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{"datasets_id": 1545, "wiki_id": "Q16962718", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 218} | 1,545 | Q16962718 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 218 | Dragoon Springs, Arizona | The Four Graves at Dragoon Springs Stage Station & Butterfield’s Overland Mail Company Graves | Dragoon Springs, Arizona The Four Graves at Dragoon Springs Stage Station There are four rock cairns covering graves opposite the gate to the entrance of the ruins of Dragoon Springs Stage Station. A number of individuals were killed at or near the station, but there are contradictions that cast doubt about the identity of those buried in the four graves. Butterfield’s Overland Mail Company Graves The drawing by H. C. Grosvenor, made in 1860, shows the two graves of Butterfield’s Overland Mail Company employees opposite the station gate. The photograph was taken from the approximate position of Grosvenor when he |
{"datasets_id": 1545, "wiki_id": "Q16962718", "sp": 10, "sc": 218, "ep": 10, "ec": 812} | 1,545 | Q16962718 | 10 | 218 | 10 | 812 | Dragoon Springs, Arizona | Butterfield’s Overland Mail Company Graves | made the drawing. In both the drawing and the photo, when a straight line is drawn starting at the top apex of the shark fin like mountain, to the station gate and through the center of the graves, the lines match exactly.
From the history book that contained the Grosvenor drawing was this:
“This station, or corral, is 85 miles east of Tucson. It is a rectangular enclosure, protected by a stone wall eight foot high. One third of the space is occupied by storehouses and the sleeping apartment of the station master. These structures are covered by thatched roofs. The mules |
{"datasets_id": 1545, "wiki_id": "Q16962718", "sp": 10, "sc": 812, "ep": 10, "ec": 1370} | 1,545 | Q16962718 | 10 | 812 | 10 | 1,370 | Dragoon Springs, Arizona | Butterfield’s Overland Mail Company Graves | are kept in the other part, ready for change on the arrival of the mail. A heavy wooden gate defends the entrance. The two graves in the foreground are mementos of a tragedy that occurred on the night of September 8, 1858. Rude wooden slabs at their head bear brief inscriptions. ...With little hope of living, St. John succeeded in writing an account of the murder in a small book, for the information of the mail party that was due the succeeding Monday."
In the drawing it appears that the two graves are in line head to foot. They were staggered |
{"datasets_id": 1545, "wiki_id": "Q16962718", "sp": 10, "sc": 1370, "ep": 10, "ec": 1961} | 1,545 | Q16962718 | 10 | 1,370 | 10 | 1,961 | Dragoon Springs, Arizona | Butterfield’s Overland Mail Company Graves | with a space between them and, at ground level, they are drawn from the perspective of the artist.
The graves of Butterfield’s Overland Mail Company employees are a result of a massacre that started a few minutes after midnight on September 9, 1858. Some of the station construction crew had just gone on to the San Pedro River to build a station. Left behind were Silas St. John, James Burr, William Cunningham, James Laing, and three Mexican laborers. One of the construction crew that had just left for the San Pedro River was Superintendent William Buckley. As one of those that |
{"datasets_id": 1545, "wiki_id": "Q16962718", "sp": 10, "sc": 1961, "ep": 10, "ec": 2552} | 1,545 | Q16962718 | 10 | 1,961 | 10 | 2,552 | Dragoon Springs, Arizona | Butterfield’s Overland Mail Company Graves | was killed was his uncle, he wrote an account of the massacre for their hometown newspaper in Upstate New York.
”The last hope that there might be an error or falsehood in the first report of the massacre of our old fellow townsman, Mr. James Burr, and his companions, at Dragoon Springs has been dispelled by a letter from William Buckley, one of the superintendents of the overland mail company, to his father. The details of the horrid murder equal in atrocity anything we read in the annals of crime. Mr. B. writes from Tucson, seventy-five miles from Dragoon Springs, September |
{"datasets_id": 1545, "wiki_id": "Q16962718", "sp": 10, "sc": 2552, "ep": 10, "ec": 3119} | 1,545 | Q16962718 | 10 | 2,552 | 10 | 3,119 | Dragoon Springs, Arizona | Butterfield’s Overland Mail Company Graves | 14, five days after the murder. We copy from his letter:
Uncle James, Mr. St. John, Mr. Cunningham and Mr. Laing, together with three Mexicans in our employ, were stationed at that place, [Dragoon Springs.] Everything had gone on well. I had not learned of any trouble between the men. I had eight mules with quite a large amount of property at the place. The murder was committed by the three Mexicans. Mr. Laing is undoubtedly dead before this. Mr. St. John is wounded, but I think with good care he will recover. The murder was committed in order to steal |
{"datasets_id": 1545, "wiki_id": "Q16962718", "sp": 10, "sc": 3119, "ep": 10, "ec": 3669} | 1,545 | Q16962718 | 10 | 3,119 | 10 | 3,669 | Dragoon Springs, Arizona | Butterfield’s Overland Mail Company Graves | the property, as I had quite a large amount there. Uncle James was lying outside the corral when he was found, which was on Sunday morning. The murder was committed on Wednesday night. He lay in his blankets, with his head on one side all broken in. He had been killed with a stone hammer, and from all appearances he was struck two blows. He undoubtedly died without a struggle, from his appearance and position when found. Mr. Colwell and another man I had sent up to Dragoon Springs arrived there Sunday morning. Soon after the stage came up with |
{"datasets_id": 1545, "wiki_id": "Q16962718", "sp": 10, "sc": 3669, "ep": 10, "ec": 4309} | 1,545 | Q16962718 | 10 | 3,669 | 10 | 4,309 | Dragoon Springs, Arizona | Butterfield’s Overland Mail Company Graves | Lieutenant Mowry, Colonel Leach, and several other passengers. Immediately on their arrival they buried uncle James and attended to the wants of the wounded men. They had nothing to eat or drink from Wednesday night to Sunday morning, being unable to move from the corral. Everything was done for them that men could do."
Silas St. John gave a personal account of the incident and described the circumstances for being discovered with two horrible wounds and having his arm amputated at the station.
”With Sunday morning came relief. Mr. Archibald, correspondent for the Memphis Avalanche, arrived from Tucson on his way to |
{"datasets_id": 1545, "wiki_id": "Q16962718", "sp": 10, "sc": 4309, "ep": 10, "ec": 4847} | 1,545 | Q16962718 | 10 | 4,309 | 10 | 4,847 | Dragoon Springs, Arizona | Butterfield’s Overland Mail Company Graves | the Rio Grande. Seeing no flag flying and no one moving about the station, he halted a half mile distant, leaving his horse with his companion, and approached with his gun cocked. St. John could not respond to his halloas as his tongue and throat were disabled from thirst. Archibald at once started for the spring, a mile distant up the canyon. He had no sooner left than three wagons of the Leach road party approached from the East. They, too, seeing no life about the station, left the road and made a detour about half a mile to the |
{"datasets_id": 1545, "wiki_id": "Q16962718", "sp": 10, "sc": 4847, "ep": 10, "ec": 5439} | 1,545 | Q16962718 | 10 | 4,847 | 10 | 5,439 | Dragoon Springs, Arizona | Butterfield’s Overland Mail Company Graves | south—fearing an ambuscade. Then they cautiously approached the corral on foot. In the party were Col. James B. Leach, Major N. H. Hutton and some other veterans, who quickly dressed St. John’s wounds, which were full of maggots. They buried the bodies of Hughes [Burr] and Cunningham in one grave. Laing still hung to life tenaciously although nothing could be done for him—he died on Monday.
An express was started for Fort Buchanan by way of Tucson, as the direct route was not deemed safe for two men. They reached the fort on Wednesday following. The doctor, Asst. Surgeon B. J. |
{"datasets_id": 1545, "wiki_id": "Q16962718", "sp": 10, "sc": 5439, "ep": 10, "ec": 6013} | 1,545 | Q16962718 | 10 | 5,439 | 10 | 6,013 | Dragoon Springs, Arizona | Butterfield’s Overland Mail Company Graves | D. Irwin, started at once with an escort and reached Dragoon on Friday morning—the ninth day after St. John was wounded. The arm was amputated at the socket. Six days afterward, St. John got into a wagon and rode to the fort; five days later he was able to walk about, and ten days thereafter, being twenty-one days from the operation, was able to mount a horse and ride to Tucson. A remarkable quick recovery from such severe wounds.”
An article in The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 1858, titled “Amputation at the Shoulder-Joint, by B. J. D. Irwin, M. |
{"datasets_id": 1545, "wiki_id": "Q16962718", "sp": 10, "sc": 6013, "ep": 10, "ec": 6611} | 1,545 | Q16962718 | 10 | 6,013 | 10 | 6,611 | Dragoon Springs, Arizona | Butterfield’s Overland Mail Company Graves | D., U. S. Army,” gives a brief account of the massacre which corresponds to St. John’s description. Irwin was the surgeon who operated on St. John.
As explained, although the two graves appear to be in line head to foot in Grosvenor’s drawing, from the perspective at ground level, there was distance between the two graves because in a 1908 letter Silas St. John states that his amputated arm was buried between the graves.
