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Coshocton High School
Sports
Coshocton High School Sports Coshocton High School is a member of the East Central Ohio League. Sports competed in include; swimming, football, soccer, baseball, basketball, softball, volleyball, golf, track, wrestling, and tennis.
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Cosmopolitan Russia
History and profile
Cosmopolitan Russia History and profile Cosmopolitan Russia was established in 1994. The first issue was published in May 1994 and featured Cindy Crawford on the cover. The magazine is part of Sanoma Independent Media, a subsidiary of Sanoma company. The Independent Media was founded by Derk Sauer and was acquired by the Finnish media company SanomaWSOY in 2005. Cosmopolitan Russia is published by Fashion Press on a monthly basis. The owners of Fashion Press are Sanoma and Hearst. The editor-in-chief of the magazine which targets women is Polina Sokhranova. The headquarters is in Moscow. In June 2015 Sanoma Independent Media planned to
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Cosmopolitan Russia
History and profile & Circulation
sell the publisher of Cosmopolitan Russia, Fashion Press, to its partner Hearst Shkulev Media. However, the proposal was rejected by the Russian Federal Anti-Monopoly Service. Circulation The first issue of the magazine sold 50,000 copies. In 2005 Cosmopolitan Russia sold 1,000,000 copies and was acknowledged by the Guinness Book of Records as the magazine with the largest number of copies. The circulation of the monthly was 1,050,000 copies in 2009. Between May and October 2014 the magazine had a circulation of 800,000 copies.
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Couldn't Be Fairer
Synopsis
Couldn't Be Fairer Synopsis Couldn't Be Fairer reveals how Australia's first people are still suffering from social oppression, with many living on reservations where alcoholism is rampant and unemployment the major occupation. Aboriginal land rights are a central theme: Miller clearly demonstrates the contrast between the attitudes of European Australians, who see the land only as a resource to be mined, farmed, grazed and built upon, and Aboriginal Australians, who regard the land as sacred. Archival footage compares the original lifestyle of Aboriginal Australians to their current pitiful condition, and shows how European settlers attempted to "civilize" mixed blood children
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Couldn't Be Fairer
Synopsis & Production
by taking them away from their parents and enrolling them in boarding schools. The film ends on an optimistic note, with Miller introducing the audience to a cattle station in northern Queensland called Delta Downs Station, which is owned and successfully run by Aboriginal Australians. Miller asserts that if the government would give sovereignty of the land and reserves back to the Aboriginal people, they would be able to show the world what they are capable of achieving. Mick Miller died in 1998. Production Noting the importance of a documentary about Aboriginal Australian rights in Queensland, Mick Miller stated that: A film had
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Couldn't Be Fairer
Production & Reviews
to be made to show that in the little outback towns, nothing has really changed. Blacks are still being bashed and arrested for minor offences and it’s very difficult to lay charges against those responsible. We wanted to show that, in Queensland, Blacks are still being treated the way they were 30 years ago, and that in some of the pubs in the little towns there are still separate bars for Blacks and whites. We Blacks still aren’t allowed to drink with the local ringers and land owners. — Mick Miller, Tribune. Reviews Couldn't Be Fairer is a devastating account of the
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Couldn't Be Fairer
Reviews
Aboriginal land rights battle in Queensland. It reveals white Australians at their most beer-sodden and hypocritical. O'Rourke has captured scenes showing how racism and vulgarity which the middle class of Sydney and Melbourne like to think died with the 1950s are alive and thriving in the Australian heartland. — Robert Milliken, National Times.
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Country Captain
Description
Country Captain Description In its basic form, country captain is a mild stew made with browned chicken pieces, onions, and curry powder. Almonds and golden raisins or zante currants are usually added. Many versions also call for tomatoes, garlic, and bell peppers. The dish is served over white rice. With the exception of the rice, it is meant to be cooked all in the same pot. Chef Mamrej Khan has referred to the dish as one of the first fusion dishes to be developed, making it part of the Anglo-Indian cuisine. Country captain originated in India as a simple spatchcock poultry
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Country Captain
Description
or game recipe involving onions and curry and possibly enjoyed by British officers. One theory is that an early 19th-century British sea captain, possibly from the East India Company, working in the spice trade introduced it to the American South via the port of Savannah. The dish remains popular amongst the communities in Mumbai, India. The "country" part of the dish's name dates from when the term referred to things of Indian origin instead of British, and so the term "country captain" would have meant a captain of Indian origin, a trader along the coasts of India. Others claim that
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Country Captain
Description
the word "captain" in the title is simply a corruption of the word "capon". In 1991, The New York Times columnist Molly O’Neill researched the origin of the dish known as country captain, which had been a steady feature in southern cookbooks since the 1950s. Working with Cecily Brownstone, they discovered that the dish originally published in the United States in the pages of Miss Leslie’s New Cookery Book published in Philadelphia in 1857. The recipe required a "fine full-grown fowl". It also appeared in the kitchens of Alessandro Filippini, who was a chef with a restaurant on Wall Street
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Country Captain
Description
in the 18th century. Fans of the dish have included Franklin D. Roosevelt, who introduced it to George S. Patton. It was Patton's love for the dish which subsequently resulted in it being added in his honor to the U.S. Army's Meal, Ready-to-Eat field rations in 2000. A variety of Southern chefs have recipes for the dish, including Paul Prudhomme, Paula Deen and Emeril Lagasse. The dish was featured on an episode of Throwdown! with Bobby Flay in season 6 guest-starring Matt and Ted Lee. It also appeared on the BBC One cooking show, Saturday Kitchen, with chef Atul Kochhar cooking
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Country Captain
Description & Variations
the regular chicken and rice version of the dish. Variations Chef Cyrus Todiwala cooked a variation of country captain on Saturday Kitchen. His version was similar to Shepherd's Pie, in that the meat was baked under a layer of potato. He had previously cooked the dish for Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh at Krishna Avanti Primary School in Harrow as part of the Queen's Diamond Jubilee celebrations in 2012. That version of the dish used rare breed lamb from the Orkney Islands which had been fed on seaweed. The dish is also now on the menu of
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Country Captain
Variations
Todiwala's London restaurant, Café Spice Namasté.
