized large-scale urban bike-sharing scheme, which, unlike its Dutch predecessor, featured what are now considered basic elements such as coin deposit, fixed stands and specially designed bikes with parts that cannot be used on other bikes. Riders paid a refundable deposit at one of 110 special bike stands and had unlimited use of a bike within the specified downtown area. The scheme was funded by commercial sponsors. In return, the bikes |
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{"datasets_id": 1274, "wiki_id": "Q3564136", "sp": 4, "sc": 615, "ep": 8, "ec": 374} | 1,274 | Q3564136 | 4 | 615 | 8 | 374 | Copenhagen City Bikes | History | carried advertisements, which appeared on the bike frame and the solid-disk type wheels. When the programme was abolished in October 2012, some 1,500–1,700 bikes were still in service, out of a total of 2,500 put onto the streets. History Following the first-generation bike sharing scheme from Amsterdam in the 60s, the first second-generation bike sharing system was introduced in 1991 in Farsø. Even though it was a small-scale scheme, it paved the way for the Copenhagen city bike scheme, where the original idea behind the scheme was to reduce the theft of bicycles in the city by offering specially designed |
{"datasets_id": 1274, "wiki_id": "Q3564136", "sp": 8, "sc": 374, "ep": 8, "ec": 1026} | 1,274 | Q3564136 | 8 | 374 | 8 | 1,026 | Copenhagen City Bikes | History | units for free public use based on commercial sponsoring and advertising. It was initiated by entrepreneurs Ole Wessung and Morten Sadolin who believed that insurance companies would be willing to sponsor the programme as they would benefit financially from the reduction in stolen bicycles which were running at 27,000 a year in the city at the time.
Initial trials were, however, unsuccessful, and it was not until the scheme was backed by a foundation supported by the Municipality of Copenhagen, together with various government ministries and some private interests, that it became viable. Indeed, once the foundation had raised 2 million |
{"datasets_id": 1274, "wiki_id": "Q3564136", "sp": 8, "sc": 1026, "ep": 8, "ec": 1655} | 1,274 | Q3564136 | 8 | 1,026 | 8 | 1,655 | Copenhagen City Bikes | History | Danish kroner, the scheme finally got off the ground in May 1995. By 1996, with 10 additional sponsors including the Coca Cola Company, 1,500 cycles were made available throughout the city. By 2003, as a result of additional sponsors, the foundation was able to increase the number of city bikes to 2,500.
The scheme served as an example for many other cities worldwide to adopt similar approaches.
In the final years the city bikes were available from 110 cycle stands distributed throughout the downtown area. The cycles could be used in daylight hours during the summer months (mid-April to November) by using |
{"datasets_id": 1274, "wiki_id": "Q3564136", "sp": 8, "sc": 1655, "ep": 12, "ec": 42} | 1,274 | Q3564136 | 8 | 1,655 | 12 | 42 | Copenhagen City Bikes | History & Abolition and new program | a 20 DKK coin to retrieve them from the cycle stands. The coin was refunded when you returned the bike.
Copenhagen had an extensive and well-designed system of cycle paths, earning it a reputation as one of the most bicycle-friendly cities in the world. In recognition of Copenhagen's emphasis on bicycling, the city was chosen by the Union Cycliste Internationale as their first official Bike City. Bike City Copenhagen covered the period 2008 to 2011 and consisted of big cycling events for professionals as well as amateurs. Abolition and new program Though a tender was held in 2012 for a new |
{"datasets_id": 1274, "wiki_id": "Q3564136", "sp": 12, "sc": 42, "ep": 12, "ec": 653} | 1,274 | Q3564136 | 12 | 42 | 12 | 653 | Copenhagen City Bikes | Abolition and new program | version, which was expected to be introduced in 2013, the Copenhagen City Hall decided to abandon the plans for the new city bikes, due to a budget limit on the construction costs. The contract for the existing system would be terminated following the 2012 season, extended to the end of the year, and with no replacement available, the city bikes came to an end, though a commuter version is still expected to be introduced at some point.
The decision to abolish the city bikes was criticised by the Danish Cyclists Federation, the Federation of Danish Motorists and the tourist organisation Wonderful |
{"datasets_id": 1274, "wiki_id": "Q3564136", "sp": 12, "sc": 653, "ep": 12, "ec": 1199} | 1,274 | Q3564136 | 12 | 653 | 12 | 1,199 | Copenhagen City Bikes | Abolition and new program | Copenhagen, which all considered the reason for the decision to be lack of interest from the City Hall. The programme managers expected that of the 1,500–1,700 bikes on the street, when the abolition was announced, much fewer would actually be available at the end of 2012.
