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{"datasets_id": 1317, "wiki_id": "Q5189343", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 413} | 1,317 | Q5189343 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 413 | Crown Council of Monaco | Membership & Affairs | Crown Council of Monaco Membership There are seven total members of the Crown Council. The Prince appoints the council's President and three other members; the final three members are chosen amongst candidates put forward by the National Council. Affairs Though the Crown Council is simply an advisory committee and has no legislative power, the Prince must consult it before signing international treaties, dissolving the National Council, naturalizing citizens, or making certain other executive decisions.
At the end of March 2005, the Crown Council carried out what may have been one of its most far-reaching acts. Prince Rainier, the Sovereign since 1949, |
{"datasets_id": 1317, "wiki_id": "Q5189343", "sp": 10, "sc": 413, "ep": 10, "ec": 1086} | 1,317 | Q5189343 | 10 | 413 | 10 | 1,086 | Crown Council of Monaco | Affairs | had for some weeks been seriously ill in hospital in Monaco and the Crown Council established that Rainier was temporarily incapable of ruling. (During the period of Rainier III's incapacity, his doctors in Monaco were agreed that his ill health showed little signs of improving and, agreeing with eminent Parisian doctors who were called to give their independent opinions.)
Then-Hereditary Prince Albert was informed of the Crown Council's incapacity finding regarding Rainier III and, following the Constitution, was duly called upon to rule over Monaco as Regent.
The Crown Council noted, nevertheless, that if the health of Rainier III were to improve |
{"datasets_id": 1317, "wiki_id": "Q5189343", "sp": 10, "sc": 1086, "ep": 10, "ec": 1375} | 1,317 | Q5189343 | 10 | 1,086 | 10 | 1,375 | Crown Council of Monaco | Affairs | sufficiently, he would be in a position to re-assume his functions as ruler.
Prince Albert's Regency lasted but a few days into April 2005, when Rainier III died at the age of 82. He was then formally succeeded as Monaco's sovereign by Albert in his own right as Prince Albert II. |
{"datasets_id": 1318, "wiki_id": "Q1028805", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 346} | 1,318 | Q1028805 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 346 | Crown of Eric XIV | Crown of Eric XIV The Crown of King Eric XIV of Sweden was made in Stockholm in 1561 by Flemish goldsmith Cornelius ver Weiden, for the coronation of king Eric XIV. It is held in the Treasury under the Stockholm Palace along with the rest of the Swedish Royal Regalia.
The crown is the official crown of the King of Sweden, and is still used in ceremonies. |
|
{"datasets_id": 1319, "wiki_id": "Q5189812", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 586} | 1,319 | Q5189812 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 586 | Crucifixion (Titian) | Composition | Crucifixion (Titian) Composition The heads of the standing figures are presented in an upturned triangle arrangement near the base of the cross. All the figures appear in the foreground, which is on a single plane, lending a sense of immediacy to the picture. The composition is dominated by a colouristic conception of painting in which the picture's predominant dark blue, brown and red hues are pierced through with near-white flashes of light. The cloying regions of dark hues, such as the area of browns and near-black comprising the Golgothan terrain from which the saints emerge, intensify the sadness and horror |
{"datasets_id": 1319, "wiki_id": "Q5189812", "sp": 6, "sc": 586, "ep": 6, "ec": 1186} | 1,319 | Q5189812 | 6 | 586 | 6 | 1,186 | Crucifixion (Titian) | Composition | of the crucifixion. Against this, the moonlit highlights draw attention to significant dramatic and emotional elements of the spectacle. In the late years of his life, in such works as the Ecce Homo (National Gallery of Ireland, Dublin), and the Saint Margaret and the Dragon (Museo del Prado, Madrid), Titian used this method of contrasting of light and colour as a key—or even pivotal—tool for rousing in the viewer a dominant emotion of one kind or another. With the Crucifixion, this method of generating a tragic sensibility is used almost to the exclusion of any other method. It is one of the |
{"datasets_id": 1319, "wiki_id": "Q5189812", "sp": 6, "sc": 1186, "ep": 6, "ec": 1816} | 1,319 | Q5189812 | 6 | 1,186 | 6 | 1,816 | Crucifixion (Titian) | Composition | earlier—possibly the earliest—and most direct uses of the technique in all of Titian's paintings.
But this was not a practice the artist used in all his paintings from this period, and it is indeed in sharp contrast with The Martyrdom of Saint Lawrence, another depiction of human suffering Titian was completing at the same time he was working on the Crucifixion. Whereas the Crucifixion has a simple layout, The Martyrdom of Saint Lawrence is a complex—almost baroque—composition. Although the use of colour, light and contrast in the Martyrdom has some obvious similarities with the Crucifixion, it makes no use of any |
{"datasets_id": 1319, "wiki_id": "Q5189812", "sp": 6, "sc": 1816, "ep": 10, "ec": 230} | 1,319 | Q5189812 | 6 | 1,816 | 10 | 230 | Crucifixion (Titian) | Composition & Jesus Christ | plan of monolithically coloured forms to convey any of its message or gravity.
Another notable aspect of Crucifixion as well as other late works from Titian, is the presence of flecks of colour applied across the painting. When the canvas is viewed from a distance, these spots of bold colours have the effect of bringing animation to the surface of the picture. Jesus Christ The figure of Jesus Christ appears on a scale slightly smaller than that of the other figures, suggesting—especially in a painting on this huge scale—movement away from the viewer. The figure is stylistically similar to the Christ |
{"datasets_id": 1319, "wiki_id": "Q5189812", "sp": 10, "sc": 230, "ep": 10, "ec": 852} | 1,319 | Q5189812 | 10 | 230 | 10 | 852 | Crucifixion (Titian) | Jesus Christ | in Titian's earlier Christ on the Cross (The Escorial, c.1555). The bronze and yellow tones of Christ's skin were used often in paintings of the Venetian Renaissance, but with the Crucifixion the application of this sickly hue is unusually bold, and with a high degree of contrast across the modeling. The use of these tones reinforces the inhumanity of the crucifixion. The bronzed skin and the striking near-whites of Christ's garment have a foil with the lugubrious intrusion of the cloud from the right. Splashing blood and folds in the white garment are rendered relatively clearly—again, in contrast with the darker |
{"datasets_id": 1319, "wiki_id": "Q5189812", "sp": 10, "sc": 852, "ep": 14, "ec": 449} | 1,319 | Q5189812 | 10 | 852 | 14 | 449 | Crucifixion (Titian) | Jesus Christ & The saints | areas. On the right hand of Jesus, Titian uses his sfregazzi method of applying colour with his finger. The saints The figures Saint Mary and Saint Dominic appear in mostly dark raiment, again with striking highlights. Saint Mary stands in the indistinct and nearly blacked out bottom left corner of the canvas, but as her form rises, the dark blues of her mantle are given firm outline against the eerily glowing region to the rear. Her face is sunken and her eyes are flecked with spots of red, a theme that would be revisited centuries later by painters such as |
{"datasets_id": 1319, "wiki_id": "Q5189812", "sp": 14, "sc": 449, "ep": 14, "ec": 1081} | 1,319 | Q5189812 | 14 | 449 | 14 | 1,081 | Crucifixion (Titian) | The saints | Antoine-Jean Gros (in The Plague at Jaffa) and the colourist Eugène Delacroix (in The Massacre at Chios, and others).
St Dominic seizes and clings to the cross in a gesture wrought almost entirely out of sweeps of flashing light. The upward reaching curves of this figure—culminating in the manneristically long fingers—contrast with its crestfallen gaze, comprising an image of appalling sadness and pain. The hand on the foreshortened left arm of the figure of Saint John is once again the object of an exercise in contrast, the dark fingers being delineated by traces of white light. Saint John's revelationary stance is |
{"datasets_id": 1319, "wiki_id": "Q5189812", "sp": 14, "sc": 1081, "ep": 18, "ec": 418} | 1,319 | Q5189812 | 14 | 1,081 | 18 | 418 | Crucifixion (Titian) | The saints & Fire | one of the motors of the painting, he being the only figure looking up in the direction of the broken Christ, and his awed gesture enjoining the viewer to contemplate the same. Fire Although there is no mention of fire in the biblical account of the crucifixion of Jesus Christ, there is a suggestion of fire in the background of the Crucifixion. Titian often incorporated fire into his pictures, even where historical records suggest the presence of fire is unwarranted. There is—for instance—no evidence suggesting a fire during the short reign of the Venetian Doge Francesco Venier, and yet a fire |
{"datasets_id": 1319, "wiki_id": "Q5189812", "sp": 18, "sc": 418, "ep": 22, "ec": 390} | 1,319 | Q5189812 | 18 | 418 | 22 | 390 | Crucifixion (Titian) | Fire & History | appears in Titian's portrait of him. The presence of fire in the Saint Margaret and the Dragon is also difficult to justify based on the legend of Saint Margaret. Both of these paintings are roughly contemporaneous with Crucifixion. History The Crucifixion was the first of two commissioned by the Venetian Pietro Cornovi della Vecchia, who was then residing in Ancona. (The second of the two paintings commissioned by the family—the Annunciation, in the church of San Salvador, Venice—was commissioned in 1559 and completed around 1566.) The Crucifixion is signed on the foot of the cross TITIANVS F. 1558, and was installed as an |
{"datasets_id": 1319, "wiki_id": "Q5189812", "sp": 22, "sc": 390, "ep": 22, "ec": 789} | 1,319 | Q5189812 | 22 | 390 | 22 | 789 | Crucifixion (Titian) | History | altarpiece in the high altar of the sanctuary of the church of San Domenico in Ancona on July 12, 1558. It was placed in the choir in 1715; in the museum between 1884–1925; and was cleaned, restored and rehung in the sanctuary of San Domenico in 1925. It was restored and cleaned again in 1940. The canvas appears as catalogue number 31 in volume one of Harold E. Wethey's, The Paintings of Titian. |
{"datasets_id": 1320, "wiki_id": "Q65056206", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 597} | 1,320 | Q65056206 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 597 | Crumlin Road Prison bombing | Bombing | Crumlin Road Prison bombing Bombing Provisional IRA prisoners snuck in semtex and explosive materials into the prison and assembled the bomb carefully inside.
