docid
stringlengths 25
45
| url
stringlengths 14
987
| title
stringlengths 0
45k
| headings
stringlengths 1
259k
| segment
stringlengths 2
10k
| start_char
int64 0
9.96k
| end_char
int64 2
10k
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4892909#9_7039298 | http://151fantasyfiction.qwriting.qc.cuny.edu/2011/11/03/the-different-loves-in-midsummers-nights-dream/ | » The different loves in Midsummer’s night’s dream. ENGL.151W Fantasy Fiction |
ENGL.151W Fantasy Fiction
The different loves in Midsummer’s night’s dream.
November 3, 2011
Leave a Reply
| I think that pointing out that there is more than one kind of love is very important, and you’ve done a good job discussing these in the context of Shakespeare’s play. Why do you think Shakespeare riddles his play with so many kinds of love? What is his message? fpyros22 said: November 5th, 2011 at 1:02 am
I think what hes trying to portray is different emotions of love such as their could be true love but also love that is not real, but infatuation. or he could also be sending a message to us readers that there is not only one love that exits in life, there are more loves out their that are shown in many different ways and that each love could have its ups and down falls since love is very unpredictable we don’t know where it might end up. Leave a Reply | 4,855 | 5,619 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4899116#0_7040541 | http://151fantasyfiction.qwriting.qc.cuny.edu/2011/12/02/beowulfs-three-battles/ | » Beowulf’s three battles ENGL.151W Fantasy Fiction | ENGL.151W Fantasy Fiction
ENGL.151W Fantasy Fiction
Beowulf’s three battles
December 2, 2011
| » Beowulf’s three battles ENGL.151W Fantasy Fiction
ENGL.151W Fantasy Fiction
A qwriting.qc.cuny.edu blog
Home
Schedule
Syllabus
Beowulf’s three battles
December 2, 2011
Grendel is one of the three monsters that Beowulf, the protagonist, fights. He is a descendent of Cain. Because the sins originated from Cain, the descendants of Cain were banished by God for murdering his brother named, Abel, and he lived lonely in dark and cold cave. The reason why he attack the Heorot is that he felt rage and angry after hearing that, under Hrothgar, the Danes loudly celebrating military success in Heorot. People were gathered to have meads and to listen to songs of bards. The initiation of the attack was started from mixture of the human emotions: sadness with loneliness and some sort of jealousy. The poem described him as a “demon”. It was written that Grendel grabbed thirty of the men and took them back to his lair. It explains how strong and big he is. | 0 | 956 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4899116#1_7041913 | http://151fantasyfiction.qwriting.qc.cuny.edu/2011/12/02/beowulfs-three-battles/ | » Beowulf’s three battles ENGL.151W Fantasy Fiction | ENGL.151W Fantasy Fiction
ENGL.151W Fantasy Fiction
Beowulf’s three battles
December 2, 2011
| The initiation of the attack was started from mixture of the human emotions: sadness with loneliness and some sort of jealousy. The poem described him as a “demon”. It was written that Grendel grabbed thirty of the men and took them back to his lair. It explains how strong and big he is. Grendel returned the next night and caused more victims. Also, it explains that the “whole world” hears the Grendel’s rage and the murder he brings on to the Danes. He was so angry that he refused to terminate his slaughter even for gold. The Danes even made offering for pagan gods for help. That was where Beowulf, bravest and wisest man, was intrigued to sail to Heorot to defeat Grendel. | 668 | 1,348 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4899116#2_7043004 | http://151fantasyfiction.qwriting.qc.cuny.edu/2011/12/02/beowulfs-three-battles/ | » Beowulf’s three battles ENGL.151W Fantasy Fiction | ENGL.151W Fantasy Fiction
ENGL.151W Fantasy Fiction
Beowulf’s three battles
December 2, 2011
| Grendel returned the next night and caused more victims. Also, it explains that the “whole world” hears the Grendel’s rage and the murder he brings on to the Danes. He was so angry that he refused to terminate his slaughter even for gold. The Danes even made offering for pagan gods for help. That was where Beowulf, bravest and wisest man, was intrigued to sail to Heorot to defeat Grendel. He was described as the man who knows no failure. There are three major battles that Beowulf fights against: with Grendel, Grendel’s mother, and the Dragon. The first battle is between the Grendel and Beowulf. The battle begins with the attack of the Grendel in late night. | 957 | 1,622 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4899116#3_7044075 | http://151fantasyfiction.qwriting.qc.cuny.edu/2011/12/02/beowulfs-three-battles/ | » Beowulf’s three battles ENGL.151W Fantasy Fiction | ENGL.151W Fantasy Fiction
ENGL.151W Fantasy Fiction
Beowulf’s three battles
December 2, 2011
| He was described as the man who knows no failure. There are three major battles that Beowulf fights against: with Grendel, Grendel’s mother, and the Dragon. The first battle is between the Grendel and Beowulf. The battle begins with the attack of the Grendel in late night. It was described in very graphic battle. I think the battle between Beowulf and the Grendel is to test Beowulf’s physical strength by deafing the Grendel. After Grendel devoured a couple of Beowulf’s men, he arrived at Beowul’s bedside. He laid his hand on Beowulf then Beowulf grabed a hold of Grende. He was playing smart to be awakened and to wait for him. | 1,349 | 1,982 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4899116#4_7045115 | http://151fantasyfiction.qwriting.qc.cuny.edu/2011/12/02/beowulfs-three-battles/ | » Beowulf’s three battles ENGL.151W Fantasy Fiction | ENGL.151W Fantasy Fiction
ENGL.151W Fantasy Fiction
Beowulf’s three battles
December 2, 2011
| It was described in very graphic battle. I think the battle between Beowulf and the Grendel is to test Beowulf’s physical strength by deafing the Grendel. After Grendel devoured a couple of Beowulf’s men, he arrived at Beowul’s bedside. He laid his hand on Beowulf then Beowulf grabed a hold of Grende. He was playing smart to be awakened and to wait for him. Grendel sliped on the blood of one of his victims and Beowulf twisted his arm. He tears Grendel’s arm off. I think the first battle represents Beowulf’s youth life. He fights for fame and to prove his bravery by defeating the monster. He also wanted to show off what he had done. | 1,623 | 2,262 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4899116#5_7046166 | http://151fantasyfiction.qwriting.qc.cuny.edu/2011/12/02/beowulfs-three-battles/ | » Beowulf’s three battles ENGL.151W Fantasy Fiction | ENGL.151W Fantasy Fiction
ENGL.151W Fantasy Fiction
Beowulf’s three battles
December 2, 2011
| Grendel sliped on the blood of one of his victims and Beowulf twisted his arm. He tears Grendel’s arm off. I think the first battle represents Beowulf’s youth life. He fights for fame and to prove his bravery by defeating the monster. He also wanted to show off what he had done. Beowulf says, “I swam in the Blackness of night, hunting monsters out of the ocean, and killing them one by one; death was my errand and the fate they had earned”
The second battle is between Beowulf and Grendel’s mother. Grendel’s mother is very masculine figure. When she attacked men in the mead hall, she showed no sign of logic but showed aggressiveness that much of like a warrior. Grendel’s mother attacked the mead hall to take a revenge on the death of her son, Grendel. | 1,983 | 2,742 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4899116#6_7047348 | http://151fantasyfiction.qwriting.qc.cuny.edu/2011/12/02/beowulfs-three-battles/ | » Beowulf’s three battles ENGL.151W Fantasy Fiction | ENGL.151W Fantasy Fiction
ENGL.151W Fantasy Fiction
Beowulf’s three battles
December 2, 2011
| Beowulf says, “I swam in the Blackness of night, hunting monsters out of the ocean, and killing them one by one; death was my errand and the fate they had earned”
The second battle is between Beowulf and Grendel’s mother. Grendel’s mother is very masculine figure. When she attacked men in the mead hall, she showed no sign of logic but showed aggressiveness that much of like a warrior. Grendel’s mother attacked the mead hall to take a revenge on the death of her son, Grendel. She took one of his men. In order to go fight with the mother, Beowulf had to venture into her lake based home. He shows more defensive while he was fighting. He represents his adult stage in the battle with the Grendel’s mother. It also makes him more hero when he ventures into the lake to reach to the Grendel’s mother. | 2,263 | 3,065 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4899116#7_7048573 | http://151fantasyfiction.qwriting.qc.cuny.edu/2011/12/02/beowulfs-three-battles/ | » Beowulf’s three battles ENGL.151W Fantasy Fiction | ENGL.151W Fantasy Fiction
ENGL.151W Fantasy Fiction
Beowulf’s three battles
December 2, 2011
| She took one of his men. In order to go fight with the mother, Beowulf had to venture into her lake based home. He shows more defensive while he was fighting. He represents his adult stage in the battle with the Grendel’s mother. It also makes him more hero when he ventures into the lake to reach to the Grendel’s mother. The last battle is between Beowulf and the dragon that occurs after fifty has passed. The battle with the dragon represents the end of his life. He was eighty years old by the time the battle occurred. The dragon had a great treasure. As a payment to the king of the Dane, he decided to fight with the dragon. | 2,743 | 3,375 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4899116#8_7049602 | http://151fantasyfiction.qwriting.qc.cuny.edu/2011/12/02/beowulfs-three-battles/ | » Beowulf’s three battles ENGL.151W Fantasy Fiction | ENGL.151W Fantasy Fiction
ENGL.151W Fantasy Fiction
Beowulf’s three battles
December 2, 2011
| The last battle is between Beowulf and the dragon that occurs after fifty has passed. The battle with the dragon represents the end of his life. He was eighty years old by the time the battle occurred. The dragon had a great treasure. As a payment to the king of the Dane, he decided to fight with the dragon. The battle with the dragon symbolically represents the opposite traits of being a good king. It represents greedy and destruction. The drgaon was fire breathing and melted the swords. Beowulf left with 11men however everyone ran away except Beowulf and Wiglaf. Fortunately, they were able to defeat the dragon but Beowulf faced the death. | 3,065 | 3,714 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4899116#9_7050637 | http://151fantasyfiction.qwriting.qc.cuny.edu/2011/12/02/beowulfs-three-battles/ | » Beowulf’s three battles ENGL.151W Fantasy Fiction | ENGL.151W Fantasy Fiction
ENGL.151W Fantasy Fiction
Beowulf’s three battles
December 2, 2011
| The battle with the dragon symbolically represents the opposite traits of being a good king. It represents greedy and destruction. The drgaon was fire breathing and melted the swords. Beowulf left with 11men however everyone ran away except Beowulf and Wiglaf. Fortunately, they were able to defeat the dragon but Beowulf faced the death. Posted by db405
Filed in Uncategorized
1 Comment » | 3,376 | 3,765 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4903342#0_7051420 | http://1587510142.rsc.cdn77.org/RRoom/researchsheets/460S&WMagnum-LOADDATAKKempa.pdf | Bullet
| Bullet
.460
S&W
Magnum
LOAD
DATA: 8-3/8"
XVR
Revolver
and
12"
Encore
Pressure
Barrel
.460
S&W
Magnum
LOAD
DATA: 8-3/8"
XVR
Revolver
and
12"
Encore
Pressure
Barrel
.460
S&W
Magnum
LOAD
DATA: 8-3/8"
XVR
Revolver
and
12"
Encore
Pressure
Barrel
.460
S&W
Magnum
LOAD
DATA: 8-3/8"
XVR
Revolver
and
12"
Encore
Pressure
Barrel
.460
S&W
Magnum
LOAD
DATA: 8-3/8"
XVR
Revolver
and
12"
Encore
Pressure
Barrel
.460
S&W
Magnum
LOAD
DATA: 8-3/8"
XVR
Revolver
and
12"
Encore
Pressure
Barrel
.460
S&W
Magnum
LOAD
DATA: 8-3/8"
XVR
Revolver
and
12"
Encore
Pressure
Barrel
.460
S&W
Magnum
LOAD
DATA: 8-3/8"
XVR
Revolver
and
12"
Encore
Pressure
Barrel
.460
S&W
Magnum
LOAD
DATA: 8-3/8"
XVR
Revolver
and
12"
Encore
Pressure
Barrel
.460
S&W
Magnum
LOAD
DATA: | 0 | 995 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4903342#1_7052873 | http://1587510142.rsc.cdn77.org/RRoom/researchsheets/460S&WMagnum-LOADDATAKKempa.pdf | Bullet
| 8-3/8"
XVR
Revolver
and
12"
Encore
Pressure
Barrel
.460
S&W
Magnum
LOAD
DATA: 8-3/8"
XVR
Revolver
and
12"
Encore
Pressure
Barrel
.460
S&W
Magnum
LOAD
DATA: 8-3/8"
XVR
Revolver
and
12"
Encore
Pressure
Barrel
.460
S&W
Magnum
LOAD
DATA: 8-3/8"
XVR
Revolver
and
12"
Encore
Pressure
Barrel
.460
S&W
Magnum
LOAD
DATA: 8-3/8"
XVR
Revolver
and
12"
Encore
Pressure
Barrel
.460
S&W
Magnum
LOAD
DATA: 8-3/8"
XVR
Revolver
and
12"
Encore
Pressure
Barrel
.460
S&W
Magnum
LOAD
DATA: 8-3/8"
XVR
Revolver
and
12"
Encore
Pressure
Barrel
Bullet
OAL
Load
#
Powder
Grains
FPS
Pressure-
PSI,
Oehler
M-43
Ft
Lbs
5-shot
ave
@
25
yds
Comments
12"
Encore
FPS
200-gr
Hornady
SST
Factory
Load
2.275
FACTORY
FACTORY
2,183
52,600
2,117
1.12
Good
for
open
country
deer-
offers
very
rapid
expansion
(light
to
medium
game)
2,624
200-gr
Barnes
XPB,
CorBon
Factory
Load
2.290
2
FACTORY
FACTORY
2,247
55,800
