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Cupola (ISS module)
Design and construction
the use as similar to that of the Shuttle Orbiter Aft Flight Deck. There were to have been two Cupolas, one on either end of the racetrack shape formed by the station modules and nodes. It was initially named the "windowed workstation", to distinguish it from other computer-based workstations inside of the station and from which the crew could operate the station's systems. Once the idea was initially accepted, a number of people went to work. Human factors specialist Frances Mount began to develop the rationale and operational scenarios for the Cupola, and got considerable support from Chief Astronaut
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Cupola (ISS module)
Design and construction
John Young and Shuttle Commander Gordon Fullerton. Charles Wheelwright, who had defined the specifications for every window on every prior United States manned spacecraft, began to define the design specifications of the Cupola windows. Laurie Weaver, who had just started with NASA as a student intern, began to work on a series of different configurations for the Cupola. She started with Kitmacher's idea, based on the Shuttle Aft Flight Deck, in this case two Aft Flight Decks mounted back to back, placed atop a short cylinder. An inexpensive mock-up made of PVC tubes was built and tested underwater, where critical
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Cupola (ISS module)
Design and construction
dimensions could be measured to ensure that two crew members in zero-g would have adequate access. Then she built a series of small cardboard models, looking at a variety of different alternative shapes. The different configurations and their positive and negative attributes were presented at a series of Crew Station Reviews over the next year in which participants rated each. The Cupola that evolved was octagonal in shape, with eight similar windows around the periphery, four quadrant windows overhead, and mounted on a cylinder. The module was designed to fully contain at least two crewmembers "floating" side by
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Cupola (ISS module)
Design and construction
side in zero-g neutral body posture. About this time, Kitmacher and designer Jay Cory applied the term Cupola for the first time. Kitmacher wrote the requirements and the name into the Man-Systems Architectural Control Document and into the requests for proposals for Work Package 1 at MSFC and Work Package 2 at JSC. Later, Kitmacher went on to lead the Man-Systems group, leading the first lunar outpost and moonbase studies and the Cupola reappeared on several of his rover and module designs. Because of confusion between the responsibilities of the two contracts, both Boeing, which won Work Package 1, and
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Cupola (ISS module)
Design and construction & Manufacturing
McDonnell Douglas, which won Work Package 2, bid to build the Cupola. The McDonnell Douglas design was basically the same as NASA's, but Boeing's was smaller — a hexagon, with a single large circular overhead window, and a much shorter cylinder. The Boeing design had been considered but previously discarded, because it was unable to accommodate two crew members completely, and would instead require the crew to dangle their legs and bodies in the Node to which the Cupola would be attached. This design was the one ultimately built. Manufacturing Components of the Cupola were initially fabricated in California,
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Cupola (ISS module)
Manufacturing
and the windows in New York in the late 1980s, but as budgets were cut, the Cupola was a favorite target. Several times it was fought back into the program only to be cut again as not technically required. More than once the responsibilities for fabrication were bartered to one international partner and then another in exchange for Shuttle launch services and resources that the United States would provide on board the station in orbit. The Cupola made the rounds to Brazil and then finally wound up with ESA and the Italians in 1998, who completed it in 2003. Even
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Cupola (ISS module)
Manufacturing
then, the launch of the Cupola was repeatedly delayed until it finally made it into orbit in February, 2010. The delivery method also changed from the Cupola being mounted on a SpaceLab pallet accompanying Kibo's external facility to being mounted on the European built Tranquility module as it was delivered. The original barter agreement had ESA building two cupola modules for the ISS. This was later amended to just one. The ESA-built Tranquility module and the cupola together cost nearly $409 m. With final design and assembly by the Italian contractor Alenia Spazio (now Thales Alenia Space), it is nearly 3 metres
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Q600292
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Cupola (ISS module)
Manufacturing
in diameter and 1.5 metres tall. It has six side windows and a top window, all of which are equipped with shutters to protect them from damage by micrometeoroids and orbital debris. It features a thermal control system, audio, video and MIL-STD-1553 bus interfaces, as well as the connections needed for installing one of the two identical workstations that control the robotic manipulator Canadarm2. The Cupola's outer framework is made from forged aluminum, with an inner skeleton made from steel plates and bars welded together; which add strength against the pressure. Several companies including Alcoa and Tata Steel Europe were contracted
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Cupola (ISS module)
Manufacturing & Installation
for the manufacturing. Each window is composed of 4 separate layers ('panes'): An outer debris pane, two 25 mm pressure panes, and an inner scratch pane. Each pane is made from high strength bulletproof glass, to protect against micrometeorites. The panes can be replaced in-orbit after an external pressure cover has been fitted. The window shutters are manually controlled. Each window has a knob with a direct mechanical linkage to the outside shutter assembly. O-rings are used to prevent air leakage. Installation Cupola was launched aboard Space Shuttle Endeavour on mission STS-130, on February 8, 2010. It was berthed to the forward
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Cupola (ISS module)
Installation
port of the Tranquility module for launch, and was later transferred to the nadir-facing port of Tranquility by the Canadarm2, once Tranquility had been berthed to the Unity Module of the ISS. The installation of the Cupola, along with Tranquility, marks one of the last main components to be added to the International Space Station.
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Cuprammonium rayon
Cuprammonium rayon Cuprammonium rayon is a rayon made from cellulose dissolved in cuprammonium solution. It is produced by making cellulose a soluble compound by combining it with copper and ammonia. The solution of this material in caustic soda is passed through the spinneret and the cellulose is regenerated in the hardening baths that remove the copper and ammonia and neutralize the caustic soda. Cuprammonium rayon is usually made in fine filaments that are used in lightweight summer dresses and blouses, sometimes in combination with cotton to make textured fabrics with slubbed, uneven surfaces. The fabric is commonly known by the trade name
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Q225846
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8
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Cuprammonium rayon
Production
"Bemberg", owned by the J.P. Bemberg company. The fabric may also be known as "cupro" or "cupra". Also as "ammonia silk" on Chinese fashion retail websites. Production Cellulose is dissolved in [Cu(NH₃)₄](OH)₂ solution and then regenerated as rayon when extruded into sulfuric acid.