The bomb was planted in 'C Wing' the Loyalists dining room area, and hidden behind a radiator. The bomb exploded while the Loyalist prisoners were eating dinner. UDA member Robert Skey (27) and UVF member Colin Caldwell (23) were both killed by the blast, Skeys instantly, while Caldwell died of his wounds four days later on 28 November. Eight other people were injured.
At the time Loyalist paramilitary groups like the UVF and the UDA had been stepping up |
{"datasets_id": 1320, "wiki_id": "Q65056206", "sp": 6, "sc": 597, "ep": 6, "ec": 1279} | 1,320 | Q65056206 | 6 | 597 | 6 | 1,279 | Crumlin Road Prison bombing | Bombing | their sectarian campaign against the Irish Nationalist community in Northern Ireland, carrying out a high number of civilian killings against the community as well as targeting Sinn Fein and IRA members. Most of these killings happened around the County Armagh and County Tyrone border with the majority taking place in Belfast.
Republican paramilitaries such as the IRA, Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) and Irish People's Liberation Organization (IPLO) hit back at the Loyalist community, killing both Loyalist paramilitaries and civilians in both targeted and random attacks. These and other killings led a deadly circle of tit-for-tat sectarian killings, on the 21 |
{"datasets_id": 1320, "wiki_id": "Q65056206", "sp": 6, "sc": 1279, "ep": 6, "ec": 1799} | 1,320 | Q65056206 | 6 | 1,279 | 6 | 1,799 | Crumlin Road Prison bombing | Bombing | December 1991 the IPLO shot dead two Protestant civilians and injured five others in a Belfast bar in what became known as the Donegall Arms shooting, on the same day an INLA gunman shot dead a Protestant civilian in County Tyrone, and the UFF shot dead a Catholic civilian in Belfast. In December 1992 the UFF launched a rocket attack at Crumlin Rd Prison at what the UFF believed was a Republican part of the prison. It's believed this was in retaliation for the November 1991 bombing. Nobody was injured as a result. |
{"datasets_id": 1321, "wiki_id": "Q14623718", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 521} | 1,321 | Q14623718 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 521 | Crush (2013 film) | Plot | Crush (2013 film) Plot At the beginning of the movie, there are two children (Ashleigh Craig and Cody Hamilton) sitting on the roof. The boy starts smiling about something. His friend asks him what's he smiling about. The boy refuses to say, so the girl offers him a penny for his thoughts. He says that he kissed his crush Emily. The girl seemed upset about something, so the boy asks what's wrong. He gives the girl the penny, and she tearfully says, "You kissed the wrong girl," and pushes him off the roof. The boy screams for help, but she |
{"datasets_id": 1321, "wiki_id": "Q14623718", "sp": 6, "sc": 521, "ep": 6, "ec": 1076} | 1,321 | Q14623718 | 6 | 521 | 6 | 1,076 | Crush (2013 film) | Plot | ignores him until he falls to his death.
Some years after the death, Scott (Lucas Till) injures his knee in a game and doctors say it might take up to two years for his knee to heal. His father is against his playing soccer and wishes that he takes rest until he recovers completely. 6 months later, a girl named Jules (Sarah Bolger) likes him, but Scott is fixated on recovering his physical condition and considers her his best friend. Bess (Crystal Reed), a girl studying in Scott's high school, also has a crush on Scott, and works in a store |
{"datasets_id": 1321, "wiki_id": "Q14623718", "sp": 6, "sc": 1076, "ep": 6, "ec": 1678} | 1,321 | Q14623718 | 6 | 1,076 | 6 | 1,678 | Crush (2013 film) | Plot | owned by David (Leigh Whannell) with her mature colleague Andie (Caitriona Balfe). Bess keeps sending love letters to Scott but Scott doesn't realize who has sent them and ignores them.
Ms. Brown (Camille Guaty) Scott's teacher, favors him by giving higher grades than he deserves and asks him to call her regarding a novel. Bess, who hears the conversation, asks Scott whether he will call her and remarks that Scott is someone special, leading him to suspect that Bess is his secret admirer. Ms. Brown is later attacked at a park while jogging. However, the attacker is not revealed. Later, |
{"datasets_id": 1321, "wiki_id": "Q14623718", "sp": 6, "sc": 1678, "ep": 6, "ec": 2297} | 1,321 | Q14623718 | 6 | 1,678 | 6 | 2,297 | Crush (2013 film) | Plot | when Scott is stalked by a mysterious person that threatens Jules, he believes that Bess is responsible for the weird situations. Things begin to get worse and worse as the stalker takes extreme measures that humiliate Jules, among others.
During a party at a friend's place, someone attempts to suffocate Jules with a pillow while she is asleep. Jules pretends to be unconscious and escapes from the incident. Scared, she informs Scott who is also present at the party. Scott assumes that Bess is responsible for the attack and he escorts Jules to her house.
While returning home, he encounters Andie |
{"datasets_id": 1321, "wiki_id": "Q14623718", "sp": 6, "sc": 2297, "ep": 6, "ec": 2872} | 1,321 | Q14623718 | 6 | 2,297 | 6 | 2,872 | Crush (2013 film) | Plot | who accidentally crashes into her bicycle with his car, and she is injured. Scott offers to take her to the hospital and she turns down the offer, but accepts when Scott offers to give her a ride home. While Scott is at Andie's house, he is attacked by her and is knocked unconscious, revealing that it was Andie who was the stalker all along, not Bess. Andie holds Scott captive in her basement.
David visits Andie's house and expresses his feelings for her, which she rejects, and then kills David. Scott attacks Andie at a suitable opportunity and tries to escape |
{"datasets_id": 1321, "wiki_id": "Q14623718", "sp": 6, "sc": 2872, "ep": 10, "ec": 77} | 1,321 | Q14623718 | 6 | 2,872 | 10 | 77 | Crush (2013 film) | Plot & Critical reception | from the basement. Bess accidentally visits Andie's house and sees Scott and a deceased David. However, Andie attacks both of them and Jeffrey, a guy who has a crush on Bess and followed her there, comes to their rescue. Finally, the cops arrive and Andie is admitted to a mental asylum where she reveals that she has been stalking boys since her childhood and killed a lot of them. Finally Bess dates Jeffrey, and Scott reconciles with Jules. He reciprocates her feelings and they kiss. Critical reception Writing for FEARnet, Scott Weinberg praised the acting of the three leads but |
{"datasets_id": 1321, "wiki_id": "Q14623718", "sp": 10, "sc": 77, "ep": 10, "ec": 714} | 1,321 | Q14623718 | 10 | 77 | 10 | 714 | Crush (2013 film) | Critical reception | criticized the film's "paper-thin premise" and script for being derivative (pointing out Mallhi's previous work on 2011's The Roommate), and said "Even putting aside the casual plagiarism in Mallhi's screenplays, there's nothing here in the way of character, suspense, intensity, or surprises. It's just someone telling the same old story with slightly different character." Ian Sedensky of Culture Crypt gave the film a score of 45/100 and judged: "The young cast is attractive, the production is well put together, and the twist, however absurd, might be genuinely shocking and entertaining to some. But this is a movie about a crush. |
{"datasets_id": 1321, "wiki_id": "Q14623718", "sp": 10, "sc": 714, "ep": 10, "ec": 1149} | 1,321 | Q14623718 | 10 | 714 | 10 | 1,149 | Crush (2013 film) | Critical reception | And buying into the thin motivations behind this obsession requires a level of crazy reserved exclusively for the characters in this movie." John Strand of Best-Horror-Movies awarded the film 2.5/5 "Freakheads" (the site's rating system), and concluded the film is "A neat little thriller that will appeal to teens and young adults who are not interested in scares and gore, but like a fairly executed, albeit predictable, storyline." |
{"datasets_id": 1322, "wiki_id": "Q5190683", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 53} | 1,322 | Q5190683 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 53 | Cryptanthus delicatus | Origins | Cryptanthus delicatus Origins The plant was found in Brazil by an unknown explorer. |
{"datasets_id": 1323, "wiki_id": "Q427471", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 689} | 1,323 | Q427471 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 689 | Cryptome | People | Cryptome People Cryptome was created by John Young and Deborah Natsios, both highly successful architects. Over the four decades of their architectural practice, they have handled multibillion-dollar projects ranging from urban design to forensic services. They have worked as architects, contractors or independent consultants for people and organizations that they claim include the Council on Foreign Relations, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority of New York, Columbia University, W Hotels, Reuters, Opus Dei, the Rockefellers, the Mafia, Five Percenters, the Church of Scientology, the Black Panther Party. As a result of their architectural work, they have been invited to speak at prestigious |
{"datasets_id": 1323, "wiki_id": "Q427471", "sp": 6, "sc": 689, "ep": 10, "ec": 536} | 1,323 | Q427471 | 6 | 689 | 10 | 536 | Cryptome | People & John Young | functions like FedCyber, an annual cybersecurity event on critical enterprise and federal government challenges. John Young John Young was born in 1935. He grew up in West Texas where his father worked on a decommissioned Texas POW, and John later served in the United States Army Corps of Engineers in Germany (1953–56) and earned degrees in philosophy and architecture from Rice University (1957–63). He went on to receive his graduate degree in architecture from Columbia University in 1969. A self-identified radical, he became an activist and helped create community service group Urban Deadline, where his fellow student-activists initially suspected him |
{"datasets_id": 1323, "wiki_id": "Q427471", "sp": 10, "sc": 536, "ep": 10, "ec": 1142} | 1,323 | Q427471 | 10 | 536 | 10 | 1,142 | Cryptome | John Young | of being a police spy. Urban Deadline went on to receive citations from the Citizens Union of the City of New York and the New York City Council, and which later evolved into Cryptome. His work earned him a position on the nominating committee for the Chrysler Award for Innovation in Design in 1998.