After more than a year of being the only major Danish city without a city bike scheme, Copenhagen launched its new City Bikes in October 2014. The new, white city bikes feature GPS navigation and a motor and can be rented at an hourly rate or through a flat rate. |
{"datasets_id": 1275, "wiki_id": "Q28034748", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 190} | 1,275 | Q28034748 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 190 | Copiula derongo | Description & Habitat and conservation | Copiula derongo Description Males measure up to 37 mm (1.5 in) and females up to 50 mm (2.0 in) in snout–vent length, although the maximum size varies geographically. The dorsal ground colour is olive to reddish brown, sometimes with dark speckles. In most males (and in some females) the tip of the snout is much paler than the rest of the head. The eyes are small and the tympanum is obscure. Habitat and conservation Its natural habitats are tropical forests. It breeds in mud cavities. It is locally common and occurs in remote areas with little human influence, and is therefore not considered threatened. |
{"datasets_id": 1276, "wiki_id": "Q95098", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 410} | 1,276 | Q95098 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 410 | Copparo | Demographics & History | Copparo Demographics Copparo has a population of about 17,000 inhabitants (Copparesi) and a surface of 157 square kilometres (61 sq mi); thus the population density is 111.2 inhabitants per square kilometer. History The origins of Copparo date back to the early Middle Ages and are confirmed both by a formation prior to the year 1000 and by its belonging to the Church of Ferrara and Ravenna (955) under the name "Massa in Copario".
From many historical documents it appears that Copparo was a rather large agricultural center within the territory of Ferrara. The 1431 census mentions it as the largest area sown with |
{"datasets_id": 1276, "wiki_id": "Q95098", "sp": 10, "sc": 410, "ep": 10, "ec": 1027} | 1,276 | Q95098 | 10 | 410 | 10 | 1,027 | Copparo | History | barley and wheat. Copparo was likewise mentioned in the Statuta Ferrariae dated 1287 under the name of "Coparius" (recalling the responsibility the citizens of Copparo had in digging the"de preta" channel). After the year 1251, the area fell under the title of the Dukes of Ferrara, the Estensi family. They used the area primarily for recreational purposes, developing one of their principle game preserves and hunting lodges, a turreted castle. It was destroyed during the war against Venice and rebuilt in 1540. It then became one of the most famous Estense Delights. Of the original structure and its five towers |
{"datasets_id": 1276, "wiki_id": "Q95098", "sp": 10, "sc": 1027, "ep": 14, "ec": 538} | 1,276 | Q95098 | 10 | 1,027 | 14 | 538 | Copparo | History & Cuisine | only a solitary one remains today, on the site of the current city hall. Cuisine Copparo's cuisine has both simple and sophisticated dishes, being a combination of the tastes of the Estense's noble cuisine and the farmers' traditional cuisine.
It includes main courses such as "pasticcio di maccheroni" or the popular cappelletti and lasagne all made with fresh egg pasta. The ancient Ferrara bread, the renaissance “ciupèta", is widely available throughout the town, still prepared with the old recipe and protected as a European mark “IGP", with its unique and strange shape that recall in the same time the |
{"datasets_id": 1276, "wiki_id": "Q95098", "sp": 14, "sc": 538, "ep": 18, "ec": 542} | 1,276 | Q95098 | 14 | 538 | 18 | 542 | Copparo | Cuisine & Famous companies | male and the female symbols. Famous companies There are 313 industrial firms employing 3.947 people that are the 55,19% of the total of the workers. There are 384 service firms employing 1.044 people that are the 14,60% of the total of the workers. There are also 385 firms employing 1.515 people that are the 21,18% of the total of the workers. There are also 104 administrative offices employing 646 workers that are the 9,03% of the total of the workers.
The most important factory in the area is Berco Spa, a manufacturer of considerable size specialised in the production of |
{"datasets_id": 1276, "wiki_id": "Q95098", "sp": 18, "sc": 542, "ep": 18, "ec": 857} | 1,276 | Q95098 | 18 | 542 | 18 | 857 | Copparo | Famous companies | tracked vehicle components, equipment for overhauling the undercarriages of earth moving machinery and manufacture of machine tools for the reconditioning of internal combustion engines. The Copparo plant, the headquarters, stands on a site of about 500,000 square metres (120 acres) and has about 2,200 employees. |
{"datasets_id": 1277, "wiki_id": "Q728187", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 399} | 1,277 | Q728187 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 399 | Corbicula fluminea | As a native species & Taxonomy | Corbicula fluminea As a native species This clam originally occurs in freshwater environments of Eastern Asia, including Russia, Thailand, the Philippines, China, Taiwan, Korea, and Japan: C. fluminea also occurs naturally in freshwater environments of Africa. Taxonomy Two species are present in introduced populations, C. fluminea and C. fluminalis. However, the two species are often mixed together. The names themselves are sometimes confused in the literature (e.g. by being called "Corbicula fluminata"). Care needs to be taken to properly distinguish the two species.