2,243
0.64
Deeper
penetrating,
for
close
or
moderate
range. Better
bullet
for
hogs
or
elk
(medium
+
sized
game)
2,567
200-gr
Barnes
XPB
2.290
3
H110
50.0
2,085
n/a
1,931
0.86
Similar
to
CorBon
factory
load
n/a
240-gr
XTP,
Hornady
.454
Casull
Fac. Load
1.742
4
FACTORY
FACTORY
1,761
45,500
1,653
n/a
.454
Casull
factory
load
fired
in
460
chamber
1,999
250-gr
Barnes
XPB
2.195
5
H110
41.0
1,742
52,600
1,685
1.09
Less
severe
muzzle
blast
and
flash
than
factory
loads-
good
for
deer,
hogs
or
elk. 4-shots
into
0.43"
2,122
265-gr
WFN
GC,
Cast
Performance
Bullet
2.086
6
Nitro
100
14.0
1,301
41,000
996
1.58
Low
recoil
lead
bullet
load
1,451
265-gr
WFN
GC,
Cast
Performance
Bullet
2.086
7
Nitro
100
16.0
1,404
46,600
1,160
0.95
Good
light
load
similar
to
.44
Magnum
1,562
265-gr
WFN
GC,
Cast
Performance
Bullet
2.086
8
Blue
Dot
27.0
1,699
52,600
1,699
0.50
Very
accurate
cast
bullet
load-
good
for
hunting
to
100+
yards
1,948
300-gr
Hornady
XTP
2.164
9
H110
39.0
1,589
56,500
1,682
0.94
Accurate,
fast
and
powerful
2,023
300-gr
Hornady
XTP
2.164
10
H4227
36.5
1,580
52,600
1,663
1.16
1,925
300-gr
Hornady
XTP
2.164
11
1680
43.3
1,543
40,300
1,586
0.80
Best
accuracy
with
bullet,
with
the
lowest
pressure
also
1,883
300-gr
Hornady
XTP
2.164
12
5744
37.5
1,467
49,100
1,434
0.89
Accurate
moderate
load
1,778
335-gr
WLN
GC
Cast
Performance
Bullet
2.178
13
H110
39.0
1,661
52,600
2,053
2.90
Need
to
retest-
fast,
but
not
accurate
1,965
335-gr
WLN
GC
Cast
Performance
Bullet
2.178
14
H4227
35.8
1,586
46,600
1,872
2.06
1,832
335-gr
WLN
GC
Cast
Performance
Bullet
2.178
15
1680
42.1
1,490
31,700
1,652
0.87
Accurate: | 465 | 3,624 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4903342#2_7057087 | http://1587510142.rsc.cdn77.org/RRoom/researchsheets/460S&WMagnum-LOADDATAKKempa.pdf | Bullet
| 8-3/8"
XVR
Revolver
and
12"
Encore
Pressure
Barrel
.460
S&W
Magnum
LOAD
DATA: 8-3/8"
XVR
Revolver
and
12"
Encore
Pressure
Barrel
Bullet
OAL
Load
#
Powder
Grains
FPS
Pressure-
PSI,
Oehler
M-43
Ft
Lbs
5-shot
ave
@
25
yds
Comments
12"
Encore
FPS
200-gr
Hornady
SST
Factory
Load
2.275
FACTORY
FACTORY
2,183
52,600
2,117
1.12
Good
for
open
country
deer-
offers
very
rapid
expansion
(light
to
medium
game)
2,624
200-gr
Barnes
XPB,
CorBon
Factory
Load
2.290
2
FACTORY
FACTORY
2,247
55,800
2,243
0.64
Deeper
penetrating,
for
close
or
moderate
range. Better
bullet
for
hogs
or
elk
(medium
+
sized
game)
2,567
200-gr
Barnes
XPB
2.290
3
H110
50.0
2,085
n/a
1,931
0.86
Similar
to
CorBon
factory
load
n/a
240-gr
XTP,
Hornady
.454
Casull
Fac. Load
1.742
4
FACTORY
FACTORY
1,761
45,500
1,653
n/a
.454
Casull
factory
load
fired
in
460
chamber
1,999
250-gr
Barnes
XPB
2.195
5
H110
41.0
1,742
52,600
1,685
1.09
Less
severe
muzzle
blast
and
flash
than
factory
loads-
good
for
deer,
hogs
or
elk. 4-shots
into
0.43"
2,122
265-gr
WFN
GC,
Cast
Performance
Bullet
2.086
6
Nitro
100
14.0
1,301
41,000
996
1.58
Low
recoil
lead
bullet
load
1,451
265-gr
WFN
GC,
Cast
Performance
Bullet
2.086
7
Nitro
100
16.0
1,404
46,600
1,160
0.95
Good
light
load
similar
to
.44
Magnum
1,562
265-gr
WFN
GC,
Cast
Performance
Bullet
2.086
8
Blue
Dot
27.0
1,699
52,600
1,699
0.50
Very
accurate
cast
bullet
load-
good
for
hunting
to
100+
yards
1,948
300-gr
Hornady
XTP
2.164
9
H110
39.0
1,589
56,500
1,682
0.94
Accurate,
fast
and
powerful
2,023
300-gr
Hornady
XTP
2.164
10
H4227
36.5
1,580
52,600
1,663
1.16
1,925
300-gr
Hornady
XTP
2.164
11
1680
43.3
1,543
40,300
1,586
0.80
Best
accuracy
with
bullet,
with
the
lowest
pressure
also
1,883
300-gr
Hornady
XTP
2.164
12
5744
37.5
1,467
49,100
1,434
0.89
Accurate
moderate
load
1,778
335-gr
WLN
GC
Cast
Performance
Bullet
2.178
13
H110
39.0
1,661
52,600
2,053
2.90
Need
to
retest-
fast,
but
not
accurate
1,965
335-gr
WLN
GC
Cast
Performance
Bullet
2.178
14
H4227
35.8
1,586
46,600
1,872
2.06
1,832
335-gr
WLN
GC
Cast
Performance
Bullet
2.178
15
1680
42.1
1,490
31,700
1,652
0.87
Accurate: 3-shots
into
0.59". Lowest
pressure
for
this
bullet
1,757
335-gr
WLN
GC
Cast
Performance
Bullet
2.178
16
5744
36.2
1,480
48,800
1,630
1.24
3-shots
into
0.44"
1,735
360-gr
WLN
GC
Cast
Performance
Bullet
2.178
17
H110
36.6
1,577
50,200
1,988
1.42
Most
powerful,
heavy
cast
bullet
load. 4-shots
into
0.71"
1,844
360-gr
WLN
GC
Cast
Performance
Bullet
2.178
18
H4227
33.7
1,524
55,900
1,857
0.67
Fast,
powerful
and
accurate
1,781
Oehler
M-43
chronograph/pressure
system
used
to
record
velocities/
pressures. All
loads
use
standard
large
rifle
primers,
and
Starline
brass. Reduce
all
loads
by
10%,
then
work
up. | 995 | 4,388 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4909103#0_7061590 | http://15daysinjapan.com/day-11/the-miyajima-island/ | The Miyajima Island • 15 Days in Japan | The Miyajima Island
The Miyajima Island | The Miyajima Island • 15 Days in Japan
The Miyajima Island
On my day trip around Hiroshima I took the tram to the Atomic Bomb Dome and then a ferry to the Miyajima Island. The actual name of the island is Itsukushima, but people call it Miyajima which means “Shrine Island”. The Atomic Bomb Dome is the only building that stood after the atomic bombings attack. It has since become known as the Hiroshima Peace Memorial. Miyajima Island
On the island, there is a soft piano song playing on the speakers when you arrive. It is quite magical. And the entire island is inhabited by deers. Green tea ice cream. I went back to the station. Picked up my backpack from the station lockers and took a train to Kyoto. | 0 | 713 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4909103#1_7062595 | http://15daysinjapan.com/day-11/the-miyajima-island/ | The Miyajima Island • 15 Days in Japan | The Miyajima Island
The Miyajima Island | It is quite magical. And the entire island is inhabited by deers. Green tea ice cream. I went back to the station. Picked up my backpack from the station lockers and took a train to Kyoto. After I arrived to my Ryokan, my home for the next couple of days, I went to get some dinner at a local ramen bar and started preparing for the following day. | 523 | 874 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4910227#0_7063222 | http://15minutefashion.about.com/od/casualwearinahurry/fr/Tide-Laundry-Pods-Review.htm | Tide Pods Laundry Detergent Review and Usage Guide | Tide Laundry Pods Review
Tide Laundry Pods Review
How the Tide Pods Work
How to Use Tide Pods
Are Tide Pods Effective?
Are the Tide Pods Right for You?
Watch Now: 7 Shopping Tips for Budget Savvy Shoppers
| Tide Pods Laundry Detergent Review and Usage Guide
Entertainment Fashion & Style
Tide Laundry Pods Review
Share
PINTEREST
Email
Austin Kirk/Flickr
Fashion & Style
Do It Yourself
Accessories
Tops & Sweaters
Dresses
Skirts
Jeans
Pants
Outerwear
Lingerie & Swimwear
Shoes
Skincare Advice
Makeup
Hair
Fragrance
Tattoos and Body Piercings
Kids and Teens
Bumps & Babies
Learn More
By
Anne Fritz
Freelance Writer
Syracuse University
Anne L. Fritz is a New York-based freelancer writer and copywriter with over 10 years of experience in fashion and beauty. our editorial process
LinkedIn LinkedIn
Anne Fritz
Updated March 13, 2018
When was the last time you got excited about your laundry? Probably never! But the new Tide Pods aim to change that. Do they deliver? How the Tide Pods Work
The Tide Pods are a single-use pod with three chambers: The large one contains detergent and the smaller two have stain remover and brightener. The formula inside the Tide Pods is only 10 percent water, which helps keep them small. There are three chambers so the detergent, remover, and brightener stay separate until you’re ready to wash .The pod is made of a film which magically disintegrates when it comes in contact with water of any temperature, including cold. So if you’re one of the 40 percent of Americans who washes laundry in cold water, the Pods will still work for you. | 0 | 1,364 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4910227#1_7065120 | http://15minutefashion.about.com/od/casualwearinahurry/fr/Tide-Laundry-Pods-Review.htm | Tide Pods Laundry Detergent Review and Usage Guide | Tide Laundry Pods Review
Tide Laundry Pods Review
How the Tide Pods Work
How to Use Tide Pods
Are Tide Pods Effective?
Are the Tide Pods Right for You?
Watch Now: 7 Shopping Tips for Budget Savvy Shoppers
| How the Tide Pods Work
The Tide Pods are a single-use pod with three chambers: The large one contains detergent and the smaller two have stain remover and brightener. The formula inside the Tide Pods is only 10 percent water, which helps keep them small. There are three chambers so the detergent, remover, and brightener stay separate until you’re ready to wash .The pod is made of a film which magically disintegrates when it comes in contact with water of any temperature, including cold. So if you’re one of the 40 percent of Americans who washes laundry in cold water, the Pods will still work for you. The Pods are also heat resistant, so if you leave it in the trunk of your car, you won’t come back to a gooey mess. The Pods are available in three scents: Spring Meadow, Ocean Mist, and Mystic Forest. How to Use Tide Pods
Place the pod at the bottom of the drum of the washing machine before you put in any clothes, regardless of whether you use a front-loading machine or top-loading machine. You don’t have to measure, so there are no drips or spills. | 756 | 1,819 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4910227#2_7066695 | http://15minutefashion.about.com/od/casualwearinahurry/fr/Tide-Laundry-Pods-Review.htm | Tide Pods Laundry Detergent Review and Usage Guide | Tide Laundry Pods Review
Tide Laundry Pods Review
How the Tide Pods Work
How to Use Tide Pods
Are Tide Pods Effective?
Are the Tide Pods Right for You?
Watch Now: 7 Shopping Tips for Budget Savvy Shoppers
| The Pods are also heat resistant, so if you leave it in the trunk of your car, you won’t come back to a gooey mess. The Pods are available in three scents: Spring Meadow, Ocean Mist, and Mystic Forest. How to Use Tide Pods
Place the pod at the bottom of the drum of the washing machine before you put in any clothes, regardless of whether you use a front-loading machine or top-loading machine. You don’t have to measure, so there are no drips or spills. Because the pods contain stain remover, there’s no need to pre-treat clothes. Are Tide Pods Effective? We were very pleased with the Tide Pods and appreciate that they’re so portable. I'm personally a huge fan of the Pods because of their convenient size. The average load of laundry weighs 7 pounds, according to Tide. | 1,364 | 2,139 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4910227#3_7067982 | http://15minutefashion.about.com/od/casualwearinahurry/fr/Tide-Laundry-Pods-Review.htm | Tide Pods Laundry Detergent Review and Usage Guide | Tide Laundry Pods Review
Tide Laundry Pods Review
How the Tide Pods Work
How to Use Tide Pods
Are Tide Pods Effective?
Are the Tide Pods Right for You?
Watch Now: 7 Shopping Tips for Budget Savvy Shoppers
| Because the pods contain stain remover, there’s no need to pre-treat clothes. Are Tide Pods Effective? We were very pleased with the Tide Pods and appreciate that they’re so portable. I'm personally a huge fan of the Pods because of their convenient size. The average load of laundry weighs 7 pounds, according to Tide. If you live in an apartment building laundry machines in the basement, or if you have to cart your clothes to a laundromat, the portability is a great benefit. Much easier than lugging a 5-pound bottle along with an oversize sack of laundry. We like that we don’t have to measure or pour anything out with the Pods. You simply throw it in the machine and you're done. Our clothes post-wash were clean and fresh-smelling. | 1,820 | 2,560 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4910227#4_7069229 | http://15minutefashion.about.com/od/casualwearinahurry/fr/Tide-Laundry-Pods-Review.htm | Tide Pods Laundry Detergent Review and Usage Guide | Tide Laundry Pods Review
Tide Laundry Pods Review
How the Tide Pods Work
How to Use Tide Pods
Are Tide Pods Effective?
Are the Tide Pods Right for You?
Watch Now: 7 Shopping Tips for Budget Savvy Shoppers
| If you live in an apartment building laundry machines in the basement, or if you have to cart your clothes to a laundromat, the portability is a great benefit. Much easier than lugging a 5-pound bottle along with an oversize sack of laundry. We like that we don’t have to measure or pour anything out with the Pods. You simply throw it in the machine and you're done. Our clothes post-wash were clean and fresh-smelling. Are the Tide Pods Right for You? Tide Pods will save you approximately an hour over the course of the year. That may not sound like a huge amount of time, but it does add up! The Pods are also environmentally friendly. Heating the water for the laundry is the number one use of energy when it comes to washing clothes, so the ability to use these in cold water is a great energy saving benefit. | 2,140 | 2,955 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4910227#5_7070541 | http://15minutefashion.about.com/od/casualwearinahurry/fr/Tide-Laundry-Pods-Review.htm | Tide Pods Laundry Detergent Review and Usage Guide | Tide Laundry Pods Review
Tide Laundry Pods Review
How the Tide Pods Work
How to Use Tide Pods
Are Tide Pods Effective?
Are the Tide Pods Right for You?