He has received citations from the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the American Society of Civil Engineers and the Legal Aid Society. In 1993, he was awarded the Certificate of Special Congressional Recognition. He has stated he doesn't "acknowledge the power of the law" and claimed to |
{"datasets_id": 1323, "wiki_id": "Q427471", "sp": 10, "sc": 1142, "ep": 14, "ec": 613} | 1,323 | Q427471 | 10 | 1,142 | 14 | 613 | Cryptome | John Young & Deborah Natsios | be a lawyer. Deborah Natsios Deborah Natsios grew up in CIA safe houses across Europe, Asia and South America reserved for covert CIA station chiefs. She later received her graduate degree in architecture from Princeton University. She has taught architecture and urban design at Columbia University and Parsons The New School for Design, and held seminars at the Pratt Institute and the University of Texas. She is the principal of Natsios Young Architects.
In addition to being co-editor for Cryptome, she is responsible for the associated project Cartome, which was founded in 2011 and posts her original critical art and graphical |
{"datasets_id": 1323, "wiki_id": "Q427471", "sp": 14, "sc": 613, "ep": 18, "ec": 207} | 1,323 | Q427471 | 14 | 613 | 18 | 207 | Cryptome | Deborah Natsios & Family | images and other public resources to document sensitive areas. She additionally holds a degree in mathematics from Smith College. She has given talks at the USENIX Annual Technical Conference and Architectures of Fear: Terrorism and the Future of Urbanism in the West, and written on topics ranging from architectural theory to defenses of Jim Bell and assassination politics. She is a notable critic of Edward Snowden. Family Deborah Natsios is the daughter of Nicholas Natsios, who served as CIA station chief in Greece from 1948–1956, in Vietnam from 1956–1960, in France from 1960–1962, in South Korea from 1962–1965, in Argentina |
{"datasets_id": 1323, "wiki_id": "Q427471", "sp": 18, "sc": 207, "ep": 18, "ec": 885} | 1,323 | Q427471 | 18 | 207 | 18 | 885 | Cryptome | Family | from 1965–1969, in the Netherlands from 1969–1972, and in Iran from 1972–1974. While stationed in Vietnam, his deputy was William Colby, the future Director of Central Intelligence. His name was included in the 1996 membership directory of the Association of Former Intelligence Officers, which Cryptome helped to publish. Cryptome acknowledged its link to Nicholas Natsios in 2000.
Her cousin is Andrew Natsios. He has served as Administrator of the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), U.S. Special Envoy to Sudan, and Vice President of World Vision. Currently, Natsios teaches as Executive Professor at The Bush School of Government and Public Service. |
{"datasets_id": 1323, "wiki_id": "Q427471", "sp": 20, "sc": 0, "ep": 22, "ec": 681} | 1,323 | Q427471 | 20 | 0 | 22 | 681 | Cryptome | Editorial policy | Editorial policy According to the website's mission statement, "Cryptome welcomes documents for publication that are prohibited by governments worldwide, in particular material on freedom of expression, privacy, cryptology, dual-use technologies, national security, intelligence, and secret governance—open, secret and classified documents—but not limited to those." In a 2013 Associated Press article, Young said Cryptome has an "editorial role in selecting files, but we don't tell people what to think about them."
John Young has said of Cryptome, "We do expect to get false documents but it's not our job to sort that out." In another interview, John Young promoted skepticism about all |
{"datasets_id": 1323, "wiki_id": "Q427471", "sp": 22, "sc": 681, "ep": 22, "ec": 1318} | 1,323 | Q427471 | 22 | 681 | 22 | 1,318 | Cryptome | Editorial policy | sources of information, saying: "Facts are not a trustworthy source of knowledge. Cryptome is not an authoritative source." When asked about providing context for material, Young said, "We do not believe in 'context.' That is authoritarian nonsense. For the same reason, we do not believe in verification, authentication, background."
The front page of the states that "documents are removed from this site only by order served directly by a US court having jurisdiction. No court order has ever been served; any order served will be published here – or elsewhere if gagged by order." However, documents have been removed at the |
{"datasets_id": 1323, "wiki_id": "Q427471", "sp": 22, "sc": 1318, "ep": 26, "ec": 604} | 1,323 | Q427471 | 22 | 1,318 | 26 | 604 | Cryptome | Editorial policy & Privacy policy | request of both law enforcement as well as individuals. Privacy policy We don't willfully disclose, but that's no assurance with the way the Internet is designed for the convenience of its operators which leaves it open to wizard intruders, greedy marketers and evil authorities. We don't know who's snooping our site and logs with intrusive tools. We see that Verio checks this site regularly; while its courteous sysadmins claim they do not snoop who knows what corruption maddens under-rockers.
So we don't promise false assurances of privacy which dissolve through negligence, duress, business deals, bribes and increasingly sophisticated intrusive technology. We |
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In 2003, Cryptome informed users that they have been able to delete logs for Cryptome and its predecessor website. In late 2008, Cryptome added a second privacy policy stating, "No user data is collected by Cryptome. Logs are deleted several times a day." Cryptome |
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In 2015, it was discovered that Cryptome's USB archives contained web server logs, containing clues to the identities of Cryptome visitors including their IP addresses and what files they had accessed on Cryptome. Cryptome initially stated that they had been faked as part of a disinformation campaign. Several |
{"datasets_id": 1323, "wiki_id": "Q427471", "sp": 26, "sc": 1907, "ep": 26, "ec": 2543} | 1,323 | Q427471 | 26 | 1,907 | 26 | 2,543 | Cryptome | Privacy policy | days later, Cryptome confirmed the logs were real and shared their findings. The logs had been mailed out to users who ordered the site's archive since they changed web hosts in 2007, which Cryptome blamed on their current ISP, Network Solutions. Cryptome later added that "there are no accidental leaks", and that the leak succeeded in its intention of creating scandalous publicity to increase visitors to the website. Soon after, Cryptome posted pictures of their logs, showing that they had records spanning the sites' history. According to Cryptome, the then nineteen years of logs added up to about one terabyte.
Cryptome |
{"datasets_id": 1323, "wiki_id": "Q427471", "sp": 26, "sc": 2543, "ep": 30, "ec": 528} | 1,323 | Q427471 | 26 | 2,543 | 30 | 528 | Cryptome | Privacy policy & Other activities | has warned users that they do not have technical measures to protect the anonymity of their sources, saying "don’t send us stuff and think that we’ll protect you." Other activities Cryptome's trade mark application described its business as "computer services, namely, on-line scanning, detecting, quarantining and eliminating of viruses, worms, trojans, spyware, adware, malware and unauthorized data and programs on computers and electronic devices." Another trade mark application by Cryptome described it as providing "electronic storage of electronic media, namely, images, text and audio data" with a focus on "[s]cientific and technological services and research and design relating thereto; industrial |
{"datasets_id": 1323, "wiki_id": "Q427471", "sp": 30, "sc": 528, "ep": 30, "ec": 1207} | 1,323 | Q427471 | 30 | 528 | 30 | 1,207 | Cryptome | Other activities | analysis and research services; design and development of computer hardware and software; legal services."