The ratio of width and height in C. fluminea is on average 1.1. In C. fluminalis it is |
{"datasets_id": 1277, "wiki_id": "Q728187", "sp": 10, "sc": 399, "ep": 10, "ec": 1004} | 1,277 | Q728187 | 10 | 399 | 10 | 1,004 | Corbicula fluminea | Taxonomy | smaller (0.97); still, there is much variation and considerable overlap in shape. Most easily, they can be distinguished by the amount of ribs on the shell; C. fluminea has 7 to 14 ribs per cm, C. fluminalis 13 to 28. This character is already clearly recognizable (albeit only by direct comparison) in very small (5 mm diameter) specimens. In addition, when viewed from the side (looking at the opening between the shells), C. fluminalis is rounder, almost heart-shaped, while C. fluminea has a slightly flatter shape like a teardrop with a notched broad end. Small specimens of C. fluminalis are almost |
{"datasets_id": 1277, "wiki_id": "Q728187", "sp": 10, "sc": 1004, "ep": 10, "ec": 1207} | 1,277 | Q728187 | 10 | 1,004 | 10 | 1,207 | Corbicula fluminea | Taxonomy | spherical, while those of C. fluminea are decidedly flattened. All these differences except the rib number are a consequence of C. fluminalis having a markedly more swollen, pointed and protruding umbo. |
{"datasets_id": 1278, "wiki_id": "Q3043516", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 625} | 1,278 | Q3043516 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 625 | Corinthians Democracy | Corinthians Democracy The Corinthians' Democracy (Portuguese: Democracia Corinthiana) was an ideological movement and an innovative way to manage a club, recognized in Brazil as one of the most important actions in the struggle against dictatorship and the only movement of this nature installed on a football club known to this day. At the time, it was also a challenge to the military government. It was an idealistic but effective political cell which fought against the authoritarian way the club's management controlled its players, a microcosm of the way the country was governed by the military.
Led by the cultured midfield maestro |
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{"datasets_id": 1278, "wiki_id": "Q3043516", "sp": 4, "sc": 625, "ep": 4, "ec": 1220} | 1,278 | Q3043516 | 4 | 625 | 4 | 1,220 | Corinthians Democracy | Sócrates and by full back Wladimir, and with the consent of club president Waldemar Pires, the squad players took control over the management of the team Sport Club Corinthians Paulista. Sócrates, together with teammate Wladimir, organised the players to discuss and then vote with a simple show of hands on all matters which affected them, from simple things like what time they would eat lunch to challenging the dreaded concentração, a common practice in Brazil where players are practically locked up in a hotel for one or two days before a game. One of the most notable decisions they made |
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{"datasets_id": 1278, "wiki_id": "Q3043516", "sp": 4, "sc": 1220, "ep": 4, "ec": 1862} | 1,278 | Q3043516 | 4 | 1,220 | 4 | 1,862 | Corinthians Democracy | was, in 1982, having "Vote on 15th" printed on the back of their shirts to motivate fans to vote in the first Brazilian multiparty election since the 1964 military coup.
Despite the importance that the movement had within intellectual groups, Corinthians, in these years, won only two Campeonatos Paulistas: 1982 and 1983. In 1984, Sócrates revived a contact offer from Fiorentina. However, he only would play in Italy if Congress rejected the Constitutional Amendment introduced by Dante de Oliveira, which would restore direct elections for President of Brazil. As it did not pass, despite his desires, the most important leader of |
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{"datasets_id": 1278, "wiki_id": "Q3043516", "sp": 4, "sc": 1862, "ep": 4, "ec": 2293} | 1,278 | Q3043516 | 4 | 1,862 | 4 | 2,293 | Corinthians Democracy | Democracy left Corinthians. Its motto was: "Ganhar ou perder, mas sempre com democracia" ("Win or lose, but always with democracy").