Watch Now: 7 Shopping Tips for Budget Savvy Shoppers
| Are the Tide Pods Right for You? Tide Pods will save you approximately an hour over the course of the year. That may not sound like a huge amount of time, but it does add up! The Pods are also environmentally friendly. Heating the water for the laundry is the number one use of energy when it comes to washing clothes, so the ability to use these in cold water is a great energy saving benefit. The packaging is also significantly smaller and lighter than with traditional detergents, so the Tide Pods use less fuel and energy when shipping. The price of the pods is a bit higher than liquid detergent, but it may well be worth it. An impressive 97 percent of consumers reported satisfaction with the time, effort and excellent results with the Tide Pods compared to only 68 percent of other consumers, reports the company. This review was based on a free sample. Watch Now: | 2,560 | 3,436 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4910227#6_7071913 | http://15minutefashion.about.com/od/casualwearinahurry/fr/Tide-Laundry-Pods-Review.htm | Tide Pods Laundry Detergent Review and Usage Guide | Tide Laundry Pods Review
Tide Laundry Pods Review
How the Tide Pods Work
How to Use Tide Pods
Are Tide Pods Effective?
Are the Tide Pods Right for You?
Watch Now: 7 Shopping Tips for Budget Savvy Shoppers
| The packaging is also significantly smaller and lighter than with traditional detergents, so the Tide Pods use less fuel and energy when shipping. The price of the pods is a bit higher than liquid detergent, but it may well be worth it. An impressive 97 percent of consumers reported satisfaction with the time, effort and excellent results with the Tide Pods compared to only 68 percent of other consumers, reports the company. This review was based on a free sample. Watch Now: 7 Shopping Tips for Budget Savvy Shoppers | 2,956 | 3,478 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4914234#0_7072932 | http://15minutefashion.about.com/od/quickbeautytips/fr/Gel_Nail_Manicure.htm | Gel Nail Manicures Review and Description | Gel Nail Manicures – Review Gel Nail Manicures
Gel Nail Manicures – Review Gel Nail Manicures
How Does the Gel Nail Manicure Work?
How Long Does the Gel Nail Manicure Last?
Were There Any Downsides to the Gel Nail Manicure?
Is a Gel Nail Manicure Right for Me?
Watch Now: Gel Manicure at Home
| Gel Nail Manicures Review and Description
Entertainment Fashion & Style
Gel Nail Manicures – Review Gel Nail Manicures
Share
PINTEREST
Email
Radionphoto/Getty Images
Fashion & Style
Makeup
Accessories
Tops & Sweaters
Dresses
Skirts
Jeans
Pants
Outerwear
Lingerie & Swimwear
Do It Yourself
Shoes
Skincare Advice
Hair
Fragrance
Tattoos and Body Piercings
Kids and Teens
Bumps & Babies
Learn More
By
Anne Fritz
Freelance Writer
Syracuse University
Anne L. Fritz is a New York-based freelancer writer and copywriter with over 10 years of experience in fashion and beauty. our editorial process
LinkedIn LinkedIn
Anne Fritz
Updated April 26, 2019
I usually skip polishing my nails. I’m one of those lucky people whose nails are naturally strong and grow quickly. I do like the look of polish, but it always chips within a day or two. Who has the time or money for upkeep? I was excited to test out the new UV Gelife gel nail) manicure at New York City's Dashing Diva . How Does the Gel Nail Manicure Work? Just like in a regular manicure, cuticles are pushed back and nails are filed. Nails are also buffed, so the gel adheres more strongly. Next a coat of gel “polish” is applied to each nail, with 30 seconds of drying time under a UV Light in between. | 0 | 1,249 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4914234#1_7074803 | http://15minutefashion.about.com/od/quickbeautytips/fr/Gel_Nail_Manicure.htm | Gel Nail Manicures Review and Description | Gel Nail Manicures – Review Gel Nail Manicures
Gel Nail Manicures – Review Gel Nail Manicures
How Does the Gel Nail Manicure Work?
How Long Does the Gel Nail Manicure Last?
Were There Any Downsides to the Gel Nail Manicure?
Is a Gel Nail Manicure Right for Me?
Watch Now: Gel Manicure at Home
| I was excited to test out the new UV Gelife gel nail) manicure at New York City's Dashing Diva . How Does the Gel Nail Manicure Work? Just like in a regular manicure, cuticles are pushed back and nails are filed. Nails are also buffed, so the gel adheres more strongly. Next a coat of gel “polish” is applied to each nail, with 30 seconds of drying time under a UV Light in between. A second coat is applied and then allowed to dry again for 30 seconds. At the end of the gel nail mani, I was amazed that my nails truly were dry. The technician laughed at me when I asked for help getting my keys out of my bag and she insisted I could do it myself without ruining my mani. She was right! This is the same product used when applying fake gel nails. | 867 | 1,615 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4914234#2_7076131 | http://15minutefashion.about.com/od/quickbeautytips/fr/Gel_Nail_Manicure.htm | Gel Nail Manicures Review and Description | Gel Nail Manicures – Review Gel Nail Manicures
Gel Nail Manicures – Review Gel Nail Manicures
How Does the Gel Nail Manicure Work?
How Long Does the Gel Nail Manicure Last?
Were There Any Downsides to the Gel Nail Manicure?
Is a Gel Nail Manicure Right for Me?
Watch Now: Gel Manicure at Home
| A second coat is applied and then allowed to dry again for 30 seconds. At the end of the gel nail mani, I was amazed that my nails truly were dry. The technician laughed at me when I asked for help getting my keys out of my bag and she insisted I could do it myself without ruining my mani. She was right! This is the same product used when applying fake gel nails. Dashing Diva currently offers the Gelife Manicure in Clear, Cook Pink and Warm Pink. More colors are expected to be introduced this upcoming fall. How Long Does the Gel Nail Manicure Last? As promised, the Gelife manicure lasted for at least two weeks. Those are my nails in the photo at the end of the two weeks. | 1,250 | 1,929 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4914234#3_7077381 | http://15minutefashion.about.com/od/quickbeautytips/fr/Gel_Nail_Manicure.htm | Gel Nail Manicures Review and Description | Gel Nail Manicures – Review Gel Nail Manicures
Gel Nail Manicures – Review Gel Nail Manicures
How Does the Gel Nail Manicure Work?
How Long Does the Gel Nail Manicure Last?
Were There Any Downsides to the Gel Nail Manicure?
Is a Gel Nail Manicure Right for Me?
Watch Now: Gel Manicure at Home
| Dashing Diva currently offers the Gelife Manicure in Clear, Cook Pink and Warm Pink. More colors are expected to be introduced this upcoming fall. How Long Does the Gel Nail Manicure Last? As promised, the Gelife manicure lasted for at least two weeks. Those are my nails in the photo at the end of the two weeks. The gel “polish” did start to peel the teeniest bit on the sides, but was only obvious when you looked at my nails closely. Were There Any Downsides to the Gel Nail Manicure? The one serious downside was the effort it took to remove the gel polish. I was given a removal kit so I could do it myself at home. According to the directions, you need to wrap each nail with a small piece of cotton soaked in acetone polish remover covered with a small piece of aluminum foil for 10-15 minutes. | 1,616 | 2,418 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4914234#4_7078764 | http://15minutefashion.about.com/od/quickbeautytips/fr/Gel_Nail_Manicure.htm | Gel Nail Manicures Review and Description | Gel Nail Manicures – Review Gel Nail Manicures
Gel Nail Manicures – Review Gel Nail Manicures
How Does the Gel Nail Manicure Work?
How Long Does the Gel Nail Manicure Last?
Were There Any Downsides to the Gel Nail Manicure?
Is a Gel Nail Manicure Right for Me?
Watch Now: Gel Manicure at Home
| The gel “polish” did start to peel the teeniest bit on the sides, but was only obvious when you looked at my nails closely. Were There Any Downsides to the Gel Nail Manicure? The one serious downside was the effort it took to remove the gel polish. I was given a removal kit so I could do it myself at home. According to the directions, you need to wrap each nail with a small piece of cotton soaked in acetone polish remover covered with a small piece of aluminum foil for 10-15 minutes. Everything I need was included in the kit. Well, I tried this removal process once, twice and a third time. After spending a grand total of 60 minutes trying to remove the gel polish from my nails, I still had crusty bits attached. Not to mention I could practically feel and see the acetone drying out my nails. It wasn’t until I had my next mani (specifically so I could fix my nails post-Gelife) that I got it all the gel “polish” off. | 1,930 | 2,857 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4914234#5_7080287 | http://15minutefashion.about.com/od/quickbeautytips/fr/Gel_Nail_Manicure.htm | Gel Nail Manicures Review and Description | Gel Nail Manicures – Review Gel Nail Manicures
Gel Nail Manicures – Review Gel Nail Manicures
How Does the Gel Nail Manicure Work?
How Long Does the Gel Nail Manicure Last?
Were There Any Downsides to the Gel Nail Manicure?
Is a Gel Nail Manicure Right for Me?
Watch Now: Gel Manicure at Home
| Everything I need was included in the kit. Well, I tried this removal process once, twice and a third time. After spending a grand total of 60 minutes trying to remove the gel polish from my nails, I still had crusty bits attached. Not to mention I could practically feel and see the acetone drying out my nails. It wasn’t until I had my next mani (specifically so I could fix my nails post-Gelife) that I got it all the gel “polish” off. And that was only after my manicurist meticulously filed it off. Is a Gel Nail Manicure Right for Me? If you are going on vacation, getting married or the type who like to maintain an impeccable manicure, a Dashing Diva Gelife Manicure may be right for you. It costs $45 — about the same as two manis in New York City. As for me, I’m sticking with my naked, low maintenance nails. | 2,419 | 3,238 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4914234#6_7081702 | http://15minutefashion.about.com/od/quickbeautytips/fr/Gel_Nail_Manicure.htm | Gel Nail Manicures Review and Description | Gel Nail Manicures – Review Gel Nail Manicures
Gel Nail Manicures – Review Gel Nail Manicures
How Does the Gel Nail Manicure Work?
How Long Does the Gel Nail Manicure Last?
Were There Any Downsides to the Gel Nail Manicure?
Is a Gel Nail Manicure Right for Me?
Watch Now: Gel Manicure at Home
| And that was only after my manicurist meticulously filed it off. Is a Gel Nail Manicure Right for Me? If you are going on vacation, getting married or the type who like to maintain an impeccable manicure, a Dashing Diva Gelife Manicure may be right for you. It costs $45 — about the same as two manis in New York City. As for me, I’m sticking with my naked, low maintenance nails. Watch Now: Gel Manicure at Home | 2,858 | 3,270 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4918128#0_7082695 | http://15minutehistory.org/2013/01/30/episode-10-the-spanish-inquisition/ | Episode 10: The Spanish Inquisition | Episode 10: The Spanish Inquisition
Skip to main content
15 Minute History
15 Minute History is a history podcast designed for historians, enthusiasts, and newbies alike. Menu
Episodes
Speakers
Donate
January 30, 2013
Episode 10: The Spanish Inquisition
Audio Player
https://podcasts.la.utexas.edu/15-minute-history/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/Episode-10_-The-Spanish-Inquisition.mp3
00:00
00:00
00:00
Use Up/Down Arrow keys to increase or decrease volume. Download file | Play in new window
The Spanish Inquisition has cast a long shadow in the public imagination, with Inquisitors playing the role of villain on stage and screen. But what was the Inquisition-really? Established in 1480 to deal with heresies under King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, the Spanish Inquisition was a highly regulated institution with enormous political and legal power whose influence reached all the way to the Americas for over three hundred years. Guest Miriam Bodian from UT’s Department of History separates truth from legend and reveals the intricacies of the Inquisition’s processes and inner workings. Guests
Mariam Bodian Professor in the Department of History and Director of the Institute for Historical Studies at the University of Texas at Austin
Hosts
Joan Neuberger Professor of History, University of Texas at Austin
Read Transcript...
Can you tell us what the institution of the Spanish Inquisition was, when it was in operation, and in general what its purpose was? The Inquisition was established in Spain in 1480 by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella who are better known for having supported Christopher Columbus’s voyages to America. | 0 | 1,644 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4918128#1_7084625 | http://15minutehistory.org/2013/01/30/episode-10-the-spanish-inquisition/ | Episode 10: The Spanish Inquisition | But what was the Inquisition-really? Established in 1480 to deal with heresies under King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, the Spanish Inquisition was a highly regulated institution with enormous political and legal power whose influence reached all the way to the Americas for over three hundred years. Guest Miriam Bodian from UT’s Department of History separates truth from legend and reveals the intricacies of the Inquisition’s processes and inner workings. Guests
Mariam Bodian Professor in the Department of History and Director of the Institute for Historical Studies at the University of Texas at Austin
Hosts
Joan Neuberger Professor of History, University of Texas at Austin
Read Transcript...