According to emails sent and published by Cryptome, the website has a three step plan for combining social issues with architectural and security issues. Step one is the prevention of the removal of social programs like the Bowery Mission and "to valorize them as far more valuable than the best of the best art institutions." Step two related to Cryptome's Eyeball Series which uses photographs and video recordings to document "national security sensitive infrastructure which handles global and financial communications", and the mass transit system which John |
{"datasets_id": 1323, "wiki_id": "Q427471", "sp": 30, "sc": 1207, "ep": 34, "ec": 229} | 1,323 | Q427471 | 30 | 1,207 | 34 | 229 | Cryptome | Other activities & Reception | Young and Deborah Natsios worked as architectural consultants when they "learned of its appalling insecurity -- which has also been superficially reported, honest coverage denied for alleged security concerns, aka security by obscurity." Cryptome has not publicly discussed step three.
Cryptome has stated that it operates at least a dozen domains and claims to initiate new disclosure methods every few months. Reception A 2004 The New York Times article assessed Cryptome with the headline, "Advise the Public, Tip Off the Terrorists" in its coverage of the site's gas pipeline maps. Reader's Digest made an even more alarming assessment of the site |
{"datasets_id": 1323, "wiki_id": "Q427471", "sp": 34, "sc": 229, "ep": 34, "ec": 919} | 1,323 | Q427471 | 34 | 229 | 34 | 919 | Cryptome | Reception | in 2005, calling it an "invitation to terrorists" and alleging that Young "may well have put lives at risk".
A 2007 Wired article criticized Cryptome for going "overboard".
The Village Voice featured Cryptome in its 2008 Best of NYC feature, citing its hosting of "photos, facts, and figures" of the Iraq War.
WikiLeaks accused Cryptome of executing a "smear campaign" in 2010 after Cryptome posted what it alleged were email exchanges with WikiLeaks insiders, which WikiLeaks disputed.
Cryptome was awarded the Defensor Libertatis (defender of liberty) award at the 2010 Big Brother Awards, for a "life in the fight against surveillance and censorship" and |
{"datasets_id": 1323, "wiki_id": "Q427471", "sp": 34, "sc": 919, "ep": 34, "ec": 1643} | 1,323 | Q427471 | 34 | 919 | 34 | 1,643 | Cryptome | Reception | for providing "suppressed or otherwise censored documents to the global public". The awards committee noted that Cryptome had engaged with "every protagonist of the military-electronic monitoring complex".
In 2012, Steven Aftergood, the director of the Federation of American Scientists Project on Government Secrecy, described John Young and Cryptome as "fearless and contemptuous of any pretensions to authority" and "oblivious to the security concerns that are the preconditions of a working democracy. And he seems indifferent to the human costs of involuntary disclosure of personal information." Aftergood specifically criticized Cryptome's handling of the McGurk emails, saying "it's fine to oppose McGurk or |
{"datasets_id": 1323, "wiki_id": "Q427471", "sp": 34, "sc": 1643, "ep": 34, "ec": 2298} | 1,323 | Q427471 | 34 | 1,643 | 34 | 2,298 | Cryptome | Reception | anyone else. It wasn't necessary to humiliate them".
In 2013, Cindy Cohn, then the legal director of the Electronic Frontier Foundation, praised Cryptome as "a really important safety valve for the rest of us, as to what our government is up to."
In 2014, Glenn Greenwald praised and criticized Cryptome, saying "There is an obvious irony to complaining that we're profiting from our work while [Cryptome] tries to raise $100,000 by featuring our work. Even though [Cryptome] occasionally does some repellent and demented things—such as posting the home addresses of Laura Poitras, Bart Gellman, and myself along with maps pointing to our |
{"datasets_id": 1323, "wiki_id": "Q427471", "sp": 34, "sc": 2298, "ep": 34, "ec": 2961} | 1,323 | Q427471 | 34 | 2,298 | 34 | 2,961 | Cryptome | Reception | homes—[they also do] things that are quite productive and valuable. On the whole, I'm glad there is a Cryptome and hope they succeed in raising the money they want."
Giganews criticized Cryptome for posting unverified allegations which Giganews described as completely false and without evidence. Giganews went on to question Cryptome's credibility and motives, saying "Cryptome's failure to contact us to validate the allegations or respond to our concerns has lessened their credibility. It does not seem that Cryptome is in search for the truth, which leaves us to question what are their true motives."
Peter Earnest, a 36-year veteran of the |
{"datasets_id": 1323, "wiki_id": "Q427471", "sp": 34, "sc": 2961, "ep": 34, "ec": 3238} | 1,323 | Q427471 | 34 | 2,961 | 34 | 3,238 | Cryptome | Reception | CIA turned executive director of the International Spy Museum and chairman of the board of directors of the Association for Intelligence Officers criticized Cryptome for publishing the names of spies, saying it does considerable damage and aids people that would do them harm. |
{"datasets_id": 1324, "wiki_id": "Q5191099", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 566} | 1,324 | Q5191099 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 566 | Crystal, Colorado | History | Crystal, Colorado History In 1874, geologist Sylvester Richardson discovered promising deposits of silver near the confluence of the North Fork and South Fork of the Crystal River in Gunnison County. In the years that followed, the Ute native american tribe was removed from the area and prospectors began mining operations, creating a new mining camp in 1880. A year later, on August 6, 1881, the Gunnison County court held a session and voted for the incorporation of Crystal City, which was made official on June 8, 1881. At its height of prosperity in the mid-1880s, Crystal had over 500 |
{"datasets_id": 1324, "wiki_id": "Q5191099", "sp": 6, "sc": 566, "ep": 6, "ec": 1169} | 1,324 | Q5191099 | 6 | 566 | 6 | 1,169 | Crystal, Colorado | History | residents, a post office, a newspaper (the Crystal River Current which was later replaced by The Silver Lance), a pool hall, the Crystal Club (a popular and exclusive men's club), a barber shop, saloons, and hotels.
During the 1880's and 90's, when miners began to inhabit Crystal and the surrounding area, fire was used to clear the land in order to begin mining. Thousands of acres were set ablaze removing old growth trees and altering the pattern of vegetation in the area. This allowed for several mines near crystal to prove productive, among the largest being the Black Queen, Lead King, |
{"datasets_id": 1324, "wiki_id": "Q5191099", "sp": 6, "sc": 1169, "ep": 6, "ec": 1752} | 1,324 | Q5191099 | 6 | 1,169 | 6 | 1,752 | Crystal, Colorado | History | and Sheep Mountain Tunnel. Silver, lead, and zinc were the primary metals produced, but getting the ore out of the valley was a continuing problem. The nearest rail stations were in Crested Butte and Carbondale, 20 miles (32 km) and 34 miles (55 km) distant, respectively. These routes out of Crystal were, in places, not much more than a trail. While work to improve the paths continued years after the establishment of Crystal, the routes never amounted to more than narrow wagon trails during the years the mines shipped ore. As a result, the majority of the ore was taken to the |
{"datasets_id": 1324, "wiki_id": "Q5191099", "sp": 6, "sc": 1752, "ep": 6, "ec": 2393} | 1,324 | Q5191099 | 6 | 1,752 | 6 | 2,393 | Crystal, Colorado | History | stations by jack train with up to 100 mules.
The remoteness of Crystal hindered its success. The transport of ore out to the depots in Crested Butte and Carbondale (via Marble) and the resupply of basic necessities and mail into Crystal were a challenge in the snow-free months and difficult to impossible during the winter. Deep snow and late-lying snow drifts were hindrances and avalanches, rock slides, and wet, slick ledge roads were dangerous and sometimes deadly. Transportation difficulties cut into profits and by 1889 Crystal was in decline with the winter population being less than 100.
Despite the silver panic |
{"datasets_id": 1324, "wiki_id": "Q5191099", "sp": 6, "sc": 2393, "ep": 6, "ec": 2986} | 1,324 | Q5191099 | 6 | 2,393 | 6 | 2,986 | Crystal, Colorado | History | of 1893 , while many other mines throughout the country were shutting down, Crystal still supported multiple mining operations. In fact that same year, the historic Crystal Mill was built by George C. Eaton and B.S Phillips. The pair were promoters of the Sheep Mountain Tunnel and Mining Company, and the building, then known as the Sheep Mountain Tunnel Mill, was built to supply power to that and surrounding mines. Water from the Crystal River was dammed and used to provide electricity for air drills and ventilation for miners. The powerhouse used the flow of the Crystal River to power |
{"datasets_id": 1324, "wiki_id": "Q5191099", "sp": 6, "sc": 2986, "ep": 6, "ec": 3569} | 1,324 | Q5191099 | 6 | 2,986 | 6 | 3,569 | Crystal, Colorado | History | an air compressor, and the compressed air was piped to the mines to run pneumatic drills. This system was so efficient that soon after, a stamp mill was built to crush and concentrate the silver ore for shipping. This innovation saved the mining operations for a few years, but crystal continued to decline and soon the population had dwindled to eight by the year of 1915. in 1917 the mines and the Sheep Mountain powerhouse were closed, and Crystal was largely vacated.