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Curia Cornelia
History
Curia Cornelia The Curia Cornelia was a place where the Roman Senate assembled beginning c. 52 BC. It was the largest of all the Curiae (Senate Houses) built in Rome. Its construction took over a great deal of the traditional comitium space and brought the senate building into a commanding location within the Roman Forum as a whole. It was the Senate House of the time of Julius Caesar and is significant because its location was moved by him to diminish the Senate's dominance within the City and Republic. History In 80 BC, Lucius Cornelius Sulla decided to enlarge the
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Q5194731
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645
Curia Cornelia
History
existing Curia to accommodate the doubling of senators in the Republic. He had to demolish the old Curia Hostilia and the Comitium, but the name Hostilia was kept. The Curia Hostilia was again destroyed during riots at the funeral of Publius Clodius Pulcher, in 52 BC. It was rebuilt again by Faustus Cornelius Sulla, the son of Lucius Cornelius Sulla, and took the name Curia Cornelia. In 44 BC, the Curia was converted into a temple by Caesar during his redesign of the Roman Forum. It is not known when the building was finally torn down, but its location in relation to
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1,334
Q5194731
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645
8
870
Curia Cornelia
History
the Forum of Caesar made it more than likely that happened during or after the construction of the first Imperial Forum. Finally, Caesar replaced the Curia Cornelia with the Curia Julia, which still stands, in 44 BC.
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1,335
Q5196524
2
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Custos (under-sacristan)
Custos (under-sacristan) The under-sacristan or custos was a Roman Catholic office. The office is mentioned in the Decretals. He was the assistant of the sacristan, was subject to the archdeacon, and discharged duties very similar to those of the sacristan. By the early twentieth century the office was hardly ever attached to a benefice and so usually a salaried position. The Council of Trent desired that, according to the old canons, clerics should hold such offices; but in most churches, on account of the difficulty or impossibility of obtaining clerics, laymen perform many of the duties of the sacristan and under-sacristan. In
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1,335
Q5196524
4
628
4
921
Custos (under-sacristan)
some European medieval contexts, a custos was given the more important roles of keeping the safety of the church, its relics, its treasure, and its archives, but was also responsible for the perception of capitationes, symbolic head-taxes that associated freemen with a religious institution.
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1,336
Q3549222
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Cutthroat (comics)
Fictional character biography
Cutthroat (comics) Fictional character biography Danny Leighton was born in Austin, Texas. He was a member of the Savage Crims, a New York street gang, as a young man. He later became an assassin and was (as his first high-profile job) hired by Amos Jardine to kill Spider-Man, in place of the mad killer Arcade. Cutthroat battled Nightcrawler, who had gotten wind of the plan, and Spider-Man, and they defeated him with some secret assistance from Arcade himself. Many years later, he defeated Mangler and Deathstrike in a fight to the death to become the Red Skull's new chief operative,
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Q3549222
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Cutthroat (comics)
Fictional character biography
replacing Crossbones. He underwent training by the Taskmaster. He tried to persuade Blackwing and Jack O'Lantern to help him free Mother Night from the police. He initiated a brief affair with Mother Night. With the Skeleton Crew, he battled Crossbones and Diamondback. He realized that Diamondback was his sister, Rachel, and revealed his true identity to her. When Crossbones returned, Cutthroat feared he would be made redundant and so planned to kill Crossbones in his sleep. However, Mother Night alerted Crossbones to the plan, and so Crossbones was waiting for the "ambush" and slit Cutthroat's throat and he
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Q3549222
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Cutthroat (comics)
Fictional character biography
was seemingly killed. The Red Skull even inspected the apparent corpse. However, unknown circumstances show that he is alive and was an inmate in the Raft where he escaped with a lot of other convicts. He was later recaptured. The Hood has hired him as part of his criminal organization to take advantage of the split in the superhero community caused by the Superhuman Registration Act. He helped them fight the New Avengers but was defeated by Doctor Strange. As part of the Hood's gang, he later joins the fight against the Skrull invading force in New York City. He joins
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Cutthroat (comics)
Fictional character biography & Hobgoblin's Cutthroat & Powers and abilities
with the Hood's gang in an attack on the New Avengers, who were expecting the Dark Avengers instead. During the "Search for Tony Stark" arc, Cutthroat rejoined Hood's gang and assisted in the attack on Castle Doom. Hobgoblin's Cutthroat While regaining his franchises, Roderick Kingsley sold one of Cutthroat's old costumes to an unnamed criminal to become his version of Cutthroat. Powers and abilities Cutthroat is a master at various forms of unarmed combat, having received special combat training from the Taskmaster. He is also highly skilled in throwing bladed weapons. Cutthroat also wears lightweight body armor, and uses a sword
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Q3549222
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Cutthroat (comics)
Powers and abilities
and adamantium-edged knives. He carries a gun that fires rockets that explode on contact; upon exploding, some rockets trigger a "sonic screamer" that induces pain in nearby victims. He also uses darts which release blinding magnesium flares on impact.
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Cwrt Sart Comprehensive School
Closure proposals
Cwrt Sart Comprehensive School Closure proposals In the autumn of 2010 there was a proposal by Neath Port Talbot council to close Cwrt Sart and two Port Talbot schools, and build a single replacement in Sandfields, Port Talbot, to open in September 2016. The spur for this was the falling rolls. A vigorous campaign to retain it was headed up by the governing body, with much local support. A lengthy consultation period meant that a final decision was not taken until December 2013, when the Welsh Government approved the building of a £40million replacement school. It officially closed its doors
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Cwrt Sart Comprehensive School
Closure proposals & Success before closure & Closure
on 20 July 2016, three years after a final decision was made to close the school Success before closure Before its eventual closure in 2016 Cwrt Sart did achieve success, in 2013 it became one of Wales' top 10 performing schools which also made it a band one school for the first time in its history under head teacher Steve Peers. When the school performance ranking systems were changed Cwrt Sart were ranked as a green school, a new version of band one in 2015. Closure Cwrt Sart officially closed its doors to pupils on 25 August 2016, after results
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Cwrt Sart Comprehensive School
Closure & Renaming the School
day. A few months later plans to knock the existing site down and replace it with a new Welsh speaking primary school "Ysgol Newydd Briton Ferry" went under way and are still ongoing. Renaming the School In 2008, the name of Cwrt Sart Comprehensive School was officially changed to Cwrt Sart Community Comprehensive School. This was carried out under the headmaster Huw Lloyd, in an attempt to incorporate the Briton Ferry community in the school. Earlier, in 2007-2008, the school motto was changed from Man's wealth is his ability to Cyflwyni trwy gredu or Achieving through believing. This was a
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Cwrt Sart Comprehensive School
Renaming the School & Carreg Hir
modernisation, as the old motto was viewed as sexist, and focused on older idealisms. Carreg Hir In the school playground was The Carreg Hir ('long stone'), a standing stone probably dating to the Bronze Age, 9 ft 2 in (2.8 m) high, 5 ft 7 in (1.7 m) wide and about 2 ft (0.6 m) thick. The stone was set into a concrete plinth in recent times, though it is believed to be in its original location. Archaeologists think that it may once have stood upon a mound, overlooking the River Neath. It is a Scheduled Monument. There is a published 1848 reference to
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Q5197265
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Cwrt Sart Comprehensive School
Carreg Hir
this stone in which it says that "there is a charm, not yet discovered, which can compel [the stone] to speak, and for once to reveal the secret of its history: but that having once spoken it will be silent forever." Another legend says that there is an underground passage leading between the stone and Neath Abbey some 1.3 miles (2.1 km) to the North; the stone is said to be aligned upon it.