Can you tell us what the institution of the Spanish Inquisition was, when it was in operation, and in general what its purpose was? The Inquisition was established in Spain in 1480 by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella who are better known for having supported Christopher Columbus’s voyages to America. They came to power with a problem on their hands. Almost a century earlier, there had been mass riots throughout Spain during the summer of 1391, and many thousands of Jews were forcibly baptized. After they were baptized, they were expected to live as Christians, but many of them continued to practice Judaism as well as they could in secret. The Inquisition was designed to expose cases of what they called “Judaizing”–that is, reverse conversion to Judaism among these forced converts and their descendants–in order to purify Spain of this ‘heresy.’ Auto de fé, Plaza Mayor, Madrid, 1683
How important was the Inquisition in early modern Spain? | 640 | 2,293 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4918128#2_7086587 | http://15minutehistory.org/2013/01/30/episode-10-the-spanish-inquisition/ | Episode 10: The Spanish Inquisition | They came to power with a problem on their hands. Almost a century earlier, there had been mass riots throughout Spain during the summer of 1391, and many thousands of Jews were forcibly baptized. After they were baptized, they were expected to live as Christians, but many of them continued to practice Judaism as well as they could in secret. The Inquisition was designed to expose cases of what they called “Judaizing”–that is, reverse conversion to Judaism among these forced converts and their descendants–in order to purify Spain of this ‘heresy.’ Auto de fé, Plaza Mayor, Madrid, 1683
How important was the Inquisition in early modern Spain? Was this something that everyone had contact with and knew about? Yes. There is nothing that has ever appeared on stage or screen that has adequately conveyed the power of this enormous institution. Until it was abolished in 1834, it enjoyed the full support of the Spanish crown, it had 23 tribunals, including 3 in the Americas. An Inquisitor General stood at the center of its vast bureaucracy over inquisitors, prosecutors, comisarios, notaries, and other functionaries. | 1,645 | 2,768 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4918128#3_7088000 | http://15minutehistory.org/2013/01/30/episode-10-the-spanish-inquisition/ | Episode 10: The Spanish Inquisition | Was this something that everyone had contact with and knew about? Yes. There is nothing that has ever appeared on stage or screen that has adequately conveyed the power of this enormous institution. Until it was abolished in 1834, it enjoyed the full support of the Spanish crown, it had 23 tribunals, including 3 in the Americas. An Inquisitor General stood at the center of its vast bureaucracy over inquisitors, prosecutors, comisarios, notaries, and other functionaries. It could call on a veritable army of familiares, or lay officials, who supplied information and aided the Inquisition in various ways. I should add that its power was greatly enhanced by its secrecy. This made fair trials from our point of view almost impossible. Once prisoners were admitted to the secret cells, as they were called, they had no contact with the outside world, although smuggling of information was not unknown, and, until formal charges were brought, they weren’t told why they were being held. Even afterward, the identity of the persons who had denounced them was withheld, and the accusations against them were worded to protect their identity. | 2,294 | 3,435 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4918128#4_7089400 | http://15minutehistory.org/2013/01/30/episode-10-the-spanish-inquisition/ | Episode 10: The Spanish Inquisition | It could call on a veritable army of familiares, or lay officials, who supplied information and aided the Inquisition in various ways. I should add that its power was greatly enhanced by its secrecy. This made fair trials from our point of view almost impossible. Once prisoners were admitted to the secret cells, as they were called, they had no contact with the outside world, although smuggling of information was not unknown, and, until formal charges were brought, they weren’t told why they were being held. Even afterward, the identity of the persons who had denounced them was withheld, and the accusations against them were worded to protect their identity. At least two denunciations were require to proceed to trial, but heresy evidence was entirely acceptable. So, the secrecy was one of the keys to both its power and the terror that it invoked. And how did the Inquisition decide who to arrest? Did they randomly pick people up that they thought might be heretics, or were they careful about identifying who they thought might be enemies or heretics? This is an area with a lot of misunderstanding. | 2,769 | 3,881 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4918128#5_7090771 | http://15minutehistory.org/2013/01/30/episode-10-the-spanish-inquisition/ | Episode 10: The Spanish Inquisition | At least two denunciations were require to proceed to trial, but heresy evidence was entirely acceptable. So, the secrecy was one of the keys to both its power and the terror that it invoked. And how did the Inquisition decide who to arrest? Did they randomly pick people up that they thought might be heretics, or were they careful about identifying who they thought might be enemies or heretics? This is an area with a lot of misunderstanding. The Inquisition did not round up and immediately punish people. There were very exacting regulations that governed its activities, and they were very detailed. There is a huge mass of records of individual cases which have only begun to be explored, and they generally attest to the scrupulousness of the Inquisitors, notaries, and other officials in following these regulations. No one could be arrested without some kind of evidence of guilt in hand, so whatever evidence had been supplied (usually by denunciations) was examined and a vote was taken before the inquisition proceeded to arrest. After that, the suspect was imprisoned for the duration of the trial, but before charges were formally brought against him or her–and this could take months–the suspect appeared before the tribunal and was questioned and admonished, or warned. | 3,436 | 4,722 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4918128#6_7092321 | http://15minutehistory.org/2013/01/30/episode-10-the-spanish-inquisition/ | Episode 10: The Spanish Inquisition | The Inquisition did not round up and immediately punish people. There were very exacting regulations that governed its activities, and they were very detailed. There is a huge mass of records of individual cases which have only begun to be explored, and they generally attest to the scrupulousness of the Inquisitors, notaries, and other officials in following these regulations. No one could be arrested without some kind of evidence of guilt in hand, so whatever evidence had been supplied (usually by denunciations) was examined and a vote was taken before the inquisition proceeded to arrest. After that, the suspect was imprisoned for the duration of the trial, but before charges were formally brought against him or her–and this could take months–the suspect appeared before the tribunal and was questioned and admonished, or warned. The suspect could confess at any point – that would shorten the trial and lighten the punishment. If he or she didn’t confess, at least fully, at the first audience, two more attempts would be made and then a formal accusation was made. After the formal accusation, the inquisition gave the suspect an advocate. This was like a lawyer, but this lawyer was a paid functionary of the Inquisition, and it was really his job to try to get the prisoner to confess. Occasionally an advocate did act to defend the prisoner and try to ensure a fairer outcome, but for the most part they were there to secure a confession. | 3,882 | 5,336 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4918128#7_7094049 | http://15minutehistory.org/2013/01/30/episode-10-the-spanish-inquisition/ | Episode 10: The Spanish Inquisition | The suspect could confess at any point – that would shorten the trial and lighten the punishment. If he or she didn’t confess, at least fully, at the first audience, two more attempts would be made and then a formal accusation was made. After the formal accusation, the inquisition gave the suspect an advocate. This was like a lawyer, but this lawyer was a paid functionary of the Inquisition, and it was really his job to try to get the prisoner to confess. Occasionally an advocate did act to defend the prisoner and try to ensure a fairer outcome, but for the most part they were there to secure a confession. Suspects could also name people who might testify on their behalf: a priest, a parish priest, or somebody with some social status that they knew. They could also name people that they felt might have denounced them unlawfully, for example: a neighbor with whom they quarreling or, very often, an angry servant. Sometimes they named an entire Rolodex of acquaintances, including family members, to exclude almost everyone from consideration as a sincere, honest denouncer. | 4,723 | 5,808 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4918128#8_7095398 | http://15minutehistory.org/2013/01/30/episode-10-the-spanish-inquisition/ | Episode 10: The Spanish Inquisition | Suspects could also name people who might testify on their behalf: a priest, a parish priest, or somebody with some social status that they knew. They could also name people that they felt might have denounced them unlawfully, for example: a neighbor with whom they quarreling or, very often, an angry servant. Sometimes they named an entire Rolodex of acquaintances, including family members, to exclude almost everyone from consideration as a sincere, honest denouncer. So, the Inquisition had very specific rules and structures for accusing people. My assumption was that they targeted Jews in particular as heretics. Is that true? Actually, the Inquisition didn’t prosecute Jews, at least not unbaptized Jews. It prosecuted religious crimes only if they were committed by what it termed heretics. | 5,337 | 6,137 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4918128#9_7096457 | http://15minutehistory.org/2013/01/30/episode-10-the-spanish-inquisition/ | Episode 10: The Spanish Inquisition | So, the Inquisition had very specific rules and structures for accusing people. My assumption was that they targeted Jews in particular as heretics. Is that true? Actually, the Inquisition didn’t prosecute Jews, at least not unbaptized Jews. It prosecuted religious crimes only if they were committed by what it termed heretics. By definition, a heretic had to be a baptized person–it was somebody who had deviated from orthodoxy after having been baptized into the Church. So, the Jews that the Inquisition targeted were what were called the conversos, often referred to in the Inquisition documents as “ judios ” or “ judeos ” in Portuguese, which is the word for Jew. They were descendants of Jews who had been forcibly baptized in Spain in and after 1391. Did they ever target people who were not related to, or in some way descended from, Jews? Did they arrest people for witchcraft or sorcery? | 5,808 | 6,708 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4918128#10_7097640 | http://15minutehistory.org/2013/01/30/episode-10-the-spanish-inquisition/ | Episode 10: The Spanish Inquisition | By definition, a heretic had to be a baptized person–it was somebody who had deviated from orthodoxy after having been baptized into the Church. So, the Jews that the Inquisition targeted were what were called the conversos, often referred to in the Inquisition documents as “ judios ” or “ judeos ” in Portuguese, which is the word for Jew. They were descendants of Jews who had been forcibly baptized in Spain in and after 1391. Did they ever target people who were not related to, or in some way descended from, Jews? Did they arrest people for witchcraft or sorcery? They actually arrested people for all kinds of things once the Inquisition was in place. It tended to extend its authority rather than shrink it, as most institutions do. They prosecuted crypto-Muslims, bigamists, homosexuals. They prosecuted Old Christians for various crimes against the faith. The one thing they didn’t really prosecute against was witchcraft, and this is interesting because witches were tried in so many European lands as well as in New England. | 6,138 | 7,175 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4918128#11_7098962 | http://15minutehistory.org/2013/01/30/episode-10-the-spanish-inquisition/ | Episode 10: The Spanish Inquisition | They actually arrested people for all kinds of things once the Inquisition was in place. It tended to extend its authority rather than shrink it, as most institutions do. They prosecuted crypto-Muslims, bigamists, homosexuals. They prosecuted Old Christians for various crimes against the faith. The one thing they didn’t really prosecute against was witchcraft, and this is interesting because witches were tried in so many European lands as well as in New England. The Inquisitors tended to be very rationalistic and for the most part didn’t believe there was such a thing as witchcraft. So, there was really only one outstanding episode of witch hunting in the 350-odd years of the Inquisition’s existence. This took place in the north of Spain in the Kingdom of Navarre, from 1609-1611. In fact, most scholars agree that Spain was notably free of witch trials in comparison to the rest of Europe. Did the Inquisition use torture on prisoners? | 6,708 | 7,655 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4918128#12_7100178 | http://15minutehistory.org/2013/01/30/episode-10-the-spanish-inquisition/ | Episode 10: The Spanish Inquisition | The Inquisitors tended to be very rationalistic and for the most part didn’t believe there was such a thing as witchcraft. So, there was really only one outstanding episode of witch hunting in the 350-odd years of the Inquisition’s existence. This took place in the north of Spain in the Kingdom of Navarre, from 1609-1611. In fact, most scholars agree that Spain was notably free of witch trials in comparison to the rest of Europe. Did the Inquisition use torture on prisoners? Well, yes. But not as much as most people think. It didn’t apply torture indiscriminately. Most prisoners were not tortured at all. Torture was highly regulated. | 7,176 | 7,817 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4918128#13_7101089 | http://15minutehistory.org/2013/01/30/episode-10-the-spanish-inquisition/ | Episode 10: The Spanish Inquisition | Well, yes. But not as much as most people think. It didn’t apply torture indiscriminately. Most prisoners were not tortured at all. Torture was highly regulated. It took a lot of manpower and it was time consuming. It was only applied for two reasons. A) to gain a confession from a prisoner who was reluctant to confess, or B), to gain information about other heretics, more names to prosecute. So, if the tribunal was satisfied that a prisoner, after being interrogated, had confessed and supplied the information that was wanted, and this happened frequently, then they wouldn’t call for torture. The elderly and the sick wouldn’t be tortured. | 7,655 | 8,302 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4918128#14_7102005 | http://15minutehistory.org/2013/01/30/episode-10-the-spanish-inquisition/ | Episode 10: The Spanish Inquisition | It took a lot of manpower and it was time consuming. It was only applied for two reasons. A) to gain a confession from a prisoner who was reluctant to confess, or B), to gain information about other heretics, more names to prosecute. So, if the tribunal was satisfied that a prisoner, after being interrogated, had confessed and supplied the information that was wanted, and this happened frequently, then they wouldn’t call for torture. The elderly and the sick wouldn’t be tortured. Whenever torture was administered, a physician was expected to be present in order to suspend the proceedings if they felt that the prisoner’s life was in danger. So, it was not automatic, it was not indiscriminate, and it was actually much more regulated than torture in civil courts at this time. Composite Inquisition scene by the Dutch artist Adriaan Schoonebeek (1658-1705)
The punishments that I associate with the Spanish Inquisition seem torturous. When I think of the Spanish Inquisition, I think of burning at the stake? Is that how most people were punished if they were found guilty? | 7,818 | 8,898 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4918128#15_7103356 | http://15minutehistory.org/2013/01/30/episode-10-the-spanish-inquisition/ | Episode 10: The Spanish Inquisition | Whenever torture was administered, a physician was expected to be present in order to suspend the proceedings if they felt that the prisoner’s life was in danger. So, it was not automatic, it was not indiscriminate, and it was actually much more regulated than torture in civil courts at this time. Composite Inquisition scene by the Dutch artist Adriaan Schoonebeek (1658-1705)
The punishments that I associate with the Spanish Inquisition seem torturous. When I think of the Spanish Inquisition, I think of burning at the stake? Is that how most people were punished if they were found guilty? Another misconception. Burning at the stake was certainly one of the possible punishments, but not by a long shot was every victim of the Inquisition burned at the stake. There were many other punishments. Some of them were severe, for example: public lashes, which could be humiliating as well as painful; | 8,303 | 9,205 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4918128#16_7104519 | http://15minutehistory.org/2013/01/30/episode-10-the-spanish-inquisition/ | Episode 10: The Spanish Inquisition | Another misconception. Burning at the stake was certainly one of the possible punishments, but not by a long shot was every victim of the Inquisition burned at the stake. There were many other punishments. Some of them were severe, for example: public lashes, which could be humiliating as well as painful; further imprisonment; one of the worst was service in the galleys, that is working rowing in the galleys of ships. Some of them were lighter: it could be a mere reprimand by an Inquisitor, or a scolding, or taking a pledge to be loyal to the church. It could be paying a severe penalty, it could be exile from a town or a region for a specified period. | 8,898 | 9,558 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4918128#17_7105433 | http://15minutehistory.org/2013/01/30/episode-10-the-spanish-inquisition/ | Episode 10: The Spanish Inquisition | further imprisonment; one of the worst was service in the galleys, that is working rowing in the galleys of ships. Some of them were lighter: it could be a mere reprimand by an Inquisitor, or a scolding, or taking a pledge to be loyal to the church. It could be paying a severe penalty, it could be exile from a town or a region for a specified period. Most prisoners who were tried were not burned at the stake. There’s a study of 44,000 cases–a little less than half the cases after 1540–out of those 44,674 cases, 824 were burned at the state. That’s still a lot of people, but it’s less than 2% of those arrested and tried and a lot less than most people think. Were people ever found not guilty and released? Actually, the Inquisition did not adhere to the principle that you’re innocent u | 9,206 | 10,000 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4932975#0_7106513 | http://15minutehistory.org/2013/02/20/episode-13-simon-bolivar/ | Episode 13: Simón Bolívar | Episode 13: Simón Bolívar
Skip to main content
15 Minute History
15 Minute History is a history podcast designed for historians, enthusiasts, and newbies alike. Menu
Episodes
Speakers
Donate
February 20, 2013
Episode 13: Simón Bolívar
Audio Player
https://podcasts.la.utexas.edu/15-minute-history/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/Episode-13_-Simón-Bolívar.mp3
00:00
00:00
00:00
Use Up/Down Arrow keys to increase or decrease volume. Download file | Play in new window
He’s been called Spanish America’s answer to George Washington and Thomas Jefferson combined, but Simón Bolívar was both and yet neither. An orphaned child shuttled between distant relatives, he was educated in the principles of the Enlightenment and cut his political teeth watching Napoleon take over most of Europe. He is revered as the Liberator of Spanish America, even though he held most of his compatriots in disdain and eventually declared himself dictator before dying a political failure on his way to exile. Guest Jorge Cañizares-Esguerra from UT’s Department of History discusses the intricacies of Simón Bolívar, an enigma who is still revered and reviled two centuries after his death. Guests
Jorge Cañizares-Esguerra Alice Drysdale Sheffield Professor of History at the University of Texas at Austin
Hosts
Joan Neuberger Professor of History, University of Texas at Austin
Read Transcript...