In 1938, after many years or Crystal having been abandoned, Emmet Shaw Gould of Aspen, CO traveled to |
{"datasets_id": 1324, "wiki_id": "Q5191099", "sp": 6, "sc": 3569, "ep": 10, "ec": 96} | 1,324 | Q5191099 | 6 | 3,569 | 10 | 96 | Crystal, Colorado | History & Climate | Crystal searching for ore to run through a recently purchased mill. he bought several mining claims along with the city lots with the cabins still standing. The area stayed in his possession, though it was never made profitable again by means of mining. Eventually, ownership was transferred to one of Gould's daughters, Dorothy Tidwell of Treasure Mountain Ranch, Inc. In 1985, while owned by Tidwell, Crystal was nominated and selected for a place in the National Register of Historic Places Inventory by the Gunnison County Courthouse. Climate The highest average temperature is 68.1 degrees Fahrenheit, while the lowest average temperature |
{"datasets_id": 1324, "wiki_id": "Q5191099", "sp": 10, "sc": 96, "ep": 10, "ec": 705} | 1,324 | Q5191099 | 10 | 96 | 10 | 705 | Crystal, Colorado | Climate | is 41.6 degrees Fahrenheit. In July the average temperature is 56.8 degrees Fahrenheit, and in January the average temperature is 13.6 degrees Fahrenheit. The highest recorded temperature in the area was 106 degrees Fahrenheit on July 21, 2005. The lowest recorded temperature was -23 degrees Fahrenheit on January 13, 1963. There are an average of 90 days each year with temperatures above or equal to 90 degrees Fahrenheit, and 140 days a year with recorded temperatures below or equal to 32 degrees Fahrenheit. The average annual rainfall in inches is 10.63, while yearly annual snowfall in inches is 45. |
{"datasets_id": 1324, "wiki_id": "Q5191099", "sp": 12, "sc": 0, "ep": 14, "ec": 600} | 1,324 | Q5191099 | 12 | 0 | 14 | 600 | Crystal, Colorado | Parent Rock | Parent Rock The rock in the Elk Mountain Range in the area surrounding Crystal is composed primarily of (90%) sedimentary material, including mostly course elastics, shale, and limestone. The last 10% is mostly igneous rock. The Maroon Mountains formations (which are the closest notable mountains to the valley town of Crystal) are composed of mostly sandstone and siltstone, which are course elastic rocks and are exposed for the most part. Fine elastic rocks cover a fifth of Crystal. Glacial remain and out-wash created the sandy loam material which fill the valleys in the area, including the bottom of the |
{"datasets_id": 1324, "wiki_id": "Q5191099", "sp": 14, "sc": 600, "ep": 18, "ec": 512} | 1,324 | Q5191099 | 14 | 600 | 18 | 512 | Crystal, Colorado | Parent Rock & Topography | Crystal River which runs through the valley in Crystal and surrounding towns. Topography The elevation of Crystal is centered at 8,950 ft, however the area in and around crystal ranges from 8,500 ft to peaks of 13,500 ft. The land is well drained, and the rock types such as limestone create very steep slopes common in the Rocky Mountains. The area is described as having classically alpine terrain in characteristics, and the sources of the areas streams are mainly glacial cirques. Barren parts of the mountains that are at elevations low enough to support vegetation growth are primarily unable to |
{"datasets_id": 1324, "wiki_id": "Q5191099", "sp": 18, "sc": 512, "ep": 22, "ec": 537} | 1,324 | Q5191099 | 18 | 512 | 22 | 537 | Crystal, Colorado | Topography & Crystal Today | support much vegetation due to the steep slopes and the large accumulation of shale rocks. Crystal Today Crystal is vacated in the winter but there are a few summer residents. The town does see visitors, most passing through to recreate in the area. The upper Crystal River Valley is nestled between two wilderness areas: the Maroon Bells–Snowmass Wilderness to the north and the Raggeds Wilderness to the south. Photography, hiking, peak bagging, mountain biking, and four-wheel-drive and off-highway vehicle touring are common activities. Fly fishing and hunting (deer and elk) are also popular.
Today Crystal is best known for one |
{"datasets_id": 1324, "wiki_id": "Q5191099", "sp": 22, "sc": 537, "ep": 26, "ec": 334} | 1,324 | Q5191099 | 22 | 537 | 26 | 334 | Crystal, Colorado | Crystal Today & Road Access To Crystal | of the most photographed historic sites in Colorado, the Crystal Mill, which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. Road Access To Crystal Gunnison County Road 3 connects Crystal to Marble. Much of the road is a rocky shelf road, suitable for four-wheel drive only.
Forest Road 317 (a.k.a. Gothic Road) connects Crystal to Crested Butte via Schofield Pass. It traverses the Devils Punchbowl, considered among the most dangerous four-wheel drive trails in the state. |
{"datasets_id": 1325, "wiki_id": "Q5192140", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 351} | 1,325 | Q5192140 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 351 | Cubanola domingensis | Biogeography and Range & Key Features | Cubanola domingensis Biogeography and Range Cubanola dominguensis, also known as “Campanita Criolla,” is an endemic plant of the Dominican Republic in the Caribbean. It usually grows in the north and the east region of the country, near the coast. Key Features It is a perennial plant, which means that the plant lives for more than two years. Cubanola dominguensis grows in shrubs or small trees. It produces a white, tan, greenish flowers, and they usually blossom repeatedly. These are also fragrant flowers, they say they smell like warm chocolate. This plant can also be dangerous if ingested because it can |
{"datasets_id": 1325, "wiki_id": "Q5192140", "sp": 10, "sc": 351, "ep": 18, "ec": 198} | 1,325 | Q5192140 | 10 | 351 | 18 | 198 | Cubanola domingensis | Key Features & Description & Ecology | be poisonous. Description Cubanola domingensis are shrubs or small trees up to 2 m in height with pendant, white flowers. Leaves with petioles 1–3 mm long, blades ovate or elliptic 6–12 cm long, 3.3–6 cm wide, acuminate or acute at apex, obtuse or acute at base. Calyx lobes 1.1-2.5 cm long, 1–2 mm wide. Corolla 18.5-19.8 long, tube 6.5–7 cm long, lobes 7–8 mm long. Fruit ellipsoid, 3-4.3 cm long, apex obtuse. Ecology This plant usually grows in partial or full shade. This plant grows in limestone áreas and thus does well in alkaline soils. Being fully tropical, it is cold sensitive. In subtropical areas such as |
{"datasets_id": 1325, "wiki_id": "Q5192140", "sp": 18, "sc": 198, "ep": 30, "ec": 67} | 1,325 | Q5192140 | 18 | 198 | 30 | 67 | Cubanola domingensis | Ecology & Distribution & Taxonomy & Uses | South Florida, cold weather may cause the leaves and flowers to drop. Distribution They are endemic to the Dominican Republic, where they are found in the provinces of Puerto Plata, Santo Domingo, San Pedro de Macorís, and La Altagracia. Taxonomy First collect by J.N. Rose in 1913 near Santo Domingo, they were published as Portlandia domingensis by Nathaniel Lord Britton in 1914. Later, Annette Aiello moved these to a new genera, Cubanola, in her 1979 doctoral thesis A reexamination of Portlandia (Rubiaceae) and associated taxa. Uses C. domingensis is cultivated as an ornamental. It can be dangerous |
{"datasets_id": 1325, "wiki_id": "Q5192140", "sp": 30, "sc": 67, "ep": 30, "ec": 108} | 1,325 | Q5192140 | 30 | 67 | 30 | 108 | Cubanola domingensis | Uses | if ingested because it can be poisonous. |
{"datasets_id": 1326, "wiki_id": "Q4506120", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 597} | 1,326 | Q4506120 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 597 | Cui Xingwu | Cui Xingwu Cui Xingwu, 崔兴五,(?-?); Chinese officer in the army defending Jehol in the Second Sino-Japanese War that defected with his brigade to the Japanese and joined the Army of Manchukuo.
Cui Xingwu was an officer in the 55th Army of Jehol province under its governorTang Yulin. In February 1933 while commanding the 9th Cavalry Brigade at Kailu in Jehol, Cui defected to the Japanese invaders with his whole unit. Later in April with puppet forces of Liu Guitang and Li Shouxin and the Japanese 4th Cavalry Brigade Cui moved into eastern Chahar Province. His force captured several cities but was |
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{"datasets_id": 1326, "wiki_id": "Q4506120", "sp": 4, "sc": 597, "ep": 4, "ec": 674} | 1,326 | Q4506120 | 4 | 597 | 4 | 674 | Cui Xingwu | defeated and driven out of Chahar by the Chahar People's Anti-Japanese Army. |
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{"datasets_id": 1327, "wiki_id": "Q5193269", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 443} | 1,327 | Q5193269 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 443 | Cultural conflict | Wider definition | Cultural conflict Cultural conflict is a type of conflict that occurs when different cultural values and beliefs clash. It has been used to explain violence and crime. Wider definition Jonathan H. Turner defines it as a conflict caused by "differences in cultural values and beliefs that place people at odds with one another". On a micro level, Alexander Grewe discusses a cultural conflict between guests of different culture and nationality as seen in a British 1970 sitcom, Fawlty Towers. He defines this conflict as one that occurs when people's expectations of a certain behavior coming from their cultural backgrounds are |
{"datasets_id": 1327, "wiki_id": "Q5193269", "sp": 8, "sc": 443, "ep": 12, "ec": 75} | 1,327 | Q5193269 | 8 | 443 | 12 | 75 | Cultural conflict | Wider definition & Narrow definition | not met, as others have different cultural backgrounds and different expectations.