”…The largest is a double grave in which rests together the remains of Wm. Cunningham, and James Hughes [Burr]. The single grave next south is that of James |
{"datasets_id": 1545, "wiki_id": "Q16962718", "sp": 10, "sc": 6611, "ep": 10, "ec": 7175} | 1,545 | Q16962718 | 10 | 6,611 | 10 | 7,175 | Dragoon Springs, Arizona | Butterfield’s Overland Mail Company Graves | Laing. The two graves north of the double grave are those of a Cal. regiment which used the old station as a fort in 62-63. Those graves have each a rough stone inscribed with the names of the occupants. The double grave and the single one to the south of them are without markers. My good left arm was buried between those graves.”
The above Silas St. John quote combined with H. C. Grosvenor’s drawing showing the Overland Mail Company graves opposite the gate make a substantial case for those graves being covered by two of the four rock cairns today. |
{"datasets_id": 1545, "wiki_id": "Q16962718", "sp": 10, "sc": 7175, "ep": 14, "ec": 72} | 1,545 | Q16962718 | 10 | 7,175 | 14 | 72 | Dragoon Springs, Arizona | Butterfield’s Overland Mail Company Graves & The Two Graves Attributed to a Confederate Battle with the Apache | In the above quote Silas St. John mentions that the two other graves contain the remains of “those of a Cal. regiment.” Up to about the late 1960s it was believed that the graves were not the result of the Confederate battle with the Apache, but contained the remains of General Carleton’s California Column of Union soldiers. An interpretive marker (removed in the late 1960s) stated that all four graves were those of Union soldiers. The Two Graves Attributed to a Confederate Battle with the Apache At the spring, about one mile south of the station, was a battle between |
{"datasets_id": 1545, "wiki_id": "Q16962718", "sp": 14, "sc": 72, "ep": 14, "ec": 698} | 1,545 | Q16962718 | 14 | 72 | 14 | 698 | Dragoon Springs, Arizona | The Two Graves Attributed to a Confederate Battle with the Apache | Confederate forces and the Apache on May 5, 1862. From the only other direct primary reference to the other rock cairns covering the other two graves, that are now visible at the station, was this from a Union soldier with General Carleton’s Column from California to the Daily Alta California.
”Fort Thorn, July 10, 1862. Dragoon Springs. [June] 23rd.—At Dragoon Springs found water, but sufficient by using with care and patience. At night the surrounding mountains were alive with Indian fires. Near the stage station are the graves of Hunter’s men, killed by Apaches. On the graves were these inscriptions, neatly |
{"datasets_id": 1545, "wiki_id": "Q16962718", "sp": 14, "sc": 698, "ep": 14, "ec": 1301} | 1,545 | Q16962718 | 14 | 698 | 14 | 1,301 | Dragoon Springs, Arizona | The Two Graves Attributed to a Confederate Battle with the Apache | cut in rough stone, executed by one of the Union prisoners they had along: ‘S. Ford, May 5th, 1862.’ ‘Ricardo.’ Ford was a Sergeant, and Ricardo was a poor Mexican boy the Texans had forced into service at Tucson.”
The above are the only direct references for graves specifically located at the station.
There are no known Confederate Army orders documenting their battle with the Apache. Historian L. Boyd Finch, in his Confederate Pathway to the Pacific, devoted part of a chapter to the battle. In a footnote Finch gives a reference for the battle near the station from a Union Order |
{"datasets_id": 1545, "wiki_id": "Q16962718", "sp": 14, "sc": 1301, "ep": 14, "ec": 1883} | 1,545 | Q16962718 | 14 | 1,301 | 14 | 1,883 | Dragoon Springs, Arizona | The Two Graves Attributed to a Confederate Battle with the Apache | given by Colonel (soon to be General) Carleton which does not match his paraphrasing of the order.
”The rebels, from the best information I can get, have retired from Arizona toward the Rio Grande. The Apaches attacked Captain Hunter’s company of Confederate troops near Dragoon Spring and killed 4 men and ran off 30 mules and 25 horses.”
As can be seen in the order it only states that “near Dragoon Spring and killed 4 men,” and does not state at the station or even that they were buried. In L. Boyd Finch’s footnote, which gives the Union Order as a reference, |
{"datasets_id": 1545, "wiki_id": "Q16962718", "sp": 14, "sc": 1883, "ep": 14, "ec": 2518} | 1,545 | Q16962718 | 14 | 1,883 | 14 | 2,518 | Dragoon Springs, Arizona | The Two Graves Attributed to a Confederate Battle with the Apache | he did not accurately paraphrase the order by stating “Carleton himself later told of the Rebel graves there.”
More contradiction concerning the May 5, 1858 battle was published in a Sacramento newspaper.
”Correspondent of the Union, Mesilla (A. T.), September 15th, 1862, The California Column. Dragoon Springs are situated in a canon one mile from the road. It was here that a portion of Hunter’s (secesh) party were attacked by the Apaches, who drove off their stock and killed three Texans, whose graves are near the entrance to the canon.”
The mouth of the canon is at the point were the Dragoon Mountains |
{"datasets_id": 1545, "wiki_id": "Q16962718", "sp": 14, "sc": 2518, "ep": 18, "ec": 49} | 1,545 | Q16962718 | 14 | 2,518 | 18 | 49 | Dragoon Springs, Arizona | The Two Graves Attributed to a Confederate Battle with the Apache & The 1967 Desecration of Confederate Soldier S. Ford’s Grave and Removal of his Remains and disturbance of the Rock Cairn over one of the Butterfield Employee’s Grave | meet the plain and is about one-half mile from Dragoon Springs Stage Station and this article mentions only three Texans instead of four.
It can be seen that the listed information taken from reports near the time of the battle that there is much contradiction concerning exactly who is buried where in under the four visible rock cairns seen just north of the station gate. The 1967 Desecration of Confederate Soldier S. Ford’s Grave and Removal of his Remains and disturbance of the Rock Cairn over one of the Butterfield Employee’s Grave To further confuse the identity of the graves was |
{"datasets_id": 1545, "wiki_id": "Q16962718", "sp": 18, "sc": 49, "ep": 18, "ec": 687} | 1,545 | Q16962718 | 18 | 49 | 18 | 687 | Dragoon Springs, Arizona | The 1967 Desecration of Confederate Soldier S. Ford’s Grave and Removal of his Remains and disturbance of the Rock Cairn over one of the Butterfield Employee’s Grave | the devastating damage done to the rock cairns in 1967. One of the Butterfield graves was disturbed and the grave of S. Ford was desecrated and the body removed. On June 9, 1967 a United States Government, Department of Agriculture—Forest Service report was issued concerning the desecration.
Violation of the American Antiquities Act of June 8, 1906 upon the Butterfield Stage Route (Dragoon Springs Station) was found upon personal inspection of the site on June 6, 1967.
One of the graves of the historic massacre on September 8, 1858 [three Overland Mail Company employees] was disturbed at some time previous to this |
{"datasets_id": 1545, "wiki_id": "Q16962718", "sp": 18, "sc": 687, "ep": 18, "ec": 1357} | 1,545 | Q16962718 | 18 | 687 | 18 | 1,357 | Dragoon Springs, Arizona | The 1967 Desecration of Confederate Soldier S. Ford’s Grave and Removal of his Remains and disturbance of the Rock Cairn over one of the Butterfield Employee’s Grave | inspection of June 6th. The grave of Ford was excavated and the body or its remnants removed.
A follow up of the desecration was given by the Coronado National Forest Willcox Ranger District.
”The common grave is that of the individuals killed in the [Butterfield] Station construction massacre. It is unmarked.”
As the four visible graves are identified both visually and by the National Forest Service desecration reports, the graves an identified as the result of the massacre of Butterfield’s Overland Mail Company employees and those of a Confederate and Apache battle on May 5, 1862.
More confusion is shown in various photos taken |
{"datasets_id": 1545, "wiki_id": "Q16962718", "sp": 18, "sc": 1357, "ep": 18, "ec": 1927} | 1,545 | Q16962718 | 18 | 1,357 | 18 | 1,927 | Dragoon Springs, Arizona | The 1967 Desecration of Confederate Soldier S. Ford’s Grave and Removal of his Remains and disturbance of the Rock Cairn over one of the Butterfield Employee’s Grave | of the graves over many years. In particular is a photo taken by Roscoe P. Conkling and Margaret B. Conkling on December 22, 1929, which when compared to the rock cairns today, show a distinct structural difference.
Another Conkling 1929 photo shows the carved stone marker for S. Ford on top of one of the rock cairns, but they did not mention which cairn. This marker is now cemented at the base of one of the cairns. Is it the same cairn as that shown in this photo? Also, there was no mention of Ricardo’s stone marker.
A chronological record of the |
{"datasets_id": 1545, "wiki_id": "Q16962718", "sp": 18, "sc": 1927, "ep": 18, "ec": 2568} | 1,545 | Q16962718 | 18 | 1,927 | 18 | 2,568 | Dragoon Springs, Arizona | The 1967 Desecration of Confederate Soldier S. Ford’s Grave and Removal of his Remains and disturbance of the Rock Cairn over one of the Butterfield Employee’s Grave | Confederate Army engagements in early May 1862, which were between Tucson and Dragoon Springs Stage Station also adds much to the confusion.