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Coupe Dodge
History & Men's Provincial Championship
Coupe Dodge History The first provincial championships organized by Hockey Quebec were presented at Montreal in 1978. The name of the trophy has changed over the years because of sponsorship: Daoust (1978-85), Purlator (1986-88), Chrysler (1989-2002), and since 2003, the Dodge brand. This tournament that determines the top double letter teams ("AA" ) at each level from Atom to Junior (boys and girls) within the province of Quebec. Generally, the Quebec Provincial Championship extends over four or five days in April of every year. Men's Provincial Championship There is no National Championship for Junior B (or "Junior AA"
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Coupe Dodge
Men's Provincial Championship
in Quebec) hockey in Canada, similar championships are held in Ontario (Sutherland Cup), Western Canada (Keystone Cup), Eastern Ontario (Barkley Cup), and Atlantic Canada (Don Johnson Memorial Cup)—leaving five teams at the end of each year with a shared claim to being the best Junior B team in Canada. The Junior "AA" championships began in 1988. In 2006, Hockey Quebec allowed for the Shawville Pontiacs and the Gatineau Mustangs of the Eastern Ontario Junior B Hockey League to take part in the event, even though they compete in a league based in Ontario. In 2008, Hockey Quebec allowed for two
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Coupe Dodge
Men's Provincial Championship
regional champions to share the Coupe Dodge.
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Courier Crisis
Reception
Courier Crisis Reception The game received an average score of 54.00% at GameRankings, based on an aggregate of 5 reviews. Next Generation reviewed the PlayStation version of the game, rating it one star out of five, and stated that "The Road Rash-like violence featuring the messenger punching and kicking pedestrians is amusing at first, but it quickly becomes a nuisance."
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Courtier's reply
Courtier's reply The courtier's reply is a type of informal fallacy, coined by American biologist PZ Myers, in which a respondent to criticism claims that the critic lacks sufficient knowledge, credentials, or training to pose any sort of criticism whatsoever. It may be considered an inverted form of argument from authority, where a person without authority disagreeing with an authority is presumed incorrect prima facie. A key element of a courtier's reply, which distinguishes it from an otherwise valid response that incidentally points out the critic's lack of established authority on the topic, is that the respondent never shows how the
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Courtier's reply
Usage history
work of these overlooked experts invalidates the arguments that were advanced by the critic. Critics of the idea that the courtier's reply is a real fallacy have called it the Myers shuffle, implying calling someone out for an alleged courtier's reply is a kind of rhetorical dodge or trick. Usage history American Professor of Biology PZ Myers coined the term courtier's reply in a December 2006 entry on his blog, Pharyngula. Myers was reacting to some of the criticism leveled at the 2006 book The God Delusion, in which author Richard Dawkins argues against the existence of a supernatural creator.
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Courtier's reply
Usage history
Critics argued that Dawkins' lack of qualifications in philosophy or theology called into question a number of his arguments. Myers responded to this criticism by making an analogy, comparing Dawkins to the boy at the end of the fable The Emperor's New Clothes, who is the only reasonable voice that recognizes the Emperor is naked. Myers satirized the aforementioned critics as follows: I have considered the impudent accusations of Mr Dawkins with exasperation at his lack of serious scholarship. He has apparently not read the detailed discourses of Count Roderigo of Seville on the exquisite and exotic leathers of the Emperor's
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Courtier's reply
Usage history
boots, nor does he give a moment's consideration to Bellini's masterwork, On the Luminescence of the Emperor's Feathered Hat. We have entire schools dedicated to writing learned treatises on the beauty of the Emperor's raiment, and every major newspaper runs a section dedicated to imperial fashion; Dawkins cavalierly dismisses them all. He even laughs at the highly popular and most persuasive arguments of his fellow countryman, Lord D. T. Mawkscribbler, who famously pointed out that the Emperor would not wear common cotton, nor uncomfortable polyester, but must, I say must, wear undergarments of the finest silk. Dawkins arrogantly ignores all
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Courtier's reply
Usage history
these deep philosophical ponderings to crudely accuse the Emperor of nudity. Myers also characterized H. Allen Orr's criticism of The God Delusion as an example of this argument. Dawkins himself responded to critics of The God Delusion who argued that he is not a theologian and stated, "Most of us happily disavow fairies, astrology, and the Flying Spaghetti Monster without first immersing ourselves in books of Pastafarian theology." Dawkins quoted the courtier's reply in a debate with Alister McGrath, and he also referenced it in the preface to The God Delusion's 2007 paperback edition. English literary theorist and critic Terry Eagleton wrote of
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Courtier's reply
Usage history
The God Delusion: "What, one wonders, are Dawkins's views on the epistemological differences between Aquinas and Duns Scotus? Has he read Eriugena on subjectivity, Rahner on grace or Moltmann on hope? Has he even heard of them? Or does he imagine like a bumptious young barrister that you can defeat the opposition while being complacently ignorant of its toughest case?" Luke Muehlhauser, the executive director of the Singularity Institute, wrote on his blog, Common Sense Atheism, that this criticism is irrelevant when the existence or otherwise of God is discussed. Muehlhauser wrote, "Eagleton misses the point. If a creator
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Courtier's reply
Usage history & Criticism
god doesn't exist, it doesn't matter whether the imaginary god's grace is best described by Rahner or someone else. Besides, the millions of believers to which Dawkins writes have never heard of Rahner, either. Christianity as practiced by billions of people is not the Christianity of the academic theologians." Criticism Roman Catholic philosopher Edward Feser, writing in The American, has called the courtier's reply a rhetorical "pseudo-defense" employed as a "clever marketing tag" in order for members of the New Atheism movement to avoid criticism of their arguments. Feser terms the courtier's reply "the Myers shuffle". The "Myers shuffle" criticism points
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Criticism
out that the courtier's reply rhetoric is usually a summation of logical fallacies or sophistry, and characterizes Muehlhauser's assertion that criticism of someone's philosophical or theological ignorance is irrelevant when the existence or otherwise of God is disputed as a case of the special pleading fallacy. Feser further claims that asserting that the "average believer" is not well informed about theology is a red herring, since something being true does not depend on how many people believe it is true.