Cultural conflicts are difficult to resolve as parties to the conflict have different beliefs. Cultural conflicts intensify when those differences become reflected in politics, particularly on a macro level. An example of cultural conflict is the debate over abortion. Ethnic cleansing is another extreme example of cultural conflict. Wars can also be a result of a cultural conflict; for example the differing views on slavery were one of the reasons for the American civil war. Narrow definition A more narrow definition of a cultural conflict dates to Daniel Bell's 1962 |
{"datasets_id": 1327, "wiki_id": "Q5193269", "sp": 12, "sc": 75, "ep": 12, "ec": 714} | 1,327 | Q5193269 | 12 | 75 | 12 | 714 | Cultural conflict | Narrow definition | essay, "Crime as an American Way of Life", and focuses on criminal-enabling consequences of a clash in cultural values. William Kornblum defines it as a conflict that occurs when conflicting norms create "opportunities for deviance and criminal gain in deviant sub-cultures". Kornblum notes that whenever laws impose cultural values on a group that does not share those views (often, this is the case of the majority imposing their laws on a minority), illegal markets supplied by criminals are created to circumvent those laws. He discusses the example of prohibition in the interbellum United States, and notes how the cultural conflict |
{"datasets_id": 1327, "wiki_id": "Q5193269", "sp": 12, "sc": 714, "ep": 16, "ec": 241} | 1,327 | Q5193269 | 12 | 714 | 16 | 241 | Cultural conflict | Narrow definition & Influence and understanding | between pro- and anti-alcohol groups created opportunities for illegal activity; another similar example he lists is that of the war on drugs.
Kornblum also classifies the cultural conflict as one of the major types of conflict theory. In The Clash of Civilizations Samuel P. Huntington proposes that people's cultural and religious identities will be the primary source of conflict in the post-Cold War world. Influence and understanding Michelle LeBaron describes different cultures as "underground rivers that run through our lives and relationships, giving us messages that shape our perceptions, attributions, judgments, and ideas of self and other". She states that cultural |
{"datasets_id": 1327, "wiki_id": "Q5193269", "sp": 16, "sc": 241, "ep": 16, "ec": 900} | 1,327 | Q5193269 | 16 | 241 | 16 | 900 | Cultural conflict | Influence and understanding | messages "shape our understandings" when two or more people are present in regards to relationships, conflict, and peace. LeBaron discusses the influence of culture as being powerful and "unconscious, influencing conflict and attempts to resolve conflict in imperceptible ways". She states that the impact of culture is huge, affecting "name, frame, blame, and attempt to tame conflicts". Due to the huge impact that culture has on us, LeBaron finds it important to explain the "complications of conflict". First, "culture is multi-layered", meaning that "what you see on the surface may mask differences below the surface". Second, "culture is constantly in |
{"datasets_id": 1327, "wiki_id": "Q5193269", "sp": 16, "sc": 900, "ep": 16, "ec": 1242} | 1,327 | Q5193269 | 16 | 900 | 16 | 1,242 | Cultural conflict | Influence and understanding | flux", meaning that "cultural groups adapt in dynamic and sometimes unpredictable ways". Third, "culture is elastic", meaning that one member of a cultural group may not participate in the norms of the culture. Lastly, "culture is largely below the surface", meaning that it isn't easy to reach the deeper levels of culture and its meanings. |
{"datasets_id": 1328, "wiki_id": "Q5193723", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 578} | 1,328 | Q5193723 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 578 | Culver City Police Department | History | Culver City Police Department History The Culver City Police Department was founded on November 21, 1917, when the City Trustees provided for the employment of a City Marshal in their 5th resolution. As a result, Frank W. Bradley started work on November 21, 1917. The department did not function as a full-service police department, using the County Jail for prisoners, and having only temporary police officers. Walter Shaw was appointed the first municipal Chief of Police in 1926.
Since the department was formed in 1917, it has had two officers killed in the line of duty, both by traffic accidents. One |
{"datasets_id": 1328, "wiki_id": "Q5193723", "sp": 6, "sc": 578, "ep": 10, "ec": 211} | 1,328 | Q5193723 | 6 | 578 | 10 | 211 | Culver City Police Department | History & Employee Organization | of the officers from the Rodney King incident, former LAPD officer Timothy Wind was subsequently employed between 1994-2000 as one of its community relations officers, before leaving California in 2000 for Indiana. Employee Organization The Culver City Police Officers' Association represents officers and sergeants of the Culver City Police Department while the Culver City Police Management Group represents the lieutenants and command officers.. |
{"datasets_id": 1329, "wiki_id": "Q5042116", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 105} | 1,329 | Q5042116 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 105 | Cumanotus fernaldi | Distribution | Cumanotus fernaldi Distribution This species was described from the San Juan Islands, British Columbia, Canada, 48.568625°N 123.005766°W. |
{"datasets_id": 1330, "wiki_id": "Q5194236", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 659} | 1,330 | Q5194236 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 659 | Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative | Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative The Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative (CDLI) is an international digital library project aimed at putting text and images of an estimated 500,000 recovered cuneiform tablets created from between roughly 3350 BC and the end of the pre-Christian era online. Directors of the project are Robert K. Englund from University of California, Los Angeles and Jürgen Renn of the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science. Co-principal investigators are Jacob Dahl at Oxford University, Bertrand Lafront at the Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Nanterre and Émilie Pagé-Perron, University of Toronto. Preceding leadership comprised co-director Peter |
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{"datasets_id": 1330, "wiki_id": "Q5194236", "sp": 4, "sc": 659, "ep": 4, "ec": 1342} | 1,330 | Q5194236 | 4 | 659 | 4 | 1,342 | Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative | Damerow (1939-2011) from the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science and Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary leader Stephen J. Tinney who was co-principal investigator. In 2004 Englund received the Richard W. Lyman Award from the National Humanities Center for his work on the initiative.
The project began in 1998 but it was not until 2000 that it obtained funds for three years from the National Endowment for the Humanities and the National Science Foundation's Digital Libraries Initiative. This phase consisted of digitizing and progressively putting online the collections of the Vorderasiatisches Museum (online in 2001), the Institut Catholique de Paris (online |
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{"datasets_id": 1330, "wiki_id": "Q5194236", "sp": 4, "sc": 1342, "ep": 4, "ec": 1763} | 1,330 | Q5194236 | 4 | 1,342 | 4 | 1,763 | Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative | in 2002), the Hermitage Museum and the Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology (online in 2003), and the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. A second phase from 2004 to 2006 was federally funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Institute of Museum and Library Services, during which time it focused on new educational components and scalable access systems to the data. |
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{"datasets_id": 1331, "wiki_id": "Q733187", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 600} | 1,331 | Q733187 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 600 | Cuntrera-Caruana Mafia clan | Origins | Cuntrera-Caruana Mafia clan Origins The Cuntrera and Caruana families originated from Siculiana, a small village on the south coast of Sicily in the province of Agrigento. They are relatives; they inter-married to strengthen their criminal alliance. Mafia tradition is old in Siculiana. On a map, made in 1900 by one of the first Mafia researchers Antonio Cutrera, a former officer of public security, Siculiana is mentioned as 'high density' Mafia territory. The province of Agrigento is, and has been so for the last century, the poorest and most backward region of Italy.
The Cuntrera-Caruana clan used to be armed guards for |
{"datasets_id": 1331, "wiki_id": "Q733187", "sp": 6, "sc": 600, "ep": 6, "ec": 1177} | 1,331 | Q733187 | 6 | 600 | 6 | 1,177 | Cuntrera-Caruana Mafia clan | Origins | the local baron Agnello, who owned most of the village and the surrounding land. Everybody in the village depended on the baron for work and income. When land reform started in the 1950s the baron had to give up most of his holdings. The Mafia brokered the sale of the holdings. The power of the Mafia in those years was unchallenged, they entered the town council, and at one time the mayor was a noted mafioso.
In 1952, Pasquale Cuntrera and his brother-in-law Leonardo Caruana were indicted for a double murder, the theft of four cows and arson. Both were acquitted |
{"datasets_id": 1331, "wiki_id": "Q733187", "sp": 6, "sc": 1177, "ep": 6, "ec": 1825} | 1,331 | Q733187 | 6 | 1,177 | 6 | 1,825 | Cuntrera-Caruana Mafia clan | Origins | in 1953 per non aver commesso il fatto - not having committed the act - an almost ritual verdict where Mafia crimes were concerned in the 1950s and 1960s and 1970s.