Portrait of Simón Bolívar. Let’s start with a short biographical note. | 0 | 1,451 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4932975#1_7108315 | http://15minutehistory.org/2013/02/20/episode-13-simon-bolivar/ | Episode 13: Simón Bolívar | An orphaned child shuttled between distant relatives, he was educated in the principles of the Enlightenment and cut his political teeth watching Napoleon take over most of Europe. He is revered as the Liberator of Spanish America, even though he held most of his compatriots in disdain and eventually declared himself dictator before dying a political failure on his way to exile. Guest Jorge Cañizares-Esguerra from UT’s Department of History discusses the intricacies of Simón Bolívar, an enigma who is still revered and reviled two centuries after his death. Guests
Jorge Cañizares-Esguerra Alice Drysdale Sheffield Professor of History at the University of Texas at Austin
Hosts
Joan Neuberger Professor of History, University of Texas at Austin
Read Transcript...
Portrait of Simón Bolívar. Let’s start with a short biographical note. What was Simon Bolívar most famous for? He was instrumental in ending 300 years of Spanish rule in the Americas at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries. He ought to be considered the Spanish American equivalent of both George Washington and Thomas Jefferson. Like Washington, Bolívar led a people onto the battlefield to gain independence. Like Jefferson, Bolívar drafted constitutions inspired by the ideas of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution. | 611 | 1,926 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4932975#2_7109933 | http://15minutehistory.org/2013/02/20/episode-13-simon-bolivar/ | Episode 13: Simón Bolívar | What was Simon Bolívar most famous for? He was instrumental in ending 300 years of Spanish rule in the Americas at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries. He ought to be considered the Spanish American equivalent of both George Washington and Thomas Jefferson. Like Washington, Bolívar led a people onto the battlefield to gain independence. Like Jefferson, Bolívar drafted constitutions inspired by the ideas of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution. Yet, Bolívar was neither Washington nor Jefferson. Unlike Washington, who suffered excruciating pain from rotten dentures, Bolívar kept to his death a wholesome set of teeth. More important, Bolívar did not end his days revered and worshiped like Washington. Bolívar died on his way to self-imposed exile, despised by many. Unlike Jefferson, who admired the ideals of the French Revolution but never actually lived up to them—contradictorily espousing the ideals of freedoms and equality while living comfortably off the labor of hundreds of slaves—Bolívar liquidated all of his plantations and set all of his slaves free. | 1,452 | 2,549 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4932975#3_7111324 | http://15minutehistory.org/2013/02/20/episode-13-simon-bolivar/ | Episode 13: Simón Bolívar | Yet, Bolívar was neither Washington nor Jefferson. Unlike Washington, who suffered excruciating pain from rotten dentures, Bolívar kept to his death a wholesome set of teeth. More important, Bolívar did not end his days revered and worshiped like Washington. Bolívar died on his way to self-imposed exile, despised by many. Unlike Jefferson, who admired the ideals of the French Revolution but never actually lived up to them—contradictorily espousing the ideals of freedoms and equality while living comfortably off the labor of hundreds of slaves—Bolívar liquidated all of his plantations and set all of his slaves free. There are, to be sure, puzzling paradoxes about Bolívar, like Jefferson. He was personally willing to give up all earthly possessions and all comfort during 18 years of military campaigns against Spanish tyranny, but he himself became a dictator. Bolívar was a pragmatist who willingly bent principles in pursuit of strategic goals. This man who allegedly despised Machiavelli was himself a Machiavellian for whom the ends justify all means. He was also a great political failure. | 1,926 | 3,030 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4932975#4_7112716 | http://15minutehistory.org/2013/02/20/episode-13-simon-bolivar/ | Episode 13: Simón Bolívar | There are, to be sure, puzzling paradoxes about Bolívar, like Jefferson. He was personally willing to give up all earthly possessions and all comfort during 18 years of military campaigns against Spanish tyranny, but he himself became a dictator. Bolívar was a pragmatist who willingly bent principles in pursuit of strategic goals. This man who allegedly despised Machiavelli was himself a Machiavellian for whom the ends justify all means. He was also a great political failure. So, where did he come from? What was his early life like? Bolívar was born in Caracas, Venezuela, in 1783 to a prominent local family of Basque cacao planters. At the time, Venezuela was Spain’s colony. He became an orphan at the tender age of two – his father died when he was two – and his mother died when he was nine. | 2,549 | 3,352 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4932975#5_7113792 | http://15minutehistory.org/2013/02/20/episode-13-simon-bolivar/ | Episode 13: Simón Bolívar | So, where did he come from? What was his early life like? Bolívar was born in Caracas, Venezuela, in 1783 to a prominent local family of Basque cacao planters. At the time, Venezuela was Spain’s colony. He became an orphan at the tender age of two – his father died when he was two – and his mother died when he was nine. Thereafter, he would temporarily live under the rotating custody of aunts, grandparents, and uncles. His long term guardians were a philanderer uncle and a black wet-nurse known as la negra Hipólita. Bolívar inherited wealth–plantations and slaves–but also a very loose upbringing and no formal education. He would always be at ease among the poor, the black, and the deviant–prostitutes, for example. He spent his youth moving around households and riding horses. | 3,030 | 3,817 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4932975#6_7114867 | http://15minutehistory.org/2013/02/20/episode-13-simon-bolivar/ | Episode 13: Simón Bolívar | Thereafter, he would temporarily live under the rotating custody of aunts, grandparents, and uncles. His long term guardians were a philanderer uncle and a black wet-nurse known as la negra Hipólita. Bolívar inherited wealth–plantations and slaves–but also a very loose upbringing and no formal education. He would always be at ease among the poor, the black, and the deviant–prostitutes, for example. He spent his youth moving around households and riding horses. Jumping on and off running stallions, for example, prepared him well for battle, but also may have rendered him infertile; he never issued offspring. Bolívar grew up to be a planter, an administrator of hacienda peons and slaves in a booming commercial entrepôt – Caracas. So, at age 15, he went to Spain to learn about the workings of commerce and empire. So, he left Venezuela and went off to Spain-what was his life like in Spain? | 3,353 | 4,251 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4932975#7_7116049 | http://15minutehistory.org/2013/02/20/episode-13-simon-bolivar/ | Episode 13: Simón Bolívar | Jumping on and off running stallions, for example, prepared him well for battle, but also may have rendered him infertile; he never issued offspring. Bolívar grew up to be a planter, an administrator of hacienda peons and slaves in a booming commercial entrepôt – Caracas. So, at age 15, he went to Spain to learn about the workings of commerce and empire. So, he left Venezuela and went off to Spain-what was his life like in Spain? In Madrid, Bolívar first lodged with his financially strapped uncles who were at court lobbying for titles of nobility. He soon moved to the house of the Minister of War Council, the Marquis of Uztáriz, a fellow Basque who would become a stabilizing force in his life. Uztáriz hired tutors to educate Bolívar and to help him find a proper match, María Teresa Rodríguez del Toro y Alaiza. Bolívar married María Teresa at age 18, in 1802, and promptly returned to Caracas to tend to his plantations and to his adolescent love nest. Upon arrival, María died, and Bolívar was left devastated. | 3,818 | 4,840 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4932975#8_7117380 | http://15minutehistory.org/2013/02/20/episode-13-simon-bolivar/ | Episode 13: Simón Bolívar | In Madrid, Bolívar first lodged with his financially strapped uncles who were at court lobbying for titles of nobility. He soon moved to the house of the Minister of War Council, the Marquis of Uztáriz, a fellow Basque who would become a stabilizing force in his life. Uztáriz hired tutors to educate Bolívar and to help him find a proper match, María Teresa Rodríguez del Toro y Alaiza. Bolívar married María Teresa at age 18, in 1802, and promptly returned to Caracas to tend to his plantations and to his adolescent love nest. Upon arrival, María died, and Bolívar was left devastated. Her death proved providential. So, upon María’s death, he went back to Europe? What did he do there? Miniature portrait of Simón Bolívar painted in Paris, 1804 or 1805
A grown up in charge of his property and finances at last—he was 18—Bolívar decided to change course and return to Europe to heal. His healing took him to Paris and Rome, where he witnessed the coronation of Napoleon as emperor. | 4,251 | 5,237 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4932975#9_7118695 | http://15minutehistory.org/2013/02/20/episode-13-simon-bolivar/ | Episode 13: Simón Bolívar | Her death proved providential. So, upon María’s death, he went back to Europe? What did he do there? Miniature portrait of Simón Bolívar painted in Paris, 1804 or 1805
A grown up in charge of his property and finances at last—he was 18—Bolívar decided to change course and return to Europe to heal. His healing took him to Paris and Rome, where he witnessed the coronation of Napoleon as emperor. He began to think of politics for the first time. For three years—from 1803 to 1806—Bolívar began to familiarize himself with the politics of Europe and the writings of the Enlightenment. He became particularly attracted to the writings of Montesquieu, especially to the notion that laws sprang from the ground up, but could also be engineered from the top down. He became familiar with the writings of the Romantics, like Rousseau, and their biting critique of the Enlightenment’s dangerous abstractions like the idea that humans and societies were inherently reasonable. So, at the time that ideas of individual freedom were spreading in western Europe and the North Atlantic, Bolívar had his own perspective on European ideas, is that right? | 4,841 | 5,982 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4932975#10_7120141 | http://15minutehistory.org/2013/02/20/episode-13-simon-bolivar/ | Episode 13: Simón Bolívar | He began to think of politics for the first time. For three years—from 1803 to 1806—Bolívar began to familiarize himself with the politics of Europe and the writings of the Enlightenment. He became particularly attracted to the writings of Montesquieu, especially to the notion that laws sprang from the ground up, but could also be engineered from the top down. He became familiar with the writings of the Romantics, like Rousseau, and their biting critique of the Enlightenment’s dangerous abstractions like the idea that humans and societies were inherently reasonable. So, at the time that ideas of individual freedom were spreading in western Europe and the North Atlantic, Bolívar had his own perspective on European ideas, is that right? Yes, indeed. He was very creative and very independent when it came to reading the Enlightenment and the Romantics. Bolívar became a pragmatist and a Classical Republican. That is, skeptical of the principles of liberalism. For Bolívar, the Classical Republican, the interests of the nation—whether the city of Caracas or the entire Spanish-American empire—trumped the rights of individuals, not the other way around as liberals and libertarians would expect. | 5,238 | 6,442 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4932975#11_7121635 | http://15minutehistory.org/2013/02/20/episode-13-simon-bolivar/ | Episode 13: Simón Bolívar | Yes, indeed. He was very creative and very independent when it came to reading the Enlightenment and the Romantics. Bolívar became a pragmatist and a Classical Republican. That is, skeptical of the principles of liberalism. For Bolívar, the Classical Republican, the interests of the nation—whether the city of Caracas or the entire Spanish-American empire—trumped the rights of individuals, not the other way around as liberals and libertarians would expect. He also grew critical of Enlightenment ideas of the great potential of human reason. Bolívar proved particularly fascinated with the notion of opinion, that is, the shaping of peoples through culture to go against their own self-interest. So a kind of early propaganda? Is that right? Indeed. | 5,982 | 6,735 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4932975#12_7122657 | http://15minutehistory.org/2013/02/20/episode-13-simon-bolivar/ | Episode 13: Simón Bolívar | He also grew critical of Enlightenment ideas of the great potential of human reason. Bolívar proved particularly fascinated with the notion of opinion, that is, the shaping of peoples through culture to go against their own self-interest. So a kind of early propaganda? Is that right? Indeed. An earlier view of culture in politics – that you can go against your own self interest. He also adopted another critique of the Spanish monarchy as a commercially backward tyrannical empire that purposefully kept the people ignorant and oppressed through the power of opinion. At a time when Venezuela had witnessed countless slave conspiracies to gain their freedom, and a failed invasion by the British navy and Bolívar’s compatriot, the glamorous Francisco Miranda (who allegedly was a lover of the Russian empress Catherine), Bolívar returned to Caracas in 1807 to participate in politics. The opportunity to participate came sooner rather than later in the wake of Napoleon’s invasion of Spain and Portugal. In 1808 Napoleon toppled Ferdinand VII and left the Spanish empire without a king. | 6,442 | 7,532 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4932975#13_7124021 | http://15minutehistory.org/2013/02/20/episode-13-simon-bolivar/ | Episode 13: Simón Bolívar | An earlier view of culture in politics – that you can go against your own self interest. He also adopted another critique of the Spanish monarchy as a commercially backward tyrannical empire that purposefully kept the people ignorant and oppressed through the power of opinion. At a time when Venezuela had witnessed countless slave conspiracies to gain their freedom, and a failed invasion by the British navy and Bolívar’s compatriot, the glamorous Francisco Miranda (who allegedly was a lover of the Russian empress Catherine), Bolívar returned to Caracas in 1807 to participate in politics. The opportunity to participate came sooner rather than later in the wake of Napoleon’s invasion of Spain and Portugal. In 1808 Napoleon toppled Ferdinand VII and left the Spanish empire without a king. Cities everywhere in the Americas and Spain elected councils, called juntas, which declared Napoleon and the French enemies—nobody wanted anything to do with Napoleon and the French. These cities also declared their lasting love for the monarchy. Napoleon’s invasion made evident where the power of the monarchy really resided–namely in the many cities of the empire. So, how did Venezuela’s powers respond to Napoleon’s invasion of Spain? The Venezuelan juntas, or city councils, declared each city self-ruling. | 6,736 | 8,045 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4932975#14_7125625 | http://15minutehistory.org/2013/02/20/episode-13-simon-bolivar/ | Episode 13: Simón Bolívar | Cities everywhere in the Americas and Spain elected councils, called juntas, which declared Napoleon and the French enemies—nobody wanted anything to do with Napoleon and the French. These cities also declared their lasting love for the monarchy. Napoleon’s invasion made evident where the power of the monarchy really resided–namely in the many cities of the empire. So, how did Venezuela’s powers respond to Napoleon’s invasion of Spain? The Venezuelan juntas, or city councils, declared each city self-ruling. Autonomous from the new authorities that Napoleon had appointed. Most cities did not seek full independence from Spain or consider a future with no monarchs. It was very difficult to think in terms of a republic. They wanted the monarchy to survive. Under the leadership of prominent leaders like Bolívar, however, the city of Caracas took a different route. | 7,533 | 8,404 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4932975#15_7126771 | http://15minutehistory.org/2013/02/20/episode-13-simon-bolivar/ | Episode 13: Simón Bolívar | Autonomous from the new authorities that Napoleon had appointed. Most cities did not seek full independence from Spain or consider a future with no monarchs. It was very difficult to think in terms of a republic. They wanted the monarchy to survive. Under the leadership of prominent leaders like Bolívar, however, the city of Caracas took a different route. The junta of Caracas began to press neighboring juntas to unite and declare Venezuela an independent republic, which they did in 1810. So, independent of Spain and a self-governing republic, rather than a constitutional monarchy…
… right. The church and many of the humble poor, including the blacks—who benefited from many of the institutions that the Spanish monarch had created for the free people of color to gain upward social mobility—resented the heavy-handed maneuvering of the junta of Caracas. The recently created Republic of Caracas soon crumbled down-literally. The earthquake of 1812 destroyed most of coastal Venezuela and sparked an uprising against the oligarchic leaders of the junta of Caracas. | 8,046 | 9,118 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4932975#16_7128114 | http://15minutehistory.org/2013/02/20/episode-13-simon-bolivar/ | Episode 13: Simón Bolívar | The junta of Caracas began to press neighboring juntas to unite and declare Venezuela an independent republic, which they did in 1810. So, independent of Spain and a self-governing republic, rather than a constitutional monarchy…