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Covéa
History & UK
Covéa History In 1999, through the initiative of the insurance companies Mutuelle des artisans de France (MAAF) and Mutuelles du Mans Assurances (MMA), the mutual reinsurance company Covéa was formed. In 2003, under the leadership of group of mutual insurance companies (GEMA) a new legal form of "mutual insurance group company" (SGAM) was established by the French government. Covéa was approved as a SGAM in 2003. In 2005, the general meeting of Covéa approve the merger with Azur and of the Garantie mutuelle des fonctionnaires (GMF). UK Covéa Insurance plc was formed in October 2012 following the parent's acquisition and merger
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Covéa
UK & Subsidiaries and international holdings
of three longstanding UK insurance businesses - Provident Insurance, MMA Insurance and Gateway Insurance. It had approximately 1.2 million policyholders in the UK and employed over 1,000 people across their network of UK offices. On 25 February 2015, Covéa Group acquired another UK insurance business, Sterling Insurance. Sterling's general insurance business was transferred into Covéa Insurance from 1 January 2016. As of June 2019, Covea Insurance plc has nearly 2000 employees in the UK, and has 7 offices in England with the registered office being in Reading. Subsidiaries and international holdings 11.6% of turnover in 2013 came from contributions of
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Covéa
Subsidiaries and international holdings
activities located abroad. The development on the international scene allows Covéa to overcome the limitations of external growth in France (the market share already held by Covéa representing nearly 20% of the auto market and HRM ) . It is also a geographical diversification of risk solution in response to the solvency requirements in the insurance sector by the rules called "Solvency II".
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Craig Baynham
Early years
Craig Baynham Early years Baynham attended North Augusta High School. After playing in only two games as a junior, he had an excellent senior season, that earned him the opportunity to play in the South Carolina All-Star game, where he suffered a knee injury. As a freshman at Georgia Tech, besides dealing with his knee rehab, he also broke his arm playing against Clemson University. As a sophomore during the fall, he injured the same knee and required surgery. Baynham enjoyed a healthy season as a junior, playing wingback. He led the team with 30 receptions for 368 yards and set a
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Craig Baynham
Early years & Dallas Cowboys
school record with 7 receiving touchdowns in a season. He suffered a separated shoulder as a senior, that ended up limiting his playing efficiency. He registered 18 receptions (tied for second on the team) for 144 yards (fourth on the team) and one receiving touchdown (tied for second on the team). He was a captain of the track team and set a school record with 9.6 seconds in the 100-yard dash. Dallas Cowboys Baynham was selected by the Dallas Cowboys in the twelfth round (176th overall) of the 1966 NFL Draft and also in the ninth round (73rd overall) of the
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Craig Baynham
Dallas Cowboys
1966 AFL Redshirt Draft by the Miami Dolphins of the American Football League. He was selected with a future pick, which allowed the team to draft him before his college eligibility was over. As a rookie in 1967, because of his speed, he was listed as a split end behind Bob Hayes, but also served as a backup at running back. He averaged 27.6 yards on his 12 kickoff returns. He replaced an injured Dan Reeves in the Eastern Conference Championship game against the Cleveland Browns, scoring 3 touchdowns (2 rushing and one receiving). In 1968, Reeves was the starter at
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Craig Baynham
Dallas Cowboys
halfback, until week 4 when he tore ligaments in his right knee and was lost for the year. Baynham took over starting 8 games and had his best season in the NFL, registering 438 rushing yards, 29 receptions (third on the team) for 380 yards and 8 touchdowns. He averaged 25.7 yards on his 23 kickoff returns. In 1969, with Reeves struggling after having off-season knee surgery and Baynham suffering from bruised ribs, it opened the door for rookie Calvin Hill to win the starting halfback job in the second preseason game. On January 26, 1970, he was traded to the Chicago
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Craig Baynham
Dallas Cowboys & Chicago Bears & St. Louis Cardinals
Bears along with cornerback Phil Clark, in exchange for a second round draft choice (used to draft Bob Asher). Chicago Bears In 1970, he played in 5 games before dislocating a tendon in his ankle. On August 17, 1971, he broke a left wrist in practice that sidelined him for a month. On September 13, Baynham was waived injured after suffering torn ligaments in his right shoulder during a practice. St. Louis Cardinals On May 3, 1972 after a year out of football, the St. Louis Cardinals claimed him on waivers from the Chicago Bears, but would miss half the
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Craig Baynham
St. Louis Cardinals & Personal life
season with a shoulder injury. On June 9, 1973, he announced his retirement. Personal life His son Grant Baynham, also played for Georgia Tech, receiving the Robert Cup, an award given to school's top student athlete.
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Craig Montgomery
Casting
Craig Montgomery Casting The role of Craig Montgomery has been played by four separate actors through the character's run. Scott Bryce appeared in the role from January 1982 to May 22, 1987, May 9, 1988 to November 1989, March 1990 to November 1990, March 1993 to December 1994 and April 10, 2007 to February 21, 2008. Hunt Block was the second actor to play the character from July 19, 2000 to October 31, 2005) before Jeffrey Meek joined from September 28, 2006 to April 2, 2007. Jon Lindstrom was the last actor to play the character from December 3, 2008
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Craig Montgomery
Casting
to September 10, 2010. Bryce is often considered to be the most well known actor in the role and was nominated for the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series in 1986 and 1987, as well as for two Soap Opera Digest Awards in 1986 and 1988. Following his final appearance on the show, Bryce appeared on ABC's One Life to Live as Dr. Crosby in 2006 and eventually co-created and executive produced the web series Steamboat with Michael O'Leary of Guiding Light. The series was intended to become a cable television show until it was broadcast
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Craig Montgomery
Casting
on the Internet. Block is also known for his daytime roles including Ben Warren on CBS' Guiding Light, Lee Ramsey on One Life to Live and Guy Donohue on All My Children. Following his exit, he also appeared in the 2010 feature film Salt, which starred Angelina Jolie and Liev Schreiber. Meek has had a career all throughout television including The WB series Charmed and also appeared on the soap opera Search for Tomorrow. Lindstrom took over the role after the exit of Bryce. He is a veteran of daytime dramas, having most notably played the character of Kevin Collins on
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Craig Montgomery
Casting
ABC's General Hospital from 1993 to 1997 and 2004 and on the show's spin-off Port Charles from 1997 to 2003. He also played Kevin's twin brother Ryan Chamberlain on GH from 1992 to 1995. His other daytime roles include Brady Chapin on Rituals in 1984, Mark McCormick on NBC's Santa Barbara from 1985 to 1986 and Paul Jarre on Generations in 1989. Lindstom was also nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series for his role on ATWT in 2010. Lindstrom was also pre-nominated for the award in 2011. After the end of ATWT,
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Craig Montgomery
Casting & Family and relationships
Lindstom continues to act and most recently appeared in the romantic comedy What Happens Next in 2012, co-starring Wendy Malick, who stars on the TV Land sitcom Hot in Cleveland. The actor also appeared on the CBS series Blue Bloods in 2011 released a CD with his band The High Lonesome that same year. Family and relationships Craig Montgomery is the son of Bart Montgomery and Lyla Crawford, making him the brother of Margo Montgomery Hughes, Cricket Montgomery and Katie Peretti. His relationships often surround Lucinda Walsh and her daughter Sierra Esteban. While he was married to Sierra and had
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Craig Montgomery
Family and relationships
two children with her including Bryant and Lucy Montgomery, his attraction for Lucinda eventually resulted in their contempt for one another and battles in business. Craig is often involved in mysterious business dealings and his attempts for power tended to cloud his judgement when it came to what was best for his family. He was also married to Betsy Stewart, Barbara Ryan, Rosanna Cabot, whom he adopted their son Cabot Sinclair with, and Meg Snyder. His children also include Gabriel Caras and Johnny Montgomery, products of affairs with Lydia Caras and Jennifer Munson.