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Cybercrime in India
Statistics
Cybercrime in India Statistics Cybercrime cases in India, registered under the IT Act, increased at a rate of 300 percent between 2011 and 2014. In 2015, there were 11,592 cases of cyber crime registered in India.
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1,339
Q5198131
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CycleNetXChange
CycleNetXChange CycleNetXChange provides a standard format with which to exchange cycle path data, together with information about the quality of routes; This enables computerised transport systems to provide cycle routes. This UK National Cycle Path network schema (CycleNetXChange) defines an exchange format for an exchange of cycle path data together with information relevant to cycling about the quality of routes; . It is a component of the UK national transport information infrastructure and is based on a number of other UK and ISO standards. The format allows cycle path data to be collected by different communities and exchanged to provide cycle Journey
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Q5198131
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CycleNetXChange
planners and other navigation products. The CycleNetXChange schema is in draft and is intended to become a UK national de facto standard sponsored by the UK Department of Transport. CycleNet is based on the Ordnance Survey DNF (Digital National Framework) for referencing objects and the ITN (Integrated Transport Network) schema and can be used in conjunction with road and map data that conforms to the DNF. The standard has been developed by Transport Direct to enable the delivery with Cycling England of as the National Cycle Journey Planner element of the Transport Direct Portal.
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Cycling at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's cross-country
Competition format
Cycling at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's cross-country Competition format The competition began at 15:00 with a mass-start in which riders are positioned according to their current world ranking so that the higher-ranked riders are near the front. The cross-country race also involved eight laps, with 172 m of elevation change for each, around the 4.45 km course at Laoshan Mountain Bike Course. The overall distance of the race was 35.60 km.
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Q14868220
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Cyclocephala latericia
Appearance
Cyclocephala latericia Appearance A medium sized (ca. 15 millimeter), wide, glossy, tan and black rhinoceros beetle. The head is black, the legs are tan. The pronotum and scutellum have different shaped black spots. On the pronotum there are six spots: two round on the side and four more or less triangular that form a square in the middle. The wings tend to have two spots on the front and one on the back. The body does not have a horn on the head or pits on the pronotum, the sexes can be distinguished by the fact that the male is
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Q14868220
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Cyclocephala latericia
Appearance & Life cycle & Range
narrower than the female and that the feet, and especially the claw joint, on the forelegs are thickened, with this species the claws are extra large. The top is fine and scattered, with barely visible punctures. Life cycle The larvae are known only to a few species of the genus, which live in the soil and eat on grass roots . The adult beetles often visit flowers to eat pollen, and can be important pollinators. Range The species is known in Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay and Argentina.
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Cyclone Helen (2008)
Meteorological history
Cyclone Helen (2008) Meteorological history As early as autumn 2007, long-range forecast models indicated that a La Niña would develop by December of that year. In general, this event results in increased sea surface temperatures near Australia. Following this, a strong Madden–Julian oscillation phase took shape, leading to the development of Tropical Cyclone Melanie off the coast of Western Australia and an area of low pressure over the Top End by 28 December. Situated over land, the system initially embedded within a disorganised trough and to intensify as it slowly tracked eastward. By 30 December, it separated itself from the trough and
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Q7845765
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604
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Cyclone Helen (2008)
Meteorological history
travelled towards the west. The following day, the interaction between the two systems allowed the low to significantly deepen, attaining a barometric pressure of 993 mbar (hPa; 29.32 inHg). This strengthening was short-lived as wind shear over the low increased, displacing convection from its centre. By 2 January, the weak low moved over the Joseph Bonaparte Gulf where it slowly developed over the following day. Once over water, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) designated the system as Tropical Depression 09S. As organisation improved, a mid-level subtropical ridge over Western Australia pushed the system westward, away from the Kimberley coast. Steadily strengthening, the low
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Cyclone Helen (2008)
Meteorological history
attained gale-force winds near its centre during the morning of 4 January and was subsequently named Helen by the Bureau of Meteorology. Shortly thereafter, a strong westerly monsoon flow to the north caused Helen to turn eastward, back towards land. Intensification continued up until landfall, by which time Helen had attained Category 2 status on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale. Maximum ten-minute sustained winds reached 95 km/h (60 mph) and the storm's barometric pressure decreased to 975 mbar (hPa; 28.79 inHg). The JTWC assessed Helen to have been slightly weaker, with peak winds estimated at 85 km/h (50 mph). Around 10:00 pm local time on 4 January, the centre of
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1,342
Q7845765
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2,006
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2,640
Cyclone Helen (2008)
Meteorological history
Tropical Cyclone Helen made landfall near Channel Point. As it moved ashore, the storm developed an eye; however, this feature began breaking apart once overland and the eyewall merged into the system's feeder bands. Roughly 12 hours after landfall, Helen weakened to a tropical low before moving over the Gulf of Carpentaria late on 5 January. Due to an increase in forward motion, the system was unable to regenerate sufficient convection to be reclassified a tropical cyclone before making a second landfall along the Cape York Peninsula. Once overland again, the remnants of Helen abruptly slowed and were last noted on 7 January
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Cyclone Helen (2008)
Meteorological history & Preparations
in the same region. Preparations Starting in late December, widespread rains produced by the precursor to Helen prompted the issuance of flood warnings throughout the Top End region. Prior to the arrival of Cyclone Helen on 4 January, the Bureau of Meteorology issued cyclone warnings for areas between the Mitchell Plateau, in Western Australia, to Cape Hotham in the Northern Territory. According to local officials, flooding was the greatest concern from the storm rather than wind damage. The warning area was later condensed to encompass areas from Wadeye to Cape Hotham, including Darwin and the Tiwi Islands. By 6 January, warnings were
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Q7845765
10
610
10
1,241
Cyclone Helen (2008)
Preparations
issued for the western coast of the Cape York Peninsula between Karumba and Weipa as the remnants of Helen were forecast to regain storm intensity. In light of Helen's approach in the Top End region, the Compass Resources mining company suspended construction of a new mine in Batchelor. Mining at the Ranger Uranium Mine maintained by Energy Resources of Australia was also suspended until the storm passed. The George Brown Darwin Botanic Gardens and Territory Wildlife Park were also closed for the duration of the storm. Residents in the Aboriginal community of Wadeye were strongly advised to take precautions for the
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Cyclone Helen (2008)
Preparations & Impact and aftermath
storm. Following the issuance of a cyclone warning in Darwin, local shelters were opened to the public. At the Darwin International Airport, all incoming and outgoing flights through Jetstar Airways were cancelled while Tiger Airways rescheduled their flights and no changes were made by Qantas. Darwin Harbour was mostly shut down as seas became too rough to sail in. Schools and day cares within a 50 km (31 mi) radius of the city were closed on 4 January. Impact and aftermath Throughout the Top End region, the precursor to Helen resulted in a prolonged period of moderate rains over a relatively large area.