”May 5, 1862. 3 soldiers killed, incl. Sgt. Samuel B. Ford; 2 soldiers wounded, 1 Mexican killed: Ricardo; 17 horses captured; 21 mules captured; 16 cattle captured. Attack by Chiricahua (Chokonen) and Western Apaches (White Mountain), under Cochise and Francisco, on Confederate soldiers det. Co. A, Baylor’s Regt. Tex. Mtd. Rifles, C.S.A., under Sgt Ford, with a herd of livestock. In a canyon, 1-2 miles west of Dragoon Springs Station. (AZ). Nine Union prisoners were kept under guard at |
{"datasets_id": 1545, "wiki_id": "Q16962718", "sp": 18, "sc": 2568, "ep": 18, "ec": 3171} | 1,545 | Q16962718 | 18 | 2,568 | 18 | 3,171 | Dragoon Springs, Arizona | The 1967 Desecration of Confederate Soldier S. Ford’s Grave and Removal of his Remains and disturbance of the Rock Cairn over one of the Butterfield Employee’s Grave | Dragoon Springs by 17 Confederate soldiers under Sgt. Ford. The former were given arms to fight the Apaches. Ford’s party was en route to San Pedro R. to water their stock. Two of the four graves near the station site probably hold the remains of three Overland Mail employees slain by Mexican workers in September 1858, which casts doubt on the number killed in the ambush.
May 5, 1862. 4 civilians killed: John Donaldson, Pope, Lamison and son; 1 Mexican killed (boy). Ambush by Apache Indians of civilians. Halfway between Tucson and Rillito Creek (AZ). Lamison is also identified as Lameson |
{"datasets_id": 1545, "wiki_id": "Q16962718", "sp": 18, "sc": 3171, "ep": 20, "ec": 18} | 1,545 | Q16962718 | 18 | 3,171 | 20 | 18 | Dragoon Springs, Arizona | The 1967 Desecration of Confederate Soldier S. Ford’s Grave and Removal of his Remains and disturbance of the Rock Cairn over one of the Butterfield Employee’s Grave & Conclusion for the Identity of the Four Graves | or Lameson. Location is also given as “Lowell Road.” Date and number of victims bear similarities to the ambush near Dragoon Springs (see previous entry), but geographical description suggest near Tucson. The same Indians probably remained in the vicinity, preying on local herds, which triggered Lt. Swope’s sortie a few days later.
May 9, 1862. 5 Indians killed, cattle recovered (all). Attack by 30 Confederate soldiers Co. A, Baylor’s Regt. Tex. Mtd. Rifles, C. S. A., under Lt. Robert L. Swope, on Apache Indians following raid on John G. Capron and Hiram S. Steven’s herd. Near Tucson. (AZ)" Conclusion for the |
{"datasets_id": 1545, "wiki_id": "Q16962718", "sp": 20, "sc": 18, "ep": 22, "ec": 537} | 1,545 | Q16962718 | 20 | 18 | 22 | 537 | Dragoon Springs, Arizona | Conclusion for the Identity of the Four Graves | Identity of the Four Graves Given that there were no Confederate Army orders detailing the battles with the Apache, a number of conflicting accounts for any of the battles, location, and number killed, the disturbance of the rock cairn for one of the Overland Mail Company employee graves, the desecration of S. Ford’s grave and the remains removed, the Conkling’s 1929 photos showing a difference of rock arrangement as seen today for the four graves, which includes S. Ford’s stone marker on top of one of the cairns instead of now seen at the base of one of the |
{"datasets_id": 1545, "wiki_id": "Q16962718", "sp": 22, "sc": 537, "ep": 26, "ec": 29} | 1,545 | Q16962718 | 22 | 537 | 26 | 29 | Dragoon Springs, Arizona | Conclusion for the Identity of the Four Graves & An Interpretive Marker at the Graves | cairns, the possibility that the present carved markers do not represent the correct graves, there can be no definitive identification for those buried under the four visible rock cairns north of the station gate. It is evident by the references given, that the rock cairns originally covered the graves of three massacred Overland Mail Company employees, a Mexican boy (Ricardo) and one Confederate soldier (S. Ford), whose remains were stolen. Also, as noted by massacre survivor Silas. St. John that his amputated arm was buried somewhere between the graves. An Interpretive Marker at the Graves An interpretive marker at the |
{"datasets_id": 1545, "wiki_id": "Q16962718", "sp": 26, "sc": 29, "ep": 26, "ec": 537} | 1,545 | Q16962718 | 26 | 29 | 26 | 537 | Dragoon Springs, Arizona | An Interpretive Marker at the Graves | graves should honor the massacred Overland Mail Company employees and those with Captain Hunter’s forces that died in battle against the Apache. Information on the marker should be given for the 1967 removal of the remains of Confederate soldier S. Ford.
An important event happened at the station October 12, 1872, Chiricahua Apache chief Cochise and General O.O. Howard ended 11 bloody years of warfare with a treaty that granted the Apache much of what has become Cochise County as a reservation. |
{"datasets_id": 1546, "wiki_id": "Q5305823", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 251} | 1,546 | Q5305823 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 251 | Draoui Mohamed | Draoui Mohamed Draoui Mohamed (Arabic: دراوي محمد) sits on the Committee on Education, Culture, Tourism and Human Resources a permanent committee of the Pan-African Parliament, while also sitting on the Pan-African Parliament representing Algeria beginning in 2004. |
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{"datasets_id": 1547, "wiki_id": "Q5305851", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 593} | 1,547 | Q5305851 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 593 | Draper Hall Annex | History | Draper Hall Annex History After the second World War, UMass received an influx of applicants due to financial aid from the G.I. Bill, and in order to accommodate the growing number of students, the university had to undergo a rapid expansion in a relatively short period of time. The Draper Annex was constructed in 1947 as a result of this demand, and for a number of years would serve as additional classroom and office space for university's the business and agricultural departments.
In 1961 the building changed functions, and became the main offices for the university's Polymer Research Institute and the |
{"datasets_id": 1547, "wiki_id": "Q5305851", "sp": 6, "sc": 593, "ep": 6, "ec": 1239} | 1,547 | Q5305851 | 6 | 593 | 6 | 1,239 | Draper Hall Annex | History | home of the new Department of Polymer Science and Engineering in 1974.
The annex was occupied by the Five College Radio Astronomy Observatory program in the 1970s, and for many years housed the observatory machine shop on the main floor and excess storage in the basement.
With the completion of the Silvio O. Conte National Center for Polymer Research in 1996, the department of polymer science would vacate the annex, as this new complex was capable of housing all the department's operations under one roof. Subsequently, the UMass Emergency Medical Services relocated to the building, which continues to serve as their office |
{"datasets_id": 1547, "wiki_id": "Q5305851", "sp": 6, "sc": 1239, "ep": 6, "ec": 1272} | 1,547 | Q5305851 | 6 | 1,239 | 6 | 1,272 | Draper Hall Annex | History | and classroom space to this day. |
{"datasets_id": 1548, "wiki_id": "Q5306008", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 567} | 1,548 | Q5306008 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 567 | Drawback (album) | Summary | Drawback (album) Summary This album expanded on the stylistic change that was evident with X Marks the Pedwalk's previous release, Meshwork. According to frontman André Schmechta, Drawback is his favorite X Marks the Pedwalk release.
Regarding the cover and inside art, Schmechta has said: "And do not ask me about helicopters!! I do not know what they could have to do with "Drawback"?! When I showed the sleeve to Estefania I asked her the same question and she laughed saying: 'Helicopters can be very fast...like time can be!'" The themes of time and its passage are recurring |
{"datasets_id": 1548, "wiki_id": "Q5306008", "sp": 6, "sc": 567, "ep": 6, "ec": 777} | 1,548 | Q5306008 | 6 | 567 | 6 | 777 | Drawback (album) | Summary | motifs in the lyrics of the songs on Drawback.