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Craig Ross Jr.
Career
Craig Ross Jr. Career Ross was born in Boston, Massachusetts. He then moved with his father to the San Francisco Bay area at an early age. After graduating high school, he went back to the east coast to attend film school at New York University. After graduating he moved back to Los Angeles where he formed his own production company Asiatic Associates (ASA). From there he went on to direct a number independent films, his first being the film Cappuccino (1998). His other film credits include Blue Hill Avenue (2001), Ride or Die (2003), Motives (2004) and The Mannsfield 12
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Craig Ross Jr.
Career
(2007), the first film that was released through MySpace.com. Since 2004, he has also had a career in television directing episodes of Strong Medicine, Cold Case, Standoff, Crossing Jordan, The 4400, Lincoln Heights, K-Ville, Prison Break, Bones, Numb3rs and NCIS (TV series).
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Craig y Forwyn (Denbighshire)
Craig y Forwyn (Denbighshire) Craig y Forwyn ("Maiden's Crag") is a crag that encloses the northern side of World's End, near the town of Llangollen in Denbighshire, Wales. It is part of the limestone escarpment that separates the Eglwyseg Valley from the higher Ruabon Moors and, along with nearby Craig Arthur, is a popular site for rock climbing. Evidence of lead and silver mining is found just to the west. The Offa's Dyke Path runs along its foot. The crag is mentioned in George Borrow's Wild Wales: Borrow, while walking from Llangollen to Wrexham, meets a local whom he asks about
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Craig y Forwyn (Denbighshire)
the origin of its name, receiving the response "I do not know sir; some people say that it is called so because its head is like that of a woman, others because a young girl in love leaped from the top of it and was killed."
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Crawford Hill, Nebraska
History
Crawford Hill, Nebraska Crawford Hill is the name of a helper district with an average 1.55% eastbound grade between Crawford, Nebraska, at an elevation of 3,678 feet (1,121 m), and Belmont, Nebraska at 4,499 feet (1,371 m) on the BNSF Railway Butte Subdivision. Crawford Hill is formed as it climbs the Pine Ridge escarpment, formations of buttes and grassy dense sand hills lined with ponderosa pines. Manned helper engines based in Crawford are used to help 18,000-ton (16,000 tonnes) loaded coal trains from Wyoming's Powder River Basin make it up the escarpment. History In 1888, the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad began
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Crawford Hill, Nebraska
History
building a line west from Alliance, Nebraska to Edgemont, South Dakota to compete with the Fremont, Elkhorn and Missouri Valley Railroad. The challenge came when conquering the Pine Ridge escarpment. Upon reaching Belmont, engineers determined the only means of success would be constructing the Belmont Tunnel through the east face of the escarpment, with a steep grade and tight curves down into the settlement known as Crawford. In September 1889, the CB&Q succeeded, establishing a small operations base in Crawford, as well as a connection with the Fremont, Elkhorn and Missouri Valley Railroad. The arrival of the CB&Q and the
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700
8
1,324
Crawford Hill, Nebraska
History
creation of a junction between the two railroads provided a significant economic boost to the region, particularly the agricultural and ranching industries. The line also became a vital means of transport for the soldiers, horses, and supplies at the United States Army's outpost at Fort Robinson. In 1907, Crawford became a city, and by 1911, it had the seventh-highest business volume in Nebraska. Through the years Crawford saw many businesses come and go, including a brick works, mica mill, pickle factory, and a Nash Finch Company warehouse. Crawford's population peaked at 2,536 in 1910. All of this was supported by
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1,297
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1,324
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2,008
Crawford Hill, Nebraska
History
and heavily relied on the railroad. On March 2, 1970, the route became property of Burlington Northern Railroad as the result of a merger that involved four major railroads: the Great Northern Railway, Northern Pacific Railway, Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railway and the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad as well as a few small jointly owned subsidiaries owned by the four. The newly formed railroad would bring major improvements to the route. In 1992 Fremont, Elkhorn and Missouri Valley Railroad successor Chicago and North Western determined there was insufficient traffic on their line to continue operations, and abandoned the track, including removing
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1,297
Q5182876
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2,008
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222
Crawford Hill, Nebraska
History & Bringing coal east
the diamond crossing with Burlington Northern Railroad at Crawford. A portion of the route from Crawford to Chadron would again see life when revived by the regional Dakota, Minnesota and Eastern Railroad, which in April 2010 handed over operations to shortline operators Nebraska Northwestern Railroad and Nebkota Railway. As of 2014, both continued interchange of grain and merchandise by boxcar at Crawford. Bringing coal east In the late 1970s, a large low-sulphur coal deposit was discovered in the Niobrara Basin and Powder River Basin near Wright, Wyoming. The Burlington Northern Railroad began building a line south from Edgemont, South Dakota
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1,297
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12
851
Crawford Hill, Nebraska
Bringing coal east
into the newly found coal deposits to provide rail transportation. The coal loads would head east to Chicago and the Atlantic coast via Crawford Hill. With the success of the Powder River Basin coal traffic, it Crawford Hill became a choke point on the railroad. Traffic was nearing capacity. In 1982, Burlington Northern began a major reengineering project of the route to handle the additional traffic. The project included the elimination of the Belmont Tunnel, and the creation of several double-horseshoe curves to ease curve radiuses and reduce the grade. The right of way was also widened, moving millions of tons
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1,297
Q5182876
12
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16
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Crawford Hill, Nebraska
Bringing coal east & Operations