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14
725
Cyclone Helen (2008)
Impact and aftermath
These rains caused the Victoria River to swell over its banks and flood nearby areas. On 4 January, a car with three people was swept away by the river; two of the passengers managed to escape and swim to shore, but the third person remained trapped. Aerial searches were made later that day for him, though he was later declared dead. After becoming a tropical cyclone, the storm produced additional moderate to heavy rainfall, generally totaling between 100 and 200 mm (3.9 and 7.9 in). Between 1 and 6 January, a total of 174.6 mm (6.87 in) of rain fell in Darwin. These rains affected two
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1,342
Q7845765
14
725
14
1,326
Cyclone Helen (2008)
Impact and aftermath
additional major rivers in the area: the Adelaide and Katherine rivers. Near where the storm made landfall, wind gusts up to 120 km/h (75 mph) were recorded; Darwin recorded a maximum wind gust of 102 km/h (63 mph) as Helen moved by the city. Near Channel Point, the cyclone brought a storm surge of 2 to 3 m (6.6 to 9.8 ft), barely surpassing the highest astronomical tide in a few areas. In some cases, waves over topped sand dunes but no damage took place. Roughly 10-15% of trees in open areas were snapped or uprooted by high winds. Only two structures sustained direct wind damage while
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1,342
Q7845765
14
1,326
14
1,977
Cyclone Helen (2008)
Impact and aftermath
several others were struck by downed trees. Damage was more widespread in Darwin where roughly 15,000 homes, 60% of the city's residences, were left without power. Approximately 1,500 trees were downed in the city, falling on roads, homes and power lines. In the days following the storm's passage, the Adelaide and Katherine rivers continued to rise, of which the former exceeded minor flood levels. In the harbour, seven vessels washed ashore, each sustaining minor damage. Losses caused by the storm was placed at A$1.3 million (US$1.1 million). The day after Helen passed through, cleanup efforts began as power crews had to remove downed
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1,342
Q7845765
14
1,977
14
2,569
Cyclone Helen (2008)
Impact and aftermath
trees before fixing power lines. The main power lines in the city were restored within 24 hours and rural areas were stated to have their power back within a day or two. Two days after the storm, 500 homes remained without electricity and frustrated residents were further angered after discovering that the Power and Water agency was in control of tree removal and not emergency services. With the power company in charge of clearing downed trees, they stated that their crews would only be dealing with cases involved power lines. Residents with trees in their yards or even on their homes
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1,342
Q7845765
14
2,569
14
3,162
Cyclone Helen (2008)
Impact and aftermath
were told to contact private contractors to remove them. By 9 January, more than 100 homes were still without power in northern Darwin, resulting in angry outcries from those still left in the dark. Cleanup efforts dragged on for more than two months as debris was still present in Darwin in March. Removal of tree stumps took through at least mid-April as the cost to remove downed trees exceeded A$1 million (US$882,000). Due to the damage wrought by Helen, its name was retired following its usage. However, it was not replaced by any particular name as a new naming scheme was implemented
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1,342
Q7845765
14
3,162
14
3,184
Cyclone Helen (2008)
Impact and aftermath
the following season.
{"datasets_id": 1343, "wiki_id": "Q2084761", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 89}
1,343
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0
8
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Cypresses quartet (Dvořák)
Background
Cypresses quartet (Dvořák) Dvořák's String Quartet movements now bearing the title Cypresses (Czech: Cypřiše) are String Quartet versions of 12 of his 18 love songs, B11, of 1865 -also titled Cypresses. These arrangements are numbered B.152 and date from 1887. The 12 pieces he selected for arrangement from B. 11 are Nos. 2-4, 6-9, 12, 14, and 16-18; the original songs are for solo voice and piano, and are settings of poems by Gustav Pfleger-Moravsky from the collection "Cypresses" (hence the title). Background 10 of these (1-9 & 11) were edited by Joseph Suk and published by Hudební Matice Umělecké
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1,343
Q2084761
8
89
8
690
Cypresses quartet (Dvořák)
Background
Besedy in 1921; the complete set of 12 appear in Soubourne kritické vydání, the Complete Critical Edition, from 1957. They were originally titled Echos of Songs, later Evening Songs, under which name numbers 1-3 & 9 were given their 1st performance by Karel Ondricek, Jan Pelikan, Petr Mares & Alois Neruda, at Umelecka Beseda, 6/1/1888. Dvořák Inscribed them "These little compositions were originally songs(18), four of which were published as Op2 by Stary... I wrote them in 1865 and now, after 22 years, I have arranged them for quartet under the title 'The Echo of Songs'". They were given their
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1,343
Q2084761
8
690
8
719
Cypresses quartet (Dvořák)
Background
present title by Joseph Suk.
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1,344
Q64826708
2
0
10
153
Cyrus Tiffany
Early life & Battle of Lake Erie
Cyrus Tiffany Early life It is believed that Tiffany was born in 1738 to Nathan Tiffany and Sarah Harvey and later served in the American Revolutionary War. Tiffany was accomplished at the fife and he may have performed in the tent of George Washington. He then lived as a free black man in Taunton, Massachusetts with his wife and son. It is in Taunton that he met Oliver Hazard Perry. Battle of Lake Erie By the time of the War of 1812, Tiffany was an elderly man known as "Old Tiffany" and served as Commodore Perry's personal servant. During the tumultuous
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1,344
Q64826708
10
153
10
773
Cyrus Tiffany
Battle of Lake Erie
battle on Lake Erie, Perry commanded Tiffany to stand with a musket on the berth deck and make sure no soldiers avoided fighting by staying below deck. After staying by Perry's side for the full battle, Tiffany continued to serve with Perry. Some accounts say he stayed with Perry until Perry's death in 1819, while other records show that Tiffany died aboard the USS Java in 1818 and was buried at sea. It has been estimated that approximately 10 percent of the sailors aboard Perry's ships were black men. Because of their experience in maritime trades, African Americans possessed skills that greatly
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1,344
Q64826708
10
773
14
139
Cyrus Tiffany
Battle of Lake Erie & Legacy
helped Perry's campaign on Lake Erie. Other black sailors in the battle include Jesse Williams and Newport Hazard, who were both wounded in action. Several others were killed, including Jesse Walls and Isaac Hardy. Those who survived had varying experiences later — Williams was given a silver medal from the state of Pennsylvania for his service, but ship boy Jack Russell had to turn over his prize money to his master George Mason upon returning home. Legacy Tiffany's actions are rarely mentioned in general tellings of the Battle of Lake Erie. Around 1943, a mural including Tiffany next to Perry
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1,344
Q64826708
14
139
14
338
Cyrus Tiffany
Legacy
was painted by Martyl Langsdorf in the Recorder of Deeds building in Washington, D.C.. More recently, scholars such as Henry Louis Gates Jr. and Gene Allen Smith have included him in their research.