… right. The church and many of the humble poor, including the blacks—who benefited from many of the institutions that the Spanish monarch had created for the free people of color to gain upward social mobility—resented the heavy-handed maneuvering of the junta of Caracas. The recently created Republic of Caracas soon crumbled down-literally. The earthquake of 1812 destroyed most of coastal Venezuela and sparked an uprising against the oligarchic leaders of the junta of Caracas. As Catholics, the poor and the blacks resented the atheism of the Enlightenment leaders of Caracas as well. So, we would assume that poor people, common people would like to see a Republic, but in fact they benefited from the monarchy and opposed the Bolívar government…
… right. Very counter-intuitive. So when this first Republic crumbled, did Bolívar change his mind about Republican government, or about tactics for making Venezuela independent? Yes and no. | 8,405 | 9,580 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4932975#17_7129576 | http://15minutehistory.org/2013/02/20/episode-13-simon-bolivar/ | Episode 13: Simón Bolívar | As Catholics, the poor and the blacks resented the atheism of the Enlightenment leaders of Caracas as well. So, we would assume that poor people, common people would like to see a Republic, but in fact they benefited from the monarchy and opposed the Bolívar government…
… right. Very counter-intuitive. So when this first Republic crumbled, did Bolívar change his mind about Republican government, or about tactics for making Venezuela independent? Yes and no. Bolívar fled to Cartagena, in today’s Colombia. In his Manifesto from Cartagena, he drew lessons from this failure. One lesson Bolívar drew was that the city council of Caracas had been dominated by liberals, not classical Republicans. That is, those who privileged individual rights over the interest of the community as a whole. Enamored of the attractions of liberalism, including the defense of individual freedoms | 9,119 | 9,999 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4951994#0_7130737 | http://15minutehistory.org/2013/03/06/episode-15-the-era-between-the-empires-of-ancient-india/ | Episode 15: The “Era Between The Empires” of Ancient India | Episode 15: The “Era Between The Empires” of Ancient India
Skip to main content
15 Minute History
15 Minute History is a history podcast designed for historians, enthusiasts, and newbies alike. Menu
Episodes
Speakers
Donate
March 6, 2013
Episode 15: The “Era Between The Empires” of Ancient India
Audio Player
https://podcasts.la.utexas.edu/15-minute-history/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/Episode-15_-The-_Era-Between-The-Empires_-of-Ancient-India.mp3
00:00
00:00
00:00
Use Up/Down Arrow keys to increase or decrease volume. Download file | Play in new window
Ancient, or Classical, India (300s BC-400s AD) was a seminal period in history. Nearly everything that is associated with classical India, the epics such as the the Rāmāyaṇa and the Mahābhārata, and great temple architecture, came out of this period. Great kings like Aśoka left their mark on the classical world. Moreover, this was the period when oral traditions were written down, and the classical Vedic religion began to take on a form that we understand as Hindusim. Guest Patrick Olivelle from UT’s Department of Asian Studies describes the Maurya and Gupta Empires and the flourishing period of South Asian history “between the empires.” Guests
Patrick Olivelle Professor Emeritus, Department of Asian Studies, University of Texas at Austin
Hosts
Christopher Rose Postdoctoral Fellow, Institute for Historical Studies, The University of Texas at Austin
Read Transcript...
What was notable about this period in Indian history, and which are the two empires that we’re going to be talking about today? | 0 | 1,573 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4951994#1_7132705 | http://15minutehistory.org/2013/03/06/episode-15-the-era-between-the-empires-of-ancient-india/ | Episode 15: The “Era Between The Empires” of Ancient India | Nearly everything that is associated with classical India, the epics such as the the Rāmāyaṇa and the Mahābhārata, and great temple architecture, came out of this period. Great kings like Aśoka left their mark on the classical world. Moreover, this was the period when oral traditions were written down, and the classical Vedic religion began to take on a form that we understand as Hindusim. Guest Patrick Olivelle from UT’s Department of Asian Studies describes the Maurya and Gupta Empires and the flourishing period of South Asian history “between the empires.” Guests
Patrick Olivelle Professor Emeritus, Department of Asian Studies, University of Texas at Austin
Hosts
Christopher Rose Postdoctoral Fellow, Institute for Historical Studies, The University of Texas at Austin
Read Transcript...
What was notable about this period in Indian history, and which are the two empires that we’re going to be talking about today? The two empires are the Maurya Empire, which is the first, from about the 4th-3rd century BC and the Gupta Empire, and the second is the Gupta Empire, which goes from the 4th century to the 5th century AD. This is a period of about 600-700 years. I have called this period the “period between the empires.” That has been the seminal period in Indian history: everything that you associate with India, whether it is literature, religion, or architecture comes from this period. | 646 | 2,050 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4951994#2_7134481 | http://15minutehistory.org/2013/03/06/episode-15-the-era-between-the-empires-of-ancient-india/ | Episode 15: The “Era Between The Empires” of Ancient India | The two empires are the Maurya Empire, which is the first, from about the 4th-3rd century BC and the Gupta Empire, and the second is the Gupta Empire, which goes from the 4th century to the 5th century AD. This is a period of about 600-700 years. I have called this period the “period between the empires.” That has been the seminal period in Indian history: everything that you associate with India, whether it is literature, religion, or architecture comes from this period. The major philosophical traditions, the major works were written during this period. If you talk about the yoga s?tras, which are the foundational texts of yoga, they were written during this period. Almost all of the Buddhist canonical literatures were written during this period. So, you have this period that is so seminar that most of what we associate with India–take the major temples and architectural monuments, all coming from this period. A map of the Maurya Dynasty at its height in 265 BC, showing major cities, early Buddhist sites, Ashokan Edicts, etc. | 1,573 | 2,617 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4951994#3_7135847 | http://15minutehistory.org/2013/03/06/episode-15-the-era-between-the-empires-of-ancient-india/ | Episode 15: The “Era Between The Empires” of Ancient India | The major philosophical traditions, the major works were written during this period. If you talk about the yoga s?tras, which are the foundational texts of yoga, they were written during this period. Almost all of the Buddhist canonical literatures were written during this period. So, you have this period that is so seminar that most of what we associate with India–take the major temples and architectural monuments, all coming from this period. A map of the Maurya Dynasty at its height in 265 BC, showing major cities, early Buddhist sites, Ashokan Edicts, etc. Chronologically, we’re going to begin in the 4th century, BC. What was it that propelled the first of these two empires to rise? What was going on, and how did they consolidate power? We know very little about this period. In all likelihood, there was the final incursion of Alexander the Great coming into northwest India, and he defeated many of the kings, which seemed to have left a power vacuum in northern India. | 2,051 | 3,036 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4951994#4_7137150 | http://15minutehistory.org/2013/03/06/episode-15-the-era-between-the-empires-of-ancient-india/ | Episode 15: The “Era Between The Empires” of Ancient India | Chronologically, we’re going to begin in the 4th century, BC. What was it that propelled the first of these two empires to rise? What was going on, and how did they consolidate power? We know very little about this period. In all likelihood, there was the final incursion of Alexander the Great coming into northwest India, and he defeated many of the kings, which seemed to have left a power vacuum in northern India. Immediately after Alexander withdrew, Chandragupta, probably a local king, rose to power and took his capital in eastern India. Today it’s called Patna, in those days it was called Pataliputra. He, his son, and his grandson who is the great A?oka, consolidated power over a vast area of northern India. A?oka actually brought it all the way west to Afghanistan and south to what is today southern India-Karnataka and that area where Mysore is located. This is where probably the largest empire before the British was located–almost all of India, but going into Afghanistan and Pakistan was under of the power of this single king, A?oka. | 2,617 | 3,673 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4951994#5_7138528 | http://15minutehistory.org/2013/03/06/episode-15-the-era-between-the-empires-of-ancient-india/ | Episode 15: The “Era Between The Empires” of Ancient India | Immediately after Alexander withdrew, Chandragupta, probably a local king, rose to power and took his capital in eastern India. Today it’s called Patna, in those days it was called Pataliputra. He, his son, and his grandson who is the great A?oka, consolidated power over a vast area of northern India. A?oka actually brought it all the way west to Afghanistan and south to what is today southern India-Karnataka and that area where Mysore is located. This is where probably the largest empire before the British was located–almost all of India, but going into Afghanistan and Pakistan was under of the power of this single king, A?oka. Bilingual (Greek and Aramaic) inscriptions by king A?oka at Kandahar (Shar-i-kuna). ( 3rd century BC). Formerly housed at the Kabul Museum, its whereabouts are unknown today. Two-dimensional inscription. ( click on image for transcription/translation)
That’s quite an accomplishment, particularly in the pre-modern era, for an empire to be able to rule over such a large territory. | 3,037 | 4,053 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4951994#6_7139870 | http://15minutehistory.org/2013/03/06/episode-15-the-era-between-the-empires-of-ancient-india/ | Episode 15: The “Era Between The Empires” of Ancient India | Bilingual (Greek and Aramaic) inscriptions by king A?oka at Kandahar (Shar-i-kuna). ( 3rd century BC). Formerly housed at the Kabul Museum, its whereabouts are unknown today. Two-dimensional inscription. ( click on image for transcription/translation)
That’s quite an accomplishment, particularly in the pre-modern era, for an empire to be able to rule over such a large territory. How did they control that area politically, militarily, and economically? It is very unclear. It is clear that he did not control every inch of this territory. He controlled, I think, the major trade routes, the major population centers. How we know that he controlled these areas is that he left the first inscriptions of India, both pillar and rock inscriptions. | 3,673 | 4,418 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4951994#7_7140930 | http://15minutehistory.org/2013/03/06/episode-15-the-era-between-the-empires-of-ancient-india/ | Episode 15: The “Era Between The Empires” of Ancient India | How did they control that area politically, militarily, and economically? It is very unclear. It is clear that he did not control every inch of this territory. He controlled, I think, the major trade routes, the major population centers. How we know that he controlled these areas is that he left the first inscriptions of India, both pillar and rock inscriptions. We have found them in Afghanistan–we have a bilingual inscription in Greek and Aramaic, which is in Kandahar. We have inscriptions in southern India, we have inscriptions all around what is today the eastern seaboard as well as the western seaboard, and going all the way into what is today Nepal. So, he left his fingerprints all over this area with these inscriptions. Indian 10 Rupee note featuring one of the capitals of A?oka’s pillars at the bottom left. What are written on these inscriptions? | 4,054 | 4,919 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4951994#8_7142113 | http://15minutehistory.org/2013/03/06/episode-15-the-era-between-the-empires-of-ancient-india/ | Episode 15: The “Era Between The Empires” of Ancient India | We have found them in Afghanistan–we have a bilingual inscription in Greek and Aramaic, which is in Kandahar. We have inscriptions in southern India, we have inscriptions all around what is today the eastern seaboard as well as the western seaboard, and going all the way into what is today Nepal. So, he left his fingerprints all over this area with these inscriptions. Indian 10 Rupee note featuring one of the capitals of A?oka’s pillars at the bottom left. What are written on these inscriptions? I know, for example, that one of the pillars appears on the Indian 10-Rupee note, so clearly they’re very famous. And the capitals, the lion capital is on the Indian currency and on the Indian flag. What is significant is that these are the first written documents from ancient India. Ancient Indian civilizations operated for almost a thousand years without, as far as we know, something written. If it existed, we don’t have it. | 4,419 | 5,350 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4951994#9_7143372 | http://15minutehistory.org/2013/03/06/episode-15-the-era-between-the-empires-of-ancient-india/ | Episode 15: The “Era Between The Empires” of Ancient India | I know, for example, that one of the pillars appears on the Indian 10-Rupee note, so clearly they’re very famous. And the capitals, the lion capital is on the Indian currency and on the Indian flag. What is significant is that these are the first written documents from ancient India. Ancient Indian civilizations operated for almost a thousand years without, as far as we know, something written. If it existed, we don’t have it. These are the first writings from India. We have texts predating it, but these were all oral texts. What is interesting about these particular inscriptions is that I have called them “letters.” They have a letter mode: he is writing to his people, he is writing counselors–his officials–and they all preach the gospel of morality, especially of not killing– ahimsa. | 4,920 | 5,716 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4951994#10_7144511 | http://15minutehistory.org/2013/03/06/episode-15-the-era-between-the-empires-of-ancient-india/ | Episode 15: The “Era Between The Empires” of Ancient India | These are the first writings from India. We have texts predating it, but these were all oral texts. What is interesting about these particular inscriptions is that I have called them “letters.” They have a letter mode: he is writing to his people, he is writing counselors–his officials–and they all preach the gospel of morality, especially of not killing– ahimsa. This is the earliest expression of that non-injury, not killing. So, here’s an emperor who killed a lot of people to come to power, and he became a Buddhist. In his new-found faith, he found this “doing good, being kind, not killing,” as the central ethical principal. Do we have any sense of what kind of King he was, other than these written texts? Do we know how long he ruled? | 5,351 | 6,097 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4951994#11_7145606 | http://15minutehistory.org/2013/03/06/episode-15-the-era-between-the-empires-of-ancient-india/ | Episode 15: The “Era Between The Empires” of Ancient India | This is the earliest expression of that non-injury, not killing. So, here’s an emperor who killed a lot of people to come to power, and he became a Buddhist. In his new-found faith, he found this “doing good, being kind, not killing,” as the central ethical principal. Do we have any sense of what kind of King he was, other than these written texts? Do we know how long he ruled? Yes, we know he ruled from 268-233 BC, thereabouts, and we know that he was a king who was very powerful. He says in his inscriptions that, “Even though I have given up the sword, I still have it!” This is something very interesting. He had a bureaucracy that was quite large, and we have very technical terms for the various people in his bureaucracy, so it must have been very extensive. He had a chancery in his capital, Pataliputra, which produced a lot of documents. | 5,717 | 6,569 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4951994#12_7146792 | http://15minutehistory.org/2013/03/06/episode-15-the-era-between-the-empires-of-ancient-india/ | Episode 15: The “Era Between The Empires” of Ancient India | Yes, we know he ruled from 268-233 BC, thereabouts, and we know that he was a king who was very powerful. He says in his inscriptions that, “Even though I have given up the sword, I still have it!” This is something very interesting. He had a bureaucracy that was quite large, and we have very technical terms for the various people in his bureaucracy, so it must have been very extensive. He had a chancery in his capital, Pataliputra, which produced a lot of documents. What I think is that what we find here would be a very small percentage of what he actually wrote. These were probably originated as written documents that were written on paper of some kind, and later anthologized–brought together–and then inscribed on stone. So, he must have had a chancery that sent these things. He also boasts that he sent doctors and missionaries to countries outside of India. He talks about Egypt, Antioch, Rome, Sri Lanka, where he sent his ambassadors. | 6,097 | 7,049 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4951994#13_7148072 | http://15minutehistory.org/2013/03/06/episode-15-the-era-between-the-empires-of-ancient-india/ | Episode 15: The “Era Between The Empires” of Ancient India | What I think is that what we find here would be a very small percentage of what he actually wrote. These were probably originated as written documents that were written on paper of some kind, and later anthologized–brought together–and then inscribed on stone. So, he must have had a chancery that sent these things. He also boasts that he sent doctors and missionaries to countries outside of India. He talks about Egypt, Antioch, Rome, Sri Lanka, where he sent his ambassadors. It was a multi-pronged attempt to influence–I think what we can say is to influence world affairs. He thought that his main word, which is a central word in Indian religion called “dharma” and he defined it ethically, he thought that if everyone followed dharma, there would be world peace. Well, that’s been a goal of many over the centuries-