of earth, whole hill sides in some places, creating huge cuts to allow for a second main track and access road for the whole length of the climb. After the BNSF Railway merger in 1996, the newly formed company began a second round of improvements, upgrading communications and signaling systems. In 1999, concrete cross ties were installed to help support heavier tonnage and reduce maintenance costs. Operations By compass, Crawford Hill is oriented almost directly north and south. Trains towards Crawford and Edgemont are considered westbound, while trains towards Alliance, Nebraska are considered eastbound. Loaded coal trains operate eastbound over the
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1,297
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245
16
814
Crawford Hill, Nebraska
Operations
line, while empties travel back west. Coal trans vary from 125 to 140 cars, and can weigh up to 19,500 tons (17,700 tonnes). Most trains over Crawford Hill operate with 2-3 locomotives on the head-end and 1-2 DPU remote locomotives on the rear. Even with up to 5 locomotives assigned to a train, the hill is still too steep and requires sets of manned helper locomotives to reach the summit. Helpers are generally placed on trains at Moody Road in Crawford, and are cut away at the top of the grade at Belmont. Particularly heavy or under-powered trains will sometimes
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814
16
1,448
Crawford Hill, Nebraska
Operations
continue with their helpers to Nonphereil. In recent years, coal loading in the Powder River Basin has reached an all-time high. In 2012, it was discovered that the same shale formations that yielded coal also contained substantial reserves of oil. By the spring of 2013, numerous companies had entered the region of Wyoming to extract the fuel by means of the controversial hydraulic fracturing, or "fracking", method. Much of the oil is loaded into tank cars, some of which are transported east over Crawford Hill. Merchandise trains from Kansas City, Kansas to the Pacific Northwest also use the route, including movements
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Crawford Hill, Nebraska
Operations & Accessing the hill
of Boeing 737 and Boeing 787 aircraft fuselages to Boeing's final assembly plant in Seattle, Washington. Train movements are controlled by the Alliance West Dispatcher in Fort Worth, Texas with a form of Advanced Train Control System known as ARES. Signals are spaced from 3 to 5 miles (5 to 8 km) apart on the double track route and allow for bidirectional running. Trains operate on a frequency of 161.10000 MHz (AAR Channel 87). Accessing the hill Access to the steepest part of Crawford Hill itself is minimal. The majority of viewing locations are entirely on private property, most of which is working
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20
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20
243
Crawford Hill, Nebraska
Accessing the hill
ranch land. The land is protected by gates, fences, and regular patrol by ranch hands.
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Creando Sueños Olímpicos
History
Creando Sueños Olímpicos History CRESO was the initiative of Mr. Felipe Vicini, Managing Partner of the asset management firm INICIA (previously known as VICINI). Mr. Vicini had read a report by Chris Dillow from the London Times newspaper after the Beijing Olympics that praised the Dominican Republic’s performance in the Beijing Games — the number of medals obtained contrasted with the amount of resources the Dominican Republic receives and the number of athletes sent to Beijing. According to World Bank data, Dominican Republic occupies the 179th place among the countries with higher per capita income, but occupied the 47th spot
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1,298
Q39056545
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6
1,269
Creando Sueños Olímpicos
History
in medals won during the Beijing Olympics. Felipe Vicini encountered the President of the Dominican Olympic Committee, Luis Mejia, on a flight from Santo Domingo to New York, which led to the first meeting between interested partners. Eight companies initially joined to make up CRESO and sponsor ten sports disciplines: INICIA, Corripio Group, Dominican Popular Bank, Claro, Central Romana Corporation, SID Group, Rica Group and Ferquido. CRESO plans are based on a four-year process, which begins with the National Games, then the Central American and Pan-American games, and ends with the Olympic Games. CRESO also focuses on the academic preparation of
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Creando Sueños Olímpicos
History & Sports
the athletes, many of which receive scholarships to the universities of their choice, local as well as international institutions. CRESO chairman, Felipe Vicini, explains that “the program promotes sports, educational and social development, so that long-term we can create model leaders and citizens, committed to their country. We want every athlete to compete and study a career, so that when their sportsmanship years end, they can continue working, as productive members of society in the national labor market”. Sports To date, CRESO supports athletes in 15 different Olympic sports. These are Athletics, Basketball, Boxing, Equestrian, Fencing, Golf, Gymnastics, Judo, Karate,
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1,298
Q39056545
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14
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Creando Sueños Olímpicos
Sports & Athletes
Swimming, Table Tennis, Taekwondo, Tennis, Weightlifting and Wrestling. Athletes The program invests in more than 90 athletes, some of which have won Olympic and/or Pan-American Medals. For example, Luguelín Santos in Athletics, Yvonne Losos in Equestrian, Luisito Pie in Taekwondo, Víctor Estrella Burgos in Tennis, Beatriz Pirón and Yudelkis Contreras in Weightlifting, among others. In the past, Olympic medalists Gabriel Mercedes and Félix Sánchez were athletes supported by CRESO, and now they serve as role models and motivational speakers for other athletes. They both have university degrees and work in the development of new athletes in their respective sports areas.
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Creando Sueños Olímpicos
Results
Results 2013 Bolivarian Games : CRESO Athletes won 38 of the 78 medals that ware won by Dominican Republic in this competition 2014 Central American and Caribbean Games: CRESO Athletes won 47 of the 77 medals that ware won by Dominican Republic in this competition 2015 Pan American Games: CRESO Athletes won 20 of the 24 medals that ware won by Dominican Republic in this competition 2016 Summer Olympics: CRESO Athlete Luisito Pié won the only medal of Dominican Republic in this competition. 2017 Summer Universiade: All 6 medals won by Dominican Republic in this competition came from athletes of CRESO. 2017 Bolivarian Games: CRESO
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140
Creando Sueños Olímpicos
Results & Current Partners (Sponsors)
Athletes won 45 of the 68 medals that ware won by Dominican Republic in this competition Current Partners (Sponsors) Central Romana Corporation, CLARO, Ferquido, Grupo Rica, SID Group, Total Dominicana, Banco Popular Dominicano, Universal Group, and INICIA.