Drawback was released in Europe under the Zoth Ommog catalogue number ZOT 196, and in North America under the Metropolis Records catalogue number MET 076. |
{"datasets_id": 1549, "wiki_id": "Q5306750", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 7} | 1,549 | Q5306750 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 7 | Dreams of the Blue Morpho | Plot & Notes & Themes | Dreams of the Blue Morpho Plot Mojo is playing piano at Senior Frog's in Costa Rica. He needs Jack to help him out with a problem his new friend Amy has been having all her life but which seems to be getting worse. A sinister light hovers close to her from time to time and it doesn't seem to like her boyfriends. In order to lure it out, Jack suggests that he and Amy pretend to be involved and before he knows it he's up to his neck in Candomblé and the Orishas once again. Notes & Themes This is |
{"datasets_id": 1549, "wiki_id": "Q5306750", "sp": 10, "sc": 7, "ep": 14, "ec": 158} | 1,549 | Q5306750 | 10 | 7 | 14 | 158 | Dreams of the Blue Morpho | Notes & Themes & Quotes | one of several stories involving Candomblé and the Orishas, albeit in a fairly tangential way. Quotes Jack: "Jane said to me, 'Jack you don't belong in the present. You should have been living in the 1920s or 1930s.' I guess I missed my time, born too late..." |
{"datasets_id": 1550, "wiki_id": "Q19668717", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 164} | 1,550 | Q19668717 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 164 | Drew McAdam | Radio & Media | Drew McAdam Radio In addition to his regular appearances on local and national radio, Drew was the subject and part-presenter along with BBC presenter Vic Galloway of the BBC series School for Genius in which his techniques in reading of body language, memory systems and psychological persuasion techniques were demonstrated and taught to school children. A spin-off BBC project Brainsmart was aimed at helping school pupils prepare for examinations. Media As a freelance journalist, McAdam is a reviewer of The Edinburgh Evening News. He also wrote the book Making Money From Magic, published by Ian Rowland Ltd. He has |
{"datasets_id": 1550, "wiki_id": "Q19668717", "sp": 10, "sc": 164, "ep": 10, "ec": 499} | 1,550 | Q19668717 | 10 | 164 | 10 | 499 | Drew McAdam | Media | a weekly column in both the West Lothian Herald & Post, and the Linlithgow Gazette. His weekly column was published as an anthology in the book Drew's Views (ISBN 978-1-4716-5166-3) McAdam regularly gives seminars and lectures in memory techniques in the joint venture between the BBC and The Scotland Learning initiative in schools. |
{"datasets_id": 1551, "wiki_id": "Q28431665", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 53} | 1,551 | Q28431665 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 53 | Drillia cratista | Distribution | Drillia cratista Distribution This species occurs in the Caribbean Sea off Jamaica. |
{"datasets_id": 1552, "wiki_id": "Q5308062", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 534} | 1,552 | Q5308062 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 534 | Driving Miss Wealthy | Synopsis | Driving Miss Wealthy Synopsis Leung plays Jennifer, the spoiled-rotten daughter of a millionaire. When Jennifer's father realizes that she's spending way too much money, he hires Kit (Lau) to pretend to be a Filipino chauffeur named Mario and chaperone her. Then, Jennifer's father decides that he's going to teach her the value of money and hard-work, so he pretends to be ill, leaving all the money to Pamela, his business partner. Pamela kicks Jennifer out into the street to live with Kit/Mario. The two learn to live together and work hard to get back on top. |
{"datasets_id": 1553, "wiki_id": "Q19840066", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 132} | 1,553 | Q19840066 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 132 | Drug abuse in Hong Kong | Penalties & Prevention | Drug abuse in Hong Kong Penalties Illegal drug use in Hong Kong is regarded as a narcotics offence, and if caught penalties include imprisonment for seven years and a fine of HK$1,000,000. From the statistics of drug offences in 2015 released by The Secretary for Security, Lai Tung-Kwok, there are 1855 serious drug offences in total. 414 offences less compared to 2013 nearly 450 young adults were arrested because of serious offences, such as possession and use of illegal drugs. Prevention There is no sufficient evidence suggesting that behavioural intervention can prevent illegal drug use. To prevent people from taking |
{"datasets_id": 1553, "wiki_id": "Q19840066", "sp": 10, "sc": 132, "ep": 10, "ec": 785} | 1,553 | Q19840066 | 10 | 132 | 10 | 785 | Drug abuse in Hong Kong | Prevention | drugs in Hong Kong, there are numerous agencies such as non-government organisations and anti-drug organisations funded by the government set up to help educate the general public about the dangers of substance abuse and to help people with substance abuse problems. The Narcotics Division launched anti-drug policies and measures providing programs to strengthen Hong Kong citizens awareness of hidden problems of drug abuse. It also set up a 24-hour hotline to provide services and professional social workers to give suggestions to those in need. The Caritas Youth and Community Service, and Play Safe Healthy Life Service strive to help adolescents |
{"datasets_id": 1553, "wiki_id": "Q19840066", "sp": 10, "sc": 785, "ep": 14, "ec": 525} | 1,553 | Q19840066 | 10 | 785 | 14 | 525 | Drug abuse in Hong Kong | Prevention & Recreational drug use | with substance abuse problems through providing crisis intervention services and drug education. Recreational drug use Recreational drug use is characterised by the use of drugs with psychoactive effects without medical justification for personal enjoyment. Recreational drug use in Hong Kong among young adults has been in the rise in recent decades, popularised by the introduction of club culture in the West and adolescents open-minded attitude towards illegal drug use as a normal part of leisure. The revival of this trend is connected to the change in drug abuse pattern of adolescents, mainly from party drugs such as ketamine and MDMA. |
{"datasets_id": 1553, "wiki_id": "Q19840066", "sp": 14, "sc": 525, "ep": 14, "ec": 966} | 1,553 | Q19840066 | 14 | 525 | 14 | 966 | Drug abuse in Hong Kong | Recreational drug use | The popularisation of party drugs in nightclubs and raves are due to its ability to elevate moods, promoting the dancing atmosphere and a sense of euphoria. Along with MDMA and ketamine, cannabis, cocaine and GHB is considered the more popular illegal drug of choice for adolescents. 78% of adolescents attending nightclubs chose ketamine and 66% would use MDMA, and less than 12% would use other drugs such as cannabis and methamphetamine. |
{"datasets_id": 1554, "wiki_id": "Q1124842", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 655} | 1,554 | Q1124842 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 655 | Drug metabolism | Drug metabolism Drug metabolism is the metabolic breakdown of drugs by living organisms, usually through specialized enzymatic systems. More generally, xenobiotic metabolism (from the Greek xenos "stranger" and biotic "related to living beings") is the set of metabolic pathways that modify the chemical structure of xenobiotics, which are compounds foreign to an organism's normal biochemistry, such as any drug or poison. These pathways are a form of biotransformation present in all major groups of organisms, and are considered to be of ancient origin. These reactions often act to detoxify poisonous compounds (although in some cases the intermediates in xenobiotic |
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{"datasets_id": 1554, "wiki_id": "Q1124842", "sp": 4, "sc": 655, "ep": 4, "ec": 1378} | 1,554 | Q1124842 | 4 | 655 | 4 | 1,378 | Drug metabolism | metabolism can themselves cause toxic effects). The study of drug metabolism is called pharmacokinetics.
The metabolism of pharmaceutical drugs is an important aspect of pharmacology and medicine. For example, the rate of metabolism determines the duration and intensity of a drug's pharmacologic action. Drug metabolism also affects multidrug resistance in infectious diseases and in chemotherapy for cancer, and the actions of some drugs as substrates or inhibitors of enzymes involved in xenobiotic metabolism are a common reason for hazardous drug interactions. These pathways are also important in environmental science, with the xenobiotic metabolism of microorganisms determining whether a pollutant will be |
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{"datasets_id": 1554, "wiki_id": "Q1124842", "sp": 4, "sc": 1378, "ep": 4, "ec": 2109} | 1,554 | Q1124842 | 4 | 1,378 | 4 | 2,109 | Drug metabolism | broken down during bioremediation, or persist in the environment. The enzymes of xenobiotic metabolism, particularly the glutathione S-transferases are also important in agriculture, since they may produce resistance to pesticides and herbicides.
Drug metabolism is divided into three phases. In phase I, enzymes such as cytochrome P450 oxidases introduce reactive or polar groups into xenobiotics. These modified compounds are then conjugated to polar compounds in phase II reactions. These reactions are catalysed by transferase enzymes such as glutathione S-transferases. Finally, in phase III, the conjugated xenobiotics may be further processed, before being recognised by efflux transporters and pumped out of cells. |
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{"datasets_id": 1554, "wiki_id": "Q1124842", "sp": 4, "sc": 2109, "ep": 8, "ec": 570} | 1,554 | Q1124842 | 4 | 2,109 | 8 | 570 | Drug metabolism | Permeability barriers and detoxification | Drug metabolism often converts lipophilic compounds into hydrophilic products that are more readily excreted. Permeability barriers and detoxification The exact compounds an organism is exposed to will be largely unpredictable, and may differ widely over time; these are major characteristics of xenobiotic toxic stress. The major challenge faced by xenobiotic detoxification systems is that they must be able to remove the almost-limitless number of xenobiotic compounds from the complex mixture of chemicals involved in normal metabolism. The solution that has evolved to address this problem is an elegant combination of physical barriers and low-specificity enzymatic systems.
All organisms use cell membranes |
{"datasets_id": 1554, "wiki_id": "Q1124842", "sp": 8, "sc": 570, "ep": 8, "ec": 1339} | 1,554 | Q1124842 | 8 | 570 | 8 | 1,339 | Drug metabolism | Permeability barriers and detoxification | as hydrophobic permeability barriers to control access to their internal environment. Polar compounds cannot diffuse across these cell membranes, and the uptake of useful molecules is mediated through transport proteins that specifically select substrates from the extracellular mixture. This selective uptake means that most hydrophilic molecules cannot enter cells, since they are not recognised by any specific transporters. In contrast, the diffusion of hydrophobic compounds across these barriers cannot be controlled, and organisms, therefore, cannot exclude lipid-soluble xenobiotics using membrane barriers.
However, the existence of a permeability barrier means that organisms were able to evolve detoxification systems that exploit the hydrophobicity |
{"datasets_id": 1554, "wiki_id": "Q1124842", "sp": 8, "sc": 1339, "ep": 8, "ec": 2075} | 1,554 | Q1124842 | 8 | 1,339 | 8 | 2,075 | Drug metabolism | Permeability barriers and detoxification | common to membrane-permeable xenobiotics. These systems therefore solve the specificity problem by possessing such broad substrate specificities that they metabolise almost any non-polar compound. Useful metabolites are excluded since they are polar, and in general contain one or more charged groups.