A 1966 police report concluded Siculiana had been ruled by mafiosi for years. Giuseppe Caruana, his brother Leonardo Caruana and Pasquale Cuntrera exploited every economic activity in the village and its surrounding communities. They had created an atmosphere of omertà: through violence and intimidation they made sure that nobody dared to denounce them. The Agrigento Court decided to ban them from the village.
Some returned; however in the 1970s Leonardo Caruana |
{"datasets_id": 1331, "wiki_id": "Q733187", "sp": 6, "sc": 1825, "ep": 6, "ec": 2434} | 1,331 | Q733187 | 6 | 1,825 | 6 | 2,434 | Cuntrera-Caruana Mafia clan | Origins | became capo mandamento - after he was expelled from Canada - of the area under the leadership of the Mafia boss of the province Agrigento, Giuseppe Settecasi. The power base of the clan reached into politics. The influential politician Calogero Mannino of the Christian Democrat party (DC - Democrazia Cristiana) was a witness at the marriage of Leonardo Caruana's son Gerlando in 1977 in Siculiana.
Leonardo Caruana was murdered in 1981 in front of his house in Palermo on the day his other son Gaspare Caruana married. The killing occurred at the height of a second Mafia war, and stayed unavenged. |
{"datasets_id": 1331, "wiki_id": "Q733187", "sp": 6, "sc": 2434, "ep": 10, "ec": 406} | 1,331 | Q733187 | 6 | 2,434 | 10 | 406 | Cuntrera-Caruana Mafia clan | Origins & Emigration | Few members of the Cuntrera-Caruana family have remained in Siculiana. Leonardo Caruana's son, Gerlando Caruana, is considered to be the head of the family in Siculiana according to the Italian DIA (Direzione Investigativa Antimafia). Emigration In the 1920s the village of Siculiana counted 8,000 inhabitants, now less than 5,000. In the 1950s many inhabitants emigrated for work and opportunities. Many moved to Germany and Belgium or crossed the ocean to go to the United States, Canada, Venezuela or Brazil. Among them was Alfonso Gagliano, who in Canada became a cabinet minister in the government of Jean Chrétien.
Among the migrants were |
{"datasets_id": 1331, "wiki_id": "Q733187", "sp": 10, "sc": 406, "ep": 10, "ec": 1036} | 1,331 | Q733187 | 10 | 406 | 10 | 1,036 | Cuntrera-Caruana Mafia clan | Emigration | mafiosi as well. Montreal is the first base outside Sicily for the Cuntrera-Caruana clan. Canadian immigration-records show Pasquale and Liborio Cuntrera arrived in 1951 and acquired Canadian nationality in 1957. They moved up and down between Sicily and Montreal setting up base at both sides of the Atlantic. According to the Cuntrera-Caruana's own story they worked hard in Canada, starting ploughing snow and as barbers, saving enough money to start their first shop and pizzeria. More likely is that some of them left Sicily to escape prosecution.
In 1966, most of the clan left the village, when they were banished |
{"datasets_id": 1331, "wiki_id": "Q733187", "sp": 10, "sc": 1036, "ep": 10, "ec": 1664} | 1,331 | Q733187 | 10 | 1,036 | 10 | 1,664 | Cuntrera-Caruana Mafia clan | Emigration | by court order, as a result of a crackdown by Italian police after the Ciaculli massacre. The Agrigento Court banned several members of the clan to locations elsewhere in Italy, mostly in the North, but they chose to leave the country instead. Pasquale Cuntrera and Leonardo Caruana moved to Montreal in Canada, while Giuseppe Caruana preferred Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. The Cuntrera brothers moved on to Caracas in Venezuela.
In the beginning of the 1970s the Cuntrera-Caruana clan redeployed, after Mafia persecution in Italy had slowed down. In Italy major Mafia trials ended in non-convictions for most of the Mafia |
{"datasets_id": 1331, "wiki_id": "Q733187", "sp": 10, "sc": 1664, "ep": 10, "ec": 2316} | 1,331 | Q733187 | 10 | 1,664 | 10 | 2,316 | Cuntrera-Caruana Mafia clan | Emigration | bosses. Some of the clan went to the Italian mainland (Ostia Lido, a seaside resort near Rome); some went to the United Kingdom, to Woking, the stockbrokers-belt near London; some remained in Caracas; while others remained in Montreal. They travelled up and down using their residences around the world for drug trafficking.
Venezuela became an important hideout. "Venezuela has its own Cosa Nostra family as if it is Sicilian territory," according to the Italian police. "The structure and hierarchy of the Mafia has been entirely reproduced in Venezuela." The Cuntrera-Caruana clan had direct links with the ruling Commission of the Sicilian |
{"datasets_id": 1331, "wiki_id": "Q733187", "sp": 10, "sc": 2316, "ep": 14, "ec": 163} | 1,331 | Q733187 | 10 | 2,316 | 14 | 163 | Cuntrera-Caruana Mafia clan | Emigration & Five decades in the illicit drug trade | Mafia, and are acknowledged by the American Cosa Nostra.
In the Second Mafia War the Cuntrera-Caruana clan initially sided with the established Mafia-families of Palermo who were massacred by the Corleonesi headed by Salvatore Riina. However, they apparently were able to find some kind of agreement with Riina. The Cuntreras and Caruanas were necessary and irreplaceable for every other Mafia family, according to police investigators: "the others are allied with them." Five decades in the illicit drug trade The Cuntrera-Caruana clan almost certainly was involved in heroin trafficking networks since the 1950s. Their names appeared at investigations in such famous cases |
{"datasets_id": 1331, "wiki_id": "Q733187", "sp": 14, "sc": 163, "ep": 14, "ec": 826} | 1,331 | Q733187 | 14 | 163 | 14 | 826 | Cuntrera-Caruana Mafia clan | Five decades in the illicit drug trade | as the French Connection in the 1970s and the Pizza Connection in the 1980s. Several intertwining Sicilian networks were running heroin to the US. They had the same source – suppliers from the Corsican underworld in Marseilles with their high quality laboratories – and the same destination – the North American consumer market.
The repression caused by the Ciaculli Massacre disarranged the Sicilian heroin trade to the United States. Mafiosi were banned, arrested and incarcerated. Control over the trade fell into the hands of a few fugitives: Salvatore "Ciaschiteddu" Greco, his cousin Salvatore Greco, also known as l'ingegnere, Pietro Davì, Tommaso |
{"datasets_id": 1331, "wiki_id": "Q733187", "sp": 14, "sc": 826, "ep": 14, "ec": 1501} | 1,331 | Q733187 | 14 | 826 | 14 | 1,501 | Cuntrera-Caruana Mafia clan | Five decades in the illicit drug trade | Buscetta and Gaetano Badalamenti. All of them were acquainted with the Cuntrera-Caruana clan.
The famous "pentito" (turncoat) Tommaso Buscetta told Antimafia judge Giovanni Falcone in 1984, how he had met the clan in Montreal in 1969 during Christmas. Buscetta stayed at Pasquale Cuntrera's home recovering from a venereal disease. They were introduced to him as "uomini d'onore" – men-of-honour. When Buscetta met them they were already very rich. Pasquale Cuntrera told Buscetta they were trafficking heroin.
The Italian police finally got an idea of the role of the Cuntrera-Caruana clan in 1982-83 when they investigated the Italian end of what later was |
{"datasets_id": 1331, "wiki_id": "Q733187", "sp": 14, "sc": 1501, "ep": 14, "ec": 2122} | 1,331 | Q733187 | 14 | 1,501 | 14 | 2,122 | Cuntrera-Caruana Mafia clan | Five decades in the illicit drug trade | called the Pizza Connection. The Italian police was following the movements of Giuseppe Bono, the middleman between the buyers of the Gambino and Bonanno crime families in New York and the Sicilian clans who organized the heroin traffic to the US. "Almost all the money of the Sicilian Mafia in North-America to purchase heroin and the resulting proceeds went through their hands," according to a police investigator.
In 1981, Gaspare Mutolo, who would become a pentito in 1992, organized a 400 kilogram shipment of heroin to the US. The Cuntrera-Caruana clan received half of the load, while John Gambino of the |
{"datasets_id": 1331, "wiki_id": "Q733187", "sp": 14, "sc": 2122, "ep": 14, "ec": 2745} | 1,331 | Q733187 | 14 | 2,122 | 14 | 2,745 | Cuntrera-Caruana Mafia clan | Five decades in the illicit drug trade | Gambino Family in New York City took care of the other 200 kilograms. The shipments were financed by consortium of Sicilian Mafia clans, who had organized a pool to provide the money to buy the merchandise from Thai suppliers. The system in the heroin-business was that every Mafia-family could invest in a shipment if it had the money. The Cuntrera-Caruana clan were the trusted buyers who supplied the market in North America.