The movement had the backing of artists and intellectuals, such as senior media creative Washington Olivetto, who coined the term Democracia Corintiana. Eventually, the government reacted, as Brigadier Jerônimo Bastos, head of the CBD, warned the club for interfering in political affairs. |
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{"datasets_id": 1279, "wiki_id": "Q5170835", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 269} | 1,279 | Q5170835 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 269 | Cork and Muskerry Light Railway | Initial route | Cork and Muskerry Light Railway The Cork and Muskerry Light Railway was a 3 ft (914 mm) narrow gauge railway in County Cork, Ireland. The first part of the railway opened in 1887 and closed in 1934. A major reason for building the railway was to exploit tourist traffic to Blarney Castle. Initial route The railway operated from its own station. the Cork Western Road railway station, in Cork city. The initial lines westwards from Cork to Blarney and Coachford opened in 1887 and 1888 respectively. The railway was built close to the south bank of the River Lee as far as |
{"datasets_id": 1279, "wiki_id": "Q5170835", "sp": 8, "sc": 269, "ep": 12, "ec": 217} | 1,279 | Q5170835 | 8 | 269 | 12 | 217 | Cork and Muskerry Light Railway | Initial route & Donoughmore Extension | a station at Coachford Junction, 6½ miles west of Cork. From Coachford Junction the branch to the Blarney line terminus station was 2 miles, and the line to the terminus station at Coachford was 9 miles.
Throughout the railway's existence, the line was equipped with nine steam locomotives.
The Cork Electric Tramways and Lighting Company was later to share railways' line out of Cork city. Donoughmore Extension An 8½ mile long extension was built north-westerly from St Annes (on the Blarney branch) to Donoughmore. The line was opened in 1893. It was legally a separate company (the Donoughmore Extension Light Railway Company, |
{"datasets_id": 1279, "wiki_id": "Q5170835", "sp": 12, "sc": 217, "ep": 16, "ec": 419} | 1,279 | Q5170835 | 12 | 217 | 16 | 419 | Cork and Muskerry Light Railway | Donoughmore Extension & Final years | incorporated in 1889) but worked as a part of the Cork and Muskerry Light Railway. Final years The line was comparatively unaffected by World War I, but experienced serious damage during the Irish Civil War of 1922-23. The destruction of a bridge over the River Lee seriously undermined the railway's viability; the railway was repaired and incorporated into the Great Southern Railways in 1925.
Road competition started to seriously affect the railway in the 1920s. The railway closed on 29 December 1934. |
{"datasets_id": 1280, "wiki_id": "Q5171220", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 89} | 1,280 | Q5171220 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 89 | Cornelis Cornelisz Kunst | Cornelis Cornelisz Kunst Cornelis Cornelisz. Kunst (1493, Leiden – 1544, Leiden), was a Dutch Renaissance painter. |
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{"datasets_id": 1281, "wiki_id": "Q52700002", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 462} | 1,281 | Q52700002 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 462 | Cornell Big Red men's squash | History | Cornell Big Red men's squash History Mark Devoy coached the team for 12 seasons from 2004 to 2016. He led the Big Red to be a steady presence in the top 8 nationally, with a 126-89 career record. The Big Red finished as high as 6th in the country during Devoy's tenure. Palmer replaced both Mark and Julee Devoy (women's head coach) before the 2016-2017 season. Palmer is the third former world number 1 currently coaching a college squash team, joining Drexel's John White and MIT's Thierry Lincou. |
{"datasets_id": 1282, "wiki_id": "Q866449", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 78} | 1,282 | Q866449 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 78 | Coronal consonant | Examples | Coronal consonant Examples In Arabic and Maltese philology, the sun letters represent coronal consonants. |
{"datasets_id": 1283, "wiki_id": "Q257975", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 578} | 1,283 | Q257975 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 578 | Corset piercing | As temporary piercings | Corset piercing As temporary piercings Temporary corset piercings are often performed for aesthetic reasons, often as part of a fetish event or photo shoot. A body piercer may also perform a corset piercing to promote their business, to be photographed for a portfolio or to be used for advertising purposes. They may also be performed as play piercings as part of BDSM activity. Often temporary corset piercings are worn laced with ribbon, rope, or chain.
Usually temporary corset piercings use captive bead rings as jewelry, but corset piercings intended as play piercings or as part of a short photo shoot |
{"datasets_id": 1283, "wiki_id": "Q257975", "sp": 6, "sc": 578, "ep": 10, "ec": 80} | 1,283 | Q257975 | 6 | 578 | 10 | 80 | Corset piercing | As temporary piercings & As permanent piercings | might simply be done with hypodermic needles, which will be removed after the activity is finished.