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1,345
Q5201381
2
0
4
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Cytorrhysis
Cytorrhysis Cytorrhysis is the permanent and irreparable damage to the cell wall after the complete collapse of a plant cell due to the loss of internal positive pressure (hydraulic turgor pressure). Positive pressure within a plant cell is required to maintain the upright structure of the cell wall. Desiccation (relative water content of less than or equal to 10%) resulting in cellular collapse occurs when the ability of the plant cell to regulate turgor pressure is compromised by environmental stress. Water continues to diffuse out of the cell after the point of zero turgor pressure, where internal cellular pressure is
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1,345
Q5201381
4
616
4
1,264
Cytorrhysis
equal to the external atmospheric pressure, has been reached, generating negative pressure within the cell. That negative pressure pulls the center of the cell inward until the cell wall can no longer withstand the strain. The inward pressure causes the majority of the collapse to occur in the central region of the cell, pushing the organelles within the remaining cytoplasm against the cell walls. Unlike in plasmolysis (a phenomenon that does not occur in nature), the plasma membrane maintains its connections with the cell wall both during and after cellular collapse. Cytorrhysis of plant cells can be induced in laboratory settings
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1,345
Q5201381
4
1,264
8
133
Cytorrhysis
Mechanisms of avoidance
if they are placed in a hypertonic solution where the size of the solutes in the solution inhibit flow through the pores in the cell wall matrix. Polyethylene glycol is an example of a solute with a high molecular weight that is used to induce cytorrhysis under experimental conditions. Environmental stressors which can lead to occurrences of cytorrhysis in a natural setting include intense drought, freezing temperatures, and pathogens such as the rice blast fungus (Magnaporthe grisea). Mechanisms of avoidance Desiccation tolerance refers to the ability of a cell to successfully rehydrate without irreparable damage to the cell wall following
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1,345
Q5201381
8
133
8
830
Cytorrhysis
Mechanisms of avoidance
severe dehydration. Avoiding cellular damage due to metabolic, mechanical, and oxidative stresses associated with desiccation are obstacles that must be overcome in order to maintain desiccation tolerance. Many of the mechanisms utilized for drought tolerance are also utilized for desiccation tolerance, however the terms desiccation tolerance and drought tolerance should not be interchanged as the possession of one does not necessarily correlate with possession of the other. High desiccation tolerance is a trait typically observed in bryophytes, which includes the hornwort, liverwort and moss plant groups but it has also been observed in angiosperms to a lesser extent. Collectively these
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1,345
Q5201381
8
830
12
694
Cytorrhysis
Mechanisms of avoidance & Resurrection plants
plants are known as resurrection plants. Resurrection plants Many resurrection plants use constitutive and inducible mechanisms to deal with drought and then later desiccation stress. Protective proteins such as cyclophilins, dehydrins, and LEA proteins are maintained at levels within a desiccation resistant species typically only seen during drought stress for desiccation sensitive species, providing a greater protective buffer as inducible mechanisms are activated. Some species also continuously produce anthocyanins and other polyphenols. An increase in the hormone ABA is typically associated with activation of inducible metabolic pathways. Production of sugars (predominantly sucrose), aldehyde dehydrogenases, heat shock factors, and other LEA
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1,345
Q5201381
12
694
12
1,240
Cytorrhysis
Resurrection plants
proteins are upregulated after activation to further stabilize cellular structures and function. Composition of the cell wall structure is altered to increase flexibility so folding can take place without irreparably damaging the structure of the cell wall. Sugars are utilized as water substitutes by maintaining hydrogen bonds within the cell membrane. Photosynthesis is shut down to limit production of reactive oxygen species and then eventually all metabolic are drastically reduced, the cell effectively becoming dormant until rehydration.
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1,346
Q4162576
2
0
4
171
Díchu
Díchu Saint Díchu mac Trichim was the first convert of Saint Patrick in Ireland. His feast is noted in the Martyrology of Donegal as "Diochu of Sabhall", under date of 29 April.
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1,347
Q11235728
2
0
8
504
Dōjinshi printer
Summary
Dōjinshi printer A dōjinshi printer (同人誌印刷所, dōjinshi insatsujo, also 同人誌印刷会社, dōjinshi insatsugaisha) is a printer that specializes in dōjinshi, self-published works. They are mostly active in Japan. Summary Dōjinshi printers are companies that specialize in professional printing and binding of the self-published magazines called dōjinshi. Dōjinshi are a popular medium of self-publishing in Japan, mostly for fan-made manga. Dōjinshi printers print not only dōjinshi, but also fan-made merchandise such as stationary, stickers, posters and mugs. The companies are also involved in the organization of dōjinshi conventions, and play a role in establishing and enforcing content regulations for dōjinshi. Over a
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1,347
Q11235728
8
504
12
588
Dōjinshi printer
Summary & History
hundred dōjinshi printers are active in Japan today. History Specialized dōjinshi printers emerged in the later half of the 1970s, and they went on to play an important role in the growth of dōjinshi culture by making printing services more available and affordable for amateur creators. Their activities also included organizing dōjinshi conventions where their customers could sell their works. Throughout the boom in dōjinshi culture in the mid-1980s and the expansion of distribution channels such as dōjin shops and dōjinshi conventions, the number of dōjinshi printers rose as well, and the kinds of services they offered diversified. In 1992,
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1,347
Q11235728
12
588
16
370
Dōjinshi printer
History & How it works
around 52 dōjinshi printers were operating in Japan. By 2014, this number had at least doubled. 1994 saw the founding of an industry association, the Japan Doujin-shi Printing Group (日本同人誌印刷業組合, Nihon dōjinshi insatsugyō kumiai). The association has 24 members. How it works A dōjinshi creator compares the manuals of different dōjinshi printers, which detail the company's prices and submission procedures, and selects a plan that fits with their budget and publication schedule. They agree on a delivery date with the printer, send in their manuscript in analog format via postal mail or in digital format through the printer's FTP server, and
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1,347
Q11235728
16
370
16
1,021
Dōjinshi printer
How it works
make the required payment. The dōjinshi are then printed and delivered. In the likely event that the creator wants to sell a dōjinshi at an upcoming dōjinshi convention, it is often possible to have the printer deliver the finished dōjinshi directly to the convention location. In that case, the dōjinshi creator has to submit their manuscript by a strict deadline that cannot usually be extended except by paying more. Some dōjinshi printers also deliver to dōjin shops that have agreed to distribute a creator's dōjinshi. Dōjinshi printers advertise by distributing flyers and sometimes full manuals at dōjinshi conventions and dōjin shops,
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1,347
Q11235728
16
1,021
16
1,187
Dōjinshi printer
How it works
and sponsoring banners on websites that attract many fans. Some dōjinshi printers still organize dōjinshi conventions, and many take part in conventions with booths.