The detoxification of the reactive by-products of normal metabolism cannot be achieved by the systems outlined above, because these species are derived from normal cellular constituents and usually share their polar characteristics. However, since these compounds are few in number, specific enzymes can recognize and remove them. Examples of these specific detoxification systems are the glyoxalase system, which removes the |
{"datasets_id": 1554, "wiki_id": "Q1124842", "sp": 8, "sc": 2075, "ep": 16, "ec": 365} | 1,554 | Q1124842 | 8 | 2,075 | 16 | 365 | Drug metabolism | Permeability barriers and detoxification & Phases of detoxification & Phase III – further modification and excretion | reactive aldehyde methylglyoxal, and the various antioxidant systems that eliminate reactive oxygen species. Phases of detoxification The metabolism of xenobiotics is often divided into three phases:- modification, conjugation, and excretion. These reactions act in concert to detoxify xenobiotics and remove them from cells. Phase III – further modification and excretion After phase II reactions, the xenobiotic conjugates may be further metabolised. A common example is the processing of glutathione conjugates to acetylcysteine (mercapturic acid) conjugates. Here, the γ-glutamate and glycine residues in the glutathione molecule are removed by Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and dipeptidases. In the final step, the cystine residue in |
{"datasets_id": 1554, "wiki_id": "Q1124842", "sp": 16, "sc": 365, "ep": 20, "ec": 110} | 1,554 | Q1124842 | 16 | 365 | 20 | 110 | Drug metabolism | Phase III – further modification and excretion & Endogenous toxins | the conjugate is acetylated.
Conjugates and their metabolites can be excreted from cells in phase III of their metabolism, with the anionic groups acting as affinity tags for a variety of membrane transporters of the multidrug resistance protein (MRP) family. These proteins are members of the family of ATP-binding cassette transporters and can catalyse the ATP-dependent transport of a huge variety of hydrophobic anions, and thus act to remove phase II products to the extracellular medium, where they may be further metabolised or excreted. Endogenous toxins The detoxification of endogenous reactive metabolites such as peroxides and reactive aldehydes often cannot be |
{"datasets_id": 1554, "wiki_id": "Q1124842", "sp": 20, "sc": 110, "ep": 20, "ec": 809} | 1,554 | Q1124842 | 20 | 110 | 20 | 809 | Drug metabolism | Endogenous toxins | achieved by the system described above. This is the result of these species' being derived from normal cellular constituents and usually sharing their polar characteristics. However, since these compounds are few in number, it is possible for enzymatic systems to utilize specific molecular recognition to recognize and remove them. The similarity of these molecules to useful metabolites therefore means that different detoxification enzymes are usually required for the metabolism of each group of endogenous toxins. Examples of these specific detoxification systems are the glyoxalase system, which acts to dispose of the reactive aldehyde methylglyoxal, and the various antioxidant systems that |
{"datasets_id": 1554, "wiki_id": "Q1124842", "sp": 20, "sc": 809, "ep": 24, "ec": 626} | 1,554 | Q1124842 | 20 | 809 | 24 | 626 | Drug metabolism | Endogenous toxins & Sites | remove reactive oxygen species. Sites Quantitatively, the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of the liver cell is the principal organ of drug metabolism, although every biological tissue has some ability to metabolize drugs.
Factors responsible for the liver's contribution to drug metabolism include that it is a large organ, that it is the first organ perfused by chemicals absorbed in the gut, and that there are very high concentrations of most drug-metabolizing enzyme systems relative to other organs.
If a drug is taken into the GI tract, where it enters hepatic circulation through the portal vein, it becomes well-metabolized and is said to show |
{"datasets_id": 1554, "wiki_id": "Q1124842", "sp": 24, "sc": 626, "ep": 28, "ec": 497} | 1,554 | Q1124842 | 24 | 626 | 28 | 497 | Drug metabolism | Sites & Factors that affect drug metabolism | the first pass effect.
Other sites of drug metabolism include epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract, lungs, kidneys, and the skin.
These sites are usually responsible for localized toxicity reactions. Factors that affect drug metabolism The duration and intensity of pharmacological action of most lipophilic drugs are determined by the rate they are metabolized to inactive products.
The Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase system is the most important pathway in this regard.
In general, anything that increases the rate of metabolism (e.g., enzyme induction) of a pharmacologically active metabolite will decrease the duration and intensity of the drug action.
The opposite is also true (e.g., enzyme inhibition). |
{"datasets_id": 1554, "wiki_id": "Q1124842", "sp": 28, "sc": 497, "ep": 28, "ec": 1308} | 1,554 | Q1124842 | 28 | 497 | 28 | 1,308 | Drug metabolism | Factors that affect drug metabolism | However, in cases where an enzyme is responsible for metabolizing a pro-drug into a drug, enzyme induction can speed up this conversion and increase drug levels, potentially causing toxicity.
Various physiological and pathological factors can also affect drug metabolism.
Physiological factors that can influence drug metabolism include age, individual variation (e.g., pharmacogenetics), enterohepatic circulation, nutrition, intestinal flora, or sex differences.
In general, drugs are metabolized more slowly in fetal, neonatal and elderly humans and animals than in adults.
Genetic variation (polymorphism) accounts for some of the variability in the effect of drugs.
With N-acetyltransferases (involved in Phase II reactions), individual variation creates a group of |
{"datasets_id": 1554, "wiki_id": "Q1124842", "sp": 28, "sc": 1308, "ep": 28, "ec": 2094} | 1,554 | Q1124842 | 28 | 1,308 | 28 | 2,094 | Drug metabolism | Factors that affect drug metabolism | people who acetylate slowly (slow acetylators) and those who acetylate quickly, split roughly 50:50 in the population of Canada.
This variation may have dramatic consequences, as the slow acetylators are more prone to dose-dependent toxicity.
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase system enzymes can also vary across individuals, with deficiencies occurring in 1 – 30% of people, depending on their ethnic background.
Dose, frequency, route of administration, tissue distribution and protein binding of the drug affect its metabolism.
Pathological factors can also influence drug metabolism, including liver, kidney, or heart diseases.
In silico modelling and simulation methods allow drug metabolism to be predicted in virtual patient populations prior |
{"datasets_id": 1554, "wiki_id": "Q1124842", "sp": 28, "sc": 2094, "ep": 32, "ec": 551} | 1,554 | Q1124842 | 28 | 2,094 | 32 | 551 | Drug metabolism | Factors that affect drug metabolism & History | to performing clinical studies in human subjects. This can be used to identify individuals most at risk from adverse reaction. History Studies on how people transform the substances that they ingest began in the mid-nineteenth century, with chemists discovering that organic chemicals such as benzaldehyde could be oxidized and conjugated to amino acids in the human body. During the remainder of the nineteenth century, several other basic detoxification reactions were discovered, such as methylation, acetylation, and sulfonation.
In the early twentieth century, work moved on to the investigation of the enzymes and pathways that were responsible for the production of these |
{"datasets_id": 1554, "wiki_id": "Q1124842", "sp": 32, "sc": 551, "ep": 32, "ec": 938} | 1,554 | Q1124842 | 32 | 551 | 32 | 938 | Drug metabolism | History | metabolites. This field became defined as a separate area of study with the publication by Richard Williams of the book Detoxication mechanisms in 1947. This modern biochemical research resulted in the identification of glutathione S-transferases in 1961, followed by the discovery of cytochrome P450s in 1962, and the realization of their central role in xenobiotic metabolism in 1963. |
{"datasets_id": 1555, "wiki_id": "Q5308962", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 49} | 1,555 | Q5308962 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 49 | Drugs in the United States | War on Drugs | Drugs in the United States In the United States, the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act defined the word "drug" as an "article intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease in man or other animals" and those "(other than food) intended to affect the structure or any function of the body of man or other animals." Consistent with that definition, the U.S. separately defines narcotic drugs and controlled substances, which may include non-drugs, and explicitly excludes tobacco, caffeine and alcoholic beverages. War on Drugs The War on Drugs is a campaign of prohibition and |
{"datasets_id": 1555, "wiki_id": "Q5308962", "sp": 8, "sc": 49, "ep": 12, "ec": 166} | 1,555 | Q5308962 | 8 | 49 | 12 | 166 | Drugs in the United States | War on Drugs & Drug courts | foreign military aid and military intervention undertaken by the United States government, with the assistance of participating countries, and the stated aim to define and reduce the illegal drug trade. This initiative includes a set of drug policies of the United States that are intended to discourage the production, distribution, and consumption of illegal psychoactive drugs. The term "War on Drugs" was first used by President Richard Nixon in 1971. Drug courts The first Drug court in the United States took shape in Miami-Dade County, Florida in 1989 as a response to the growing crack-cocaine problem plaguing the city. Chief |
{"datasets_id": 1555, "wiki_id": "Q5308962", "sp": 12, "sc": 166, "ep": 12, "ec": 777} | 1,555 | Q5308962 | 12 | 166 | 12 | 777 | Drugs in the United States | Drug courts | Judge Gerald Wetherington, Judge Herbert Klein, then State Attorney Janet Reno and Public Defender Bennett Brummer designed the court for nonviolent offenders to receive treatment. This model of court system quickly became a popular method for dealing with an ever increasing number of drug offenders. Between 1984 and 1999, the number of defendants charged with a drug offense in the Federal courts increased 3% annually, from 11,854 to 29,306. By 1999 there were 472 Drug Courts in the nation and by 2005 that number had increased to 1262 with another 575 Drug Courts in the planning stages; currently all 50 |
{"datasets_id": 1555, "wiki_id": "Q5308962", "sp": 12, "sc": 777, "ep": 16, "ec": 170} | 1,555 | Q5308962 | 12 | 777 | 16 | 170 | Drugs in the United States | Drug courts & Doping in sports | states have working Drug Courts. There are currently about 120,000 people treated annually in Drug Courts, though an estimated 1.5 million eligible people are currently before the courts. There are currently more than 2,400 Drug Courts operating throughout the United States. Doping in sports Doping is the taking of performance-enhancing drugs, generally for sporting activities. Doping has been detected in many sporting codes, especially baseball and football. |
{"datasets_id": 1556, "wiki_id": "Q2394727", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 599} | 1,556 | Q2394727 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 599 | Drumfearn | Gaelic in Drumfearn | Drumfearn Gaelic in Drumfearn After English, Scottish Gaelic is the most commonly spoken language in the village. Drumfearn is included in a census output area with Duisdale, Kinloch and Kylerhea, and in 2011, 32.4% of this area were recorded as Gaelic speakers. Historically, Gaelic was the principal language in the village. In 1901, 92.0% of the population of Drumfearn and Kinloch were recorded as Gaelic speakers, and 24.3% were recorded as being monolingual in the Gaelic language.