-exactly! Do we know how the empire proceeded after A?oka’s rule? Not much. | 6,570 | 7,469 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4951994#14_7149316 | http://15minutehistory.org/2013/03/06/episode-15-the-era-between-the-empires-of-ancient-india/ | Episode 15: The “Era Between The Empires” of Ancient India | It was a multi-pronged attempt to influence–I think what we can say is to influence world affairs. He thought that his main word, which is a central word in Indian religion called “dharma” and he defined it ethically, he thought that if everyone followed dharma, there would be world peace. Well, that’s been a goal of many over the centuries-
-exactly! Do we know how the empire proceeded after A?oka’s rule? Not much. I think his children were not as good, or not as able as he was, and very soon, by the beginning of the second century BC–185 is the normal year given–his grandson was assassinated, and then the empire collapsed. Map showing the extent of the Gupta Empire (320-600 AD)
So, what was going on between the fall of the Maurya empire and the rise of the Gupta empire? There were many small, regional kingdoms. Some of them we know about because of numismatic evidence–we have coins issued by these kings. At this time, the first century BC, we have incursions into India by both the Bactrian kingdoms–the Greco-Bactrian kingdoms that was left behind by Alexander the Great in what is today Iran and Afghanistan. | 7,050 | 8,176 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4951994#15_7150798 | http://15minutehistory.org/2013/03/06/episode-15-the-era-between-the-empires-of-ancient-india/ | Episode 15: The “Era Between The Empires” of Ancient India | I think his children were not as good, or not as able as he was, and very soon, by the beginning of the second century BC–185 is the normal year given–his grandson was assassinated, and then the empire collapsed. Map showing the extent of the Gupta Empire (320-600 AD)
So, what was going on between the fall of the Maurya empire and the rise of the Gupta empire? There were many small, regional kingdoms. Some of them we know about because of numismatic evidence–we have coins issued by these kings. At this time, the first century BC, we have incursions into India by both the Bactrian kingdoms–the Greco-Bactrian kingdoms that was left behind by Alexander the Great in what is today Iran and Afghanistan. We have incursions from two groups of central Asian nomadic fighters: the ?? kas, who came in the 1st century before Christ, and the Kushanas who were much larger, and had quite an extensive empire in northern and central India, who came in the first century after Christ. It was the Guptas who finally defeated the Kushanas and took over their empire. The Gupta empire went from what is today Bengal and went to Pakistan, but on a narrow line across India, and did not go south. | 7,470 | 8,655 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4951994#16_7152314 | http://15minutehistory.org/2013/03/06/episode-15-the-era-between-the-empires-of-ancient-india/ | Episode 15: The “Era Between The Empires” of Ancient India | We have incursions from two groups of central Asian nomadic fighters: the ?? kas, who came in the 1st century before Christ, and the Kushanas who were much larger, and had quite an extensive empire in northern and central India, who came in the first century after Christ. It was the Guptas who finally defeated the Kushanas and took over their empire. The Gupta empire went from what is today Bengal and went to Pakistan, but on a narrow line across India, and did not go south. So, it was much smaller in extent than A?oka’s. You mentioned that the beginning of the interview that you viewed this period as between the two empires. What did the Gupta Empire accomplish that mirrored the Maurya’s accomplishments? Strangely enough, the Guptas occupied the same capital as the Maurya, Pataliputra–the same place. And the very first emperor, Chandragupta I, took on the same name as the very first emperor of the Mauryas. | 8,177 | 9,096 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4951994#17_7153558 | http://15minutehistory.org/2013/03/06/episode-15-the-era-between-the-empires-of-ancient-india/ | Episode 15: The “Era Between The Empires” of Ancient India | So, it was much smaller in extent than A?oka’s. You mentioned that the beginning of the interview that you viewed this period as between the two empires. What did the Gupta Empire accomplish that mirrored the Maurya’s accomplishments? Strangely enough, the Guptas occupied the same capital as the Maurya, Pataliputra–the same place. And the very first emperor, Chandragupta I, took on the same name as the very first emperor of the Mauryas. This was not accidental, I think. They were trying to lay claim to the old Maurya empire and legitimize their own imperial ambitions and dynasty through connections to it. What happened during the Gupta period was that the Gupta kingdom was a very rich kingdom. We have the largest number of gold coins coming from this period. Gold was abandoned. | 8,656 | 9,444 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4951994#18_7154670 | http://15minutehistory.org/2013/03/06/episode-15-the-era-between-the-empires-of-ancient-india/ | Episode 15: The “Era Between The Empires” of Ancient India | This was not accidental, I think. They were trying to lay claim to the old Maurya empire and legitimize their own imperial ambitions and dynasty through connections to it. What happened during the Gupta period was that the Gupta kingdom was a very rich kingdom. We have the largest number of gold coins coming from this period. Gold was abandoned. It was a time when art and literature flourished in India. Some of the major poets of India, such as K?lid?sa, who has been called the “Shakespeare of India” wrote during this period. Much of what we call the age of classical architecture in India comes from this period. So, it was a time of great cultural activity, not just political. What sorts of literature were being produced? | 9,097 | 9,828 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4951994#19_7155720 | http://15minutehistory.org/2013/03/06/episode-15-the-era-between-the-empires-of-ancient-india/ | Episode 15: The “Era Between The Empires” of Ancient India | It was a time when art and literature flourished in India. Some of the major poets of India, such as K?lid?sa, who has been called the “Shakespeare of India” wrote during this period. Much of what we call the age of classical architecture in India comes from this period. So, it was a time of great cultural activity, not just political. What sorts of literature were being produced? You mentioned K?lid?sa, India’s Shakespeare, so, perhaps you could familiarize our listeners a little bit with K?lid?sa and his works. K?lid?sa was both a poet as well as | 9,445 | 9,999 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4966600#0_7156598 | http://15minutevegetablegarden.com/how-hydrogen-peroxide-can-help-your-vegetable-garden-flourish/ | 15minutevegetablegarden.com | Ad block detected
Ad block detected | 15minutevegetablegarden.com
Ad block detected
Please disable your ad blocker and reload the page. | 0 | 97 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4966952#0_7156996 | http://15thamendment.harpweek.com/HubPages/CommentaryPage.asp?Commentary=06Bios16 | 15th Amendment Site | 15th Amendment Site
William Morris Stewart
(August 9, 1825 – April 23, 1909)
W illiam Stewart was a U.S. senator from Nevada who played an important role in the congressional passage of the Fifteenth Amendment and its ratification by his home state legislature. He was born to Miranda Morris Stewart and Frederick Augustus Stewart on August 9, 1825, on the family farm outside Lyons, New York. The family moved to Mesopotamia, Ohio, when he was a child. Stewart left home at age 14 to attend West Farmington Academy (Ohio) and Lyons Union School (New York), earning tuition by working as a common laborer and schoolteacher. With a tuition loan from a Lyons attorney, Stewart attended Yale University for three terms in 1849-1850, and then left for Nevada City, California, on a quest for gold. After reading law, he was admitted to the California bar in 1852, and established a practice in Nevada City. He quickly gained renown as an expert in mining law, and in 1852 chaired a conference of miners that set industry standards for claims and titles. Stewart attended the Whig National Convention in 1852, but later that year was appointed district attorney for Nevada County by the newly elected Democratic attorney general of California, John R. McConnell, who was Stewart’s law partner. In June-December 1854, Stewart served as acting attorney general while McConnell was on a leave of absence. Afterward, Stewart joined a prominent law firm in San Francisco, and in 1855 married Annie Elizabeth Foote, the daughter of one of his partners, former U.S. Senator Henry Foote. | 0 | 1,595 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4966952#1_7158868 | http://15thamendment.harpweek.com/HubPages/CommentaryPage.asp?Commentary=06Bios16 | 15th Amendment Site | After reading law, he was admitted to the California bar in 1852, and established a practice in Nevada City. He quickly gained renown as an expert in mining law, and in 1852 chaired a conference of miners that set industry standards for claims and titles. Stewart attended the Whig National Convention in 1852, but later that year was appointed district attorney for Nevada County by the newly elected Democratic attorney general of California, John R. McConnell, who was Stewart’s law partner. In June-December 1854, Stewart served as acting attorney general while McConnell was on a leave of absence. Afterward, Stewart joined a prominent law firm in San Francisco, and in 1855 married Annie Elizabeth Foote, the daughter of one of his partners, former U.S. Senator Henry Foote. The couple later had three daughters. In 1855, after failing to win the American Party (“Know Nothing”) nomination for state attorney general, Stewart moved back to Nevada City, resuming his law partnership with McConnell. Stewart continued specializing in mining law, and relocated to Virginia City, Nevada, in 1860, a year after the discovery of the nearby Comstock Lode. He became the area’s foremost attorney, involved in complicated litigation over conflicting claims in which he favored large corporations against independent operations. His legal work combined depth of knowledge, meticulous research, and a win-at-any-cost attitude. | 815 | 2,236 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4966952#2_7160554 | http://15thamendment.harpweek.com/HubPages/CommentaryPage.asp?Commentary=06Bios16 | 15th Amendment Site | The couple later had three daughters. In 1855, after failing to win the American Party (“Know Nothing”) nomination for state attorney general, Stewart moved back to Nevada City, resuming his law partnership with McConnell. Stewart continued specializing in mining law, and relocated to Virginia City, Nevada, in 1860, a year after the discovery of the nearby Comstock Lode. He became the area’s foremost attorney, involved in complicated litigation over conflicting claims in which he favored large corporations against independent operations. His legal work combined depth of knowledge, meticulous research, and a win-at-any-cost attitude. Under McConnell’s influence, Stewart had joined the Democratic Party in the 1850s, but switched to the Republican Party at the onset of the Civil War. Stewart was instrumental in drafting a proposed state constitution for Nevada, but it was overwhelmingly rejected by the territory’s voters in January 1864. After Nevada officially became a state on October 31, 1864, Stewart was elected as a Republican to represent it in the U.S. Senate. He helped author the National Mining Law of 1866, which limited government oversight in order to encourage private development. Initially a moderate on Reconstruction, he soon joined Republican radicals to oppose President Andrew Johnson’s policies. | 1,596 | 2,926 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4966952#3_7162160 | http://15thamendment.harpweek.com/HubPages/CommentaryPage.asp?Commentary=06Bios16 | 15th Amendment Site | Under McConnell’s influence, Stewart had joined the Democratic Party in the 1850s, but switched to the Republican Party at the onset of the Civil War. Stewart was instrumental in drafting a proposed state constitution for Nevada, but it was overwhelmingly rejected by the territory’s voters in January 1864. After Nevada officially became a state on October 31, 1864, Stewart was elected as a Republican to represent it in the U.S. Senate. He helped author the National Mining Law of 1866, which limited government oversight in order to encourage private development. Initially a moderate on Reconstruction, he soon joined Republican radicals to oppose President Andrew Johnson’s policies. In early 1869, Stewart proposed a constitutional amendment to prohibit the denial of suffrage or public office based on race, color, or previous status as a slave. The measure was replaced by the more moderate Fifteenth Amendment, which restricted discrimination in voting but not office holding. He then used his influence to ensure that Nevada became the first state to ratify the Fifteenth Amendment. For two months, Stewart’s private secretary was Mark Twain, who fictionalized his experience for the May 1868 issue of The Galaxy magazine. Stewart was reelected in 1869, but became involved in the Emma Mine scandal of the early 1870s in which he tried to persuade a British diplomat to sell worthless mining stock to investors in Great Britain. | 2,236 | 3,676 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4966952#4_7163865 | http://15thamendment.harpweek.com/HubPages/CommentaryPage.asp?Commentary=06Bios16 | 15th Amendment Site | In early 1869, Stewart proposed a constitutional amendment to prohibit the denial of suffrage or public office based on race, color, or previous status as a slave. The measure was replaced by the more moderate Fifteenth Amendment, which restricted discrimination in voting but not office holding. He then used his influence to ensure that Nevada became the first state to ratify the Fifteenth Amendment. For two months, Stewart’s private secretary was Mark Twain, who fictionalized his experience for the May 1868 issue of The Galaxy magazine. Stewart was reelected in 1869, but became involved in the Emma Mine scandal of the early 1870s in which he tried to persuade a British diplomat to sell worthless mining stock to investors in Great Britain. The scandal combined with a loss of financial backing forced him not to seek reelection. After leaving office at the end of his term in March 1875, he focused on his lucrative law practice. For more than 20 years, Stewart encouraged the development of Washington, D. C., by helping Westerners invest in real estate there, supporting the public works agenda of political boss Alexander Shepherd in the early 1870s, and establishing with Francis G. Newlands the Chevy Chase Land Development Company in the 1890s. The senator’s lavish home in Dupont Circle was known as “Stewart’s Castle.” In 1887, Stewart was again elected to the Senate, where he favored opening the Walker River Indian Reservation to mining companies and opposed federal oversight of voting rights (aimed at protecting black voters in the South). | 2,927 | 4,490 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4966952#5_7165699 | http://15thamendment.harpweek.com/HubPages/CommentaryPage.asp?Commentary=06Bios16 | 15th Amendment Site | The scandal combined with a loss of financial backing forced him not to seek reelection. After leaving office at the end of his term in March 1875, he focused on his lucrative law practice. For more than 20 years, Stewart encouraged the development of Washington, D. C., by helping Westerners invest in real estate there, supporting the public works agenda of political boss Alexander Shepherd in the early 1870s, and establishing with Francis G. Newlands the Chevy Chase Land Development Company in the 1890s. The senator’s lavish home in Dupont Circle was known as “Stewart’s Castle.” In 1887, Stewart was again elected to the Senate, where he favored opening the Walker River Indian Reservation to mining companies and opposed federal oversight of voting rights (aimed at protecting black voters in the South). Like other Western Republicans, Stewart favored the inflationist policy of the unlimited coinage of silver, which was a minority viewpoint in the party but popular among the silver miners of Nevada. In 1893 and again in 1899, he was reelected to the Senate as a Silver Republican. His monetary position led him to endorse Democrat William Jennings Bryan for president in 1896. Stewart’s reelection campaign in 1899 against former partner Francis G. Newlands was marred by corruption charges on both sides. Stewart rejoined the Republican Party in 1900. | 3,677 | 5,043 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4966952#6_7167336 | http://15thamendment.harpweek.com/HubPages/CommentaryPage.asp?Commentary=06Bios16 | 15th Amendment Site | Like other Western Republicans, Stewart favored the inflationist policy of the unlimited coinage of silver, which was a minority viewpoint in the party but popular among the silver miners of Nevada. In 1893 and again in 1899, he was reelected to the Senate as a Silver Republican. His monetary position led him to endorse Democrat William Jennings Bryan for president in 1896. Stewart’s reelection campaign in 1899 against former partner Francis G. Newlands was marred by corruption charges on both sides. Stewart rejoined the Republican Party in 1900. Two years later, he won the first case argued before the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague, The Netherlands. His wife died later that year, and he married May Agnes Cone, a widow, in 1903. Stewart retired at the end of his senate term in March 1905, and remained in Washington, D.C., where he died on April 23, 1909. | 4,491 | 5,370 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4972618#0_7168466 | http://15thcircuit.com/court-schedule | Court Hours and Holiday Schedule | 15th Circuit | Court Hours and Holiday Schedule
Court Hours and Holiday Schedule
Court Hours
Court Holidays 2021
| Court Hours and Holiday Schedule | 15th Circuit
Court Hours and Holiday Schedule
Court Hours
Monday through Friday
8:00 a.m. - 5:00 p.m.