{"datasets_id": 1348, "wiki_id": "Q5203645", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 14, "ec": 138}
1,348
Q5203645
2
0
14
138
D. J. Fitzpatrick
Early years & College career & Professional career
D. J. Fitzpatrick Early years Fitzpatrick attended Marian High School in Mishawaka, Indiana where he played quarterback, defensive back and kicker. Fitzpatrick was also a captain on the Marian golf team that captured the 2001 Indiana High School Athletic Association. College career Fitzpatrick chose to walk-on to the Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team over the South Carolina Gamecocks football team. Prior to his senior season, Fitzpatrick was named a preseason nominee for the Lou Groza Award Professional career After going undrafted in the 2006 NFL Draft, Fitzpatrick signed as an undrafted free agent with the New York Jets. Fitzpatrick was
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1,348
Q5203645
14
138
18
246
D. J. Fitzpatrick
Professional career & Personal
"imported" on October 31, 2008, for one game, by Montreal Alouettes General Manager Jim Popp to replace kicker, Damon Duval. He was released immediately after the game as Duval recovered quickly. Personal He received an undergraduate and master's degree in Accounting from the Mendoza School of Business at the University of Notre Dame. Fitzpatrick is currently a Financial Analyst with Goldman Sachs in their West Palm Beach, Florida office.
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1,349
Q5204309
2
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10
251
DARWARS
Sponsorship & Exemplar trainers
DARWARS Sponsorship DARWARS is sponsored by the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) and is co-sponsored by U.S. Joint Forces Command (JFCOM) and the United States Marine Corps Program Manager for Training Systems (PM TRASYS). The integration and architecture contractor for the DARWARS project is BBN Technologies. The program is the core DARPA's Training Superiority initiative. Exemplar trainers As part of the DARWARS program, several training systems have been developed as exemplars of what is possible. Some of these systems have been deployed to meet training needs related to current U.S. military efforts. Among these is the DARWARS Ambush!
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1,349
Q5204309
10
251
14
735
DARWARS
Exemplar trainers & DARWARS Ambush!
tactical trainer and the language trainer Tactical IraqiTM. DARWARS Ambush! DARWARS Ambush! is a PC-based, networked, multiplayer training simulator, or, serious game. It provides military training based on experiences of personnel in the field, and includes capabilities to ensure the capture and dissemination of lessons learned. The initial application involved road-convoy-operations training, while subsequent applications include training for platoon level mounted infantry tactics, dismounted infantry operations, Rules-of-Engagement training, cross-cultural communications training, and other areas. The software was developed by Total Immersion Software, based on the technology of Operation Flashpoint. DARWARS Ambush! is generally restricted to U.S. Military and U.S. Government organizations
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1,349
Q5204309
14
735
18
210
DARWARS
DARWARS Ambush! & Tactical Language & Culture Training System
and personnel. The DARWARS Ambush! software is free of charge. The costs of the underlying game engine and networking infrastructure is nominal compared to traditional simulation-training systems. The most important innovation of DARWARS Ambush! is that it is user-authorable. Soldiers themselves can create new scenarios and training in a few hours or days without a contractor between them and their tactics, techniques and procedures. Tactical Language & Culture Training System Tactical Language & Culture Training Systems are PC-based courses that teach foreign languages and cultural knowledge needed to conduct tasks effectively and safely during both daily life and military missions.
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1,349
Q5204309
18
210
22
94
DARWARS
Tactical Language & Culture Training System & Replacement
They are self-paced foreign-language training programs that use numerous research-based pedagogic and technologic innovations—including interactive 3D video game simulations—to teach what to say, how to say it, and when to say it. The courses to learn Iraqi, Pashto, French, and Dari {under development} are available to any member of the U.S. Armed Forces by free download from the company's website. Replacement Game After Ambush, which is based on VBS2 is scheduled to replace DARWARS Ambush! during 2009.
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1,350
Q20733515
2
0
6
575
DIA (group)
2015: Do It Amazing
DIA (group) 2015: Do It Amazing In February 2015, MBK Entertainment announced its plans to debut a new girl group. Originally, the company had decided to have possible candidates for their new group compete on a reality survival program. On February 10, Kim Dani was confirmed to be joining the project and announced the program's name T-ara's Little Sister Girl Group. In June, MBK Entertainment announced that they had cancelled their plans for a survival program, and decided to select the members internally. The final three members, Yebin, Eunice, and Jenny were revealed and the group was set to debut
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1,350
Q20733515
6
575
10
240
DIA (group)
2015: Do It Amazing & 2016: Happy Ending, Spell, and subgroups
in August under the name DIA. MBK announced a line-up with six members: Eunice, Huihyeon (originally under the stage name Cathy), Jenny, Yebin, Eunjin, and Chaeyeon. Seunghee was added to the line-up before the group's debut. On September 14, 2015, DIA ultimately released their self-titled debut studio album, Do It Amazing. 2016: Happy Ending, Spell, and subgroups Eunchae (introduced with her real name Chaewon) joined as a new member in March 2016, and in April, Seunghee was confirmed to have left the group. DIA's first mini-album Happy Ending was released on June 14, 2016, along with the music video
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1,350
Q20733515
10
240
14
296
DIA (group)
2016: Happy Ending, Spell, and subgroups & 2017: YOLO and Love Generation
for lead single "On the Road" on the same day. In September 2016, the group released a Harry Potter-themed album titled Spell, with "Mr. Potter" as the lead single. DIA was subsequently separated into two "A" and "B" subgroups, named BinChaenHyunSeuS and L.U.B, releasing songs separately. 2017: YOLO and Love Generation On April 6, the group released a pre-release single titled "You Are My Flower", which featured trot singers Kim Yeon-ja and Hong Jin-young. DIA's reality show subsequently began airing on April 9 on the TV network Onstyle, days after two new members, Jueun and Somyi, were announced. On April 19,
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1,350
Q20733515
14
296
14
934
DIA (group)
2017: YOLO and Love Generation
the group's second studio album YOLO was released. The album contained fourteen tracks, with the lead single titled "Will You Go Out with Me?". YOLO also included several tracks composed by the members themselves and featured various artists such as rapper DinDin and former I.O.I member Kim Chung-ha. DIA's third mini-album titled Love Generation was later released on August 22, 2017. The album contains twelve tracks, with the lead single titled "Can't Stop". On October 12, a repackaged edition of Love Generation, titled Present, was released. It contained the songs from the former, along with four new songs with the title
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1,350
Q20733515
14
934
18
545
DIA (group)
2017: YOLO and Love Generation & 2018: Summer Ade
track "Good Night". 2018: Summer Ade On May 7, 2018, Eunjin announced her departure from the group, citing health problems. On June 9, 2018, it was reported that DIA would make a comeback on July 5, 2018. It had been previously announced that the group were to come back in April with a track produced by Shinsadong Tiger. On the day of the album's purported release, MBK Entertainment released an official statement announcing and apologizing for its postponement saying it was to be released on July 18, but that did not happen, with the company claiming the postponements were to
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1,350
Q20733515
18
545
22
360
DIA (group)
2018: Summer Ade & 2019: Newtro
ensure high-quality material. DIA ultimately released on their fourth album Summer Ade on August 9, 2018 with the title track "Woo Woo". On August 14, the group received their first music show win on SBS MTV's The Show. 2019: Newtro On March 19, 2019, DIA released their fifth mini-album titled Newtro, after previous reports of a release on March 28 and 21. Prior to confirmation, it had been reported that the group would make a comeback on November 7, 2018 with a "Bo Peep Bo Peep 2.0" produced by Shinsadong Tiger. However, nothing materialized. On February 20, MBK Entertainment confirmed
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1,350
Q20733515
22
360
22
681
DIA (group)
2019: Newtro
both DIA's comeback and the single's production being handled by Shinsadong Tiger. The album is the first release without Jenny due to a knee injury, marking the group's first time promoting as seven since Spell. On July 6, 2019 MBK Entertainment confirmed that Jenny left the group due to health problems with her knee.