All of the principal place-names in the village derive from Gaelic. The name of the village itself means the Ridge of Alders. Most of |
{"datasets_id": 1556, "wiki_id": "Q2394727", "sp": 6, "sc": 599, "ep": 10, "ec": 100} | 1,556 | Q2394727 | 6 | 599 | 10 | 100 | Drumfearn | Gaelic in Drumfearn & Prehistoric Sites | the homes in the village are arrayed along the southern slopes of a small hill, Mullach an Achaidh Mhòir (The Summit of the Great Field). Lòn Creadha (The Clay Stream) flows through the village from Loch an Iasgaich (The Fishing Lake) to the south, past Mullach an Achaidh Mhòir and west towards Loch na Dal (originally Loch na Dalach; Sea Loch of the Field). The upper reaches of this stream are also called Allt an t-Slugain (The Stream of the Ravine). Prehistoric Sites A short standing stone has been identified on boggy ground to the south-west of the village. Remains |
{"datasets_id": 1556, "wiki_id": "Q2394727", "sp": 10, "sc": 100, "ep": 14, "ec": 308} | 1,556 | Q2394727 | 10 | 100 | 14 | 308 | Drumfearn | Prehistoric Sites & Notable Residents | of a large neolithic chambered cairn can be seen on the south bank of Abhainn Ceann Loch Eiseort just before the stream enters the loch. Notable Residents The Gaelic scholar and musician, Malcolm 'Calum Mòr' MacInnes, was born on the 8th of February, 1871, at 2 Drumfearn. Having published a number of works on Gaelic music, MacInnes is best known for his influential collection of Highland bagpipe music, 120 Bagpipe Tunes, Gleanings & Styles, published in 1939. |
{"datasets_id": 1557, "wiki_id": "Q16973178", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 123} | 1,557 | Q16973178 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 123 | Drync | Versions & Competitors | Drync Versions The first version was launched in 2008 and a new version was launched on 14 August 2014. Competitors Several competitors exist in the wine discovery and purchasing space including Lot18, Wine Snob and Wine Log, among others. |
{"datasets_id": 1558, "wiki_id": "Q1567067", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 424} | 1,558 | Q1567067 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 424 | Du Zhenglun | During Sui Dynasty | Du Zhenglun Du Zhenglun (杜正倫) (died 658?) was an official of the Chinese dynasties Sui Dynasty and Tang Dynasty, serving as chancellor during the reign of Emperor Gaozong of Tang. During Sui Dynasty It is not known when Du Zhenglun was born, but it is known that he was from what would eventually become Xiang Prefecture (相州, in modern Handan, Hebei). During the Renshou era (601-604) of Sui Dynasty's founding emperor Emperor Wen, Du Zhenglun and his older brothers Du Zhengxuan (杜正玄) and Du Zhengzang (杜正藏) all passed the imperial examination. As Sui Dynasty imperial examinations were considered unusually difficult—with |
{"datasets_id": 1558, "wiki_id": "Q1567067", "sp": 8, "sc": 424, "ep": 12, "ec": 314} | 1,558 | Q1567067 | 8 | 424 | 12 | 314 | Du Zhenglun | During Sui Dynasty & During Emperor Gaozu's reign | only 10-odd examinees passing each year—the Du household received great acclaim for having three brothers who did so. It was said that Du Zhenglun was capable in literature, particularly in explaining meanings of passages. He later served as a military officer in the Sui imperial government. During Emperor Gaozu's reign During the reign of Sui's successor dynasty Tang Dynasty's founder Emperor Gaozu, Du Zhenglun was initially serving as the military advisor to the commandant at Qi Prefecture (齊州, roughly modern Ji'nan, Shandong). Emperor Gaozu's son, the major general Li Shimin the Prince of Qin became aware of Du's talents, and |
{"datasets_id": 1558, "wiki_id": "Q1567067", "sp": 12, "sc": 314, "ep": 16, "ec": 491} | 1,558 | Q1567067 | 12 | 314 | 16 | 491 | Du Zhenglun | During Emperor Gaozu's reign & During Emperor Taizong's reign | invited him to serve as a resident scholar at Li Shimin's mansion. During Emperor Taizong's reign In 626, Li Shimin became emperor (as Emperor Taizong). One of his key advisors, Wei Zheng, recommended Du Zhenglun's talent and stated that there were few people as talented. Emperor Taizong then made Du an official at the ministry of defense in 627. In 628, Du was made imperial attendant and put in charge of recording Emperor Taizong's acts for imperial archives. On one occasion, Emperor Taizong stated, "Everyday, as I sit in judgment of important matter and get ready to speak, I think |
{"datasets_id": 1558, "wiki_id": "Q1567067", "sp": 16, "sc": 491, "ep": 16, "ec": 1043} | 1,558 | Q1567067 | 16 | 491 | 16 | 1,043 | Du Zhenglun | During Emperor Taizong's reign | carefully about whether what I have to say has any benefit or harm to the people. That is why I do not speak a lot." Du responded, "Whatever an emperor says is recorded in history. As my responsibility is to record Your Imperial Majesty's acts, I have to be honest. If any of your words is improper, it will harm your reputation for a thousand years, and it is not only harmful to the people. May Your Imperial Majesty consider this carefully." Emperor Taizong was pleased with these words and gave Du an award of silk.
In 630, Du was promoted |
{"datasets_id": 1558, "wiki_id": "Q1567067", "sp": 16, "sc": 1043, "ep": 16, "ec": 1654} | 1,558 | Q1567067 | 16 | 1,043 | 16 | 1,654 | Du Zhenglun | During Emperor Taizong's reign | to the post of Zhongshu Shilang (中書侍郎), the deputy head of the legislative bureau of government (中書省, Zhongshu Sheng). In 632, after Du and three other officials, Wei Ting (韋挺), Yu Shinan, and Yao Silian had submitted petitions commenting on various imperial acts, Emperor Taizong invited them to a feast, where he thanked them for being honest at danger to themselves (as they risked offending the emperor). Du was soon given titles as imperial advisor and scholar, as well as a member of the staff of Emperor Taizong's crown prince Li Chengqian—with Emperor Taizong specifically asked to counsel Li Chengqian |
{"datasets_id": 1558, "wiki_id": "Q1567067", "sp": 16, "sc": 1654, "ep": 16, "ec": 2247} | 1,558 | Q1567067 | 16 | 1,654 | 16 | 2,247 | Du Zhenglun | During Emperor Taizong's reign | in proper behavior. In 636, he was again Zhongshu Shilang, but still served on Li Chengqian's staff; he was also created the Marquess of Nanyang. It was said that Du was known for his capability in handling the matters at both palaces (i.e., the emperor's palace and the crown prince's palace).
However, soon Du drew both the emperor's and the crown prince's ires. At that time, Li Chengqian was suffering from a foot ailment that made it difficult for him to walk, and therefore he did not see Emperor Taizong often, but instead spent his time in frivolous activities with associates |
{"datasets_id": 1558, "wiki_id": "Q1567067", "sp": 16, "sc": 2247, "ep": 16, "ec": 2851} | 1,558 | Q1567067 | 16 | 2,247 | 16 | 2,851 | Du Zhenglun | During Emperor Taizong's reign | that Emperor Taizong disapproved of. Emperor Taizong told Du:
It is not my son's fault that he is ill. However, he has no good reputation, and is not known for endearing himself with good men. Rather, he associates with people of bad character. You should carefully monitor the situation, and if he does not listen to you, you should let me know.