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Credo High School
Campus & Curriculum and Classes
Credo High School Campus Credo High School is located at 1300 Valley House Drive, Suite 100, in Rohnert Park, California 94928. The 50,000 sq. ft. campus includes 30 classrooms, a small theater, large central commons with stage and performance area, an art wing, generous patio space for outdoor classes, a large lawn, garden, 2-acre farm and a soccer field. The school’s home gym is Callinan Sports Center, six minutes away. Curriculum and Classes Credo’s rigorous college prep curriculum exceeds University of California “a-g” admission standards and includes a wide range of specialty subjects, including environmental education, world languages (Spanish or
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Q5183812
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211
10
904
Credo High School
Curriculum and Classes
Mandarin), visual and practical arts, theater, music, social emotional learning, physical education and movement, farming, and four years of sustainability. In recognition of the high quality of the school’s academic program, Sonoma State University has guaranteed admission to Credo graduates with a 3.0 GPA or higher. Credo is accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges. Credo has a seven-period day, with Thursdays only having six periods. The school offers four music classes, and over the four years, more than 20 art classes, including blacksmithing and blind woodturning. Credo uses the block system, where students focus one subject intensively for
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1,299
Q5183812
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904
14
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Credo High School
Curriculum and Classes & Sports and Extracurricular Activities
four weeks. Through this, every student takes physics, chemistry, biology, and earth science each year and is able to build a deep comprehension of the subjects by graduation. All types of history are also included as morning blocks, as well as ongoing track classes. Math is taught five days a week and World Language is taught four days a week. Sports and Extracurricular Activities Credo High School is a member of the NCS CIF sports league, NCL II. The NCL II league involves other small schools in the surrounding counties. Credo offers a range of athletics and extra-curricular activities,
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14
449
Credo High School
Sports and Extracurricular Activities
including boys and girls soccer and basketball, girls volleyball, boys baseball, girls softball, and co-ed golf. Weekly intramurals, a robust student council, and a variety of student-driven clubs are a rich part of student life.
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Creighton, Missouri
History & Geography & 2010 census
Creighton, Missouri History Creighton was platted in 1855, and named after John B. Creighton, a pioneer citizen. A post office called Creighton has been in operation since 1887. Geography Creighton is located at 38°29′44″N 94°4′23″W (38.495498, -94.073148). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.35 square miles (0.91 km²), all land. 2010 census As of the census of 2010, there were 349 people, 142 households, and 94 families residing in the city. The population density was 997.1 inhabitants per square mile (385.0/km²). There were 160 housing units at an average density of 457.1 per square
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1,300
Q967801
14
247
14
839
Creighton, Missouri
2010 census
mile (176.5/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 95.7% White, 2.0% African American, 1.7% Native American, and 0.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.0% of the population. There were 142 households of which 35.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.9% were married couples living together, 9.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 8.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 33.8% were non-families. 29.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age
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1,300
Q967801
14
839
18
137
Creighton, Missouri
2010 census & 2000 census
or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 3.02. The median age in the city was 33.9 years. 25.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.6% were from 25 to 44; 25.2% were from 45 to 64; and 12.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.7% male and 51.3% female. 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 322 people, 128 households, and 83 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,086.7
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1,300
Q967801
18
137
18
735
Creighton, Missouri
2000 census
people per square mile (414.4/km²). There were 138 housing units at an average density of 465.7 per square mile (177.6/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 98.76% White, 0.31% from other races, and 0.93% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.62% of the population. There were 128 households out of which 38.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.1% were married couples living together, 8.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.4% were non-families. 31.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 17.2% had someone
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1,300
Q967801
18
735
18
1,259
Creighton, Missouri
2000 census
living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 3.17. In the city the population was spread out with 31.1% under the age of 18, 5.9% from 18 to 24, 32.3% from 25 to 44, 16.8% from 45 to 64, and 14.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 105.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.8 males. The median income for a household in the city was $41,071, and the
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1,300
Q967801
18
1,259
18
1,565
Creighton, Missouri
2000 census
median income for a family was $48,750. Males had a median income of $41,000 versus $19,479 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,369. About 8.9% of families and 12.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.7% of those under age 18 and 19.5% of those age 65 or over.
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Crema (dairy product)
Crema (dairy product) Crema, sometimes referred to as crema espesa (English: "thick cream"), and referred to as crema fresca (English: "fresh cream") in Mexico, is a Mexican dairy product prepared with heavy cream and buttermilk. Salt and lime juice may also be used in its preparation. Its fat content can range from 18 percent to 36 percent. In Mexico, it is sold directly to consumers by ranches outside large cities, and is available in Mexican and Latino grocery stores in the United States. Crema is used as a food topping, a condiment and as an ingredient in sauces. It is
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1,301
Q25223359
4
557
12
224
Crema (dairy product)
Production & Uses
similar in texture and flavor to crème fraîche and sour cream. Production Away from the larger cities in Mexico, crema is sold directly to consumers by ranches that prepare the product. In the United States, commercial preparations of crema are typically pasteurized, packaged in glass jars, and sold in the refrigerated section of Mexican and Latino grocery stores. Uses Crema is used as a topping for foods and as an ingredient in sauces. It can be dolloped or drizzled atop various foods and dishes. For example, crema is added as a condiment atop soups, tacos, roasted corn, beans and various
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1,301
Q25223359
12
224
16
207
Crema (dairy product)
Uses & Similar foods
Mexican street foods, referred to as antojitos. Its use can impart added richness to the flavor of foods and dishes. It may have a mildly salty flavor. In Mexican cuisine, rajas are roasted chili peppers that are traditionally served with crema. The creaminess of crema can serve to counterbalance the spiciness of dishes prepared with roasted chili peppers, such as chipotle. Similar foods Crema is similar to crème fraîche in flavor and consistency. Compared with sour cream, crema has a softer and tangier flavor, and has a thinner texture. Some recipes that call for the use of crema state that
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1,301
Q25223359
16
207
16
271
Crema (dairy product)
Similar foods
sour cream or crème fraîche can be used as a viable substitute.