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1,351
Q3551683
2
0
6
572
DWJM
Citylite 88.3 (1988-2003)
DWJM Citylite 88.3 (1988-2003) On July 26, 1986, Citylite 88.3 was inaugurated with DWFR as its callsign. It was owned by Francisco Ravina, along with 7 Board members at the launch of the station, namely Gerry Geronimo, Steve Salonga, Alex Limjuco, Kit Ravina, Francis Lumen, Bong Sierra and Mike Pedero, who was also the program director at the time. Initially a Soft AC station, it played a smooth jazz track every hour. After several months, more jazz tracks were played than usual. In October 1988, it changed its call letters to DWCT, and became a fully fledged smooth jazz station, playing
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DWJM
Citylite 88.3 (1988-2003)
smooth jazz, contemporary pieces and rhythm and blues. The original staff consisted of only 7 radio personalities namely: Pancho Alvarez 6am to 10am, Pinky Aseron 10am to 2 PM, Mike Taylor (Adam Kite) 2pm to 6 pm, Ramon Cruz (Joey Pizza) 6PM to 10 PM and J.Zorrilla (Jlatin) 10pm to 2AM. The other 2 personalities were Eya Perdigon and Wickette who handled the daily news broadcasts. It was the forerunner of R&B, contemporary music and Jazz after an absence of the genre for over 10 years. 105.1 Crossover and Kiss Jazz 101.1 just followed suit after the success of the station
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DWJM
Citylite 88.3 (1988-2003)
with the A and B crowd. It was also the official radio station of CNN and Asia Business News and was also affiliated with the American expats in the country. In October 1996, Citylite 88.3 launched on the internet with its live streaming on the old website. After 2 years, Raven Broadcasting Corporation was acquired by the Vera family while Francis Lumen switched to Joey @ Rhythms 92.3. From March 2001 to June 2003, it was known as Smooth Jazz Citylite 88.3. On June 30, 2003, after 15 years on DWCT-FM, Citylite 88.3 bid farewell. It played Eumir Deodato’s “Love Island”
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DWJM
Citylite 88.3 (1988-2003) & Jam 88.3 (2003–present)
on the program “Smooth Classic Sunday” with DJ Harry as its swansong before finally signing off. Jam 88.3 (2003–present) On July 1, 2003, Raven Broadcasting Corporation rebranded the station as Jam 88.3 (and its call letters to DWJM) with a Modern AC format to cater to a larger more advertiser-friendly audience. It was then managed by Ronaldo Sulit ("Joe D'Mango"), who was also responsible for managing sister station Wave 89.1. In 2007, after Sulit left his duites, Eric Perpetua took over the management. The station began shifted its format to a lite alternative/pop after the demise of 103.5 K-Lite in December
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DWJM
Jam 88.3 (2003–present)
a year ago. In 2011, Jam gradually shifted its format to alternative/modern rock, even after the demise of the two defunct rock stations NU 107 and UR 105.9. Last September 11, 2012, it was relaunched as The New Jam, adding indie music to its format and launched a few new programs. Since 2013, the station became the home of playing songs from local and unsigned Filipino independent artists/bands through its supplemental program Fresh Filter. Some indie acts became popular (and eventually rise into mainstream) such as Autotelic, Bullet Dumas, Yolanda Moon and others. The program ended in March 2017 and was replaced by
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1,201
DWJM
Jam 88.3 (2003–present)
Locals Only, a program similar to Fresh Filter.
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DZVI
2000s-2014: Dual affiliation and inactivity
DZVI 2000s-2014: Dual affiliation and inactivity Radyo Natin Padre Garcia first went on the air on 105.5 FM as a dual affiliate of MBC and the Philippine branch of the Faith Broadcasting Network, heavily carrying religious programs during Radyo Natin's clearance for local programming and preempting the latter, except during news of utmost importance. The station was noted for occasional lengthy disclaimers from FBN disassociating its religious content from that of MBC's and American broadcasters who were already fluent with Filipino providing its program stingers and sermonettes. Due to lack of funding and frequency conflicts, the station was forced to close
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DZVI
2000s-2014: Dual affiliation and inactivity & 2016-present; Revival and new investors
down by mid-2014. The frequency, however, alternated between distant feeds from Calapan City and Angeles City, Pampanga during the interregnum. Notably, DZRH's Henry Uri was the station's newscaster under this timeframe, with his tenure lasting from 2000 until his promotion to the main network in 2002. 2016-present; Revival and new investors In October 2016, investors led by veteran Lipa City disk jock Queenie Kinita resurrected the station on a test broadcast, this time as a full MBC-Radyo Natin station. In the latter months, the revived station recruited more personnel, including former CitiBeat 102.3 jocks and Batangas blocktimer Larry Karangalan. Faith Broadcasting
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DZVI
2016-present; Revival and new investors & Area of coverage & Frequency assignment conflicts
Network remained with the station, albeit as a late-night block. On March 2017, veteran Batangas freelance journalist Ron Lozano joined the station, followed by DJ Banjo Valdemor five months later. Lozano left the station in March 2018 to concentrate as a stringer for CNN Philippines and has been an on air talent at 101.5 FM since October 1, 2018. Area of coverage Radyo Natin Padre Garcia covers the central-southern part of Batangas, with the eastern barangays of Batangas City as its southernmost limit, south-central Lipa to the north, and San Antonio, Quezon to the east. Frequency assignment conflicts The station was
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DZVI
Frequency assignment conflicts
also beset with frequency assignment conflicts with Calapan City-based DWOM at 105.5 MHz in the early 2010s. The latter, broadcasting with a stronger 1 kW output constantly posed problems to the Padre Garcia station's southern broadcast range on the eastern parts of Batangas City as both signals overlapped. Furthering the dilemma was if the former moved to 105.3 FM, it could pose problems to Tayabas-licensed DZCT. That station, however moved to 97.5 FM in 2014 but the DCG-Radio TV Network later reactivated the old frequency as a repeater to its Manila flagship. The Tayabas repeater, however, was later shut down. On January 15,
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DZVI
Frequency assignment conflicts & News operation
2017, Radyo Natin Padre Garcia moved to 105.3 FM after years of broadcasting at 105.5 FM. However, on January 29, 2018, the station was forced to return to its former position as Tayabas City reocuppied 105.3 FM under the banner The Big 30K, Pakakak ng Bayan (lit. The Town's Trumpet), forcing DWOM to sign-off after sunset. News operation Radyo Natin Padre Garcia provides 7 and a half-hours of local news output through Kasangga ng Bayan with Larry Karangalan on the weekdays. National outputs are provided by the network feed.