Rarely worn for more than a week, corset piercings are typically worn only for a few hours or until the event or activity they were required for has ended. Temporary corset piercings are open wounds, and are subject to the same infection, cross contamination, and irritation risks as any other healing piercing or small wound. Scarring from the removal of temporary piercings is usually minimal or non-existent. As permanent piercings It is possible for the multiple surface wounds that constitute a corset piercing |
{"datasets_id": 1283, "wiki_id": "Q257975", "sp": 10, "sc": 80, "ep": 10, "ec": 727} | 1,283 | Q257975 | 10 | 80 | 10 | 727 | Corset piercing | As permanent piercings | to heal; however, they are unlikely to heal properly. Permanent corset piercings would consist of multiple surface piercings, pierced with jewelry designed for the purpose, and bear all of the healing issues and risks associated with them. To date, the most successful attempts at permanent corset piercings have been performed with surface bars, although some success has been reported using Teflon or Tygon tubing, both of which are flexible and move with the body. There have also been experiments in healing corset piercings as transdermal implants.
Due to the tremendous potential for the healing piercings to be irritated by normal |
{"datasets_id": 1283, "wiki_id": "Q257975", "sp": 10, "sc": 727, "ep": 10, "ec": 1337} | 1,283 | Q257975 | 10 | 727 | 10 | 1,337 | Corset piercing | As permanent piercings | daily life, corset piercings, even healed ones, require constant vigilance by the wearer to prevent damage.
Although corset piercings are usually intended to be laced, during the healing period, especially the initial healing period, surface piercings intended to be part of permanent corset piercings are not usually laced as it puts pressure, torsion, and tension on the piercing that can increase the chances of migration and rejection. Once the piercing is fully healed, one of the beads at the end of the surface bar can be replaced with a special bead, drilled to accept a ring, similar to the |
{"datasets_id": 1283, "wiki_id": "Q257975", "sp": 10, "sc": 1337, "ep": 10, "ec": 1974} | 1,283 | Q257975 | 10 | 1,337 | 10 | 1,974 | Corset piercing | As permanent piercings | bead on a bondage bar. The healed surface piercings can then be laced for aesthetic purposes, although subjecting the piercings to extended periods of lacing can increase the risk of migration or rejection.
Healing and aftercare for corset piercings is identical to healing for any surface piercings, although the healing process can be extended and complicated due to the number of piercings healing at the same time, which puts greater stress on the body. The location of most corset piercings, on the individual's back, can make caring for the healing piercings more difficult as well. Like all surface piercings, rejected or |
{"datasets_id": 1283, "wiki_id": "Q257975", "sp": 10, "sc": 1974, "ep": 14, "ec": 590} | 1,283 | Q257975 | 10 | 1,974 | 14 | 590 | Corset piercing | As permanent piercings & History and culture | improperly healed corset piercings can leave noticeable permanent scarring. History and culture Although corsetry has a long history, the corset piercing is of contemporary origin, coming into practice with the establishment of the body piercing industry in the late 1990s. Like corsetry, it is associated with erotic behavior and aesthetics, particularly fetish aesthetics. Also paralleling corsets, most wearers of corset piercings are women.
There is some controversy regarding the publication and promotion of images of corset piercing. Almost all of the photographs of corset piercing are of fresh piercings, which have not had the time to reject, migrate or otherwise fail |
{"datasets_id": 1283, "wiki_id": "Q257975", "sp": 14, "sc": 590, "ep": 14, "ec": 1231} | 1,283 | Q257975 | 14 | 590 | 14 | 1,231 | Corset piercing | History and culture | to heal properly. Images used in advertising or magazines may be photoshopped or airbrushed to eliminate indications of swelling, redness, or infection, further promoting the illusion that these piercings are easy, or even possible to heal. Photographs of corset piercings done with captive bead rings, which are inappropriate for permanent corset piercings, vastly outnumber photographs of corset piercings done as proper surface piercings. Usually corset piercings are photographed laced, also leading the public to believe that they can be worn laced at all times, which is not possible, even in a well healed, permanent corset piercing. |
{"datasets_id": 1284, "wiki_id": "Q3695083", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 166} | 1,284 | Q3695083 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 166 | Cosetta Campana | Biography | Cosetta Campana Biography In the era of Erica Rossi (20 national championships), she was able to win the national championships three times. She has 43 caps in national team from 1983 to 1994. |
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