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1,302
Q2449061
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0
6
555
Crenidens crenidens
Description
Crenidens crenidens Description Crenidens crenidens has an oblong to ovoid shaped body which is slightly compressed. Smaller adults, less than 19.7 cm in length, show a nose like bump in front of the eye. The mouth extends back to the anterior nostril and there are three rows of teeth in each jaw, the upper front jaw has 8-9 brown-tipped incisor like teeth, each bearing five denticulations which give the edge of the teeth a wavy appearance. The inner rows have a few teeth of similar form but the other teeth are granular. The scales finely ctenoid, the scaly cheeks contrasting with
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1,302
Q2449061
6
555
6
1,131
Crenidens crenidens
Description
the scaleless interorbital region. The dorsal fin has eleven each of spiny and soft rays, while the anal fin has three spiny and ten soft rays. The caudal fin is forked. There are 52-60 scales making up the lateral line. C. crenidens is silvery greenish-blue or olive in colour with darker narrow longitudinal stripes created by dark spots on the scales which are above the level of pectoral fins; the fins are coloured dull yellowish or olive with a dark margin on the dorsal fin and infrequently the axil pectoral fin shows darkish axils. They can grow to 30 cm in
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1,302
Q2449061
6
1,131
10
430
Crenidens crenidens
Description & Distribution
length in their native range, although the maximum in the Mediterranean is 20 cm, the more usual measurement is between 10 and 16 cm in length. Distribution Crenidens crenidesn is indigenous to the western Indian Ocean from the Red Sea to the Nicobar Islands south along the coast of eastern Africa to KwaZulu Natal, South Africa, raely as far as East London, it has also been reported from southern Madagascar. In 1970 it was recorded for the first time in the eastern Mediterranean in the Bardawil Lagoon in the northern Sinai Peninsula and has since spread to Israel and to Libya. The
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1,302
Q2449061
10
430
14
466
Crenidens crenidens
Distribution & Biology
most likely route for this species to have followed to colonise the Mediterranean is through the Suez Canal as a Lessepsian migrant. Biology Crenidens crenidens is found in shallow coastal water, over sandy substrates which are frequently covered with sea grass. Its main food is algae but it also feeds on smaller invertebrates, such as crustaceans and worms. The eggs and larvae are planktonic. Off the Libyan coast C. crenidens has developed a distinct breeding season from November to February and the fish move away from the coast to spawn elsewhere in March and April. The males attain sexual maturity
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1,302
Q2449061
14
466
18
206
Crenidens crenidens
Biology & Uses
at 14 cm length and some females reach maturity at around 13 cm to 13.9 cm but for 50% of females maturity occurs at around 15.4 cm length. Fecundity is dependent on the weight of the female and varies from 678 eggs in smaller females to 9,888 eggs. Uses Crenidens crenidens is caught all year round in the northern Indian Ocean using trammel nets and beach seines and is consumed fresh, however, in the southern part of that Ocean it is fished mainly for bait.
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Crepidula margarita
Description & Habitat
Crepidula margarita Description The maximum recorded shell length is 18.2 mm. Habitat Minimum recorded depth is 0.5 m. Maximum recorded depth is 1 m.
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Cresta Blanca Winery
History
Cresta Blanca Winery History Named for a white limestone cliff that dominates the Livermore Valley landscape, the winery was thriving prior to Prohibition, at which time it had to be shut down. Wetmore died before Prohibition's repeal, but it was re-opened by his brother Clarence. It was sold in 1941 to Schenley Distillers, who closed the business in 1965. The name was then sold to the Guild Wine Company in 1965. The land remained fallow until it was purchased by the Wente family in 1981, and revitalized as the "Sparkling Cellars." The winery is registered as California Historical Landmark #586.
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Cresta Blanca Winery
Vineyards
Vineyards The vineyards were located on the South end of Arroyo Road in Livermore, California.
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Crime in Victoria
Convicts & Eureka Stokade
Crime in Victoria Convicts Convicts were never directly transported to Victoria, however at least 300 convicts arrived in Sorrento in 1803 as part of Colonel David Collin's short-lived, first attempt at British settlement in Victoria, in 1804. This first group of convicts also included the famous escaped convict William Buckley. Over the following decades small numbers of convicts were sent from Tasmania and New South Wales to carry out government work, surveying and labour. Eureka Stokade From the 28th of November till the 3 December 1854 the Eureka Stockade took place in what is now the suburb of Eureka, Ballarat.
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Crime in Victoria
Eureka Stokade & Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse
Gold prospecters staged an uprising against the colonial government which lead to an armed conflict; 22 miners and 6 soldiers were killed. The event is significant in Australian history, particularly in regards to the development of democracy. In the colony's capital of Melbourne there was enormous support from the public for the captured Eureka rebels, this support was one of the factors that lead to the creation of the Electoral Act 1856, leading to colonists being granted male suffrage, on condition of owning property, in the lower house in the Victorian parliament. Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual
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Crime in Victoria
Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse
Abuse In January 2012 widespread sexual and other abuse of children by personnel in religious organisations was exposed by the Protecting Victoria's Vulnerable Children Inquiry. The inquiry recommended that a formal investigation should be conducted into the processes by which religious organisations respond to the criminal abuse of children within their organisation. In response to the inquires recommendations, the Chief Commissioner of Victoria Police, Ken Lay argued that the Roman Catholic Church's attempts hinder investigations be criminalised. Later in 2012, Prime Minister Julia Gillard, announced the creation of a Royal Commission into sex abuse within the Catholic Church. An estimated 60,000
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Crime in Victoria
Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse
Australians were abused in churches, schools, sporting clubs and health services, with the majority of the abuse occurring in New South Wales and Victoria. Institutions that failed to respond appropriately or effectively to widespread child sex abuse in Victoria include: the Anglican Church, the Catholic Church, The Salvation Army, the Jehovah’s Witnesses, Australian Christian Churches, Australian Pentecostal churches, Yeshivah Melbourne and the Christian Brothers among others. The Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse found that one school run by the Christian Brothers, St Alipius boys school in Ballarat East, was staffed almost entirely by paedophiles. The Royal Commission
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Crime in Victoria
Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse
found many of the worst incidences in Victoria occurred in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Ballarat. One of Australia's most infamous paedophiles, former priest Gerald Ridsdale was based in Ballarat and protected by church hierarchy, who shifted Ridsdale from parish to parish, between 1961 and 1988, in order to cover-up Ridsdales crimes. Ridsdale was convicted of 138 sex offences against children, he sexually abused as many as 50 children. On 11 December 2018, Ballarat born former Cardinal George Pell, Australian prelate of the Catholic Church, was convicted on five counts of child sexual abuse of two boys in