Du made several suggestions to Li Chengqian, asking him to change his ways, but Li Chengqian did not do so. Du told Li Chengqian what Emperor Taizong told him—which led to Li Chengqian immediately submitting an objection to Emperor Taizong. |
{"datasets_id": 1558, "wiki_id": "Q1567067", "sp": 16, "sc": 2851, "ep": 16, "ec": 3401} | 1,558 | Q1567067 | 16 | 2,851 | 16 | 3,401 | Du Zhenglun | During Emperor Taizong's reign | Emperor Taizong asked Du, "Why did you let him know what I said?" Du responded, "He did not listen to me, so I wanted to scare him with your words. I hoped that he would be scared and would change his ways." Emperor Taizong was still displeased, and he demoted Du to the post of prefect of Gu Prefecture (穀州, in modern Luoyang, Henan), and later to be the commandant at Jiao Prefecture (交州, roughly modern Hanoi, Vietnam). After Li Chengqian was revealed to have plotted with the general Hou Junji to overthrow Emperor Taizong in 643, Du was accused |
{"datasets_id": 1558, "wiki_id": "Q1567067", "sp": 16, "sc": 3401, "ep": 20, "ec": 300} | 1,558 | Q1567067 | 16 | 3,401 | 20 | 300 | Du Zhenglun | During Emperor Taizong's reign & During Emperor Gaozong's reign | of having received a gold belt from Hou, and he was stripped of his rank and exiled to Huan Prefecture (驩州, also in modern Vietnam). However, later he successively served as the prefect of Ying (郢州, roughly modern Wuhan, Hubei) and Shi (石州, roughly modern Lüliang, Shanxi) Prefectures. During Emperor Gaozong's reign In 656, Du Zhenglun was serving as the deputy minister of treasury, when Emperor Taizong's son and successor Emperor Gaozong promoted him to serve as Huangmen Shilang (黃門侍郎), the deputy head of the examination bureau (門下省, Menxia Sheng). Emperor Gaozong also gave him the designation of Tong Zhongshu |
{"datasets_id": 1558, "wiki_id": "Q1567067", "sp": 20, "sc": 300, "ep": 20, "ec": 913} | 1,558 | Q1567067 | 20 | 300 | 20 | 913 | Du Zhenglun | During Emperor Gaozong's reign | Menxia Sanpin (同中書門下三品), making him a chancellor de facto. Du was also created the Duke of Xiangyang. In 657, he was made Zhongshu Ling (中書令), the head of the legislative bureau and a post considered one for a chancellor. Later that year, he concurred with the official Liu Xiangdao that there were too many people made imperial officials, and Emperor Gaozong put them in charge of drafting a proposal to reduce the number of officials. However, their proposal ran into much opposition from other officials and was never carried out.
Meanwhile, Du was beginning to have conflict with fellow chancellor Li |
{"datasets_id": 1558, "wiki_id": "Q1567067", "sp": 20, "sc": 913, "ep": 20, "ec": 1435} | 1,558 | Q1567067 | 20 | 913 | 20 | 1,435 | Du Zhenglun | During Emperor Gaozong's reign | Yifu, who also carried the title of Zhongshu Ling, as Du considered himself the senior official, but Li, who was an ally of Emperor Gaozong's powerful wife Empress Wu (later known as Wu Zetian), disrespected Du. They argued frequently before Emperor Gaozong, who rebuked both for not cooperating with each other. On December 6, 658, Emperor Gaozong demoted both to be prefects—in Du's case, the prefect of Heng Prefecture (橫州, roughly modern Nanning, Guangxi). Du was said to have died at Heng Prefecture soon thereafter. |
{"datasets_id": 1559, "wiki_id": "Q19878295", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 186} | 1,559 | Q19878295 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 186 | Duane Francies | Early life & Military Service | Duane Francies Early life He was the only son of Merritt Charles Francies and Kathleen Horan Francies. Duane witnessed the landing of Clyde Pangborn and Hugh Herndon after the first nonstop trans-Pacific flight, driving his desire to be a pilot. After graduation from Wenatchee High School in 1939, he attended Seattle Pacific College and Wenatchee Valley College where he had civilian pilot training. Military Service Three days after Pearl Harbor, Francies enlisted with the Army. Along with his observer William Martin, both used their Colt 45 to down a German Storch on April 11, 1945. This story was |
{"datasets_id": 1559, "wiki_id": "Q19878295", "sp": 10, "sc": 186, "ep": 14, "ec": 199} | 1,559 | Q19878295 | 10 | 186 | 14 | 199 | Duane Francies | Military Service & Later life | related in Cornelius Ryan's book The Last Battle (Ryan) in 1966. Twice recommended for a Distinguished Flying Cross during the war, it was not until Scoop Jackson took up the issue and the medal was awarded in 1967. Later life After WW2, Francies worked for Foote Mineral Co. for 23 years. He was a member of Sigma Phi Epsilon Fraternity, Kiwanis, Experimental Aircraft Association, and member of St. Andrews Episcopal Church. |
{"datasets_id": 1560, "wiki_id": "Q12309032", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 12, "ec": 185} | 1,560 | Q12309032 | 2 | 0 | 12 | 185 | Duane W. Roller | Education & Career | Duane W. Roller Duane W. Roller (born 7 October 1946) is an American archaeologist, author, and professor emeritus of Classics, Greek and Latin at the Ohio State University. Education Duane W. Roller received his BA in Letters from the University of Oklahoma in 1966. In 1968 he received his MA in Latin from the same institution. He obtained his PhD in Classical archaeology from Harvard University in 1971. Career Roller is a professor emeritus of Classics at the Ohio State University, retiring in 2007 but continuing lectures throughout the US. In 2008 he was granted a position as a Karl-Franzens |
{"datasets_id": 1560, "wiki_id": "Q12309032", "sp": 12, "sc": 185, "ep": 16, "ec": 402} | 1,560 | Q12309032 | 12 | 185 | 16 | 402 | Duane W. Roller | Career & Works | Distinguished Professor of Cultural Studies at the University of Graz in Graz, Austria. He has led or participated in various archaeological excavations. These include Greco-Roman sites located in Greece, Italy, Turkey, Israel, Jordan, and northwestern Africa. Works Roller is the author of various works, ranging from over two-hundred scholarly journal articles and twelve published books. These works include The Building Program of Herod the Great (1998), focused on Herod the Great of the Herodian kingdom of Judaea, and Cleopatra: a Biography (2010), recounting the early life, reign, and death of Cleopatra VII of Ptolemaic Egypt. His book Tanagran Studies (1989) |
{"datasets_id": 1560, "wiki_id": "Q12309032", "sp": 16, "sc": 402, "ep": 20, "ec": 277} | 1,560 | Q12309032 | 16 | 402 | 20 | 277 | Duane W. Roller | Works & Awards and grants | focuses on the ancient city of Tanagra. He has also published material on the history of geography with his book Ancient Geography (2015). Awards and grants Roller has been the recipient of numerous rewards for academic work. These include four Fulbright Awards for his teaching roles in India, Poland, Malta, and Austria. He has also received grants from the National Endowment for the Humanities and the National Geographic Society. |
{"datasets_id": 1561, "wiki_id": "Q5311799", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 582} | 1,561 | Q5311799 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 582 | Dudley Andrew | Dudley Andrew James Dudley Andrew (born July 28, 1945) is an American film theorist. He is R. Selden Rose Professor of Film and Comparative Literature at Yale University, where he has taught since the year 2000. Before moving to Yale, he taught for thirty years at the University of Iowa. Andrew has been called, on the occasion of one of his invited lecture series, "one of the most influential scholars in the areas of theory, history and criticism". He particularly specializes in world cinema, film theory and aesthetics, and French cinema. He has also written on Japanese cinema, especially |
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{"datasets_id": 1561, "wiki_id": "Q5311799", "sp": 4, "sc": 582, "ep": 4, "ec": 1007} | 1,561 | Q5311799 | 4 | 582 | 4 | 1,007 | Dudley Andrew | the work of Kenji Mizoguchi. He has been given a Guggenheim Fellowship and was named an Officier of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the French Ministry of Culture. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2006. In 2011, he received the Society for Cinema and Media Studies Distinguished Career Achievement Award. He is currently chair of the Department of Comparative Literature at Yale. |
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{"datasets_id": 1562, "wiki_id": "Q5312898", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 14, "ec": 46} | 1,562 | Q5312898 | 2 | 0 | 14 | 46 | Duke University Libraries | William R. Perkins Library & Roy J. Bostock Library & Divinity School Library | Duke University Libraries William R. Perkins Library The William R. Perkins Library system has nine branches on campus. It includes a major collection of Confederate imprints. Roy J. Bostock Library Bostock Library, named for board of trustees member Roy J. Bostock, opened in the fall of 2005 as part of the University's strategic plan to supplement Duke's libraries. It contains 87 study carrels, 517 seats, and 96 computer stations, as well as 72,996 feet (22,249 m) of shelving for overflow books from Perkins Library as well as for new collections. Divinity School Library The Divinity School Library is located next to |
{"datasets_id": 1562, "wiki_id": "Q5312898", "sp": 14, "sc": 46, "ep": 14, "ec": 457} | 1,562 | Q5312898 | 14 | 46 | 14 | 457 | Duke University Libraries | Divinity School Library | Perkins Library in the Duke Divinity School. It contains 400,000 volumes, as well as various periodicals and other materials to support the study of theology and religion. The library is the host institution for the Religion in North Carolina Digitization project, a collaborative digitization project with Wake Forest University and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, due for completion in 2015. |
{"datasets_id": 1563, "wiki_id": "Q3296633", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 277} | 1,563 | Q3296633 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 277 | Dukhan | Etymology & Early operations | Dukhan Etymology In Mike Morton's biography, In the Heart of the Desert, it is noted that the English translation of Dukhan is 'smoky mountain' (Jebel Dukhan), a reference to the clouds that gathered around its summit, and colloquially to the smoke emanating from gas flares around the oil camp named after it. Early operations Oil exploration in the Dukhan area began in 1935. In 1937, oil was struck in Dukhan; making it the first substantial oil reserve to be discovered in the peninsula. Construction on Dukhan's first oil well began in 1939 and was finished the next year. The original settlement was |
{"datasets_id": 1563, "wiki_id": "Q3296633", "sp": 10, "sc": 277, "ep": 10, "ec": 908} | 1,563 | Q3296633 | 10 | 277 | 10 | 908 | Dukhan | Early operations | built as an oil camp for personnel of the Qatar Petroleum Company. Oil operations were temporarily shut down during World War II.