The Clerk of Court's hours
Court Holidays 2021
New Year's Day
Friday, January 1, 2021
Martin Luther King Jr. Birthday
Monday, January 18, 2021
No Court Events*
Monday, February 15, 2021
Good Friday
Friday, April 2, 2021
Memorial Day
Monday, May 31, 2021
Independence Day (discretionary)
Friday, July 2, 2021
Independence Day (observed)
Monday, July 5, 2021
Labor Day
Monday, September 6, 2021
Rosh Hashanah
Tuesday, September 7, 2021
Yom Kippur
Thursday, September 16, 2021
No Court Events*
Monday, October 11, 2021
Veteran's Day
Thursday, November 11, 2021
Thanksgiving Day
Thursday, November 25, 2021
Friday after Thanksgiving
Friday, November 26, 2021
Christmas ( observed)
Friday, December 24, 2021
No Court Events*
Monday, December 27, 2021
*Monday, February 15, 2021, Monday, October 11, 2021 and Monday, December 27, 2021 are a County holidays but the Court will be open. However, the County buildings will be closed so court events will not be scheduled on these day. | 0 | 1,112 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4974048#0_7169944 | http://15thcircuit.com/program-page/certified-process-servers | Certified Process Servers | 15th Circuit | Certified Process Servers
Certified Process Servers
Application Intake for Certified Process Servers is currently CLOSED. Application period begins October 1, 2021. Please check back at that time for the 2022 CPS Application
Program Description
Process Server Greiviance Committee Now Accepting Applicants
Certification Requirements:
Application Directions:
Training Courses:
2020 Court Approved Training Courses:
16 Hour Process Server Training Courses (for new applicants):
4 Hour Continuing Education Courses (for renewals):
How to Obtain a Bond:
Relevant Orders, Rules and Statutes
Related Forms
Frequently Asked Questions
What does "service" mean as it relates to process servers?
Why do legal papers need to be officially served?
Who do I contact to serve my legal papers?
Courthouse
| Certified Process Servers | 15th Circuit
Certified Process Servers
Application Intake for Certified Process Servers is currently CLOSED. Application period begins October 1, 2021. Please check back at that time for the 2022 CPS Application
Program Description
Process Servers in the Fifteenth Judicial Circuit are certified by the Chief Judge and the program is administered by the Administrative Office of the Court. Certified Process Servers are permitted to serve initial non-enforceable civil process within the Fifteenth Judicial Circuit (Palm Beach County). Civil process provides notice to defendants that a judicial action or proceeding has been initiated. Names of current certified process servers are included in an approved list maintained by the Fifteenth Judicial Circuit. Certified Process Servers are required to exercise due diligence while effecting service and to comply with related rules, statutes, and administrative orders. Certified process servers are not employees of the court and the Administrative Office of the Court makes no representations or promises as to their abilities or the success in securing business. Fifteenth Judicial Circuit Certified Process Servers
Process Server Greiviance Committee Now Accepting Applicants
The office of General Counsel is seeking attorneys to volunteer as members on the Grievance Review Committee for Civil Process Servers. The Grievance committee meets on an as-needed basis (Usually 1-2 times a year) to review grievances against process servers, and does not involve a significant time commitment. | 0 | 1,570 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4974048#1_7172572 | http://15thcircuit.com/program-page/certified-process-servers | Certified Process Servers | 15th Circuit | Certified Process Servers
Certified Process Servers
Application Intake for Certified Process Servers is currently CLOSED. Application period begins October 1, 2021. Please check back at that time for the 2022 CPS Application
Program Description
Process Server Greiviance Committee Now Accepting Applicants
Certification Requirements:
Application Directions:
Training Courses:
2020 Court Approved Training Courses:
16 Hour Process Server Training Courses (for new applicants):
4 Hour Continuing Education Courses (for renewals):
How to Obtain a Bond:
Relevant Orders, Rules and Statutes
Related Forms
Frequently Asked Questions
What does "service" mean as it relates to process servers?
Why do legal papers need to be officially served?
Who do I contact to serve my legal papers?
Courthouse
| Names of current certified process servers are included in an approved list maintained by the Fifteenth Judicial Circuit. Certified Process Servers are required to exercise due diligence while effecting service and to comply with related rules, statutes, and administrative orders. Certified process servers are not employees of the court and the Administrative Office of the Court makes no representations or promises as to their abilities or the success in securing business. Fifteenth Judicial Circuit Certified Process Servers
Process Server Greiviance Committee Now Accepting Applicants
The office of General Counsel is seeking attorneys to volunteer as members on the Grievance Review Committee for Civil Process Servers. The Grievance committee meets on an as-needed basis (Usually 1-2 times a year) to review grievances against process servers, and does not involve a significant time commitment. Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic, all meetings will be held via Zoom. Interested applicants should fill out the form below, and send it via email to [email protected]. CPS Grievance Committee Application
Certification Requirements: Pursuant to Florida Statute 48.29 (3), all persons seeking to be added to the 15th Circuit's certified process server list must: Be at least 18 years of age
Have no mental or legal disability
Be a permanent resident of the State of Florida
File the applicable application/pay applicable fees
Submit to a background investigation, which shall include the right to obtain and review the criminal record of the applicant. | 665 | 2,218 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4974048#2_7175185 | http://15thcircuit.com/program-page/certified-process-servers | Certified Process Servers | 15th Circuit | Certified Process Servers
Certified Process Servers
Application Intake for Certified Process Servers is currently CLOSED. Application period begins October 1, 2021. Please check back at that time for the 2022 CPS Application
Program Description
Process Server Greiviance Committee Now Accepting Applicants
Certification Requirements:
Application Directions:
Training Courses:
2020 Court Approved Training Courses:
16 Hour Process Server Training Courses (for new applicants):
4 Hour Continuing Education Courses (for renewals):
How to Obtain a Bond:
Relevant Orders, Rules and Statutes
Related Forms
Frequently Asked Questions
What does "service" mean as it relates to process servers?
Why do legal papers need to be officially served?
Who do I contact to serve my legal papers?
Courthouse
| Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic, all meetings will be held via Zoom. Interested applicants should fill out the form below, and send it via email to [email protected]. CPS Grievance Committee Application
Certification Requirements: Pursuant to Florida Statute 48.29 (3), all persons seeking to be added to the 15th Circuit's certified process server list must: Be at least 18 years of age
Have no mental or legal disability
Be a permanent resident of the State of Florida
File the applicable application/pay applicable fees
Submit to a background investigation, which shall include the right to obtain and review the criminal record of the applicant. Applicant will complete this through FDLE (Florida Department of Law Enforcement)
Obtain and file with the application a certificate of good conduct, which specifies there is no pending criminal case against the applicant and that there is no record of any felony conviction, nor a record of a conviction of a misdemeanor involving moral turpitude or dishonesty, with respect to the applicant within the past 5 years
After approval, applicant must execute a $5,000 surety bond with a company authorized to do business in Florida with the Fifteenth Judicial Circuit named as the insured and keep the bond current and in good standing
Attend required trainings and take and pass a written examination through FAPPS
Attend a swearing in ceremony (January). Application Directions: See Administrative Order No. 2.704-12/11 (PDF). New Applicants: | 1,571 | 3,060 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4974048#3_7177738 | http://15thcircuit.com/program-page/certified-process-servers | Certified Process Servers | 15th Circuit | Certified Process Servers
Certified Process Servers
Application Intake for Certified Process Servers is currently CLOSED. Application period begins October 1, 2021. Please check back at that time for the 2022 CPS Application
Program Description
Process Server Greiviance Committee Now Accepting Applicants
Certification Requirements:
Application Directions:
Training Courses:
2020 Court Approved Training Courses:
16 Hour Process Server Training Courses (for new applicants):
4 Hour Continuing Education Courses (for renewals):
How to Obtain a Bond:
Relevant Orders, Rules and Statutes
Related Forms
Frequently Asked Questions
What does "service" mean as it relates to process servers?
Why do legal papers need to be officially served?
Who do I contact to serve my legal papers?
Courthouse
| Applicant will complete this through FDLE (Florida Department of Law Enforcement)
Obtain and file with the application a certificate of good conduct, which specifies there is no pending criminal case against the applicant and that there is no record of any felony conviction, nor a record of a conviction of a misdemeanor involving moral turpitude or dishonesty, with respect to the applicant within the past 5 years
After approval, applicant must execute a $5,000 surety bond with a company authorized to do business in Florida with the Fifteenth Judicial Circuit named as the insured and keep the bond current and in good standing
Attend required trainings and take and pass a written examination through FAPPS
Attend a swearing in ceremony (January). Application Directions: See Administrative Order No. 2.704-12/11 (PDF). New Applicants: New Applications are accepted from October 1 through October 31 of each year each year. New Applicants must: Submit a Completed Application ( Download New Application )
Pay a $250.00 Application Fee in the form of a cashier's check or money order (paid to the Board of County Commissioners)
Pay a $24.00 FDLE Background Check Fee (paid directly by applicant to FDLE), which shall include the right to obtain and review the criminal record of the applicant. Attend 16 hour training course approved by Court Administration and pass the corresponding written examination through FAPPS. The cost of which, is $180 paid directly to FAPPS. | 2,219 | 3,694 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_4974048#4_7180275 | http://15thcircuit.com/program-page/certified-process-servers | Certified Process Servers | 15th Circuit | Certified Process Servers
Certified Process Servers
Application Intake for Certified Process Servers is currently CLOSED. Application period begins October 1, 2021. Please check back at that time for the 2022 CPS Application
Program Description
Process Server Greiviance Committee Now Accepting Applicants
Certification Requirements:
Application Directions:
Training Courses:
2020 Court Approved Training Courses:
16 Hour Process Server Training Courses (for new applicants):
4 Hour Continuing Education Courses (for renewals):
How to Obtain a Bond:
Relevant Orders, Rules and Statutes
Related Forms
Frequently Asked Questions
What does "service" mean as it relates to process servers?
Why do legal papers need to be officially served?
Who do I contact to serve my legal papers?
Courthouse
| New Applications are accepted from October 1 through October 31 of each year each year. New Applicants must: Submit a Completed Application ( Download New Application )
Pay a $250.00 Application Fee in the form of a cashier's check or money order (paid to the Board of County Commissioners)
Pay a $24.00 FDLE Background Check Fee (paid directly by applicant to FDLE), which shall include the right to obtain and review the criminal record of the applicant. Attend 16 hour training course approved by Court Administration and pass the corresponding written examination through FAPPS. The cost of which, is $180 paid directly to FAPPS. Information on the training courses currently approved by Court Administration is outlined in the "Training Courses" section, below. Obtain and file with the application a certificate of good conduct, which specifies there is no pending criminal case against the applicant and that there is no record of any felony conviction, nor a record of a conviction of a misdemeanor involving moral turpitude or dishonesty, with respect to the applicant within the past 5 years
After approval, applicant must record a $5,000 bond with the Clerk and Comptroller's Office - Recording Department and provide a copy of the recorded bond to the Administrative Office of the Court
Attend a swearing in ceremony (January)
Reciprocal Applicants from Dade County: Process Servers who are certified by the Eleventh Judicial circuit will be extended reciprocity by the Fifteenth Judicial circuit upon satisfaction of the below requirements. Applications for reciprocity are accepted from October 1 through October 31 of each year. Submit a Completed Application ( Download Reciprocal Application )
Pay a $250.00 Application Fee in the form of a cashier's check or money order (paid to the Board of County Commissioners)
Pay a $24.00 FDLE Background Check Fee (paid directly by applicant to FDLE), which shall include the right to obtain and review the criminal record of the applicant. | 3,061 | 5,059 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.