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Crime in Victoria
Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse & Melbourne
the 1990s, after a jury returned a unanimous guilty verdict. The conviction makes George Pell the Catholic church's most senior official to be convicted of child sexual abuse. Melbourne Despite Melbourne's CBD having the state's highest crime rate (15,949.9) the city is considered one of the safest in the world, with Melbourne being ranked the 5th safest city globally. The notably low crime rate is one of the factors that lead to Melbourne being named the world's most liveable city by The Economist for seven years in a row up until 2017. The recorded homicide rate of Melbourne was 2.2
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Crime in Victoria
Melbourne & Mallee Mafia
per 100,000 in 2018. Mallee Mafia The Mallee and Mildura in particular have long been associated with the Calabrian Mafia, with claims made by police in 1966 that annual organised crime meetings were held in Mildura to co-ordinate nationwide criminal activities. In a 1960's National Anti-Mafia Directorate report by John T. Cusack (United States' Bureau of Narcotics) and Dr Ugo Macera (assistant commissioner of police in Calabria) claims were made that the "ancient Calabrian Secret Criminal Society known as the L'Onorata Societa" and the "`Ndrangheta" were operating "throughout the State, with large segments in the fruit growing and farming areas
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Crime in Victoria
Mallee Mafia
of Mildura and Shepparton" adding that "There are reports the Society has existed in Victoria since 1930". They have reportedly been involved in revenge killings, cannabis production and weapons purchases. During the 1980's the Mildura Mafia emerged as a major crime group that dominated marijuana production in Australia and ran an Australia-wide money-laundering network. Several notable mafia murders have been linked to the region including the suspected mafia hit on 43-year-old Marco Medici in 1983, police believe the murder may be connected to the assassination of anti-drug crusader Donald MacKay at Griffith in 1977. The 1984 murders of Melbourne gangsters
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Crime in Victoria
Mallee Mafia & Rural methamphetamine use
Rocco Medici and Giuseppe Furina are also connected to Mildura through the Medici family. In 1982, 42-year-old Mildura greengrocer Dominic Marafiote and his parents were murdered after Marafiote gave South Australian police the names of Calabrian mafia bosses in South Australia, Victoria and New South Wales. In 2016 Mildura residents Nicola Ciconte, Vincenzo Medici and Michael Calleja were convicted and sentenced in Italy for their role in a plot to smuggle up to 500 kilograms of cocaine into Australia. Rural methamphetamine use Beginning in 2010, Victoria has seen a significant increase in the use of Methamphetamine, commonly referred to as
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Crime in Victoria
Rural methamphetamine use
ice. While relatively few Australians report using ice compared to other drugs, rates of methamphetamine use are significantly higher among rural and remote areas of Victoria compared to major cities. Rural methamphetamine use rates are 2.5 times as higher than those in metropolitan areas. Prior to 2010 rates of use of illicit drugs in rural areas were significantly lower than those in the cities. In 2014, A Comancheros Motorcycle Club member and former Australian Defence Force (ADF) sniper, Joshua Faulkhead, was arrested after being caught transporting large quantities of methamphetamine, cocaine and ecstasy between Sydney and Mildura. Faulkhead was sentenced to
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Crime in Victoria
Rural methamphetamine use
nine years and five months in jail. In 2015, 20 people were arrested over an alleged large drug trafficking operation in Mildura in north-west Victoria. Methamphetamine, marijuana and ecstasy were seized in the raids. The drugs seized were reported to be worth more that $15,000. $20,000 in cash and weapons were also seized. Later that same year, Stephen Gillard and Geoffrey Hitchenfrom South Penrith, were arrested for possession of $300,000 worth of methamphetamines in scrubland off the Mallee Highway at Tutye, west of Ouyen. Local farmers uncovered plastic fruit juice bottles containing the drugs after noticing the men behaving strangely the
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Crime in Victoria
Rural methamphetamine use
previous day. In 2017, a joint Australian Federal Police (AFP) and United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) investigation lead to the seizure of $2.4 million in cash at the Mildura Airport, after 255 kilograms crystal methamphetamine were found at a storage facility in Northern California in June. the bust was part of an investigation into an alleged conspiracy to use a light plane to export drugs from the US to Australia. The 72-year-old pilot, a 52 year old man, from Zetland in Sydney's east and a 58 year old Melbourne man were charged with conspiracy to import a commercial quantity
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Crime in Victoria
Rural methamphetamine use
of border controlled drugs and money laundering offences. The crystal methamphetamine was reported to be worth $255 million. That arrests were connected to $2.4 million which was found in Mildura, in a prime mover that was driven from Adelaide in April.
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Criminal defense lawyer
United States
Criminal defense lawyer United States In the United States, criminal defense lawyers deal with the issues surrounding an arrest , a criminal investigation, criminal charges, sentencing, appeals, and post-trial issues. Often an attorney will specialize in a niche within criminal defense, such as drug defense or DUI defense. They could work for the local, state, or federal government or they could work for private law firms. An arrest simply means a police officer, federal agent, or judge believes probable cause exists that a person committed a crime. Since an arrest is usually made by law enforcement, the arrest
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Criminal defense lawyer
United States
often is for a criminal charge that has not been levied or verified by an attorney or judge. Criminal defense lawyers also deal with the substantive issues of the crimes with which his or her clients are charged. Criminal defense lawyers may also help clients before charges have been filed by a prosecuting attorney. This is done when someone believes he or she is being investigated, or is arrested. The accused may hire a criminal defense lawyer to help with counsel and representation dealing with police or other investigators, perform his or her own investigation, and at times present exculpatory evidence
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Criminal defense lawyer
United States
that negates potential charges by the prosecutor. Criminal defense lawyers in the United States who are employed by governmental entities such as counties, state governments, and the federal government are often referred to as public defenders or court-appointed attorneys. A considerable aspect of this work requires the US criminal defense lawyer to have a clear understanding of the United States Constitution. Specifically, the Fourth Amendment protects against unlawful searches and seizures, while the Fifth and Sixth Amendments govern the right to remain silent so one does not become a witness against himself. All of the Amendments to the United States Constitution
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Criminal defense lawyer
United States
are guaranteed to the criminal accused against the states via the Fourteenth Amendment. Thus, a criminal defense lawyer must understand each of these rights. Initial work on any criminal case involves review of the charges and the claimed facts, and analysis of constitutional violations, the prima facie burden of the prosecution, defenses, and affirmative defenses; as well as potential sentence and sentencing issues. Early stages of a criminal case may involve a grand jury or preliminary hearing to determine if there exists probable cause for the case to continue. A violation of the Fourth or Fifth Amendment, or