Supplies such as freshwater and food, as well as machinery, were imported from Bahrain through the shallow-water Zekreet Harbor, positioned slightly northward on the Bay of Zekreet. On 31 December 1949, Dukhan exported its first barrel of oil. The full development of Dukhan's oil fields was completed in 1954. The city’s development entered a new stage of development when the Dukhan power station was commissioned in 1958, and when natural gas was found in the Khuff Reservoir the following |
{"datasets_id": 1563, "wiki_id": "Q3296633", "sp": 10, "sc": 908, "ep": 14, "ec": 535} | 1,563 | Q3296633 | 10 | 908 | 14 | 535 | Dukhan | Early operations & Nationalization of oil industry (1973–present) | year at an average depth of 10,000 feet. Nationalization of oil industry (1973–present) Over the next few decades Dukhan’s growth continued a steady pace. In 1974 the Fahahil plant was commissioned to recover raw natural gas liquids (NGL) from associated gas (which is found in either dissolved in crude oil or as a ‘cap’ of gas above the oil). This milestone was followed in 1976 by the first development well in the Khuff reservoir, and from 1978 to 1982 eight Khuff wellhead treatment plants were commissioned.
Dukhan expanded further in 1989, when the Dukhan reservoir Power Water Injection (PWI) project began, |
{"datasets_id": 1563, "wiki_id": "Q3296633", "sp": 14, "sc": 535, "ep": 14, "ec": 1176} | 1,563 | Q3296633 | 14 | 535 | 14 | 1,176 | Dukhan | Nationalization of oil industry (1973–present) | to address the problem of rising water levels in the reservoirs. PWI helped to enhance oil recovery and maintain reservoir pressure in the Dukhan field. Meanwhile, the Fahahil compression station began operations in 1992, to pressurise the Khuff reservoir with surplus North Field gas and help stabilise production. Progress continued throughout the late 1990s and early years of this decade, with several major enhancements – including the two-stage Arab D project to develop the production of gas and condensates, inaugurated by the Emir of Qatar in 1998.
The Dukhan Gas Lift project was planned in 1999 to help maintain crude oil |
{"datasets_id": 1563, "wiki_id": "Q3296633", "sp": 14, "sc": 1176, "ep": 18, "ec": 203} | 1,563 | Q3296633 | 14 | 1,176 | 18 | 203 | Dukhan | Nationalization of oil industry (1973–present) & Industrial infrastructure | production. The implementation is still in progress and is set to supply gas to approximately 300 wells in the area. Also forthcoming is Phase VI of the Powered Water Injection (PWI) project, which will increase the number of PWI stations from two to three and result in greater PWI capacity – rising from 538,000 to 708,000 barrels of water per day. Industrial infrastructure In 1990, there were 390 hydrocarbon wells in Dukhan, covering 0.08% of the area. Of the 390 wells, 140 were oil producing, 20 were gas producing and 219 were for other uses. The pipeline system for these |
{"datasets_id": 1563, "wiki_id": "Q3296633", "sp": 18, "sc": 203, "ep": 22, "ec": 365} | 1,563 | Q3296633 | 18 | 203 | 22 | 365 | Dukhan | Industrial infrastructure & Residential developments | wells covered 0.1% of the area and had an overall length 204 kilometres (127 mi). By 1990, there were seven degassing stations and two pumping stations. The Khatiyah sector was the most densely occupied in terms of infrastructure. Residential developments Dukhan's residential area was developed at the same time oil operations were commenced in 1940. The first residential area was a 3 square kilometres (1.2 sq mi) fenced oil camp situated in close proximity to the oil fields. Several issues limited the growth of the camp in its early years, such as lack of private ownership and its remoteness from the capital city. |
{"datasets_id": 1563, "wiki_id": "Q3296633", "sp": 22, "sc": 365, "ep": 22, "ec": 989} | 1,563 | Q3296633 | 22 | 365 | 22 | 989 | Dukhan | Residential developments | The camp comprised eight residential zones, several administrative buildings, stores, workshops, and cultural facilities. Two schools, a hospital, and two mosques and a church were also located in the camp. Mike Morton remarked that in 1958, the oil camp had a club with tennis, billiards, hockey, football and cricket facilities, as well as a restaurant, a bar and a library. He claims that the club's bar was the focal point of the camp.
In the 1940s, communities started forming outside the camp in order to accommodate the increasing number of workers. The most notable community was that in the Khatiyah sector |
{"datasets_id": 1563, "wiki_id": "Q3296633", "sp": 22, "sc": 989, "ep": 26, "ec": 174} | 1,563 | Q3296633 | 22 | 989 | 26 | 174 | Dukhan | Residential developments & 21st century | east of the camp. As an initiative to provide housing for Bedouins in the region, in the 1950s the government delegated Dukhan with the task of creating other settlements in the area. Two schools, several service buildings and additional settlements were built outside the camp in that decade. Some of these settlements include Al Zeghain, Afjan, Zekreet and Al Da'asa. The residential area doubled in size during that period. 21st century The modern-day city of Dukhan evolved from the main oil camp and ensuing offshoot settlements that were established during the 20th century. In 2003, QR3 bn worth of projects |
{"datasets_id": 1563, "wiki_id": "Q3296633", "sp": 26, "sc": 174, "ep": 34, "ec": 74} | 1,563 | Q3296633 | 26 | 174 | 34 | 74 | Dukhan | 21st century & Visitor attractions & Historic landmarks | were launched to develop the city. In 2012, a five-year development project on the city was announced by the chairman of Qatar Petroleum with a start date of 2013. The five-year development project was supposed to include a new school however due to budget cuts, following the falling oil prices, this plan was scrapped. Visitor attractions Dukhan Souq, a 25.6 square metres (276 sq ft) marketplace, is located near the Khatiya area. It houses numerous shops and restaurants, a bank, a pharmacy and a Q-Post office. Historic landmarks Al Khotba Mosque, erected in 1942, is one of the oldest mosques in Dukhan. |
{"datasets_id": 1563, "wiki_id": "Q3296633", "sp": 34, "sc": 74, "ep": 38, "ec": 240} | 1,563 | Q3296633 | 34 | 74 | 38 | 240 | Dukhan | Historic landmarks & Recreational facilities | Its creation was planned shortly after the oil camp was established. It is noted for its unique decorative elements. The minaret, situated in the north-east section, lies on a square base and is barrel-shaped. An outdoor prayer area is accessible through six pathways in the courtyard, while the prayer hall has three entrances leading from the outdoor area. Recreational facilities Dukhan is served by several recreational facilities. One of the oldest recreation clubs in the city is Dukhan Recreation Club (DRC), formerly known as Dukhan Fields Club until 1988. It has a swimming centre, a garden, a conference centre, a |
{"datasets_id": 1563, "wiki_id": "Q3296633", "sp": 38, "sc": 240, "ep": 38, "ec": 931} | 1,563 | Q3296633 | 38 | 240 | 38 | 931 | Dukhan | Recreational facilities | library, a sports lounge, and an indoor stadium. It plays host to several community functions, such as the yearly Dukhan Women's Association handicraft exhibition, school events and sports events.
Jinan Recreation Club serves the city as a multi-recreational facility. It contains a library, a party hall, numerous sports facilities, and a cinema.
A fitness club exists in the city, but it is exclusive to Qatar Petroleum employees. Facilities are gender-segregated.
There is a water sports club in the community called Dukhan Water Sports (previously known as Dukhan Sailing Club). It was formed in the 1960s, and currently offers services such as powerboat sports, |
{"datasets_id": 1563, "wiki_id": "Q3296633", "sp": 38, "sc": 931, "ep": 42, "ec": 180} | 1,563 | Q3296633 | 38 | 931 | 42 | 180 | Dukhan | Recreational facilities & Road | jet skiing and windsurfing. Events hosted by the club include an annual sailing regatta and an annual raft race. Dukhan also has a golf club; its facilities include a practice range, a lounge and a club house.
Dukhan Cinema opened in 1982. It has a 620-seating capacity and features four weekly multilingual shows. It also facilitates community functions and drama classes for Dukhan English School. Road The first road in Dukhan was built in 1940 to connect the oil camp to Doha. Travel by car to the capital took approximately 3 hours. The only other form of transport to the capital |
{"datasets_id": 1563, "wiki_id": "Q3296633", "sp": 42, "sc": 180, "ep": 46, "ec": 110} | 1,563 | Q3296633 | 42 | 180 | 46 | 110 | Dukhan | Road & Air | at this time was by boat through Zekrit jetty, located 7 miles (11 km) away from the camp. A second road was built in 1948 to connect Dukhan to Umm Bab and Mesaieed. In the 1970s, the Salwa Road was developed to link all four of the aforementioned areas. The total road system was 2.2 square kilometres (0.85 sq mi) by the 1990s.
In 2014, Dukhan Highway, the road linking Dukhan to Doha, was reconstructed by the Public Works Authority as part of a $384.5 m project. Air Dukhan Airport, constructed in the late 1930s, was Qatar's first-ever airport but was eventually made obselete |
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