In 1985, in a joint operation of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) and British Customs and Excise, a heroin transport was seized in London and Montreal. Subsequent investigations |
{"datasets_id": 1331, "wiki_id": "Q733187", "sp": 14, "sc": 2745, "ep": 14, "ec": 3356} | 1,331 | Q733187 | 14 | 2,745 | 14 | 3,356 | Cuntrera-Caruana Mafia clan | Five decades in the illicit drug trade | revealed that the clan was picking up the heroin in Thailand since 1983. They replaced the supply line of Gaspare Mutolo who had been arrested.
In 1988 the RCMP seized a 30 kilo load of heroin at a factory owned by Cuffaro's father-in-law in Windsor in Canada near the U.S. border. The same year Giuseppe Cuffaro and Pasquale Caruana were arrested in Germany. The German Bundeskriminalamt (BKA) discovered an extensive network that tried to set up heroin trafficking from the Far East to Europe. Caruana and Cuffaro were supported by relatives and some of the many fellow-villagers who had emigrated to |
{"datasets_id": 1331, "wiki_id": "Q733187", "sp": 14, "sc": 3356, "ep": 18, "ec": 575} | 1,331 | Q733187 | 14 | 3,356 | 18 | 575 | Cuntrera-Caruana Mafia clan | Five decades in the illicit drug trade & Brokering cocaine in Venezuela | Germany in the 1960s and 1970s. Brokering cocaine in Venezuela While in Venezuela the clan started to be involved in cocaine trafficking. They became seriously involved when a joint venture of 'Ndrangheta families needed Alfonso Caruana to supply them. Caruana organized a network that smuggled eleven metric tons of cocaine to Italy from 1991-94. Caruana brought together the cocaine suppliers of the Cali Cartel with the Italian distributors from the 'Ndrangheta in Calabria.
The pipeline fell apart when the Italian police seized 5,497 kilos of cocaine (a European record at the time) in March 1994 near Turin. A year later the |
{"datasets_id": 1331, "wiki_id": "Q733187", "sp": 18, "sc": 575, "ep": 22, "ec": 11} | 1,331 | Q733187 | 18 | 575 | 22 | 11 | Cuntrera-Caruana Mafia clan | Brokering cocaine in Venezuela & Arrests and convictions | Turin Prosecutors Office presented the indictment (the investigation was code-named Operation Cartagine). The operation neutralized the most important supply-line of narcotics to Europe, investigators claimed. The Cuntrera-Caruana family was labelled as "the fly-wheel of the drug trade and the indispensable link between suppliers and distributors." One of the suppliers was Henry Loaiza Ceballos of the Cali cartel.
The Caruanas moved the cocaine pipeline towards Canada, where the family took care of wholesale distribution with the consent of Vito Rizzuto the leader of the Cosa Nostra, who came from the same region in Sicily as the Cuntrera-Caruana's. Arrests and convictions Just before |
{"datasets_id": 1331, "wiki_id": "Q733187", "sp": 22, "sc": 11, "ep": 22, "ec": 699} | 1,331 | Q733187 | 22 | 11 | 22 | 699 | Cuntrera-Caruana Mafia clan | Arrests and convictions | he was killed by the Mafia, judge Giovanni Falcone warned of the international connections of Cosa Nostra. He initiated extradition requests for the Cuntrera-Caruana members in Venezuela. After the killing of the judges Falcone and Paolo Borsellino the Italian authorities stepped up prosecution. Pasquale, Paolo and Gaspare Cuntrera were arrested in September 1992 on Fiumicino airport (Rome), after they had been expelled from Venezuela. Their expulsion was ordered by a commission of the Venezuelan Senate headed by Senator Cristobal Fernandez Dalo and his money laundering investigator, Thor Halvorssen Hellum.
In 1993 the Italian daily Corriere della Sera reported that the |
{"datasets_id": 1331, "wiki_id": "Q733187", "sp": 22, "sc": 699, "ep": 22, "ec": 1309} | 1,331 | Q733187 | 22 | 699 | 22 | 1,309 | Cuntrera-Caruana Mafia clan | Arrests and convictions | Cuntrera-Caruana clan was related to president of Venezuela Carlos Andres Perez and owned 60 per cent of the Caribbean island Aruba, part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands through investments in hotels, casinos and the election-campaign of a Prime Minister (Henny Eman). The first independent mafia state was born, according to the newspaper. That claim proved to be exaggerated, however. At the time Aruba was set for independence from the Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1996. Ten years before it had acquired a status aparte – a semi-autonomous status – within the realm.
In May 1998 the sentences |
{"datasets_id": 1331, "wiki_id": "Q733187", "sp": 22, "sc": 1309, "ep": 22, "ec": 1962} | 1,331 | Q733187 | 22 | 1,309 | 22 | 1,962 | Cuntrera-Caruana Mafia clan | Arrests and convictions | were confirmed by the Supreme Court of Cassation: Pasquale Cuntrera was convicted to 20 years in prison, Gaspare and Paolo Cuntrera to 15 years. However, due to an error in communication about expiration of provisional incarceration terms, Pasquale Cuntrera had been able to leave prison two weeks before. When Cuntrera's getaway was reported in the news media, the opposition asked for the resignation of the minister Justice, Giovanni Maria Flick, and the minister of Internal Affairs, Giorgio Napolitano. Flick offered his resignation but that was refused by Prime minister Romano Prodi. Pasquale Cuntrera was arrested some days later in Fuengirola, |
{"datasets_id": 1331, "wiki_id": "Q733187", "sp": 22, "sc": 1962, "ep": 26, "ec": 465} | 1,331 | Q733187 | 22 | 1,962 | 26 | 465 | Cuntrera-Caruana Mafia clan | Arrests and convictions & Events in Canada | Spain, while he was waiting for arrangements to travel to Venezuela; Pasquale Cuntrera was extradited to Italy to serve the 20 year prison sentence. Events in Canada On July 15, 1998, Alfonso Caruana and his brothers Gerlando and Pasquale Caruana were arrested in Woodbridge, Ontario, in a Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) operation called Project Omerta, for importing and trafficking cocaine to Canada. In February 2000, Alfonso pleaded guilty to charges of importing and trafficking narcotics, and was sentenced to 18 years in prison by the Ontario Superior Court. Pasquale and Gerlando were also given 10 and 18 year prison |
{"datasets_id": 1331, "wiki_id": "Q733187", "sp": 26, "sc": 465, "ep": 26, "ec": 1094} | 1,331 | Q733187 | 26 | 465 | 26 | 1,094 | Cuntrera-Caruana Mafia clan | Events in Canada | sentences respectively.
In June 2007, the Ontario Court of Appeal ruled Alfonso Caruana to be sent back to Italy to face jail time. On December 20, 2007, Caruana's efforts to appeal were dismissed by the Supreme Court of Canada. He was extradited to Italy on January 29, 2008 to serve the nearly 22-year prison sentence that was presented in absentia in 1997.
Agostino Cuntrera, cousin of Alfonso, and presumed acting boss who was believed to have taken control of the Rizzuto crime family, was killed together with his bodyguard in St-Leonard, Quebec on 30 June 2010.
A house owned by Giuseppe Cuntrera |
{"datasets_id": 1331, "wiki_id": "Q733187", "sp": 26, "sc": 1094, "ep": 26, "ec": 1442} | 1,331 | Q733187 | 26 | 1,094 | 26 | 1,442 | Cuntrera-Caruana Mafia clan | Events in Canada | ("Big Joe") in Woodbridge was targeted by unknown culprits in 2017. A Molotov cocktail was thrown into the Di Manno Bakery in Vaughan on June 12, and gunshots struck the door of his home on the same night. The garage of the same house was struck by gunshots on August 7 and a significant fire occurred at the home, then unoccupied, in late August. |
{"datasets_id": 1332, "wiki_id": "Q600292", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 578} | 1,332 | Q600292 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 578 | Cupola (ISS module) | Overview | Cupola (ISS module) Overview The Cupola provides an observation and work area for the ISS crew giving visibility to support the control of the space station remote manipulator system and general external viewing of Earth, celestial objects and visiting vehicles. Its name derives from Italian word cupola, which means "dome". The Cupola project was started by NASA and Boeing, but canceled due to budget cuts. A barter agreement between NASA and the ESA resulted in the Cupola's development being resumed in 1998 by ESA. The existence of the Cupola is considered important to astronauts aboard the ISS, as |
{"datasets_id": 1332, "wiki_id": "Q600292", "sp": 6, "sc": 578, "ep": 10, "ec": 302} | 1,332 | Q600292 | 6 | 578 | 10 | 302 | Cupola (ISS module) | Overview & Design and construction | previously they have been confined to looking out of small portholes or at best the 20-inch (50 cm) window in the US Destiny laboratory. The Cupola is berthed onto the Earth-facing port of the Tranquility module. Because of its shape and multi window configuration the Cupola has been compared to the cockpit window of the Millennium Falcon. Design and construction The International Space Station Cupola was first conceived in 1987 by Space Station Man-Systems Architectural Control Manager Gary Kitmacher as a workstation for operating the station's Canadarm2 robotic arm, maneuvering vehicles outside the station, and observing and supporting spacewalks. He likened |
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