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Dada Dhuniwale Thermal Power Plant
Capacity
Dada Dhuniwale Thermal Power Plant Dada Dhuniwale Thermal Power Plant is a planned coal based thermal power project located at village Goradia in Khandwa district in Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. The power plant is one of the coal based power plants of Madhya Pradesh Power Generation Company Limited. Capacity Its planned capacity is 1600 MW (2x800 MW). The project is yet to start due to non availability of coal linkage.
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Daguin machine
Daguin machine The Daguin machine was one of the first cancelling machines used by the French postal administration. It was created by Eugène Daguin (1849-1888). Its first official use took place in June 1884 in Paris. It could cancel three thousand covers per hour. Two datestamps were printed in one move by the postal clerk: the first cancelled the postage stamp and the second was a readable proof of date on the cover. Until 1949, the datestamp centers were 28 millimeters away from one another. In the 1900s, more efficient machines replaced the Daguin. But it came back to service in the
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Daguin machine
Genesis
1920s: the second datestamp was replaced by a commercial message inscribed in a round cornered quadrilateral. The official retirement of the Daguin machines was declared in the 1960s, with some exceptional use until the 1970s. Philatelists discovered and studied the machine and its twin cancellations in the 1950s. Genesis Eugène Daguin was amongst the engineers who proposed "stamping machine" projects to the French posts. The latter was looking for a mechanical device that could quickly cancel an increasing amount of mail. Until the first trials of these machines, the clerk's arms were the only mean to cancel the stamp and to
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Daguin machine
Genesis
"stamp" the mail (print the date and place of departure). In June 1881, Daguin recorded a first patent (#143668). The machine appeared in a drawing like a sewing machine under which the mail was moved and cancelled. But a sentence in the patent described what the final machine would look like: "a stamping and cancelling machine with an articulated stamp carrier functioning by hand". Machines described in patents #151332 and #151355 recorded on 30 September 1882, completed three times in 1883, were closer to this sentence than the initial drawing. The machine was fixed to the table. The clerk moved a
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Daguin machine
Genesis
metallic arm whose extremity hold two datestamp carriers. The clerk lowered the arm toward the mail: the gesture permitted the inking of the datestamps thank to an upward roll. A "touching piston" immobilized the piece of mail firmly on the table: a clear postmark could be made in one move and a spring quickly raised the arm upward. Daguin explained that the piston and the spring avoided blur of ink on the letter. However the postal clerk must pay attention to his second hand that moved the mail on the table. The cancellations evolved with the wear, the renewal and the
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Daguin machine
Genesis & Tests
changing by postal regulations of the datestamps. They were affixed on the two stamp carriers that were independent from one another: two different datestamps could be used at the same time. In the 1920s one of those was replaced with a round cornered quadrilateral containing a commercial text. Tests Trials took place between 29 August 1881 and July 1882 with a round datestamp and a 196-point squared cancellation. Daguin recorded the 30 September 1882 patent after this. A new trial period took place after a new addition to the patent on 15 January 1883. Between the 27 February and the 13
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Daguin machine
Tests & The cancellation
March 1883 the cancellations were with two datestamps with a constant distance between their center: 46 millimeters, and 19 millimeters between their outer circle line. Additions to the patent on 24 October and 4 December 1883 gave a precise description of the machine by Daguin, including the "touching piston". In June 1884, the first machines officially were in use in some Parisian post offices, in September 1884 in the first offices in the rest of the country. The cancellation From 1884 to a permanent change of the datestamps in 1949, the Daguin cancellation has four distinctive signs. First, the centers of two datestamps
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Daguin machine
The cancellation
are 28 millimeters away from one another. A great alteration of the stamp carriers, like in 1949, could only change this distance. Secondly, a rotation around the carrier axis is always visible on a Daguin cancellation. Thirdly, the outer crown with the place of cancellation was engraved differently from the dateblock placed at the center. The latter is made to be updated every day, more in case of multiple clears in a day. The crown lasted longer and its mark evolved with time. Moreover, the two datestamps' elements were of different ages and uses: they are different from one another in the
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Daguin machine
The cancellation
case of a Daguin cancellation. Finally, as the machine worn out, a little mark appeared at 35 millimeters from the center of each datestamp. When up the inking roll went to far and put ink on the touching piston. When going down, the piston, that was at 35 millimeters from the datestamps' centers, touched the mail and deposed a blur of ink. In the first years of service, the datestamp was of the 84 type, appeared in 1884 with the Daguin machine, hence the name. This stamp crown's inner line is discontinuous because Daguin advised to lower the weight supported by the
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Daguin machine
The cancellation & An active career
stamp carrier. In 1949, and a final obligation in September of that year, the postal administration imposed bigger datestamps than before. The Daguin machine's stamp carrier was modified: the commercial stamp was moved on the side to let room for the new datestamp. The new center distance was 30 millimeters and the commercial stamp always on the left side of the cancellation (it can be right or left depending on how the postal clerk put the stamps on the carrier). An active career Between June 1884 and the first years of the 20th century, the Daguin machine was a success in
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Daguin machine
An active career
French post offices. But, it was replaced in towns because of the competition with new electric cancelling machines. They were faster and the mail was moved mechanically. As the replacement of the datestamps was easy, a new period of use began in 1923 when Paul Laffont, State Secretary to Posts and Telegraphs, authorized post offices to put a commercial stamp instead of the second datestamp. Were permitted text messages promoting touristic towns or postal services. The last deliveries of Daguin machines took place in 1930. 500 machines were bought this final year of production, the same number as in 1884, first year